text:
Cruelty to animals
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
D. omitian, one of the 17 macaque monkeys to be experimented on during the animal experiment in Silver Spring.
Cruelty to animals, also called animal abuse, animal neglect or animal cruelty, is the infliction by omission (animal neglect) or by commission by humans of suffering or harm upon any non-human animal, regardless of whether the act is against the law. More narrowly, it can be the causing of harm or suffering for specific achievement, such as killing animals for food or for their fur; opinions differ about the extent of cruelty associated with a given method of slaughter. Cruelty to animals sometimes encompasses inflicting harm or suffering as an end in itself, define as zoosadism.
Divergent approaches to laws concerning animal cruelty occur in different jurisdictions throughout the world. For example, some laws govern methods of killing animals for food, clothing, or other products, and other laws concern the keeping of animals for entertainment, education, research, or pets. There are a number of conceptual approaches to the issue of cruelty to animals.
For example, the animal welfare position holds that there is nothing inherently wrong with using animals for human purposes, such as food, clothing, entertainment, and research, but that it should be done in a way that minimizes unnecessary pain and suffering, sometimes referred to as "humane" treatment.
Utilitarian advocates argue from the position of costs and benefits and vary in their conclusions as to the allowable treatment of animals. Some utilitarians argue for a weaker approach which is closer to the animal welfare position, whereas others argue for a position that is similar to animal rights. Animal rights theorists criticize these positions, arguing that the words "unnecessary" and "humane" are subject to widely differing interpretations, and that animals have basic rights. They say that the only way to ensure protection for animals is to end their status as property and to ensure that they are never used as commodities.
Contents
[hide]
1 Definition and viewpoints
2 Forms
2.1 Neglect
2.2 Industrial animal farming
2.3 Alleged link to human violence and psychological disorders
2.4 Cultural rituals
2.5 TV and film making
2.6 Circuses
2.7 Bullfighting
2.7.1 Toro embolado
2.8 Warfare
2.9 Unnecessary scientific experiments or demonstrations
2.10 No pet policies and abandonment
3 Laws by country
3.1 Africa
3.1.1 Egypt
3.1.2 South Africa
3.1.3 South Sudan
3.2 Americas
3.2.1 Argentina
3.2.2 Brazil
3.2.3 Canada
3.2.4 Chile
3.2.5 Colombia
3.2.6 Costa Rica
3.2.7 Mexico
3.2.8 United States
3.2.8.1 State welfare laws
3.2.9 Venezuela
3.3 Asia
3.3.1 China
3.3.2 Hong Kong
3.3.3 India
3.3.4 Israel
3.3.5 Japan
3.3.6 Malaysia
3.3.7 Saudi Arabia
3.3.8 South Korea
3.3.9 Taiwan
3.3.10 Thailand
3.4 Europe
3.4.1 European Union
3.4.2 France
3.4.3 Germany
3.4.4 Italy
3.4.5 Ireland
3.4.6 Portugal
3.4.7 Sweden
3.4.8 Switzerland
3.4.9 Turkey
3.4.10 United Kingdom
3.5 Oceania
3.5.1 Australia
3.5.2 New Zealand
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
7 External links
Definition and viewpoints[edit]
Main articles: Animal welfare and Animal rights
Man beating a chained pitbull terrier with a strap. The strap is visible in the foreground.
Throughout history individuals have condemned various practices that they considered to be cruel to animals. Renaissance polymath Leonardo da Vinci, for example, was troubled by the sight of birds in captivity, and (according to biographer Giorgio Vasari) once purchased caged birds in order to set them free.[1] He also expressed anger within his notebooks with the fact that humans use their strength and power to raise animals for slaughter.[2]
René Descartes contrarily believed that non-humans are automata, complex machines with no soul, mind, or reason.[3] In Cartesian dualism, consciousness was unique to human among all other animals and linked to physical matter by divine grace. However, close analysis shows that many human features such as complex sign usage, tool use, and self-consciousness can be found in some animals.[4]
Charles Darwin, by presenting the theory of evolution, revolutionized the way that humans viewed their relationship with other species. Darwin believed that not only did human beings have a direct kinship with other animals, but the latter had social, mental and moral lives too. Later, in The Descent of Man (1871), he wrote: "There is no fundamental difference between man and the higher mammals in their mental faculties."[5]
Some philosophers and intellectuals, such as Peter Singer and Tom Regan, have argued that animals' ability to feel pain as humans do makes their well-being worthy of equal consideration.[6] There are many precursors of this train of thought. Jeremy Bentham, the founder of utilitarianism, famously wrote in his An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (1789):[7]
"The question is not, can they reason nor can they talk? but, can they suffer?"
These arguments have prompted some to suggest that animals' well-being should enter a social welfare function directly, not just indirectly via its effect only on human well-being.[8] In one survey of United States homeowners, 68% of respondents said they actually consider the price of meat a more important issue.[8]
Forms[edit]
Neglect[edit]
A starved and bruised horse eating at a veterinary clinic after rescue.
Animal cruelty can be broken down into two main categories: active and passive. Passive cruelty is typified by cases of neglect, in which the cruelty is a lack of action rather than the action itself. Examples of neglect are starvation, dehydration, parasite infestations, allowing a collar to grow into an animal’s skin, inadequate shelter in extreme weather conditions, and failure to seek veterinary care when necessary. In many cases of neglect in which an investigator believes that the cruelty occurred out of ignorance, the investigator may attempt to educate the pet owner, then revisit the situation. In more severe cases, exigent circumstances may require that the animal be removed for veterinary care.[9]
Industrial animal farming[edit]
Egg laying hens in a crowded cage.
A chicken egg production facility.
Farm animals are generally produced in large, industrial facilities that house thousands of animals at high densities; these are sometimes called factory farms. The industrial nature of these facilities means that many routine procedures or animal husbandry practices impinge on the welfare of the animals and could arguably be considered as "cruelty", with Henry Stephen Salt claiming in 1899 that "it is impossible to transport and slaughter vast numbers of large and highly-sensitive animals in a really humane manner".[10] It has been suggested the number of animals hunted, kept as companions, used in laboratories, reared for the fur industry, raced, and used in zoos and circuses, is insignificant compared to farm animals, and therefore the "animal welfare issue" is numerically reducible to the "farm animal welfare issue".[11] Similarly, it has been suggested by campaign groups that chickens, cows, pigs, and other farm animals are among the most numerous animals subjected to cruelty. For example, because male chickens do not lay eggs, newly hatched males are culled using macerators or grinders.[12][13] Worldwide meat overconsumption is another factor that contributes to the miserable situation of farm animals.[14] Many undercover investigators have exposed the animal cruelty taking place inside the factory farming industry and there is evidence to show that consumers provided with accurate information about the process of meat productions and the abuse that accompanies it has led to changes in their attitudes.[15]
The American Veterinary Medical Association accepts maceration subject to certain conditions, but recommends alternative methods of culling as more humane.[16][17] Egg-laying hens are then transferred to "battery cages" where they are kept in high densities. Matheny and Leahy attribute osteoporosis in hens to this caging method.[11] Broiler chickens suffer similar situations, in which they are fed steroids to grow at a super-fast speed, so fast that their bones, heart and lungs often cannot keep up. Broiler chickens under six weeks old suffer painful crippling due to fast growth rates, whilst one in a hundred of these very young birds dies of heart failure.[18]
To reduce aggression in overcrowded conditions, shortly after birth piglets are castrated, their tails are amputated, and their teeth clipped.[4] Calves are sometimes raised in veal crates, which are small stalls that essentially immobilize calves during their growth, reducing costs and preventing muscle development, making the resulting meat a pale color, preferred by consumers.[11]
Animal cruelty such as soring, which is illegal, sometimes occurs on farms and ranches, as does lawful but cruel treatment such as livestock branding. Since Ag-gag laws prohibit video or photographic documentation of farm activities, these practices have been documented by secret photography taken by whistleblowers or undercover operatives from such organizations as Mercy for Animals and the Humane Society of the United States posing as employees. Agricultural organizations such as the American Farm Bureau Federation have successfully advocated for laws that tightly restrict secret photography or concealing information from farm employers.[19]
The following are lists of invasive procedures which cause pain, routinely performed on farm animals, and housing conditions that routinely cause animal welfare concerns. It is arguable whether these practices constitute cruelty to animals.
Welfare concerns of farm animals
Species
Invasive procedures
Housing
Cattle
Branding[20]
Castration[21]
Dehorning[22]
Ear tagging[23]
Nose ringing[24]
Restraint[25]
Tail docking[26]
Tongue resection (calves)
High stocking density (feedlots)
Restricted movement (feedlots)
Veal crates
Dairy Cows
Restraint
Artificial insemination
Dehorning
Ear tagging
Tail docking
Branding
Nose ringing
High stocking density
Restricted movement
Separation from born child (calves)
Enslaved by milk machines
Pigs
Castration
Ear docking
Ear tagging
Ear notching
Nose ringing
Tail docking
Tattooing
Teeth cutting
Tusk trimming
Gestation crates
High stocking density
Restricted movement
Egg laying hens
Beak-trimming
Blinders[a]
Dubbing[b]
High stocking density
Restricted movement
Broiler chickens
Beak-trimming
High stocking density
Restricted movement
Domestic turkey
Beak-trimming
Desnooding[c]
Detoeing
Devocalization
Spur removal
Toe clipping
High stocking density
Restricted movement
Goats and sheep
Ear tagging
Ear notching
Dehorning
Marking[d]
Mulesing[e]
Tail docking
Teeth grinding[27]
High stocking density (fine wool industry, live export)
Restricted movement (fine wool industry, live export)
Ducks and Goose
Wing-clipping
Feather plucking
High stocking density
Restricted movement
Horses
Castration
Branding
Chaining
High stocking density
Restricted movement
Jump up ^ 'Blinders' or 'spectacles' are included as some versions require a pin to pierce the nasal septum.
Jump up ^ 'Dubbing' is the procedure of removing the comb, wattles and sometimes earlobes of poultry. Removing the wattles is sometimes called "dewattling".
Jump up ^ 'Desnooding' is the removal of the snood, a fleshy appendage on the forehead of turkeys.
Jump up ^ 'Marking' is the simultaneous mulesing, castration and tail docking of lambs.
Jump up ^ 'Mulesing' is the removal of strips of wool-bearing skin from around the breech (buttocks) of a sheep to prevent flystrike (myiasis)
Alleged link to human violence and psychological disorders[edit]
There are studies providing evidence of a link between animal cruelty and violence towards humans.[28][29][30][31]
