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Illegitimi non carborundum
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A gravestone inscribed with the Latin phrase
Illegitimi non carborundum is a mock-Latin aphorism meaning "Don't let the bastards grind you down". The real Latin language phrase with the meaning would be Noli pati a scelestis opprimi.
Contents
[hide]
1 Latin meaning
2 History
3 Variants
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Latin meaning[edit]
The word illegitimi (i.e., the plural of illegitimus, actually translates to "unlawful" or "outlaw" but resembles the English "illegitimate") is sometimes given in the plural dative case (that is, illegitimīs), a case that follows the Latin gerundive and denotes agency. Non negates activity. Carborundum is an industrial abrasive material also known as silicon carbide, but its name resembles a Latin gerundive, a grammatical construct that expresses desirability of whatever the verb denotes. So carborundum can be mock-translated to mean "fit to be ground". Thus "illegitimi[s] non carborundum" would mean "not fit to be ground by the illegitimate", or "Don't let the bastards grind you down".[1]
History[edit]
The phrase originated during World War II. Lexicographer Eric Partridge attributes it to British army intelligence very early in the war (using the dative plural illegitimis). If carborere had been an actual Latin word meaning "to grind down", that version of the phrase would actually be correct Latin for "It must not be ground down by the bastards" (with carborundum as a gerundive). The phrase was adopted by US Army General "Vinegar" Joe Stilwell as his motto during the war.[2] It was later further popularized in the US by 1964 presidential candidate Barry Goldwater.[3]
The phrase is also used as the first line of one of the extra cod Latin verses added in 1953 to an unofficial school song at Harvard University, "Ten Thousand Men of Harvard". This most frequently played fight song of the Harvard University Band, is, to some extent, a parody of more solemn school songs like "Fair Harvard thy Sons to your Jubilee Throng". The first verse goes:
Illegitimum non carborundum;
Domine salvum fac.
Illegitimum non carborundum;
Domine salvum fac.
Gaudeamus igitur!
Veritas non sequitur?
Illegitimum non carborundum—ipso facto![4]
The phrase is also used as part of a student painted crest on the bottom floor of Hodge Hall at Princeton Theological Seminary.
A wooden plaque bearing the phrase sat prominently on the desk of former Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives John Boehner.[5]
Variants[edit]
There are many variants of the phrase, such as Illegitimis non carborundum, Noli illegitimi carborundum and Nil illegitimi carborundum. No version using carborundum as a verb is legitimate Latin, as carborundum is a noun and not a gerundive of any verb, although it does look like a gerundive. Also the word bastard in Latin is spurius[6] or, much less commonly, nothus.[7] The two most common variations translate as follows: illegitimi non carborundum = the unlawful are not silicon carbide, illegitimis non carborundum = the unlawful don't have silicon carbide.
Bastards is often used in English as a generic derogatory term, not necessarily relating to the marital status of one's parents.[8]
See also[edit]
Dog Latin
List of Latin phrases
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Israel, Mark. "'Illegitimis non carborundum'". alt-usage-english.org. Retrieved January 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ Why Do We Say ...?, Nigel Rees, 1987, ISBN 0-7137-1944-3
Jump up ^ Illegitimi Non Carborundum page, at Santa Cruz Public Libraries ready reference, quoting William Safire, Safire's New Political Dictionary Archived February 9, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Primus V (2012) Ipso facto!. Harvard Magazine, November-December (Accessed April 2013)
Jump up ^ nycsouthpaw. "The 10 Most Interesting Things On John Boehner's Desk". Buzzfeed.com. Retrieved 2014-06-19.
Jump up ^ JM Latin English Dictionary. "spurius meaning". Latin Dictionary. Retrieved 2014-06-19.
Jump up ^ Chambers Murray Latin Dictionary, page 468
Jump up ^ See the discussion in Hugh Rawson, Wicked Words (New York: Crown, 1989), pp. 36f
External links[edit]
Two alternative explanations
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Hospital for Special Surgery
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Hospital in New York, United States
Hospital for Special Surgery
NewYork-Presbyterian Healthcare System
Geography
Location
New York City, New York, United States
Organization
Hospital type
Specialist, teaching
Affiliated university
Rockefeller University
Weill Cornell Medical College
Services
Standards
Accredited by the Joint Commission, Magnet Recognition for Excellence in Nursing Service
Beds
205
History
Founded
1863
Links
Website
http://www.hss.edu
Lists
Hospitals in New York
Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) is a hospital in New York City that specializes in orthopedic surgery and the treatment of rheumatologic conditions.[1][2]
Founded in 1863 by James Knight, HSS is the oldest orthopedic hospital in the United States and is considered one of the top hospitals in the world for joint replacement.[3] The hospital also performs the most knee replacement surgeries of any hospital in the United States.[4] Todd Albert, M.D. serves as the medical director and surgeon-in-chief, and Louis Shapiro serves as its president and chief executive officer.
Additional areas of expertise at HSS include spine surgery and sports medicine.[5] HSS physicians with a subspecialty training in the field of spine surgery focus on patients who suffer from congenital or acute spinal disorders as well as from chronic back pain. The sports medicine services at HSS treat athletic injuries of the musculoskeletal system with a special focus on shoulder, elbow, and knee injuries.[6]
In addition, orthopedic surgeons at HSS perform limb lengthening, a procedure that uses the body's capacity to create new bone as well as the soft tissues, ligaments, blood vessels, and nerves that surround and support it.
HSS also offers professional medical education programs, including continuing medical education lecture series, conferences and symposia. Services are available in person at the New York facility and remotely worldwide through the Grand Rounds partnership "eConsult" platform.[7]
The hospital has 327 active medical staff.[8]
Contents
[hide]
1 Research
2 Affiliations
3 Location and facilities
4 History
4.1 Surgeons-in-chief
4.2 Physicians-in-chief
5 Notable alumni
6 References
7 External links
Research[edit]
Current clinical trials focus on issues related to lupus and arthritis. In addition to clinical trials, HSS has several research programs that center on the prevention of musculoskeletal diseases. Basic and applied research conducted at the hospital addresses specific problems such as arthritis, injury, osteoporosis, scoliosis, autoimmune diseases such as lupus, and related musculoskeletal diseases as they affect children and adults.
Affiliations[edit]
The Hospital for Special Surgery is affiliated with the NewYork-Presbyterian Healthcare System through the hospital's affiliation with Weill Cornell Medical College. The hospital is also affiliated with Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, and Rockefeller University.
Location and facilities[edit]
Located on the Upper East Side of Manhattan, HSS is built over the Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) drive and partially located in the Belaire building at 535 East 70th Street. Currently HSS has 205 beds and 29 operating rooms. HSS recently completed the construction of a new, ninth floor that adds 85,000 square feet (7,900 m2) of new space and 100,000 square feet (10,000 m2) of re-engineered and re-designed space.
HSS has several specialized centers that focus on specific patients and joint problems, including:
Institute for Cartilage Repair
Children and Adolescent Hand and Arm (CHArm) Center
Foster Center for Clinical Outcome Research
Computer Assisted Surgery (CAS) Center
Center for Hip Pain and Preservation
Gosden Robinson Inflammatory Arthritis Center
Integrative Care Center - Combining traditional medicine (Physiatry, with inter alia Chiropractic and Acupuncture[9]
Institute for Limb Lengthening and Complex Reconstruction
Mary Kirkland Center for Lupus Care
Mary Kirkland Center for Lupus Research
Musculoskeletal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Center
The Center for Musculoskeletal Ultrasound and Nuclear Medicine
Osteoporosis Prevention Center
The Kathryn O. and Alan C. Greenberg Center for Skeletal Dysplasias
Spine Care Institute
Barbara Volcker Center for Women and Rheumatic Disease
Women's Sports Medicine Center
History[edit]
HSS was founded in 1863 as the Hospital for the Ruptured and Crippled in the home of James Knight on Second Avenue, just south of 6th Street. It opened its doors to the first patient, a four-year-old boy with paralysis, on May 1, 1863. There were 28 beds available, all for children. Adults were treated as outpatients. In 1870 it moved to a newly constructed 200-bed building on the corner of 42nd street and Lexington Avenue. There was no operating room until 1888 after a hospital fire. At the turn of the century, it became the target for efforts to expand Grand Central Terminal and negotiations were led by Cornelius Vanderbilt, II, a member of the Board of Managers of the hospital. In 1912, the hospital moved to a six-story building on 42nd Street between First Avenue and Second Avenue that is now the home of the Ford Foundation. The hospital moved to its present location in 1955.[10][11]
William Bradley Coley, Surgeon-in-Chief 1925-1933.
