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United States military seniority
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United States military seniority is the method by which the United States Armed Forces determine precedence among commissioned officers, in particular those who hold the same rank. Seniority is used to determine assignments, tactical commands, promotions and general courtesy. To a lesser extent, historical seniority is used to recognize status of honor given to early United States military leaders such as inaugural holders of certain ranks or those officers who served as leadership during major wars and armed conflicts.
Contents
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1 Modern-day seniority
2 Tactical and operational seniority
3 Historical seniority
3.1 Historical seniority list
4 See also
5 References
Modern-day seniority[edit]
The modern-day seniority system of the United States commissioned officer corps operates on two different levels. For officers of different ranks, seniority is simply determined by who holds the highest rank. For instance, Army colonel is senior to captain and captain senior to lieutenant. Seniority extends across services as for instance major in the Army is senior to captain in the Air Force while commander in the United States Navy is senior to both. For officers in the same rank or paygrade, seniority is determined by the date of whom assumed their rank earlier.[1] If officers of the same grade have the same date of rank, then seniority is determined in order by the officer's previous rank's date and so forth.[1] If all promotion dates of ranks are the same, seniority is then determined on order of: previous active duty grade relative seniority (if applicable),[1] total active commissioned service,[1] and finally, total federal commissioned service or date of appointment as a commissioned officer.[1] The secretaries of each service may establish further seniority rules if applicable.[1]
A type of "positional seniority" exists for military officers who hold top leadership positions of the armed forces. For instance, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is considered the senior most officer of the entire United States military, even though it is possible that contemporaries of the same rank may have earlier dates of rank or time in service. Likewise, heads of various armed service branches are considered senior most within their service; unified commanders are also considered senior most in their respective regions yet not necessarily to each other.
The regular United States military hierarchy is as follows:
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
When compared to each other, seniority is determined among the service heads by lineal number and commissioning date. Externally, the standing of each service head is determined by the date of the creation of the position as follows.
Chief of Staff of the United States Army
Chief of Naval Operations
Commandant of the Marine Corps
Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force
Commandant of the Coast Guard
Chief of the National Guard Bureau
The officers in charge of the Unified Combatant Commands are considered "operational officers" while the standard military hierarchy is administrative. For instance, the Chief of Naval Operations, who would most likely be senior to a naval admiral in command of the United States Pacific Command, would not be able to issue direct orders to said commander since operational chain of command is separate from regular administrative military hierarchy.[2] Military seniority, within itself, would not be affected.
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Unified Combatant Commands of the United States Department of Defense
Regional responsibilities
Africa Command
Central Command
European Command
Northern Command
Pacific Command
Southern Command
Functional responsibilities
Special Operations Command
Strategic Command
Transportation Command
Inactivated
Atlantic Command
Joint Forces Command
Space Command
Strike Command
Tactical and operational seniority[edit]
Tactical seniority, also known as "battlefield seniority", is the manner in which a senior officer in command of a given tactical situation is determined. For instance, within the United States Navy, groups of ships performing exercises together will have one ship designated as the tactical senior unit. The commander of said ship is the senior tactical officer and may in fact be junior in rank to the other officers of the tactical group. For multi-national exercises, such as the Sharem event in South Korea, ships of foreign nations are sometimes given tactical seniority and thus may issue routine movement orders to United States vessels. Actual combat would fall under the Task Force system, in which a United States admiral, with clear seniority, would take command over all vessels.
Groups of Army units, especially in active combat, may be placed under tactical command of any officer, regardless of rank seniority, for completion of a single mission. During World War II, the term "mixed unit" was commonly used to denote military formations created from several other smaller units, most often "on the spot", due to operational confusion and the need for a single battlefield commander to take authority over all units physically present. Army Air Force bomber groups operated on a similar principle, in that tactical command could pass to officers who were not necessarily the senior most present, given the specific needs of the mission or casualties during the mission itself.
Operational seniority refers to the ability to issue long range orders to U.S. forces, such as deployments, general orders, and other administrative matters. Operational seniority is never granted to non-U.S. officers and usually stems from such major offices as the Bureau of Naval Personnel or the Army Personnel Branch.
Historical seniority[edit]
Historical seniority loosely indicates the general significance of various generals and flag officers within the scope of the history of the United States. Historical seniority is typically only bestowed to those officers who were the inaugural holders of ranks or for those who served as the senior most military officer during a major armed conflict.
The only case where historical seniority has been legally established by the United States Congress are for the two "super ranks" of the armed forces of the United States, these being the ranks General of the Armies and Admiral of the Navy. By clear precedent, the holders of these two ranks (three persons in all) are senior to all other officers of the United States military, past and present. By special Congressional edict, George Washington is considered the senior most officer of all time meaning he may never be lesser in seniority to any other military officer, although Washington technically shares the same rank with John Pershing.
The office of general was discontinued after the Civil War, but revived in 1919 by the title of "General of the Armies of the United States" when General John J. Pershing was appointed to that office on 3 September 1919; accepted the appointment on 8 September 1919, was retired with that rank on 13 September 1924, and held it until his death on 15 July 1948. No other officer has occupied this office on active duty. General Pershing held the grade of General of the Armies of the United States under the provisions of the Act of U.S. Congress of 3 September 1919 (Public Law 45). Washington was posthumously appointed General of the Armies of the United States under s:Public Law 94-479. Under s:Order 31-3, the effective promotion date was on 4 July 1976. Congress specified that no officer of the United States Army should outrank Lieutenant General George Washington on the Army list. While promoted to a lieutenant general only a year before his death, he was the most senior officer and the only lieutenant general in the army. The same is true of Ulysses S. Grant, who was the second person to permanently hold this rank. (Winfield Scott was a brevet lieutenant general for his service in the Mexican–American War.) Washington was referred to as "commander in chief" of the Continental Army, a title that since the adoption of the Constitution has been reserved for the (civilian) President.
The five star officers of World War II are technically considered the most senior officers in U.S. history (with the exception of the two "super ranks" previously mentioned), yet are often considered historically junior to the military leaders of the 19th century, especially the inaugural holders of senior military ranks. Most historical seniority lists also omit three star officers, with some rare exceptions (such as Winfield Scott), and typically avoid comparing two star ranks and below, which are permanent ranks held by hundreds of officers over the past two centuries. In these cases, standard methods of seniority are utilized. Since 1981, the highest rank held by any officer in the U.S. armed forces is four stars, or a pay grade of "O-10". Modern-day admirals and generals are typically not considered in lists of historical seniority, except for extreme cases such as leaders of wars or other wide scale armed conflicts.
