text:
Dalit Buddhist movement
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Part of a series on
Buddhism
History[show]
Timeline
Gautama Buddha
Councils
Later Buddhists
Dharma
Concepts
[show]
Four Noble Truths
Five Aggregates
Impermanence
Suffering
Non-self
Dependent Origination
Middle Way
Emptiness
Karma
Rebirth
Saṃsāra
Cosmology
Buddhist texts[show]
Buddhavacana
Tripiṭaka
Mahayana Sutras
Pāli Canon
Tibetan canon
Chinese canon
Practices[show]
Three Jewels
Buddhist Paths to liberation
Morality
Perfections
Meditation
Philosophical reasoning
Mindfulness
Wisdom
Compassion
Aids to Enlightenment
Monasticism
Laity
Nirvāṇa[show]
Four Stages
Arhat
Buddha
Bodhisattva
Traditions[show]
Theravāda
Pāli
Mahāyāna
Hinayana
Chinese
Vajrayāna
Tibetan
Navayana
Newar
Buddhism by country[show]
India
China
Thailand
Japan
Myanmar
Sri Lanka
Laos
Cambodia
Korea
Taiwan
Tibet
Bhutan
Mongolia
Russia
Outline
Buddhism portal
v
t
e
The Dalit Buddhist movement (also known as Neo-Buddhist movement[1]) is a socio-political movement by Dalits in India started by B. R. Ambedkar. It radically re-interpreted Buddhism and created a new school of Buddhism called Navayana. The movement has sought to be a socially and politically engaged form of Buddhism.[2][3]
The movement was launched in 1956 by Ambedkar when nearly half a million Dalits – formerly untouchables – joined him and converted to his Navayana Buddhism.[4] It rejected Hinduism, challenged caste system and promoted the rights of the Dalit community.[5][4] The movement also rejected the teachings of traditional Theravada, Mahayana and Vajrayana sects of Buddhism, and took an oath to pursue a new form of engaged Buddhism as taught by Ambedkar.[6][7][5]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Northern India
1.2 Southern India
2 B. R. Ambedkar
2.1 Navayana Buddhism
2.2 Ambedkar's conversion
2.3 Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar
3 After Ambedkar's death
3.1 Developments in Uttar Pradesh
3.2 Maharashtra
3.3 Organized mass conversions
3.4 Criticism of conversions
4 Distinctive interpretation
5 See also
6 References
7 Bibliography
8 External links
History[edit]
Buddhism originated in ancient India and grew after Ashoka adopted it. By the 2nd century CE, Buddhism was widespread in India and had expanded outside of India into Central Asia, East Asia and parts of Southeast Asia.[8][9] During the Middle Ages, Buddhism slowly declined in India,[10] while it vanished from Persia and Central Asia as Islam became the state religion.[11][12]
According to Randall Collins, Buddhism was already declining in India by the 12th century, but with the pillage by Muslim invaders it nearly became extinct in India.[13] In the 13th century, states Craig Lockard, Buddhist monks in India escaped to Tibet to escape Islamic persecution;[14] while the monks in western India, states Peter Harvey, escaped persecution by moving to south Indian Hindu kingdoms that were able to resist the Muslim power.[15]
Efforts to revive Buddhism in India began in the 19th-century, such as with the efforts of Sri Lankan Buddhist leader Anagarika Dharmapala who founded the Maha Bodhi Society.[16] The Maha Bodhi Society, according to Bhagwan Das, was not a Dalit movement however, because it mainly attracted upper-caste Hindus to Buddhism.[17]
Northern India[edit]
Two early Dalit movements that rejected Hinduism were launched by Swami Achhutanand Harihar in Uttar Pradesh and Babu Mangu Ram in Punjab. These were called Adi Dharma movements.[18]
Achhutanand was born in an untouchable family, joined the Arya Samaj suddhi reform movement, worked there for about eight years (1905-1912), felt untouchability was being practiced in Arya Samaj in subtle ways, left it and launched Bharitiya Achhut Mahasabha as a socio-political movement.[18] Achhutanand began spreading his ideas by publishing the Adi-Hindu magazine, and called Dalits to a return to Adi-Dharma as the original religion of Indians. Achhutanand formulated his philosophy on the basis of a shared cultural and ethnic identity, presenting it to an audience beyond the Dalits and including tribal societies as well. He opposed the non-cooperation movement of Mahatma Gandhi, his fasts and Indian National Congress, stating that the Brahmins were "as foreign to India as were the British", according to Anand Teltumbde.[18]
Babu Mangu Ram was also born in an untouchable family of Punjab with a flourishing leather trade. Mangu Ram arrived in the United States in 1909, at age 23 and worked in California. There he joined the Ghadar Party, smuggling weapons from California to India to oppose the British rule.[18] In 1925, he shifted his focus to Dalit freedom, for which he launched the "Ad Dharm" movement as well as Adi-Danka weekly newspaper to spread his ideas. His religious movement failed to accomplish much, states Teltumbde, and Mangu Ram later joined the Ambedkar movement.[18]
In 1914, Prakash was ordained Bodhanand Mahastavir in Calcutta, and began preaching Buddhism in Lucknow. He founded the Bharatiye Buddh Samiti in 1916, and set up a vihara in 1928.[19]
Southern India[edit]
In 1898, Pandit Iyothee Thass founded the Sakya Buddhist Society, also known as Indian Buddhist Association, in Tamil Nadu.[20] He presented Buddhism as a religious alternative for the Dalits. Thass' efforts created a broad movement amongst Tamil Dalits in South India till the 1950s.[19] The first president of the Indian Buddhist Association was Paul Carus.[19] The Indian Buddhist Association, unlike the Dalit movement led by Ambedkar, adopted the Theravada Buddhism tradition found in Sri Lanka, where Thass had received his training and initiation in Buddhism.[20]
B. R. Ambedkar[edit]
Ambedkar delivering a speech to a rally at Yeola, Nashik, on 13 October 1935
Ambedkar was a Dalit leader, influential during the colonial era and post-independence period of India. He was the fourteenth child in an impoverished Maharashtra Dalit family, who studied abroad, returned to India in the 1920s and joined the political movement. His focus was social and political rights of the Dalits.[21]
During 1931-32, Mahatma Gandhi led Indian independence movement held discussions with the British government over the Round Table Conferences. They sought constitutional reforms as a preparation to the end of colonial British rule, and begin the self-rule by Indians.[22] The British side sought reforms that would keep Indian subcontinent as a colony. The British negotiators proposed constitutional reforms on a British Dominion model that established separate electorates based on religious and social divisions.[23] They invited Indian religious leaders, such as Muslims and Sikhs, to press their demands along religious lines, as well as B. R. Ambedkar as the representative leader of the untouchables.[22] Gandhi vehemently opposed a constitution that enshrined rights or representations based on communal divisions, because he feared that it would not bring people together but divide them, perpetuate their status and divert the attention from India's struggle to end the colonial rule.[24][25]
