text:
JoS. A. Bank Clothiers
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Joseph A. Bank Clothiers, Inc.
Trading name
JoS. A. Bank Clothiers
Type
Subsidiary
Industry
Clothier
Founded
Baltimore, Maryland, 1905
Founder
Charles Bank
Joseph A. Bank
Headquarters
Hampstead, Maryland, U.S.
Key people
Douglas S. Ewert (CEO)
Jon W. Kimmins, CFO & EVP
Products
Men's Clothing
Revenue
US$ 1.04 billion (2012)[1]
Operating income
US$ 128.4 million (2012)[1]
Net income
US$ 79.6 million (2012)[1]
Total assets
US$ 894 million (2012)[1]
Total equity
US$ 667.5 million (2012)[1]
Number of employees
6340[1]
Parent
Men's Wearhouse
(2014–present)
Website
www.josbank.com
Jos. A. Bank store, Arborland Center
Jos. A. Bank store at a shopping mall in Portland, Oregon, in 2017
Joseph A. Bank Clothiers, Inc., also known by the abbreviated name JoS. A. Bank Clothiers,[a] is a retailer of men's clothing, particularly known for its often discounted men's suits. Established in 1905, it sells its products in over 500 stores throughout the United States, and by catalog and e-commerce.[2] The company has its headquarters in Hampstead, Carroll County, Maryland.[3][4] Jos. A. Bank offers tuxedo rentals through its parent company, Men's Wearhouse.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Attempted Eddie Bauer acquisition
1.2 Acquisition by Men's Wearhouse
2 Popular culture
3 Notes
4 References
5 External links
History[edit]
Charles Bank came to Baltimore, Maryland, from Lithuania in 1866 and opened a small tailor shop in the city. By the start of the 20th century, he had branched out into the manufacturing of pants and his grandson, Joseph A. Bank, joined his small company in 1898 as a cloth cutter when he was 11 years old. Over the next ten years, Joseph became a wholesale salesperson, traveling in the South to sell pants.
In 1905, Moses Hartz established a men’s clothing manufacturing company which was taken over by his widow Lena Hartz in 1921. Their daughter, Anna Hartz, was a traveling salesperson for the firm. Although they were rivals in business, Anna married Joseph Bank. In 1922, Joseph joined forces with his new mother-in-law and formed L. Hartz and Bank.[5] This new company manufactured and sold suits to retailers throughout the region.
Over the years, the company grew and prospered and in 1940, they purchased a building on Hopkins Place in Baltimore to house their offices, showroom, shipping area and cutting department. In 1945, Joseph Bank and his son, Howard, bought out the Hartz interest in the company and formed JoS. A. Bank and Co.[6]
Following World War II, there was a severe shortage of men's tailored clothing. A decision was made to specialize in that merchandise and to sell directly to the consumer, rather than wholesale. As a result, a deal was struck with a retailer, Louie's, Inc., in Washington, D.C., to sell their clothing.
In 1954, Joseph Bank died and operation of the company was assumed by Howard Bank.
By 1981, JoS. A. Bank had 11 retail stores and a growing catalog business. CEO Leonard Ginsberg (married to Mitzi, the daughter of Joseph and Anna) decided to sell the company. Leonard was the last family member tied to the original Jos. a Bank family business. That year, the company was purchased by the Quaker Oats Company and became part of their Specialty Retailing group along with Eyelab and Brookstone. That relationship proved mutually beneficial, and by 1985, there were 25 stores. In 1986, Quaker decided to concentrate its efforts on its core businesses and JoS. A. Bank once again became a privately owned corporation. In 1992, their expansion included a franchise concept. In the spring of 1994, JoS. A. Bank Clothiers became a publicly owned company, trading its stock through the NASDAQ stock exchange (JOSB).
In 1998, JoS. A. Bank Clothiers sold its manufacturing division and now out-sources its production. This has enabled the company to focus on its retail business. Much of the tailored clothing is “factory direct”.
JoS. A. Bank launched its Internet site in August 1998.