Conviction statistics are thought by some to show people convicted for animal cruelty to be more likely to be violent to humans, leading experts to believe that decreasing animal abuse will, in turn, decrease domestic violence.[32] Meanwhile, others explain apparent correlation by criminal courts more often convicting the former for the latter crime as a self-fulfilling prophecy, without any actual link between the two types of actions.[33][34] Others argue that psychiatry and other authorities outside of courts keep records of who have been cruel to animals and can make biased guesses about whether or not they did violence to humans thereafter and also that they conversely record people who have been violent to humans and can be more biased towards later assuming them to have been cruel to animals, explaining apparent links by institutional bias without link between the actions themselves.[35][36]
Another criticism of these studies is the definition of cruelty as "socially disapproved behavior". Piers Bierne, for instance, has criticized existing studies for ignoring socially accepted practices (such as animal slaughter and vivisection) that might be linked to violence against humans.[37]
Intentional acts of cruelty can lead to multiple years behind bars.[38][39] These acts (of intentional animal cruelty or non-accidental injury) may be indicators of serious psychological problems.[40][41] According to the American Humane Association, 13% of intentional animal abuse cases involve domestic violence.[42] As many as 71% of pet-owning women seeking shelter at safe houses have reported that their partner had threatened and/or actually hurt or killed one or more of their pets; 32% of these women reported that one or more of their children had also hurt or killed pets. Battered women report that they are prevented from leaving their abusers because they fear what will happen to the animals in their absence. Animal abuse is sometimes used as a form of intimidation in domestic disputes.[43]
A history of torturing pets and small animals, a behavior known as zoosadism, is considered one of the signs of certain psychopathologies, including antisocial personality disorder, also known as psychopathic personality disorder . According to The New York Times, "[t]he FBI has found that a history of cruelty to animals is one of the traits that regularly appears in its computer records of serial rapists and murderers, and the standard diagnostic and treatment manual for psychiatric and emotional disorders lists cruelty to animals a diagnostic criterion for conduct disorders."[44] "A survey of psychiatric patients who had repeatedly tortured dogs and cats found all of them had high levels of aggression toward people as well, including one patient who had murdered a young boy."[44] Robert K. Ressler, an agent with the Federal Bureau of Investigation's behavioral sciences unit, studied serial killers and noted,"Murderers like this (Jeffrey Dahmer) very often start out by killing and torturing animals as kids."[45]
Cruelty to animals is one of the three components of the Macdonald triad, behavior considered to be one of the signs of violent antisocial behavior in children and adolescents. According to the studies used to form this model, cruelty to animals is a common (but not universal) behavior in children and adolescents who grow up to become serial killers and other violent criminals.
It has also been found that children who are cruel to animals have often witnessed or been victims of abuse themselves.[46] In two separate studies cited by the Humane Society of the United States, roughly one-third of families suffering from domestic abuse indicated that at least one child had hurt or killed a pet.[47]
Cultural rituals[edit]
Many times, when Asiatic elephants are captured in Thailand, handlers use a technique known as the training crush, in which "handlers use sleep-deprivation, hunger, and thirst to 'break' the elephants' spirit and make them submissive to their owners"; moreover, handlers drive nails into the elephants' ears and feet.[48]
The practice of cruelty to animals for divination purposes is found in ancient cultures, and some modern religions such as Santeria continue to do animal sacrifices for healing and other rituals. Taghairm was performed by ancient Scots to summon devils.
TV and film making[edit]
Animal cruelty has long been an issue with the art form of filmmaking, with even some big-budget Hollywood films receiving criticism for allegedly harmful—and sometimes lethal—treatment of animals during production. Court decisions have addressed films that harm animal such as videos that in part depict dogfighting.[49]
The American Humane Association (AHA) has been associated with monitoring American filmmaking since after the release of the 1939 film Jesse James, in which a horse was pushed off a plank and drowned in a body of water after having fallen 40 feet into it.[50] Initially, monitoring of animal cruelty was a partnership between the AHA and officials in the Hays Office through the Motion Picture Production Code. Provisions in the code discouraged "apparent cruelty to children and animals", and because the Hays Office had the power to enforce this clause, the American Humane Association (AHA) often had access to sets to assess adherence to it. However, because the American Humane Association's Hollywood office depended on the Hays Office for the right to monitor sets, the closure of the Hays Office in 1966 corresponded with an increase in animal cruelty on movie sets.[51]
By 1977, a three-year contract was in place between the Screen Actors Guild (SAG) and the American Federation of Television and Radio Artists which specified that the American Humane Association should be "consulted in the use of animals 'when appropriate'", but the contract did not provide a structure for what "appropriate" meant, and had no enforcement powers. This contract expired in 1980.[52]
One of the most infamous examples of animal cruelty in film was Michael Cimino's flop Heaven's Gate (1980), in which numerous animals were brutalized and even killed during production. Cimino allegedly killed chickens and bled horses from the neck to gather samples of their blood to smear on actors for Heaven's Gate, and also allegedly had a horse blown up with dynamite while shooting a battle sequence, the shot of which made it into the film. This film played a large part in renewed scrutiny of animal cruelty in films, and led to renewed official on-set jurisdiction to monitor the treatment of animals by the AHA in 1980.[50]
After the release of the film Reds (1981), the star and director of the picture, Warren Beatty apologized for his Spanish film crew's use of tripwires on horses while filming a battle scene, when Beatty wasn't present. Tripwires were used against horses when Rambo III (1988) and The 13th Warrior (1999) were being filmed. An ox was sliced nearly in half during production of Apocalypse Now (1979), while a donkey was bled to death for dramatic effect for the Danish film Manderlay (2005), in a scene later cut from the film.
There is a case of cruelty to animals in the South Korean film The Isle (2000), according to its director Kim Ki-Duk.[53] In the film, a real frog is skinned alive while fish are mutilated. Seven animals were killed for the camera in the controversial Italian film Cannibal Holocaust (1980).[54] The images in the film include the slow and graphic beheading and ripping apart of a turtle, a monkey being beheaded and its brains being consumed by natives and a spider being chopped apart. Cannibal Holocaust was only one film in a collective of similarly themed movies (cannibal films) that featured unstaged animal cruelty. Their influences were rooted in the films of Mondo filmmakers, which sometimes contained similar content. In several countries, such as the UK, Cannibal Holocaust was only allowed for release with most of the animal cruelty edited out.
More recently, the video sharing site YouTube has been criticized for hosting thousands of videos of real life animal cruelty, especially the feeding of one animal to another for the purposes of entertainment and spectacle. Although some of these videos have been flagged as inappropriate by users, YouTube has generally declined to remove them, unlike videos which include copyright infringement.[55][56]
The Screen Actors Guild (SAG) has contracted with the American Humane Association (AHA) for monitoring of animal use during filming or while on the set.[57] Compliance with this arrangement is voluntary and only applies to films made in the United States. Films monitored by the American Humane Association may bear one of their end-credit messages. Many productions, including those made in the US, do not advise AHA or SAG of animal use in films, so there is no oversight.[58]
Simulations of animal cruelty exist on television, too. On 23 September 1999 edition of WWE Smackdown!, a plot line had professional wrestler Big Boss Man trick fellow wrestler Al Snow into appearing to eat his pet chihuahua Pepper.[59][60]
Circuses[edit]
The use of animals in the circus has been controversial since animal welfare groups have documented instances of animal cruelty during the training of performing animals. Numerous instances of animal abuse in circuses have been documented such as confining enclosures, lack of regular veterinary care, abusive training methods and lack of oversight by regulating bodies.[61][62] Animal trainers have argued that some criticism is not based on fact, including beliefs that shouting makes the animals believe the trainer is going to hurt them, that caging is cruel and common, and the harm caused by the use of whips, chains or training implements.[63]
Some circuses now present animal-free acts.[64][65] Bolivia has enacted what animal rights activists called the world's first ban on all animals in circuses.[66]
Bullfighting[edit]
A bull dying in a bullfight.
Bullfighting is criticized by animal rights or animal welfare activists, referring to it as a cruel or barbaric blood sport in which the bull suffers severe stress and a slow, torturous death.[67][68][69][70] A number of activist groups undertake anti-bullfighting actions in Spain and other countries. In Spanish, opposition to bullfighting is referred to as antitaurismo.
The Bulletpoint Bullfight warns that bullfighting is "not for the squeamish", advising spectators to "be prepared for blood". It details prolonged and profuse bleeding caused by horse-mounted lancers, the charging by the bull of a blindfolded, armored horse who is "sometimes doped up, and unaware of the proximity of the bull", the placing of barbed darts by banderilleros, followed by the matador's fatal sword thrust. It stresses that these procedures are a normal part of bullfighting and that death is rarely instantaneous. It further warns those attending bullfights to "be prepared to witness various failed attempts at killing the animal before it lies down."[71]
Toro embolado[edit]
The Toro Jubilo, Madrid, 2014.
The "Toro Jubilo" or Toro embolado in Soria, Medinaceli, Spain, is a festival associated with animal cruelty. During this festival, balls of pitch are attached to a bull's horns and set on fire. The bull is then released into the streets and can do nothing but run around in pain, often smashing into walls in an attempt to douse the fire. These fiery balls can burn for hours, and they burn the bull's horns, body, and eyes – all while spectators cheer and run around the victim. The animal rights group PACMA has described the fiesta as "a clear example of animal mistreatment", and PETA calls it "a sadistic festival".[72][73][74]
A horse with a gas mask during World War I.
Warfare[edit]
Military animals are creatures that have been employed by humankind for use in warfare. They are a specific application of working animals. Examples include horses, dogs and dolphins. Only recently has the involvement of animals in war been questioned, and practices such as using animals for fighting, as living bombs (as in the use of exploding donkeys) or for military testing purposes (such as during the Bikini atomic experiments) may now be criticised for being cruel.[75][76]