After Gandhi returned from Second Round Table conference, he started a new satyagraha. He was immediately arrested and imprisoned at the Yerwada Jail, Pune. While he was in prison, the British government enacted a new law that granted untouchables a separate electorate. It came to be known as the Communal Award.[26] In protest, Gandhi started fast-unto-death, while he was held in prison.[27] The resulting public outcry forced the government, in consultations with Ambedkar, to replace the Communal Award with a compromise Poona Pact.[28][29]
Ambedkar accepted the Poona Pact under public pressure, but disagreed with Gandhi and his political methods. He dismissed Gandhi's ideas as loved by "blind Hindu devotees", primitive, influenced by spurious brew of Tolstoy and Ruskin, and "there is always some simpleton to preach them".[30][31]
Ambedkar concluded that Dalits must leave Hinduism and convert to another religion, and announced his intent to leave Hinduism in 1935. He considered Islam, Christianity, Sikhism and Buddhism.[21][32] Ambedkar was approached by various leaders of different denominations and faiths. On 22 May 1936, an "All Religious Conference" was held at Lucknow. It was attended by prominent Dalit leaders including Jagjivan Ram, though Ambedkar could not attend it. At the conference, Muslim, Christian, Sikh, and Buddhist representatives presented the tenets of their respective religions in an effort to win over Dalits.[19] Ambedkar rejected the other religions and chose Buddhism.[21] However, Ambedkar remained a Hindu for next 20 years, studied then re-interpreted Buddhism, and adopted Neo-Buddhism or Navayana few weeks before his death.[7][21]
The Italian Buddhist monk Lokanatha visited Ambedkar's residence at Dadar on 10 June 1936. Later in an interview to the press, Lokanatha said that Ambedkar was impressed with Buddhism.[33]
Navayana Buddhism[edit]
Main article: Navayana
According to Ambedkar, several of the core beliefs and doctrines of traditional Buddhist traditions such as Four Noble Truths and Anatta were flawed and pessimistic, may have been inserted into the Buddhist scriptures by wrong headed Buddhist monks of a later era. These should not be considered as Buddha's teachings in Ambedkar's view.[32][34] Other foundational concepts of Buddhism such as Karma and Rebirth were considered by Ambedkar as superstitions.[32]
Navayana as formulated by Ambedkar and at the root of Dalit Buddhist movement abandons mainstream traditional Buddhist practices and precepts such as the institution of monk after renunciation, ideas such as karma, rebirth in afterlife, samsara, meditation, nirvana and Four Noble Truths.[35] Ambedkar's new sect of Buddhism rejected these ideas and re-interpreted the Buddha's religion in terms of class struggle and social equality.[34][32][36]
Ambedkar called his version of Buddhism Navayana or Neo-Buddhism.[37] His book, The Buddha and His Dhamma is the holy book of Navayana and Dalit Buddhists.[38] According to Junghare, for the followers of Navyana, Ambedkar has become a deity and he is worshipped in its practice.[39]
Ambedkar's conversion[edit]
After publishing a series of books and articles arguing that Buddhism was the only way for the Untouchables to gain equality, Ambedkar publicly converted on 14 October 1956, at Deekshabhoomi, Nagpur, over 20 years after he declared his intent to convert and a few weeks before his death. Ambedkar adopted Navayana Buddhism, and converted between 380,000 and 500,000 Dalits to his Neo-Buddhism movement.[7][21]
The conversion ceremony was attended by Medharathi, his main disciple Bhoj Dev Mudit, and Mahastvir Bodhanand's Sri Lankan successor, Bhante Pragyanand.[19] Ambedkar asked Dalits not to get entangled in the existing branches of Buddhism (Theravada, Mahayana and Vajrayana), and called his version Navayana or 'Neo-Buddhism'. Ambedkar would die less than two months later, just after finishing his definitive work on Buddhism.
Many Dalits employ the term "Ambedkar(ite) Buddhism" to designate the Buddhist movement, which started with Ambedkar's conversion.[19] Many converted people call themselves "-Bauddha" i.e. Buddhists.
Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar[edit]
Inscription of 22 vows at Deekshabhoomi, Nagpur
After receiving ordination, Ambedkar gave dhamma diksha to his followers. The ceremony included 22 vows given to all new converts after Three Jewels and Five Precepts. On 14 October 1956 at Nagpur, Ambedkar performed another mass religious conversion ceremony at Chandrapur.[40][41]
He prescribed 22 vows to his followers:[42]
I shall have no faith in Brahma, Vishnu and Maheshwara, nor shall I worship them.
I shall have no faith in Rama and Krishna, who are believed to be incarnation of God, nor shall I worship them.
I shall have no faith in Gauri, Ganapati and other gods and goddesses of Hindus, nor shall I worship them.
I do not believe in the incarnation of God.
I do not and shall not believe that Lord Buddha was the incarnation of Vishnu. I believe this to be sheer madness and false propaganda.
I shall not perform Shraddha nor shall I give pind.
I shall not act in a manner violating the principles and teachings of the Buddha.
I shall not allow any ceremonies to be performed by Brahmins.
I shall believe in the equality of man.
I shall endeavour to establish equality.
I shall follow the Noble Eightfold Path of the Buddha.
I shall follow the ten paramitas prescribed by the Buddha.
I shall have compassion and loving-kindness for all living beings and protect them.
I shall not steal.
I shall not tell lies.
I shall not commit carnal sins.
I shall not take intoxicants like liquor, drugs, etc.
(The previous four proscriptive vows [#14–17] are from the Five Precepts.)
I shall endeavour to follow the Noble Eightfold Path and practice compassion and loving-kindness in everyday life.
I renounce Hinduism, which disfavors humanity and impedes the advancement and development of humanity because it is based on inequality, and adopt Buddhism as my religion.
I firmly believe the Dhamma of the Buddha is the only true religion.
I consider that I have taken a new birth.
I solemnly declare and affirm that I shall hereafter lead my life according to the teachings of Buddha's Dhamma.
After Ambedkar's death[edit]
The Buddhist movement was somewhat hindered by Ambedkar's death so shortly after his conversion. It did not receive the immediate mass support from the Untouchable population that Ambedkar had hoped for. Division and lack of direction among the leaders of the Ambedkarite movement have been an additional impediment. According to the 2001 census, there are currently 7.95 million Buddhists in India, at least 5.83 million of whom are Buddhists in Maharashtra.[43] This makes Buddhism the fifth-largest religion in India and 6% of the population of Maharashtra, but less than 1% of the overall population of India.