Historical seniority list[edit]
The officers listed below are generally accepted in military history circles as the top twenty five officers of all time in United States military history[3][4]
Seniority Order
Rank Order
Officer
Service
Highest rank
Date of rank
Historical significance
1 1 Washington, George !George Washington U.S. Army General of the Armies 4 Jul 1976 Declared by a Congressional Act in 1976 to be the senior most United States officer of all time. Held the rank of lieutenant general in the United States Army during his lifetime, as well as a special rank of "General and Commander-in-Chief" of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War.
2 1 Pershing, John !John Pershing U.S. Army General of the Armies 3 Sep 1919 Only person to hold the rank of General of the Armies on active duty. Recognized unofficially as a six star general during World War II after a press conference by Henry L. Stimson.
3 1 Dewey, George !George Dewey U.S. Navy Admiral of the Navy 2 Mar 1899 Inaugural and sole holder of rank.
4 4 Scott, Winfield !Winfield Scott U.S. Army Lieutenant general 29 Mar 1847 Second person in American history to hold the rank of lieutenant general after George Washington. Senior officer of the U.S. military during the Mexican-American War as well as the opening months of the American Civil War
5 3 Grant, Ulysses !Ulysses S. Grant U.S. Army General of the Army 25 Jul 1866 Inaugural holder of the rank, which was a 19th-century equivalent to a modern-day four star general (this differed from the 20th century rank of the same name which was clearly a five star position).
6 3 Farragut, David !David G. Farragut U.S. Navy Admiral 25 Jul 1866 Inaugural holder of the rank, granted by Congress due to services rendered as senior officer of the Navy during the American Civil War.
7 3 Sherman, William !William T. Sherman U.S. Army General of the Army 4 Mar 1869 Second holder of the rank "General of the Army". Grant, Sherman, and Sheridan wore four stars and held ranks equivalent to current four-star (O-10) generals and admirals, one step higher than the Civil War era rank of lieutenant general. This special version of the title General of the Army of the United States, Act of US Congress July 25, 1866, indicated that Congress intended only one person to have it at a time.
8 3 Porter, David !David D. Porter U.S. Navy Admiral 25 Jul 1866 Second person in the history of the United States Navy to hold the rank of Admiral.
9 4 Rowan, Stephen !Stephen C. Rowan U.S. Navy Vice admiral 1 Aug 1870 Longest serving officer in the history of the United States Navy with 63 years of service and retirement at the age of 80.
10 3 Sheridan, Philip !Philip H. Sheridan U.S. Army General of the Army 1 Jun 1888 Final person in U.S. Army history to hold the Civil War era rank "General of the Army". The rank was discontinued upon Sheridan's death and was not reactivated until World War II, then as a five star position.
11 4 Schofield, John !John Schofield U.S. Army Lieutenant general 5 Feb 1895 First Commanding General of the United States Army following the disestablishment of the rank General of the Army and first peacetime promotion to the permanent rank of lieutenant general.
12 4 Miles, Nelson !Nelson A. Miles U.S. Army Lieutenant general 6 Jun 1900 Last Commanding General of the United States Army. Succeeded by Samuel Baldwin Marks Young who became the first Chief of Staff. From this point on the Chief of Staff was by default considered the most senior officer of the United States Army.
13 3 Bliss, Tasker !Tasker Bliss U.S. Army General 6 Oct 1917 Second person promoted to the four star rank of General in the 20th century (the other was John Pershing) for service in the National Army during the First World War.
14 2 Leahy, William !William D. Leahy U.S. Navy Fleet Admiral 15 Dec 1944 First five star officer appointed during the Second World War
15 2 Marshall, George !George C. Marshall U.S. Army General of the Army 16 Dec 1944 Second officer promoted to five stars. The initial promotion of these officers was spaced over a period of one week so as to match the original seniority held by the officers at the four star level.
16 2 King, Ernest !Ernest J. King U.S. Navy Fleet Admiral 17 Dec 1944 Third officer promoted to five star rank
17 2 MacArthur, Douglas !Douglas MacArthur U.S. Army General of the Army 18 Dec 1944 Fourth officer to hold five star rank and second within the United States Army (after George Marshall). MacArthur was further considered for promotion to the "six star" position of General of the Armies, both during and following the Second World War.
18 2 Nimitz, Chester !Chester W. Nimitz U.S. Navy Fleet Admiral 19 Dec 1944 Fifth officer to hold five star rank and the third within the United States Navy. Served as the first post-World War II Chief of Naval Operations
19 2 Eisenhower, Dwight !Dwight D. Eisenhower U.S. Army General of the Army 20 Dec 1944 Later served as President of the United States. Required to resign his commission as a five star officer during his term; five star rank was reinstated after leaving office by president John F. Kennedy
20 2 Arnold, Henry !Henry H. Arnold U.S. Army General of the Army 21 Dec 1944 Last of the initial five star appointments during the Second World War.
U.S. Air Force General of the Air Force 7 May 1949 Five star rank was converted to that of General of the Air Force in 1949. No other officer has held the Air Force five star version since Arnold.
21 2 Halsey, William !William F. Halsey U.S. Navy Fleet Admiral 11 Dec 1945 First of two post World War II promotions to five star rank (the other being Omar Bradley)
22 2 Bradley, Omar !Omar Bradley U.S. Army General of the Army 20 Sep 1950 Last officer in U.S. history to be promoted to five star rank
23 3 Spruance, Raymond !Raymond Spruance U.S. Navy Admiral 4 Feb 1944 A close contender for the rank of Fleet Admiral, his promotion was consistently blocked by Congressman Carl Vinson, but he was granted the full pay of an Admiral on the retirement list in July 1948. The Spruance-class destroyer is named in his honor.
24 3 Patton, George !George Patton U.S. Army General 14 Apr 1945 Generally regarded as the most successful combat commander of the European theatre of World War II. A possible contender for the rank of General of the Army, he was killed in an automotive accident in 1945 before any such consideration[5]
25 3 Ridgeway, Matthew !Matthew Ridgway U.S. Army General 11 May 1951 Replaced Douglas MacArthur as senior officer during the Korean War, after MacArthur was relieved by Harry S. Truman. Later served as Chief of Staff of the United States Army.
Alexander Vandegrift is also frequently included in historical seniority lists due to his status as the first Commandant of the Marine Corps to hold a four-star rank, as is Anna Mae Hays who was the first woman to be promoted to brigadier general in the history of the United States. Historical seniority is rarely referred to after the Korean War since modern military seniority systems had been well-established after the mid 20th century. Expanded seniority lists such as the one listed below do exist mostly in recognition of major military leaders of modern wars and conflicts.
