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Keeping Up with the Joneses (film)
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Keeping Up with the Joneses
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Greg Mottola
Produced by
Laurie MacDonald
Walter F. Parkes
Written by
Michael LeSieur
Starring
Zach Galifianakis
Jon Hamm
Isla Fisher
Gal Gadot
Matt Walsh
Maribeth Monroe
Patton Oswalt
Kevin Dunn
Music by
Jake Monaco
Cinematography
Andrew Dunn
Edited by
David Rennie
Production
companies
Fox 2000 Pictures
Parkes + MacDonald Image Nation
Distributed by
20th Century Fox
Release date
October 8, 2016 (2016-10-08) (Los Angeles)
October 21, 2016 (2016-10-21) (United States)
Running time
105 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$40 million[2]
Box office
$29.9 million[3]
Keeping Up with the Joneses is a 2016 American action comedy film directed by Greg Mottola and written by Michael LeSieur. Starring Zach Galifianakis, Jon Hamm, Isla Fisher and Gal Gadot, the film follows a suburban couple (Galifianakis and Fisher) who begin to suspect their new neighbors (Hamm and Gadot) are secret agents. The film was released on October 21, 2016 by 20th Century Fox, received generally negative reviews and was a box office bomb, grossing $29 million against its $40 million budget.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Filming
4 Release
4.1 Box office
4.2 Critical response
5 Awards and nominations
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
Jeff Gaffney (Zach Galifianakis) works as a Human Resources professional at a Defense contractor company called MBI, based in Atlanta. He and his wife Karen (Isla Fisher) live in a nice cul-de-sac with their two children, who are away at summer camp. They make the acquaintance of their two new neighbors, Tim (Jon Hamm) and Natalie Jones (Gal Gadot). Tim is a travel writer whose hobbies include glassblowing, and Natalie is a social media consultant, cooking blogger and philanthropist. They are both impossibly good-looking, accomplished and stylish, yet overly friendly with the Gaffneys.
Karen starts having suspicions about the Joneses when she catches Tim poking around Jeff's den during a neighborhood block party, then witnesses Natalie doing what looks like a dead drop in a café. Karen follows Natalie to the mall, but Natalie confronts her in a dressing room, defusing the situation with some female bonding. Meanwhile, Tim invites Jeff to an underground Chinese restaurant, where Jeff drinks snake wine and is bitten by a severed snake head, forcing Tim to save his life. In exchange, Jeff takes Tim to indoor skydiving, a passion of his that none of his friends share. All the way through, Tim tries to have Jeff talk about his coworkers at the office. One night, with the help of Natalie, Tim sneaks into the MBI building and look over Jeff's emails.
Back at their house, Jeff accidentally breaks the glass sculpture made by Tim that was given to them, revealing a bug among the shards. Realizing the Joneses are spies, Karen decides to sneak into their house to find more evidence. They discover files on Jeff and the other MBI employees and Jeff accidentally stuns Karen with a pen gun. They narrowly escape as the Joneses arrive. Natalie is worried Tim might be getting too close to Jeff, but they reveal they are in love with each other, which is also against the rules. Natalie notices the used pen gun on the floor, and they realize the Gaffneys have broken into their house.
The Gaffneys arrange a private meeting with MBI security officer Carl Pronger (Kevin Dunn) to expose the Joneses, but before Carl can disclose classified details, he is killed by a sniper who also attacks the Gaffneys. They are rescued by the Joneses and a high-speed chase and shootout ensue. The Gaffneys learn that the Joneses are actually trying to discover whether there is treason within MBI. Back in the cul-de-sac, Jeff gives Tim and Natalie some relationship advice and the two couples bond. After they reenter their house, the Joneses trigger a bomb that blows it up.
Later, after lying to the police about the Joneses, the Gaffneys are frantically preparing to go on the run when the Joneses reappear alive and well in their basement. They kidnapped Jeff's colleague Dan Craverston (Matt Walsh) and his wife Meg (Maribeth Monroe), who are revealed to be trying to sell MBI's experimental microchips to an international arms dealer called "The Scorpion" (Patton Oswalt). When the Scorpion calls on Dan's phone, Jeff answers posing as Dan and arranges a meeting to deliver the microchips.
Jeff and Karen go to the hotel where the meeting takes place, while the Joneses back them up from the roof. The Scorpion turns out to be a former MBI employee named Bruce Springstine, who recognizes Jeff. With their cover blown, Tim radios for back-up, but the operation is aborted and the Gaffneys are declared collateral damage. The Joneses disobey orders and surrender to the Scorpion, but before the latter gets around to killing them, Karen is able to pass a knife to Natalie, giving the Joneses the opportunity to eliminate the Scorpion's henchmen. They escape by jumping off the window into a pool, just before the Scorpion opens the briefcase containing the chips, detonating a bomb that kills him. Proud of their new friends, the Joneses say goodbye and go back to their life of espionage.
The next summer, the Gaffneys visit the café in Marrakesh where the Joneses used to date and happen upon the Joneses who are in the middle of a new mission, accidentally blowing their cover and triggering yet another gunfight.
Cast[edit]
Zach Galifianakis as Jeff Gaffney, Karen’s husband and Patrick and Mikey’s father
Jon Hamm as Tim Jones, Natalie’s husband and the friend of Jeff.
Isla Fisher as Karen Gaffney, Jeff’s wife and Patrick and Mikey’s mother
Gal Gadot as Natalie Jones, Tim’s wife, Karen’s friend and a secret agent.