The Buddhist revival remains concentrated in two states: Ambedkar's native Maharashtra, and Uttar Pradesh — the land of Bodhanand Mahastavir, Acharya Medharthi and their associates.
Developments in Uttar Pradesh[edit]
Statue of B.R.Ambedkar inside Ambedkar Park, Lucknow
Acharya Medharthi retired from his Buddhapuri school in 1960, and shifted to an ashram in Haridwar. He turned to the Arya Samaj and conducted Vedic yajnas all over India. After his death, he was cremated according to Arya Samaj rites.[19] His Buddhpuri school became embroiled in property disputes. His follower, Bhoj Dev Mudit, converted to Buddhism in 1968 and set up a school of his own.
Rajendranath Aherwar appeared as an important Dalit leader in Kanpur. He joined the Republican Party of India and converted to Buddhism along with his whole family in 1961. In 1967, he founded the Kanpur branch of "Bharatiya Buddh Mahasabha". He held regular meetings where he preached Buddhism, officiated at Buddhist weddings and life cycle ceremonies, and organised festivals on Ambedkar's Jayanti (birth day), Sambuddhatva jayanthi, Diksha Divas (the day Ambedkar converted), and Ambedkar Paranirvan Divas (the day Ambedkar died).[19]
The Dalit Buddhist movement in Kanpur gained impetus with the arrival of Dipankar, a Chamar bhikkhu, in 1980. Dipankar had come to Kanpur on a Buddhist mission and his first public appearance was scheduled at a mass conversion drive in 1981. The event was organised by Rahulan Ambawadekar, an RPI Dalit leader. In April 1981, Ambawadekar founded the Dalit Panthers (U.P. Branch) inspired by the Maharashtrian Dalit Panthers. The event met with severe criticism and opposition from Vishva Hindu Parishad and was banned.[19]
The number of Buddhists in the Lucknow district increased from 73 in 1951 to 4327 in 2001.[44] According to the 2001 census, almost 70% of the Buddhist population in Uttar Pradesh is from the scheduled castes background.[45]
In 2002, Kanshi Ram, a popular political leader from a Sikh religious background, announced his intention to convert to Buddhism on 14 October 2006, the fiftieth anniversary of Ambedkar's conversion. He intended for 20,000,000 of his supporters to convert at the same time.[citation needed] Part of the significance of this plan was that Ram's followers include not only Untouchables, but persons from a variety of castes, who could significantly broaden Buddhism's support. But, he died 9 October 2006[46] after a lengthy illness; he was cremated as per Buddhist tradition.[47]
Another popular Dalit leader, Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister and Bahujan Samaj Party leader Mayawati, has said that she and her followers will embrace Buddhism after the BSP forms a government at the Centre.[48]
Maharashtra[edit]
Flag symbolises Dalit movement in India.
Japanese-born Surai Sasai emerged as an important Buddhist leader in India. Sasai came to India in 1966 and met Nichidatsu Fuji, whom he helped with the Peace Pagoda at Rajgir. He fell out with Fuji, however, and started home, but, by his own account, was stopped by a dream in which a figure resembling Nagarjuna appeared and said, "Go to Nagpur". In Nagpur, he met Wamanrao Godbole, the person who had organised the conversion ceremony for Ambedkar in 1956. Sasai claims that when he saw a photograph of Ambedkar at Godbole's home, he realised that it was Ambedkar who had appeared in his dream. At first, Nagpur folk considered Surai Sasai very strange. Then he began to greet them with "Jai Bhim" (victory to Ambedkar) and to build viharas. In 1987 a court case to deport him on the grounds that he had overstayed his visa was dismissed, and he was granted Indian citizenship. Sasai and Bhante Anand Agra are two of main leaders of the campaign to free the Mahabodhi Temple at Bodh Gaya from Hindu control.[49]
A movement originating in Maharashtra but also active in Uttar Pradesh, and spread out over quite a few other pockets where Neo Buddhists live, is Triratna Bauddha Mahāsaṅgha (formerly called TBMSG for Trailokya Bauddha Mahasangha Sahayaka Gana). It is the Indian wing of the UK-based Triratna Buddhist Community founded by Sangharakshita. Its roots lie in the scattered contacts that Sangharakshita had in the 1950s with Ambedkar. Sangharakshita, then still a bhikshu, participated in the conversion movement from 1956 until his departure to the UK in 1963.
When his new ecumenical movement had gained enough ground in the West, Sangharakshita worked with Ambedkarites in India and the UK to develop Indian Buddhism further. After visits in the late 1970s by Dharmachari Lokamitra from UK, supporters developed a two-pronged approach: social work through the Bahujan Hitaj (also spelled as Bahujan Hitay) trust, mainly sponsored from the general public by the British Buddhist-inspired Karuna Trust (UK), and direct Dharma work. Currently the movement has viharas and groups in at least 20 major areas, a couple of retreat centres, and hundreds of Indian Dharmacharis and Dharmacharinis.[50]
Funding for movement's social and dharma work has come from foreign countries, including the Western countries and Taiwan. Some of the foreign-funded organisations include Trailokya Bauddha Mahasangha Sahayaka Gana[51] and Triratna (Europe and India). Triratna has links with the 'Ambedkarite' Buddhist Romanis in Hungary.[52]
Organized mass conversions[edit]
Deekshabhoomi Stupa in Nagpur where Ambedkar converted to Buddhism.
Since Ambedkar's conversion, several thousand people from different castes have converted to Buddhism in ceremonies including the twenty-two vows. The Tamil Nadu and Gujarat governments passed new laws in 2003 to ban "forced" religious conversions.
1957
In 1957, Mahastvir Bodhanand's Sri Lankan successor, Bhante Pragyanand, held a mass conversion drive for 15,000 people in Lucknow.[19]
2001
A prominent Indian Navayana Buddhist leader and political activist, Udit Raj, organised a large mass conversion on 4 November 2001, where he gave the 22 vows, but the event met with active opposition from the government.[53]
2006, Hyderabad
A report from the UK daily The Guardian said that some Hindus have converted to Buddhism. Buddhist monks from the UK and the U.S. attended the conversion ceremonies in India. Hindu nationalists asserted that Dalits should concentrate on trying to reduce illiteracy and poverty rather than looking for new religions.[54]
2006, Gulbarga
On 14 October 2006, hundreds of people converted from Hinduism to Buddhism in Gulburga (Karnataka).[55]
2006
