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Moroccan Crisis
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Moroccan Crisis could refer to:
The First Moroccan Crisis, also called the Tangier Crisis was brought about by the visit of Kaiser Wilhelm II to Tangier in Morocco on March 31, 1905 and his subsequent speech in which he favored Moroccan independence. This was a challenge to France's mandate of the country, and was designed to split the Entente Cordiale between Britain and France (signed in 1904).
The Second Moroccan Crisis, also called the Agadir Crisis, was sparked by the German demand for large areas of French Equatorial Africa to compensate for Germany's loss during the First Moroccan Crisis. The deployment of the German gunboat SMS Panther heightened the tension when it was sent to the Moroccan port of Agadir on July 1, 1911.
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Moroccan Crisis.
If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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History of Facebook
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Facebook is a social networking service launched on February 4, 2004. It was founded by Mark Zuckerberg with his college roommate and fellow Harvard University student Eduardo Saverin.[1] The website's membership was initially limited by the founders to Harvard students, but was expanded to other colleges in the Boston area, the Ivy League,[2] and gradually most universities in the United States and Canada,[3][4] corporations,[5] and by September 2006, to everyone with a valid email address along with an age requirement of being 13 and older.[6][7]
Mark Zuckerberg created Facebook in his Harvard dorm room.
Contents
[hide]
1 FaceMash
2 Facebook
3 Financials
3.1 Initial funding
3.2 First angel investment
3.3 Accel investment (Series A)
3.4 Greylock investment (Series B)
3.5 Sales negotiations
3.6 Microsoft investment (Series C)
3.7 Switch to profitability
3.8 Acquisitions
4 Design and Content Management System
5 IPO
6 Notes
7 References
FaceMash[edit]
FaceMash, Facebook’s predecessor, opened in 2003. Developed by Mark Zuckerberg, he wrote the software for the Facemash website when he was in his second year of college. The website was set up as a type of “hot or not” game for Harvard students. The website allowed visitors to compare two student pictures side-by-side and let them decide who was hot or not.[8]
While writing the software, Mark Zuckerberg wrote the following blog entries:[9]
I'm a little intoxicated, not gonna lie. So what if it's not even 10 pm and it's a Tuesday night? What? The Kirkland dormitory facebook is open on my desktop and some of these people have pretty horrendiedous facebook pics. I almost want to put some of these faces next to pictures of some farm animals and have people vote on which is more attractive.
—  2:49 pm
Yea, it's on. I'm not exactly sure how the farm animals are going to fit into this whole thing (you can't really ever be sure with farm animals...), but I like the idea of comparing two people together.
—  11:10 am
According to The Harvard Crimson, Facemash used "photos compiled from the online facebooks of nine Houses, placing two next to each other at a time and asking users to choose the “hotter” person".[8] Facemash attracted 450 visitors and 22,000 photo-views in its first four hours online.[10]
The site was quickly forwarded to several campus group list-servers, but was shut down a few days later by the Harvard administration. Zuckerberg faced expulsion and was charged by the administration with breach of security, violating copyrights, and violating individual privacy. Ultimately, the charges were dropped.[8] Zuckerberg expanded on this initial project that semester by creating a social study tool ahead of an art history final exam. He uploaded all art images to a website, each of which was featured with a corresponding comments section, then shared the site with his classmates, and people started sharing notes.[11]
On October 25, 2010, entrepreneur and banker Rahul Jain auctioned off FaceMash.com to an unknown buyer for $30,201.[12][13]
A "face book" is a student directory featuring photos and basic information.[10] In 2003, there were no universal online facebooks at Harvard, with only paper sheets distributed[14] and private online directories.[8][15] Zuckerberg told the Crimson that "Everyone’s been talking a lot about a universal face book within Harvard. [...] I think it’s kind of silly that it would take the University a couple of years to get around to it. I can do it better than they can, and I can do it in a week."[15] In January 2004, Zuckerberg began writing code for a new website, known as "TheFacebook", with the inspiration coming from an editorial in the Crimson about Facemash, stating that "It is clear that the technology needed to create a centralized Website is readily available ... the benefits are many."[9] On February 4, 2004, Zuckerberg launched "TheFacebook", originally located at thefacebook.com.[16]
Zuckerberg also stated his intention to create a universal website that can connect people around the university. According to his roommate, Dustin Moskovitz, "When Mark finished the site, he told a couple of friends ... then one of them suggested putting it on the Kirkland House online mailing list, which was ... three hundred people." Moskovitz continued to say that, “By the end of the night, we were ... actively watching the registration process. Within twenty-four hours, we had somewhere between twelve hundred and fifteen hundred registrants."[17]
