text:
Buck–boost converter
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the type of switched-mode power supply. For the autotransformer, see buck–boost transformer.
The basic schematic of an inverting buck–boost converter.
The buck–boost converter is a type of DC-to-DC converter that has an output voltage magnitude that is either greater than or less than the input voltage magnitude. It is equivalent to a flyback converter using a single inductor instead of a transformer.[1]
Two different topologies are called buck–boost converter. Both of them can produce a range of output voltages, ranging from much larger (in absolute magnitude) than the input voltage, down to almost zero.
The inverting topology
The output voltage is of the opposite polarity than the input. This is a switched-mode power supply with a similar circuit topology to the boost converter and the buck converter. The output voltage is adjustable based on the duty cycle of the switching transistor. One possible drawback of this converter is that the switch does not have a terminal at ground; this complicates the driving circuitry. However, this drawback is of no consequence if the power supply is isolated from the load circuit (if, for example, the supply is a battery) because the supply and diode polarity can simply be reversed. When they can be reversed, the switch can be on either the ground side or the supply side.
A buck (step-down) converter combined with a boost (step-up) converter
The output voltage is typically of the same polarity of the input, and can be lower or higher than the input. Such a non-inverting buck-boost converter may use a single inductor which is used for both the buck inductor mode and the boost inductor mode, using switches instead of diodes,[2][3][4] sometimes called a "four-switch buck-boost converter",[5] it may use multiple inductors but only a single switch as in the SEPIC and Ćuk topologies.
Contents
[hide]
1 Principles of operation of the 4-switch topology
2 Principle of operation of the inverting topology
2.1 Conceptual overview
2.2 Continuous mode
2.3 Discontinuous mode
2.4 Limit between continuous and discontinuous modes
3 Non-ideal circuit
3.1 Effect of parasitic resistances
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
Principles of operation of the 4-switch topology[edit]
The basics of the 4-switch topology
The 4-switch converter combines the buck and boost converters. It can operate in either the buck or the boost mode. In either mode, only one switch controls the duty cycle, another is for commutation and must be operated inversely to the former one, and the remaining two switches are in a fixed position. A 2-switch buck-boost converter can be built with two diodes, but upgrading the diodes to FET transistor switches doesn't cost much extra while due to lower voltage drop the efficiency improves.
Principle of operation of the inverting topology[edit]
Fig. 1: Schematic of a buck–boost converter.
Fig. 2: The two operating states of a buck–boost converter: When the switch is turned on, the input voltage source supplies current to the inductor, and the capacitor supplies current to the resistor (output load). When the switch is opened, the inductor supplies current to the load via the diode D.
The basic principle of the inverting buck–boost converter is fairly simple (see figure 2):
while in the On-state, the input voltage source is directly connected to the inductor (L). This results in accumulating energy in L. In this stage, the capacitor supplies energy to the output load.
while in the Off-state, the inductor is connected to the output load and capacitor, so energy is transferred from L to C and R.
Compared to the buck and boost converters, the characteristics of the inverting buck–boost converter are mainly:
polarity of the output voltage is opposite to that of the input;
the output voltage can vary continuously from 0 to − ∞ {\displaystyle \scriptstyle -\infty } (for an ideal converter). The output voltage ranges for a buck and a boost converter are respectively V i {\displaystyle \scriptstyle V_{i}} to 0 and V i {\displaystyle \scriptstyle V_{i}} to ∞ {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \infty } .
Conceptual overview[edit]
Like the buck and boost converters, the operation of the buck-boost is best understood in terms of the inductor's "reluctance" to allow rapid change in current. From the initial state in which nothing is charged and the switch is open, the current through the inductor is zero. When the switch is first closed, the blocking diode prevents current from flowing into the right hand side of the circuit, so it must all flow through the inductor. However, since the inductor doesn't like rapid current change, it will initially keep the current low by dropping most of the voltage provided by the source. Over time, the inductor will allow the current to slowly increase by decreasing its voltage drop. Also during this time, the inductor will store energy in the form of a magnetic field.
Continuous mode[edit]
Fig 3: Waveforms of current and voltage in a buck–boost converter operating in continuous mode.
If the current through the inductor L never falls to zero during a commutation cycle, the converter is said to operate in continuous mode. The current and voltage waveforms in an ideal converter can be seen in Figure 3.
From t = 0 {\displaystyle t=0} to t = D T {\displaystyle t=DT} , the converter is in On-State, so the switch S is closed. The rate of change in the inductor current (IL) is therefore given by
d  I L d  t = V i L {\displaystyle {\frac {\operatorname {d} I_{L}}{\operatorname {d} t}}={\frac {V_{i}}{L}}}
At the end of the On-state, the increase of IL is therefore:
Δ I L On = ∫ 0 D T d  I L = ∫ 0 D T V i L d  t = V i D T L {\displaystyle \Delta I_{{\text{L}}_{\text{On}}}=\int _{0}^{D\,T}\operatorname {d} I_{\text{L}}=\int _{0}^{D\,T}{\frac {V_{i}}{L}}\,\operatorname {d} t={\frac {V_{i}\,D\,T}{L}}}
D is the duty cycle. It represents the fraction of the commutation period T during which the switch is On. Therefore D ranges between 0 (S is never on) and 1 (S is always on).
During the Off-state, the switch S is open, so the inductor current flows through the load. If we assume zero voltage drop in the diode, and a capacitor large enough for its voltage to remain constant, the evolution of IL is:
d  I L d  t = V o L {\displaystyle {\frac {\operatorname {d} I_{\text{L}}}{\operatorname {d} t}}={\frac {V_{o}}{L}}}
Therefore, the variation of IL during the Off-period is:
Δ I L Off = ∫ 0 ( 1 − D ) T d  I L = ∫ 0 ( 1 − D ) T V o d  t L = V o ( 1 − D ) T L {\displaystyle \Delta I_{{\text{L}}_{\text{Off}}}=\int _{0}^{\left(1-D\right)T}\operatorname {d} I_{\text{L}}=\int _{0}^{\left(1-D\right)T}{\frac {V_{o}\,\operatorname {d} t}{L}}={\frac {V_{o}\left(1-D\right)T}{L}}}
As we consider that the converter operates in steady-state conditions, the amount of energy stored in each of its components has to be the same at the beginning and at the end of a commutation cycle. As the energy in an inductor is given by:
E = 1 2 L I L 2 {\displaystyle E={\frac {1}{2}}L\,I_{\text{L}}^{2}}
it is obvious that the value of IL at the end of the Off state must be the same with the value of IL at the beginning of the On-state, i.e. the sum of the variations of IL during the on and the off states must be zero:
Δ I L On + Δ I L Off = 0 {\displaystyle \Delta I_{{\text{L}}_{\text{On}}}+\Delta I_{{\text{L}}_{\text{Off}}}=0}
Substituting Δ I L On {\displaystyle \Delta I_{{\text{L}}_{\text{On}}}} and Δ I L Off {\displaystyle \Delta I_{{\text{L}}_{\text{Off}}}} by their expressions yields:
Δ I L On + Δ I L Off = V i D T L + V o ( 1 − D ) T L = 0 {\displaystyle \Delta I_{{\text{L}}_{\text{On}}}+\Delta I_{{\text{L}}_{\text{Off}}}={\frac {V_{i}\,D\,T}{L}}+{\frac {V_{o}\left(1-D\right)T}{L}}=0}
This can be written as:
V o V i = − D 1 − D {\displaystyle {\frac {V_{o}}{V_{i}}}={\frac {-D}{1-D}}}
This in return yields that:
D = V o V o − V i {\displaystyle D={\frac {V_{o}}{V_{o}-V_{i}}}}
From the above expression it can be seen that the polarity of the output voltage is always negative (because the duty cycle goes from 0 to 1), and that its absolute value increases with D, theoretically up to minus infinity when D approaches 1. Apart from the polarity, this converter is either step-up (a boost converter) or step-down (a buck converter). Thus it is named a buck–boost converter.
Discontinuous mode[edit]
Fig 4: Waveforms of current and voltage in a buck–boost converter operating in discontinuous mode.
In some cases, the amount of energy required by the load is small enough to be transferred in a time smaller than the whole commutation period. In this case, the current through the inductor falls to zero during part of the period. The only difference in the principle described above is that the inductor is completely discharged at the end of the commutation cycle (see waveforms in figure 4). Although slight, the difference has a strong effect on the output voltage equation. It can be calculated as follows:
Because the inductor current at the beginning of the cycle is zero, its maximum value I L max {\displaystyle I_{L_{\text{max}}}} (at t = D T {\displaystyle t=D\,T} ) is
I L max = V i D T L {\displaystyle I_{L_{\text{max}}}={\frac {V_{i}\,D\,T}{L}}}
During the off-period, IL falls to zero after δ.T:
I L max + V o δ T L = 0 {\displaystyle I_{L_{\text{max}}}+{\frac {V_{o}\,\delta \,T}{L}}=0}
Using the two previous equations, δ is:
δ = − V i D V o {\displaystyle \delta =-{\frac {V_{i}\,D}{V_{o}}}}
The load current I o {\displaystyle I_{o}} is equal to the average diode current ( I D {\displaystyle I_{D}} ). As can be seen on figure 4, the diode current is equal to the inductor current during the off-state. Therefore, the output current can be written as:
I o = I D ¯ = I L max 2 δ {\displaystyle I_{o}={\bar {I_{D}}}={\frac {I_{L_{\text{max}}}}{2}}\delta }
Replacing I L max {\displaystyle I_{L_{\text{max}}}} and δ by their respective expressions yields:
I o = − V i D T 2 L V i D V o = − V i 2 D 2 T 2 L V o {\displaystyle I_{o}=-{\frac {V_{i}\,D\,T}{2L}}{\frac {V_{i}\,D}{V_{o}}}=-{\frac {V_{i}^{2}\,D^{2}\,T}{2L\,V_{o}}}}
Therefore, the output voltage gain can be written as:
V o V i = − V i D 2 T 2 L I o {\displaystyle {\frac {V_{o}}{V_{i}}}=-{\frac {V_{i}\,D^{2}\,T}{2L\,I_{o}}}}
Compared to the expression of the output voltage gain for the continuous mode, this expression is much more complicated. Furthermore, in discontinuous operation, the output voltage not only depends on the duty cycle, but also on the inductor value, the input voltage and the output current.
Limit between continuous and discontinuous modes[edit]
Fig 5: Evolution of the normalized output voltage with the normalized output current in a buck–boost converter.
As told at the beginning of this section, the converter operates in discontinuous mode when low current is drawn by the load, and in continuous mode at higher load current levels. The limit between discontinuous and continuous modes is reached when the inductor current falls to zero exactly at the end of the commutation cycle. with the notations of figure 4, this corresponds to :
D T + δ T = T {\displaystyle D\,T+\delta \,T=T}
D + δ = 1 {\displaystyle D+\delta =1\,}
In this case, the output current I o lim {\displaystyle \scriptstyle I_{o_{\text{lim}}}} (output current at the limit between continuous and discontinuous modes) is given by:
I o lim = I D ¯ = I L max 2 ( 1 − D ) {\displaystyle I_{o_{\text{lim}}}={\bar {I_{D}}}={\frac {I_{L_{\text{max}}}}{2}}\left(1-D\right)}
Replacing I L max {\displaystyle \scriptstyle I_{L_{\text{max}}}} by the expression given in the discontinuous mode section yields:
I o lim = V i D T 2 L ( 1 − D ) {\displaystyle I_{o_{\text{lim}}}={\frac {V_{i}\,D\,T}{2L}}\left(1-D\right)}
As I o lim {\displaystyle \scriptstyle I_{o_{\text{lim}}}} is the current at the limit between continuous and discontinuous modes of operations, it satisfies the expressions of both modes. Therefore, using the expression of the output voltage in continuous mode, the previous expression can be written as:
I o lim = V i D T 2 L V i V o ( − D ) {\displaystyle I_{o_{\text{lim}}}={\frac {V_{i}\,D\,T}{2L}}{\frac {V_{i}}{V_{o}}}\left(-D\right)}
Let's now introduce two more notations:
the normalized voltage, defined by | V o | = V o V i {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \left|V_{o}\right|={\frac {V_{o}}{V_{i}}}} . It corresponds to the gain in voltage of the converter;
the normalized current, defined by | I o | = L T V i I o {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \left|I_{o}\right|={\frac {L}{T\,V_{i}}}I_{o}} . The term T V i L {\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\frac {T\,V_{i}}{L}}} is equal to the maximum increase of the inductor current during a cycle; i.e., the increase of the inductor current with a duty cycle D=1. So, in steady state operation of the converter, this means that | I o | {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \left|I_{o}\right|} equals 0 for no output current, and 1 for the maximum current the converter can deliver.
Using these notations, we have:
in continuous mode, | V o | = − D 1 − D {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \left|V_{o}\right|=-{\frac {D}{1-D}}} ;
in discontinuous mode, | V o | = − D 2 2 | I o | {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \left|V_{o}\right|=-{\frac {D^{2}}{2\left|I_{o}\right|}}} ;
the current at the limit between continuous and discontinuous mode is I o lim = V i T 2 L D ( 1 − D ) = I o lim 2 | I o | D ( 1 − D ) {\displaystyle \scriptstyle I_{o_{\text{lim}}}={\frac {V_{i}\,T}{2L}}D\left(1-D\right)={\frac {I_{o_{\text{lim}}}}{2\left|I_{o}\right|}}D\left(1-D\right)} . Therefore the locus of the limit between continuous and discontinuous modes is given by 1 2 | I o | D ( 1 − D ) = 1 {\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\frac {1}{2\left|I_{o}\right|}}D\left(1-D\right)=1} .
These expressions have been plotted in figure 5. The difference in behavior between the continuous and discontinuous modes can be seen clearly.
Non-ideal circuit[edit]
Effect of parasitic resistances[edit]
Fig 6: Evolution of the output voltage of a buck–boost converter with the duty cycle when the parasitic resistance of the inductor increases.
In the analysis above, no dissipative elements (resistors) have been considered. That means that the power is transmitted without losses from the input voltage source to the load. However, parasitic resistances exist in all circuits, due to the resistivity of the materials they are made from. Therefore, a fraction of the power managed by the converter is dissipated by these parasitic resistances.
For the sake of simplicity, we consider here that the inductor is the only non-ideal component, and that it is equivalent to an inductor and a resistor in series. This assumption is acceptable because an inductor is made of one long wound piece of wire, so it is likely to exhibit a non-negligible parasitic resistance (RL). Furthermore, current flows through the inductor both in the on and the off states.
Using the state-space averaging method, we can write:
V i = V ¯ L + V ¯ S {\displaystyle V_{i}={\bar {V}}_{\text{L}}+{\bar {V}}_{S}}
where V ¯ L {\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\bar {V}}_{\text{L}}} and V ¯ S {\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\bar {V}}_{S}} are respectively the average voltage across the inductor and the switch over the commutation cycle. If we consider that the converter operates in steady-state, the average current through the inductor is constant. The average voltage across the inductor is:
V ¯ L = L d I L ¯ d t + R L I ¯ L = R L I ¯ L {\displaystyle {\bar {V}}_{\text{L}}=L{\frac {\bar {dI_{\text{L}}}}{dt}}+R_{\text{L}}{\bar {I}}_{\text{L}}=R_{\text{L}}{\bar {I}}_{\text{L}}}
When the switch is in the on-state, V S = 0 {\displaystyle \scriptstyle V_{S}=0} . When it is off, the diode is forward biased (we consider the continuous mode operation), therefore V S = V i − V o {\displaystyle \scriptstyle V_{S}=V_{i}-V_{o}} . Therefore, the average voltage across the switch is:
V ¯ S = D 0 + ( 1 − D ) ( V i − V o ) = ( 1 − D ) ( V i − V o ) {\displaystyle {\bar {V}}_{S}=D\,0+(1-D)(V_{i}-V_{o})=(1-D)(V_{i}-V_{o})}
The output current is the opposite of the inductor current during the off-state. the average inductor current is therefore:
I ¯ L = − I o 1 − D {\displaystyle {\bar {I}}_{\text{L}}={\frac {-I_{o}}{1-D}}}
Assuming the output current and voltage have negligible ripple, the load of the converter can be considered purely resistive. If R is the resistance of the load, the above expression becomes:
I ¯ L = − V o ( 1 − D ) R {\displaystyle {\bar {I}}_{\text{L}}={\frac {-V_{o}}{(1-D)R}}}
Using the previous equations, the input voltage becomes:
V i = R L − V o ( 1 − D ) R + ( 1 − D ) ( V i − V o ) {\displaystyle V_{i}=R_{\text{L}}{\frac {-V_{o}}{(1-D)R}}+(1-D)(V_{i}-V_{o})}
This can be written as:
V o V i = − D R L R ( 1 − D ) + 1 − D {\displaystyle {\frac {V_{o}}{V_{i}}}={\frac {-D}{{\frac {R_{\text{L}}}{R(1-D)}}+1-D}}}
If the inductor resistance is zero, the equation above becomes equal to the one of the ideal case. But when RL increases, the voltage gain of the converter decreases compared to the ideal case. Furthermore, the influence of RL increases with the duty cycle. This is summarized in figure 6.
See also[edit]
Ćuk converter
SEPIC converter
References[edit]
Jump up ^ The Flyback Converter - Lecture notes - ECEN4517 - Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering - University of Colorado, Boulder.
Jump up ^ "Non-inverting Buck-Boost Regulator" (p.9)
Jump up ^ ST AN2389: "An MCU-based low cost non-inverting buck-boost converter for battery chargers"
Jump up ^ Motorola Semiconductor. "Application note AN954: A Unique Converter Configuration provides step-up/down functions". 1985. "... a unique step-up/down configuration can be created ... which still employs a single inductor for the voltage transformation."
Jump up ^ Haifeng Fan. "Wide VIN and High-Power Challenges with Buck-Boost Converters". 2015.
Further reading[edit]
Daniel W. Hart, "Introduction to Power Electronics", Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey USA, 1997 ISBN 0-02-351182-6
Christophe Basso, Switch-Mode Power Supplies: SPICE Simulations and Practical Designs. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-150858-9.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Buck-boost converters.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buck–boost_converter&oldid=808357358"
Categories:
Electric power conversion
Voltage regulation
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Català
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Español
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Italiano
Português
Українська
Edit links
This page was last edited on 2 November 2017, at 11:38.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: dt