Surgeons-in-chief[edit]
1863 - James A. Knight
1887 - Virgil P. Gibney
1925 - William Bradley Coley
1933 - Eugene H. Pool
1935 - Philip D. Wilson
1955 - T. Campbell Thompson
1963 - Robert Lee Patterson, Jr.
1972 - Philip D. Wilson, Jr.
1990 - Andrew J. Weiland
1993 - Russell F. Warren
2003 - Thomas P. Sculco
2014 - Todd J. Albert
Physicians-in-chief[edit]
1924 - R. Garfield Snyder
1944 - Richard Freyberg
1970 - Charles L. Christian
1995 - Stephen A. Paget
2010 - Mary K. Crow
Notable alumni[edit]
Notable alumni include:
Oheneba Boachie-Adjei, M.D., attending orthopaedic surgeon, HSS
Harlan C. Amstutz, M.D., Associate Scientist, Director of Bioengineering, and Chief of Prosthetics & Orthotics, HSS
Albert H Burstein, Ph.D., attending orthopaedic surgeon, Associate Scientist and Director of the Department of Biomechanics, Research Division, HSS
John Robert Cobb, known for the Cobb angle, head of the Margaret Caspary scoliosis clinic, HSS
Struan H. Coleman, MD, PhD, resident in Orthopedic Surgery and fellow in Sports Medicine, HSS
John Insall, M.D., attending orthopedic surgeon, HSS
David B. Levine, M.D., Director of the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, HSS
John L. Marshall, D.V.M., M.D., resident and fellow, Director of the Laboratory for Comparative Orthopedics, Chief of the Sports Medicine Service, and Associate Scientist, Research Department, HSS
Paula J. Olsiewski, founder and director, Technology Development Office, HSS
Leon Root, M.D., Chief of Pediatric Orthopedics, HSS
Thomas P. Sculco, M.D., surgeon-in-chief from 2003 to 2014, HSS
Francisco Valero-Cuevas, Assistant Scientist (biomechanical engineer), HSS
Peter S. Walker, Ph.D.
Russell E. Warren, MD, surgeon-in-chief from 1993 to 2003, HSS
Philip D. Wilson, Jr., M.D., Surgeon-in-Chief 1972-1989
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Hospital for Special Surger". Health.usnews.com. Retrieved 2018-04-27.
Jump up ^ "Hospital for Special Surgery launches global initiativer". Modernhealthcare.com. Retrieved 2018-04-27.
Jump up ^ "Hospital for Special Surgery lays claim to being the oldest U.S. orthopedic hospital". Modernhealthcare.com. Retrieved 2018-04-27.
Jump up ^ "Hospital for Special Surgery to open ambulatory surgical center in Manhattan". dotmed.com. Retrieved 2017-05-09.
Jump up ^ "New York Mets - PlayerWatch," Reuters, September 10, 2016 (Mets baseball player undergoes back operation at Hospital for Special Surgery).
Jump up ^ "Pele recovering well from hip surgery in New York," Reuters, January 14, 2016 (Soccer star received operation at HSS).
Jump up ^ "California company helps patients find that second opinion". Modern Healthcare. Retrieved 2017-05-09.
Jump up ^ "Facts at a Glance," HSS Website (2016). Retrieved 2016-9-22.
Jump up ^ Hospital Staff. "ICC Faculty, Staff, and Independent Professionals". Hospital for Special Surgery. Retrieved 2013-12-30.
Jump up ^ Levine, D. B. "The Hospital for the Ruptured and Crippled Moves East on 42nd Street 1912 to 1925", HSS Journal, September 2007. Accessed October 10, 2008 ("The new Hospital for the Ruptured and Crippled was built on 42nd Street between First and Second avenue, that is currently the location of the Ford Foundation".)
Jump up ^ Levine, David B. (2013). Anatomy of a Hospital. Hospital for Special Surgery 1863–2013. New York, NY: Print Matters, Inc. ISBN 0979668522, ISBN 978-0979668524.
External links[edit]
Official site
U.S. News & World Report – 2017 Rankings – Orthopedics: http://health.usnews.com/best-hospitals/rankings/orthopedics
U.S. News & World Report – 2017 Rankings – Rheumatology: http://health.usnews.com/best-hospitals/rankings/rheumatology
U.S. News & World Report – 2017 Rankings – Children's Hospital: http://health.usnews.com/best-hospitals/area/ny/hospital-for-special-surgery-new-york-PA6212900
New York Magazine – 2006 Best Hospitals – http://nymag.com/health/besthospitals/24095/index3.html
Coordinates: 40°45′55″N 73°57′15″W / 40.76528°N 73.95417°W / 40.76528; -73.95417
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text:
Joint venture
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A joint venture (JV) is a business entity created by two or more parties, generally characterized by shared ownership, shared returns and risks, and shared governance. Companies typically pursue joint ventures for one of four reasons: to access a new market, particularly emerging markets; to gain scale efficiencies by combining assets and operations; to share risk for major investments or projects; or to access skills and capabilities.[1]
According to Gerard Baynham of Water Street Partners, there has been a lot of negative press about joint ventures, but objective data indicate that they may actually outperform wholly owned and controlled affiliates. He writes, "A different narrative emerged from our recent analysis of U.S. Department of Commerce (DOC) data, collected from more than 20,000 entities. According to the DOC data, foreign joint ventures of U.S. companies realized a 5.5 percent average return on assets (ROA), while those companies’ wholly owned and controlled affiliates (the vast majority of which are wholly owned) realized a slightly lower 5.2 percent ROA. The same story holds true for investments by foreign companies in the U.S., but the difference is more pronounced. U.S.-based joint ventures realized a 2.2 percent average ROA, while wholly owned and controlled affiliates in the U.S. only realized a 0.7 percent ROA."
Most joint ventures are incorporated, although some, as in the oil and gas industry, are "unincorporated" joint ventures that mimic a corporate entity. With individuals, when two or more persons come together to form a temporary partnership for the purpose of carrying out a particular project, such partnership can also be called a joint venture where the parties are "co-venturers".
The venture can be a business JV (for example, Dow Corning), a project/asset JV intended to pursue one specific project only, or a JV aimed at defining standards or serving as an "industry utility" that provides a narrow set of services to industry participants.
Some major joint ventures include MillerCoors, Sony Ericsson, Vevo, Hulu, Penske Truck Leasing, and Owens-Corning - and in the past, Dow Corning.
Contents
[hide]
1 Legal definition
2 Elements of a JV's design
3 JV process
4 Partner selection
5 Company incorporation
6 Shareholders' agreement
7 Dissolution
8 Joint ventures in different jurisdictions
8.1 Joint ventures in China
8.1.1 Equity joint ventures
8.1.2 Cooperative joint ventures
8.1.3 Wholly Foreign Owned Enterprises (WFOEs)
8.1.4 Foreign Investment Companies Limited By Shares (FICLBS)
8.1.5 Investment Companies by Foreign Investors (ICFI)
8.2 Joint ventures in India
8.3 Joint ventures in Ukraine
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Legal definition[edit]
In European law, the term "joint venture" (or joint undertaking) is an elusive legal concept, better defined under the rules of company law. In France, the term "joint venture" is variously translated "association d'entreprises", "entreprise conjointe", "coentreprise" or "entreprise commune".[2]
Elements of a JV's design[edit]
Key elements of a joint venture's design include:
the number of parties;
the geographic, product, technology and value-chain scope within which the JV will operate;
the contributions of the parties;
the structural form (each country has specific options, e.g. in the U.S. the main options are a C Corporation or an LLC/partnership structure);
the valuation of initial contributions and ownership split among the parties;
the economic arrangements, post-deal (e.g. Is the joint venture intended to generate profits vs. operate as a cost-sharing or production-sharing venture; if a for-profit entity, will the parties share profits in proportion to equity ownership, or some other way?);
governance and control;
Talent/HR model; will the JV have its own staff on own payroll vs. seconded staff from the parent companies;
contractual arrangements with the parent companies for inputs, outputs or services;
exit and evolution provisions?
JV process[edit]
Overall, the JV process has a series of steps:
Defining the business strategy.