Matt Walsh as Dan Craverston, Meg’s husband
Maribeth Monroe as Meg Craverston, Dan’s wife
Patton Oswalt as Bruce Springstine/Scorpion
Kevin Dunn as Carl Pronger
Michael Liu as Yang
Ari Shaffir as Oren
Jona Xiao as Stacey Chung
Henry Boston as Patrick Gaffney, one of two Jeff and Karen’s sons and Mikey’s brother
Jack McQuaid as Mikey Gaffney, one of two Jeff and Karen’s sons and Patrick’s brother
Production[edit]
In March 2014, it was announced that Greg Mottola would direct the film, from a screenplay by Michael LeSieur, with Fox 2000 Pictures having their eyes set on Jon Hamm and Zach Galifianakis to star, Walter Parkes and Laurie MacDonald producing under their Parkes + MacDonald Image Nation banner, and Marc Resteghini serving as an executive producer.[4] In October 2014, Isla Fisher joined the cast of the film, and the casting of Hamm and Galifianakis was confirmed.[5] In February 2015, Gal Gadot was in negotiations to star in the film.[6] In April 2015, Maribeth Monroe and Matt Walsh also joined the cast.[7]
Filming[edit]
Principal photography on the film began on April 20, 2015 in Atlanta, Georgia.[8][9]
Release[edit]
The film was originally scheduled to be released on April 1, 2016[10] but was pushed back to October 21, 2016.[11]
Box office[edit]
Keeping Up with the Joneses grossed $14.9 million in North America and $15 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $29.9 million, against a budget of $40 million.[3]
The film was expected to gross $7–9 million from about 3,022 theaters in its opening weekend.[12] However, it only grossed $2 million on its first day and $5.6 million in its opening weekend, finishing 7th at the box office, and making $1 million less than Galifianakis' Masterminds, which debuted to $6.6 million the month before.[13]
Critical response[edit]
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 19% based on 109 reviews and an average rating of 4.4/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Keeping Up with the Joneses squanders a decent premise – and a talented cast full of funny people – on a witless and largely laugh-free suburban spy adventure."[14] On Metacritic, the film has a score 34 out of 100, based on 31 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[15] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B–" on an A+ to F scale.[16]
Awards and nominations[edit]
Award
Category
Recipient
Result
2017 Teen Choice Awards Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actor – Comedy Zach Galifianakis Nominated[17]
Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actress – Comedy Gal Gadot Nominated[17]
Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie – Comedy Keeping Up with the Joneses Nominated[17]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Keeping Up with the Joneses (12A)". British Board of Film Classification. October 13, 2016. Retrieved October 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Box Office: 'Jack Reacher: Never Go Back' Dominates 'Ouija 2,' 'Madea Halloween' on Thursday Night". Yahoo!. Retrieved October 21, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Keeping Up with the Joneses (2016)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved July 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ Fleming Jr, Mike (March 14, 2014). "Fox 2000 Sets Greg Mottola To Helm 'Keeping Up With The Joneses' With Cast Circling". Deadline.com. Retrieved May 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ge, Linda (October 29, 2014). "Isla Fisher Joins Jon Hamm, Zach Galifianakis in 'Keeping Up With the Joneses'". The Wrap. Retrieved May 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ Fleming Jr, Mike (February 20, 2015). "'Wonder Woman' Gal Gadot Circling 'Keeping Up With The Joneses'". Deadline.com. Retrieved May 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ford, Rebecca (April 7, 2015). "'Workaholics,' 'Veep' Actors Join 'Keeping Up With the Joneses' (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Extras needed for 'Keeping Up With The Joneses', starring Jon Hamm and Zach Galifianakis". onlocationvacations.com. April 20, 2015. Retrieved April 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ "On the Set for 4/20/15: Michael Bay Starts TMNT Sequel, Gal Gadot Begins Keeping Up With the Joneses, Natalie Dormer Wraps Shooting on Patient Zero". ssninsider.com. April 20, 2015. Archived from the original on April 23, 2015. Retrieved April 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ Penderson, Erik (March 13, 2015). "'Eddie The Eagle' Has Landed At Fox; Biopic Starring Taron Egerton, Hugh Jackman Set For 2016". Deadline.com. Retrieved May 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ A Lincoln, Ross (May 27, 2016). "'Maze Runner: The Death Cure' Release Moved To 2018 As Dylan O'Brien Recovers". Deadline.com. Retrieved May 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ "'Jack Reacher: Never Go Back' to battle 'Ouija' sequel and 'Boo! A Madea Halloween' at box office". Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro (October 23, 2016). "'Madea' To Push Well Past $27M As 'Jack Reacher' Takes $22M to $23M; 'Joneses' Can't Keep Up – Sun. AM Update". Deadline.com. Retrieved October 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Keeping Up with the Joneses (2016)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved October 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Keeping Up with the Joneses". Metacritic. Retrieved October 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ "CinemaScore". cinemascore.com. [permanent dead link]
^ Jump up to: a b c Rubin, Rebecca (August 13, 2017). "Teen Choice Awards 2017: 'Riverdale,' Fifth Harmony Shut Out Competition". Variety. Retrieved October 25, 2017.
External links[edit]
Official website
Keeping Up with the Joneses on IMDb
Keeping Up with the Joneses at Rotten Tomatoes
Keeping Up with the Joneses at Box Office Mojo
[hide]
v
t
e
Films directed by Greg Mottola
The Daytrippers (1996)
Superbad (2007)
Adventureland (2009)
Paul (2011)
Clear History (2013)
Keeping Up with the Joneses (2016)
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Fletcher (surname)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Fletcher
Arrows
Language(s)
Middle English
Origin
Region of origin
England, Scotland, Ireland
Meaning
Occupational name for an arrowsmith or seller of arrows
Fletcher is a surname of English, Scottish, and Irish origin. The name is an occupational name for an arrowsmith or seller of arrows, derived from the Middle English, Old English "Fulcher" or Old French flech(i)er (in turn from Old French fleche "arrow").[1][2] The English word was borrowed into the Goidelic languages[citation needed], leading to the development of the Scottish name "Mac an Fhleisteir" (also spelt "Mac an Fhleisdeir"),[3][4] "the arrowsmith's son".
Early bearers of the name include Robert le Flecher in 1203 (in the "Assize Court Rolls of Staffordshire", during the reign of King John), William Flecher’ also in 1203, and Peter le flechier in 1227. The name is often confused with Flesher,[1] due to the phonetic similarity.
Contents
[hide]
1 People
2 Fictional characters
3 See also
4 References
People[edit]
Adam Fletcher (disambiguation), various people
Alan Fletcher (graphic designer) (1931 – 2006), British graphic designer
Alan Fletcher (actor), Australian actor
Allen Fletcher (born 1955), member of the Texas House of Representatives from Harris County, Texas since 2009
Andrew Fletcher (politician) (1653 – 1716), politician and Scottish Patriot
Andrew Fletcher (musician) (born 1961), member of the English electronic music group Depeche Mode
Art Fletcher (1885 – 1950), American baseball player
Arthur Fletcher (1924 – 2005), American government official
Arthur Fletcher (rugby league), English rugby league player
Banister Fletcher (Senior) (1833 – 1899), English architect and historian, also Member of Parliament, father of
Sir Banister Fletcher (1866 – 1953), English architect and historian
Barry Fletcher (born 1935), English cricketer
Betty Fletcher (1923 – 2012), U.S. federal judge
Bryan Fletcher (disambiguation), various people
Carl Fletcher (Canadian soccer), footballer born 1971
Carl Fletcher (Welsh footballer), footballer born 1980
Carrie Hope Fletcher (born 1992), Westend actress, singer, author, blogger, vlogger
Chris Fletcher (born 1948), American football player (San Diego Chargers)
Christopher Fletcher (born 1957), English cricker player (Sussex)
Christopher D. M. Fletcher (born 1958), British pathologist
Christy Fletcher (born 1933), Irish football (soccer) players
Colin Fletcher (1922-2007), Welsh-American backpacker and author
C.T. Fletcher (born 1959), American ex.powerlifter, actor, video-blogger.