values:
/wiki/SEPIC_converter
mw-redirect
SEPIC converter

values: Edit section: Principles of operation of the 4-switch topology

values: Edit section: Principle of operation of the inverting topology

values: vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.936ex; height:1.343ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.597ex; height:2.009ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.651ex; height:1.343ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.132ex; height:2.176ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.54ex; height:2.176ex;

values: vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:11.036ex; height:5.509ex;

values: vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:45.235ex; height:6.343ex;

values: vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:11.174ex; height:5.509ex;

values: {\frac  {\operatorname {d}I_{{{\text{L}}}}}{\operatorname {d}t}}={\frac  {V_{o}}{L}}

values: vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:57.675ex; height:6.343ex;

values: \Delta I_{{{\text{L}}_{{{\text{Off}}}}}}=\int _{0}^{{\left(1-D\right)T}}\operatorname {d}I_{{{\text{L}}}}=\int _{0}^{{\left(1-D\right)T}}{\frac  {V_{o}\,\operatorname {d}t}{L}}={\frac  {V_{o}\left(1-D\right)T}{L}}

values: vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:11.185ex; height:5.176ex;

values: vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:19.62ex; height:3.009ex;

values: vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:6.203ex; height:3.009ex;

values: vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:6.284ex; height:3.009ex;

values: vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:46.393ex; height:5.843ex;

values: vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:13.142ex; height:5.843ex;

values: vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:13.306ex; height:5.843ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.058ex; height:2.676ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.928ex; height:2.176ex;

values: vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:15.531ex; height:5.509ex;

values: vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:18.909ex; height:5.509ex;

values: vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:11.317ex; height:5.843ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.071ex; height:2.509ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.634ex; height:2.509ex;

values: vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:17.875ex; height:5.509ex;

values: vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:33.863ex; height:6.509ex;

values: vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:16.592ex; height:6.176ex;

values: Edit section: Limit between continuous and discontinuous modes

values: vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:14.668ex; height:2.509ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:10.514ex; height:2.509ex;

values: vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:3.554ex; height:2.343ex;

values: vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:27.028ex; height:5.509ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.444ex; height:2.176ex;

values: vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:22.756ex; height:5.509ex;

values: vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:23.79ex; height:5.843ex;

values: vertical-align: -1.671ex; width:6.406ex; height:4.009ex;

values: \scriptstyle \left|V_{o}\right|={\frac  {V_{o}}{V_{i}}}

values: vertical-align: -1.671ex; width:8.865ex; height:3.676ex;

values: vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:3.553ex; height:3.676ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.478ex; height:2.176ex;

values: vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:8.949ex; height:3.176ex;

values: \scriptstyle \left|V_{o}\right|=-{\frac  {D}{1-D}}

values: vertical-align: -1.671ex; width:8.929ex; height:4.176ex;

values: vertical-align: -1.671ex; width:26.191ex; height:4.343ex;

values: \scriptstyle I_{{o_{{{\text{lim}}}}}}={\frac  {V_{i}\,T}{2L}}D\left(1-D\right)={\frac  {I_{{o_{{{\text{lim}}}}}}}{2\left|I_{o}\right|}}D\left(1-D\right)

values: vertical-align: -1.671ex; width:11.905ex; height:3.676ex;

values: Edit section: Effect of parasitic resistances

values: vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:14.295ex; height:3.009ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.275ex; height:2.343ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.302ex; height:2.343ex;

values: vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:29.77ex; height:5.843ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.112ex; height:2.009ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.948ex; height:2.009ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:49.751ex; height:3.176ex;

values: vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:12.702ex; height:5.509ex;

values: vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:16.307ex; height:6.176ex;

values: vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:38.618ex; height:6.176ex;

values: vertical-align: -4.338ex; width:22.862ex; height:7.843ex;