Princess Anne, the Princess Royal, the patron of the British Animals in War Memorial, stated that animals adapt to what humans want them to do, but that they will not do things that they don't want to, despite training.[77] Animal participation in human conflict was commemorated in the United Kingdom in 2004 with the erection of the Animals in War Memorial in Hyde Park, London.[78]
In 2008 a video of US Marine David Motari throwing a puppy over a cliff during the Iraq conflict was popularised as an internet phenomenon and attracted widespread criticism of the soldier's actions for being an act of cruelty.[79]
Unnecessary scientific experiments or demonstrations[edit]
Under all three of the conceptual approaches to animal cruelty discussed above, performing unnecessary experiments or demonstrations upon animals that cause them substantial pain or distress may be viewed as cruelty. Due to changes in ethical standards, this type of cruelty tends to be less common today than it used to be in the past. For example, schoolroom demonstrations of oxygen depletion routinely suffocated birds by placing them under a glass cover,[80] and animals were suffocated in the Cave of Dogs[81][82][83] to demonstrate the density and toxicity of carbon dioxide to curious travellers on the Grand Tour.
No pet policies and abandonment[edit]
Many apartment complexes and rental homes institute no pet policies. No pet policies are a leading cause of animal abandonment, which is considered a crime in many jurisdictions. In many cases, abandoned pets have to be euthanized due to the strain they put on animal shelters and rescue groups. Abandoned animals often become feral or contribute to feral populations. In particular, feral dogs can pose a serious threat to pets, children, and livestock.[84] Feral cats are known to hunt endangered birds and have interbred with wild cat populations.
In Ontario, Canada, no pet policies are outlawed under the Ontario Landlord and Tenant Act and are considered invalid even when a tenant signs a lease that includes a no pets clause.[85] Similar legislation has also been considered in Manitoba.[86]
Laws by country[edit]
Chest X-ray of a cat that has been shot. White spots are lead shot.
Many jurisdictions around the world have enacted statutes which forbid cruelty to some animals but these vary by country and in some cases by the use or practice.
Africa[edit]
Egypt[edit]
Main article: Animal welfare in Egypt
Egyptian law states that anyone who inhumanely beats or intentionally kills any domesticated animal may be jailed or fined.[87] The Egyptian Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals was established by the British over a hundred years ago, and is currently administered by the Egyptians. The SPCA was instrumental in promoting a 1997 ban on bullfighting in Egypt.[88]
In ancient Egyptian law, the killers of cats or dogs were executed.[89][90]
South Africa[edit]
The Animal Protection Act No 71 of 1962 in South Africa covers "farm animals, domestic animals and birds, and wild animals, birds, and reptiles that are in captivity or under the control of humans."
The Act contains a detailed list of prohibited acts of cruelty including overloading, causing unnecessary suffering due to confinement, chaining or tethering, abandonment, unnecessarily denying food or water, keeping in a dirty or parasitic condition, or failing to provide veterinary assistance. There is also a general provision prohibiting wanton, unreasonable, or negligible commission or omission of acts resulting in unnecessary suffering. The Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries for 2013/14 to 2016/17 mentions updating animal protection legislation.[91]
The NSPCA is the largest and oldest animal welfare organisation in South Africa that enforces 90% of all animal cruelty cases in the country by means of enforcing the Animals Protection Act.
South Sudan[edit]
The Criminal Code of South Sudan has laws against maltreatment of animals. The laws read:[92]
196. Ill-treatment of Domestic Animal.
Whoever cruelly beats, tortures or otherwise willfully ill-treats any tame, domestic or wild animal, which has previously been deprived of its liberty, or arranges, promotes or organizes fights between cocks, rams, bulls or other domestic animals or encourages such acts, commits an offence, and upon conviction, shall be sentenced to imprisonment for a term not exceeding two months or with a fine.
197. Riding and Neglect of Animal.
Whoever wantonly rides, overdrives or overloads any animal or intentionally drugs or employs any animal, which by reason of age, sickness, wounds or infirmity is not in a condition to work, or neglects any animal in such a manner as to cause it unnecessary suffering, commits an offence, and upon conviction, shall be sentenced to imprisonment for a term not exceeding one month or with a fine or with both.
Americas[edit]
Argentina[edit]
In Argentina, National Law 14346 sanctions with from 15 days to one year in prison those who mistreat or inflict acts of cruelty on animals.[93]
Brazil[edit]
Main article: Animal welfare and rights in Brazil
Canada[edit]
Main article: Animal welfare and rights in Canada
In Canada, it is an offence under the Criminal Code to intentionally cause unnecessary pain, suffering or injury to an animal.[94] Poisoning animals is specifically prohibited.[94][95] It is also an offence to threaten to harm an animal belonging to someone else.[96] Most provinces and Territories also have their own animal protection legislation.[97]
The Animal Legal Defense Fund releases an annual report ranking the animal protection laws of every province and territory based on their relative strength and general comprehensiveness. In 2014, the top four jurisdictions were Manitoba, British Columbia, Ontario and Nova Scotia. The worst four were Saskatchewan, Northwest Territories, Quebec, and Nunavut.[98]
Chile[edit]
Law 20380 established sanctions including fines, from 2 to 30 Mensual Tributary Units, and prison, from 541 days to 3 years, for those involved in acts of animal cruelty. Also, it promotes animal care through school education, and establishes a Bioethics Committee to define policies related to experiments with animals.[99]
A bull fight in Bogotá, a legacy of Spanish culture. Despite being criticized by numerous organizations in Colombia, the practice of bullfighting remains legal.
Colombia[edit]
Main article: Animal rights in Colombia
In Colombia, there is little control over cruel behaviors against animals, and the government has proposed that bullfighting be declared a "Cultural Heritage"; other cruel activities like cockfighting are given the same legal treatment.[100]
Costa Rica[edit]
Toucan Grecia with 3D printed prosthetic beak after losing half its beak from a beating by youths.
A new bill has been presented to the Costa Rican legisletive assembly to better define animal cruelty and establish harsher punishments for the abuse of animals. Exceptions for events deemed "traditional", such as horse parades, rodeos and Tico-style bullfights are not provided in the bill's draft which may see motions filed against its passing.[101] The bill had stalled its motion through legislators until notorious toucan Grecia was found having lost half its top beak. The news and images of the injured toucan produced enough contributions to create a 3D printing prosthesis for the bird and rallies in the country's capital for action in relation to the animal cruelty bill.[102]
Mexico[edit]
The current policy of Mexico, in civil law, condemns physical harm to animals as property damage to the owners of the abused animal, considering the animals as owned property.
In criminal law, the situation is different. In December 2012, the Legislative Assembly of the Federal District reformed the existing Penal Code of Mexico City, establishing abuse and cruelty to animals as criminal offenses, provided the animals are not deemed to be plagues or pests. Abandoned animals are not considered to be plagues. A subsequent reform was entered into force on 31 January 2013, by a decree published in the Official Gazette of the Federal District. The law provides penalties of 6 months to 2 years imprisonment, and a fine of 50 to 100 days at minimum wage, to persons who cause obvious injury to an animal, and the penalty is increased by one half if those injuries endanger its life. The penalty rises to 2 to 4 years of prison, and a fine of 200 to 400 days at minimum wage, if the person intentionally causes the death of an animal.[103]
This law is considered to extend throughout the rest of the 31 constituent states of the country. In addition, The Law of Animal Protection of the Federal District is wide-ranging, based on banning "unnecessary suffering". Similar laws now exist in most states.[104]
United States[edit]
Main article: Animal welfare in the United States
The primary federal law relating to animal care and conditions in the US is the Animal Welfare Act of 1966, amended in 1970, 1976, 1985, 1990, 2002 and 2007. It is the only Federal law in the United States that regulates the treatment of animals in research, exhibition, transport, and by dealers. Other laws, policies, and guidelines may include additional species coverage or specifications for animal care and use, but all refer to the Animal Welfare Act as the minimum acceptable standard.[105]
The AWA has been criticized by animal rights groups for excluding birds, rats and mice bred for research, and animals raised for food or fiber as well as all cold-blooded animals.[106]
The Animal Legal Defense Fund releases an annual report ranking the animal protection laws of every state based on their relative strength and general comprehensiveness. In 2013's report, the top five states for their strong anti-cruelty laws were Illinois, Maine, Michigan, Oregon, and California.The five states with the weakest animal cruelty laws in 2013 were Kentucky, Iowa, South Dakota, New Mexico, and Wyoming.[107]
In Massachusetts and New York, agents of humane societies and associations may be appointed as special officers to enforce statutes outlawing animal cruelty.[108]
In 2004, a Florida legislator proposed a ban on "cruelty to bovines," stating: "A person who, for the purpose of practice, entertainment, or sport, intentionally fells, trips, or otherwise causes a cow to fall or lose its balance by means of roping, lassoing, dragging, or otherwise touching the tail of the cow commits a misdemeanor of the first degree."[109] The proposal did not become law.[109]
In the United States, ear cropping, tail docking, rodeo sports, and other acts are legal and sometimes condoned. Penalties for cruelty can be minimal, if pursued. Currently, 46 of the 50 states have enacted felony penalties for certain forms of animal abuse.[110] However, in most jurisdictions, animal cruelty is most commonly charged as a misdemeanor offense. In one recent California case, a felony conviction for animal cruelty could theoretically net a 25-year to life sentence due to their three-strikes law, which increases sentences based on prior felony convictions.[111]
In 2003, West Hollywood, California passed an ordinance banning declawing of house cats.[112] In 2007, Norfolk, Virginia passed legislation only allowing the procedure for medical reasons.[113] However, most jurisdictions allow the procedure.
In April 2013, Texas Federal Court Judge Sim Lake ruled[114] that the Animal Crush Video Prohibition Act of 2010, which criminalized the recording, sale, and transport of videos depicting animal cruelty as obscenity, is in violation of the First Amendment. Judge Lake noted that obscenity tests require an explicitly sexual depiction, which the criminalized videos lack. This follows the precedent set by United States v. Stevens, which additionally held that restrictions on the possession of animal cruelty videos were unconstitutional.
State welfare laws[edit]
Several states have enacted or considered laws in support of humane farming.