On 12 November 2013, Ricky Sandler, CEO of Eminence Capital LLC, published a letter he sent to Men's Wearhouse CEO Douglas Ewert discussing a merger with Jos. A. Bank Clothiers Inc as part of an ongoing attempt by JoS. A. Bank to merge with Men's Wearhouse.[7] In December 2013, JoS. A Bank turned down the takeover offer from competitor Men’s Wearhouse, saying the $1.54 billion bid was too low.[8]
Attempted Eddie Bauer acquisition[edit]
On February 14, 2014, Jos. A. Bank Clothiers announced plans to buy outdoor retailer Eddie Bauer in a $825 million deal.[9] Men’s Wearhouse quickly filed a lawsuit to block the proposed deal, on the basis that it served only to make Jos. A. Bank an undesirable acquisition target.[10] The lawsuit was expedited by Delaware Judge J. Travis Laster, who agreed that the Eddie Bauer deal was likely defensive posturing on the part of Jos. A. Bank. According to Laster, the Eddie Bauer transaction may well have fallen “outside the range of reasonableness.”[11] Laster ordered Jos. A. Bank to submit documents pertaining to the acquisition and required it to notify Men’s Wearhouse at least 10 days before closing a deal with Eddie Bauer.
Acquisition by Men's Wearhouse[edit]
On March 11, 2014, JoS. A. Bank and Men's Wearhouse announced that both boards of directors had agreed to merge, with Men's Wearhouse acquiring Jos. A. Bank for $1.8 billion.[12] As part of the deal, Bank terminated its plan to acquire Eddie Bauer.
Popular culture[edit]
A March 2014 episode of Saturday Night Live teased the company's aggressive promotions and discounting strategy with a fake commercial in which Jos. A. Bank suits were promoted as an alternative to paper towels. In the ad, Vanessa Bayer declares "with their innovative 'Buy 1, Get 3 Free' pricing, a suit from Jos. A. Bank is effectively cheaper than paper towels!" The sketch went on to show Bayer using Jos. A. Bank suits to clean-up food spills and other messes.[13] [14]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Jos. is a traditional abbreviation for Joseph, while the capitalization of the S is simply stylistic.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION, WASHINGTON, DC 20549 : FORM 10-K : Annual Report". Phx.corporate-ir.net. Retrieved 2013-11-02.
Jump up ^ "Company Information". JoS. A. Bank Clothiers, Inc. Retrieved February 17, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Career Opportunities Archived 2010-04-13 at the Wayback Machine.." JoS. A. Bank Clothiers. Retrieved on May 15, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Town of Hampstead Zoning Map Archived 2016-01-18 at the Wayback Machine.." Town of Hampstead. Retrieved on May 15, 2010.
Jump up ^ [1] Archived December 26, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "History of Jos. A. Bank Clothiers, Inc. – FundingUniverse". Fundinguniverse.com. Retrieved 2013-11-02.
Jump up ^ Karr, Arnold J. (12 November 2013). "Men's Wearhouse Open to Jos. A. Bank Talks, Investor Says". WWD. Retrieved 12 November 2013.
Jump up ^ AP (23 December 2013). "Jos. A. Bank Turns Down Men's Wearhouse Offer". Advisories. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Sherman, Natalie; Mirabella, Lorraine. "Jos. A. Bank to acquire Eddie Bauer in deal worth $825 million". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Men's Wearhouse Adds Fiery Lawsuit, More Money to Takeover Fight". Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved 2014-04-28.
Jump up ^ "Judge Expedites Men's Wearhouse Lawsuit". New York Times Dealbook. Retrieved 2014-04-28.
Jump up ^ Jos. A. Bank and quantitative easing have a lot in common Business Insider
Jump up ^ Dumenco, Simon (31 March 2014). "Did Jos. A. Bank's Buy-1-Get-3-Free Suit Sales Make This Harsh 'SNL' Parody Inevitable?". adage.com. Ad Age. Retrieved 19 April 2014.
Jump up ^ Swift, Tim (31 March 2014). "'Saturday Night Live' literally burns Jos. A. Bank with brutal parody". baltimoresun.com. Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 19 April 2014.
External links[edit]
Maryland portal
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Longitude
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For Dava Sobel's book about John Harrison, see Longitude (book). For the adaptation of Sobel's book, see Longitude (TV series).
Map of Earth
Longitude (λ)
Lines of longitude appear vertical with varying curvature in this projection, but are actually halves of great ellipses, with identical radii at a given latitude.
Latitude (φ)
Lines of latitude appear horizontal with varying curvature in this projection; but are actually circular with different radii. All locations with a given latitude are collectively referred to as a circle of latitude.