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values: International Standard Book Number (identifier)

values:
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
interface

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Buck%E2%80%93boost_converter
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: محول عكسي لفرق الجهد – Arabic

values: مبدل باک-بوست – Persian

values: Інвертуючий широтно імпульсний перетворювач – Ukrainian

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Buck–boost_converter rootpage-Buck–boost_converter skin-vector action-view


text:
Road to Nowhere
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Road to Nowhere (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
"Road to Nowhere"
Single by Talking Heads
from the album Little Creatures
B-side
"Give Me Back My Name"
Released
September 1985
Format
7" single
Recorded
October 1984 – March 1985
Genre
Pop rock, new wave
Length
4:19
Label
Sire
Songwriter(s)
David Byrne
Producer(s)
Talking Heads
Talking Heads singles chronology
"The Lady Don't Mind"
(1985) "Road to Nowhere"
(1985) "And She Was"
(1985)
"The Lady Don't Mind"
(1985) "Road to Nowhere"
(1985) "And She Was"
(1985)
"Road to Nowhere" is a rock song written by David Byrne for the 1985 Talking Heads album Little Creatures. It also appeared on Best of Talking Heads, Sand in the Vaseline: Popular Favorites, the Once in a Lifetime box set and the Brick box set. The song was released as a single in 1985 and reached number 25 on the Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks and number 6 in the British, German and South African[1] singles charts. It also made number 8 on the Dutch Top 40.
Contents
[hide]
1 Production
2 Personnel
3 Cover versions and other uses
4 References
5 External links
Production[edit]
"I wanted to write a song that presented a resigned, even joyful look at doom," recalls David Byrne in the liner notes of Once in a Lifetime: The Best of Talking Heads. "At our deaths and at the apocalypse… (always looming, folks). I think it succeeded. The front bit, the white gospel choir, is kind of tacked on, 'cause I didn't think the rest of the song was enough… I mean, it was only two chords. So, out of embarrassment, or shame, I wrote an intro section that had a couple more in it."
The video for the song was directed by Byrne and Stephen R. Johnson and features the band and various objects revolving, as if in their own "road to nowhere". It was nominated for "Best Video of the Year" at the MTV Video Music Awards 1986. Some parts were shot in the back yard and pool of actor Stephen Tobolowsky, who was co-writing Byrne's film True Stories at the time.[2] Director Johnson re-used some of the effects techniques in award-winning videos for Peter Gabriel the following year: "Sledgehammer" and "Big Time".
Personnel[edit]
""Talking Heads""
David Byrne – guitar, vocals
Chris Frantz – drums
Jerry Harrison – keyboards, guitar, backing vocals
Tina Weymouth – bass guitar, backing vocals
""Additional Musicians""
Andrew Cader – washboard
Erin Dickens – backing vocals
Diva Gray – backing vocals
Gordon Grody – backing vocals
Lani Groves – backing vocals
Jimmy Macdonell – accordion
Lenny Pickett – saxophones
Steve Scales – percussion
Kurt Yahijian – backing vocals
Cover versions and other uses[edit]
Wikinews has related news: Musician David Byrne sues Florida governor over campaign song
The Kalamazoo, Michigan based bluegrass band Greensky Bluegrass recorded a version of this tune on their 2007 release Live at Bell's.
The British a cappella group The Flying Pickets covered the song on the album The Original Flying Pickets.
The French band Indochine recorded a cover to support Reporters Sans Frontières.
The French band Nouvelle Vague recorded a cover for their 2009 album 3.
The song was featured in the 2008 documentary Young@Heart.
Australian singer-songwriter Sarah Blasko uses the lyrics and composition to end her song "Over & Over" on her 2009 album As Day Follows Night.
The song appeared during the ending credits to the 1989 movie Little Monsters.
The song also appears in the 1994 movie Reality Bites.
The Mystery Science Theater 3000 riffing of Hobgoblins has Tom Servo crooning the first verse over the background music playing inside a room (a trap) as the movie lot security guard runs inside to fulfill his rock-star fantasy.
The song accompanies the end-credits of the 2008 movie Religulous.
John Nolan of Straylight Run and Taking Back Sunday covered the song on his 2010 EP, Songs I Didn't Write.
Charlie Crist, in his unsuccessful 2010 run for the U.S. Senate in Florida, used the song in a campaign video without obtaining permission. David Byrne sued for copyright infringement and, in a legal settlement, Crist issued a video apology for his improper use.
A cover of the song was used in the Season 1 finale of Shameless.
A cover of the song by Release the Sunbird was featured in the series finale of the television series Gossip Girl,[3] as well as their 2012 album Imaginary Summer.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "SA Charts 1965 - 1989". Retrieved 8 April 2014
Jump up ^ "The Tobolowsky Files Episode 44: The Voice from Another Room". slashfilm.com. Retrieved 2011-02-19.
Jump up ^ Riles, Cortney (December 17, 2012). ""Gossip Girl" Music Recap: No Greater Goodbye". Neon Tommy. Retrieved December 28, 2012.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
[hide]
v
t
e
Talking Heads
David Byrne
Chris Frantz
Jerry Harrison
Tina Weymouth
Studio albums
Talking Heads: 77
More Songs About Buildings and Food
Fear of Music
Remain in Light
Speaking in Tongues
Little Creatures
True Stories
Naked
Live albums
The Name of This Band Is Talking Heads
Stop Making Sense
Compilations
Sand in the Vaseline: Popular Favorites
Once in a Lifetime: The Best of Talking Heads
Once in a Lifetime
The Best of Talking Heads
Talking Heads
Bonus Rarities and Outtakes
Singles
"Love → Building on Fire"
"Psycho Killer"
"Take Me to the River"
"Life During Wartime"
"I Zimbra"
"Cities"
"Crosseyed and Painless"
"Once in a Lifetime"
"Houses in Motion"
"Burning Down the House"
"This Must Be the Place (Naive Melody)"
"Girlfriend Is Better"
"Road to Nowhere"
"And She Was"
"Wild Wild Life"
"Blind"
"(Nothing But) Flowers"
"Sax and Violins"
Other songs
"Heaven"
"Born Under Punches (The Heat Goes On)"
Filmography
Stop Making Sense
True Stories
Storytelling Giant
Related articles
Discography
How Music Works
"King's Lead Hat"
My Life in the Bush of Ghosts
No Talking, Just Head
Sounds from True Stories
Tom Tom Club
Category
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Road_to_Nowhere&oldid=831917689"
Categories:
1984 songs
1985 singles
Sire Records singles
Songs about death
Song recordings produced by David Byrne
Song recordings produced by Jerry Harrison
Songs written by Chris Frantz
Songs written by David Byrne
Songs written by Jerry Harrison
Songs written by Tina Weymouth
Talking Heads songs
Music videos directed by Stephen R. Johnson
Hidden categories:
Articles needing additional references from December 2009
All articles needing additional references
Articles with hAudio microformats
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Français
Italiano
Edit links
This page was last edited on 22 March 2018, at 20:40.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Road_to_Nowhere_(disambiguation)
mw-redirect mw-disambig
Road to Nowhere (disambiguation)

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

value: td

attrs: href title

value: b

attrs: class href

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

value: span

value: i

value: small

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values:
/wiki/Little_Creatures_(album)
mw-redirect
Little Creatures (album)

values:
/wiki/David_Byrne_(musician)
mw-redirect
David Byrne (musician)

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em .1em .2em 0;

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding:.2em .1em;

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em 0 .2em .1em;

values: background: transparent; width: 100%; min-width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;

values: width:33%; padding:.2em .1em .2em 0; text-align: center;

values: width:33%; padding:.2em .1em; text-align: center;

values: width:33%; padding:.2em 0 .2em .1em; text-align: center;

values:
/wiki/Best_of_Talking_Heads
mw-redirect
Best of Talking Heads

values:
/wiki/Once_in_a_Lifetime_(box_set)
mw-redirect
Once in a Lifetime (box set)

values:
/wiki/Brick_(Talking_Heads)
mw-redirect
Brick (Talking Heads)

values:
/wiki/Billboard_chart
mw-redirect
Billboard chart

values:
/wiki/Backing_vocals
mw-redirect
Backing vocals

values: Edit section: Cover versions and other uses

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: wikinews:Musician David Byrne sues Florida governor over campaign song

values:
/wiki/Reporters_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res
mw-redirect
Reporters Sans Frontières

values:
/wiki/U.S._Senate
mw-redirect
U.S. Senate

values:
/wiki/Gossip_Girl_(TV_series)
mw-redirect
Gossip Girl (TV series)

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
Talking_Heads
fn org
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em

values:
navbox-abovebelow
2
background: #EEEEEE;

values:
row
navbox-group
width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;

values: Speaking in Tongues (Talking Heads album)

values: Once in a Lifetime (Talking Heads album)