At 50th anniversary celebrations in 2006 of Ambedkar's deeksha.[56] Non-partisan sources put the number of attendees (not converts) at 30,000.[57] The move was criticised by Hindu groups as "unhelpful" and has been criticised as a "political stunt."[57]
2007, Mumbai
On 27 May 2007, tens of thousands of Dalits from Maharashtra gathered at the Mahalakshmi racecourse in Mumbai to mark the 50th anniversary of the conversion of Ambedkar. The number of people who converted versus the number of people in attendance was not clear.[58] The event was organised by the Republican Party of India leader Ramdas Athvale.[59]
Criticism of conversions[edit]
Critics have argued that efforts to convert Hindus to Ambedkarite Buddhism are political stunts rather than sincere commitments to social reform.[60][61] On May 2011, Vishwesha Teertha, stated that conversion doesn't add any benefit to status of dalits.[62]
On 17 June 2013, the converted Dalits asked for the Buddhist certificates, that has been delayed.[63]
Distinctive interpretation[edit]
See also: Navayana and Buddhist modernism
According to Gail Omvedt, an American-born and naturalised Indian sociologist and human rights activist :
Ambedkar's Buddhism seemingly differs from that of those who accepted by faith, who 'go for refuge' and accept the canon. This much is clear from its basis: it does not accept in totality the scriptures of the Theravada, the Mahayana, or the Vajrayana. The question that is then clearly put forth: is a fourth yana, a Navayana, a kind of modernistic Enlightenment version of the Dhamma really possible within the framework of Buddhism?[64]
According to Omvedt, Ambedkar and his Buddhist movement deny many of the core doctrines of Buddhism.[4] All the elements of religious modernism, state Christopher Queen and Sallie King, may be found in Ambedkar Buddhism where his The Buddha and His Dhamma abandons the traditional precepts and practices, then adopts science, activism and social reforms as a form of Engaged Buddhism.[65] Ambedkar's formulation of Buddhism is different from Western modernism, states Skaria, given his synthesis of the ideas of modern Karl Marx into the structure of ideas by the ancient Buddha.[66]
See also[edit]
Namantar Andolan
Buddhism in India
Buddhism in Nepal
Buddhism in Sri Lanka
Buddhism in Tibet
Humanistic Buddhism
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Ranjit Kumar De; Uttara Shastree (1996). Religious Converts in India: Socio-political Study of Neo-Buddhists. Mittal Publications. p. 10. ISBN 978-81-7099-629-3.
Jump up ^ Gary Tartakov (2003). Rowena Robinson, ed. Religious Conversion in India: Modes, Motivations, and Meanings. Oxford University Press. pp. 192–213. ISBN 978-0-19-566329-7.
Jump up ^ Christopher Queen (2015). Steven M. Emmanuel, ed. A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 524–525. ISBN 978-1-119-14466-3.
^ Jump up to: a b c Omvedt, Gail. Buddhism in India : Challenging Brahmanism and Caste. 3rd ed. London/New Delhi/Thousand Oaks: Sage, 2003. pages: 2–15, 210-213
^ Jump up to: a b Skaria, A (2015). "Ambedkar, Marx and the Buddhist Question". Journal of South Asian Studies. Taylor & Francis. 38 (3): 450–452. doi:10.1080/00856401.2015.1049726. , Quote: "Here [Navayana Buddhism] there is not only a criticism of religion (most of all, Hinduism, but also prior traditions of Buddhism), but also of secularism, and that criticism is articulated moreover as a religion."
Jump up ^ Thomas Pantham; Vrajendra Raj Mehta; Vrajendra Raj Mehta (2006). Political Ideas in Modern India: thematic explorations. Sage Publications. ISBN 0-7619-3420-0.
^ Jump up to: a b c Christopher Queen (2015). Steven M. Emmanuel, ed. A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 524–529. ISBN 978-1-119-14466-3.
Jump up ^ Jason Neelis (2010). Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia. BRILL Academic. pp. 102–106. ISBN 90-04-18159-8.
Jump up ^ Ann Heirman; Stephan Peter Bumbacher (2007). The Spread of Buddhism. BRILL Academic. pp. 139–142. ISBN 90-04-15830-8.
Jump up ^ Andrew Powell (1989). Living Buddhism. University of California Press. pp. 38–39. ISBN 978-0-520-20410-2.
Jump up ^ Lars Fogelin (2015). An Archaeological History of Indian Buddhism. Oxford University Press. pp. 6–11, 218, 229–230. ISBN 978-0-19-994823-9.
Jump up ^ Sheila Canby (1993). "Depictions of Buddha Sakyamuni in the Jami al-Tavarikh and the Majma al-Tavarikh". Muqarnas. 10: 299–310. doi:10.2307/1523195. JSTOR 1523195.
Jump up ^ Randall Collins, The Sociology of Philosophies: A Global Theory of Intellectual Change. Harvard University Press, 2000, pages 184-185
Jump up ^ Craig Lockard (2007). Societies, Networks, and Transitions: Volume I: A Global History. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 364. ISBN 0-618-38612-2.
Jump up ^ Peter Harvey (2013). An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices. Cambridge University Press. pp. 194–195. ISBN 978-0-521-85942-4.
Jump up ^ Ahir, D.C. (1991). Buddhism in Modern India. Satguru. ISBN 81-7030-254-4.
Jump up ^ Das, Bhagwan (1998). "Revival of Buddhism in India. Role of Dr Baba Sahib B.R.Ambedkar". Lucknow: Dalit Today Prakashan. ISBN 81-7030-254-4.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Anand Teltumbde (2016). Dalits: Past, Present and Future. Taylor & Francis. pp. 59–61. ISBN 978-1-315-52644-7.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Bellwinkel-Schempp, Maren (2004). "Roots of Ambedkar Buddhism in Kanpur" (PDF). In Jondhale, Surendra; Beltz, Johannes. Reconstructing the World: B.R. Ambedkar and Buddhism in India (PDF). New Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 221–244. Archived from the original on 1 August 2012. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
^ Jump up to: a b Anand Teltumbde (2016). Dalits: Past, Present and Future. Taylor & Francis. pp. 57–59. ISBN 978-1-315-52644-7.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Robert E. Buswell Jr.; Donald S. Lopez Jr. (2013). The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. Princeton University Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-1-4008-4805-8.
^ Jump up to: a b Andrew Muldoon (2016). Empire, Politics and the Creation of the 1935 India Act: Last Act of the Raj. Routledge. pp. 92–99. ISBN 978-1-317-14431-1.
Jump up ^ Rajmohan Gandhi (2006). Gandhi: The Man, His People, and the Empire. University of California Press. pp. 332–333. ISBN 978-0-520-25570-8.
Jump up ^ Andrew Muldoon (2016). Empire, Politics and the Creation of the 1935 India Act: Last Act of the Raj. Routledge. p. 97. ISBN 978-1-317-14431-1.
Jump up ^ Judith Margaret Brown (1991). Gandhi: Prisoner of Hope. Yale University Press. pp. 252–257. ISBN 978-0-300-05125-4.
Jump up ^ Arthur Herman (2008). Gandhi & Churchill: The Epic Rivalry that Destroyed an Empire and Forged Our Age. Random House. pp. 382–390. ISBN 978-0-553-90504-5.
Jump up ^ Nicholas B. Dirks (2011). Castes of Mind: Colonialism and the Making of Modern India. Princeton University Press. pp. 267–274. ISBN 1-4008-4094-5.