The equator divides the planet into a Northern Hemisphere and a Southern Hemisphere, and has a latitude of 0°.
v
t
e
Geodesy
Fundamentals
Geodesy
Geodynamics
Geomatics
Cartography
History
Concepts
Geographical distance
Geoid
Figure of the Earth
Geodetic datum
Geodesic
Geographic coordinate system
Horizontal position representation
Latitude / Longitude
Map projection
Reference ellipsoid
Satellite geodesy
Spatial reference system
Technologies
Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)
Global Positioning System (GPS)
GLONASS (Russian)
BeiDou (BDS) (Chinese)
Galileo (European)
Indian Regional Navigation
Satellite System (IRNSS) (India)
Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) (Japan)
Legenda (satellite system)
Standards (History)
NGVD 29 Sea Level Datum 1929
OSGB36 Ordnance Survey Great Britain 1936
SK-42 Systema Koordinat 1942 goda
ED50 European Datum 1950
SAD69 South American Datum 1969
GRS 80 Geodetic Reference System 1980
NAD 83 North American Datum 1983
WGS 84 World Geodetic System 1984
NAVD 88 N. American Vertical Datum 1988
ETRS89 European Terrestrial Reference
System 1989
GCJ-02 Chinese encrypted datum 2002
International Terrestrial Reference System
Spatial Reference System Identifier (SRID)
Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)
v
t
e
Longitude (/ˈlɒndʒɪtjuːd/ or /ˈlɒndʒɪtuːd/, Australian and British also /ˈlɒŋɡɪtjuːd/),[1][2] is a geographic coordinate that specifies the east-west position of a point on the Earth's surface. It is an angular measurement, usually expressed in degrees and denoted by the Greek letter lambda (λ). Meridians (lines running from the North Pole to the South Pole) connect points with the same longitude. By convention, one of these, the Prime Meridian, which passes through the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, England, was allocated the position of zero degrees longitude. The longitude of other places is measured as the angle east or west from the Prime Meridian, ranging from 0° at the Prime Meridian to +180° eastward and −180° westward. Specifically, it is the angle between a plane containing the Prime Meridian and a plane containing the North Pole, South Pole and the location in question. (This forms a right-handed coordinate system with the z axis (right hand thumb) pointing from the Earth's center toward the North Pole and the x axis (right hand index finger) extending from Earth's center through the equator at the Prime Meridian.)
A location's north–south position along a meridian is given by its latitude, which is approximately the angle between the local vertical and the plane of the Equator.
If the Earth were perfectly spherical and homogeneous, then the longitude at a point would be equal to the angle between a vertical north–south plane through that point and the plane of the Greenwich meridian. Everywhere on Earth the vertical north–south plane would contain the Earth's axis. But the Earth is not homogeneous, and has mountains—which have gravity and so can shift the vertical plane away from the Earth's axis. The vertical north–south plane still intersects the plane of the Greenwich meridian at some angle; that angle is the astronomical longitude, calculated from star observations. The longitude shown on maps and GPS devices is the angle between the Greenwich plane and a not-quite-vertical plane through the point; the not-quite-vertical plane is perpendicular to the surface of the spheroid chosen to approximate the Earth's sea-level surface, rather than perpendicular to the sea-level surface itself.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Noting and calculating longitude
2.1 Singularity and discontinuity of longitude
3 Plate movement and longitude
4 Length of a degree of longitude
5 Longitude on bodies other than Earth
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
Main article: History of longitude
Amerigo Vespucci's means of determining longitude
The measurement of longitude is important both to cartography and for ocean navigation. Mariners and explorers for most of history struggled to determine longitude. Finding a method of determining longitude took centuries, resulting in the history of longitude recording the effort of some of the greatest scientific minds.
Latitude was calculated by observing with quadrant or astrolabe the altitude of the sun or of charted stars above the horizon, but longitude is harder.
Amerigo Vespucci was perhaps the first European to proffer a solution, after devoting a great deal of time and energy studying the problem during his sojourns in the New World:
As to longitude, I declare that I found so much difficulty in determining it that I was put to great pains to ascertain the east-west distance I had covered. The final result of my labours was that I found nothing better to do than to watch for and take observations at night of the conjunction of one planet with another, and especially of the conjunction of the moon with the other planets, because the moon is swifter in her course than any other planet. I compared my observations with an almanac. After I had made experiments many nights, one night, the twenty-third of August 1499, there was a conjunction of the moon with Mars, which according to the almanac was to occur at midnight or a half hour before. I found that...at midnight Mars's position was three and a half degrees to the east.[3]
John Harrison solved the greatest problem of his day.[4]
By comparing the positions of the moon and Mars with their anticipated positions, Vespucci was able to crudely deduce his longitude. But this method had several limitations: First, it required the occurrence of a specific astronomical event (in this case, Mars passing through the same right ascension as the moon), and the observer needed to anticipate this event via an astronomical almanac. One needed also to know the precise time, which was difficult to ascertain in foreign lands. Finally, it required a stable viewing platform, rendering the technique useless on the rolling deck of a ship at sea. See Lunar distance (navigation).