Determining whether a JV is the right vehicle. This requires comparing the JV option against acquisition, non-equity partnership, contractual alliance, or go-alone approaches. Generally JVs are most appropriate when 1) they are focused on combining complementary capabilities (e.g. products and market access), sharing risks, or 2) merging businesses where an outright M&A transaction isn't possible or where the premium involved in an acquisition can't be recovered via operating synergies and 3) when go-it-alone is too risky or too slow, and 4) simpler vehicles like contractual agreements aren't sufficient.
Screening partners.
Developing the JV deal concept.
Negotiating detailed terms and conditions.
Planning and launching the JV.
Evolving, or terminating, the JV.
Partner selection[edit]
While the following offers some insight to the process of joining up with a committed partner to form a JV, it is often difficult to determine whether the commitments come from a known and distinguishable party or an intermediary. This is particularly so when the language barrier exists and one is unfamiliar with local customs, especially in approaches to government, often the deciding body for the formation of a JV or dispute settlement.
The ideal process of selecting a JV partner emerges from:
screening of prospective partners
short listing a set of prospective partners and some sort of ranking
due diligence – checking the credentials of the other party
availability of appreciated or depreciated property contributed to the joint venture
the most appropriate structure and invitation/bid
foreign investor buying an interest in a local company
Companies are also called JVs in cases where there are dominant partners together with participation of the public. There may also be cases where the public shareholding is substantial but the founding partners retain their identity. These companies may be "public" or "private" companies.
Further consideration relates to starting a new legal entity ground up. Such an enterprise is sometimes called "an incorporated JV", one "packaged" with technology contracts (knowhow, patents, trademarks and copyright), technical services and assisted-supply arrangements.
The consortium JV (also known as a cooperative agreement) is formed where one party seeks technological expertise or technical service arrangements, franchise and brand use agreements, management contracts, rental agreements, for "one-time" contracts, e.g., for construction projects. They dissolve the JV when that goal is reached.
Company incorporation[edit]
A JV can be brought about in the following major ways:
Foreign investor buying an interest in a local company
Local firm acquiring an interest in an existing foreign firm
Both the foreign and local entrepreneurs jointly forming a new enterprise
Together with public capital and/or bank debt
In the UK, India, and in many Common Law countries a joint-venture (or else a company formed by a group of individuals) must file with the appropriate authority the Memorandum of Association. It is a statutory document which informs the outside public of its existence. It may be viewed by the public at the office in which it is filed. A sample can be seen at wikimedia.org.[3] Together with the Articles of Association, it forms the "constitution" of a company in these countries.
The Articles of Association regulate the interaction between shareholders and the directors of a company and can be a lengthy document of up to 700,000+ pages. It deals with the powers relegated by the stockholders to the directors and those withheld by them, requiring the passing of ordinary resolutions, special resolutions and the holding of Extraordinary General Meetings to bring the directors' decision to bear.
A Certificate of Incorporation[4] or the Articles of Incorporation[5] is a document required to form a corporation in the U.S. (in actuality, the state where it is incorporated) and in countries following the practice. In the US, the "constitution" is a single document. The Articles of Incorporation is again a regulation of the directors by the stock-holders in a company.
By its formation the JV becomes a new entity with the implication:
that it is officially separate from its Founders, who might otherwise be giant corporations, even amongst the emerging countries
the JV can contract in its own name, acquire rights (such as the right to buy new companies), and
it has a separate liability from that of its founders, except for invested capital
it can sue (and be sued) in courts in defense or its pursuance of its objectives.
On the receipt of the Certificate of Incorporation a company can commence its business.
Shareholders' agreement[edit]
This is a legal area and is fraught with difficulty as the laws of countries differ, particularly on the enforceability of "heads of" or shareholder agreements. For some legal reasons it may be called a Memorandum of Understanding. It is done in parallel with other activities in forming a JV. Though dealt with briefly for a shareholders' agreement,[6] some issues must be dealt with here as a preamble to the discussion that follows. There are also many issues which are not in the Articles when a company starts up or never ever present. Also, a JV may elect to stay as a JV alone in a "quasi partnership" to avoid any nonessential disclosure to the government or the public.
Some of the issues in a shareholders' agreement are:
Valuation of intellectual rights, say, the valuations of the IPR of one partner and, say, the real estate of the other
the control of the company either by the number of directors or its "funding"
The number of directors and the rights of the founders to their appoint directors which shows as to whether a shareholder dominates or shares equality.
management decisions - whether the board manages or a founder
transferability of shares - assignment rights of the founders to other members of the company
dividend policy - percentage of profits to be declared when there is profit
winding up - the conditions, notice to members
confidentiality of know-how and founders' agreement and penalties for disclosure
first right of refusal - purchase rights and counter-bid by a founder.
There are many features which have to be incorporated into the shareholders' agreement which is quite private to the parties as they start off. Normally, it requires no submission to any authority.
The other basic document which must be articulated is the Articles, which is a published document and known to members. This repeats the shareholders agreement as to the number of directors each founder can appoint to the board of directors; whether the board controls or the founders; the taking of decisions by simple majority (50%+1) of those present or a 51% or 75% majority with all directors present (their alternates/proxy); the deployment of funds of the firm; extent of debt; the proportion of profit that can be declared as dividends; etc. Also significant is what will happen if the firm is dissolved, if one of the partners dies, or if the firm is sold.
Often the most successful JVs are those with 50:50 partnership with each party having the same number of directors but rotating control over the firm, or rights to appoint the Chairperson and Vice-chair of the company. Sometimes a party may give a separate trusted person to vote in its place proxy vote of the Founder at board meetings.[7]
Recently, in a major case the Indian Supreme Court has held that Memorandums of Understanding (whose details are not in the Articles of Association) are "unconstitutional" giving more transparency to undertakings.
Dissolution[edit]
The JV is not a permanent structure. It can be dissolved when:
Aims of original venture met
Aims of original venture not met
Either or both parties develop new goals
Either or both parties no longer agree with joint venture aims
Time agreed for joint venture has expired
Legal or financial issues
Evolving market conditions mean that joint venture is no longer appropriate or relevant
One party acquires the other
Joint ventures in different jurisdictions[edit]
Joint ventures in China[edit]
According to a report of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development 2003, China was the recipient of US$53.5 billion in direct foreign investment, making it the world's largest recipient of direct foreign investment for the first time, to exceed the USA. Also, it approved the establishment of nearly 500,000 foreign-investment enterprises.[citation needed] The US had 45,000 projects (by 2004) with an in-place investment of over 48 billion.[8]
Until recently, no guidelines existed on how foreign investment was to be handled due to the restrictive nature of China toward foreign investors. Following the death of Mao Zedong in 1976, initiatives in foreign trade began to be applied, and law applicable to foreign direct investment was made clear in 1979, while the first Sino-foreign equity venture took place in 2001.[9] The corpus of the law has improved since then.
Companies with foreign partners can carry out manufacturing and sales operations in China and can sell through their own sales network. Foreign-Sino companies have export rights which are not available to wholly Chinese companies, as China desires to import foreign technology by encouraging JVs and the latest technologies.
Under Chinese law, foreign enterprises are divided into several basic categories. Of these, five will be described or mentioned here: three relate to industry and services and two as vehicles for foreign investment. Those five categories of Chinese foreign enterprises are: the Sino-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures (EJVs), Sino-Foreign Co-operative Joint Ventures (CJVs), Wholly Foreign-Owned Enterprises (WFOE), although they do not strictly belong to Joint Ventures, plus foreign investment companies limited by shares (FICLBS), and Investment Companies through Foreign Investors (ICFI). Each category is described below.
Equity joint ventures[edit]
The EJV Law is between a Chinese partner and a foreign company. It is incorporated in both Chinese (official) and in English (with equal validity), with limited liability. Prior to China's entry into WTO – and thus the WFOEs – EJVs predominated. In the EJV mode, the partners share profits, losses and risk in equal proportion to their respective contributions to the venture's registered capital. These escalate upwardly in the same proportion as the increase in registered capital.
The JV contract accompanied by the Articles of Association for the EJV are the two most fundamental legal documents of the project. The Articles mirror many of the provisions of the JV contract. In case of conflict the JV document has precedence. These documents are prepared at the same time as the feasibility report. There are also the ancillary documents (termed "offsets" in the US) covering know-how and trademarks and supply-of-equipment agreements.
The minimum equity is prescribed for investment (truncated),[10] where the foreign equity and debt levels are:[11]
less than US$3 million, equity must constitute 70% of the investment;
between US$3 million and US$10 million, minimum equity must be US$2.1 million and at least 50% of the investment;
between US$10 million and US$30 million, minimum equity must be US$5 million and at least 40% of the investment;
more than US$30 million, minimum equity must be US$12 million and at least 1/3 of the investment.