Officer
Service
Highest rank
Date of rank
Historical significance
Westmoreland, William !William Westmoreland U.S. Army General 1 Aug 1965 Senior most operational officer of the Vietnam War. Omitted from some historical lists, since Westmoreland served in the later 20th century when the regular military seniority system had already been well established.
Rickover,, Hyman !Hyman G. Rickover U.S. Navy Admiral 3 Dec 1973 Head of the nuclear program of the United States Navy and one of the longest serving officers in United States military history.
Powell, Colin !Colin Powell U.S. Army General 4 Apr 1989 Served as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff during the Gulf War. Later considered for five star promotion; however, a Congressional bill was never passed. Later served as Secretary of State.
Schwarzkopf, Norman !Norman Schwarzkopf Jr. U.S. Army General 1 Nov 1988 Senior commander of Operation Desert Storm. As with Colin Powell, was considered for five star rank but without result.
Petraeus, David !David Petraeus U.S. Army General 30 Jan 2007 Considered for five star rank due to his status as the leader of the military during the War on Terror, however due to later scandals after retirement no further effort was made on this proposal.
Mattis, James !James Mattis U.S. Marine Corps General 7 Nov 2007 Leader of United States Central Command during the Iraq War. Led both the first and second Battles of Fallujah. Secretary of Defense under Donald Trump as of January 20, 2017.
Dunwoody, Ann !Ann E. Dunwoody U.S. Army General 14 Nov 2008 First female four star officer in the history of the United States Armed Forces.
Wolfenbarger, Janet !Janet C. Wolfenbarger U.S. Air Force General 5 Jun 2012 First female four star general in the history of the United States Air Force.
Howard, Michelle !Michelle Howard U.S. Navy Admiral 1 Jul 2014 First female four star admiral in the history of the United States Navy.
See also[edit]
List of United States Presidents by military rank
List of active duty United States four-star officers
List of United States Army four-star generals
List of United States Navy four-star admirals
List of United States Air Force four-star generals
List of United States Marine Corps four-star generals
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f DoD Instruction 1310.01 - Rank and Seniority of Commissioned Officers
Jump up ^ http://www.jcs.mil/About/
Jump up ^ Dept of the Army, "U.S. Army Leadership Handbook: Skills, Tactics, and Techniques for Leading in Any Situation", Skyhorse Publishing; 1st edition (March 1, 2012)
Jump up ^ Hearn, Chester, "Navy: An Illustrated History: The U.S. Navy from 1775 to the 21st Century", Zenith Press; 1st edition (May 15, 2007)
Jump up ^ Showalter, Dennis E., Patton And Rommel: Men of War in the Twentieth Century, New York City: Berkley Books (2006), ISBN 978-0-425-20663-8
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text:
Walk of Life
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For other uses, see Walk of Life (disambiguation).
"Walk of Life"
Single by Dire Straits
from the album Brothers in Arms
B-side
"One World"
"Two Young Lovers" (live)
Released
1985
Format
7" vinyl, CD
Length
4:12
Label
Vertigo (UK)
Warner Bros. (U.S.)
Songwriter(s)
Mark Knopfler
Producer(s)
Mark Knopfler
Neil Dorfsman
Dire Straits singles chronology
"Brothers in Arms"
(1985) "Walk of Life"
(1985) "Your Latest Trick"
(1986)
"Walk of Life" is a song by the British rock band Dire Straits from their fifth studio album Brothers in Arms (1985). It subsequently appeared on their live album On the Night (1993). It was released as a single in 1985 but had first been available as the B-side of "So Far Away" released in advance of Brothers in Arms.
The track peaked at number seven in the US charts and was their biggest commercial hit in the UK (along with Private Investigations), peaking at number two. The track also appeared on three compilation albums: 1988's Money for Nothing, 1998's Sultans of Swing: The Very Best of Dire Straits, and 2005's The Best of Dire Straits & Mark Knopfler: Private Investigations.
Contents
1 History
2 B-sides
3 Music video
4 Track listings
5 Chart performance
5.1 Weekly charts
5.2 Year-end charts
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The song was nearly excluded from the album when the co-producer Neil Dorfsman voted against its inclusion, but the rest of the band out-voted him.
A simple rock and roll rhythm is used, with chord changes limited to I, IV and V chords. The long introduction has become iconic in some circles, with an instantly recognisable melody played on a synthesiser organ patch, giving it a slight Cajun twist. The singer mentioned in the lyrics is said to perform "down in the tunnels, trying to make it pay", a reference to busking in the subway. The songs he plays are oldies, including "I Got a Woman", "Be-Bop-A-Lula", "What'd I Say", "My Sweet Lovin' Woman", and "Mack the Knife". He also plays talking blues.
B-sides[edit]
Having itself been used as a flip side for the European version of the "So Far Away" single, "Walk of Life" had many different B-sides across different formats of release in different territories. The two songs most commonly used were a live version of "Two Young Lovers", which had previously appeared on the 1983 EP ExtendedancEPlay and "One World", the eighth track from Brothers in Arms. A double Vinyl released in the UK in 1985 featured the band's 1978 breakthrough Top 10 single "Sultans of Swing", as well as live versions of "Two Young Lovers" and the rare song "Eastbound Train", one of the first tracks that Dire Straits recorded as a band in demo format but never appeared on an album or as a single.
Music video[edit]
The original music video for the song made for the UK features a busker or street musician wearing the same shirt as Mark Knopfler intercut with the band performing on a stage. However, the American version of the video, featuring comical sports highlight footage in place of the busker scenes proved more popular, with the Busker version being largely dropped.
Track listings[edit]
7" single
"Walk of Life" – 4:07
"One World" – 3:36
12" single
"Walk of Life" – 4:07
"Why Worry" (Instrumental) – 3:56
"One World" – 3:36
Chart performance[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1985–1986)
Peak
position
Australia (Kent Music Report)[1] 11
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[2] 18
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[3] 32
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[4] 7
Germany (Official German Charts)[5] 15
Ireland (IRMA)[6] 1
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[7] 20
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[8] 17
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[9] 3
Spain (AFYVE)[10] 13
South Africa (Springbok Radio)[11] 2
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[12] 24
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[13] 2
US Billboard Adult Contemporary[14] 4
US Billboard Hot 100[14] 7
US Billboard Top Rock Tracks[14] 6
US Cash Box[15] 10
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1985)
Position
Canada (RPM Top 100 Singles)[16] 79
Chart (1986)
Position
Australia (Kent Music Report)[17] 97
South Africa (Springbok Radio)[18] 14
US Billboard Hot 100[19] 49
US Cash Box[20] 92
See also[edit]
List of number-one singles of 1986 (Ireland)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Forum – ARIA Charts: Special Occasion Charts – CHART POSITIONS PRE 1989". Australian-charts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Dire Straits – Walk of Life" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Dire Straits – Walk of Life" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Top RPM Singles: Issue 0560." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Musicline.de – Dire Straits Single-Chartverfolgung" (in German). Media Control Charts. PhonoNet GmbH. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Walk of Life". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved 1 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – Dire Straits - Walk of Life" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Dire Straits – Walk of Life" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Charts.nz – Dire Straits – Walk of Life". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
Jump up ^ Salaverri, Fernando (September 2005). Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002 (in Spanish) (1st ed.). Spain: Fundación Autor-SGAE. ISBN 84-8048-639-2.