In 1612 Galileo Galilei demonstrated that with sufficiently accurate knowledge of the orbits of the moons of Jupiter one could use their positions as a universal clock and this would make possible the determination of longitude, but the method he devised was impracticable for navigators on ships because of their instability.[5] In 1714 the British government passed the Longitude Act which offered large financial rewards to the first person to demonstrate a practical method for determining the longitude of a ship at sea. These rewards motivated many to search for a solution.
Drawing of Earth with longitudes but without latitudes.
John Harrison, a self-educated English clockmaker, invented the marine chronometer, the key piece in solving the problem of accurately establishing longitude at sea, thus revolutionising and extending the possibility of safe long distance sea travel.[4] Though the Board of Longitude rewarded John Harrison for his marine chronometer in 1773, chronometers remained very expensive and the lunar distance method continued to be used for decades. Finally, the combination of the availability of marine chronometers and wireless telegraph time signals put an end to the use of lunars in the 20th century.
Unlike latitude, which has the equator as a natural starting position, there is no natural starting position for longitude. Therefore, a reference meridian had to be chosen. It was a popular practice to use a nation's capital as the starting point, but other locations were also used. While British cartographers had long used the Greenwich meridian in London, other references were used elsewhere, including El Hierro, Rome, Copenhagen, Jerusalem, Saint Petersburg, Pisa, Paris, Philadelphia, and Washington D.C. In 1884 the International Meridian Conference adopted the Greenwich meridian as the universal Prime Meridian or zero point of longitude.
Noting and calculating longitude[edit]
Longitude is given as an angular measurement ranging from 0° at the Prime Meridian to +180° eastward and −180° westward. The Greek letter λ (lambda),[6][7] is used to denote the location of a place on Earth east or west of the Prime Meridian.
Each degree of longitude is sub-divided into 60 minutes, each of which is divided into 60 seconds. A longitude is thus specified in sexagesimal notation as 23° 27′ 30″ E. For higher precision, the seconds are specified with a decimal fraction. An alternative representation uses degrees and minutes, where parts of a minute are expressed in decimal notation with a fraction, thus: 23° 27.5′ E. Degrees may also be expressed as a decimal fraction: 23.45833° E. For calculations, the angular measure may be converted to radians, so longitude may also be expressed in this manner as a signed fraction of π (pi), or an unsigned fraction of 2π.
For calculations, the West/East suffix is replaced by a negative sign in the western hemisphere. Confusingly, the convention of negative for East is also sometimes seen. The preferred convention—that East is positive—is consistent with a right-handed Cartesian coordinate system, with the North Pole up. A specific longitude may then be combined with a specific latitude (usually positive in the northern hemisphere) to give a precise position on the Earth's surface.
There is no other physical principle determining longitude directly but with time. Longitude at a point may be determined by calculating the time difference between that at its location and Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). Since there are 24 hours in a day and 360 degrees in a circle, the sun moves across the sky at a rate of 15 degrees per hour (360° ÷ 24 hours = 15° per hour). So if the time zone a person is in is three hours ahead of UTC then that person is near 45° longitude (3 hours × 15° per hour = 45°). The word near is used because the point might not be at the center of the time zone; also the time zones are defined politically, so their centers and boundaries often do not lie on meridians at multiples of 15°. In order to perform this calculation, however, a person needs to have a chronometer (watch) set to UTC and needs to determine local time by solar or astronomical observation. The details are more complex than described here: see the articles on Universal Time and on the equation of time for more details.
Singularity and discontinuity of longitude[edit]
Note that the longitude is singular at the Poles and calculations that are sufficiently accurate for other positions, may be inaccurate at or near the Poles. Also the discontinuity at the ±180° meridian must be handled with care in calculations. An example is a calculation of east displacement by subtracting two longitudes, which gives the wrong answer if the two positions are on either side of this meridian. To avoid these complexities, consider replacing latitude and longitude with another horizontal position representation in calculation.
Plate movement and longitude[edit]
The Earth's tectonic plates move relative to one another in different directions at speeds on the order of 50 to 100mm per year.[8] So points on the Earth's surface on different plates are always in motion relative to one another. For example, the longitudinal difference between a point on the Equator in Uganda, on the African Plate, and a point on the Equator in Ecuador, on the South American Plate, is increasing by about 0.0014 arcseconds per year. These tectonic movements likewise affect latitude.