There are also intermediary levels.
The foreign investment in the total project must be at least 25%. No minimum investment is set for the Chinese partner. The timing of investments must be mentioned in the Agreement and failure to invest in the indicated time, draws a penalty.
Cooperative joint ventures[edit]
Co-operative Joint Ventures (CJVs)[citation needed] are permitted under the Sino-Foreign Co-operative Joint Ventures. Co-operative enterprises are also called Contractual Operative Enterprises.
The CJVs may have a limited structure or unlimited – therefore, there are two versions. The limited-liability version is similar to the EJVs in status of permissions - the foreign investor provides the majority of funds and technology and the Chinese party provides land, buildings, equipment, etc. However, there are no minimum limits on the foreign partner which allows him to be a minority shareholder.
The other format of the CJV is similar to a partnership where the parties jointly incur unlimited liability for the debts of the enterprise with no separate legal person being created. In both the cases, the status of the formed enterprise is that of a legal Chinese person which can hire labor directly as, for example, a Chinese national contactor. The minimum of the capital is registered at various levels of investment.
Other differences from the EJV are to be noted:
A Co-operative JV does not have to be a legal entity.
The partners in a CJV are allowed to share profit on an agreed basis, not necessarily in proportion to capital contribution. This proportion also determines the control and the risks of the enterprise in the same proportion.
It may be possible to operate in a CJV in a restricted area
A CJV could allow negotiated levels of management and financial control, as well as methods of recourse associated with equipment leases and service contracts. In an EJV management control is through allocation of Board seats.[12]
During the term of the venture, the foreign participant can recover his investment, provided the contract prescribes that and all fixed assets will become the property of the Chinese participant on termination of the JV.
Foreign partners can often obtain the desired level of control by negotiating management, voting, and staffing rights into a CJV's articles; since control does not have to be allocated according to equity stakes.
Convenience and flexibility are the characteristics of this type of investment. It is therefore easier to find co-operative partners and to reach an agreement.
With changes in the law, it becomes possible to merge with a Chinese company for a quick start. A foreign investor does not need to set up a new corporation in China. Instead, the investor uses the Chinese partner's business license, under a contractual arrangement. Under the CJV, however, the land stays in the possession of the Chinese partner.
There is another advantage: the percentage of the CJV owned by each partner can change throughout the JV's life, giving the option to the foreign investor, by holding higher equity, obtains a faster rate of return with the concurrent wish of the Chinese partner of a later larger role of maintaining long-term control.
The parties in any of the ventures, EJV, CJV or WFOE prepare a feasibility study outlined above. It is a non-binding document - the parties are still free to choose not to proceed with the project. The feasibility study must cover the fundamental technical and commercial aspects of the project, before the parties can proceed to formalize the necessary legal documentation. The study should contain details referred to earlier under Feasibility Study[citation needed] (submissions by the Chinese partner).
Wholly Foreign Owned Enterprises (WFOEs)[edit]
Main article: Wholly Foreign-Owned Enterprise
There is basic law of the PRC concerning enterprises with sole foreign investment controls, WFOEs. China's entry into the World Trade Organization (WTO) around 2001 has had profound effects on foreign investment. Not being a JV, they are considered here only in comparison or contrast.
To implement WTO commitments, China publishes from time to time updated versions of its "Catalogs Investments" (affecting ventures) prohibited, restricted.
The WFOE is a Chinese legal person and has to obey all Chinese laws. As such, it is allowed to enter into contracts with appropriate government authorities to acquire land use rights, rent buildings, and receive utility services. In this it is more similar to a CJV than an EJV.
WFOEs are expected by PRC to use the most modern technologies and to export at least 50% of their production, with all of the investment is to be wholly provided by the foreign investor and the enterprise is within his total control.
WFOEs are typically limited liability enterprises[13] (like with EJVs) but the liability of the Directors, Managers, Advisers, and Suppliers depends on the rules which govern the Departments or Ministries which control product liability, worker safety or environmental protection.
An advantage the WFOE enjoys over its alternates is enhanced protection of its know-how but a principal disadvantage is absence of an interested and influential Chinese party.
Parts of this article (those related to Distribution Analysis of JV in Industry) need to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (November 2013)
As of the 3rd Quarter 2004 WFOEs had replaced EJVs and CJVs as follows:[12]
Distribution Analysis of JV in Industry - PRC
Type JV
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004 (3Qr)
WFOE 46.9 50.3 60.2 62.4 66.8
EJV,% 35.8 34.7 20.4 29.6 26.9
CJV,% 15.9 12.9 9.6 7.2 5.2
Misc JV* 1.4 2.1 1.8 1.8 1.1
CJVs (No.)** 1735 1589 1595 1547 996
(*)=Financial Ventures by EJVs/CJVs (**)=Approved JVs
Foreign Investment Companies Limited By Shares (FICLBS)[edit]
These enterprises are formed under the Sino-Foreign Investment Act. The capital is composed of value of stock in exchange for the value of the property given to the enterprise. The liability of the shareholders, including debt, is equal to the number of shares purchased by each partner.
The registered capital of the company the share of the paid-in capital. The minimum amount of the registered capital of the company should be RMB 30 million. These companies can be listed on the only two PRC Stock Exchanges – the Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges. Shares of two types are permitted on these Exchanges – Types "A" and Type "B" shares.
Type A are only to be used by Chinese nationals and can be traded only in RMB. Type "B" shares are denominated in Remembi but can be traded in foreign exchange and by Chinese nationals having foreign exchange. Further, State enterprises which have been approved for corporatization can trade in Hong Kong in "H" share and in NYSE exchanges.
"A" shares are issued to and traded by Chinese nationals. They are issued and traded in Renminbi. "B" shares are denominated in Renminbi but are traded in foreign currency. From March 2001, in addition to foreign investors, Chinese nationals with foreign currency can also trade "B" shares.
Investment Companies by Foreign Investors (ICFI)[edit]
Investment Companies are those established in China by sole foreign-funded business or jointly with Chinese partners who engage in direct investment. It has to be incorporated as a company with limited liability.
The total amount of the investor's assets during the year preceding the application to do business in China has to be no less than US $400 million within the territory of China. The paid-in capital contribution has to exceed $10 million. Furthermore, more than 3 project proposals of the investor's intended investment projects must have been approved. The shares subscribed and held by foreign Investment Companies by Foreign Investors (ICFI) should be 25%. The investment firm can be established as an EJV
Joint ventures in India[edit]
JV companies are the preferred form of corporate investment but there are no separate laws for joint ventures. Companies which are incorporated in India are treated on par as domestic companies.
The above two parties subscribe to the shares of the JV company in agreed proportion, in cash, and start a new business.
Two parties, (individuals or companies), incorporate a company in India. Business of one party is transferred to the company and as consideration for such transfer, shares are issued by the company and subscribed by that party. The other party subscribes for the shares in cash.
Promoter shareholder of an existing Indian company and a third party, who/which may be individual/company, one of them non-resident or both residents, collaborate to jointly carry on the business of that company and its shares are taken by the said third party through payment in cash.
Private companies (only about $2500 is the lower limit of capital, no upper limit) are allowed[14] in India together with and public companies, limited or not, likewise with partnerships. sole proprietorship too are allowed. However, the latter are reserved for NRIs.
Through capital market operations foreign companies can transact on the two exchanges without prior permission of RBI but they cannot own more than 10 percent equity in paid-up capital of Indian enterprises, while aggregate foreign institutional investment (FII) in an enterprise is capped at 24 percent.
The establishment of wholly owned subsidiaries (WOS) and project offices and branch offices, incorporated in India or not. Sometimes, it is understood, that branches are started to test the market and get its flavor. Equity transfer from residents to non-residents in mergers and acquisitions (M&A) is usually permitted under the automatic route. However, if the M&As are in sectors and activities requiring prior government permission (Appendix 1 of the Policy) then transfer can proceed only after permission.[15]
Joint ventures with trading companies are allowed together with imports of secondhand plants and machinery.
It is expected that in a JV, the foreign partner supplies technical collaboration and the pricing includes the foreign exchange component, while the Indian partner makes available the factory or building site and locally made machinery and product parts. Many JVs are formed as public limited companies (LLCs) because of the advantages of limited liability.[16]
Joint ventures in Ukraine[edit]
In Ukraine most of joint ventures are operated in the form of Limited liability company,[17] as there is no legal entity form as Joint venture. Protection of the rights of foreign investors is guaranteed by Law of Ukraine "On Foreign Investment". In Ukraine, JV can be established without legal entity formation and act under so called Cooperation Agreement[18] (Dogovir pro spilnu diyalnist; Ukr. Договір про спільну діяльність). Under Ukraine civil code, CA can be established by two or more parties; rights and obligations of the parties are regulated by the agreement. Cooperation agreement has been widely spread in Ukraine, mainly in the field of oil and gas production.