Jump up ^ "South African Rock Lists Website SA Charts 1969 – 1989 Acts (D)". Rock.co.za. Retrieved 1 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Dire Straits – Walk of Life". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 1 June 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Brothers in Arms – Awards". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved 1 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "CASH BOX Top 100 Singles – Week ending FEBRUARY 1, 1986". Archived from the original on 2 October 2012. . Cash Box.
Jump up ^ "Top Singles – Volume 43, No. 16, December 28 1985". RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Forum – ARIA Charts: Special Occasion Charts – Top 100 End of Year AMR Charts – 1980s". Australian-charts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Top 20 Hit Singles of 1986". Rock.co.za. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Hits for 1986". The Longbored Surfer. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "The CASH BOX Year-End Charts: 1986". Archived from the original on 2 October 2012. . Cash Box.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
hide
v
t
e
Dire Straits
Mark Knopfler
John Illsley
Pick Withers
David Knopfler
Alan Clark
Hal Lindes
Terry Williams
Guy Fletcher
Jack Sonni
Studio albums
Dire Straits
Communiqué
Making Movies
Love over Gold
Brothers in Arms
On Every Street
Live albums
Alchemy
On the Night
Live at the BBC
Compilations
Money for Nothing
Sultans of Swing: The Very Best of Dire Straits
Private Investigations: The Best of Dire Straits & Mark Knopfler
EPs
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Encores
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"Sultans of Swing"
"Water of Love" / "Down to the Waterline"
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"Tunnel of Love"
"Private Investigations"
"Industrial Disease"
"Twisting by the Pool"
"Love Over Gold"
"So Far Away"
"Money for Nothing"
"Brothers in Arms"
"Walk of Life"
"Your Latest Trick"
"Calling Elvis"
"Heavy Fuel"
"On Every Street"
"The Bug"
"You and Your Friend"
Tours
Dire Straits Tour
Communiqué Tour
On Location Tour
Love over Gold Tour
Brothers in Arms Tour
On Every Street Tour
Related articles
Discography
Band members
Michael Brecker
The Notting Hillbillies
Chris White
Book:Dire Straits
Category:Dire Straits
Portal:Rock music
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walk_of_Life&oldid=865895118"
Categories:
1985 singles
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text:
Forms of address in the United Kingdom
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Forms of address used in the United Kingdom are given below. For further information on Courtesy Titles see Courtesy titles in the United Kingdom.
Contents
[hide]
1 Abbreviations
2 Royalty
3 Nobility
3.1 Peers, peeresses and non-peerage
3.2 Eldest sons, grandsons and great-grandsons of dukes, marquesses and earls
3.3 Heirs-apparent and heirs-presumptive of Scottish peers
3.4 Sons, grandsons and great-grandsons of peers
3.5 Daughters, granddaughters and great-granddaughters of peers
4 Gentry and minor nobility[10]
4.1 Baronets
4.2 Knights
4.3 Scottish Barons (non-peerage nobility)
4.4 Chiefs, chieftains and lairds
5 Clergy
5.1 Church of England
5.2 Church of Scotland
6 Judiciary
6.1 United Kingdom
6.1.1 England and Wales
6.1.2 Scotland
7 Academics
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
11 External links
Abbreviations[edit]
Several terms have been abbreviated in the table below. The forms used in the table are given first, followed by alternative acceptable abbreviations in parentheses.
His/Her Majesty: HM
His/Her Royal Highness: HRH
His/Her Grace: HG
The Noble: TN
The Most Honourable: The Most Hon (The Most Honble)
The Right Honourable: The Rt Hon (The Rt Honble)
The Honourable: The Hon (The Honble)
The Much Honoured: The Much Hon (The Much Hon'd)
The Most Reverend: The Most Rev (The Most Revd or The Most Rev'd)
The Right Reverend: The Rt Rev (The Rt Revd or The Rt Rev'd)
The Very Reverend: The Very Rev (The Very Revd or The Very Rev'd)
The Reverend: The Rev (The Revd or The Rev'd)
The Venerable: The Ven (The Venble)
Royalty[edit]
Position
On envelopes
Salutation in letter
Oral address
King HM The King Your Majesty Your Majesty, and thereafter as "Sir"
(or the archaic "Sire")
Queen HM The Queen Your Majesty Your Majesty, and thereafter as "Ma'am"
(to rhyme with "jam" or "lamb")[1][2]
Prince of Wales HRH The Prince of Wales Your Royal Highness Your Royal Highness, and thereafter as
"Sir" (for males) or "Ma'am" for females
Wife of the Prince of Wales HRH The Princess of Wales (traditionally)
HRH The Duchess of Rothesay (in Scotland)
HRH The Duchess of Cornwall (an exception to tradition since 2005)
Princess Royal HRH The Princess Royal
Royal Peer HRH The Duke of London[Note 1], e.g. HRH The Duke of Cambridge
Royal Peeress HRH The Duchess of London, e.g. HRH The Duchess of Cambridge
Sovereign's son
(unless a peer) HRH The Prince John
Sovereign's son's wife
(unless a peeress) HRH The Princess John
Sovereign's daughter
(unless a peeress) HRH The Princess Mary
Sons of the Prince of Wales
(unless a peer) HRH Prince John of Wales, e.g. HRH Prince Henry of Wales
Daughters of the Prince of Wales
(unless a peer) HRH Princess Mary of Wales
Sovereign's son's son
Prince of Wales's eldest son's sons
(unless a peer) HRH Prince John of London, e.g. HRH Prince Michael of Kent
Sovereign's son's son's wife
(unless a peeress) HRH Princess John of London, e.g. HRH Princess Michael of Kent
Sovereign's son's daughter
Prince of Wales's eldest son's daughters
(unless a peeress) HRH Princess Mary of London, e.g. HRH Princess Beatrice of York
Sovereign's son's son's son
(unless a peer)
(Except sons of the eldest son of the Prince of Wales) The Lord John Windsor, e.g. The Lord Nicholas Windsor Dear Lord John Lord John
Sovereign's son's son's son's wife
(unless a peeress) The Lady John Windsor, e.g. The Lady Nicholas Windsor Dear Lady John Lady John
Sovereign's son's son's daughter
(unless a peeress)
(Except daughters of the eldest son of the Prince of Wales) The Lady Mary Windsor, e.g. The Lady Helen Taylor Dear Lady Mary Lady Mary
A formal announcement in The London Gazette reads: "The Queen has been pleased by Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the Realm dated 31 December 2012 to declare that all the children of the eldest son of the Prince of Wales should have and enjoy the style, title and attribute of Royal Highness with the titular dignity of Prince or Princess prefixed to their Christian names or with such other titles of honour." This refers to any children of the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge.