Just six days after the launch of the site, three Harvard University seniors, Cameron Winklevoss, Tyler Winklevoss, and Divya Narendra, accused Zuckerberg of intentionally misleading them into believing that he would help them build a social network called HarvardConnection.com, but instead using their idea to build a competing product.[18] The three complained to the Crimson, and the newspaper began an investigation. Zuckerberg knew about the investigation so he used TheFacebook.com to find members in the site who identified themselves as members of the Crimson. He examined a history of failed logins to see if any of the Crimson members have ever entered an incorrect password into TheFacebook.com. In the cases in which they had failed to log in, Mark tried to use them to access the Crimson members' Harvard email accounts, and he was successful in accessing two of them. In the end, three Crimson members filed a lawsuit against Zuckerberg which was later settled.[18][19] U Membership was initially restricted to students of Harvard University. Within the first month, more than half the undergraduate population at Harvard was registered on the service.[20] Zuckerberg was soon joined in the promotion of the site by Eduardo Saverin (business aspects), Dustin Moskovitz (programmer), Andrew McCollum (graphic artist), and Chris Hughes. In March 2004, Facebook expanded to Stanford, Columbia, and Yale.[2] This expansion continued when it opened to all Ivy League and Boston-area schools. It gradually reached most universities in the United States and Canada.[21][22][23] Facebook was incorporated in the summer of 2004, and the entrepreneur Sean Parker, who had been informally advising Zuckerberg, became the company's president.[24] In June 2004, Facebook moved its base of operations to Palo Alto, California.[2] The company dropped ‘The’ from its name after purchasing the domain name facebook.com in 2005 for $200,000.[25]
By December 2005, Facebook had 6 million users.[26]
Facebook[edit]
Total active users[N 1]
Date
Users
(in millions)
Days later
Monthly growth[N 2]
000000002004-02-04-0000February 4, 2004 0 — —
000000002008-08-26-0000August 26, 2008 7002100000000000000♠100[27] 7003166500000000000♠1,665 178.38%
000000002009-04-08-0000April 8, 2009 7002200000000000000♠200[28] 7002225000000000000♠225 13.33%
000000002009-09-15-0000September 15, 2009 7002300000000000000♠300[29] 7002160000000000000♠160 9.38%
000000002010-02-05-0000February 5, 2010 7002400000000000000♠400[30] 7002143000000000000♠143 6.99%
000000002010-07-21-0000July 21, 2010 7002500000000000000♠500[31] 7002166000000000000♠166 4.52%
000000002011-01-05-0000January 5, 2011 7002600000000000000♠600[32][N 3] 7002168000000000000♠168 3.57%
000000002011-05-30-0000May 30, 2011 7002700000000000000♠700[33] 7002145000000000000♠145 3.45%
000000002011-09-22-0000September 22, 2011 7002800000000000000♠800[34] 7002115000000000000♠115 3.73%
000000002012-04-24-0000April 24, 2012 7002900000000000000♠900[35] 7002215000000000000♠215 1.74%
000000002012-09-14-0000September 14, 2012 7003100000000000000♠1,000[36] 7002143000000000000♠143 2.33%
000000002013-03-31-0000March 31, 2013 7003111000000000000♠1,110[37] 7002198000000000000♠198 1.5%
000000002013-12-31-0000December 31, 2013 7003123000000000000♠1,230[38] 7002275000000000000♠275 0.97%
000000002014-12-31-0000December 31, 2014 7003139000000000000♠1,390[39] 7002365000000000000♠365 0.64%
On October 1, 2005, Facebook expanded to twenty-one universities in the United Kingdom and others around the world. Facebook launched a high school version in September 2005, which Zuckerberg called the next logical step.[40] At that time, high school networks required an invitation to join.[41] Facebook later expanded membership eligibility to employees of several companies, including Apple Inc. and Microsoft.[42] On December 11, 2005, universities in Australia and New Zealand were added to the Facebook network, bringing its size to 2,000+ colleges and 25,000 + high schools throughout the United States, Canada, Mexico, the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, and Ireland. Facebook was then opened on September 26, 2006 to everyone aged 13 and older with a valid e-mail address.[6][7]
Late in 2007, Facebook had 100,000 business pages, allowing companies to attract potential customers and tell about themselves. These started as group pages, but a new concept called company pages was planned.[43]
In October 2008, Facebook announced that it would set up its international headquarters in Dublin, Ireland.[44]
In 2010, Facebook began to invite users to become beta testers after passing a question-and-answer-based selection process,[45] and a set of Facebook Engineering Puzzles where users would solve computational problems which gave them an opportunity to be hired by Facebook.[46]
As of February 2011, Facebook had become the largest online photo host, being cited by Facebook application and online photo aggregator Pixable as expecting to have 100 billion photos by summer 2011.[47] As of October 2011, over 350 million users accessed Facebook through their mobile phones, accounting for 33% of all Facebook traffic.[48]
On March 12, 2012, Yahoo filed suit in a U.S. federal court against Facebook weeks before the scheduled Facebook initial public offering. In its court filing, Yahoo said that Facebook had infringed on ten of its patents covering advertising, privacy controls and social networking. Yahoo had threatened to sue Facebook a month before the filing,insisting that the social network license its patents. A spokesperson for Facebook issued a statement saying "We're disappointed that Yahoo, a longtime business partner of Facebook and a company that has substantially benefited from its association with Facebook, has decided to resort to litigation".[49] The lawsuit claims that Yahoo's patents cover basic social networking ideas such as customizing website users' experiences to their needs, adding that the patents cover ways of targeting ads to individual users.[50] In 2012, Facebook App Center, an online mobile store, was rolled out. The store initially had 500 Facebook apps which were mostly games.[51]