See also[edit]
Common purpose, also known as a "joint enterprise" (criminal law)
Division (business)
Institute
International joint venture
Joint venture broker
Partnership
Subsidiary
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Roos, Alexander; Khanna, Dinesh; Verma, Sharad; Lang, Nikolaus; Dolya, Alex; Nath, Gaurav; Hammoud, Tawfik. "Getting More Value from Joint Ventures". Transaction Advisors. ISSN 2329-9134.
Jump up ^ "Joint ventures in Lebanese and European law". Mallat.com. Archived from the original on 2012-01-26. Retrieved 2012-01-01.
Jump up ^ "Memorandum of Association of Wiki Educational Resources Limited" (PDF). Upload.org. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Articles of Incorporation Law & Legal Definition". Definitions.uslegal.com. Retrieved 2012-01-01.
Jump up ^ "Legal Information for U.S. Organizations (Businesses and Nonprofits)". Managementhelp.org. Archived from the original on February 8, 2010. Retrieved 2012-01-01.
Jump up ^ "Shareholders Agreement" (PDF). Airportsindia.org. Retrieved 2012-01-01.
Jump up ^ "Ukpga_20060046_en" (PDF). Opsi.gov.uk. Retrieved 2012-01-01.
Jump up ^ "China statistics, China data, China facts and figures". Chinatoday.com. 2008-10-08. Retrieved 2012-01-01.
Jump up ^ "Law of the People's Republic of China on Chinese-Foreign Joint Ventures". China.org.cn. Retrieved 2012-01-01.
Jump up ^ "The Pros and Cons of Joint Ventures". IFLR. Retrieved 2012-01-01.
Jump up ^ "THE 2010 DECHERT GUIDE TO FOREIGN INVESTMENT IN CHINA" (PDF). Dechert.com. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Cooperative Joint Ventures - CBR Jan-Feb 2005". Chinabusinessreview.com. Retrieved 2012-01-01.
Jump up ^ Huang, Flora. "WFOE Guide". shanghai-attorney.com. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "Business in India". Xebecindia.in. Retrieved 2012-01-01.
Jump up ^ "Home-Page - Institut français des relations internationales". IFRI. Retrieved 2012-01-01.
Jump up ^ "JOINT VENTURES IN INDIA" (PDF). Majmudarindia.com. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Thor, Anatoliy. "LLC legislation in Ukraine". En.clc.co.ua. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Thor, Anatoliy. "Formation of Joint venture in Ukraine". En.clc.co.ua. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
External links[edit]
Cornell Law School's Joint Venture Info Page Contains legal information and relevant definitions regarding joint venture partnerships
Joint Ventures Staged a Quiet Comeback Article written by Gerard Baynham, published in Chief Executive, evaluating joint venture performance.
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Spectrum Sports (Ohio)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Spectrum Sports
Launched
September 1998 (central Ohio),
April 2004 (SW Ohio),
August 2006 (NE Ohio),
September 2009 (statewide)
Network
Spectrum Sports
Owned by
Charter Communications
Broadcast area
Cleveland, Ohio, Columbus, Ohio, Cincinnati, Ohio, Dayton, Ohio, Akron, Ohio & surrounding areas
Headquarters
Columbus, Ohio
Formerly called
TWTV, Time Warner Cable Connections, Time Warner NE Ohio Network (NEON), Central Ohio Sport! TV, Time Warner Cable Sports Channel Ohio
Sister channel(s)
Spectrum Sports (New York),
Spectrum Sports (Wisconsin),
Spectrum Sports (Kansas City),
Spectrum SportsNet (Los Angeles)
Spectrum Sports (Florida)
Website
Northeast Ohio
Mid Ohio
Southwest Ohio
Availability
Cable
Spectrum Mid-Ohio, NE Ohio, SW Ohio systems
311 (SD)
1311 (HD)
510 (SD) (formerly Insight)
511 (HD) (formerly Insight)
Spectrum Sports is a regional sports network serving Ohio and parts of northern Kentucky, southern Michigan and western Pennsylvania operated by Charter Communications through its acquisition of Time Warner Cable in May 2016. Broadcasting on Channel 311 and 1311 exclusively on Time Warner Cable systems. It is currently not carried by any satellite providers. The network reaches more than 2.4 million viewers across three states and delivers more than 200 high definition events each year.
The channel began in September 1998 [1] in Columbus, Ohio as a partnership between Insight Communications and Time Warner Cable called "Central Ohio Sport! Television." Similar channels debuted in February 2004 to Dayton and in 2006 to Cincinnati [2] as TWTV and in Cleveland and Akron/Canton,_Ohio as NEON. In August 2012 the service replaced four regional part-time sports channels (Central Ohio Sport! Television, TWTV, Time Warner Cable Sports 24, and NE Ohio Network) into a three-zoned statewide sports network that serves 83 of Ohio's 88 counties.
It was reported that on November 17 and 18, 2015, the network will air Before The League - a documentary series on the history of professional American football in Ohio.[3]
Currently the channel is the home to the Columbus Crew, one of the original Major League Soccer franchises; Mid-American Conference college football and basketball including University of Akron, Bowling Green State University, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Kent State University, Miami University, Ohio University, Ball State University, Central Michigan University, Eastern Michigan University, Northern Illinois University, University of Toledo, and Western Michigan University; Wright State Raiders, Dayton Flyers basketball; and the Ohio High School Athletic Association. The channel airs supplemental local shows, smaller collegiate sports, and other minor professional sports within the Ohio, Kentucky, Pennsylvania franchise areas of Time Warner Cable.
After the construction of a new high definition studio and control room in the fall of 2014, Time Warner Cable SportsChannel debuted multiple new sports programs including #Hooley, College Gametime Ohio, and Armchair Quarterbacks.
Programming[edit]
The following shows are produced and carried by Spectrum Sports (Ohio):
More Sports & Les Levine – Ohio's longest running live sports talk show. Hosted by Les Levine.
#Hooley - Weekly sports talk show hosted by Bruce Hooley.
College Gametime Ohio - Weekly college football show hosted by Greg Miller.
Armchair Quarterbacks - Weekly football analysis show hosted by David Bacon, Bud Shaw, and Les Levine.
Varsity Rivals – Ohio’s high schools have some of the best, long running, football rivals in the country.
Game Changers – Each episode takes a look at three different Ohio high school coaching legends.
HS Sports Insider – A compilation of the best and brightest high school athletes from across the state.
Fantasy Huddle – The ultimate show for NFL fantasy teams and players looking to get an edge.
College Gametime – Weekly program that covers college football and basketball.
Miami Magazine – Weekly show featuring Miami University athletics.
Pro Football Hall of Fame Induction – Various events surrounding the Pro Football Hall of Fame Induction Ceremonies
The following sporting events are carried by Spectrum Sports (Ohio):
Columbus Crew (Major League Soccer)
Mid-American Conference basketball and football
Ohio High School Athletic Association high school games weekly, playoffs and championships
Miami Redhawks hockey
Dayton Flyers men's basketball
Columbus Clippers and Toledo Mud Hens (International League baseball)
Other shows that air on Spectrum Sports (Ohio):
Raceline
Future Phenoms
Sled Head
Torc Unleased
Xtream Racing
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "No one covers Central Ohio like Central Ohio Sport! TV" (Press release). Northwest Columbus News. May 31, 2000. Retrieved November 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Sports games a boost for Time Warner" (Press release). Dayton Business Journal. January 16, 2006. Retrieved March 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ "‘Before the League’ documentary targets pre-NFL era". Ironton Tribune. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
External links[edit]
Northeast Ohio
Mid Ohio
Southwest Ohio
[show]
v
t
e
Television stations in Central Ohio and Greater Columbus
Reception may vary by location and some stations may only be viewable with cable television
Network O&Os are in bold
Commercial stations
WCMH-TV (4.1 NBC, 4.2 MeTV, 4.3 ION, 4.4 Laff)
WSYX (6.1 ABC, 6.2 MNTV/This, 6.3 ANT)
WBNS-TV (10.1 CBS, 10.2 H&I, Decades)
WDEM-CD (17.1 TLM, 17.2 Justice, 17.3 Bounce, 17.4 AZA)
W23BZ-D (23.1 Ind./Bounce TV, 23.2 AZA)
WTTE (28.1 Fox, 28.2 TBD, 28.3 ASN)
WCSN-LD (32.1 Movies!, 32.2 Cozi, 32.3 Dalmar TV, 32.4 Afro 1 TV, 32.5 Guide Us TV, 32.6 Biz TV, 32.7 Youtoo America, 32.8 Infomercials)
W44DC-D 44 (HSN)
WCPX-LP 48 (Mexicanal)
WWHO (53.1 CW, 53.2 Charge!, 53.3 Comet)
Non-profit stations
Public television
WOSU-TV (34.1 PBS, 34.2 The Ohio Channel, 34.3 Create, 34.4 PBS Kids)
Religious
WGCT-CD 8 (Ind.)