Nobility[edit]
Peers, peeresses and non-peerage[edit]
Position
On envelopes
Salutation in letter[Note 2]
Oral address
Duke (His Grace) The Duke of London[Note 3] My Lord Duke or
Dear Duke (of London) Your Grace or
Duke[5]
Duchess (Her Grace) The Duchess of London Madam or
Dear Duchess (of London) Your Grace or
Duchess[6]
Marquess (The Most Hon) The Marquess (of) London[Note 4] My Lord Marquess or
Dear Lord London My Lord or
Your Lordship or
Lord London
Marchioness (The Most Hon) The Marchioness (of) London[Note 4] Madam or
Dear Lady London My Lady[7] or
Your Ladyship or
Lady London
Earl (The Rt Hon) The Earl (of) London[Note 4][Note 5] My Lord or
Dear Lord London My Lord or
Your Lordship or
Lord London
Countess (The Rt Hon) The Countess (of) London[Note 4][Note 5] Madam or
Dear Lady London My Lady[7]or
Your Ladyship or
Lady London
Viscount (The Rt Hon) The Viscount London[Note 5] My Lord or
Dear Lord London My Lord or
Your Lordship or
Lord London
Viscountess (The Rt Hon) The Viscountess London[Note 5] Madam or
Dear Lady London My Lady[7]or
Your Ladyship or
Lady London
Baron
Lord of Parliament (The Rt Hon) The Lord London[Note 5] My Lord or
Dear Lord London My Lord or
Your Lordship or
Lord London
Baroness (in her own right) (The Rt Hon) The Lady London or
(The Rt Hon) The Baroness London Madam or
Dear Lady London[Note 5] My Lady[7]or
Your Ladyship or
Lady London
Baroness (in her husband's right)
Lady of Parliament (in her or her husband's right) (The Rt Hon) The Lady London[Note 5] Madam or
Dear Lady London My Lady[7]or
Your Ladyship or
Lady London
Scottish Baron (non-peerage minor baron) (The Much Hon) John Smith[Note 6] of Edinburgh[Note 7]
or (The Much Hon) John Smith,
Baron of Edinburgh or
(The Much Hon) The Baron of Edinburgh[8] Sir or
Dear Edinburgh or
Dear Baron Edinburgh or
Baron
Scottish female Baroness or
Baron's wife As baron, substituting "Madam" for first name and
substituting "Baroness" for "Baron", or
Lady Edinburgh[9] Madam or
Dear Baroness or
Dear Lady Edinburgh Madam or
Baroness or
Lady Edinburgh
Eldest sons, grandsons and great-grandsons of dukes, marquesses and earls[edit]
(Eldest sons of dukes, marquesses and earls use their father's most senior subsidiary title as courtesy titles: note the absence of "The" before the title.[Note 8] If applicable, eldest sons of courtesy marquesses or courtesy earls also use a subsidiary title from their (great) grandfather, which is lower ranking than the one used by their father. Eldest daughters do not have courtesy titles; all courtesy peeresses are wives of courtesy peers.[Note 9])
Position
On envelopes
Salutation in letter
Oral address
Courtesy Marquess Marquess of London My Lord or
Dear Lord London My Lord or
Lord London
Courtesy Marquess's wife Marchioness of London Madam or
Dear Lady London My Lady or
Lady London
Courtesy Earl Earl of London My Lord or
Dear Lord London My Lord or
Lord London
Courtesy Earl's wife Countess of London Madam or
Dear Lady London My Lady or
Lady London
Courtesy Viscount Viscount London My Lord or
Dear Lord London My Lord or
Lord London
Courtesy Viscount's wife Viscountess London Madam or
Dear Lady London My Lady or
Lady London
Courtesy Baron
Courtesy Lord of Parliament Lord London My Lord or
Dear Lord London My Lord or
Lord London
Courtesy Baron's wife
Wife of Courtesy Lord of Parliament Lady London Madam or
Dear Lady London My Lady or
Lady London
Heirs-apparent and heirs-presumptive of Scottish peers[edit]
(Heirs-apparent and heirs-presumptive of Scottish peers use the titles "Master" and "Mistress"; these are substantive, not courtesy titles. If, however, the individual is the eldest son of a Duke, Marquess or Earl, then he uses the appropriate courtesy title, as noted above.)
Position
On envelopes
Salutation in letter
Oral address
Scottish peer's heir-apparent
or heir-presumptive The Master of Edinburgh Sir or
Dear Master of Edinburgh Sir or
Master
Scottish peer's heiress-apparent
or heiress-presumptive The Mistress of Edinburgh Madam or
Dear Mistress of Edinburgh Madam or
Mistress
Sons, grandsons and great-grandsons of peers[edit]
Position
On envelopes
Salutation in letter
Oral address
Duke's younger son
(Courtesy) Marquess's younger son The Lord John Smith My Lord or
Dear Lord John (Smith) My Lord or
Lord John
Duke's younger son's wife
(Courtesy) Marquess's younger son's wife The Lady John Smith Madam or
Dear Lady John My Lady or
Lady John
(Courtesy) Earl's younger son
(Courtesy) Viscount's son
(Courtesy) Baron's son
(Courtesy) Lord of Parliament's son The Hon John Smith Sir or
Dear Mr Smith Sir or
Mr Smith
(Courtesy) Earl's younger son's wife
(Courtesy) Viscount's son's wife
(Courtesy) Baron's son's wife
(Courtesy) Lord of Parliament's son's wife The Hon Mrs John Smith Madam or
Dear Mrs Smith Madam or
Mrs Smith
Daughters, granddaughters and great-granddaughters of peers[edit]
(If a daughter of a peer or courtesy peer marries another peer or courtesy peer, she takes her husband's rank. If she marries anyone else, she keeps her rank and title, using her husband's surname instead of her maiden name.)