If a global reference frame (such as WGS84, for example) is used, the longitude of a place on the surface will change from year to year. To minimize this change, when dealing just with points on a single plate, a different reference frame can be used, whose coordinates are fixed to a particular plate, such as "NAD83" for North America or "ETRS89" for Europe.
Length of a degree of longitude[edit]
The length of a degree of longitude (east-west distance) depends only on the radius of a circle of latitude. For a sphere of radius a that radius at latitude φ is a cos φ, and the length of a one-degree (or π/180 radian) arc along a circle of latitude is
Δ l o n g 1 = π 180 ∘ a cos  ϕ {\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {long}}^{1}={\frac {\pi }{180^{\circ }}}a\cos \phi }
φ
Δ1
lat
Δ1
long
0° 110.574 km 111.320 km
15° 110.649 km 107.551 km
30° 110.852 km 96.486 km
45° 111.132 km 78.847 km
60° 111.412 km 55.800 km
75° 111.618 km 28.902 km
90° 111.694 km 0.000 km
When the Earth is modelled by an ellipsoid this arc length becomes[9][10]
Δ l o n g 1 = π a cos  ϕ 180 ∘ 1 − e 2 sin 2  ϕ {\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {long}}^{1}={\frac {\pi a\cos \phi }{180^{\circ }{\sqrt {1-e^{2}\sin ^{2}\phi }}}}}
where e, the eccentricity of the ellipsoid, is related to the major and minor axes (the equatorial and polar radii respectively) by
e 2 = a 2 − b 2 a 2 {\displaystyle e^{2}={\frac {a^{2}-b^{2}}{a^{2}}}}
An alternative formula is
Δ l o n g 1 = π 180 ∘ a cos  ψ where tan  ψ = b a tan  ϕ {\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {long}}^{1}={\frac {\pi }{180^{\circ }}}a\cos \psi \quad {\mbox{where }}\tan \psi ={\frac {b}{a}}\tan \phi }
Cos φ decreases from 1 at the equator to 0 at the poles, which measures how circles of latitude shrink from the equator to a point at the pole, so the length of a degree of longitude decreases likewise. This contrasts with the small (1%) increase in the length of a degree of latitude (north-south distance), equator to pole. The table shows both for the WGS84 ellipsoid with a = 7006637813700000000♠6378137.0 m and b = 7006635675231420000♠6356752.3142 m. Note that the distance between two points 1 degree apart on the same circle of latitude, measured along that circle of latitude, is slightly more than the shortest (geodesic) distance between those points (unless on the equator, where these are equal); the difference is less than 0.6 m (2 ft).
A geographical mile is defined to be the length of one minute of arc along the equator (one equatorial minute of longitude), so a degree of longitude along the equator is exactly 60 geographical miles, as there are 60 minutes in a degree.
Longitude on bodies other than Earth[edit]
See also: Prime meridian (planets)
Planetary co-ordinate systems are defined relative to their mean axis of rotation and various definitions of longitude depending on the body. The longitude systems of most of those bodies with observable rigid surfaces have been defined by references to a surface feature such as a crater. The north pole is that pole of rotation that lies on the north side of the invariable plane of the solar system (near the ecliptic). The location of the Prime Meridian as well as the position of body's north pole on the celestial sphere may vary with time due to precession of the axis of rotation of the planet (or satellite). If the position angle of the body's Prime Meridian increases with time, the body has a direct (or prograde) rotation; otherwise the rotation is said to be retrograde.
In the absence of other information, the axis of rotation is assumed to be normal to the mean orbital plane; Mercury and most of the satellites are in this category. For many of the satellites, it is assumed that the rotation rate is equal to the mean orbital period. In the case of the giant planets, since their surface features are constantly changing and moving at various rates, the rotation of their magnetic fields is used as a reference instead. In the case of the Sun, even this criterion fails (because its magnetosphere is very complex and does not really rotate in a steady fashion), and an agreed-upon value for the rotation of its equator is used instead.
For planetographic longitude, west longitudes (i.e., longitudes measured positively to the west) are used when the rotation is prograde, and east longitudes (i.e., longitudes measured positively to the east) when the rotation is retrograde. In simpler terms, imagine a distant, non-orbiting observer viewing a planet as it rotates. Also suppose that this observer is within the plane of the planet's equator. A point on the Equator that passes directly in front of this observer later in time has a higher planetographic longitude than a point that did so earlier in time.