WCLL-CD (19.1 DS HD, 19.2 DS SD)
WSFJ-TV (51.1 TBN, 51.2 Church, 51.3 JUCE TV, 51.4 Enlace, 51.5 SoaC)
Outlying areas
WMNO-CD 22 (Ind., Marion)
WOCB-CD 39/WXCB-CA 42 (Ind., Marion/Delaware)
WOUB-TV 20 (PBS, Athens)
WOUC-TV 44 (PBS, Cambridge)
WMFD-TV 68 (Ind., Mansfield)
Cable-only stations
Fox Sports Ohio
The Ohio Channel
SportsTime Ohio
Spectrum Sports (Mid Ohio)
Adjacent locals
Cleveland
WKYC (3.1 NBC, 3.2 Justice, 3.3 Cozi)
WEWS-TV (5.1 ABC, 5.2 Grit, 5.3 Laff)
WJW (8.1 Fox, 8.2 ANT)
Dayton
WHIO-TV (7.1 CBS, 7.2 MeTV, 7.3 Laff)
Lima
WTLW (44.1 Ind., 44.2 WOSN)
Toledo
WTOL (11.1 CBS, 11.2 MeTV, 11.3 Grit)
Zanesville
WHIZ-TV (18.1 NBC)
Defunct
ONN
WGSF 31 (PBS)
Ohio broadcast television
Charleston/Huntington, West Virginia
Cincinnati
Cleveland/Akron
Columbus
Dayton
Ft. Wayne, Indiana
Lima
Marietta/Parkersburg, West Virginia
Steubenville/Wheeling, West Virginia
Toledo
Youngstown
Zanesville
[show]
v
t
e
Television in Northeast Ohio, including Cleveland, Akron, and Canton
Reception may vary by location and some stations may only be viewable with cable television
Local stations
WKYC (3.1 NBC, 3.2 Justice, 3.3 COZI)
WEWS-TV (5.1 ABC, 5.2 Grit, 5.3 Laff)
WLFM-LP 6 (Radio)
WJW (8.1 Fox, 8.2 Antenna TV)
W16DO-D (16.1 Retro TV)
WDLI-TV (17.1 TBN, 17.2 Hillsong, 17.3 Smile/JUCE, 17.4 Enlace, 17.5 Salsa)
WOIO (19.1 CBS, 19.2 MeTV)
WQDI-LD (20.1 Estrella TV, 20.2 Cheddar, 20.3 Comet, 20.4 ASN, 20.5 Decades, 20.6 QVC Plus, 20.7 OnTV4U)
WVPX-TV (23.1 Ion, 23.2 Qubo, 23.3 Ion Life, 23.4 Ion Shop, 23.5 QVC, 23.6 HSN)
WVIZ (25.1 PBS, 25.2 OH Chan, 25.3 World, 25.4 Create, 25.5 PBS Kids, 25.9 CSCN audio only)
WEKA-LD (41.1 COZI, 41.2 Buzzr, 41.3 SBN, 41.4 Liquidation, 41.5 QVC, 41.6 JTV, 41.7 Tuff TV)
WUAB (43.1 MNTV, 43.2 Bounce, 43.3 Grit)
WEAO (49.1 PBS, 49.2 Fusion, 49.3 MHz)
WCDN-LD (53.1 Daystar)
WBNX-TV (55.1 CW, 55.2 Happy, 55.3 Movies!, 55.4 H&I)
WQHS-DT (61.1 UNI, 61.2, UniMás, 61.3 GetTV, 61.4 Escape)
Outlying areas
WIVD-LD 22/W27DG-D 27/WIVN-LD 29/WIVM-LD 39/WIVX-LD 51 (x.1 IND/This TV, x.2 This TV, x.3 Comet TV, x.4 WJDD audio only)
WOHZ-CD (41.1 Weather radar/Ind)
W41AP 41 (Ind)
WRLM (47.1 TCT, 47.2 TCT HD, 47.3 variety, 47.4 ABN)
W47AB 47 (PBS via WOSU-TV)
WGGN-TV (52.1 Religious,Ind, 52.2 WGGN-FM)
WMFD-TV (68.1 Ind, 68.2 WOHZ-CD 41.1 Weather radar/Ind)
Cable-only stations
Fox Sports Ohio
SportsTime Ohio
Medina Cable Access
Spectrum Sports (Ohio)
ATSC 3.0 digital television
WI9X3Y (UHF 31 FOX)
Defunct stations
WAKN-LP 11
WICA-TV 15
WRAP-LP 32
W32AR 32 (TBN)
WKBF-TV 61
Mobile DTV
WKYC (3.1 NBC)
Ohio broadcast television
Charleston/Huntington, West Virginia
Cincinnati
Cleveland/Akron
Columbus
Dayton
Ft. Wayne, Indiana
Lima
Marietta/Parkersburg, West Virginia
Steubenville/Wheeling, West Virginia
Toledo
Youngstown
Zanesville
See also
Erie and Ontario TV
[show]
v
t
e
Television stations in the SW Ohio/NE Kentucky/SE Indiana area, including Cincinnati, Covington and Newport
Reception may vary by location and some stations may only be viewable with cable television
Network O&Os are in bold
Commercial stations
WLWT (5.1 NBC, 5.2 MeTV)
WCPO (9.1 ABC, 9.2 Escape, 9.3 Laff)
WKRC (12.1 CBS, 12.2 CW, 12.3 ASN)
WXIX (19.1 Fox, 19.2 Bounce, 19.3 Grit)
WOTH-CD (20.1 Movies!, 20.2 Decades, 20.3 Buzzr, 20.4 H&I, 20.5 AMGTV/Newsmax, 20.6 Action, 20.7 HSN, 20.8 Evine)
WBQC-LD (25.1 Cozi, 25.2 This, 25.3 Retro, 25.4 JTV, 25.5 Heartland, 25.6 SonLife)
WSTR (64.1 MNTV, 64.2 Antenna, 64.3 Comet, 64.4 TBD)
Non-profit stations
Public television
WPTO (14.1 PBS HD, 14.2 Prime, 14.3 PBS Kids, 14.4 World/Ohio Channel, 14.5 PBS SD)
WCET (48.1 PBS, 48.2 Create, 48.3 ind.)