Position
On envelopes
Salutation in letter
Oral address
Duke's daughter
(Courtesy) Marquess's daughter
(Courtesy) Earl's daughter
(unmarried or married to a commoner) The Lady Mary Smith (if unmarried),
The Lady Mary Brown (husband's surname, if married) Madam or
Dear Lady Mary My Lady or
Lady Mary
(Courtesy) Viscount's daughter
(Courtesy) Baron's daughter
(Courtesy) Lord of parliament's daughter
(unmarried) The Hon Mary Smith Madam or
Dear Miss Smith Madam or
Miss Smith
(Courtesy) Viscount's daughter
(Courtesy) Baron's daughter
(Courtesy) Lord of Parliament's daughter
(married to a commoner) The Hon Mrs Brown (husband's surname) Madam or
Dear Mrs Brown Madam or
Mrs Brown
Gentry and minor nobility[10][edit]
Baronets[edit]
Position
On envelopes
Salutation in letter
Oral address
Baronet Sir John Smith, Bt (or Bart)[Note 5] Sir or
Dear Sir John (Smith) Sir or
Sir John
Baronetess in her own right Dame Mary Smith, Btss Madam or
Dear Dame Mary (Smith) Madam or
Dame Mary
Baronet's wife Lady Smith Madam or
Dear Lady Smith My Lady or
Lady Smith
Baronet's divorced wife Mary, Lady Smith
Baronet's widow Mary, Lady Smith
Dowager Lady Smith, or
Lady Smith if the heir incumbent is unmarried
Knights[edit]
Position
On envelopes
Salutation in letter
Oral address
Knight (of any order) Sir John Smith[Note 5] Sir or
Dear Sir John (Smith) Sir or
Sir John
Lady (of the Order of the Garter or the Thistle) Lady Mary Smith Madam or
Dear Lady Mary (Smith) My Lady or
Lady Mary
Dame (of an order other than the Garter or the Thistle) Dame Mary Smith Madam or
Dear Dame Mary (Smith) Madam or
Dame Mary
Knight's wife Lady Smith Madam or
Dear Lady Smith My Lady or
Lady Smith
Scottish Barons (non-peerage nobility)[edit]
Position
On envelopes
Salutation in letter
Oral address
Feudal baron The Much Hon John Smith of Edinburgh
or The Much Hon John Smith,
Baron of Edinburgh or
The Much Hon The Baron of Edinburgh[8] Sir or
Dear Edinburgh or
Dear Baron Edinburgh or
Baron
Female feudal baroness or
Feudal baron's wife As feudal baron,
substituting "Madam"
for first name and
substituting "Baroness" for "Baron", or
Lady Edinburgh[9] Madam or
Dear Baroness or Dear Lady Edinburgh Madam or
Baroness or
Lady Edinburgh
Chiefs, chieftains and lairds[edit]
Position
On envelopes
Salutation in letter
Oral address
Chief, chieftain or laird

(Only lairds recognised in a
territorial designation by
the Lord Lyon) John Smith of Smith or
John Smith of Edinburgh
or
John Smith of that Ilk or
The Smith of Smith or
The Smith of Edinburgh or
The Smith[Note 10]
(only the 2nd form of
address above applies
to lairds) Sir or
Dear Edinburgh (if placename in title) or
Dear Smith (otherwise) Edinburgh (if placename in title) or
Smith (otherwise)
Female Chief, chieftain or laird or
Chief, chieftain or laird's wife Chief, chieftain or laird's wife, substituting
"Madam" or "Mrs" for first
name or "The"
or Lady Edinburgh[11][12][13] Madam or
as on envelope Madam or
as on envelope
Chief (etc.)'s heir-apparent John Smith of Edinburgh, yr or
John Smith, yr of Edinburgh or
John Smith of Edinburgh
(last only if different first name to father) Sir or
Dear Younger of Edinburgh or
Dear Mr Smith of Edinburgh Sir or
Young Edinburgh or
The Younger of Edinburgh
Chief (etc.)'s heir-apparent's wife Mrs Smith of Edinburgh, yr or
Mrs Smith, yr of Edinburgh Madam or
Dear Mrs Smith of Edinburgh the Younger Madam or
Mrs Smith of Edinburgh
Chief (etc.)'s eldest daughter (if none senior) Miss Smith of Edinburgh or
Jane Smith, Maid of Edinburgh Madam or
Dear Miss Smith of Edinburgh or
Dear Maid of Edinburgh Madam or
Miss Smith of Edinburgh or
Maid of Edinburgh
Chief (etc.)'s younger daughter Miss Mary Smith of Edinburgh Madam or
Dear Miss Smith of Edinburgh Madam or
Miss Smith of Edinburgh
Clergy[edit]
Church of England[edit]

Similar styles are also applied to clergy of equivalent status in other religious organisations. The words clergy and cleric/clerk are derived from the proper term for bishops, priests and deacons still used in legal documents: Clerk in Holy Orders (e.g. "Vivienne Frances Faull, Clerk in Holy Orders").
Position
On envelopes
Salutation in letter
Oral address
Archbishop The Most Revd and Rt Hon The Lord Archbishop of Canterbury/York Dear Archbishop Your Grace or
Archbishop
Archbishop that is not in Privy Council The Most Revd The Lord Archbishop of Wales Dear Archbishop Your Grace or
Archbishop
Diocesan bishop in Privy Council The Rt Revd and Rt Hon The Lord Bishop of London Dear Bishop My Lord or
Bishop
Bishop, diocesan or suffragan The Rt Revd The Lord Bishop of Durham Dear Bishop My Lord or
Bishop
Dean The Very Revd The Dean of York Dear Mr/Madam Dean Dean or
Mr/Madam Dean
Archdeacon The Ven The Archdeacon of London Dear Archdeacon Archdeacon
Prebendary The Revd Prebendary Smith Dear Prebendary Smith Prebend
Canon The Revd Canon John Smith Dear Canon Canon
Priest The Revd John Smith Dear Mr/Mrs/Ms Smith Mr/Mrs/Ms Smith or
Vicar/Rector/Prebendary/Curate/Chaplain etc. as applicable
Deacon The Revd Deacon John Smith or
The Revd John Smith
Dear Mr/Mrs/Ms Smith or
Dear Deacon Smith Deacon Smith or Mr/Mrs/Ms Smith
The usage 'Lord' as applied to a bishop pre-dates the United Kingdom, and is a well-established convention. It is more usual to abbreviate Reverend (if at all) to Rev'd rather than Rev. Where a personal name is not used for a priest or deacon, the manner of address is Rev Mr etc., i.e. the Rev is used with the usual title. Without this title, the use of Rev with a surname should not be used in the United Kingdom for any ordained person, whether Anglican or not - it is a solecism. Catholic (and Anglo-Catholic) clergy favour Fr (Father) {or Mthr (Mother)}. For further details see Crockford's Guide to addressing the Clergy.