Cyril Fletcher (1913 – 2005), English comedian, actor and businessman
Darren Fletcher (born 1984), Scottish footballer
Darrin Fletcher (born 1966), American baseball player
Duncan Fletcher (born 1948), Zimbabwean cricketer and coach of the England and India cricket teams
Dustin Fletcher (born 1975), Australian football player
Ernie Fletcher (born 1952), governor of Kentucky
Ferb Fletcher Fictional character from the Disney cartoon Phineas and Ferb
Frank Friday Fletcher (1855 – 1928), admiral in the United States Navy
Frank Jack Fletcher (1885 – 1973), admiral in the United States Navy
Giles Fletcher (c. 1586 – 1623), English playwright
Guy Fletcher (born 1960), English keyboard player from the band Dire Straits
Guy Fletcher (songwriter), English songwriter and session singer
Harvey Fletcher (1884 – 1981), American physicist and inventor
Henry Fletcher (disambiguation), various people
Horace Fletcher (1849 – 1919), American health-food faddist of the Victorian era
Isaac Fletcher (1784 – 1842), American lawyer and politician
Isaac Fletcher (English politician) (1827 – 1879) English MP
James C. Fletcher (1919-1991), Former NASA administrator
John Fletcher (disambiguation), various people
Joseph Fletcher (1905 – 1991), professor
Keith Fletcher (born 1944), English cricketer
Lawrence Fletcher (died 1608), Jacobean actor
Lloyd Fletcher (1915 – 1991), United States Court of Federal Claims judge
Louise Fletcher, (born 1934), American actress
Mark Fletcher, Celtic musician, painter
Moses Fletcher, Mayflower pilgrim
Neil Fletcher , invented the Corny Dog in 1942
Norman Fletcher (disambiguation), various people
Percy Fletcher (1879 – 1932), British composer
Peter Fletcher (disambiguation), various people
Phineas Fletcher (1582 – 1650), English playwright
Ray Fletcher (1921 – 1991), British politician
Richard Fletcher (disambiguation), various people
Rod Fletcher (born 1945), English footballer
Rod Fletcher (basketball), American college basketball player
Sally Fletcher-Murchison (born 1933), American/Hawaiian ceramicist
Samuel Fletcher (died 1950), Canadian politician
Sherry Fletcher (born 1986), Grenadian track and field sprinter
Steven Fletcher (footballer) (born 1987), Scottish international footballer
Tait Fletcher, American former professional MMA fighter
Thomas Clement Fletcher (1827– 1899), the 18th governor of Missouri who freed the slaves in that State
Tom Fletcher (born 1985), vocalist from the band McFly
William Bartlett Fletcher, Sr. (1862 – 1957), Rear Admiral in the United States Navy
William Roby Fletcher South Australian Congregationalist minister and University administrator
Yvonne Fletcher (1959 – 1984), police officer killed by a gunshot from the Libyan Embassy in London
Fictional characters[edit]
Christian Fletcher, one of the names of the main antagonist in the Tamil movie Dasavathaaram, starring Kamal Haasan
Irwin Maurice "Fletch" Fletcher, the main character in the novel Fletch and subsequent novels by Gregory McDonald
Jamie "Fletch" Fletcher, in the British soap opera Hollyoaks
Jerry Fletcher, the protagonist of Conspiracy Theory (film), portrayed by Mel Gibson
Fletch, one of the thugs working for the villain "Ellis DeWald" in the movie Beverly Hills Cop III, portrayed by Michael Bowen
Jessica Fletcher, the main character of the television series Murder, She Wrote
Karl Fletcher, a central character of the British television series Dream Team
Morris Fletcher, a recurring character in The X-Files and The Lone Gunmen
Mundungus Fletcher, a Harry Potter character
Norman Stanley Fletcher, the lead character in the British sitcom Porridge
SJ Fletcher and Sid Fletcher from the British soap opera EastEnders
Will Fletcher, a character in the ITV television drama series The Bill
Ferb, Lil Fletcher, D-Fletcher, and Lawrence Fletcher, from the Disney Channel series Phineas and Ferb
The Fletcher family in the movie Raise Your Voice
Brigadier General Fletcher, a character in the video game Supreme Commander: Forged Alliance
James Emerson (Jaimy) Fletcher, a major supporting character in L. A. Meyer's Bloody Jack series
Fletcher Reede, the protagonist of the movie Liar Liar
See also[edit]
Fletcher (disambiguation)
Justice Fletcher (disambiguation)
Fletching
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Reaney, Percy Hilde; Wilson, Richard Middlewood (2006). A Dictionary of English Surnames (PDF)|format= requires |url= (help) (3rd ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 1183–1184. ISBN 0-203-99355-1.
Jump up ^ "Fletcher Name Meaning and History". Ancestry.com. Retrieved 22 December 2008.
Jump up ^ http://www2.smo.uhi.ac.uk/gaidhlig/faclair/sbg/lorg.php?faclair=sbg&seorsa=Beurla&facal=Fletcher&eis_saor=on&tairg=Lorg
Jump up ^ http://www.faclair.com/ViewEntry.aspx?ID=F5FDE99F93D774C87B280A0240CF402A
Surname list
This page lists people with the surname Fletcher. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fletcher_(surname)&oldid=837933323"
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Yvonne Fletcher

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Sid Fletcher

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United States home front during World War I
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Home Front
Weapons for Liberty – U.S.A. Bonds by J. C. Leyendecker, 1918
Date
1917-19
Location
United States
The United States home front during World War I saw a systematic mobilization of the country's entire population and economy to produce the soldiers, food supplies, ammunitions and money necessary to win the war. Although the United States entered the war in April 1917, there had been very little planning, or even recognition of the problems that Great Britain and the other Allies had to solve on their own home fronts. As a result, the level of confusion was high in the first 12 months, before efficiency took control.