WCVN 54 (54.1 PBS/KET, 54.2 PBS Encore/KET2, 54.3 KY Channel, 54.4 PBS Kids)
Religious
WDYC-LD (36.1 DS)
WKOI (43.1 TBN, 43.2 Hillsong, 43.3 JUCE TV/Smile, 43.4 Enlace, 43.5 TBN Salsa)
Local cable channels
Fox Sports Ohio
The Ohio Channel
Spectrum News Kentucky (fmrly. cn|2)
Spectrum Sports
WCM
Outlying areas
W23DM-D (23.1 KET/PBS, 23.2 PBS Encore/KET2, 23.3 KY Channel, 23.4 PBS Kids - Augusta (KY))
W20CT-D (20.1 KET/PBS, 20.2 PBS Encore/KET2, 20.3 KY Channel, 20.4 PBS Kids - Falmouth(KY))
WKON-TV (52.1 PBS/KET, 52.2 PBS Encore/KET2, 52.3 KY Channel, 52.4 PBS Kids, - Owenton (KY))
Defunct channels
W17AY (17 TBN)
ONN
SportsChannel Cincinnati
Ohio broadcast television
Charleston/Huntington, West Virginia
Cincinnati
Cleveland/Akron
Columbus
Dayton
Ft. Wayne, Indiana
Lima
Marietta/Parkersburg, West Virginia
Steubenville/Wheeling, West Virginia
Toledo
Youngstown
Zanesville
Kentucky broadcast television areas by city
Bowling Green
Charleston, WV
Cincinnati, OH
Evansville, IN
Knoxville, TN
Lexington
Louisville
Paducah
See also
Indianapolis TV
[hide]
v
t
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Charter Communications
Leadership
Thomas M. Rutledge (CEO)
Internet properties
Spectrum Internet
Cable
television
channels
In Demand
Hot Choice
Music Choice
News channels
Austin
Buffalo
Capital Region
Central NY
Florida
Bay News 9
News 13
InfoMás
New York City
NY1
NY1 Noticias
NY1 Rail and Road
North Carolina
Rochester
Sports channels
Florida
Hawaii
Kansas City
Los Angeles
SportsNet/Deportes
SportsNet/Deportes LA
SportsNet New York (part ownership)
Ohio
Wisconsin
Local / Regional
Charter TV3 (Worcester)
Spectrum Community (Southern California)
Spectrum OC16 (Hawaii)
Defunct
Charter Sports Southeast
ExerciseTV
MOJO HD
Spectrum Community (Maine)
Spectrum Sports
Carolinas
New York (Upstate)
Texas
[show]
v
t
e
Sports television in the United States
Broadcast
divisions
English
CBS Sports
ESPN on ABC
Fox Sports
NBC Sports
Stadium
Turner Sports
Spanish
Azteca Deportes
Telemundo Deportes (Telemundo/Universo)
Univision Deportes
National
channels
English
beIN Sports
CBS Sports Network
ESPN
ESPN2
FS1
FS2
NBCSN
Olympic Channel
Spanish
beIN Sports en Español
ESPN Deportes
Fox Deportes
Univision Deportes Network
Specialty
channels
College
Big Ten Network
ESPNU
Fox College Sports
Pac-12 Network
SEC Network
Single sport
Cricket TicketO
ESPN College Extra
ESPN Goal Line/Buzzer BeaterP
Fox Soccer PlusP
GOL TV
Golf Channel
In DemandP
MAVTV
MLB Network
MLB Extra InningsO
MLB Strike ZoneP
MLS Direct KickO
NBA League PassO
NBA TV
NFL Network
NFL RedZoneP
NFL Sunday TicketO
NHL Network
NHL Center IceO
Tennis Channel
TVG
TVG2
Willow
Outdoors
The Cowboy Channel
Frost Great Outdoors
Outdoor Channel
Sportsman Channel
World Fishing Network
Pursuit Channel
Other
Eleven Sports Network
ESPN Classic
ESPNews
ESPN PPVP
Ride TV
Syndicators
ACC Network (Raycom Sports)
ESPN Events
Broadband
Fox Sports Go
Global Wrestling Network
MLB.tv
UFC Fight Pass
WatchESPN (ESPN3)
WWE Network
WWNLive
Video on demand
The Ski Channel
Surf Channel
[show]
v
t
e
Regional sports television networks in the United States
AT&T SportsNet
Pittsburgh
Rocky Mountain
Southwest
Root Sports Northwest (part-ownership)
Fox Sports Networks
Arizona
Detroit
Florida / Sun
Midwest
Indiana
Kansas City
North
Ohio / SportsTime Ohio
Southeast / South
Carolinas
Tennessee
Southwest
Oklahoma
New Orleans
West / Prime Ticket
San Diego
Wisconsin
YES Network
NBC Sports Regional Networks
(Comcast)
Bay Area
Boston
California
Chicago
Northwest
Oregon Sports Network
Washington
Philadelphia
Spectrum Sports
(Charter)
Florida
Kansas City
Los Angeles
SportsNet/Deportes
SportsNet LA
SportsNet New York (part ownership)
Ohio
Wisconsin
Independents
Altitude Sports
Buckeye Cable Sports
BYUtv Sports
Cox Sports TV
FiOS1
Longhorn Network
Mid-Atlantic Sports
Midco Sports
MSG Network
Plus
Western NY
NESN
SportsNet NY
SWX Right Now
[show]
v
t
e
Defunct television sports networks in the United States
National
America One
American Sports Classics
American Sports Network
Back9Network
Baseball Network
Big 12 Network
CNN SI
ESPN 3D
Football Network
Fox Soccer
Lorimar Sports Network
Mizlou
NASCAR Hot Pass
NewSport
One World Sports
ONTV
SEC TV
Speed
SportsChannel America
Sports Network
Universal Sports Network
Regional
4SD
Carolinas SE
Cox Sports
Empire
Hawkvision
MountainWest
PASS Sports
Prime
PRISM
Royals Sports
SportsChannel LA
Sportsvision
Sports Time
Victory
Out-of-market
ESPN Full Court
ESPN GamePlan
Mega March Madness
O. Out-of-market sports packages
P. Premium channel
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spectrum_Sports_(Ohio)&oldid=783509004"
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Spectrum Sports Channel
Television stations in Cleveland
Television stations in Columbus, Ohio
Television stations in Cincinnati
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Dark fermentation
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Dark fermentation is the fermentative conversion of organic substrate to biohydrogen. It is a complex process manifested by diverse groups of bacteria, involving a series of biochemical reactions using three steps similar to anaerobic conversion. Dark fermentation differs from photofermentation in that it proceeds without the presence of light.
Fermentative/hydrolytic microorganisms hydrolyze complex organic polymers to monomers which are further converted to a mixture of lower-molecular-weight organic acids and alcohols by obligatory producing acidogenic bacteria.
Utilization of wastewater as a potential substrate for biohydrogen production has been drawing considerable interest in recent years especially in the dark fermentation process. Industrial wastewater as a fermentative substrate for H2 production addresses most of the criteria required for substrate selection viz., availability, cost and biodegradability (Angenent, et al., 2004; Kapdan and Kargi, 2006). Chemical wastewater (Venkata Mohan, et al., 2007a,b), cattle wastewater (Tang, et al., 2008), dairy process wastewater (Venkata Mohan, et al. 2007c, Rai et al. 2012), starch hydrolysate wastewater (Chen, et al., 2008) and designed synthetic wastewater (Venkata Mohan, et al., 2007a, 2008b) have been reported to produce biohydrogen apart from wastewater treatment from dark fermentation processes using selectively enriched mixed cultures under acidophilic conditions. Various wastewaters viz., paper mill wastewater (Idania, et al., 2005), starch effluent (Zhang, et al., 2003), food processing wastewater (Shin et al., 2004, van Ginkel, et al., 2005), domestic wastewater (Shin, et al., 2004, 2008e), rice winery wastewater (Yu et al., 2002), distillery and molasses based wastewater (Ren, et al., 2007, Venkata Mohan, et al., 2008a), wheat straw wastes (Fan, et al., 2006) and palm oil mill wastewater (Vijayaraghavan and Ahmed, 2006) have been studied as fermentable substrates for H2 production along with wastewater treatment. Using wastewater as a fermentable substrate facilitates both wastewater treatment apart from H2 production. The efficiency of the dark fermentative H2 production process was found to depend on pre-treatment of the mixed consortia used as a biocatalyst, operating pH, and organic loading rate apart from wastewater characteristics (Venkata Mohan, et al., 2007d, 2008c, d, Vijaya Bhaskar, et al., 2008d).
In spite of its advantages, the main challenge observed with fermentative H2 production processes is the relatively low energy conversion efficiency from the organic source. Typical H2 yields range from 1 to 2 mol of H2/mol of glucose, which results in 80-90% of the initial COD remaining in the wastewater in the form of various volatile organic acids (VFAs) and solvents, such as acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, and ethanol. Even under optimal conditions about 60-70% of the original organic matter remains in solution. Bioaugmentation with selectively enriched acidogenic consortia to enhance H2 production was also reported (Venkata Mohan, et al., 2007b). Generation and accumulation of soluble acid metabolites causes a sharp drop in the system pH and inhibits the H2 production process. Usage of unutilized carbon sources present in acidogenic process for additional biogas production sustains the practical applicability of the process. One way to utilize/recover the remaining organic matter in a usable form is to produce additional H2 by terminal integration of photo-fermentative processes of H2 production (Venkata Mohan, et al. 2008e, Rai et al. 2012) and methane by integrating acidogenic processes to terminal methanogenic processes.