Clergy: 'introduce as Mr Pike or Father Pike according to his preference' (Debrett's Etiquette and Modern Manners 1981 pg230)
Church of Scotland[edit]
It should be noted that the Church of Scotland as a Presbyterian Church recognizes state-awarded titles only as courtesy. In court (Assembly, Presbytery and Session) one may only be addressed as Mr, Mrs, Miss, Dr, Prof, etc. depending on academic achievement. Thus ministers are correctly addressed as, for example Mr Smith or Mrs Smith unless they have a higher degree or academic appointment e.g. Dr Smith or Prof. Smith. It is 'infra dig' to use the title 'Rev' and even the use of 'the Rev Mr' requires sensitivity to official style.
Position
On envelopes
Salutation in letter
Oral address
Lord High Commissioner to the General Assembly His Grace The Lord High Commissioner Your Grace Your Grace or Sir/Ma'am
Clergy The Rev John Smith Dear Mr Smith Mr Smith/Dr Smith etc.
Current Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland The Right Rev John Smith Dear Mr Smith Mr Smith/Dr Smith etc.
Former Moderators of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland The Very Rev John Smith Dear Mr Smith Mr Smith/Dr Smith etc.
Judiciary[edit]
United Kingdom[edit]
Position
On envelopes
Salutation in letter
Oral address
In court
Male Justice of the Supreme Court The Lord Smith, PC Lord Smith Lord Smith My Lord[14]
Female Justice of the Supreme Court The Lady Smith, PC Lady Smith Lady Smith My Lady[14]
England and Wales[edit]
Position
On envelopes
Salutation in letter
Oral address
In court
Lord Chief Justice The Rt Hon. the Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales Lord Chief Justice Lord Chief Justice My Lord[15]
Male Lord Justice of Appeal The Rt Hon. Lord Justice (John) Smith Lord Justice Lord Justice My Lord
Retired male Lord Justice of Appeal The Rt Hon. Sir John Smith Judge or Sir John Sir John My Lord
Female Lord Justice of Appeal The Rt Hon. Lady Justice (Mary) Smith, DBE Lady Justice Lady Justice My Lady
Retired female Lord Justice of Appeal The Rt Hon. Dame Mary Smith, DBE Judge or Dame Mary Dame Mary My Lady
Male High Court Judge The Hon. Mr Justice (John) Smith Judge Judge My Lord
Retired male High Court Judge Sir John Smith Judge or Sir John Sir John My Lord
Female High Court Judge The Hon. Mrs Justice (Mary) Smith, DBE Judge Judge My Lady
Retired female High Court Judge Dame Mary Smith, DBE Judge or Dame Mary Dame Mary My Lady
Circuit Judge who was Queen's Counsel** His Honour Judge (John) Smith, QC Judge Judge Your Honour
Circuit Judge** His Honour Judge (John) Smith Judge Judge Your Honour
High Court Master Master (John) Smith Master Master* Master*
Insolvency and Companies Court Judge Insolvency and Companies Court Judge Smith Judge Judge Judge
District Judge District Judge (John) Smith Judge Sir or Madam Sir or Madam
Justice of the Peace Mr John Smith, JP Mr Smith Mr Smith Your Worship[16]
Recorder Mr (or Mrs) Recorder Smith Judge Judge Your Honour
Scotland[edit]
Position
On envelopes
Salutation in letter
Oral address
In court
Lord President of the Court of Session/Lord Justice General of Scotland The Rt Hon. (the) Lord/Lady Smith Lord President of the Court of Session/Lord Justice General of Scotland Lord President/Lord Justice General Lord President/Lord Justice General My Lord/Lady
Lord Justice Clerk The Rt Hon. (the) Lord/Lady Smith Lord Justice Clerk Lord Justice Clerk Lord Justice Clerk My Lord/Lady
Senator of the College of Justice and the Chairman of the Scottish Land Court The Hon./Rt Hon. (the) Lord/Lady Smith Lord/Lady Smith Lord/Lady Smith My Lord/Lady
Sheriff Principal Sheriff Principal Smith (QC should be added where applicable) Sheriff Principal Smith Sheriff Principal Smith My Lord/Lady
Sheriff Sheriff Smith (QC should be added where applicable) Sheriff Smith Sheriff Smith My Lord/Lady
Summary Sheriff Sheriff Smith (QC should be added where applicable) Sheriff Smith Sheriff Smith My Lord/Lady
Justice of the Peace Mr John/Mrs Mary Smith Mr/Mrs Smith Mr/Mrs Smith Your Honour[17]
A judge's first name only forms part of their judicial style if, at the time of their appointment, there is a senior judge with the same or a similar surname. Thus, if there is a "Mr Justice Smith", subsequent judges will be "Mr Justice John Smith", "Mrs Justice Mary Smith", etc. a member of the Bar (but not a solicitor) addresses a Circuit Judge or higher, out of court, as "Judge".
*whether the High Court Master is male or female.
**Some Circuit Judges – for example, The Recorder of Liverpool or circuit judges sitting in the Central Criminal Court – are addressed in court as "My Lord" or "My Lady".
Academics[edit]
The forms of address used for academics can, in most cases, be either formal or social.[18][19]
Position
On envelopes
Salutation in letter
Oral address
In conversation
Chancellor (formal) The Chancellor of [university name] Dear Chancellor Chancellor (if on a platform) or by name and title The Chancellor or by name
Chancellor (social) [Name],[Note 11] Chancellor of [university name] By name By name or Chancellor The Chancellor or by name
Vice-Chancellor (formal) The Vice-Chancellor of [university name][Note 12] Dear Sir/Madam/Vice-Chancellor Vice-Chancellor (if on a platform) or by name The Vice-Chancellor or by name
Vice-Chancellor (social) [Name],[Note 11] Vice-Chancellor of [university name] By name or Dear Vice-Chancellor Vice-Chancellor (if on a platform) or by name The Vice-Chancellor or by name
Professor (formal) Professor Jane Smith[Note 13] Dear Sir/Madam Professor Smith Professor Smith
Professor (social) Professor Jane Smith Dear Professor Smith Professor Smith Professor Smith
Doctor (formal)[Note 14] Dr Jane Smith or The Revd John Smith DD or Susan Brown MD or Tom Brown PhD, etc.[Note 15] Dear Sir/Madam Dr Smith Dr Smith
Doctor (social)[Note 14] Dr Jane Smith Dear Dr Smith Dr Smith Dr Smith

See also[edit]
United Kingdom order of precedence
British nobility
British honours system
Peerage
Gentry
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "London" represents any peerage title.