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: nowraplinks vcard hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Song recordings produced by David Byrne

values: Category:Song recordings produced by Jerry Harrison

values: Category:Songs written by Jerry Harrison

values: Category:Music videos directed by Stephen R. Johnson

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from December 2009

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Road_to_Nowhere
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: Road to Nowhere (chanson de Talking Heads) – French

values: Road to Nowhere (Talking Heads) – Italian

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Road_to_Nowhere rootpage-Road_to_Nowhere skin-vector action-view


text:
Mumbai Suburban Railway
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (December 2017)
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Mumbai Suburban Railways
White and purple coloured MRVC Siemens rakes on the Western Line
Overview
Locale
Mumbai Metropolitan Region, Maharashtra, India
Transit type
Suburban Rail
Number of lines
6
Number of stations
Western: 37
Central: 62
Harbour: 32
Trans-Harbour: 10
Daily ridership
7.593 million (2016-17)[1]
Annual ridership
2.64 billion
Headquarters
Churchgate (WR)
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus (CR)
Website
Western Railway
Central Railway
Operation
Began operation
16 April 1853
Operator(s)
Central Railways (Central line, Harbour line, Trans-Harbour line and Panvel-Diva-Vasai line)
Western Railways (Western line only)
Train length
12 or 15 coaches
Technical
System length
427.5 kilometres (265.6 mi)
Track gauge
1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in)
Electrification
25,000 V AC overhead catenary
Average speed
50 km/h (31 mph)
Top speed
100 km/h (62 mph)
Heatmap of Mumbai Local Train & Station Density taking into account the proximity of stations and the frequency of trains. Density Scale: Dark Red (highest) to Light Yellow (lowest).
South Mumbai has the highest density (dark red) as it is serviced by 3 railway lines (Western, Central & Harbour) in a narrow land area. Away from the South Mumbai, one can see densities decreasing to yellow-orange – the neighbourhoods within the city limits and those beyond it are serviced by only one railway line. Frequency reduces drastically in remote suburbs beyond Kalyan (light yellow zone).
Mumbai Suburban Railway consists of exclusive inner suburban railway lines augmented by commuter rail on main lines serving outlying suburbs to serve the Mumbai Metropolitan Region. Spread over 465 kilometres (289 mi), the suburban railway operates 2,342 train services and carries more than 7.5 million commuters daily. By annual ridership (2.64 billion), the Mumbai Suburban Railway is one of the busiest commuter rail systems in the world[2] and it has the most severe overcrowding in the world. Trains run from 04:00 until 01:00, and some trains also run up to 02:30.
In 2017, MMRDA announced it is investing up to ₹48,000 crore to re-haul the entire rail network by introducing new services, coaches, signalling equipment[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Network
2.1 Central Line
2.2 Western Line
2.3 Harbour Line
2.4 Trans-Harbour Line
2.5 Nerul-Uran Line
3 Services
4 On-board accommodation
5 Ticketing
6 Rolling stock
6.1 Air-conditioned rakes
7 Mumbai Railway Vikas Corporation (MRVC)
8 Electrification
9 Safety Issues
9.1 Overcrowding
9.2 Tourists
9.3 Fatalities
10 Terrorist attacks
11 Expansion
12 In popular culture
12.1 Film
13 Gallery
14 See also
15 References
16 External links
History[edit]
The Mumbai Suburban Railway is an offshoot of the first passenger railway to be built by the British in India, and is also the oldest railway system in Asia. The first train ran between Bori Bunder (now Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus) and Thane, a distance of 34 km, on 16 April 1853 at 15:35. The 14-coach train took 1.25 h to complete the 34 km journey, with a halt at Sion to refill the train's water tanks.[4] Since 1991, it has been expanded rapidly. The Bombay Railway & History Group has been striving to document railway heritage along this line.[5]
Complete map with index for Mumbai suburban rail network (Western Line, Central Line, Harbour Line, Trans Harbour Line, Mumbai Metro, Mono Rail)
Network[edit]
Main article: List of Mumbai Suburban Railway stations
The Mumbai Suburban Railway system is operated by Indian Railways' two zonal divisions Western Railways (WR) and Central Railways (CR). The fast commuter rail corridors on Central Railway as well as Western Railway are shared with long distance and freight trains, while inner suburban services operate on exclusive parallel tracks. WR operates the Western Line and CR operates the Central Line, Harbour Line, Trans-Harbour Line as well as the Vasai Road-Diva-Panvel line.
Central Line[edit]
Main article: Central Line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)
The Central Line in Mumbai consists of 3 major corridors, which bifurcate as they run into suburban satellite towns. Two corridors (one local and other through) follow the Central Railway run from Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus (CSMT) to Kalyan (54 km), from where it bifurcates into two lines – one to Kasara (67 km) in the north-east and the other to Khopoli (61 km) in the south-east. These two corridors constitute the 'main' Central Line. There is also an 18-km corridor between Kurla and Thane stations for use of outstation and cargo trains. The outstation corridor is being extended further from Thane to Kalyan now as a part of the main line, but is halted because of the costs of tunneling the parsik hills.
The Central Line has two interchange stations with the Western Line at Parel and Dadar. Rolling stock consists of a fleet of AC as well as dual-powered DC-AC EMUs. The major car sheds on this line are at Kurla and Kalwa. There are fast and slow locals here for suburban service. Slow locals halt at every station, while fast locals halts vary between Byculla, Dadar, Kurla, Ghatkopar, Vikhroli, Bhandup, Mulund, Thane, Diva, Dombivali and Kalyan. All services plying beyond Kalyan run as slow service (halting at every station).
The Central Line also includes a line connecting Vasai Road-Bhiwandi Road-Diva and Panvel. A line from Nerul/CBD Belapur to Uran is currently under construction and is expected to be operational in 2018.
Western Line[edit]
Main article: Western Line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)
The Western Line follows the Western Railway northwards from Churchgate parallel to the west coast. Local services by electric multiple units (EMUs) ply between Churchgate and Dahanu Road (124 km) on exclusive parallel tracks up to Virar (60 km) while Mainline Electrical Multiple Units (MEMUs) service the section beyond Virar to Dahanu Road (64 km). On 16 April 2013 EMU has extended up to Dahanu Road. MEMUs also operate between Dahanu Road and Panvel via a branch line from Bhiwandi road-Vasai Road. There are EMU carsheds at Mumbai Central, Kandivali and Virar. The largest EMU car shed in Asia is located at Virar. A repair shop for EMUs is situated at Mahalaxmi.
Western Railway's EMU fleet consists of EMUs completely powered by alternating current (25 kV) power. EMUs are 12 car or 15 car formations and are differentiated as slow and fast locals. Slow trains halt at all stations, while fast ones halt at important stations only and are preferable over longer distances.
Harbour Line[edit]
Main article: Harbour Line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)
The Harbour Line is part of the Central Railway, and runs from Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus (CSMT) to Goregaon and Panvel. All Harbour Line services operate as slow services. The line operates from two separate platforms at Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus (CSMT), and the tracks cross over the main line at Sandhurst Road, to head towards stations along Mumbai's eastern dock area. A branch line from Wadala Road joins the Western Line at Mahim and continues towards Andheri.
The Harbour Line has an interchange station with the main line at Kurla, where it turns east towards Navi Mumbai. The Harbour Line further bifurcates at Vashi into two lines – one rejoins the main lines at Thane, while the other continues to Panvel. The shed for these trains is in Sanpada. A partial section of the Harbour Line is elevated.
Trans-Harbour Line[edit]
Main article: Trans-Harbour Line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)
The Trans-Harbour Line connects Navi Mumbai to Thane. It runs from Thane to Vashi, Nerul and Panvel.
Nerul-Uran Line[edit]
Main article: Nerul–Uran line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)
The Trans-Harbour Line connects Navi Mumbai to Uran. It runs from Nerul and Seawoods Darave to Uran.
Services[edit]
Mumbai Suburban Railway services have various such designations in wide use by Mumbaikars as well as official use:
slow local stops at every station
fast local runs express (skipping stops) until a certain station, and from that station onward runs like a local
fast, superfast, double-fast run express for various lengths of route
There are also women-only cars (termed ladies),[6] and since 1992, Ladies Special trains with the entire trainset reserved for women passengers. A semi ladies special is a train with a few (e.g., 3) coaches reserved for women. These designations can be combined with fast, slow, etc., so you have terms such as Slow Ladies Special.
On-board accommodation[edit]
The interior of MRVC Siemens Rakes
MRVC Siemens Rakes replaced the ageing fleet of suburban trains
The suburban fleet consists of 12 and 15-coach rakes. There are two classes of travel, including first class. The first class fare is approximately 12 times more expensive than second class, and therefore tends to be less crowded during the non rush hours, though at times it is equally or even more crowded than the general compartments during the rush Hour. First class compartments also have slightly better seats than second class. Because women can travel separately, there are four types of accommodation, termed 'compartments':
general compartment also called gent's second class or simply second class as the majority of passengers in these compartments are men. The compartment is open to women and children as well.
general first class Again commonly known as gent's first class or simply first class, since majority population is men. Women and children can also board this compartment. The coach is designated by red and yellow slant stripes. The location of the same is designated by colouring the platform walls with similar stripes.
ladies' compartment commonly known as ladies' second class. This compartment is reserved solely for females, however male children up to the age of 13 can travel in this compartment. Men are not allowed to travel, and may face a penalty. Some of the coaches of ladies compartments are open to general public between 23:15 and 06:30. These are indicated by a note near the doors of the compartments. The coach is designated by green and yellow slant stripes. The location of the same is designated by colouring the platform walls with similar stripes.
ladies first class is reserved solely for females, however male children up to the age of 13 can travel in this compartment. Men are not allowed to travel, and may face a penalty. Some of the coaches of ladies compartments are open to general public between 23:15 and 06:30. These are indicated by a note near the doors of the compartments. The coach is designated by red and yellow slant stripes. The location of the same is designated by colouring the platform walls with similar stripes. This compartment is often adjacent to the ladies compartment.
handicap and cancer patients' compartment for people with disabilities or cancer. On a platform, one can locate these by signs or by following a 'Beep-Beep-Beep' sound indicator for the visually impaired. These coaches are open to all the genders. One needs a valid certificate of disability to board the compartment. Failure to do so may result in a penalty.
senior citizens special coach is reserved for passengers above the age of 60. These coaches are open to all the genders.
luggage compartment – heavy goods and luggage can be transported using the compartments specially designed and reserved for this purpose.In 2016, the Indian Railways manufactured an AC local train for the smooth and comfortable journey of the commuters.(particularly for hot and humid summer season.).This AC local train is manufactured at Kapurthala Coach factory, Chennai.It is fully with new added facilities.
Ticketing[edit]
Automatic Ticket Vending Machine
The Mumbai Suburban Railway uses a proof-of-payment fare collection system. Tickets can be purchased at every train station. Travelling without a valid ticket is an offence and if caught can result in a penalty. The penalty is steeper for passengers travelling in first class without a valid ticket.
Tickets can be bought for a single journey (one way) or a return journey. A return ticket is valid till the next day on weekdays and till Monday if purchased on a Friday. The ticket counters usually have long queues.
The 'tourist ticket' is a pass valid for one, three, or five days that can be purchased up to three days in advance.
Platform Tickets are required to be purchased by those members of the public not boarding trains, but who wish to access the platforms at certain long distance termini, perhaps for the purpose of receiving or seeing off a passenger. These generally cost ₹5 (7.7¢ US), but this price may vary by location. Not all stations issue platform tickets. In their absence, access to the platform is free. A person can be penalised for non-possession of this ticket.[7]