On April 24, 2014, Facebook and Storyful announced a new feature called FB Newswire.[52]
Financials[edit]
Entrance to Facebook headquarters complex in Menlo Park, California
Facebook's former headquarters in downtown Palo Alto, California
Initial funding[edit]
Facebook was initially incorporated as a Florida LLC. For the first few months after its launch in February 2004, the costs for the website operations for thefacebook.com were paid for by Mark Zuckerberg and Eduardo Saverin, who had taken equity stakes in the company. The website also ran a few advertisements to meet its operating costs.[53]
First angel investment[edit]
In the summer of 2004, venture capitalist Peter Thiel made a $500,000 angel investment in the social network Facebook for 10.2% of the company and joined Facebook's board. This was the first outside investment in Facebook.[54][55][56]
In his book The Facebook Effect, Kirkpatrick outlines the story of how Thiel came to make his investment: Former Napster and Plaxo employee Sean Parker, who at the time had assumed the title of "President" of Facebook, was seeking investors for Facebook. Parker approached Reid Hoffman, the CEO of work-based social network LinkedIn. Hoffman liked Facebook but declined to be the lead investor because of the potential for conflict of interest with his duties as LinkedIn CEO. He redirected Parker to Peter Thiel, whom he knew from their PayPal days (both Hoffman and Thiel are considered members of the PayPal Mafia). Thiel met Parker and Mark Zuckerberg, the Harvard college student who had founded Facebook and controlled it. Thiel and Zuckerberg got along well and Thiel agreed to lead Facebook's seed round with $500,000 for 10.2% of the company. Hoffman and Mark Pincus also participated in the round, along with Maurice Werdegar who led the investment on behalf of Western Technology Investment. The investment was originally in the form of a convertible note, to be converted to equity if Facebook reached 1.5 million users by the end of 2004. Although Facebook narrowly missed the target, Thiel allowed the loan to be converted to equity anyway.[57] Thiel said of his investment:
"I was comfortable with them pursuing their original vision. And it was a very reasonable valuation. I thought it was going to be a pretty safe investment."[57]
Accel investment (Series A)[edit]
In April 2005, Accel Partners agreed to make a $12.7 million venture capital investment in a deal that valued Facebook at $98 million. Accel joined Facebook's board, and the board was expanded to five seats, with Zuckerberg, Thiel, and Breyer in three of the seats, and the other two seats currently being empty but with Zuckerberg free to nominate anybody to those seats.[58]
Greylock investment (Series B)[edit]
In April 2006, Facebook closed its Series B funding round. This included $27.5 million from a number of venture capitalists, including Greylock Partners and Meritech Capital, plus additional investments from Peter Thiel and Accel Partners. The valuation for this round was about $500 million.[56][59][60]
A leaked cash flow statement showed that during the 2005 fiscal year, Facebook had a net gain of $5.66 million.[61]
Sales negotiations[edit]
With the sale of social networking website MySpace to News Corp on July 19, 2005, rumours surfaced about the possible sale of Facebook to a larger media company.[62] Zuckerberg had already stated that he did not want to sell the company, and denied rumors to the contrary.[63] On March 28, 2006, BusinessWeek reported that a potential acquisition of Facebook was under negotiation. Facebook reportedly declined an offer of $750 million from an unknown bidder, and it was rumored the asking price rose as high as $2 billion.[64]
In September 2006, serious talks between Facebook and Yahoo! took place concerning acquisition of Facebook, with prices reaching as high as $1 billion.[65][66] Thiel, by then a board member of Facebook, indicated that Facebook's internal valuation was around $8 billion based on their projected revenues of $1 billion by 2015, comparable to Viacom's MTV brand, a company with a shared target demographic audience.[67]
On July 17, 2007, Zuckerberg said that selling Facebook was unlikely because he wanted to keep it independent, saying "We're not really looking to sell the company... We're not looking to IPO anytime soon. It's just not the core focus of the company."[68] In September 2007, Microsoft approached Facebook, proposing an investment in return for a 5% stake in the company, offering an estimated $300–500 million.[69] That month, other companies, including Google, expressed interest in buying a portion of Facebook.[70]
Microsoft investment (Series C)[edit]
On October 24, 2007, Microsoft announced that it had purchased a 1.6% share of Facebook for $240 million, giving Facebook a total implied value of around $15 billion.[71] However, Microsoft bought preferred stock that carried special rights, such as "liquidation preferences" that meant Microsoft would get paid before common stockholders if the company were sold. Microsoft's purchase also included the right to place international ads on Facebook.[72] In November 2007, Hong Kong billionaire Li Ka-shing invested $60 million in Facebook.[73]
Entrance to Facebook's Former headquarters in the Stanford Research Park, Palo Alto, California. In January 2012 the company moved to a new campus in Menlo Park, California.