The war came in the midst of the Progressive Era, when efficiency and expertise were highly valued. Therefore, both individual states and the federal government established a multitude of temporary agencies to bring together the expertise necessary to redirect the economy and society into the production of munitions and food needed for the war, as well as the circulation of beliefs and ideals in order to motivate the people.
Contents
[hide]
1 American entry into the war
2 US government
2.1 Temporary agencies
2.2 Government propaganda
3 Military draft
4 Civil liberties
5 Motion pictures
6 Economics
6.1 Munitions production before U.S. entry
6.2 Munitions production after U.S. entry
6.3 Farming and food
6.4 Economic confusion in 1917
6.5 Shipments to Europe
6.6 Labor
7 Women
7.1 Children
8 Americanization of ethnics
9 Alien internments
10 Anti-German activity
11 War bonds
12 Attacks on the USA
12.1 Sabotage
13 See also
14 Notes
15 Further reading
15.1 Economics and labor
15.2 Historiography
15.3 Primary sources and year books
16 External links
American entry into the war[edit]
Main article: American entry into World War I
Firmly maintaining neutrality when World War I began in Europe in 1914, the United States helped supply the Allies, but could not ship anything to Germany because of the British blockade. Sympathies among many politically and culturally influential Americans had favored the British cause from the start of the war, as typified by industrialist Samuel Insull, born in London, who helped young Americans enlist in British or Canadian forces. On the other hand, especially in the Midwest, many Irish Americans and German Americans opposed any American involvement and were anti-British. The suffragist movement included many pacifists, and most churches opposed the war.[1]
German efforts to use its submarines ("U-boats") to blockade Britain resulted in the deaths of American travelers and sailors, and attacks on passenger liners caused public outrage. Most notable was the torpedoing without warning the passenger liner Lusitania in 1915. Germany promised not to repeat, but it reversed its position in early 1917, believing that unrestricted U-boat warfare against all ships headed to Britain would win the war even at the cost of American entry. When Americans read the text of the German offer to Mexico, known as the Zimmermann Telegram, they saw an offer for Mexico to go to war with Germany against the United States, with German funding, with the promise of the return of the lost territories of Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas. On Apr 1, 1917, Wilson called for war, emphasizing that the U.S. had to fight to maintain its honor and to have a decisive voice in shaping the new postwar world.[2] Congress voted on April 6, 1917 to declare war, but it was far from unanimous.[3]
US government[edit]
Main article: Presidency of Woodrow Wilson
Temporary agencies[edit]
Congress authorized President Woodrow Wilson to create a bureaucracy of 500,000 to 1 million new jobs in five thousand new federal agencies.[4] To solve the labor crisis, the Employment Service of the Department of Labor attracted workers from the South and Midwest to war industries in the East.
Government propaganda[edit]
In April 1917, the Wilson Administration created the Committee on Public Information (CPI), known as the Creel Committee, to control war information and provide pro-war propaganda. Employing talented writers and scholars, it issued anti-German pamphlets and films. It organized thousands of "Four-Minute Men" to deliver brief speeches at movie theaters, schools and churches to promote patriotism and participation in the war effort.[5]
Military draft[edit]
Main article: Selective Service Act of 1917
A World War I era draft card.
In 1917 the administration decided to rely primarily on conscription, rather than voluntary enlistment, to raise military manpower for World War I. The Selective Service Act of 1917 was carefully drawn to remedy the defects in the Civil War system and—by allowing exemptions for dependency, essential occupations, and religious scruples—to place each man in his proper niche in a national war effort. The act established a "liability for military service of all male citizens"; authorized a selective draft of all those between twenty-one and thirty-one years of age (later from eighteen to forty-five); and prohibited all forms of bounties, substitutions, or purchase of exemptions. Administration was entrusted to local boards composed of leading civilians in each community. These boards issued draft calls in order of numbers drawn in a national lottery and determined exemptions. In 1917 and 1918 some 24 million men were registered and nearly 3 million inducted into the military services, with little of the resistance that characterized the Civil War.[6]
Secretary of War Newton Baker draws the first draft number on 20 July 1917.
Using questionnaires filled out by doughboys as they left the Army, Gutièrrez reports that they were not cynical or disillusioned. They fought "for honor, manhood, comrades, and adventure, but especially for duty."[7]
Civil liberties[edit]
The Espionage Act of 1917 and the Sedition Act of 1918 attempted to punish enemy activity and extended to the punishment expressions of doubt about America's role in the war. The Sedition Act criminalized any expression of opinion that used "disloyal, profane, scurrilous or abusive language" about the U.S. government, flag or armed forces. Government police action, private vigilante groups, and public war hysteria compromised the civil liberties of many Americans who disagreed with Wilson's policies.[8]
The private American Protective League, working with the Federal Bureau of Investigation, was one of many private patriotic associations that sprang up to support the war and at the same time identify slackers, spies, draft dodgers and anti-war organizations.[9]
In a July 1917 speech, Max Eastman complained that the government's aggressive prosecutions of dissent meant that "You can't even collect your thoughts without getting arrested for unlawful assemblage."[10]
Motion pictures[edit]
The nascent film industry produced a wide variety of propaganda films. The most successful was The Kaiser, the Beast of Berlin, a "sensational creation" designed to rouse the audience against the German ruler. Comedies included Mutt and Jeff at the Front. The greatest artistic success, considered by many a landmark of film history, was Charlie Chaplin's Shoulder Arms, which followed the star from his induction into the military, his accidental penetration of the German lines, and his eventual return having captured the Kaiser and Crown Prince and won himself a pretty French girl.[11] Other activities included film shorts supporting the sale of war bonds or for war relief such as Tom's Little Star.