CVMs and ATVMs
To save time, a Coupon Booklet can be purchased and the coupons can be punched for the designated fare at the Coupon Validating Machines(CVMs) at every station. The ticket fares matrix is pasted above the CVM. As of October 2012, there are approximately 575 CVMs on Mumbai Suburban Railway stations. The Central Railway network has 350 and the Western Line has 225.[8]
In early 2015, the authorities decided to discontinue CVMs w.e.f April 1, 2015. This decision was taken due to extensive duplication of the coupons, and the lack of transparency. The coupons were also lacking a way to trace them.
There are also Smart Cards available that can be topped up (recharged with some amount) and one can use it to print tickets for themselves from an Automatic Ticket Vending Machine (ATVMs). A Season Ticket can be purchased if one is commuting regularly. One can choose the validity of these tickets from 1-month, 3 months to a year. Season Tickets are the most cost effective and time efficient option for regular commuters.
Mobile app
The ticket counters usually have long queues. In order to bring a solution to this problem, the UTSOnMobile app was launched by railways minister Suresh Prabhu at Dadar railway station in December 2014. This app was launched initially for Android and Windows Phone, with the iOS version still under development.
To use this app, the user has to sign up with his/her mobile number. After signing up, the user has to load the prepaid RWallet built in the app, using credit/debit cards, net banking, IMPS or private mobile based apps. After the RWallet is loaded, the app can be used to book tickets on the entire network.
Initially, the ticket booked on the app had to be printed from the ATVMs. This step was found tedious by the commuters, and was criticised. Later, in July 2015, an update for the app was launched, which made e-tickets acceptable. The update also brought technical changes, like, the tickets could be booked only within a radius of 30m to 5 km of the origin station, and not from the platform. This move was well received by commuters, which resulted in over 50,000 downloads on the launch day.
Rolling stock[edit]
A prototype Bombardier rake, each coach has a capacity of 400 passengers, including standees.
The suburban services are run by electric multiple units (EMUs) in 191 rakes (train sets) of 12-car and 15-car composition. To alleviate the problems of overcrowding, the nine car trains have been phased out and replaced with 12-car ones. 15-coach trains were introduced on 21 November 2009. However, these are few in number.
The bulk of the current fleet of both the Western and Central railways features old rakes built by Jessop (Kolkata), ICF (Perambur) which are capable of a maximum speed of 85 km/h and MRVC Siemens Rakes which are capable of and 100 km/h and ICF built Bombardier rakes capable of running at speeds of 120 km/hr[9] under light traffic conditions. The actual average speed of the rakes on the slow lines is about 35 km/h, while rakes on fast lines average about 45–50 km/h on a typical run.
On 12 November 2007, the first of 129 new 12-coach rakes with upgraded facilities was inducted into the fleet of the Western Railways under the MUTP project. The coaches are built of stainless steel, and have non-cushioned seats, emergency fluorescent lights, bigger windows with polycarbonate panes, better suspension systems, roof mounted forced ventilation to reduce carbon dioxide levels in packed trains,[10] and GPS based passenger information systems in all coaches. The new rakes are much more cool and airy than the old EMUs. The motors of the new rakes also make less noise than the older ones. Since 2010 the front of the EMUs are painted yellow, so that the maintenance workers on the tracks can see the train easily. These rakes have been procured under the project at a total cost of ₹ 19 billion (USD 431.0 million). Five Siemens rakes which had to be delivered as part of the first phase will be sent to the city starting early January 2014
New EMUs with Bombardier Electricals procured under the World Bank-funded Mumbai Urban Transport Project-2 built at the Integral Coach Factory (ICF) in Chennai started arriving into Mumbai by April 2014. The first of these trains, to be run on Western Railway, was, however, flagged off by Railway Minister Suresh Prabhu at Lokmanya Tilak Terminus, Kurla on Central Railway on Sunday, October 27, 2013. However a delay of two years is anticipated due to a demand of automatic sliding door on the trains.
Another set of new trains have been procured under MUTP project: Medha Rakes. These EMUs are fully indigenous 3 phase 25kV AC Rakes which only ply on WR network. Currently, more Medha rakes are procured by WR network.
Nine-car trains have a capacity of 2,628 (876 seated and 1,752 standing). Twelve-car trains have a capacity of 3,504 (1,168 seated and 2,336 standing).[11]
In fall 2013, brand new 12-car rakes were introduced on the railway.[12]
Air-conditioned rakes[edit]
This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (December 2017)
Air conditioned rakes in Mumbai
Discussion on AC Coaches first began in 2002 and was planned to be introduced in 2013. However, major delays in finalising the rakes' design and procurement of material deferred the project.[13][14]
The first air-conditioned rake for use on the suburban system was built by the Integral Coach Factory in Chennai at a cost of over ₹50 crore (US$7.7 million), and arrived in Mumbai on 5 April 2016. The rake has a seating capacity of 1,028 passengers, and standing room for up to 6,000 passengers. The 12 coach rake is configured as two sets of six interconnected bogies, meaning passengers can walk between coaches but only up to a maximum of 6 coaches. The train is also equipped with a new electrical system and software, automatic doors with emergency opening features, and GPS-based destination display on LED indicators. The old system of pulling a chain to halt the train was replaced by four intercoms per coach that enable commuters to communicate with the driver.[15]
Both CR and WR competed to acquire the rake, with WR even announcing a time table for operating the air-conditioned rake. Union Railway Minister Suresh Prabhu announced that the rake would be transferred to CR on 16 March 2016.[15] However, at a height of 4.335 metres the rake exceeds the maximum clearance height of 4.270 metres for EMU coaches on the Central Line. In particular, the rake cannot clear the some low height British-era bridges between CST and Kurla.[16] Then Central Railway general manager Sunil Kumar Sood insisted that CR was conduct trials and operate the rake on the Harbour Line. After acquiring the rake, CR conducted tests, safety and mobility checks, and trial runs under the supervision of the RDSO. However, following Sood's retirement, CR abandoned plans to operate the rake in December 2016. CR informed the Railway Board that it could not operate the rake due to the clearance issue, and the Railway Board directed them to transfer the rake to WR. The rake was transferred to WR on 12 May 2017. WR General Manager Anil Kumar Gupta stated that rake would begin commercial operations on the Western Line after WR conducted its own tests and trial runs and receiving regulatory approvals. Although there are some clearance issues on the Western Line as well, Gupta stated that these could rectified.The First AC EMU was Flagged off on 25th December 2017[15]
Mumbai Railway Vikas Corporation (MRVC)[edit]
Main article: Mumbai Railway Vikas Corporation
To enable the Mumbai Suburban Railway to meet the demands of the ever-growing passenger traffic, the federal Government of India's Ministry of Railways and the state Government of Maharashtra have jointly envisioned the constitution of a separate corporate entity to operate the system.
The Mumbai Railway Vikas Corporation Ltd (MRVC), a public sector unit of the Government of India under the Ministry of Railways, was incorporated under the (Indian) Companies Act, 1956 on 12 July 1999, with an equity capital of ₹250 million (US$3.8 million) to implement the rail component of an integrated rail-cum-road urban transport project, called Mumbai Urban Transport Project (MUTP). The cost of the rail component of the project is to be shared equally by Ministry of Railways and Government of Maharashtra.
Electrification[edit]
All routes are electrified using 25 kV 50 Hz AC power supply from overhead lines.
The Indian Railways plans to build a 700 MW gas-based plant in Thakurli to generate electricity to run the Mumbai trains.[17]
Safety Issues[edit]
Overcrowding[edit]
Due to its extensive reach across the Mumbai Metropolitan Region, and its intensive use by the local urban population, the Mumbai Suburban Railway suffers from the most severe overcrowding in the world.[18] Over 4,500 passengers are packed into a 9-car rake during peak hours, as against the rated carrying capacity of 1,700.[18] This has resulted in what is known as Super-Dense Crush Load of 14 to 16 standing passengers per square metre of floor space.
Tourists[edit]
It is advisable for tourists not to travel in Mumbai local trains from 07:00 to 11:00 and 17:00 to 22:00 during weekdays because of overcrowding.[6]
Fatalities[edit]
On average, about 2,000 people die annually on the Mumbai Suburban Rail network; between 2002 and 2012, more than 36,152 people died and 36,688 people were injured.[19] A record 17 people died every weekday on the city's suburban railway network in 2008.[20] One of the reason for accidents and deaths is overcrowding (see above). Another cause of death is passengers crossing the tracks on foot to avoid footbridges. Some passengers die when they sit on train roofs to avoid the crowds and are electrocuted by the overhead electric wires, or fall while hanging from doors and window bars. However, the fatality rates have declined recently. To reduce the risk of such fatalities, longer platforms and more frequent trains are being implemented
Central Railways in association with a behaviour architecture firm deployed neuroscience based interventions at the Wadala station, reducing fatalities by about 75%.[21] Times of India carried a news item regarding the success of this experiment[22]
In 2010, Western Railway has pledged that its trains will stop running if "even a single person" is seen travelling on the roof.[23]
In mid-2011 a viral video depicted a youth performing stunts while dangling from the compartment of a Harbour Line train.[24] Following this, a boy was killed while imitating the actions performed in the video.[25]
The Western and Central Railways have been using the Auxiliary Warning System (AWS), a type of Train Protection & Warning System (TPWS), since 1996.[26]
Terrorist attacks[edit]
The Mumbai Suburban Railway has suffered 8 blasts and around 368 people are believed to have died as a result.
12 March 1993 – bomb blast at Reay Road station
13 March 2003 – A bombing in a train in Mulund killed 20
11 July 2006 – A series of seven bombs in Western Railway trains killed 209
26 November 2008 – Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus was attacked during the 2008 Mumbai Attacks killing at least 60 people
Expansion[edit]
Mumbai Rail Vikas Corporation (MRVC) under the Mumbai Urban Transport Project-II is extending the Harbour Line up to Goregaon. The work is expected to be completed by November, 2017.
CR has proposed constructing a 22.5 km line linking Seawoods with Uran. The proposed line would have 10 stations.[27]
In popular culture[edit]
Film[edit]
The Mumbai Suburban Railway has regularly been used for film shoots. Some movies that have used the Mumbai Suburban Railway for filming are
Agneepath
Dabangg
Gangs of Wasseypur
Life In a Metro
Ghanchakkar
Kai Po Che
O Kadhal Kanmani
Once Upon a Time in Mumbai Again
Rajjo
Ra.One
Thalaivaa
Dombivali Fast
Balkadu
Yeh Jawani Hai Deewani.[28]
Gallery[edit]
Central line local train
Harbour line local train
Western line local train
See also[edit]
Mumbai portal
Trains portal
Mumbai Metro
Mumbai Monorail
Salsette-Trombay Railway
Surekha Yadav
List of Mumbai Suburban Railway stations
11 July 2006 Mumbai train bombings
M-Indicator
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "It's not getting any better! Despite metro and monorail, Mumbai local trains getting more overcrowded". mid-day. Archived from the original on 13 April 2017. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
Jump up ^ All you need to know about Mumbai's newly launched metro – Firstpost
Jump up ^ "Mumbai Metro's Shopping Now With $7.5 Billion. Here's What It Wants". NDTV.com. Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 10 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Satardekar, Anvaya (2012-10-17). "Central Railway puts 15-car locals on track". DNA India. Retrieved 2013-07-16.
Jump up ^ and http://brhg.4t.com Bombay Railway History Group Archived 26 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b Lonely Planet: Goa & Mumbai 6 ed, 2012, published by Lonely Planet, p68
Jump up ^ "ADMISSION TO PLATFORMS AND CARRIAGE OF PASSENGERS". Indian Railways. 3 October 2012. Archived from the original on 14 March 2014. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Coupons with bar codes for train travel". Hindustan Times. 2012-10-03. Archived from the original on 3 October 2012. Retrieved 2013-07-16.
Jump up ^ https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=dhT949bstbQ
Jump up ^ Aklekar, Rajendra (2011-12-29). "Fresh blueprint for AC locals on anvil". DNA India. Retrieved 2013-07-16.
Jump up ^ Aklekar, Rajendra (2011-12-07). "Railway think tank rules out Metro-like seats in locals". DNA India. Retrieved 2013-07-16.