Switch to profitability[edit]
In August 2008, BusinessWeek reported that private sales by employees, as well as purchases by venture capital firms, were being done at share prices that put the company's total valuation at between $3.75 billion and $5 billion.[72] In October 2008, Zuckerberg said "I don't think social networks can be monetized in the same way that search did ... In three years from now we have to figure out what the optimum model is. But that is not our primary focus today."[74]
Facebook hired Sheryl Sandberg as its Chief Operating Officer in March 2008. Sandberg is reported to have held a number of brainstorming sessions with Facebook employees on their long-term monetization strategy, which led to the conclusion that advertising would be the main source of monetization. Under Sandberg's leadership, Facebook made a number of changes to its advertising model with the aim of achieving profitability. In September 2009, Facebook stated that it had turned cash flow positive for the first time.[75]
In early 2012, Facebook disclosed that its profits had jumped 65% to $1 billion in the previous year when its revenue, which is mainly from advertising, had jumped almost 90% to $3.71 billion.[76] Facebook also reported that 56% of its advertising revenue comes from the U.S. alone, and that 12% of its revenue comes from Zynga, the social network game development company. Payments and other fees were $557 million up from $106 million the previous year.[77]
Acquisitions[edit]
In August 2009, Facebook acquired social media real-time news aggregator FriendFeed,[78] a startup created by Gmail's first engineer Paul Buchheit.[79][80][81] In February 2010, Facebook acquired Malaysian contact-importing startup Octazen Solutions.[82] On April 2, 2010, Facebook announced acquisition of photo-sharing service called Divvyshot for an undisclosed amount.[83] In June 2010, an online marketplace for trading private Facebook stock reflected a valuation of $11.5 billion.[84] On April 12, 2012, Facebook acquired photo sharing service Instagram for approximately $1 billion in cash and stock.[85][86] On March 8, 2013, Facebook announced that they acquired the team from Storylane, but not the product itself.[87] On February 19, 2014 Facebook announced its acquisition of WhatsApp Inc., a smartphone instant messaging application for $19 billion in a mix of stock and cash. The acquisition is the most ever paid for a venture-capital backed startup.[88]
Design and Content Management System[edit]
Main article: Facebook features
The CMS (Content Management System) implemented in facebook was provided by the Israeli tech-startup, akamai. Akamai has since (2011?) restructured, with its new head office in the USA, and continues to be the backbone of facebook[89][90]. The Facebook design has seen numerous design iterations throughout its existence. Each of these design changes has come to be synonymous with angry users who dislike adjusting to a new layout.[91][92] As of Facebook's 10th birthday in January 2014, it had seen several major design revamps, each one ushering in new functional capabilities and user interaction features.[93]
IPO[edit]
Main article: Facebook IPO
Facebook filed for an initial public offering (IPO) on February 1, 2012.[94] The preliminary prospectus stated that the company was seeking to raise $5 billion. The document announced that the company had 845 million active monthly users and its website featured 2.7 billion daily likes and comments.[95] After the IPO, Zuckerberg will retain a 22% ownership share in Facebook and will own 57% of the voting shares.[96]
Underwriters valued the shares at $38 each, pricing the company at $104 billion, the largest valuation to date for a newly public company.[97] On May 16, one day before the IPO, Facebook announced that it would sell 25% more shares than originally planned due to high demand.[98] The IPO raised $16 billion, making it the third largest in U.S. history (just ahead of AT&T Wireless and behind only General Motors and Visa Inc.).[99][100] The stock price left the company with a higher market capitalization than all but a few U.S. corporations – surpassing heavyweights such as Amazon.com, McDonald's, Disney, and Kraft Foods – and made Zuckerberg's stock worth $19 billion.[99][100] The New York Times stated that the offering overcame questions about Facebook's difficulties in attracting advertisers to transform the company into a "must-own stock". Jimmy Lee of JPMorgan Chase described it as "the next great blue-chip".[99] Writers at TechCrunch, on the other hand, expressed skepticism, stating, "That's a big multiple to live up to, and [Facebook] will likely need to add bold new revenue streams to justify the mammoth valuation".[101]