Economics[edit]
Munitions production before U.S. entry[edit]
By 1916, Britain was funding most of the Empire's war expenditures, all of Italy's and two thirds of the war costs of France and Russia, plus smaller nations as well. The gold reserves, overseas investments and private credit then ran out, forcing Britain to borrow $4 billion from the U.S. Treasury in 1917–18.[12] Much of this money was spent paying United States industries to manufacture ammunition. United States Cartridge Company expanded its work force ten-fold in response to September 1914 contracts with British purchasing agents; and ultimately manufactured over two billion rifle and machine gun cartridges.[13] Baldwin Locomotive Works expanded their Eddystone, Pennsylvania, manufacturing facilities in 1915 to manufacture Russian artillery shells and British rifles.[14] The United States production of smokeless powder was equal to the combined production of the European Allies during the last 19 months of the war; and by the end of the war United States factories were producing smokeless powder at a rate 45 percent higher than the European Allies' combined production. Production rate of explosives by the United States was similarly 40 percent higher than Britain and nearly twice that of France.[15] Shipments of American raw materials and food allowed Britain to feed itself and its army while maintaining her productivity. The financing was generally successful.[16] Heavy investment in ammunition manufacturing machinery did not bring long term prosperity to some major American companies. The United States Cartridge Company Lowell, Massachusetts, factory which manufactured nearly two-thirds of the small arms cartridges produced in the United States during the war, closed eight years later.[17] After Baldwin manufactured over six million artillery shells, nearly two million rifles, and 5,551 military locomotives for Russia, France, Britain and the United States,[14] postwar production never used more than one-third the capacity of the Eddystone factory; and Baldwin declared bankruptcy in 1935.[18]
Munitions production after U.S. entry[edit]
The US effort to produce and ship war material to France was characterized by several factors. The US declared war on Germany on 6 April 1917 with only a small munitions industry, very few medium and heavy artillery pieces, and few machine guns. By June 1917 the US had decided that their forces would primarily operate alongside the French, and would acquire their artillery and machine guns by purchasing mostly French weapons in theater, along with some British weapons in the case of heavy artillery. Shipments from the US to France would primarily be of soldiers and ammunition; artillery equipment in particular occupied too much space and weight to be economical. These priorities combined with the short 19-month US participation in the war meant that few US-made weapons arrived in France, and the need for extensive training of artillery units once in France meant that fewer still saw action before the Armistice. A comparison with World War II would be that the US started preparing for that war in earnest shortly after the Germans invaded Poland in September 1939; by the time the US entered the war following the attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941 there had already been 27 months of mobilization.[19]
Artillery
It was envisioned that US artillery production of French- and British-designed weapons, and a few US-designed weapons chambered for French ammunition, would be ramped up and that US-made artillery would eventually be delivered to the battlefields in quantity. However, major production snarls occurred with most of the artillery programs, and as mentioned artillery shipments had a lower priority than many other types of shipments overseas.[19]
Farming and food[edit]
Main article: Food and Fuel Control Act
Food Administration poster 1917
The food program was a major success, as output expanded, waste was reduced, and both the home front and the Allies received more food.[20] The U.S. Food Administration under Herbert Hoover launched a massive campaign to teach Americans to economize on their food budgets and grow victory gardens in their backyards.[21] It managed the nation's food distribution and prices.[22]
Gross farm income increased more than 230% from 1914 to 1919. Apart from 'wheatless Wednesdays' and 'meatless Tuesdays' due to poor harvests in 1916 and 1917, there were 'fuelless Mondays' and 'gasless Sundays' to preserve coal and gasoline.[23]
Economic confusion in 1917[edit]
In terms of munitions production, the first 15 months involved an amazing parade of mistakes, misguided enthusiasm, and confusion. Americans were willing enough, but they did not know their proper role. Washington was unable to figure out what to do when, or even to decide who was in charge. Typical of the confusion was the coal shortage that hit in December 1917. Because coal was by far the major source of energy and heat a grave crisis ensued. There was in fact plenty of coal being mined, but 44,000 loaded freight and coal cars were tied up in horrendous traffic jams in the rail yards of the East Coast. Two hundred ships were waiting in New York harbor for cargo that was delayed by the mess. The solution included nationalizing the coal mines and the railroads for the duration, shutting down factories one day a week to save fuel, and enforcing a strict system of priorities. Only in March, 1918, did Washington finally take control of the crisis[24] The transportation system then worked smoothly.[25]
Shipments to Europe[edit]
Shipbuilding became a major wartime industry, focused on merchant ships and tankers.[26] Merchant ships were often sunk until the convoy system was adopted using British and Canadian naval escorts. Convoys were slow but effective in stopping u-boat attacks.[27] The troops were shipped over on fast passenger liners that could easily outrun submarines.[28]
An oil crisis occurred in Britain due to the 1917 German submarine campaign. Standard Oil of NJ, for example, lost 6 tankers (including the brand new "John D. Archbold") between May and September. The solution was expanded oil shipments from America in convoys. The Allies formed the Inter-Allied Petroleum Conference with USA, Britain, France, and Italy as the members. Standard and Royal Dutch/Shell ran it and made it work. The introduction of convoys as an antidote to the German U-boats and the joint management system by Standard Oil and Royal Dutch/Shell helped to solve the Allies' supply problems. The close working relationship that evolved was in marked contrast to the feud between the government and Standard Oil years earlier. In 1917 and 1918, there was increased domestic demand for oil partly due to the cold winter that created a shortage of coal. Inventories and imported oil from Mexico were used to close the gap. In January 1918, the U.S. Fuel Administrator ordered industrial plants east of Mississippi to close for a week to free up oil for Europe.[29]
The coal shortage caused sharp increases in the demand and prices of oil and industry called for voluntary price control from the oil industry. While Standard Oil was agreeable, the independent oil companies were not. Demand continued to outpace supply because of the war and the growth in automobiles in America. An appeal for “Gasolineless Sundays” in US was made with exceptions for freight, doctors, police, emergency vehicles, and funeral cars.
Labor[edit]
1919 New York Herald cartoon portraying "reds" and IWW members as a violent mob held back by threat of a US Army machine gun
The American Federation of Labor (AFL) and affiliated trade unions were strong supporters of the war effort. Fear of disruptions to war production by labor radicals provided the AFL political leverage to gain recognition and mediation of labor disputes, often in favor of improvements for workers.[30] They resisted strikes in favor of arbitration and wartime policy, and wages soared as near-full employment was reached at the height of the war. The AFL unions strongly encouraged young men to enlist in the military, and fiercely opposed efforts to reduce recruiting and slow war production by pacifists, the anti-war Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) and radical socialists. To keep factories running smoothly, Wilson established the National War Labor Board in 1918, which forced management to negotiate with existing unions.[31] Wilson also appointed AFL president Samuel Gompers to the powerful Council of National Defense, where he set up the War Committee on Labor.