On 5 November 2002, Florida voters passed Amendment 10 by a margin of 55% for, amending the Florida Constitution to ban the confinement of pregnant pigs in gestation crates.[115]
On 14 January 2004, the bill AB-732 died in the California Assembly's Agriculture Committee.[116] The bill would have banned gestation and veal crates, eventually being amended to include only veal crates.[117] On 9 May 2007, the bill AB-594 was withdrawn from the California State Assembly. The bill had been effectively killed in the Assembly Agriculture Committee, by replacing the contents of the bill with language concerning tobacco cessation coverage under Medi-Cal.[118] AB-594 was very similar to the current language of Proposition 2.[119]
On 7 November 2006, Arizona voters passed Proposition 204 with 62% support. The measure prohibits the confinement of calves in veal crates and breeding sows in gestation crates.[120]
On 28 June 2007, Oregon Governor Ted Kulongoski signed a measure into law prohibiting the confinement of pigs in gestation crates (SB 694, 74th Leg. Assembly, Regular Session).[121]
In January 2008, Nebraska State Senate bill LB 1148, to ban the use of gestation crates for pig farmers, was withdrawn within 5 days amidst controversy.[122]
On 14 May 2008, Colorado Governor Bill Ritter signed into law a bill, SB 201, that phases out gestation crates and veal crates.[123][124]
Venezuela[edit]
Venezuela published a "Law for Protection of Domestic Fauna free and in captivity" in 2010, defining responsibilities and sanctions about animal care and ownership. Animal cruelty acts are fined, but are not a cause for imprisonment.[125] The law also forbids the possession, breeding and reproduction of pit bull dogs, among similar breeds that are alleged to be aggressive and dangerous. It elicited reactions from dog owners, who said that aggressiveness in dogs is determined more by treatment by the owner than by the breed itself.[126]
Asia[edit]
China[edit]
Main article: Animal welfare and rights in China
As of 2006 there were no laws in China governing acts of cruelty to animals.[127] There are no government supported charitable organizations like the RSPCA, which monitors the cases on animal cruelty. All kinds of animal abuses, such as to fish, tigers, and bears, are to be reported for law enforcement and animal welfare.[128][129][130][131][132][133]
Despite the absence of a unified law against animal mistreatment, the World Animal Protection notes that some legislation protecting the welfare of animals exists in certain contexts, especially ones used in research and in zoos.[134]
In September 2009, legislation was drafted to address deliberate cruelty to animals in China. If passed, the legislation would offer some protection to pets, captive wildlife and animals used in laboratories, as well as regulating how farm animals are raised, transported and slaughtered.[135]
The People's Republic of China is currently in the process of making changes to its stray-dog population laws in the capital city, Beijing. Mr. Zheng Gang who is the director of the Internal and Judicial Committee which comes under the Beijing Municipal People's Congress (BMPC), supports the new draft of the Beijing Municipal Regulation on Dogs from the local government. This new law is due to replace the current Beijing Municipal Regulation on Dog Ownership, introduced in 1989. The current regulation talks of "strictly" limiting dog ownership and controlling the number of dogs in the city. The new draft focuses instead on "strict management and combining restrictions with management."[136]
Hong Kong[edit]
As of 2010, Hong Kong has supplemented or replaced the laws against cruelty with a positive approach using laws that specify how animals should be treated.[137] The government department primarily responsible for animal welfare in Hong Kong is the Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department (AFCD).
Laws enforced by the AFCD include these:
the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Ordinance (also enforced by the police)
the Public Health (Animals and Birds) Ordinance (including regulations for licences imposed on livestock keepers and animal traders and a Code of Standards for Licensed Animal Traders)
the Dogs and Cats Ordinance
the Pounds Ordinance
the Rabies Ordinance
the Wild Animals Protection Ordinance
In addition, the Food and Environmental Hygiene Department (FEHD) does the following:
enforces the Public Health and Municipal Services Ordinance, which includes regulations for slaughterhouses and wet markets
publishes a Code of Practice for the Welfare of Food Animals (which describes their transport)
publishes Operational Guidelines for the Welfare of Food Animals at Slaughterhouses
The Department of Health does the following:
enforces the Animals (Control of Experiments) Ordinance.
publishes a Code of Practice for the Care and Use of Animals for Experimental Purposes
As of 2006, Hong Kong has a law titled "Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Ordinance", with a maximum 3 year imprisonment and fines of HKD$200,000.[138]
India[edit]
Main article: Animal welfare and rights in India
The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act,1960 was amended in the year 1982.[139] According to the newly amended Indian animal welfare act, 2011 cruelty to animals is an offence and is punishable with a fine which shall not be less than ten thousand Rupees, which may extend to twenty five thousand Rupees or with imprisonment up to two years or both in the case of a first offence. In the case of second or subsequent offence, with a fine which shall not be less than fifty thousand Rupees, but may extend to one lakh Rupees and with imprisonment with a term which shall not be less than one year but may extend to three years.[140] This amendment is currently awaiting ratification from the Government of India. The 1962 Act in the meanwhile is the one that is practiced as of now. The maximum penalty under the 1962 Act is Rs. 50 (under $1).[141] Many organizations, including ones such as the local SPCA, PFA and Fosterdopt are actively involved in assisting the general population in reporting cruelty cases to the police and helping bring the perpetrator to justice. Due to this, much of change has been observed through the subcontinent.
Israel[edit]
Main article: Animal welfare and rights in Israel
Japan[edit]
Main article: Animal welfare and rights in Japan
In Japan, the 1973 Welfare and Management of Animals Act (amended in 1999 and 2005)[142] stipulates that "no person shall kill, injure, or inflict cruelty to animals without due course", and in particular, criminalises cruelty to all mammals, birds, and reptiles possessed by persons; as well as cattle, horses, goats, sheep, pigs, dogs, cats, pigeons, domestic rabbits, chickens, and domestic ducks regardless of whether they are in captivity.
Killing or injuring without due reason: up to one year's imprisonment with labour or a fine of up to one million yen
Cruelty such as causing debilitation by discontinuing feeding or watering without due reason: a fine of up to five hundred thousand yen
Abandonment: a fine of up to five hundred thousand yen
Separate national and local ordinances exist with regards to ensuring health and safety of animals handled by pet shops and other businesses.
Animal experiments are regulated by the 2000 Law for the Humane Treatment and Management of Animals, which was amended in 2006.[143] This law requires those using animals to follow the principles outlined in the 3Rs and use as few animals as possible, and cause minimal distress and suffering. Regulation is at a local level based on national guidelines, but there are no governmental inspections of institutions and no reporting requirement for the numbers of animals used.[144]
Malaysia[edit]
Main article: Animal welfare and rights in Malaysia
Saudi Arabia[edit]
Veterinarian Lana Dunn and several Saudi nationals report that there are no laws to protect animals from cruelty since the term is not well-defined within the Saudi legal system. They point to a lack of a governing body to supervise conditions for animals, particularly in pet stores and in the exotic animal trade with East Africa.[145]
South Korea[edit]
Main article: Animal welfare and rights in South Korea
South Korea's animal welfare laws are weak by international standards.[146]
Taiwan[edit]
The Taiwanese Animal Protection Act was passed in 1998, imposing fines up to NT$250,000 for cruelty. Criminal penalties for animal cruelty were enacted in 2007, including a maximum of 1 year imprisonment.[147]
Thailand[edit]
Main article: Animal welfare in Thailand
Thailand introduced its first animal welfare law in 2014. The Cruelty Prevention and Welfare of Animal Act, B.E. 2557 (2014) came into being on 27 December 2014.[148][149]
Europe[edit]
European Union[edit]
The European Union Council Directive 1999/74/EC[150] is a directive passed by the European Union on the minimum standards for keeping egg laying hens which effectively bans conventional battery cages. The directive, passed in 1999, banned conventional battery cages in the EU from 1 January 2012 after a 13-year phase-out.
It is also illegal in many parts of Europe to declaw a cat.[151]
France[edit]
In France, cruelty to animals is punishable by imprisonment of two years and a financial penalty (30,000 €).[152]
Germany[edit]
A German stamp depicting a man beating a chained dog. In the upper left corner it reads: protect the animals.
In Germany, killing animals or causing significant pain (or prolonged or repeated pain) to them is punishable by imprisonment of up to three years or a financial penalty.[153] If the animal is of foreign origin, the act may also be punishable as criminal damage.[154]
Italy[edit]
Acts of cruelty against animals can be punished with imprisonment, for a minimum of three months up to a maximum of three years, and with a fine ranging from a minimum of 3,000 Euros to a maximum of 160,000 Euros, as for the law n°189/2004.[155]
Ireland[edit]
The Animal Health and Welfare Act 2013[156] came into force in 2014, improving animal protection.[157]
Portugal[edit]
Since 1 October 2014, violence against animals has been a crime in Portugal. Legislation published in the Diário da Républica on 29 August criminalizes the mistreatment of animals, and indicates that "those who, without reasonable cause, inflict pain, suffering, or any other hardship to a companion animal abuse" are to be subject to imprisonment of up to one year.[158] If such acts result in the "death of the animal", the "deprivation of an important organ or member", or "serious and permanent impairment of its capacity of locomotion", those responsible will be punished by imprisonment up to two years.[158]
As for pets, the new law provides that "whoever, having the duty to store, monitor or pet watch, abandons them, thereby putting in danger their food and the provision of care owed" faces up to six months imprisonment.[158]
Sweden[edit]
In Sweden cruelty to animals is punishable by financial penalty and the owner will lose the right to own the animals, and the animals will be removed from the owner.[159]
Switzerland[edit]
The Swiss animal protection laws are among the strictest in the world, comprehensively regulating the treatment of animals including the size of rabbit cages, and the amount of exercise that must be provided to dogs.[160]
In the canton of Zurich an animal lawyer, Antoine Goetschel, is employed by the canton government to represent the interests of animals in animal cruelty cases.[161]
Turkey[edit]
Under Turkey's Animal Protection Law No. 5199, cruelty to animals is considered a misdemeanor, punishable by a fine only, with no jail time or a black mark on one's criminal record.[162][163] HAYTAP, the Animal Rights Federation in Turkey, believes that the present law does not contain a strong enough punishment for animal abusers.[164]
United Kingdom[edit]
Main article: Animal welfare in the United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, cruelty to animals is a criminal offence for which one may be jailed for up to 6 months.[165]
