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Appalachian Trail by state
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The Appalachian National Scenic Trail spans fourteen U.S. states during its journey that is 2,189 miles (3,523 km) long, including Georgia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine. It begins at Springer Mountain, Georgia, and follows the ridgeline of the Appalachian Mountains, crossing many of its highest peaks and running with only a few exceptions almost continuously through wilderness before ending at Mount Katahdin, Maine.
The trail is currently protected along more than 99% of its course by federal or state land ownership or right-of-way. Annually, more than 4,000 volunteers contribute over 175,000 hours to maintain the trail, an effort coordinated largely by the Appalachian Trail Conservancy (ATC), assisted by some thirty trail clubs and multiple partnerships.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Georgia
2 North Carolina
3 Tennessee
4 Virginia
5 West Virginia
6 Maryland
7 Pennsylvania
8 New Jersey
9 New York
10 Connecticut
11 Massachusetts
12 Vermont
13 New Hampshire
14 Maine
15 See also
16 References
17 Further reading
Georgia[edit]
Counties crossed: Fannin County → Union County → Lumpkin County → White County → Towns County → Habersham County → Rabun County
A hiker signs the register at the southern terminus of the AT on Springer Mountain
Georgia has 76.4 miles (123.0 km) of the trail,[2] including the southern terminus at Springer Mountain (elevation 3,780 ft or 1,150 m). An 8.8-mile (14.2 km) approach trail (not part of the AT) begins at the Amicalola Falls State Park visitor center. The approach trail is often littered with items cast aside by overburdened hikers unprepared for the difficulties of the initial hike. At 4,458 feet (1,359 m), Blood Mountain is the highest point on the trail in Georgia. The AT and approach trail are managed and maintained by the Georgia Appalachian Trail Club.
See: Georgia Peaks on the Appalachian Trail
North Carolina[edit]
Counties crossed: Clay County → Macon County → Swain County → Graham County → Swain County → (The following counties are traversed along the Tennessee border) Haywood County → Madison County → Yancey County → Mitchell County → Avery County
North Carolina has 95.5 miles (153.7 km) of the trail,[3] not including more than 200 miles (320 km) along the Tennessee border. Altitude ranges from 1,725 to 5,498 feet (526 to 1,676 m).
The trail crosses Bly Gap one-tenth of a mile north of the Georgia state line.[4] The trail further north includes peaks such as Standing Indian Mountain, Mount Albert, and Wayah Bald, followed by a Nantahala Gorge crossing by Wesser Falls and at Nantahala Outdoor Center, and, at the section's north end, is the Fontana Dam Shelter, affectionately known as the Fontana Hilton, known for its view of fjordlike Fontana Lake, comparatively spacious accommodations, water spigots, flush toilets, nearby free hot showers, and a three dollar shuttle into Fontana Dam, North Carolina.
Tennessee[edit]
Counties crossed: Blount County → Sevier County → Cocke County → Greene County → Unicoi County → Carter County (where it leaves the North Carolina border) → Johnson County → Sullivan County
View (north) from the summit of Clingmans Dome
Tennessee has 287.9 miles (463.3 km) of the trail,[5] including more than 200 miles (320 km) along or near the North Carolina border. The section that runs just below the summit of Clingmans Dome in Great Smoky Mountains National Park is the highest point on the trail at 6,625 feet (2,019 m). The trail enters Tennessee from North Carolina atop Doe Knob and exits Tennessee into Virginia atop Holston Mountain.
The first 64 miles (103 km) of the A.T. in Tennessee follow the crest of the Smokies, and are largely shared with North Carolina. In the western Smokies, the trail traverses a young forest that replaced what was once a large highland pasture, most noticeable in areas such as Spence Field, Thunderhead Mountain, and Silers Bald. The trail reaches 6,000 feet (1,800 m) for the first time on the western slope of Mount Buckley (a sub-peak of Clingmans Dome), where it first enters the sub-alpine spruce-fir forest, and comes within a few meters of the summit of Clingmans. The trail crosses U.S. Route 441 at Newfound Gap and traverses a series of rocky cliffs known as "The Sawteeth" en route to the high ridges of the Eastern Smokies. Here, the trail crosses Mount Chapman and Mount Guyot, and passes one of its most remote shelters at Tricorner Knob before gradually descending.