Jump up ^ Economic Times "Mumbai set to get new local trains" Archived 22 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "You can travel in AC locals in Mumbai by Oct: Rail min Suresh Prabhu". Hindustan Times. Mumbai. 18 April 2015. Archived from the original on 20 April 2015. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Shashank Rao (19 April 2015). "Mumbai: AC-coach trials to begin in September". MiD DAY. Mumbai. Archived from the original on 27 April 2015. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c "WR local passengers, get ready for a cool commute – Mumbai Mirror -". Mumbai Mirror. Archived from the original on 12 May 2017. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Western Railway handed over first AC local for trials, Diwali launch likely – Times of India". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 13 May 2017. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Aklekar, Rajendra (2012-03-26). "Power plant for Mumbai railways gets a fillip". DNA India. Retrieved 2013-07-16.
^ Jump up to: a b "Loan to relieve world's most overcrowded trains". Railway Gazette. Archived from the original on 9 September 2013. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "Mumbai's lifeline has claimed 36,000 lives in 10 years". The Times of India. 20 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Rhys Blakely (18 February 2010). "India's rail authorities crack down on rooftop travel to stop deaths". London: The Times. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
Jump up ^ Subramanian, Samanth (8 May 2011). "Train!". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on 11 December 2011.
Jump up ^ "Rs 50 cr to curb deaths on tracks". The Times of India. 2010-07-24. Retrieved 2013-07-16.
Jump up ^ 'Passengers banned from Indian train roofs' on The Australian website, viewed 2013-07-27
Jump up ^ "Xtreme Train Stunt – Mumbai Boys". YouTube. 29 August 2011. Archived from the original on 13 July 2015. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Mumbai: Performing stunt on train kills 14-year-boy – IBNLive Archived 7 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Railways move to ensure zero mishaps". DNA India. 14 December 2011. Archived from the original on 10 January 2012. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Seawoods-Uran project: CR wants carshed plot near station on route, CIDCO says difficult". The Indian Express. 14 February 2017. Archived from the original on 18 February 2017. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
Jump up ^ Dube,,., Bharati, and also Holiday . (2013-03-17). "Bollywood shoots boost Western Railways' coffers by Rs 1.5 crore". The Times Of India. Retrieved 2013-07-16. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
External links[edit]
Media related to Mumbai Local Trains at Wikimedia Commons
Mumbai Rail Vikas Corporation Mumbai Rail Vikas Corporation
[show]
v
t
e
Urban rail transit in India
Suburban rail
Operational
Chennai Suburban Railway
Delhi Suburban Railway
Hyderabad Multi-Modal Transport System
Kolkata
Kolkata Suburban Railway
Kolkata Circular Railway
Lucknow
Barabanki–Lucknow Suburban Railway
Lucknow–Kanpur Suburban Railway
Mumbai Suburban Railway
Pune Suburban Railway
Planned
Ahmedabad Suburban Railway
Bengaluru Commuter Rail
Proposed
Delhi–Alwar Regional Rapid Transit System
Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System
Delhi–Panipat Regional Rapid Transit System
Rapid transit
Operational
Chennai Metro
Delhi Metro
Rapid Metro Gurgaon
Hyderabad Metro
Jaipur Metro
Kochi Metro
Kolkata Metro
Lucknow Metro
Mumbai Metro
Namma Metro
Under
construction
Metro-Link Express for Gandhinagar and Ahmedabad
Nagpur Metro
Navi Mumbai Metro
Noida Metro
Pune Metro
Planned
Agra Metro
Bhopal Metro
Chandigarh Metro
Guwahati Metro
Indore Metro
Jabalpur Metro
Kanpur Metro
Ludhiana Metro
Meerut Metro
Patna Metro
Surat Metro
Varanasi Metro
Vijayawada Metro
Visakhapatnam Metro
Proposed
Allahabad Metro
Bareilly Metro
Coimbatore Metro
Greater Gwalior Metro
Greater Nasik Metro
Ranchi Metro
Srinagar Metro
Western railway elevated corridor
Monorail
Operational
Mumbai Monorail
Planned
Chennai Monorail
Coimbatore Monorail
Proposed
Ahmedabad Monorail
Aizawl Monorail
Bengaluru Monorail
Bhubaneswar Monorail
Delhi Monorail
Indore Monorail
Kanpur Monorail
Kolkata Monorail
Navi Mumbai Monorail
Patna Monorail
Pune Monorail
Tiruchirappalli Monorail
Light rail
Proposed
Delhi Light Rail Transit
Kolkata Light Rail Transit
Kozhikode Light Metro
Thiruvananthapuram Light Metro
Tram
Operational
Trams in Kolkata
[show]
v
t
e
Central Railway
Headquarters - Mumbai
Authority
Ministry of Railways
Railway Board
Divisions
Mumbai CR
Bhusawal
Nagpur CR
Solapur
Pune
Railway stations
Railway stations in Maharashtra
Engine sheds
Diesel
Pune
Kalyan
Kurla
Murtajapur
Electric
Kalyan
Ajni
Bhusawal
Network
Bhusawal–Kalyan section
Mumbai Suburban Central line
Mumbai Dadar–Solapur section
Nagpur–Bhusawal section
Mumbai Suburban Railway
Howrah–Allahabad–Mumbai line
Howrah–Nagpur–Mumbai line
Mumbai–Chennai line
Pune–Miraj–Londa line
Pune Suburban Railway
Udhna - Jalgaon line
Vasai Road - Roha line
Services
Express Trains
Fast Passenger
Superfast/Mail
Duronto
Garib Rath
Jan Shatabdi Express
Premium train
Shatabdi Express
Sampark Kranti Express
Templates
Category
Portal
WikiProject
[show]
v
t
e
Urban rail transit in India
Suburban rail
Operational
Chennai Suburban Railway
Delhi Suburban Railway
Hyderabad Multi-Modal Transport System
Kolkata
Kolkata Suburban Railway
Kolkata Circular Railway
Lucknow
Barabanki–Lucknow Suburban Railway
Lucknow–Kanpur Suburban Railway
Mumbai Suburban Railway
Pune Suburban Railway
Planned
Ahmedabad Suburban Railway
Bengaluru Commuter Rail
Proposed
Delhi–Alwar Regional Rapid Transit System
Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System
Delhi–Panipat Regional Rapid Transit System
Rapid transit
Operational
Chennai Metro
Delhi Metro
Rapid Metro Gurgaon
Hyderabad Metro
Jaipur Metro
Kochi Metro
Kolkata Metro
Lucknow Metro
Mumbai Metro
Namma Metro
Under
construction
Metro-Link Express for Gandhinagar and Ahmedabad
Nagpur Metro
Navi Mumbai Metro
Noida Metro
Pune Metro
Planned
Agra Metro
Bhopal Metro
Chandigarh Metro
Guwahati Metro
Indore Metro
Jabalpur Metro
Kanpur Metro
Ludhiana Metro
Meerut Metro
Patna Metro
Surat Metro
Varanasi Metro
Vijayawada Metro
Visakhapatnam Metro
Proposed
Allahabad Metro
Bareilly Metro
Coimbatore Metro
Greater Gwalior Metro
Greater Nasik Metro
Ranchi Metro
Srinagar Metro
Western railway elevated corridor
Monorail
Operational
Mumbai Monorail
Planned
Chennai Monorail
Coimbatore Monorail
Proposed
Ahmedabad Monorail
Aizawl Monorail
Bengaluru Monorail
Bhubaneswar Monorail
Delhi Monorail
Indore Monorail
Kanpur Monorail
Kolkata Monorail
Navi Mumbai Monorail
Patna Monorail
Pune Monorail
Tiruchirappalli Monorail
Light rail
Proposed
Delhi Light Rail Transit
Kolkata Light Rail Transit
Kozhikode Light Metro
Thiruvananthapuram Light Metro
Tram
Operational
Trams in Kolkata
[show]
v
t
e
Mumbai topics
History
Timeline
Silhara dynasty
Bombay Presidency
Seven Islands of Bombay
Elephanta Caves
Banganga Tank
Old Bombay
Worli Fort
Girangaon
Samyukta Maharashtra Movement
Tanks
Growth of Mumbai
1992–93 riots
1993 bombings
2008 attacks
Terrorism
Geography
Powai Lake
Vihar Lake
Tulsi Lake
Thane Creek
Mahim Bay
Back Bay
Mithi River
Ulhas River
Gilbert Hill
Malabar Hill
Salsette Island
Mumbai Harbour
Middle Ground
Climate
Beaches
Eastern Suburbs
Western Suburbs
South Mumbai
Neighbourhoods
Buildings
Architecture of Mumbai
Gateway of India
Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus
Naval Dockyard
Bombay Stock Exchange
Hutatma Chowk
General Post Office
Shreepati Arcade
Siddhivinayak Temple
Regal Cinema
Mount Mary's Church
Haji Ali Dargah
Flora Fountain
David Sassoon Library
Mumba Devi Temple
Mahalaxmi Temple
Prince of Wales Museum
National Gallery of Modern Art
Asiatic Society of Mumbai
Jehangir Art Gallery
Gowalia Tank
Shri Swaminarayan Mandir
Mahim Church
Transport
Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport (BEST)
Mumbai Suburban Railway
Central Railway
Western Railway
Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport
Juhu Aerodrome
Auto rickshaw
Metro
Monorail
Skywalk
Western railway elevated corridor
Water transport
Mumbai Bus Rapid Transit System
Mumbai Urban Transport Project
Roads
Airoli Bridge
Altamount Road
Bandra–Worli Sea Link
Carmichael Road
Colaba Causeway
Currey Road Bridge
Dadabhai Naoroji Road
Eastern Express Highway
Eastern Freeway
Fashion Street
Hughes Road
Jeejabai Bhosle Marg
JVLR
Linking Road
Lady Jamshetjee Road
LBS Marg
Lamington Road
Mahim Causeway
Marine Drive
MTHL
Nepean Sea Road
P D'Mello Road
Pedder Road
Princess Street
SCLR
SV Road
Sahar Elevated Access Road
Sion Panvel Highway
Vashi Bridge
Veera Desai Road
Western Express Highway
Economy
Bombay Stock Exchange
National Stock Exchange of India
Reserve Bank of India
Mint
Dalal Street
Nariman Point
Education
and Research
Universities
& Colleges
University of Mumbai (MU)
SNDT Women's University
Indian Institute of Technology - Bombay (IIT-B)
Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute (VJTI)
Mulund College of Commerce
ICT (formerly UDCT)
NITIE
Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies (JBIMS)
SP Jain Institute of Management and Research
NMIMS
St. Xavier's College
Sathaye College
Ramnarain Ruia College
DG Ruparel College
Ramniranjan Anandilal Podar College of Commerce and Economics
V. G. Vaze College of Arts, Science and Commerce
Schools
Bombay Scottish School
Campion School
Cathedral and John Connon School
Dhirubhai Ambani International School
Dr. Antonio Da Silva High School
Jamnabai Narsee School
Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan
King George High School, Dadar(E)
St. Theresa's Boys High School
Institutes for Science
& Learning
Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR)
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC)
Nehru Planetarium
Nehru Science Centre
Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS)
Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences (UM-DAE CBS)
Civic
Mayor
Police Commissioner
Municipal Commissioner
Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation
Mumbai Police
Wards
Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport
Demographics
Water sources
Bombay High Court
Sheriff
Culture
Marathi
Mumbaiya/Bombaiya/Bambaiya
Dabbawalas
Mumbaikar
Street food
Vada pav
Bhelpuri
Sevpuri
Dahi puri
Panipuri
Ragda pattice
Cultural centres
Cinemas
Kala Ghoda festival
Mumbai Marathon
Tourist attractions
Little Bombay, Jersey City, USA
Religion in Mumbai
Jainism in Mumbai
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bombay
History of the Jews in Mumbai
List of churches in Mumbai
Anglican Diocese of Bombay
Mumbai Orthodox Diocese
Other topics
Bombay High
Kamathipura
Dharavi
People from Mumbai
Category
Commons
Mumbai portal
[show]
v
t
e
Railways in Western India
National network /
trunk lines
New Delhi–Mumbai main line
Konkan Railway
Howrah–Allahabad–Mumbai line
Howrah–Nagpur–Mumbai line
Mumbai–Chennai line
Jaipur–Ahmedabad line
Ahmedabad–Mumbai main line
Branch lines /
sections
Mathura–Vadodara Section
Akola–Ratlam line
Ahmedabad–Viramgam section
Bhusawal–Kalyan section
Gandhidham–Ahmedabad main line
Gandhidham–Bhuj section
Gandhidham–Kandla Port section
Gandhidham–Palanpur section
Gandhidham–Samakhiali section
Jodhpur–Bathinda line
Maliya Miyana–Wankaner section
Marwar Junction–Munabao line
Mumbai Dadar–Solapur section
Nagpur–Bhusawal section
Samakhiali–Maliya Miyana section
Solapur–Guntakal section
Surendranagar–Bhavnagar line
Viramgam–Mahesana section
Viramgam–Maliya Miyana section
Viramgam–Okha line
Viramgam–Surendra Nagar section
Wankaner–Surendra Nagar section
Suburban lines
Ahmedabad (Planned)
Mumbai (Western line
Central line
Harbour line
Trans-Harbour line
Nerul-Uran line (Under construction))
Pune
Metro rail
Mumbai Metro
Navi Mumbai Metro
Metro-Link Express for Gandhinagar and Ahmedabad
Greater Nashik Metro
Surat Metro
Pune Metro
Nagpur Metro
Monorail
Ahmedabad (Planned)
Mumbai (Line 1
Navi Mumbai)
Pune
Defunct lines
revived / under revival
Nagpur Chhattisgarh Railway
Barsi Light Railway
Defunct lines
Salsette–Trombay Railway
Bhavnagar State Railway
Gaekwar's Baroda State Railway
West of India Portuguese Railway
Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway
Cutch State Railway
Railway divisions
Bhusawal
Pune
Railway companies
Central Railway
Western Railway
West Central Railway
Konkan Railway Corporation
Great Indian Peninsula Railway
Saurashtra Railway
Mumbai Port Trust Railway
See also
Indian Railways
Bholu (mascot)
Urban rail transit in India
Delhi–Mumbai Industrial Corridor Project
Mumbai–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor
Bhor Ghat
Railways in India portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mumbai_Suburban_Railway&oldid=840870764"
Categories:
Mumbai Suburban Railway
Transport in Navi Mumbai
Airport rail links in India
1857 establishments in India
1850s establishments in British India
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list
Wikipedia articles in need of updating from December 2017
All Wikipedia articles in need of updating
Articles needing additional references from November 2011
All articles needing additional references
Use Indian English from September 2017
All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English
Use dmy dates from March 2013
Maharashtra articles missing geocoordinate data
All articles needing coordinates
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
বাংলা
Français
हिन्दी
മലയാളം
मराठी
日本語
தமிழ்
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 12 May 2018, at 18:12.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: tr