On 18 August 1911, the House of Commons introduced the Protection of Animals Act 1911 (c.27) following lobbying by the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA). The maximum punishment was 6 months of "hard labour" with a fine of 25 pounds.[166]
In the Metropolitan Police Act 1839 "fighting or baiting Lions, Bears, Badgers, Cocks, Dogs, or other Animals" was prohibited in London, with a penalty of up to one month imprisonment, with possible hard labour, or up to five pounds. The law laid numerous restrictions on how, when, and where animals could be driven, wagons unloaded, etc.. It also prohibited owners from letting mad dogs run loose and gave police the right to destroy any dog suspected of being rabid or any dog bitten by a suspected rabid dog. The same law prohibited the use of dogs for drawing carts.[167]
Up until then, dogs were used for delivering milk, bread, fish, meat, fruit, vegetables, animal food (the cat's-meat man), and other items for sale and for collecting refuse (the rag-and-bone man).[168][169] As Nigel Rothfels notes, the prohibition against dogs pulling carts in or near London caused most of the dogs to be killed by their owners[170] as they went from being contributors to the family income to unaffordable expenses. Cart dogs were replaced by people with handcarts.[171] About 150,000 dogs were killed or abandoned. Erica Fudge quotes Hilda Kean:[170]
At the heart of nineteenth-century animal welfare campaigns is the middle-class desire not to be able to see cruelty.
—  Hilda Kean, Animal Rights, 1998[172]
The Protection of Animals Act 1911[173] extended the ban on draft dogs to the rest of the kingdom. As many as 600,000 dogs were killed or abandoned.
The Protection of Animals Act 1911 has since been largely superseded by the Animal Welfare Act 2006,[174] which also superseded and consolidated more than 20 other pieces of legislation, including the Protection of Animals Act 1934 and the Abandonment of Animals Act 1960. The Act introduced the new welfare offence, which means that animal owners have a positive duty of care, and outlaws neglecting to provide for their animals' basic needs, such as access to adequate nutrition and veterinary care.[175]
Under the Criminal Damage Act 1971, domestic animals can be classed as property that is capable of being "damaged or destroyed". A charge of criminal damage may be appropriate for the injury or death of an animal owned by someone other than the defendant, although prosecution under the Animal Welfare Act 2006 may also be appropriate.[176][177]
Oceania[edit]
Australia[edit]
In Australia, all states and territories have enacted legislation governing animal welfare. The legislations are:[178]
Animal Welfare Act 1992 (ACT)[179][180]
Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1979 (NSW)[181][182]
Animal Welfare Act (NT)[183][184]
Animal Care and Protection Act 2001 (Qld)[185][186]
Animal Welfare Act 1985 (SA)[187][188]
Animal Welfare Act 1993 (Tas)[189][190]
Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1986 (Vic)[191][192]
Animal Welfare Act 2002 (WA)[193][194]
Welfare laws have been criticized as not adequately protecting animals.[195] Whilst police maintain an overall jurisdiction in prosecution of criminal matters, in many states officers of the RSPCA and other animal welfare charities are accorded authority to investigate and prosecute animal cruelty offenses.
New Zealand[edit]
Further information: Animal welfare in New Zealand
The Animal Welfare Act 1999 protects animals from maltreatment.[196]
See also[edit]
Animal cognition
Animal consciousness
Bear-baiting
Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness
Crush fetish
Goat throwing
Pain in animals
Poaching
Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The life of Leonardo da Vinci by Giorgio Vasari". Yale University Library Digital Collections. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Jones, Jonathan (30 November 2011). "Leonardo da Vinci unleashed: the animal rights activist within the artist". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Midgley, Mary (24 May 1999). "Descartes' prisoners". Newstatesman.
^ Jump up to: a b Cassuto, David N. (2007). "Bred Meat: The Cultural Foundation of the Factory Farm". Law and Contemporary Problems. 70 (1): 59–87.
Jump up ^ Darwin, Charles (1871). The Descent of Man. p. 34.
Jump up ^ Rader, Priscilla, "Virtue Ethics and Non-Human Animals: The Missing Link to the Animal Liberation Movement" (2012). Humanities Capstone Projects. Paper 13.
Jump up ^ "An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation". ebooks.adelaide.edu.au. Retrieved 5 April 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Norwood, FB; Lusk, JL (2010). "Direct versus indirect questioning: An application to the well-being of farm animals". Soc Indic Res. 96 (3): 551–565. doi:10.1007/s11205-009-9492-z.
Jump up ^ "Pet-Abuse.Com – Animal Cruelty". Pet-abuse.com. Retrieved 6 November 2008.
Jump up ^ Salt, H.S. (1899) The Logic of Vegetarianism: Essays and Dialogues. London.
^ Jump up to: a b c Matheny, Gaverick; Leahy, Cheryl (2007). "Farm-Animal Welfare, Legislation, and Trade". Law and Contemporary Problems. 70 (1): 325–358.
Jump up ^ "Are Farm Animals Not Considered Animals?". The Huffington Post. 25 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "Video: Shocking undercover footage from an egg hatchery – Telegraph". Telegraph.co.uk. 1 September 2009.
Jump up ^ "Are we the cruellest we've ever been? The way we treat animals suggests we are". 19 October 2015. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Fiber-Ostrow, Pamela, Lovell, Jarret S. (2016) behind a veil of secrecy: animal abuse, factory farms, and Ag-Gag legislation. Contemporary Justice Review [online]. 19(2), 230 – 249.
Jump up ^ AVMA Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals: 2013 Edition. avma.org
Jump up ^ "Executive Board meets pressing needs".
Jump up ^ Rev. Sci. Tech. Off. Int. Epiz.,. Global Perspectives on Animal Welfare: Asia, the Far East, and Oceania (n.d.): n. pag. 24 February 2005. Web.
Jump up ^ Richard A. Oppel, Jr. (6 April 2013). "Taping of Farm Cruelty Is Becoming the Crime". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 April 2013.
Jump up ^ Schwartzkopf-Genswein, K. S.; Stookey, J. M.; Welford, R. (1 August 1997). "Behavior of cattle during hot-iron and freeze branding and the effects on subsequent handling ease". Journal of Animal Science. 75 (8): 2064–2072. doi:10.2527/1997.7582064x. ISSN 0021-8812. PMID 9263052.
Jump up ^ Coetzee, Hans (19 May 2013). Pain Management, An Issue of Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice,. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 145577376X.
Jump up ^ "Welfare Implications of Dehorning and Disbudding Cattle". www.avma.org. Retrieved 5 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Goode, Erica (25 January 2012). "Ear-Tagging Proposal May Mean Fewer Branded Cattle". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 5 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Grandin, Temple (21 July 2015). Improving Animal Welfare, 2 Edition: A Practical Approach. CABI. ISBN 9781780644677.
Jump up ^ "Restraint of Livestock". www.grandin.com. Retrieved 5 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Doyle, Rebecca; Moran, John (3 February 2015). Cow Talk: Understanding Dairy Cow Behaviour to Improve Their Welfare on Asian Farms. Csiro Publishing. ISBN 9781486301621.
Jump up ^ "Sheep dentistry, including tooth trimming". Australian Veterinary Association. Retrieved 1 May 2013.
Jump up ^ Lockwood, R.; Hodge, G. (1986). "The tangled web of animal abuse: The links between cruelty to animals and human violence". Readings in Research and Applications: 77–82.
Jump up ^ Arluke, A.; Levin, J.; Luke, C.; Ascione, F. (1999). "The relationship of animal abuse to violence and other forms of antisocial behavior". Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 14 (9): 963–975. doi:10.1177/088626099014009004.
Jump up ^ Alleyne, E., Tilston, L., Parfitt, C. and Butcher, R. (2015). "Adult-perpetrated animal abuse: development of a proclivity scale". Psychology, Crime & Law. 21 (6): 570–588. doi:10.1080/1068316X.2014.999064. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Baxendale, S., Lester, L., Johnston, R. and Cross, D. (2015). "Risk factors in adolescents' involvement in violent behaviours". Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research. 7 (1): 2–18. doi:10.1108/jacpr-09-2013-0025. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ "Animal Cruelty and Human Violence". The Humane Society of The United States. Retrieved 6 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Delinquent Networks Youth Co-Offending in Stockholm, Jerzy Sarnecki December 2001
Jump up ^ Hopkins Burke, R. (2001) An Introduction to Criminological Theory, Cullompton
Jump up ^ Psychiatric Bias and Bigotry in Mainstream Corporate Media, Don Weitz
Jump up ^ Overt Psychiatric Bias – NICE Guidelines Development Group, 24 October 2006
Jump up ^ http://digitalcommons.usm.maine.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=criminology
Jump up ^ Schram, Jamie (23 March 2013). "Brooklyn man furious his roommate wanted to move out allegedly murdered her fish". New York Post. Retrieved 28 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Green, Kelli (25 March 2013). "Man Busted For Killing Fish & Allergic To Exercise". K-FROG 95.1 FM and 92.9 FM. Retrieved 28 August 2014. A roommate dispute resulted in one death, the death of fish. Jose Santiago was charged with animal cruelty and assault after he flushed his roommate’s pet fish.
Jump up ^ "Pet-Abuse.Com – Animal Cruelty". Pet-abuse.com. Retrieved 17 March 2010.
Jump up ^ Loudoun Program Underscores the Link between Domestic Violence, Animal Abuse. Washington Post (24 September 2014)
Jump up ^ Facts About Animal Abuse & Domestic Violence Archived 20 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine. American Humane Association Accessed 12 November 2006
Jump up ^ "Domestic Violence & the Animal Abuse Link". Animaltherapy.net. Archived from the original on 29 December 2008. Retrieved 6 November 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Felthous, Alan R. (1998). Aggression against Cats, Dogs, and People. In Cruelty to Animals and Interpersonal Violence: Readings in Research and Applications. West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University Press. pp. 159–167.
Jump up ^ Goleman, Daniel (7 August 1991). "Clues to a Dark Nurturing Ground for One Serial Killer". New York Times. Retrieved 30 April 2010.
Jump up ^ Duncan, A.; et al. (2005). "Significance of Family Risk Factors in Development of Childhood Animal Cruelty in Adolescent Boys with Conduct Problems". Journal of Family Violence. 20 (4): 235–239. doi:10.1007/s10896-005-5987-9. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
Jump up ^ "Animal Cruelty and Family Violence: Making the Connection". Humane Society of the United States. Archived from the original on 25 October 2008. Retrieved 26 October 2008.
Jump up ^ Hile, Jennifer (16 October 2002). "Activists Denounce Thailand's Elephant "Crushing" Ritual". National Geographic Society. Retrieved 1 October 2014. Just before dawn in the remote highlands of northern Thailand, west of the village Mae Jaem, a four-year-old elephant bellows as seven village men stab nails into her ears and feet. She is tied up and immobilized in a small, wooden cage. Her cries are the only sounds to interrupt the otherwise quiet countryside. The cage is called a "training crush." It's the centerpiece of a centuries-old ritual in northern Thailand designed to domesticate young elephants. In addition to beatings, handlers use sleep-deprivation, hunger, and thirst to "break" the elephants' spirit and make them submissive to their owners.