Just beyond Mount Cammerer, the A.T. exits the Smokies, crossing Interstate 40 into the Cherokee National Forest. After traversing Snowbird Mountain, Max Patch Bald, and Lemon Gap (just south of Del Rio), the trail exits Tennessee atop Bluff Mountain and re-enters again atop Rich Mountain (in Greene County), some 10 miles (16 km) to the northeast.
After traversing the Bald Mountains, the Appalachian Trail crosses the Nolichucky River and enters the Unakas, gradually ascending to the Roan Highlands near the town of Roan Mountain in Carter County. Atop Roan High Knob, the A.T. again eclipses 6,000 feet (approximately 6,280 ft or 1,910 m), and passes the highest shelter along the entire trail. After crossing Grassy Ridge, which is the longest stretch of grassy bald in the Appalachians, the trail descends to the Laurel Fork Valley, where it turns west away from the state boundary.
Just beyond White Rocks Mountain, the trail passes through Hampton, Tennessee, before turning north again. At Watauga Lake at the TVA Watauga Dam, the trail turns northeast, crossing Iron Mountain before turning briefly to the northwest at the Carter County-Johnson County line. After passing over Cross Mountain, the trail again turns northeast and ascends Holston Mountain en route to Virginia.
Virginia[edit]
The Pocosin Cabin along the trail in Shenandoah National Park
Counties crossed: Washington County → Smyth County → Grayson County → Wythe County → Bland County → Tazewell County → Giles County Briefly joins the West Virginia border here → Craig County → Montgomery County → Roanoke County → Botetourt County → Bedford County → Rockbridge County → Amherst County → Nelson County → Augusta County → Albemarle County → Rockingham County → Greene County → Page County → Rappahannock County→ Warren County → Fauquier County → Clarke County → (rejoins the West Virginia Border here) Loudoun County
Virginia has the most mileage of the trail of any state with 550.3 miles (885.6 km) of the trail (one-fourth of the entire trail), including more than 20 miles (32 km) along the West Virginia border.[6] With the climate, and the timing of northbound thru-hikers, this section is wet and challenging because of the spring thaw and heavy spring rainfall.[7]
Substantial portions of the trail closely parallel Skyline Drive in Shenandoah National Park and, further south, the Blue Ridge Parkway.[6] The Appalachian Trail Conservancy considers to be excellent for beginning hikers a well-maintained 104 miles (167 km) section of the trail that the Civilian Conservation Corps constructed in Shenandoah National Park and whose climbs rarely exceed 1,000 feet (300 m).[6][8]
McAfee Knob is affectionately known as "the most photographed spot on the A.T."[9]
The plant life on Virginia's section of the trail includes thickly-growing wild blueberry bushes. The bushes are especially numerous along the trail's central sections, through the Shenandoah National Park, and its northern sections. The blueberries ripen in late summer, offering hikers a plentifully available food source.
In 1989, Hurricane Hugo damaged over 300 miles of the Appalachian Trail in Virginia.[10] Three weeks of rain uprooted thousands of trees in what Mike Dawson of the Appalachian Trail Conference called "the worst break in the continuous footpath since it was declared open from Maine to Georgia in August 1937."[10] Due to responsive and prepared local trail clubs, all but six miles of the trails were re-opened within a month.[10]
The annual "Trail Days" festival held in Damascus has become the largest single gathering of Appalachian Trail hikers anywhere.[11]
Panoramic image of the Catawba Valley from the McAfee Knob overlook
West Virginia[edit]
Counties crossed: Monroe County (while sharing the trail with Virginia in the south → Jefferson County (while sharing the trail and briefly entering the state.)
West Virginia has 4 miles (6 km) of the trail,[12] not including about 20 miles (32 km) along the Virginia border. The trail passes through the town of Harpers Ferry, headquarters of the Appalachian Trail Conservancy. Harpers Ferry is considered the "psychological midpoint" of the AT, although the actual midpoint is just west of Pine Grove Furnace State Park in Pennsylvania.
Maryland[edit]
Counties crossed: Washington County → Frederick County
Annapolis Rock Overlook, found along the trail in South Mountain State Park
Maryland has 40.9 miles (65.8 km) of the trail,[13] ranging in elevation from 230 to 1,880 feet (70 to 573 m). Most of the trail runs along the ridge line of South Mountain in South Mountain State Park[14] Hikers are required to stay at designated shelters and campsites, no camping off-trail. Some hikers choose to hike Maryland in a single day, usually starting just before dawn and ending at dusk. This is known as the Maryland Challenge. The Challenge is especially popular among thru-hikers due to the endurance built up by the time one reaches Maryland from either terminus. A variation of this challenge, known as the Four State Challenge, involves hiking between the ridge line straddling Virginia and West Virginia all the way to or from Pennsylvania in 24 hours, thus hiking in four states in one day. The Four State Challenge requires a hike of approximately 45 miles (72 km), most of which are in Maryland.