value: tbody

value: table

attrs: class role

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values: Indian Railways Suburban Railway Logo.svg

values: Trans-Harbour Line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)

values:
nofollow
http://www.wr.indianrailways.gov.in/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.cr.indianrailways.gov.in/
external text

values:
/wiki/Central_Railways
mw-redirect
Central Railways

values:
/wiki/Western_Railways
mw-redirect
Western Railways

values: The Map is designed to give a complete overview of the Mumbai Suburban Rail network. It includes most of the required information about Mumbai local (Western Line, Central Line, Harbour Line, Trans Harbour Line, Mumbai Metro, Mono Rail) such as - Fast/Slow Lines, Approx travel time between stations, List of all stations with grid index, Station Codes etc.

values: List of Mumbai Suburban Railway stations

values:
/wiki/Kalyan,_India
mw-redirect
Kalyan, India

values:
/wiki/Bhiwandi_railway_station
mw-redirect
Bhiwandi railway station

values:
/wiki/Diva_Railway_Station
mw-redirect
Diva Railway Station

values:
/wiki/Mumbai_Central
mw-redirect
Mumbai Central

values:
/wiki/Wadala_Road
mw-redirect
Wadala Road

values: Nerul–Uran line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)

values:
/wiki/First_class_commuter_travel
mw-redirect
First class commuter travel

values:
/wiki/People_with_disabilities
mw-redirect
People with disabilities

values:
/wiki/Visually_impaired
mw-redirect
Visually impaired

values:
/wiki/Dadar_railway_station
mw-redirect
Dadar railway station

values: Edit section: Mumbai Railway Vikas Corporation (MRVC)

values:
/wiki/Railway_electrification
mw-redirect
Railway electrification

values:
/wiki/Mumbai_metropolitan_area
mw-redirect
Mumbai metropolitan area

values:
/wiki/Chhatrapati_Shivaji_Terminus
mw-redirect
Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus

values:
/wiki/2008_Mumbai_Attacks
mw-redirect
2008 Mumbai Attacks

values:
/wiki/Mumbai_Rail_Vikas_Corporation
mw-redirect
Mumbai Rail Vikas Corporation

values:
/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_in_Mumbai_Again
mw-redirect
Once Upon a Time in Mumbai Again

values:
/wiki/Yeh_Jawani_Hai_Deewani
mw-redirect
Yeh Jawani Hai Deewani

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
/wiki/Salsette-Trombay_Railway
mw-redirect
Salsette-Trombay Railway

values:
nofollow
http://bombayrailway.blogspot.com/
external text

values: Category:CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
http://www.mrvc.indianrail.gov.in/
external text

values: Template talk:Urban rail transit in India

values:
/wiki/Suburban_rail
mw-redirect
Suburban rail

values: Delhi–Alwar Regional Rapid Transit System

values: Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System

values: Delhi–Panipat Regional Rapid Transit System

values: Metro-Link Express for Gandhinagar and Ahmedabad

values:
/wiki/Coimbatore_Metro
mw-redirect
Coimbatore Metro

values:
/wiki/Greater_Nasik_Metro
mw-redirect
Greater Nasik Metro

values:
/wiki/Coimbatore_Monorail
mw-redirect
Coimbatore Monorail

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/Railway_Board_(India)
mw-redirect
Railway Board (India)

values: Category:Railway stations in Maharashtra

values: Template:Railway stations in Maharashtra

values: Diesel Loco Shed, Kalyan (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Murtajapur_railway_station
mw-redirect
Murtajapur railway station