After initially resisting taking a stance, the IWW became actively anti-war, engaging in strikes and speeches and suffering both legal and illegal suppression by federal and local governments as well as pro-war vigilantes. The IWW was branded as anarchic, socialist, unpatriotic, alien and funded by German gold, and violent attacks on members and offices would continue into the 1920s.[32]
The AFL membership soared to 2.4 million in 1917. In 1919, the AFL tried to make their gains permanent and called a series of major strikes in meat, steel and other industries. The strikes ultimately failed, forcing unions back to membership and power similar to those around 1910.[33]
Women[edit]
See also: American women in World War I
During WWI (1914-1918), large numbers of women were recruited into jobs that had either been vacated by men who had gone to fight in the war, or had been created as part of the war effort. The high demand for weapons and the overall wartime situation resulted in munitions factories collectively becoming the largest employer of American women by 1918. While there was initial resistance to hiring women for jobs traditionally held by men, the war made the need for labor so urgent that women were hired in large numbers and the government even actively promoted the employment of women in war-related industries through recruitment drives. As a result, women not only began working in heavy industry, but also took other jobs traditionally reserved solely for men, such as railway guards, ticket collectors, bus and tram conductors, postal workers, police officers, firefighters, and clerks.
World War I saw women taking traditionally men's jobs in large numbers for the first time in American history. Many women worked on the assembly lines of factories, producing trucks and munitions, while department stores employed African American women as elevator operators and cafeteria waitresses for the first time. The Food Administration helped housewives prepare more nutritious meals with less waste and with optimum use of the foods available. Most important, the morale of the women remained high, as millions joined the Red Cross as volunteers to help soldiers and their families, and with rare exceptions, the women did not protest the draft.[34][35]
Girls too young for paid jobs learned how they could help the war effort.
Children[edit]
Main article: Effect of World War I on children in the United States
World War I affected children in the United States through several social and economic changes in the school curriculum and through shifts in parental relationships. For example, a number of fathers and brothers entered the war, and many were subsequently maimed in action or killed, causing many children to be brought up by single mothers.[36] Additionally, as the male workforce left for battle, mothers and sisters began working in factories to take their positions, and the family dynamic began to change; this affected children as they had less time to spend with family members and were expected to grow up faster and help with the war effort. Similarly, Woodrow Wilson called on children involved in youth organizations to help collect money for war bonds and stamps in order to raise money for the war effort.[37] This was very important because the children were having a direct effect on the financial state of the United States government during World War I. As children were collecting large amounts of money outside of school, within the classroom, curriculum also began to change as a result of the war. Woodrow Wilson again became involved with these children as he implemented government pamphlets and programs to encourage war support through things like mandatory patriotism and nationalism classes multiple times a week.[38] Even though war was not being fought on United States soil, children's lives were greatly affected as all of these changes were made to their daily lives as a result of the conflict.
Victory gardeners, 1918
Americanization of ethnics[edit]
The outbreak of war in 1914 increased concern about the millions of foreign born in the United States. The short-term concern was their loyalty to their native countries and the long-term was their assimilation into American society. Numerous agencies became active in promoting "Americanization" so that the ethnics would be psychologically and politically loyal to the U.S. The states set up programs through their Councils of National Defense; numerous federal agencies were involved, including the Bureau of Education, the United States Department of the Interior and the Food Administration. The most important private organization was the National Americanization Committee (NAC) directed by Frances Kellor. Second in importance was the Committee for Immigrants in America, which helped fund the Division of Immigrant Education in the federal Bureau of Education.[39]
The war prevented millions of recently arrived immigrants from returning to Europe as they originally intended. The great majority decided to stay in America. Foreign language use declined dramatically. They welcomed Americanization, often signing up for English classes and using their savings to buy homes and bring over other family members.[40]
Kellor, speaking for the NAC in 1916, proposed to combine efficiency and patriotism in her Americanization programs. It would be more efficient, she argued, once the factory workers could all understand English and therefore better understand orders and avoid accidents. Once Americanized, they would grasp American industrial ideals and be open to American influences and not subject only to strike agitators or foreign propagandists. The result, she argued would transform indifferent and ignorant residents into understanding voters, to make their homes into American homes, and to establish American standards of living throughout the ethnic communities. Ultimately, she argued it would "unite foreign-born and native alike in enthusiastic loyalty to our national ideals of liberty and justice.[41]
Alien internments[edit]
See also German American internment during World War I
German citizens were required to register with the federal government and carry their registration cards at all times. 2,048 German citizens were imprisoned beginning in 1917, and all were released by spring 1920. Allegations against them included spying for Germany or endorsing the German war effort. They ranged from immigrants suspected of sympathy for their native land, civilian German sailors on merchant ships in U.S. ports when war was declared, and Germans who worked part of the year in the United States, including 29 players from the Boston Symphony Orchestra and other prominent musicians.[42]
Anti-German activity[edit]
See also: Anti-German sentiment § First World War
1918 bond posters with germanophobic slogans
German Americans by this time usually had only weak ties to Germany; however, they were fearful of negative treatment they might receive if the United States entered the war (such mistreatment was already happening to German-descent citizens in Canada and Australia). Almost none called for intervening on Germany's side, instead calling for neutrality and speaking of the superiority of German culture. They were increasingly marginalized, however, and by 1917 had been excluded almost entirely from national discourse on the subject.[43]
When the war began, overt examples of German culture came under attack. Many churches cut back or ended their German language services. German parochial schools switched to the use of English in the classroom. Courses in German were dropped from public high school curricula. Some street names were changed. One person was killed by a mob at a tavern in a southern Illinois mining town.[44]
War bonds[edit]
Elaborate propaganda campaigns were launched to encourage Americans to buy Liberty bonds. In ethnic centers, ethnic groups were pitted against each other so that groups were encouraged to purchase more bonds compared to their historic rivals in order to demonstrate superior patriotism.[45]
Attacks on the USA[edit]
The Central Powers carried out a number of acts of sabotage and a single submarine attack against the mainland of the USA during the war, but never staged an invasion of the country, although there were rumors that German advisers were present at the Battle of Ambos Nogales.
Sabotage[edit]
Black Tom Pier shortly after the explosion.
Main article: Black Tom explosion
Numerous rumors of German plans for sabotage alarmed Americans. After midnight on July 30, 1916, a series of small fires were found on a pier in Jersey City, New Jersey. Sabotage was suspected and some guards fled, fearing an explosion; others attempted to fight the fires. Eventually they called the Jersey City Fire Department. An explosion occurred at 2:08 a.m., the first and biggest of the explosions. Shrapnel from the explosion traveled long distances, some lodging in the Statue of Liberty and other places. Seven people died.
On July 21, 1918, a German U-boat, SM U-156, positioned itself off of Orleans, Massachusetts opened fire and sank a tugboat and some barges until it was driven off by American warplanes.