The state does contain one of the most unusual shelters, the Ensign Cowell shelter. From this shelter, you can hear artillery testing from a nearby military base. The Rocky Run Shelters are located near Boonsboro. The older log structure was built by the CCC in 1940.
Another unique stop is the Dahlgren Campground. Hikers can stop here for the night and enjoy the free showers. The trail passes very close to the eastern edge of Greenbrier State Park. The trail also goes through Pen Mar Park, which is just north of High Rock, which offers a spectacular view and is a popular hang-gliding site.
On March 15, 2015, a hiker was killed near the Ed Garvey shelter in the southern part of the state's portion of the trail when a large tree fell on him.[15]
Pennsylvania[edit]
Counties crossed: Franklin County → Cumberland County → Perry County → Dauphin County → Lebanon County → Schuylkill County → Berks County → Lehigh County → Carbon County → Northampton County → Monroe County
Pennsylvania has 229.6 miles (369.5 km) of the trail,[16] extending from the Pennsylvania-Maryland border at Pen Mar, a tiny town straddling the state line, to the Delaware Water Gap, at the Pennsylvania-New Jersey line. The Susquehanna River is generally considered the dividing line between the northern and southern sections of the Pennsylvania AT. The AT crosses the Susquehanna via the Clarks Ferry Bridge, near Duncannon.
In the southern half of the state, the AT passes through Caledonia State Park, Michaux State Forest, and Pine Grove Furnace State Park (the actual midpoint of the AT was slightly moved and is now over just under a half-mile west of PGF State Park and is marked by a "Midpoint" sign). These areas in south central Pennsylvania are the northernmost portions of the Blue Ridge Mountains, which are geologically distinct from the Ridge and Valley section further north. The two parts are separated by the broad Cumberland Valley, where the trail has a change of scenery, crossing many farms and large highways. There is no camping allowed in the 18-mile (29 km) stretch between Alec Kennedy and Darlington shelters.
In the northern half of the state, the AT climbs back up into the mountains and passes through St. Anthony's Wilderness, which is the second largest roadless area in Pennsylvania and home to several coal mining ghost towns, such as Yellow Springs and Rausch Gap.
Trail towns that are popular stops with thru-hikers are Boiling Springs, Duncannon, Port Clinton, Palmerton, Wind Gap, and Delaware Water Gap.
Northeast of the Schuylkill River, the trail runs along the top of the Blue Mountain ridge. Just before entering New Jersey, the Blue Mountain ridge becomes the Kittatinny Ridge.
With the description of "where boots go to die", Pennsylvania is infamous among thru-hikers for having more long stretches of rocky trail than any other state, although many feel the rocks are overrated. The worst rocks are in the northern half of the state, north of the Susquehanna River. Many consider Pennsylvania one of the easier parts of the AT, since it is mostly walking on ridges with relatively small elevation changes compared to many other states.
In 1984, the ad-hoc citizen's group Citizens Against the New Trail (CANT) and four local townships organized to oppose suggested changes by the National Park Service (NPS) to the 16-mile (26 km) route in the Great Cumberland Valley between Carlisle and Harrisburg, the longest route that follows a paved highway.[17]
New Jersey[edit]
Counties crossed: Warren County → Sussex County → Passaic County
Sign for the Appalachian Trail within the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area in New Jersey
New Jersey is home to 72.2 miles (116.2 km) of the trail.[18] This makes the New Jersey section of the Appalachian Trail the second longest trail in the state, behind the Delaware and Raritan Canal Trail. More than half of the Appalachian Trail is along the top of Kittatinny Ridge at the northwestern corner of the state. The trail enters New Jersey from the south on a pedestrian walkway along the Interstate 80 Delaware Water Gap Toll Bridge over the Delaware River, ascends from the Delaware Water Gap to the top of Kittatinny Ridge in Worthington State Forest, passes Sunfish Pond, continues north through the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area and
Sunfish Pond on the Appalachian trail in New Jersey
Stokes State Forest, and eventually reaches High Point State Park, highest peak in New Jersey (a side trail is required to reach the actual peak). It then turns in a southeastern direction along the New York-New Jersey border for about 30 miles (48 km), passing over long sections of boardwalk bridges over marshy land, then entering Wawayanda State Park and then the Abram S. Hewitt State Forest just before entering New York near Greenwood Lake. The Appalachian Trail in New Jersey is maintained and updated by the New York–New Jersey Trail Conference.