Jump up ^ Sherman, Mark (10 April 2010). "Court voids law aimed at animal cruelty videos". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 12 May 2012. Retrieved 10 April 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Turner Classic Movies - TCM.com". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 20 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "27 Jun 1982, Page 14 - The Pantagraph at Newspapers.com". Retrieved 20 July 2016. [subscription required]
Jump up ^ "30 Sep 1980, Page 56 - St. Louis Post-Dispatch at Newspapers.com". Retrieved 20 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Andy McKeague, An Interview with Kim Ki-Duk and Suh Jung on The Isle Archived 28 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine. at monstersandcritics.com, 11 May 2005. Retrieved 11 March 2006.
Jump up ^ "Pointless Cannibal Holocaust Sequel in the Works". Fangoria. Archived from the original on 21 February 2007. Retrieved 13 January 2007.
Jump up ^ Times online, timesonline.co.uk 19 August 2007. Retrieved 25 August 2007.
Jump up ^ Uproar at fish cruelty on YouTube. practicalfishkeeping.co.uk. 17 May 2007.
Jump up ^ "Entertainment Industry FAQ". Archived from the original on 16 June 2008.
Jump up ^ Movie Rating System. Earning Our Disclaimer. americanhumane.org
Jump up ^ Pepper Tribute. Alsnowshead.tripod.com (3 September 1999). Retrieved on 2011-12-14.
Jump up ^ The Wrestling Menu #25 – The History Of Al Snow. 4 December 2002
Jump up ^ "Circus Incidents: Attacks, Abuse and Property Damage" (PDF). Humane Society of the United States. 1 June 2004. Retrieved 15 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Circuses". Humane Society of the United States. Retrieved 15 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Patton, K (1 April 2007). "Frequently Asked Questions: Do circus trainers/handlers abuse animals?". lionden.com. Retrieved 23 May 2008.
Jump up ^ "Circuses". Peta.org. Retrieved 15 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Animal free circuses" (PDF).
Jump up ^ Bolivia bans all circus animals. Associated Press (via Guardian). 31 July 2009. Retrieved on 14 December 2011.
Jump up ^ "What is bullfighting?". League Against Cruel Sports. Archived from the original on 30 September 2011.
Jump up ^ "Running of the Bulls Factsheet".
Jump up ^ "ICABS calls on Vodafone to drop bullfighting from ad". Irish Council Against Blood Sports.
Jump up ^ "The suffering of bullfighting bulls". Archived from the original on 26 January 2009.
Jump up ^ The Bulletpoint Bullfight, p. 6, ISBN 978-1-4116-7400-4
Jump up ^ Typically Spanish – Spain News, Toro Jubilo fiesta returns to Medinaceli, Soria Archived 29 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ PETA, Help Stop the Sadistic 'Fire Bull' Festival in Soria
Jump up ^ 'Toro Jubilo' 2011 en Medinaceli, on YouTube
Jump up ^ "Animals in War – The unseen casualties". Animal Aid. 1 June 2003. Archived from the original on 20 November 2008. Retrieved 5 September 2009.
Jump up ^ "The Military's War on Animals". PETA. Archived from the original on 26 November 2009. Retrieved 5 September 2009.
Jump up ^ Price, Eluned (1 November 2004). "They served and suffered for us". London: The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 5 September 2009.
Jump up ^ "Animal war heroes statue unveiled". The Daily Telegraph. 24 November 2004. Retrieved 5 September 2009.
Jump up ^ Naughton, Philippe (4 March 2008). "Puppy-toss video makes Marine figure of hate". London: The Times. Retrieved 4 September 2009.
Jump up ^ "L'air et le monde aérien".
Jump up ^ Taylor, An (1832). "Account of the Grotta del Cane; With Remarks Upon Suffocation by Carbonic Acid". The London Medical and Physical Journal: 278–285.
Jump up ^ Fleming & Johnson, Toxic Airs: Body, Place, Planet in Historical Perspective, Pittsburgh, 255–256.
Jump up ^ Kroonenberg, Why Hell Stinks of Sulfur: Mythology and Geology of the Underworld, Chicago, 2013, 41–45.
Jump up ^ "U.S. Facing Feral-Dog Crisis".
Jump up ^ "Why no-pet rental clauses lack teeth". thestar.com. 7 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "No-pet policy for Man. renters could be outlawed". 15 February 2010.
Jump up ^ Legislature Related to Animals in Egyptian Law[dead link]
Jump up ^ Humanity, through animal care Archived 16 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine.. Weekly.ahram.org.eg (10 September 2003). Retrieved on 2011-12-14.
Jump up ^ (Not-So-) BIZARRE DOG LAW California Man Faces Life in Prison for Killing Dog; and Tennessee Judge Slam-Dunks Puppy Mill Owners 14 July 2002 Dogs in the News Archived 19 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Dennis C. Turner (26 June 2000). The domestic cat: the biology of its behaviour. Cambridge University Press. pp. 185–. ISBN 978-0-521-63648-3. Retrieved 15 December 2011.
Jump up ^ www.nspca.co.za. Missing or empty |title= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ The Penal Code Act, 2008. sudantribune.com
Jump up ^ "LEY 14346 – MALOS TRATOS Y ACTOS DE CRUELDAD A LOS ANIMALES" (PDF). Gobierno República de Argentina. Retrieved 7 September 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Cruelty to Animals", Criminal Code, s. 445.1.
Jump up ^ "Cattle and Other Animals", Criminal Code, s. 445.
Jump up ^ "Assaults", Criminal Code, s. 264.1(1)(c).
Jump up ^ "A Report on Animal Welfare Law in Canada" Archived 11 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine., Alberta Farm Animal Care, June 2004.
Jump up ^ "2014 Canadian Animal Protection Laws Rankings", 5 June 2014, Animal Legal Defense Fund, report available for download at link.
Jump up ^ "Ley 20380, SOBRE PROTECCIÓN DE ANIMALES" (PDF) (in Spanish). MINISTERIO DE SALUD; SUBSECRETARÍA DE SALUD PÚBLICA. October 2009. Retrieved 7 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "Colombian president offers to grant bullfighting status of cultural heritage". Retrieved 17 October 2012. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Aias, L (4 March 2016). "Costa Rica moves to set prison sentences for animal cruelty". The Tico Times. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
Jump up ^ Khan, Carrie (27 August 2016). "After Losing Half A Beak, Grecia The Toucan Becomes A Symbol Against Abuse". NPR. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "Finally, reform to the Penal Code of Mexico City on animal abuse". Archived from the original on 14 April 2013. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "Lawmakers seek to position Federal enforcement of the Law of Animal Protection of the Federal District". Retrieved 9 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "Legislative History of the Animal Welfare Act". Archived from the original on 2 March 2013. Retrieved 7 April 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Animal Welfare Act". Archived from the original on 29 April 2009. Retrieved 7 April 2010.
Jump up ^ "Annual Study Names 2013's "Top Five States to be an Animal Abuser"". Animal Legal Defense Fund.
Jump up ^ Book Review: Brute Force: Animal Police and the Challenge of Cruelty. Ccja-acjp.ca. Retrieved on 14 December 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Emery, David. "Florida to Consider Ban on Cow Tipping". About.com. Retrieved 7 June 2007.
Jump up ^ "ALDF: U.S. Jurisdictions With and Without Felony Animal Cruelty Provisions". Aldf.org. Retrieved 29 April 2009.
Jump up ^ "Accused Dog Killer Could Get 25 Years to Life in Prison". Archived from the original on 18 August 2010. Retrieved 6 November 2008.
Jump up ^ Judge allows California cities to ban cat declawing. Sfgate.com (11 October 2007). Retrieved on 2011-12-14. Archived 18 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Norfolk Bans De-Clawing Of Cats Archived 11 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "'Animal crush' video charges dismissed in first case under new law". POLITICO.
Jump up ^ "PorkNet Newsletter". MetaFarms.com, Inc. 7 November 2002. Archived from the original on 14 March 2006. Retrieved 3 July 2008.
Jump up ^ "Criminal Justice and Judiciary". California State Senate. 2004. Archived from the original on 18 February 2011.
Jump up ^ "AB-732 Analysis". California State Assembly. 14 January 2008. Archived from the original on 26 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "2007 Mid Year Summary". California Assembly Committee on Agriculture. 2007. Archived from the original on 10 January 2010.
Jump up ^ "AB-594 Analysis". California State Assembly. 9 May 2008. Archived from the original on 11 October 2008.
Jump up ^ Andrea Johnson, "Polls Indicate Strong Support for Pen Gestation for Hogs". 29 March 2007
Jump up ^ "Back door activists gain momentum". Learfield Communications, Inc. 5 July 2007. Archived from the original on 17 July 2012. Retrieved 3 July 2008.
Jump up ^ "Farm Animal Welfare Bill Killed in Legislature". Omaha World Daily. 17 February 2008.
Jump up ^ "Farm Sanctuary Applauds Colorado for Passing Legislation Phasing out Veal and Gestation Crates". Reuters. 14 May 2008. Retrieved 3 July 2008.
Jump up ^ "Farm Animal Welfare Measure Becomes Law". Federation of Animal Science Societies (FASS). 14 May 2008. Retrieved 3 July 2008.
Jump up ^ Asamblea Nacional de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela. "LEY PARA LA PROTECCIÓN DE LA FAUNA DOMÉSTICA LIBRE Y EN CAUTIVERIO" (PDF). Diario El Universal. Retrieved 7 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Joaquín Perez Guisado, Andre Muñoz Serrano (2009). "Factors Linked to Dominance Aggression in Dogs" (PDF). Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Richard Spencer. Just who is the glamorous kitten killer of Hangzhou? 3 April 2006.
Jump up ^ SBS Australia. "The Biggest Chinese Restaurant in the World". Retrieved 4 November 2008. [dead link]
Jump up ^ Journal of Ecotourism. "The Shark Watching Industry and its Potential Contribution to Shark Conservation". Retrieved 8 November 2008.
Jump up ^ Sohu Forum. "人類的飲食與野生動物的滅絕有著本質和必然的聯繫". Archived from the original on 23 March 2012. Retrieved 8 November 2008.
Jump up ^ 中國青年報. "國家禁令擋不住虎骨酒熱銷". Retrieved 4 November 2008.
Jump up ^ Jadecampus. "Conservationists Call on China to Support Law Over Tiger Farms". Archived from the original on 17 May 2008. Retrieved 4 November 2008.
Jump up ^ 中國青年報. "拿什麼拯救你可憐的黑熊:能不能不用熊膽?". Retrieved 4 November 2008.
Jump up ^ "China". World Animal Protection. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "China unveils first ever animal cruelty legislation". The Daily Telegraph. London. 18 September 2009. Retrieved 18 September 2009.
Jump up ^ "Beijing loosens leash on pet dogs". Chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved 6 November 2008.
Jump up ^ Review of Animal Welfare Legislation in Hong Kong by Amanda S. Whitfort and Fiona M. Woodhouse, June 2010. This document reviews animal welfare laws and compares them to those of Taiwan, Singapore, Australia, New Zealand, the European Union, and the United States.
Jump up ^ Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, "Penalty for Cruelty to Animals," Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Chapter 169, Section 3) 15 December 2006
Jump up ^ "The prevention of cruelty to animals act,1960" (PDF). Amendments. Ministry of environment and Forests, Government of India. Retrieved 9 February 2012.
Jump up ^ "Indian animal welfare act 2011" (PDF). Chapter IV.Cruelty to animals. Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India. Retrieved 9 February 2012.
Jump up ^ THE ANIMAL WELFARE ACT, 2011. awbi.org
Jump up ^ Act on Welfare and Management of Animals (Act No. 105 1 October 1973). (PDF). cas.go.jp (in Japanese and English). Retrieved on 14 December 2011.
Jump up ^ Christopher S. Stevenson, Lisa A. Marshall and Douglas W. Morgan Japanese guidelines and regulations for scientific and ethical animal experimentation. Progress in Inflammation Research 2nd Edition 2006 p. 187. doi:10.1007/978-3-7643-7520-1_10
Jump up ^ Select Committee on Animals In Scientific Procedures Report July 2002, Accessed 23 August 2007