Trading in the stock, which began on May 18, was delayed that day due to technical problems with the NASDAQ exchange.[102] The stock struggled to stay above the IPO price for most of the day, forcing underwriters to buy back shares to support the price.[103] At closing bell, shares were valued at $38.23,[104] only $0.23 above the IPO price and down $3.82 from the opening bell value. The opening was widely described by the financial press as a disappointment.[105] The stock nonetheless set a new record for trading volume of an IPO.[106] On May 25, 2012, the stock ended its first full week of trading at $31.91, a 16.5% decline.[107]
On 22 May, regulators from Wall Street's Financial Industry Regulatory Authority announced that they had begun to investigate whether banks underwriting Facebook had improperly shared information only with select clients, rather than the general public. Massachusetts Secretary of State William Galvin subpeonaed Morgan Stanley over the same issue.[108] The allegations sparked "fury" among some investors and led to the immediate filing of several lawsuits, one of them a class action suit claiming more than $2.5 billion in losses due to the IPO.[109] Bloomberg estimated that retail investors may have lost approximately $630 million on Facebook stock since its debut.[110]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ An "active user" is defined by Facebook as a user who has visited the website in the last 30 days.
Jump up ^ "Monthly growth" is the average percentage growth rate at which the total number of active users grows each month over the specified period.
Jump up ^ This value is from an investment document. The date is from when the document was revealed to the public, not the actual date that the website reached this many users.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Carlson, Nicholas (2010). "At Last — The Full Story Of How Facebook Was Founded". Business Insider (online, March 5). Retrieved 26 November 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Company Timeline" (Press release). Facebook. January 1, 2007. Retrieved March 5, 2008.
Jump up ^ Rosmarin, Rachel (September 11, 2006). "Open Facebook". Forbes. New York. Retrieved June 13, 2008.
Jump up ^ Nguyen, Lananh (April 12, 2004). "Online network created by Harvard students flourishes". The Tufts Daily. Medford, MA. Retrieved August 21, 2009.
Jump up ^ Lacy, Sarah (September 12, 2006). "Facebook: Opening the Doors Wider". BusinessWeek. New York. Retrieved March 9, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Abram, Carolyn (September 26, 2006). "Welcome to Fb, everyone". The Facebook Blog. Retrieved March 8, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "Terms of Use". Facebook. November 15, 2007. Retrieved March 5, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Kaplan, Katharine A. (November 19, 2003). "Facemash Creator Survives Ad Board". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved June 24, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Hoffman, Claire (September 15, 2010). "The Battle For Facebook". Rolling Stone. Wenner Media. Retrieved June 24, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b McGirt, Ellen (May 1, 2007). "Facebook's Mark Zuckerberg: Hacker. Dropout. CEO". Fast Company. Mansueto Ventures. Retrieved July 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kincaid, Jason (October 24, 2009). "Startup School: An Interview With Mark Zuckerberg". TechCrunch. AOL. Retrieved June 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ Li, Natalie, "Facemash.com, Zuckerberg's Former Website, Sold for $30K", The Harvard Crimson, November 19, 2010
Jump up ^ Manker, Rob, "FaceMash.com, the forerunner to Facebook, up for auction", The Chicago Tribune, October 18, 2010
Jump up ^ Phillips, Sarah (July 25, 2007). "A brief history of Facebook". The Guardian. Guardian Media Group. Retrieved July 4, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Tabak, Alan T. (February 9, 2004). "Hundreds Register for New Facebook Website". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved July 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ Rothman, Lily (February 4, 2015). "Happy Birthday, Facebook". Time. Retrieved July 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ Cassidy, John (May 13, 2006). "Me Media". The New Yorker. Retrieved July 20, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Carlson, Nicolas (March 5, 2010). "In 2004, Mark Zuckerberg Broke Into A Facebook User's Private Email Account". Business Insider. Retrieved March 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ Brad Stone (June 28, 2008). "Judge Ends Facebook's Feud With ConnectU". The New York Time.
Jump up ^ Phillips, Sarah (July 25, 2007). "A brief history of Facebook". The Guardian. London. Retrieved March 7, 2008.
Jump up ^ Rosmarin, Rachel (September 11, 2006). "Open Facebook". Forbes. Retrieved June 13, 2008.