Jump up ^ Kamath, M. V. (1995). Gandhi's Coolie: Life & Times of Ramkrishna Bajaj. Allied Publishers. p. 24. ISBN 8170234875.
Jump up ^ Rachel Fell McDermott (2014). Sources of Indian Traditions: Modern India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. Columbia University Press. pp. 369–370. ISBN 978-0-231-51092-9. CS1 maint: display-authors (link)
Jump up ^ Arthur Herman (2008). Gandhi & Churchill: The Epic Rivalry that Destroyed an Empire and Forged Our Age. Random House. p. 586. ISBN 978-0-553-90504-5. Archived from the original on 13 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Cháirez-Garza, Jesús Francisco (2 January 2014). "Touching space: Ambedkar on the spatial features of untouchability". Contemporary South Asia. Taylor & Francis. 22 (1): 37–50. doi:10.1080/09584935.2013.870978.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Damien Keown; Charles S. Prebish (2013). Encyclopedia of Buddhism. Routledge. pp. 24–26. ISBN 978-1-136-98588-1.
Jump up ^ Keer, Dhananjay (1990). Dr Ambedkar Life and Mission. Popular Prakashan, Bombay. ISBN 81-85604-37-1.
^ Jump up to: a b Eleanor Zelliot (2015). Knut A. Jacobsen, ed. Routledge Handbook of Contemporary India. Taylor & Francis. pp. 13, 361–370. ISBN 978-1-317-40357-9.
Jump up ^ Damien Keown; Charles S. Prebish (2013). Encyclopedia of Buddhism. Routledge. p. 25. ISBN 978-1-136-98588-1. , Quote: "(...)The Buddhism upon which he settled and about which he wrote in The Buddha and His Dhamma was, in many respects, unlike any form of Buddhism that had hitherto arisen within the tradition. Gone, for instance, were the doctrines of karma and rebirth, the traditional emphasis on renunciation of the world, the practice of meditation, and the experience of enlightenment. Gone too were any teachings that implied the existence of a trans-empirical realm (...). Most jarring, perhaps, especially among more traditional Buddhists, was the absence of the Four Noble Truths, which Ambedkar regarded as the invention of wrong-headed monks".
Jump up ^ Anne M. Blackburn (1993), Religion, Kinship and Buddhism: Ambedkar's Vision of a Moral Community, The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 16 (1), 1-22
Jump up ^ Christopher S. Queen (2000). Engaged Buddhism in the West. Wisdom Publications. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-86171-159-8.
Jump up ^ Christopher Queen (2015). Steven M. Emmanuel, ed. A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 524–531. ISBN 978-1-119-14466-3.
Jump up ^ I.Y. Junghare (1988), Dr. Ambedkar: The Hero of the Mahars, Ex-Untouchables of India, Asian Folklore Studies, Vol. 47, No. 1, (1988), pp. 93-121, "(...) the new literature of the Mahars and their making of the Ambedkar deity for their new religion, Neo-Buddhism. (...) Song five is clearly representative of the Mahar community's respect and devotion for Ambedkar. He has become their God and they worship him as the singer sings: "We worship Bhima, too." (...) In the last song, Dr. Ambedkar is raised from a deity to a supreme deity. He is omnipresent, omnipotent, and omniscient."
Jump up ^ Vajpeyi, Ananya (27 August 2015). "Comment article from Ananya Vajpeyi: Owning Ambedkar sans his views". The Hindu. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "Nagpur is where Dr BR Ambedkar accepted Buddhism on October 14, 1956, along with several followers". dna. 8 October 2015. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Omvedt, Gail (2003). Buddhism in india : challenging Brahmanism and caste. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. pp. 261–262. ISBN 0761996648.
Jump up ^ Census GIS HouseHold Archived 6 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Das, Shiv Shankar. "Ambedkar Buddhism in Uttar Pradesh (1951–2001): An Analysis of Demographic, Social, Economic and Political Developments" (PDF). RINDAS International Symposium Series I. Ryukoku University, Japan. pp. 56–74. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 April 2014. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
Jump up ^ Das, Shiv Shankar. "Buddhism in Lucknow: History and Culture From Alternative Sources" (PDF). Ambedkar Times. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 April 2014. Retrieved 25 May 2013.
Jump up ^ "BBC NEWS – South Asia – Indian Dalit leader passes away". Retrieved 27 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Kanshi Ram cremated as per Buddhist rituals". The Hindu. Retrieved 27 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Kanshi Ram cremated as per Buddhist rituals". The Hindu. 10 October 2006. Retrieved 2007-08-30.
Jump up ^ Doyle, Tara N. (2003). Liberate the Mahabodhi Temple! Socially Engaged Buddhism, Dalit-Style. In: Steven Heine, Charles Prebish (eds), Buddhism in the Modern World. Oxford University Press. pp. 249–280. ISBN 0-19-514698-0.
Jump up ^ "Wayback Machine" (PDF). 20 April 2012. Archived from the original on 20 April 2012. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "TBMSG: Trailokya Bauddha Mahasangha Sahayaka Gana". Retrieved 27 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Jai Bhim Network". www.jaibhim.hu.
Jump up ^ "50,000 Dalits embrace Buddhism". Buddhism Today. Retrieved 2007-08-30.
Jump up ^ "Untouchables embrace Buddha to escape oppression", The Guardian
Jump up ^ "Hundreds embrace Buddhism in Gulbarga-Bangalore", Times of India
Jump up ^ "Prominent Indian female politician to embrace Buddhism". The Buddhist Channel. 17 October 2006. Retrieved 2007-08-30.
^ Jump up to: a b Prerna Singh Bindra ."Heads, I win...", The Week Magazine, 18 November 2001.
Jump up ^ "BBC NEWS – South Asia – Mass Dalit conversions in Mumbai". Retrieved 27 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Nithin Belle. "Thousands of Dalits in 'mass conversion'" Archived 11 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine., Khaleej Times, 28 May 2007
Jump up ^ Nanda, J. N. (6 August 2017). "Bengal: The Unique State". Concept Publishing Company – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ "Conversion: Ram Raj's rally was probably just an exercise in self-promotion", The Week
Jump up ^ "Udupi Dalits Conversion to Buddhism Adds No Benefit to Status – Pejavar Swamiji". Retrieved 27 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Dalit converted to Buddhism seeks community certificate. Deccan Chronicle June 17, 2013". Archived from the original on 21 June 2013. Retrieved 27 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Omvedt, Gail. Buddhism in India : Challenging Brahmanism and Caste, 3rd ed. London/New Delhi/Thousand Oaks: Sage, 2003. pages: 8
Jump up ^ Christopher S. Queen; Sallie B. King (1996). Engaged Buddhism: Buddhist Liberation Movements in Asia. State University of New York Press. pp. 65–66. ISBN 978-0-7914-2843-6.