See also[edit]
American entry into World War I
Victory garden
Woman's Land Army of America
Effect of World War I on Children in the United States
United States home front during World War II
German prisoners of war in the United States
Home front during World War I, covering all major countries involved
Women's roles in the World Wars#World War I
British home front during the First World War
History of Germany during World War I
History of France during World War I
Belgium in World War I
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ On the historiography, see Justus D. Doenecke, "Neutrality Policy and the Decision for War" in Ross Kennedy ed., A Companion to Woodrow Wilson (2013) pp: 243-69 Online
Jump up ^ For detailed coverage of Wilson's speech see NY Times main headline, April 2, 1917, President Calls for War Declaration, Stronger Navy, New Army of 500,000 Men, Full Cooperation With Germany's Foes
Jump up ^ Cooper, John M. Woodrow Wilson: A Biography (2009)
Jump up ^ Spencer Tucker and Priscilla Mary Roberts, eds., World War I: encyclopedia (2005), p. 1205
Jump up ^ Kennedy, Over Here, 61-62
Jump up ^ John Whiteclay Chambers II, To Raise an Army: The Draft Comes to Modern America (1987)
Jump up ^ Edward A. :Gutièrrez, Doughboys on the Great War: How American Soldiers Viewed Their Military Experience (2014)
Jump up ^ Schaffer, Ronald (1978). The United States in World War I. Santa Barbara: Clio Books. p. ?. ISBN 0874362741.
Jump up ^ Fischer, Nick (2011). "The American Protective League and the Australian Protective League – Two Responses to the Threat of Communism, c. 1917–1920". American Communist History. 10 (2): 133–149. doi:10.1080/14743892.2011.597222.
Jump up ^ Steel, Ronald (1980). Walter Lippmann and the American Century. Boston: Little, Brown. p. 124. ISBN 0316811904.
Jump up ^ Mock, James R.; Larson, Cedric (1939). Words that Won the War: The Story of the Committee on Public Information, 1917–1919. Princeton University Press. pp. 151–152.
Jump up ^ Steven Lobell, "The Political Economy of War Mobilization: From Britain's Limited Liability to a Continental Commitment," International Politics (2006) 43#3 pp 283–304
Jump up ^ Helmuth Carol Engelbrecht; Frank Cleary Hanighen (1934). Merchants of Death: A Study of the International Armament Industry. p. 187.
^ Jump up to: a b Westing, Frederick (1966), The locomotives that Baldwin built. Containing a complete facsimile of the original "History of the Baldwin Locomotive Works, 1831-1923", Crown Publishing Group, pp. 76–85, ISBN 978-0-517-36167-2
Jump up ^ Ayres, Leonard P. (1919). The War with Germany (Second ed.). Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office. pp. 77&78.
Jump up ^ M. J. Daunton, "How to Pay for the War: State, Society and Taxation in Britain, 1917–24," English Historical Review (1996) 111# 443 pp. 882–919 in JSTOR
Jump up ^ "U.S. Cartridge Company" (PDF). Lowell Land Trust. Retrieved 2013-02-06.
Jump up ^ Brown, John K. (1995), The Baldwin Locomotive Works, 1831-1915: A Study in American Industrial Practice, Studies in Industry and Society series, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 216&228, ISBN 978-0-8018-5047-9
^ Jump up to: a b Crowell, pp. 25-30
Jump up ^ Beamish and March (1919). America's Part in the World War. pp. 319–35.
Jump up ^ "Teaching With Documents: Sow the Seeds of Victory! Posters from the Food Administration During World War I"
Jump up ^ Nash, George H. (1996). The Life of Herbert Hoover: Master of Emergencies, 1917–1918. New York: Norton. p. ?. ISBN 0393038416.
Jump up ^ Spencer C. Tucker; Priscilla Mary Roberts (2005). Encyclopedia Of World War I: A Political, Social, And Military History. ABC-CLIO. p. 1206.
Jump up ^ Kennedy, Over Here 113-25
Jump up ^ Beamish and March (1919). America's Part in the World War. pp. 336–50.
Jump up ^ Beamish and March (1919). America's Part in the World War. pp. 359–66.
Jump up ^ Brian Tennyson, and Roger Sarty. "Sydney, Nova Scotia and the U-Boat War, 1918." Canadian Military History 7.1 (2012): 4+ online
Jump up ^ Holger H. Herwig, and David F. David. "The Failure of Imperial Germany's Undersea Offensive Against World Shipping, February 1917–October 1918." Historian (1971) 33#4 pp: 611-636.
Jump up ^ Ronald W. Ferrier; J. H. Bamberg (1982). The History of the British Petroleum Company: Volume 1, The Developing Years, 1901-1932. Cambridge University Press. p. 356.
Jump up ^ Joseph A. McCartin, Labor's great war: the struggle for industrial democracy and the origins of modern American labor relations, 1912-1921 (1997).
Jump up ^ Richard B. Gregg, "The National War Labor Board." Harvard Law Review (1919): 39-63 in JSTOR
Jump up ^ Robert L. Tyler, Rebels of the woods: the IWW in the Pacific Northwest (U of Oregon Press, 1967)
Jump up ^ Philip Taft, The A.F.L. in the time of Gompers (1957)
Jump up ^ Gavin, Lettie (2006). American Women in World War I: They Also Served. Boulder: University Press of Colorado. ISBN 0870818252.
Jump up ^ Beamish and March (1919). America's Part in the World War. pp. 259–72.
Jump up ^ Greenwald, Maureen (1980). Maurine Weiner. Women, War, and Work: the Impact of World War I on Women Workers in the United States. Westport: Greenwood Press. p. 4. ISBN 0313213550.
Jump up ^ McDermott, T. P. "USA's Boy Scouts and World War I Liberty Loan Bonds". SOSSI Journal: 70.
Jump up ^ Spring, Joel (1992). Images of American Life. Albany: State University of New York Press. p. 20. ISBN 0791410692.
Jump up ^ McClymer, John F. (1980). War and Welfare: Social Engineering in America, 1890–1925. Westport: Greenwood Press. pp. 110–111. ISBN 0313211299.
Jump up ^ Archdeacon, Thomas J. (1984). Becoming American. London: Collier Macmillan. pp. 115, 186–187. ISBN 0029008301.