Jump up ^ Animal lovers lament lack of law against cruelty. Arabnews.com (12 March 2009). Retrieved on 2011-12-14. Archived 9 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ World Animal Protection (2 November 2014). "Korea". Retrieved 8 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Koahsiung Municipal Institute for Animal Health, "Laws and Regulations[permanent dead link]," Animal Protection Act last amended 11 July 2007.[dead link]
Jump up ^ "CRUELTY PREVENTION AND WELFARE OF ANIMAL ACT, B.E. 2557 (2014)". Thai SPCA. Archived from the original on 13 May 2016. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Kanchanalak, Pornpimol (13 November 2014). "A landmark victory for animal rights". The Nation. Retrieved 22 November 2015.
Jump up ^ COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 1999/74/EC of 19 July 1999. European Union
Jump up ^ Declawing Cats: Manicure or Mutilation?. dehumane.org
Jump up ^ "Code pénal". legifrance.gouv.fr. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
Jump up ^ § 17 Tierschutzgesetz (TierSchG). Bundesrecht.juris.de. Retrieved on 14 December 2011.
Jump up ^ § 303 Strafgesetzbuch (StGB). Bundesrecht.juris.de. Retrieved on 14 December 2011.
Jump up ^ The Italian Parliament – Law 189/2004 – Art. 544/ter/quater/quinquies. Camera.it. Retrieved on 14 December 2011. (in Italian)
Jump up ^ "Animal Health and Welfare Act 2013".
Jump up ^ "New animal welfare legislation introduced". RTE.ie. 7 March 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c The Agency. "Boas Notícias – Animais: Lei que criminaliza maus-tratos entra em vigor". Archived from the original on 3 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Brottsbalk (1962:700)".
Jump up ^ Scales of Justice: In Zurich, Even Fish Have a Lawyer, Deborah Ball. The Wall Street Journal. 6 March 2010
Jump up ^ The lawyer who defends animals, Leo Hickman. The Guardian. 5 March 2010
Jump up ^ ANIMAL PROTECTION BILL LAW no 5199, HAYTAP, accessed 7 December 2012
Jump up ^ "Civil society skeptical about amendment to animal protection law" Archived 2 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine., HAYTAP, accessed 7 December 2012
Jump up ^ "HAYTAP : Animal Rights Federation in Turkey" Archived 25 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine., HAYTAP, accessed 7 December 2012
Jump up ^ Animal Welfare Act 2006. Chapter 45. (PDF). opsi.gov.uk. Retrieved on 14 December 2011.
Jump up ^ The Times, Monday, 1 January 1912; p. 3; Issue 39783; col F "The Animals' New Magna Charter"
Jump up ^ "London Police Act 1839, Great Britain Parliament. Section XXXI, XXXIV, XXXV, XLII". Archived from the original on 24 April 2011. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
Jump up ^ / Graham Robb (2007). The discovery of France: a historical geography from the Revolution to the First World War. W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 167–. ISBN 978-0-393-05973-1. Retrieved 15 December 2011.
Jump up ^ Dog Carts and the Extinction of Memory. 15 October 2008
^ Jump up to: a b Rothfels, Nigel, Representing Animals, Indiana University Press, p. 12, ISBN 0-253-34154-X . Chapter: 'A Left-handed Blow: Writing the History of Animals' by Erica Fudge
Jump up ^ "igg.org.uk".
Jump up ^ Animal Rights by Hilda Kean, 1998, University of Chicago Press. Archived 11 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Protection of Animals Act 1911. Animallaw.info (18 August 1911). Retrieved on 2011-12-14.
Jump up ^ "Pet abuse law shake-up unveiled". BBC News Online. 14 October 2005.
Jump up ^ "BBC – Ethics – Animal Ethics: Animal Welfare Act". BBC. Retrieved 24 April 2010.
Jump up ^ "Cats And The Law – Cats Away". Retrieved 13 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Offences involving Domestic and Captive Animals". The Crown Prosecution Service. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "What is the Australian legislation governing animal welfare?".
Jump up ^ "ACT legislation register – Animal Welfare Act 1992 – main page".
Jump up ^ "ANIMAL WELFARE ACT 1992".
Jump up ^ "NSW Legislation".
Jump up ^ "PREVENTION OF CRUELTY TO ANIMALS ACT 1979".
Jump up ^ "ANIMAL WELFARE ACT".
Jump up ^ "ANIMAL WELFARE ACT".
Jump up ^ "Animal Care and Protection Act 2001 (Qld)" (PDF). legislation.qld.gov.au.
Jump up ^ "ANIMAL CARE AND PROTECTION ACT 2001".
Jump up ^ "South Australian Legislation".
Jump up ^ "ANIMAL WELFARE ACT 1985".
Jump up ^ "Legislation View Page".
Jump up ^ "ANIMAL WELFARE ACT 1993".
Jump up ^ "Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1986 (Vic)" (PDF). legislation.vic.gov.au.
Jump up ^ "PREVENTION OF CRUELTY TO ANIMALS ACT 1986".
Jump up ^ "Western Australian Legislation".
Jump up ^ "ANIMAL WELFARE ACT 2002".
Jump up ^ Graeme McEwen. The fox is in charge of the chickens Animals Australia. Retrieved 4 July 2008.
Jump up ^ "Animal Welfare Act 1999".
Further reading[edit]
Arluke, Arnold. Brute Force: Animal Police and the Challenge of Cruelty, Purdue University Press (15 August 2004), hardcover, 175 pages, ISBN 1-55753-350-4. An ethnographic study of humane law enforcement officers.
Lea, Suzanne Goodney (2007). Delinquency and Animal Cruelty: Myths and Realities about Social Pathology, hardcover, 168 pages, ISBN 978-1-59332-197-0. Lea challenges the argument made by animal rights activists that animal cruelty enacted during childhood is a precursor to human-directed violence.
Munro H. (The battered pet (1999) In F. Ascione & P. Arkow (Eds.) Child Abuse, Domestic Violence, and Animal Abuse. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press, 199–208.
Fiber-Ostrow, Pamela, Lovell, Jarret S. (2016) behind a veil of secrecy: animal abuse, factory farms, and Ag-Gag legislation. Contemporary Justice Review [online]. 19(2), 230 – 249.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Animal welfare.
Illustration of 3-dog milk cart in Flanders, 1906
Goldfish used in art, to highlight morality, court finds no basis of cruelty (2003) From BBC News
Pet-Abuse.Com – Database of Criminal Animal Cruelty Cases
Animal cruelty causes
Awareness of the Gods (Animal cruelty)
[show]
v
t
e
Abuse
Types
Anti-social behaviour
Bullying
Child abuse
neglect
sexual
military
Cruelty to animals
Domestic abuse
Elder abuse
Gaslighting
Harassment
Humiliation
Incivility
Institutional abuse
Intimidation
Neglect
Persecution
Professional abuse
Proxy abuse
Psychological abuse
Physical abuse
Religious abuse
Sexual abuse
Stalking
Structural abuse
Verbal abuse
more...
Related topics
Abusive power and control
Child grooming
Complex post-traumatic stress disorder
Dehumanization
Denial
Destabilisation
Exaggeration
Isolation
Just-world hypothesis
Lying
Manipulation
Minimisation
Narcissism
Psychological projection
Psychological trauma
Psychopathy
Rationalization
Traumatic bonding
Victim blaming
Victim playing
Victimisation
[show]
v
t
e
Animal rights
Topics
Overview
Abolitionism
Animal protectionism
Animal welfare
Speciesism
Vegaphobia
Veganism
more...
Issues
Ahimsa
Anarchism
Animal cognition
Animal consciousness
Animal law
Animal model
Animal rights and the Holocaust
Animal product
Animal rights movement
Animal testing
Animal testing on non-human primates
Animals in sport
Anthrozoology
Anti-hunting
Bile bear
Bioethics
Blood sport
Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness
Carnism
Cosmetics testing
Chick culling
Christianity and animal rights
Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation
Cormorant culling
Covance
Cruelty to animals
Deep ecology
Ethics of eating meat
Fox hunting
Fur trade
Great ape research ban
Green Scare
Huntingdon Life Sciences
Intensive animal farming
Ivory trade
Livestock
Meat paradox
Nafovanny
Nonviolence
Open rescue
Operation Backfire
Pain in animals
Pain and suffering in laboratory animals
Qurbani
Primate trade
Seal hunting
Slaughterhouse
Stock-free agriculture
Toxicology testing
Veganism
Vegetarianism
Western Australian shark cull
more...
Cases
Brown Dog affair
Cambridge University primates
McLibel case
Pit of despair
Silver Spring monkeys
University of California Riverside 1985 laboratory raid
Unnecessary Fuss
Advocates
Academics
and writers
Carol Adams
James Aspey
Tom Beauchamp
Marc Bekoff
Paola Cavalieri
Stephen R. L. Clark
Alasdair Cochrane
J. M. Coetzee
Priscilla Cohn
Alice Crary
David DeGrazia
Sue Donaldson
Josephine Donovan
Lawrence Finsen
Gary Francione
Robert Garner
Antoine Goetschel
John Hadley
Will Kymlicka
Andrew Linzey
Dan Lyons
Mary Midgley
Martha Nussbaum
Siobhan O'Sullivan
Clare Palmer
Tom Regan
Bernard Rollin
Mark Rowlands
Richard D. Ryder
Peter Singer
Henry Stephens Salt
Steve Sapontzis
Gary Steiner
Cass Sunstein
more...
Activists
Cleveland Amory
Greg Avery
Matt Ball
Martin Balluch
Barbi twins
Brigitte Bardot
Bob Barker
Gene Baur
Frances Power Cobbe
Rod Coronado
Karen Davis
Chris DeRose
Robert Enke
John Feldmann
Bruce Friedrich
Juliet Gellatley
Jordan Halliday
Barry Horne
Ronnie Lee
Lizzy Lind af Hageby
Jo-Anne McArthur
Bill Maher
Keith Mann
Dan Mathews
Luísa Mell
Ingrid Newkirk
Heather Nicholson
Jack Norris
Alex Pacheco
Jill Phipps
Craig Rosebraugh
Nathan Runkle
Henry Spira
Kim Stallwood
Marianne Thieme
Darren Thurston
Andrew Tyler
Gary Yourofsky
more...
Movement
Groups
Animal Aid
Animal Legal Defense Fund
Animal Liberation Front
British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection
Centre for Animals and Social Justice
Chinese Animal Protection Network
Direct Action Everywhere
Farm Animal Rights Movement
Great Ape Project
Hunt Saboteurs Association
In Defense of Animals
Korea Animal Rights Advocates
Last Chance for Animals
Mercy for Animals
New England Anti-Vivisection Society
Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics
Oxford Group
People for Animals
People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals
United Poultry Concerns
more...
Parties
AAEVP (Canada)
Animal Justice Party (Australia)
Animal Welfare Party (UK)
PACMA (Spain)
Party for the Animals (Netherlands)
Partito Animalista Italiano (Italy)
Tierschutzpartei (Germany)
V-Partei³ (Germany)
People–Animals–Nature (Portugal)
more...
Media
Books
Animals' Rights: Considered in Relation to Social Progress (1894)
Animals, Men and Morals (1971)
Animal Liberation (1975)
The Case for Animal Rights (1983)
The Lives of Animals (1999)
Striking at the Roots (2008)
An American Trilogy (2009)
more...
Films
The Animals Film (1981)
A Cow at My Table (1998)
Meet Your Meat (2002)
Peaceable Kingdom (2004)
Earthlings (2005)
Behind the Mask (2006)
The Cove (2009)
Forks Over Knives (2011)
Vegucated (2011)
Speciesism: The Movie (2013)
The Ghosts in Our Machine (2013)
more...
Categories
Animal advocacy parties
Animal law
Animal Liberation Front
Animal rights
Animal rights activists
Animal right media
Animal rights movement
Animal rights scholars
Animal testing
Blood sports
Livestock
Meat industry
Poultry
Veganism
Vegetarianism
Animal rights portal
Discrimination portal
Animal rights portal
Animals portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cruelty_to_animals&oldid=843525051"
Categories:
Cruelty to animals
Animal welfare
Crimes
Animal law
Hidden categories:
CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list
Webarchive template wayback links
CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al.
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from May 2016
Pages with citations lacking titles
Pages using web citations with no URL
Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL
CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)
Articles with dead external links from September 2017
Articles with permanently dead external links
CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter
Articles with dead external links from September 2012
Use dmy dates from August 2017
Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Azərbaycanca
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
فارسی
Français
한국어
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Magyar
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Português
Русский
Simple English
Slovenščina
Suomi
Svenska
தமிழ்
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
Tiếng Việt
ייִדיש
中文
25 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 29 May 2018, at 18:19.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href class title