Jump up ^ Skaria, A. (2015). "Ambedkar, Marx and the Buddhist Question". Journal of South Asian Studies. Taylor & Francis. 38 (3): 450–465. doi:10.1080/00856401.2015.1049726.
Bibliography[edit]
Adele Fiske (1969). "Religion and Buddhism among India's New Buddhists". Social Research. 36 (1): 123–157.
Surendra Jondhale; Johannes Beltz, eds. (2004). Reconstructing the World: B.R. Ambedkar and Buddhism in India. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-566529-1.
Trevor Ling; Steven Axelrod (1980). Buddhist Revival in India: Aspects of the Sociology of Buddhism. Palgrave Macmillan UK. ISBN 978-1-349-16310-6.
Gail Omvedt (2003). Buddhism in India: Challenging Brahmanism and Caste (3rd ed.). SAGE. ISBN 978-81-321-0370-7.
Christopher S. Queen (2015). Steven M. Emmanuel, ed. A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 524–535. ISBN 978-1-119-14466-3. Unknown parameter |DUPLICATE_title= ignored (help)
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dalit Buddhist movement.
The Buddha and His Dhamma, B. R. Ambedkar
"Buddhism Navayana: Buddhist links and Navayana Buddhism"
BAMCEF
Dr. Ambedkar International Mission
Trailokya Bauddha Mahasangha Sahayaka Gana
Karuna Trust
The Jambudvipa Trust
[show]
v
t
e
Buddhism topics
Glossary
Index
Outline
Foundations
Three Jewels
Buddha
Dharma
Sangha
Four Noble Truths
Noble Eightfold Path
Nirvana
Middle Way
The Buddha
Tathāgata
Birthday
Four sights
Physical characteristics
Footprint
Relics
Iconography in Laos and Thailand
Films
Miracles
Family
Suddhodāna (father)
Māyā (mother)
Mahapajapati Gotamī (aunt, adoptive mother)
Yasodhara (wife)
Rāhula (son)
Ānanda (cousin)
Devadatta (cousin)
Places where the Buddha stayed
Buddha in world religions
Key concepts
Avidyā (Ignorance)
Bardo
Bodhicitta
Bodhisattva
Buddha-nature
Dhamma theory
Dharma
Enlightenment
Five hindrances
Indriya
Karma
Kleshas
Mind Stream
Parinirvana
Pratītyasamutpāda
Rebirth
Saṃsāra
Saṅkhāra
Skandha
Śūnyatā
Taṇhā (Craving)
Tathātā
Ten Fetters
Three marks of existence
Impermanence
Dukkha
Anatta
Two truths doctrine
Cosmology
Ten spiritual realms
Six realms
Deva (Buddhism)
Human realm
Asura realm
Hungry Ghost realm
Animal realm
Hell
Three planes of existence
Practices
Bhavana
Bodhipakkhiyādhammā
Brahmavihara
Mettā
Karuṇā
Mudita
Upekkha
Buddhābhiseka
Dāna
Devotion
Dhyāna
Faith
Five Strengths
Iddhipada
Meditation
Mantras
Kammaṭṭhāna
Recollection
Smarana
Anapanasati
Samatha
Vipassanā (Vipassana movement)
Shikantaza
Zazen
Kōan
Mandala
Tonglen
Tantra
Tertön
Terma
Merit
Mindfulness
Satipatthana
Nekkhamma
Pāramitā
Paritta
Puja
Offerings
Prostration
Chanting
Refuge
Satya
Sacca
Seven Factors of Enlightenment
Sati
Dhamma vicaya
Pīti
Passaddhi
Śīla
Five Precepts
Bodhisattva vow
Prātimokṣa
Threefold Training
Śīla
Samadhi
Prajñā
Vīrya
Four Right Exertions
Nirvana
Bodhi
Bodhisattva
Buddhahood
Pratyekabuddha
Four stages of enlightenment
Sotāpanna
Sakadagami
Anāgāmi
Arhat
Monasticism
Bhikkhu
Bhikkhuni
Śrāmaṇera
Śrāmaṇerī
Anagarika
Ajahn
Sayadaw
Zen master
Rōshi
Lama
Rinpoche
Geshe
Tulku
Householder
Upāsaka and Upāsikā
Śrāvaka
The ten principal disciples
Shaolin Monastery
Major figures
Gautama Buddha
Kaundinya
Assaji
Sāriputta
Mahamoggallāna
Mulian
Ānanda
Mahākassapa
Anuruddha
Mahākaccana
Nanda
Subhuti
Punna
Upali
Mahapajapati Gotamī
Khema
Uppalavanna
Asita
Channa
Yasa
Buddhaghoṣa
Nagasena
Angulimala
Bodhidharma
Nagarjuna
Asanga
Vasubandhu
Atiśa
Padmasambhava
Nichiren
Songtsen Gampo
Emperor Wen of Sui
Dalai Lama
Panchen Lama
Karmapa
Shamarpa
Naropa
Xuanzang
Zhiyi
Texts
Tripiṭaka
Madhyamakālaṃkāra
Mahayana sutras
Pāli Canon
Chinese Buddhist canon
Tibetan Buddhist canon
Branches
Theravada
Mahayana
Chan Buddhism
Zen
Seon
Thiền
Pure Land
Tiantai
Nichiren
Madhyamaka
Yogachara
Navayana
Vajrayana
Tibetan
Shingon
Dzogchen
Early Buddhist schools
Pre-sectarian Buddhism
Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna
Countries
Afghanistan
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Cambodia
China
India
Indonesia
Japan
Korea
Laos
Malaysia
Maldives
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
Pakistan
Philippines
Russia
Kalmykia
Buryatia
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Taiwan
Thailand
Tibet
Vietnam
Middle East
Iran
Western countries
Argentina
Australia
Brazil
France
United Kingdom
United States
Venezuela
History
Timeline
Ashoka
Buddhist councils
History of Buddhism in India
Decline of Buddhism in India
Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution
Greco-Buddhism
Buddhism and the Roman world
Buddhism in the West
Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
Persecution of Buddhists
Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal
Buddhist crisis
Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
Buddhist modernism
Vipassana movement
969 Movement
Women in Buddhism
Philosophy
Abhidharma
Atomism
Buddhology
Creator
Economics
Eight Consciousnesses
Engaged Buddhism
Eschatology
Ethics
Evolution
Humanism
Logic
Reality
Secular Buddhism
Socialism
The unanswered questions
Culture
Architecture
Temple
Vihara
Wat
Stupa
Pagoda
Candi
Dzong architecture
Japanese Buddhist architecture
Korean Buddhist temples
Thai temple art and architecture
Tibetan Buddhist architecture
Art
Greco-Buddhist
Bodhi Tree
Budai
Buddharupa
Calendar
Cuisine
Funeral
Holidays
Vesak
Uposatha
Magha Puja
Asalha Puja
Vassa
Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
Kasaya
Mahabodhi Temple
Mantra
Om mani padme hum
Mudra
Music
Pilgrimage
Lumbini
Maya Devi Temple
Bodh Gaya
Sarnath
Kushinagar
Poetry
Prayer beads
Prayer wheel
Symbolism
Dharmachakra
Flag
Bhavacakra
Swastika
Thangka
Temple of the Tooth
Vegetarianism
Miscellaneous
Abhijñā
Amitābha
Avalokiteśvara
Guanyin
Brahmā
Dhammapada
Dharma talk
Hinayana
Kalpa
Koliya
Lineage
Maitreya
Māra
Ṛddhi
Sacred languages
Pali
Sanskrit
Siddhi
Sutra
Vinaya
Comparison
Bahá'í Faith
Christianity
Influences
Comparison
East Asian religions
Gnosticism
Hinduism
Jainism
Judaism
Psychology
Science
Theosophy
Violence
Western philosophy
Lists
Bodhisattvas
Books
Buddhas
named
Buddhists
Suttas
Temples
Category
Portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dalit_Buddhist_movement&oldid=831470534"
Categories:
B. R. Ambedkar
Buddhist new religious movements
Buddhism amongst Tamils
Buddhism and politics
Dalit history
Navayana
Social movements in India
Hidden categories:
CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown
CS1 maint: display-authors
Webarchive template wayback links
Use British English from March 2013
Use dmy dates from March 2013
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017
Pages with citations using unsupported parameters
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
বাংলা
Esperanto
Français
हिन्दी
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
മലയാളം
मराठी
日本語
پنجابی
தமிழ்
4 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 20 March 2018, at 19:25.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: class id href