Jump up ^ Rotberg, Emily, "Thefacebook.com opens to Duke students", The Chronicle, Duke University, April 14, 2004 (archived 2005)
Jump up ^ Metz, Rachel, "College Facebook Mugs Go Online", Wired magazine, June 9, 2004
Jump up ^ Rosen, Ellen (May 26, 2005). "Student's Start-Up Draws Attention and $13 Million". The New York Times. Retrieved May 18, 2009.
Jump up ^ Williams, Chris (October 1, 2007). "Facebook wins Manx battle for face-book.com". The Register. Retrieved June 13, 2008.
Jump up ^ Zuckerberg, Mark (December 7, 2005). "CS50 Lecture by Mark Zuckerberg". Youtube. Retrieved July 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ Zuckerberg, Mark (August 26, 2008). "Our First 100 Million". The Facebook Blog. Retrieved June 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ Zuckerberg, Mark (April 8, 2009). "200 Million Strong". The Facebook Blog. Retrieved June 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ Zuckerberg, Mark (September 15, 2009). "300 Million and On". The Facebook Blog. Retrieved June 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ "New navigation for users and 400 million active users announcement". Facebook. February 4, 2010. Retrieved June 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ Zuckerberg, Mark (July 21, 2010). "500 Million Stories". The Facebook Blog. Retrieved July 21, 2010.
Jump up ^ Carlson, Nicholas (January 5, 2011). "Goldman to clients: Facebook has 600 million users". MSNBC. Retrieved February 11, 2011.
Jump up ^ Socialbakers employee (May 30, 2011). "Facebook is globally closing in to 700 million users!". Socialbakers.
Jump up ^ Ostrow, Adam (September 22, 2011). "Facebook Now Has 800 Million Users". Mashable. Retrieved September 26, 2011.
Jump up ^ Cohen, Noam (April 24, 2012). "The Breakfast Meeting: Grilling for James Murdoch, and Facebook Tops 900 Million Users". The New York Times. Retrieved April 24, 2012.
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Jump up ^ "Shareholder trading values Facebook at more than $33bn" The Guardian—August 25, 2010: This reference does not confirm Thiel's percentage stake, implied to be 5.2% i.e. 33 divided by 1.7. The 5.2% is also independently asserted in the Facebook section of this Wikipedia article, but without citation. The imputed valuation of Facebook has, also, moved up to ,0bn in an early-2011 transaction with Goldman Sachs (Craig, Susanne and Andrew Ross Sorkin, "Goldman Offering Clients a Chance to Invest in Facebook", The New York Times Dealbook, January 2, 2011, 11:31 pm ET.) A 5.2% share of ,0bn would be worth .58bn. For its part, by March 2010, Forbes had actually reduced its estimate of Thiel's net worth to $1.2bn (#828 on list of world's billionaires), though the higher Facebook valuation makes this even more undervalued. Footnote expanded January 11, 2011.
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^ Jump up to: a b "Why you should beware of Facebook". The Age. Australia. January 20, 2008. Retrieved April 30, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Kirkpatrick, David (June 8, 2010). The Facebook Effect (p. 87-88). Simon & Schuster.
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^ Jump up to: a b "Facebook Stock For Sale". BusinessWeek. Retrieved August 6, 2008.
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Jump up ^ "Facebook boosts number of shares on offer by 25%". BBC News. May 16, 2012. Retrieved May 17, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c Evelyn M. Rusli; Peter Eavis (May 17, 2012). "Facebook Raises $16 Billion in I.P.O". The New York Times. Retrieved May 17, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Bernard Condon (May 17, 2012). "Questions and answers on blockbuster Facebook IPO". U.S. News. Associated Press. Retrieved May 17, 2012.
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Jump up ^ James Temple; Casey Newton (May 23, 2012). "Litigation over Facebook IPO just starting". The San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved May 24, 2012.
Jump up ^ Eichler, Alexander (May 24, 2012). "Wall St. Cashes In On Facebook Stock Plunge While Ordinary Investors Lose Millions". Huffington Post.
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2018 Winter Olympics closing ceremony
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is incomplete. Please help to improve it, or discuss the issue on the talk page. (March 2018)
2018 Winter Olympics closing ceremony
Date
25 February 2018 (2018-02-25)
Time
20:00-22:05 KST (UTC+9)
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The closing ceremony of the 2018 Winter Olympics took place at Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium in Pyeongchang County, South Korea, on 25 February 2018 at 20:00 KST (UTC+9).[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Ceremony
1.1 Opening
1.2 Parade of Nations
1.3 Concert section
2 Handover of the Olympic flag
3 Beijing 2022 performance
4 Games declared closed
5 Dignitaries in attendance
6 Anthems
7 References
Ceremony[edit]
Opening[edit]
South Korean singer Jang Sa-ik performed Aegukga with children from Gangwon Province.