attrs: class style

values:
/wiki/Animal_neglect
mw-redirect
Animal neglect

values:
/wiki/Costs_and_benefits
mw-redirect
Costs and benefits

values:
/wiki/Pitbull_terrier
mw-redirect
Pitbull terrier

values:
/wiki/The_Descent_of_Man
mw-redirect
The Descent of Man

values:
/wiki/Factory_farms
mw-redirect
Factory farms

values:
/wiki/Meat_consumption
mw-redirect
Meat consumption

values:
/wiki/Battery_cages
mw-redirect
Battery cages

values:
/wiki/Resection_(surgery)
mw-redirect
Resection (surgery)

values:
/wiki/Gestation_crates
mw-redirect
Gestation crates

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: lower-alpha;

values: Edit section: Alleged link to human violence and psychological disorders

values:
/wiki/Criminal_court
mw-redirect
Criminal court

values:
/wiki/American_Humane_Association
mw-redirect
American Humane Association

values:
/wiki/Asiatic_elephant
mw-redirect
Asiatic elephant

values:
/wiki/Training_crush
mw-redirect
Training crush

values:
/wiki/Cannibal_films
mw-redirect
Cannibal films

values:
/wiki/Ray_Traylor
mw-redirect
Ray Traylor

values:
/wiki/Exploding_donkey
mw-redirect
Exploding donkey

values:
/wiki/Bikini_atomic_experiments
mw-redirect
Bikini atomic experiments

values:
/wiki/Iraq_conflict
mw-redirect
Iraq conflict

values: Edit section: Unnecessary scientific experiments or demonstrations

values: Edit section: No pet policies and abandonment

values:
/wiki/Ontario,_Canada
mw-redirect
Ontario, Canada

values:
/wiki/Cultural_Heritage
mw-redirect
Cultural Heritage

values: Legislative Assembly of the Federal District

values: Animal Crush Video Prohibition Act of 2010

values: First Amendment to the United States Constitution

values:
/wiki/Aggressiveness_in_dogs
mw-redirect
Aggressiveness in dogs

values: The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act,1960

values: Animal welfare and rights in South Korea

values: Prevention of Animal Cruelty and Provision of Animal Welfare Act

values: European Union Council Directive 1999/74/EC

values:
/wiki/Canton_of_Zurich
mw-redirect
Canton of Zurich

values:
/wiki/Criminal_Damage_Act_1971
mw-redirect
Criminal Damage Act 1971

values: Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Australia

values: Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.newstatesman.com/node/149215

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11205-009-9492-z

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2527%2F1997.7582064x

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8812

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9263052

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331

values: Category:CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1108%2Fjacpr-09-2013-0025

values: Category:CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al.

values:
nofollow
http://www.peta.org/feat/military/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.aldf.org/article.php?id=261

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.fass.org/page.asp?pageID=312

values: Category:CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter

values:
nofollow
external text
https://lagen.nu/1962:700#K16P13

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/Humane_law_enforcement_officer
mw-redirect
Humane law enforcement officer

values:
nofollow
http://www.pet-abuse.com/database/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://raixeairis.org/our-awareness

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
row
navbox-group
text-align: center;;width:1%

values:
row
navbox-group
width:1%;text-align: center;

values:
/wiki/Animal_model
mw-redirect
Animal model

values:
/wiki/Meat_paradox
mw-redirect
Meat paradox

values: Pain and suffering in laboratory animals

values:
/wiki/Stock-free_agriculture
mw-redirect
Stock-free agriculture

values: McDonald's Restaurants v. Morris & Steel

values:
/wiki/Gary_Francione
mw-redirect
Gary Francione

values:
/wiki/Barbi_twins
mw-redirect
Barbi twins

values: British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection

values: People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals

values: Animal Alliance Environment Voters Party of Canada

values: Party Against Bullfighting, Cruelty and Mistreatment of Animals

values: Category:Documentary films about animal rights

values:
/wiki/Peaceable_Kingdom_(documentary)
mw-redirect
Peaceable Kingdom (documentary)

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values:
noprint metadata navbox
navigation
Portals
font-weight:bold;padding:0.4em 2em

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:All articles with dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from May 2016

values: Category:Pages with citations lacking titles

values: Category:Pages using web citations with no URL

values: Category:Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL

values: Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from September 2017

values: Category:Articles with permanently dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from September 2012

values: Category:Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Cruelty_to_animals
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: قسوة على الحيوانات – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

values: Κακοποίηση ζώων – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values: حیوان‌آزاری – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: पशुओं के साथ निर्दयता – Hindi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: צער בעלי חיים – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values: Crueldade para com os animais – Portuguese

values: Жестокое обращение с животными – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: விலங்கு வன்கொடுமை – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Жорстоке поводження з тваринами – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: جانوروں کا استحصال – Urdu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values: צער בעלי חיים – Yiddish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-yi
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Cruelty_to_animals rootpage-Cruelty_to_animals skin-vector action-view