Jump up ^ The forms given under "Salutation in Letter" are for use in social correspondence only. In formal letters, "Sir" or "Madam" would be used instead.
Jump up ^ The definite article "the" in the middle of two or more titles is sometimes capitalized, as in these tables. However this is controversial: traditional British guides use the lower-case "the". As a single example, Debrett's gives "Major-General the Lord……",[3] and Pears Cyclopedia in the section on Modes of Address gives several examples where the definite article interior to a list of honours is lower case.[4]
^ Jump up to: a b c d "of" may be omitted in the form of Marquessates and Earldoms and included in the form of Scottish Viscountcies. It is never present in peerage Baronies and Lordships of Parliament and always present in Dukedoms and Scottish feudal Baronies.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Some styles that could represent more than one class of person are clarified by the use of post-nominal letters. For instance: Knights and Baronets are distinguished by the use of "Bt" (or, archaically, "Bart") after the latter's names (and by the use of the appropriate post-nominal letters if the former are members of an Order of Chivalry). Knights bachelor have no post-nominal letters. Substantive peers below the rank of Marquess and courtesy peers who are Privy Counsellors (both of whose titles are preceded by "The Rt Hon") are distinguished by the use of "PC" after the former's names.
Jump up ^ "Smith" represents any surname.
Jump up ^ "Edinburgh" represents any Scottish place name.
Jump up ^ Some sources do not recommend the use of the definite article before certain courtesy titles (particularly those who have prospects of promotion within the family's titles), but it is used by official Court publications such as the Court Circular.
Jump up ^ If the definite article is not used before courtesy peerages and The Hon Elizabeth Smith marries Sir William Brown, she becomes The Hon Lady Brown, but if she marries the higher-ranked Lord Brown, a courtesy Baron, she becomes only Lady Brown. If this Sir William Brown's father is created Earl of London and Baron Brown, as a result of this ennoblement his wife's style will actually change, from "The Hon Lady Brown" to "Lady Brown". It is important to note that while the style may appear diminished, the precedence taken increases from that of a wife of a knight to that of a wife of an earl's eldest son.
Jump up ^ The exact form of a Scottish chief's style varies from family to family, and is generally based on tradition rather than formal rules.
^ Jump up to: a b This is the full name and title as it would be according to the rules elsewhere on this page, e.g. The Viscount London, Sir John Smith, KBE, Professor Jane Doe, Dr Tom Brown.
Jump up ^ Check official title for the university concerned: The Reverend the Vice-Chancellor (Oxford) The Right Worshipful the Vice-Chancellor (Cambridge), The Vice-Chancellor and Warden (Durham), The President and Provost (UCL), etc.
Jump up ^ If a professor holds an ecclesiastical rank this, strictly speaking, supersedes the academic rank. However, the academic style may still be used within academia and the two can be combined, e.g. as The Reverend Professor Jane Smith. If a professor holds a peerage or a knighthood, this title can be combined, e.g. Professor Lord Smith, Professor Sir John Smith, Professor Dame Jane Smith.
^ Jump up to: a b The forms off address for a doctor applies to "the recipient of a doctorate conferred by a university or other body, such as the Council for National Academic Awards", not just those working in academia. The exception is surgeons, who are never addressed as Doctor even if they hold a doctorate.
Jump up ^ Doctorates in divinity and medicine are always given as letters after the name, and this form may optionally be used for doctorates in other faculties. If "Dr" is used before the name, degrees are not given after it.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Greeting a Member of The Royal Family". Royal.uk. Retrieved 27 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Addressing the Royal Family". Debretts. Retrieved 27 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Baron and Baroness". Debrett's. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
Jump up ^ Barker, L. Mary, ed. (1957–58). PEARS CYCLOPEDIA (66th ed.). Isleworth, Middlesex: A. & F. Pears Limited. pp. 649–650. MODES OF ADDRESS TO PERSONS OF RANK |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Montegue-Smith, Patrick, ed. (1984). Debrett's Correct Form. London: Futura Publications. p. 27. ISBN 0-7088-1500-6.
Jump up ^ Montegue-Smith, Patrick, ed. (1984). Debrett's Correct Form. London: Futura Publications. p. 29. ISBN 0-7088-1500-6.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Montegue-Smith, Patrick, ed. (1984). Debrett's Correct Form. London: Futura Publications. pp. 38–39. ISBN 0-7088-1500-6.
^ Jump up to: a b "Debrett's Forms of Address for Scottish feudal barons". Archived from the original on 2013-07-25.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Convention of the Baronage of Scotland".
Jump up ^ Ruling of the Court of the Lord Lyon (26/2/1948, Vol. IV, page 26): 'With regard to the words 'untitled nobility' employed in certain recent birthbrieves in relation to the (Minor) Baronage of Scotland, Finds and Declares that the (Minor) Barons of Scotland are, and have been both in this nobiliary Court and in the Court of Session recognised as a ‘titled nobility’ and that the estait of the Baronage (i.e. Barones Minores) are of the ancient Feudal Nobility of Scotland’. This title is not, however, in and of itself a peerage title, and nobility, or the noblesse, in Scotland incorporates the concept of gentry in England.
Jump up ^ Frank Adams (1952) The Clans, Septs and Regiments of the Scottish Highlands
Jump up ^ Titles and Forms of Address. Bloomsbury Publishing. 31 January 2007. ISBN 9781408148129. Retrieved 26 January 2016. The widow of a chief or laird continues to use the territorial style and the prefix Dowager may be used in the same circumstances ... In rural Scotland (laird's) wives are often styled Lady, though not legally except in the case of the wives of chiefs.
Jump up ^ Adam, Frank. "The Clans, Septs & Regiments of the Scottish Highlands". Genealogical Publishing Com, 1970 - Page 410. Retrieved 26 January 2016. In personal letters...(The) old pre-fix of a laird or chief was "The Much Honoured"...where husband and wife are referred to, the correct styles are "Glenfalloch and the Lady Glenfalloch"
^ Jump up to: a b "The Supreme Court". Archived from the original on 2012-06-23.
Jump up ^ "Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales". Archived from the original on 2013-01-06.
Jump up ^ "Justice of the Peace". Archived from the original on 2013-11-01.
Jump up ^ "Justices of the Peace".
Jump up ^ "Academics". A to Z. Debrett's. Retrieved 13 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Academics". Forms of Address. Debrett's. Retrieved 13 August 2017.
External links[edit]
Styles of the members of the British royal family
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