South Korean guitarist Yang Tae-Hwan performed "Winter" of Vivaldi's Four Seasons.[2][3]
South Korean post-rock band Jambinai performed "Time of Extinction" including many geomungo players.[3]
Parade of Nations[edit]
Main article: 2018 Winter Olympics closing ceremony flag bearers
The flag bearers of 92 National Olympic Committees arrived into the Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium. The flag bearers from each participating country entered the stadium informally in single file, ordered by ganada order of the Korean alphabet, and behind them marched all the athletes, without any distinction or grouping by nationality. Marching alongside the athletes were Soohorang, the Pyeongchang 2018 Olympic mascot, and Hodori, mascot of the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul.
Concert section[edit]
South Korean singer and rapper CL, leader of disbanded South Korean girl group 2NE1 (2009-2016), performed "The Baddest Female" and world hit "I Am the Best".[4]
South Korean-Chinese boy group EXO performed "Growl" and "Power".[4][5]
Dutch DJ Martin Garrix headlined the afterparty segment performing "Forever", "Together", "Animals", "Like I Do", and "Pizza".[6]
Handover of the Olympic flag[edit]
First, the Greek flag was raised while its anthem played. The Olympic flag was then lowered and passed, by the mayor of Pyeongchang County, Shim Jae-kook, to IOC President, Thomas Bach, who then handed it over to the mayor of Beijing, Chen Jining. This was then followed by the raising of the flag of China, and the playing of its anthem.[1] The flag will be raised again in Tokyo, Japan, for the opening ceremony of the 2020 Summer Olympics on 24 July 2020.
Beijing 2022 performance[edit]
Beijing, the host city of the 2022 Winter Olympic Games, presented a special performance See you in Beijing in 2022 directed by Chinese film director Zhang Yimou, who also presented the 2008 Summer Olympics opening and closing ceremonies. The presentation featured two pandas skating and people forming red lines that became a dragon, as pandas and dragons are national icons for China. The skaters also trail lines to form the emblem of the games. China's Paramount leader Xi Jinping made a cameo appearance by video expressing the welcome message on behalf of the Chinese people.
Games declared closed[edit]
IOC President Thomas Bach formally closed the games, calling them 'The Games of New Horizons.' Soon after, the cauldron was extinguished.
Dignitaries in attendance[edit]
South Korea - President of the Republic of Korea Moon Jae-in, First Lady of the Republic of Korea Kim Jung-sook
North Korea - Supreme People's Assembly Presidium member Kim Yong-chol[7]
United States - First Daughter and Senior Advisor to the President Ivanka Trump[8]
China - Vice Premier of the People's Republic of China Liu Yandong[9]
Anthems[edit]
Jang Sa-ik and a choir of local schoolchildren - National Anthem of South Korea
London Symphony Orchestra - National Anthem of Greece
Oh Yeon-joon - Olympic Hymn (English version)
A choir of singers from the 56 ethnic groups of China - National Anthem of the People's Republic of China
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Pyeongchang 2018 Closing Ceremony Not LIVE on 19 February 2020
Jump up ^ http://loudwire.com/13-year-old-guitar-prodigy-winter-olympics-closing-ceremony/
^ Jump up to: a b Kornhaber, Spencer. "A Rock Star Is Born at the Olympics Closing Ceremony". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2018-02-27.
^ Jump up to: a b Herman, Tamar (2018-02-25). "K-Pop Stars CL & EXO Impress at Winter Olympics Closing Ceremony". Billboard.com. Retrieved 2018-03-17.
Jump up ^ "In just over 24 hours #EXO will perform in the #ClosingCeremony #PyeongChang2018 @weareoneEXO #엑소 #Suho #Olympicspic.twitter.com/GfHxE1Xdte". Twitter. 24 February 2018. Retrieved 2018-02-24.
Jump up ^ http://www.livetracklist.com/martin-garrix-winter-olympics-pyeongchang-2018-closing-ceremony/
Jump up ^ "Winter Olympics 2018: North Korea's General Kim Yong-chol to attend". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
Jump up ^ CNN, Betsy Klein,. "Ivanka Trump is South Korea-bound for Olympics closing ceremony". CNN. Retrieved 2018-02-23.
Jump up ^ Kim, Christine; Rampton, Roberta (February 26, 2018). "Seoul pushes for U.S.-Korea talks, Trump says 'We'll see'". Reuters. Retrieved 2018-02-25.