See also[edit]
Biogas
Biohydrogen
Biological hydrogen production (algae)
Biomass
Electrohydrogenesis
Fermentation (biochemistry)
Microbial fuel cell
References[edit]
Angenent, L.T., Karim, K., Al-Dahhan, M.H., Wrenn, B.A., Domíguez-Espinosa, R., 2004. "Production of bioenergy and biochemicals from industrial and agricultural wastewater". Trends in Biotechnology 22, 477-85
Chen, S.-D., Lee, K.-S., Lo, Y.-C., Chen, W.-M., Wu, J.-F., Lin, C.-Y., Chang, J.-S.,2008, "Batch and continuous biohydrogen production from starch hydrolysate by Clostridium species". Int J Hydrogen Energy 33, 1803-12
Dabrock, B., Bahl, H., Gottschalk, G., 1992. "Parameters affecting solvent production by Clostridium pasteurianum", Appl Environ Microbiol, 58, 1233-9
Das, D., Veziroglu, T.N., 2001. "Hydrogen production by biological process: a survey of literature". Int J Hydrogen Energy 26, 13-28
Das, D., 2008, "International workshop on biohydrogen production technology" (IWBT 2008),7–9 February 2008, IIT Kharapgur. Int J Hydrogen Energy 33, 2627-8
Fan, Y.T, Zhang, Y.H., Zhang, S.F., Hou, H-W., Ren, B-Z., 2006. "Efficient conversion of wheat straw wastes into biohydrogen gas by cow dung compost". Biores Technol 97, 500-5
Ferchichi, M., Crabbe, E., Gwang-Hoon, G., Hintz, W., Almadidy, A., 2005. "Influence of initial pH on hydrogen production from cheese whey". J Biotechnol 120, 402-9
Idania, V.V., Richard, S., Derek, R., Noemi, R.S., Hector, M.P.V., 2005. "Hydrogen generation via anaerobic fermentation of paper mill wastes". Biores Technol 96, 1907-13
Kapdan, I. K., Kargi, F., 2006. "Bio-hydrogen production from waste materials", Enzyme Microb Technol 38, 569–82
Kim, J., Park, C., Kim, T-H., Lee, M., Kim, S., Kim, S., Seung-Wook., Lee, J., 2003. "Effects of various pretreatments for enhanced anaerobic digestion with waste activated sludge". J. Biosci. Bioeng 95, 271-5
Kraemer, J.T., Bagley, D.M., 2007. "Improving the yield from fermentative hydrogen production". Biotechnol Let 29, 685–95
Logan, B.E., 2004. Feature article: "Biologically extracting energy from wastewater: Biohydrogen production and microbial fuel cells". Environ Sci Technol 38, 160A-167A
Logan, B.E., Oh, S.E., van Ginkel, S., Kim, I.S., 2002. "Biological hydrogen production measured in batch anaerobic respirometers". Environ Sci Technol 36, 2530-5
Rai, Pankaj K, Singh, S.P & Asthana, R.K . "Biohydrogen production from cheese whey wastewater in a two-step anaerobic process". Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2012, 167 (6) 1540-9
Ren, N.Q., Chua, H., Chan, S.Y., Tsang, Y.F., Wang, Y.J., Sin, N., 2007. "Assessing optimal fermentation type for bio-hydrogen production in continuous flow acidogenic reactors", Biores Technol 98, 1774-80
Roy Chowdhury, S., Cox, D., Levandowsky, M., 1988. "Production of hydrogen by microbial fermentation". Int J Hydrogen Energy 13, 407-10
Shin, H.S., Youn, J.H., Kim, S.H., 2004. "Hydrogen production from food waste in anaerobic mesophilic and thermophilic acidogenesis". Int J Hydrogen Energy 29, 1355-63
Sparling, R., Risbey, D., Poggi-Varaldo, H.M., 1997. "Hydrogen production from inhibited anaerobic composters". Int J Hydrogen Energy 22, 563–6
Tang, G., Huang, J., Sun, Z., Tang, Q., Yan, C., Liu, G., 2008. "Biohydrogen production from cattle wastewater by enriched anaerobic mixed consortia: Influence of fermentation temperature and pH". J Biosci Bioengng., 106, 80-7
Valdez-Vazquez, I., Rıos-Leal, E., Munoz-Paez, K.M., Carmona-Martınez, A., Poggi-Varaldo, H.M., 2006. "Effect of inhibition treatment, type of Inocula, and incubation temperature on batch H2 production from organic solid waste". Biotechnol Bioeng 95, 342-9
van Ginkel, S.W., Oh, S.E., Logan. B. E., 2005. "Biohydrogen gas production from food processing and domestic wastewaters". Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 30, 1535-42
Venkata Mohan, S., Vijaya Bhaskar, Y., Sarm, P.N., 2007a. "Biohydrogen production from chemical wastewater treatment by selectively enriched anaerobic mixed consortia in biofilm configured reactor operated in periodic discontinuous batch mode". Water Res 41, 2652-64
Venkata Mohan, S., Mohanakrishna G., Veer Raghuvulu S., Sarma, P.N., 2007b. "Enhancing biohydrogen production from chemical wastewater treatment in anaerobic sequencing batch biofilm reactor (AnSBBR) by bioaugmenting with selectively enriched kanamycin resistant anaerobic mixed consortia". Int J Hydrogen Energy 32, 3284–92
Venkata Mohan, S., Lalit Babu, V., Sarma, P.N., 2007c. "Anaerobic biohydrogen production from dairy wastewater treatment in sequencing batch reactor (AnSBR): Effect of organic loading rate". Enzyme and Microbial Technology 41(4), 506-15
Venkata Mohan, S., Bhaskar, Y.B., Krishna, T.M., Chandrasekhara Rao N., Lalit Babu V., Sarma, P.N., 2007d. "Biohydrogen production from chemical wastewater as substrate by selectively enriched anaerobic mixed consortia: Influence of fermentation pH and substrate composition". Int J Hydrogen Energy, 32, 2286–95
Venkata Mohan, S., Mohanakrishna, G., Ramanaiah, S.V, Sarma, P.N., 2008a. "Simultaneous biohydrogen production and wastewater treatment in biofilm configured anaerobic periodic discontinuous batch reactor using distillery wastewater". Int J Hydrogen Energy 33(2), 550-8
Venkata Mohan, S., Mohanakrishna, G., Ramanaiah, S.V, Sarma, P.N., 2008b. "Integration of acidogenic and methanogenic processes for simultaneous production of biohydrogen and methane from wastewater treatment". Int J Hydrogen Energy 33, 2156–66
Venkata Mohan, S., Lalit Babu, V., Sarma, P.N., 2008c. "Effect of various pre-treatment methods on anaerobic mixed microflora to enhance biohydrogen production utilizing dairy wastewater as substrate". Biores Technol 99, 59-67
Venkata Mohan, S., Lalit Babu, V., Srikanth, S., Sarma, P.N., 2008d. "Bio-electrochemical behavior of fermentative hydrogen production process with the function of feeding pH". Int J Hydrogen Energy doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2008.05.073
Venkata Mohan, S., Srikanth, S., Dinakar, P., Sarma, P.N., 2008e. "Photo-biological hydrogen production by the adopted mixed culture: Data enveloping analysis". Int J Hydrogen Energy 33(2), 559-69
Venkata Mohan, S., Mohanakrishna,G., Reddy, S.S., Raju, B.D., Rama Rao, K.S., Sarma, P,N., 2008f. "Self-immobilization of acidogenic mixed consortia on mesoporous material (SBA-15) and activated carbon to enhance fermentative hydrogen production". Int J Hydrogen Energy doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2008.07.096
Vijaya Bhaskar, Y., Venkata Mohan S, Sarma, P.N., 2008. "Effect of substrate loading rate of chemical wastewater on fermentative biohydrogen production in biofilm configured sequencing batch reactor". Biores Technol 99, 6941–8
Vijayaraghavan, K., Ahmad, D., "Biohydrogen generation from palm oil mill effluent using anaerobic contact filter". Int J Hydrogen Energy 31, 1284-91
Yu, H., Zhu, Z., Hu, W., Zhang, H., 2002. "Hydrogen production from rice winery wastewater in an upflow anaerobic reactor by using mixed anaerobic cultures", Int J Hydrogen Energy 27, 1359-65
Zhang, T., Liu, H., Fang, H.H.P., 2003. "Biohydrogen production from starch in wastewater under thermophilic condition". J Environ Manag 69, 149-56
Zhu, H., Beland, M., 2006, "Evaluation of alternative methods of preparing hydrogen producing seeds from digested wastewater sludge". Int J Hydrogen Energy 31, 1980-8
External links[edit]
Bio-hydrogen production from wastewater
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