values: NavToggle NavToggle1 #

attrs: class style

value: li

values: font-size: 105%; padding: 0px 0px 0.4em; text-align: center; display: none;

values: padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

values:
/wiki/Yerwada_Jail
mw-redirect
Yerwada Jail

values:
/wiki/Lokanatha_(Italian_Buddhist_Monk)
mw-redirect
Lokanatha (Italian Buddhist Monk)

values: Edit section: Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar

values:
/wiki/States_and_territories_of_India
mw-redirect
States and territories of India

values: Edit section: Developments in Uttar Pradesh

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Visa_(document)
mw-redirect
Visa (document)

values: Edit section: Organized mass conversions

values:
/wiki/Forced_religious_conversion
mw-redirect
Forced religious conversion

values:
/wiki/Babasaheb_Ambedkar
mw-redirect
Babasaheb Ambedkar

values:
/wiki/Athawale_Ramdas_Bandu
mw-redirect
Athawale Ramdas Bandu

values: Edit section: Distinctive interpretation

values:
/wiki/Buddhism_in_India
mw-redirect
Buddhism in India

values:
/wiki/Buddhism_in_Tibet
mw-redirect
Buddhism in Tibet

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307%2F1523195

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/1523195

values: Category:CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.jstor.org/stable/1178254

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.tbmsg.org

values:
nofollow
http://www.jaibhim.hu/
external text

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
http://www.navayana.info/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.bamcef.org/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.tbmsg.org/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.jambudvipa.org/
external text

values: Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand

values: List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed

values: International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration

values: Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Category:Buddhist new religious movements

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Use British English from March 2013

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017

values: Category:Pages with citations using unsupported parameters

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Dalit_Buddhist_movement
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: দলিত বৌদ্ধ আন্দোলন – Bangla