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Hush, Little Baby
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Hush Little Baby" redirects here. For the song by British rapper Wretch 32, see Hush Little Baby (Wretch 32 song). For the novel by Caroline B. Cooney, see Hush Little Baby (novel).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
"Hush, Little Baby" is a traditional lullaby, thought to have been written in the Southern United States. Like most folk songs, the author and date of origin are unknown. The lyrics promise all kinds of rewards to the child if he or she is quiet. The simple structure allows more verses to be added ad lib.
The song has been performed and recorded by many artists including Joan Baez, Regina Spektor, Nina Simone, The Weavers and the Mormon Tabernacle Choir. Additionally, the song has been adapted into pop songs such as Maurice King's "Hambone," Inez and Charlie Foxx's "Mockingbird" and Bo Diddley's eponymous song "Bo Diddley", as well as Eminem's "Mockingbird."
Aretha Franklin, Carly Simon, James Taylor, Etta James, Taj Mahal and Dusty Springfield have each recorded "Mockingbird", which is an R&B variant of the song. "Mockingbird" was featured humorously as a car travel song in the films National Lampoon's Vacation (1983) and Dumb & Dumber (1994).
"Hush Little Baby" has also been used in the play The Miracle Worker, about Helen Keller and Annie Sullivan.
2016 saw this song recorded by violinist Vov Dylan for the album "World Lullabies" which is acting as a fundraiser for Starlight Foundation.[1]
Lyrics[edit]
There are several versions of the song, but the most common lyrics are:

Hush, little Baby, don't say a word,
Mama's gonna buy you a Mockingbird.

And if that mockingbird don't sing,
Mama's gonna buy you a diamond ring.

And if that diamond ring turns brass,
Mama's gonna buy you a looking glass.

And if that looking glass is broke,
Mama's gonna buy you a billy goat,

And if that billy goat won't pull,
Mama's gonna buy you a cart and a bull.

And if that cart and bull turn over,
Mama's gonna buy you a dog named Rover.

And if that dog named Rover won't bark,
Mama's gonna buy you a horse and a cart.

And if that horse and cart fall down,
You'll still be the sweetest little baby in town.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "World Lullabies". Sanity. Retrieved 2017-01-27.
External links[edit]
Hush Little Baby lyrics
A sing-along version of Hush Little Baby and its illustrated lyrics
[hide]
v
t
e
Nursery rhymes (list)
"A-Tisket, A-Tasket"
"Baa, Baa, Black Sheep"
"Did You Ever See a Lassie?"
"Hey Diddle Diddle"
"Hickory Dickory Dock"
"Hot Cross Buns"
"Humpty Dumpty"
"I'm a Little Teapot"
"It's Raining, It's Pouring"
"Jack and Jill"
"Little Bo Peep"
"Little Boy Blue"
"Little Jack Horner"
"Little Miss Muffet"
"Mary Had a Little Lamb"
"Mary, Mary, Quite Contrary"
"Old King Cole"
"Old MacDonald Had a Farm"
"Old Mother Hubbard"
"Old Woman Who Lived in a Shoe"
"Peter Piper"
"Polly Put the Kettle On"
"Poor Mary"
"Pop Goes the Weasel"
"Pussy Cat Pussy Cat"
"Rain Rain Go Away"
"Roses Are Red"
"Rub-a-dub-dub"
"Simple Simon"
"Sticks and Stones"
"The Grand Old Duke of York"
"The Queen of Hearts"
"Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star"
"Two Little Dickie Birds"
Clapping
"A Sailor Went to Sea"
"Down Down Baby"
"Mary Mack"
"Miss Susie"
"Miss Lucy"
"Pat-a-cake"
"Pretty Little Dutch Girl"
"Pease Porridge Hot"
Counting
"Duck, duck, goose"
"Eeny, meeny, miny, moe"
"One, Two, Buckle My Shoe"
"One, Two, Three, Four, Five"
"This Old Man"
"Tinker, Tailor"
Finger-
plays
"Five Little Monkeys"
"Five Little Speckled Frogs"
"Itsy Bitsy Spider"
"Little Robin Redbreast"
"Round and round the garden"
"This Little Piggy"
Games
"London Bridge"
"The Muffin Man"
"Mulberry Bush"
"Oranges and Lemons"
"Ring a Ring o' Roses"
"The Farmer in the Dell"
Riddle
"As I was going to St Ives"
Lullabies
"Hush, Little Baby"
"Rock-a-bye Baby"
Rounds
"Ding Dong Bell"
"Frère Jacques"
"Kookaburra"
"Row, Row, Row Your Boat"
"Scotland's Burning"
"Three Blind Mice"
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hush,_Little_Baby&oldid=814790098"
Categories:
Children's songs
Songs about children
Lullabies
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American nursery rhymes
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This page was last edited on 10 December 2017, at 23:22.
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