Jump up ^ McClymer, War and Welfare, pp 112-3
Jump up ^ New York Times: "Dr. Muck Bitter at Sailing," August 22, 1919, accessed January 13, 2010
Jump up ^ Frederick C. Luebke, Bonds of Loyalty: German-Americans and World War I (1974)
Jump up ^ Donald R. Hickey, "The Prager Affair: A Study in Wartime Hysteria," Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society (1969) 62#2 pp 126–127 in JSTOR
Jump up ^ June Alexander (2008). Ethnic Pride, American Patriotism: Slovaks And Other New Imiigrants. Temple UP. pp. 33–34.
Further reading[edit]
Further information: Presidency of Woodrow Wilson and Bibliography of World War I
Beamish, Richard Joseph and Francis Andrew March (1919). America's Part in the World War: A History of the Full Greatness of Our Country's Achievements; the Record of the Mobilization and Triumph of the Military, Naval, Industrial and Civilian Resources of the United States. Philadelphia: John C. Winston Company. ; comprehensive history of military and home front; full text online; has photos
Breen, William J. Uncle Sam at Home: Civilian Mobilization, Wartime Federalism, and the Council of National Defense, 1917-1919 (Greenwood Press, 1984)
Chambers, John W., II. To Raise an Army: The Draft Comes to Modern America (1987)
Clements, Kendrick A. The Presidency of Woodrow Wilson (1992)
Cooper, John Milton. Woodrow Wilson: A Biography (2009)
Crowell, Benedict (1919). America's Munitions 1917-1918. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
Dumenil, Lynn. The Second Line of Defense: American Women and World War I (U of North Carolina Press, 2017). xvi, 340 pp.
Encyclopædia Britannica (12th ed. 1922) comprises the 11th edition plus three new volumes 30-31-32 that cover events since 1911 with very thorough coverage of the war as well as every country and colony. Included also in 13th edition (1926) partly online
full text of vol 30 ABBE to ENGLISH HISTORY online free
Kennedy, David M. Over Here: The First World War and American Society (2004), comprehensive coverage borrow for 14 days
Link, Arthur Stanley. Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era, 1910–1917 (1972) standard political history of the era borrow for 14 days
Link, Arthur Stanley. Wilson: The Struggle for Neutrality: 1914–1915 (1960); Wilson: Confusions and Crises: 1915–1916 (1964); Wilson: Campaigns for Progressivism and Peace: 1916–1917 (1965), the standard biography to 1918
Malin, James C. The United States after the World War (1930) online
Meyer G.J. The World Remade: America In World War I (2017), popular survey, 672pp
Philadelphia War History Committee (1922). Philadelphia in the World War, 1914-1919. full text online
Schaffer, Ronald. America in the Great War: The Rise of the War-Welfare State (Oxford University Press, 1991), ISBN 0-19-504904-7
Tucker, Spencer C., and Priscilla Mary Roberts, eds. The Encyclopedia of World War I : A Political, Social, and Military History (5 vol. 2005)
Vaughn, Stephen. Holding Fast the Inner Lines: Democracy, Nationalism, and the Committee on Public Information (1980) in Questia
Venzon, Anne ed. The United States in the First World War: An Encyclopedia (1995), Very thorough coverage.
Williams, William John. The Wilson administration and the shipbuilding crisis of 1917: steel ships and wooden steamers (1992).
Wilson, Ross J. New York and the First World War: Shaping an American City (2014).
Young, Ernest William. The Wilson Administration and the Great War (1922) online edition
Zieger, Robert H. America's Great War: World War I and the American Experience 2000. 272 pp.
Economics and labor[edit]
Cuff, Robert D. The war industries board: Business-government relations during World War I (1973).
Cuff, Robert D. "The politics of labor administration during world war I." Labor History 21.4 (1980): 546-569.
Dubofsky, Melvyn. "Abortive reform: the Wilson administration and organized labor, 1913-1920." in Work, Community, and Power: The Experience of Labor in Europe and America, 1900-1925 edited by James E. Cronin and Sirianni, (1983): 197-220.
Haig, Robert Murray. “The Revenue Act of 1918,” Political Science Quarterly 34#3 (1919): 369-391. in JSTOR
Kester, Randall B. “The War Industries Board, 1917–1918; A Study in Industrial Mobilization,” American Political Science Review 34#4 (1940), pp. 655–84; in JSTOR
Rockoff, Hugh. "Until it's Over, Over There: The U.S. Economy in World War I," in Stephen Broadberry and Mark Harrison, eds. The Economics of World War I (2005) pp 310-43. online; online review
Soule, George. The Prosperity Decade: From War to Depression, 1917–1929 (1947), broad economic history of decade
Sutch, Richard. "The Fed, the Treasury, and the Liberty Bond Campaign–How William Gibbs McAdoo Won World War I." Central Banking in Historical Perspective: One Hundred Years of the Federal Reserve (2014) online; Illustrated with wartime government posters.
Historiography[edit]
Controvich, James T. The United States in World War I: A Bibliographic Guide (Scarecrow, 2012) 649 pp
Keene, Jennifer D. "Remembering the “Forgotten War”: American Historiography on World War I." Historian 78#3 (2016): 439-468.
Primary sources and year books[edit]
Negro Year Book 1916
New International Year Book 1914, Comprehensive coverage of national and state affairs, 913pp
New International Year Book 1915, Comprehensive coverage of national and state affairs, 791pp
New International Year Book 1916 (1917), Comprehensive coverage of national and state affairs, 938pp
New International Year Book 1917 (1918), Comprehensive coverage of national and state affairs, 904 pp
New International Year Book 1918 (1919), Comprehensive coverage of national and state affairs, 904 pp
New InternationalYear Book 1919 (1920), Comprehensive coverage of national and state affairs, 744pp
New International Year Book 1920 (1921), Comprehensive coverage of national and state affairs, 844 pp
New International Year Book 1921 (1922), Comprehensive coverage of national and state affairs, 848 pp
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to World War I homefront in the United States.
Keene, Jennifer D.: United States of America , in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War.
Ford, Nancy Gentile: Civilian and Military Power (USA) , in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War.
Jensen, Kimberly: Women's Mobilization for War (USA) , in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War.
Strauss, Lon: Social Conflict and Control, Protest and Repression (USA) , in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War.
Taillon, Paul Michel: Labour Movements, Trade Unions and Strikes (USA) , in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War.
Little, Branden: Making Sense of the War (USA) , in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War.
Miller, Alisa: Press/Journalism (USA) , in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War.
Wells, Robert A.: Propaganda at Home (USA) , in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War.
Home front of Connecticut in World War I
North Carolinians and the Great War: Introduction to the Home Front
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