values:
/wiki/Bhusawal_railway_station
mw-redirect
Bhusawal railway station

values: Category:5 ft 6 in gauge railways in India

values:
/wiki/Udhna_-_Jalgaon_line
mw-redirect
Udhna - Jalgaon line

values:
/wiki/Vasai_Road_-_Roha_line
mw-redirect
Vasai Road - Roha line

values: Category:Named passenger trains of India

values:
/wiki/Premium_train
mw-redirect
Premium train

values:
/wiki/Portal:Indian_Railways
mw-redirect
Portal:Indian Railways

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/Silhara_dynasty
mw-redirect
Silhara dynasty

values:
/wiki/Samyukta_Maharashtra_Movement
mw-redirect
Samyukta Maharashtra Movement

values:
/wiki/Terrorism_in_Mumbai
mw-redirect
Terrorism in Mumbai

values:
/wiki/List_of_Mumbai_beaches
mw-redirect
List of Mumbai beaches

values:
/wiki/Mount_Mary_Church,_Bandra
mw-redirect
Mount Mary Church, Bandra

values:
/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_Museum
mw-redirect
Prince of Wales Museum

values:
/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Mumbai
mw-redirect
Asiatic Society of Mumbai

values:
/wiki/BEST_Transport_division
mw-redirect
BEST Transport division

values: Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport

values:
/wiki/Linking_Road
mw-redirect
Linking Road

values: Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute

values: Mumbai University Institute of Chemical Technology

values: National Institute of Industrial Engineering

values: Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies

values: S. P. Jain Institute of Management and Research

values: Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies

values:
/wiki/Ruparel_College
mw-redirect
Ruparel College

values: V. G. Vaze College of Arts, Science and Commerce

values: List of educational institutions in Mumbai

values: Dr. Antonio Da Silva High School and Junior College of Commerce

values:
/wiki/Kendriya_Vidyalaya_Sangathan
mw-redirect
Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan

values:
/wiki/King_George_High_School,_Dadar(E)
mw-redirect
King George High School, Dadar(E)

values: Center for Excellence in Basic Sciences, Mumbai

values: Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport

values:
/wiki/List_of_churches_in_Mumbai
mw-redirect
List of churches in Mumbai

values:
/wiki/Anglican_Diocese_of_Bombay
mw-redirect
Anglican Diocese of Bombay

values:
/wiki/Bombay_High
mw-redirect
Bombay High

values:
/wiki/Mathura%E2%80%93Vadodara_Section
mw-redirect
Mathura–Vadodara Section

values: Trans-Harbour line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)

values: Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway

values: Delhi–Mumbai Industrial Corridor Project

values: Mumbai–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor

values: WAP-7 class electric locomotive of Indian Railways.jpg

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Category:1850s establishments in British India

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from December 2017

values: Category:All Wikipedia articles in need of updating

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from November 2011

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:Use Indian English from September 2017

values: Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English

values: Category:Maharashtra articles missing geocoordinate data

values: Category:All articles needing coordinates

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Mumbai_Suburban_Railway
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: মুম্বই উপনগরীয় রেল – Bangla

values: Chemin de fer suburbain de Bombay – French

values: मुंबई उपनगरीय रेल – Hindi

values: മുംബൈ സബർബൻ റെയിൽവേ – Malayalam

values: मुंबई उपनगरी रेल्वे – Marathi

values: ムンバイ近郊鉄道 – Japanese

values: மும்பை புறநகர் ரயில்வே – Tamil

values: 孟买郊区铁路 – Chinese

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Mumbai_Suburban_Railway rootpage-Mumbai_Suburban_Railway skin-vector action-view


text:
Chemical energy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Not to be confused with chemical potential.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
In chemistry, chemical energy is the potential of a chemical substance to undergo a transformation through a chemical reaction to transform other chemical substances. Examples include batteries, food, gasoline, and more. Breaking or making of chemical bonds involves energy, which may be either absorbed or evolved from a chemical system. A very common misconception is that energy is released when bonds are broken, whereas energy is required to break bonds.
Energy that can be released (or absorbed) because of a reaction between a set of chemical substances is equal to the difference between the energy content of the products and the reactants, if the initial and final temperatures are the same. This change in energy can be estimated from the bond energies of the various chemical bonds in the reactants and products. It can also be calculated from Δ U f ∘ r e a c t a n t s {\displaystyle \Delta {U_{f}^{\circ }}_{\mathrm {reactants} }} , the internal energy of formation of the reactant molecules, and Δ U f ∘ p r o d u c t s {\displaystyle \Delta {U_{f}^{\circ }}_{\mathrm {products} }} the internal energy of formation of the product molecules. The internal energy change of a chemical process is equal to the heat exchanged if it is measured under conditions of constant volume and equal initial and final temperature, as in a closed container such as a bomb calorimeter. However, under conditions of constant pressure, as in reactions in vessels open to the atmosphere, the measured heat change is not always equal to the internal energy change, because pressure-volume work also releases or absorbs energy. (The heat change at constant pressure is called the enthalpy change; in this case the enthalpy of reaction, if initial and final temperatures are equal).
Another useful term is the heat of combustion, which is the energy mostly of the weak double bonds of molecular oxygen[1] released due to a combustion reaction and often applied in the study of fuels. Food is similar to hydrocarbon and carbohydrate fuels, and when it is oxidized to carbon dioxide and water, the energy released is analogous to the heat of combustion (though not assessed in the same way as a hydrocarbon fuel — see food energy).
Chemical potential energy is a form of potential energy related to the structural arrangement of atoms or molecules. This arrangement may be the result of chemical bonds within a molecule or otherwise. Chemical energy of a chemical substance can be transformed to other forms of energy by a chemical reaction. As an example, when a fuel is burned the chemical energy of molecular oxygen is converted to heat,[1] and the same is the case with digestion of food metabolized in a biological organism. Green plants transform solar energy to chemical energy (mostly of oxygen) through the process known as photosynthesis, and electrical energy can be converted to chemical energy and vice versa through electrochemical reactions.
The similar term chemical potential is used to indicate the potential of a substance to undergo a change of configuration, be it in the form of a chemical reaction, spatial transport, particle exchange with a reservoir, etc. It is not a form of potential energy itself, but is more closely related to free energy. The confusion in terminology arises from the fact that in other areas of physics not dominated by entropy, all potential energy is available to do useful work and drives the system to spontaneously undergo changes of configuration, and thus there is no distinction between "free" and "non-free" potential energy (hence the one word "potential"). However, in systems of large entropy such as chemical systems, the total amount of energy present (and conserved by the first law of thermodynamics) of which this Chemical Potential Energy is a part, is separated from the amount of that energy—Thermodynamic Free Energy (which Chemical potential is derived from)—which (appears to) drive the system forward spontaneously as its entropy increases (in accordance with the second law).
[hide]
v
t
e
Energy
Fundamental concepts
Energetics
Energy
Units
Energy system
Energy transformation
Mass
Mass–energy equivalence
Power
Thermodynamics
Laws of thermodynamics
Exergy
Forms
Kinetic
Potential
Mechanical
Electric
Magnetic
Gravitational
Chemical
Ionization
Nuclear
Chromodynamic
Elastic
Mechanical wave
Sound wave
Radiant
Rest
Thermal
Energy carriers
Enthalpy
Fuel
fossil fuel
Heat
Work
Electricity
Battery
Capacitor
Primary energy
Fossil fuel
Coal
Petroleum
Natural gas
Gravitational energy
Nuclear fuel
Natural uranium
Radiant energy
Solar
Wind
Bioenergy
Hydropower
Marine energy
Geothermal
Energy system
components
Energy engineering
Oil refinery
Fossil-fuel power station
Cogeneration
Integrated gasification combined cycle
Nuclear power
Nuclear power plant
Radioisotope thermoelectric generator
Solar power
Photovoltaic system
Concentrated solar power
Solar thermal energy
Solar power tower
Solar furnace
Wind power
Wind farm
High-altitude wind power
Hydropower
Hydroelectricity
Wave farm
Tidal power
Biomass
Geothermal power
Use and
supply
Energy consumption
World energy consumption
Energy security
Energy conservation
Efficient energy use
Transport
Agriculture
Renewable energy
Sustainable energy
Energy policy
Energy development
Worldwide energy supply
South America
USA
Mexico
Canada
Europe
Asia
Africa
Australia
Misc.
Jevons's paradox
Carbon footprint
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Schmidt-Rohr, K (2015). "Why Combustions Are Always Exothermic, Yielding About 418 kJ per Mole of O2". J. Chem. Educ. 92: 2094–2099. Bibcode:2015JChEd..92.2094S. doi:10.1021/acs.jchemed.5b00333.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chemical_energy&oldid=807908077"
Categories:
Chemical energy
Chemistry
Hidden categories:
Articles needing additional references from December 2015
All articles needing additional references
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Afrikaans
العربية
Bosanski
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Davvisámegiella
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
فارسی
Gaeilge
Hrvatski
Italiano
עברית
Lietuvių
മലയാളം
Nederlands
Norsk
Português
Română
Русский
Shqip
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
தமிழ்
Türkçe
Українська
ייִדיש
粵語
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 30 October 2017, at 19:43.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values: vertical-align: -1.505ex; width:11.748ex; height:3.509ex;

values: \Delta {U_{f}^{\circ }}_{{{\mathrm  {reactants}}}}

values: vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:11.377ex; height:3.843ex;

values: \Delta {U_{f}^{\circ }}_{{{\mathrm  {products}}}}

values:
/wiki/Enthalpy_of_reaction
mw-redirect
Enthalpy of reaction

values:
/wiki/Electric_energy
mw-redirect
Electric energy

values:
/wiki/Chromodynamic_energy
mw-redirect
Chromodynamic energy

values:
/wiki/Rest_energy
mw-redirect
Rest energy

values:
/wiki/Wind_energy
mw-redirect
Wind energy

values:
/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_station
mw-redirect
Fossil-fuel power station

values:
/wiki/Energy_in_Canada
mw-redirect
Energy in Canada

values:
/wiki/Jevons%27s_paradox
mw-redirect
Jevons's paradox

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.jchemed.5b00333

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from December 2015

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Chemical_energy
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: طاقة كيميائية – Arabic

values: Χημική ενέργεια – Greek

values: انرژی شیمیایی – Persian

values: אנרגיה כימית – Hebrew

values: രാസോർജ്ജം – Malayalam

values: Химическая энергия – Russian

values: Хемијска енергија – Serbian

values: வேதியியல் ஆற்றல் – Tamil

values: Хімічна енергія – Ukrainian

values: כעמישע ענערגיע – Yiddish

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Chemical_energy rootpage-Chemical_energy vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view