However, planetocentric longitude is always measured positively to the east, regardless of which way the planet rotates. East is defined as the counter-clockwise direction around the planet, as seen from above its north pole, and the north pole is whichever pole more closely aligns with the Earth's north pole. Longitudes traditionally have been written using "E" or "W" instead of "+" or "−" to indicate this polarity. For example, the following all mean the same thing:
−91°
91°W
+269°
269°E.
The reference surfaces for some planets (such as Earth and Mars) are ellipsoids of revolution for which the equatorial radius is larger than the polar radius; in other words, they are oblate spheroids. Smaller bodies (Io, Mimas, etc.) tend to be better approximated by triaxial ellipsoids; however, triaxial ellipsoids would render many computations more complicated, especially those related to map projections. Many projections would lose their elegant and popular properties. For this reason spherical reference surfaces are frequently used in mapping programs.
The modern standard for maps of Mars (since about 2002) is to use planetocentric coordinates. The meridian of Mars is located at Airy-0 crater.[11]
Tidally-locked bodies have a natural reference longitude passing through the point nearest to their parent body: 0° the center of the primary-facing hemisphere, 90° the center of the leading hemisphere, 180° the center of the anti-primary hemisphere, and 270° the center of the trailing hemisphere.[12] However, libration due to non-circular orbits or axial tilts causes this point to move around any fixed point on the celestial body like an analemma.
See also[edit]
American Practical Navigator
Cardinal direction
Ecliptic longitude
Geodesy
Geodetic system
Geographic coordinate system
Geographical distance
Geotagging
Great-circle distance
History of longitude
Island of the Day Before
Latitude
List of cities by longitude
Meridian arc
Natural Area Code
Navigation
Orders of magnitude
Right ascension on celestial sphere
World Geodetic System
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/longitude
Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary
Jump up ^ Vespucci, Amerigo. "Letter from Seville to Lorenzo di Pier Francesco de' Medici, 1500." Pohl, Frederick J. Amerigo Vespucci: Pilot Major. New York: Columbia University Press, 1945. 76–90. Page 80.
^ Jump up to: a b "Longitude clock comes alive". BBC. March 11, 2002.
Jump up ^ Denny, Mark (2012), The Science of Navigation: From Dead Reckoning to GPS, Johns Hopkins University Press, p. 105, ISBN 9781421405605, in 1610, Galileo thought he might win the Spanish longitude prize with his idea of measuring time by observing the moons of Jupiter ... The trouble with the method was in making accurate measurements of the four moons while on the deck of a moving ship at sea. This problem proved intractable, and the method was therefore not adopted .
Jump up ^ Coordinate Conversion
Jump up ^ "λ = Longitude east of Greenwich (for longitude west of Greenwich, use a minus sign)."
John P. Snyder, Map Projections, A Working Manual, USGS Professional Paper 1395, page ix
Jump up ^ Read HH, Watson Janet (1975). Introduction to Geology. New York: Halsted. pp. 13–15.
Jump up ^ Osborne, Peter (2013). "Chapter 5: The geometry of the ellipsoid". The Mercator Projections: The Normal and Transverse Mercator Projections on the Sphere and the Ellipsoid with Full Derivations of all Formulae (PDF). Edinburgh. doi:10.5281/zenodo.35392.
Jump up ^ Rapp, Richard H. (April 1991). "Chapter 3: Properties of the Ellipsoid". Geometric Geodesy Part I. Columbus, Ohio.: Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying, Ohio State University.
Jump up ^ Where is zero degrees longitude on Mars? – Copyright 2000 – 2010 © European Space Agency. All rights reserved.
Jump up ^ First map of extraterrestrial planet – Center of Astrophysics.
External links[edit]
Find more aboutLongitudeat Wikipedia's sister projects
Definitions from Wiktionary
Media from Commons
News from Wikinews
Quotations from Wikiquote
Texts from Wikisource
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Learning resources from Wikiversity
Resources for determining your latitude and longitude
IAU/IAG Working Group On Cartographic Coordinates and Rotational Elements of the Planets and Satellites
"Longitude forged": an essay exposing a hoax solution to the problem of calculating longitude, undetected in Dava Sobel's Longitude, from TLS, November 12, 2008.
Board of Longitude Collection, Cambridge Digital Library – complete digital version of the Board's archive
Longitude And Latitude Of Points of Interest
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