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values: बौद्ध-दलित आंदोलन – Hindi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: ദളിത് ബുദ്ധമത പ്രസ്ഥാനം – Malayalam

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values: नवबौद्ध चळवळ – Marathi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mr
display: none;

values: தலித் பௌத்த இயக்கம் – Tamil

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Dalit_Buddhist_movement rootpage-Dalit_Buddhist_movement skin-vector action-view


text:
Audrey
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For other uses, see Audrey (disambiguation).
Audrey
Gender
Female
Language(s)
English
Origin
Language(s)
Old English
Word/name
Æðelþryð
Derivation
æðel + þryð
Meaning
"noble strength"
Other names
Related names
Etheldreda, Ethel, Audie, Audra, Audrea
Audrey /ˈɔːdri/ is an English feminine given name. It is the Anglo-Norman form of the Anglo-Saxon name Æðelþryð, composed of the elements æðel "noble" and þryð "strength". The Anglo-Norman form of the name was applied to Saint Audrey (d. 679), also known by the historical form of her name as Saint Æthelthryth. The same name also survived into the modern period in its Anglo-Saxon form, as Etheldred,[1] e.g. Etheldred Benett (1776–1845).
In the 17th century, the name of Saint Audrey gave rise to the adjective tawdry "cheap and pretentious; cheaply adorned" (after a fair of St. Audrey where cheap lace was sold).[citation needed] As a consequence, use of the name declined, but it was revived in the 19th century. Popularity of the name in the United States peaked in the interbellum period, but it fell below rank 100 in popularity by 1940 and was not frequently given in the later half of the 20th century; Audrey was the 173rd most common name for females in the United States in the 1990 census. Its popularity has again been on the rise since the 2000s, reaching rank 100 in 2002 and rank 41 in 2012. It was also ranked in the top 100 most common names for girls in France, Belgium, and Canada in the 2000s.[2]
Contents
1 People
2 Fictional characters
3 See also
4 Notes
People[edit]
Audre Lorde (1934–1992), American poet, social theorist and activist
Audrey Assad (born 1983), American contemporary Christian musician
Audrey Brown (1913–2005), British athlete
Audrey Chapman (1899–1993), American actress
Audrey De Montigny (born 1985), French-Canadian singer
Audrey Emery (1904–1971), American socialite and wife of Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich of Russia
Audrey Flack (born 1931), American artist
Audrey Hepburn (1929–1993), Belgian-born British actress and fashion model
Audrey Hochberg (1933–2005), New York politician
Audrey Kitching (born 1985), model, fashion designer, fashion blogger
Audrey Landers (born 1956), American actress
Audrey Lawson-Johnston (born 1915), last survivor of the shipwreck Lusitania
Audrey Long (born 1922), American actress
Audrey Luna, American operatic soprano
Audrey Malte, a name used to refer to Ethelreda Malte (died 1559), alleged illegitimate daughter of Henry VIII
Audrey McLaughlin (born 1936), Canadian politician, former leader of the New Democratic Party
Audrey Meadows (1922–1996), American actress
Audrey Meaney (born 1931) British archaeologist
Audrey Mestre (1974–2002), French athlete
Audrey Morris (1928–2018), American jazz singer
Audrey Munson (1891–1996), American model and actress
Audrey Niffenegger (born 1963), American novelist
Audrey Patterson (1926–1996), American athlete
Audrey Penn (born 1947) American author
Audrey Richards (1899–1984), British anthropologist
Audrey Riley, a cellist and string arranger based in the UK
Audrey Tang (born 1981) Taiwanese software programmer
Audrey Tautou (born 1976), French actress
Audrey Terras (born 1942) American mathematician
Audrey Totter, (1918–2013) American actress
Audrey Wasilewski (born 1967) American voice actress
Audrey Wells (born 1960), American film director
Audrey Williamson (born 1926), British athlete
Fictional characters[edit]
Audrey Cheng, a character in the Power of Five novels
Audrey fforbes-Hamilton, a character in the BBC television sitcom To the Manor Born
Audrey Fulquard, heroine of The Little Shop of Horrors, and her namesake "Audrey Jr." or "Audrey II"
Audrey Gordon, played by Heidi Areana in the satirical Australian television cooking series Audrey's Kitchen
Audrey Hanson, a character in television series Heroes
Audrey Horne, a character on the television series Twin Peaks
Audrey Raines, a character in television series 24
Audrey Reede, a character in the film Liar Liar
Audrey Roberts, a character on the British soap opera Coronation Street
Audrey Turfe, a character in Ben Jonson's A Tale of a Tub
Audrey, a 1902 novel by Mary Johnston
Audrey (1916 film), based on Mary Johnston's novel
Audrey, a character in Shakespeare's As You Like It
Little Audrey, a cartoon character who was mainly popular during the 1950s and 1960s
See also[edit]
Audre Lorde (1934–1992), Caribbean-American writer
Audre Trupin, birthname of Pinny Cooke (1923–2004), New York politician
Æthelred
Aldred
Atomic Weapons Detection Recognition and Estimation of Yield (AWDREY)
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ ÆÐELÞRYÐ, Behind the Name
Jump up ^ Audrey, Behind the Name
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Audrey&oldid=845137141"
Categories:
English feminine given names
French feminine given names
Given names
Hidden categories:
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Deutsch
Français
Italiano
Simple English
Edit links
This page was last edited on 9 June 2018, at 17:16 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Audrey_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Audrey (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: th

attrs: colspan class style

value: tr

value: td

attrs: href title

values: 2 navbox-abovebelow text-align:center

values:
/wiki/Saint_Audrey
mw-redirect
Saint Audrey

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2018)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Interbellum_period
mw-redirect
Interbellum period

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values:
/wiki/Audrey_Lawson-Johnston
mw-redirect
Audrey Lawson-Johnston

values:
/wiki/Audrey_Malte
mw-redirect
Audrey Malte

values:
/wiki/Audrey_fforbes-Hamilton
mw-redirect
Audrey fforbes-Hamilton

values:
/wiki/Audrey_(1916_film)
mw-redirect
Audrey (1916 film)

values:
/wiki/%C3%86thelred_(disambiguation)
mw-redirect
Æthelred (disambiguation)

values:
/wiki/Aldred_(surname)
mw-redirect
Aldred (surname)

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Audrey
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
/w/index.php?title=Audrey&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audrey
Audrey – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Audrey rootpage-Audrey skin-vector action-view