Black bear activity along the trail in New Jersey increased rapidly starting in 2001. In July 2005, a teenage hiker sleeping at Mashipacong Shelter was awakened by a bear biting his leg. The bear was later identified and killed by authorities. Metal bear-proof trash boxes are in place at all New Jersey shelters.[19]
New York[edit]
Counties crossed: Orange County → Rockland County → Westchester County → Putnam County → Dutchess County
Bear Mountain Bridge from the top of Bear Mountain
New York's 88.4 miles (142.3 km) of trail[20] contain very little elevation change compared to other states. It is rather rugged terrain nonetheless, with many short though nearly-vertical ledges and small cliffs. From south to north, the trail summits many small mountains under 1,400 feet (430 m) in elevation, its highest point in New York being Prospect Rock at 1,433 feet (437 m), and less than half a mile (800 m) from the border with New Jersey. The trail continues north, climbing near Fitzgerald Falls, passing through Sterling Forest State Park, and then entering Harriman State Park and Bear Mountain State Park. In Harriman State Park, the trail passes through the famous Lemon Squeezer, a narrow crack between huge boulders. At Bear Mountain State Park, it goes through the park zoo, where the lowest point on the entire AT, at 124 feet (38 m) above sea level, is located in front of the bear cage. Immediately afterward it crosses the Hudson River on the Bear Mountain Bridge, then climbs into Hudson Highlands State Park where it follows a ridge over several low-elevation peaks. It then passes through Fahnestock State Park and continues northeast and crosses the Metro-North Railroad's Harlem Line at Pawling, which is also the only train station along the length of the trail. It enters Connecticut via the Pawling Nature Reserve. The section of the trail that passes through Harriman and Bear Mountain State Parks is the oldest section of the trail, completed in 1923. The Appalachian Trail in New York is maintained and updated by the New York–New Jersey Trail Conference.
Professional trail builder Eddie Walsh and Edward Goodell (Executive Director of the New York–New Jersey Trail Conference) oversaw and coordinated the construction of a paved trail coming off Bear Mountain.[21] That portion of the trail is composed of 800 steps made of 1,000-pound (450 kg) slabs of granite followed by over a mile of walkway supported by stone crib walls with boulders called gargoyles lining the path.[21] The project took four years, cost roughly $1 million, and was executed by about 700 volunteers. It officially opened in June 2010.[21]
Connecticut[edit]
Counties crossed: Fairfield County → Litchfield County
The 51.6 miles (83.0 km) of trail in Connecticut[22] lie almost entirely along the ridges to the west above the Housatonic River Valley. The trail climbs ridges above the town of Kent, and then works its way past the Housatonic River to Falls Village, where it regains the heights. After the town of Salisbury, the trail ascends into the Taconic Range, crossing, in order: Lions Head, Riga Ridge, and Bear Mountain, after which the Massachusetts line is achieved at Sage's Ravine.
The trail passes within one mile (1.6 km) of the business district of Kent, a popular resupply point for long-distance hikers. In the town of Salisbury (which occupies the northwestern corner of the state), it skirts the town center before reaching the summit of Bear Mountain, the highest peak in Connecticut at 2,326 feet (709 m), descending, and entering Massachusetts. (The state's true highest point, on the shoulder of Mount Frissell at the Massachusetts line, lies about 2 miles (3 km) west of the AT, just east of the junction of those two states with New York. Such a side-trip is on the order of 5 miles (8 km) long and entails about 1,300 vertical feet (400 m) of climbing.)
Massachusetts[edit]
County crossed: Berkshire County
View from Mount Greylock in Massachusetts
Massachusetts has 90.2 miles (145.2 km) of trail.[23] The entire section of trail is in western Massachusetts' Berkshire County; it traverses both the Taconic Mountains and the Berkshires. The A.T. climbs the highest peak in the southern Taconic Mountains, Mount Everett (2,602 ft or 793 m), then descends to the Housatonic River Valley and skirts the town of Great Barrington. From there, it ascends into the Berkshires and passes through the towns of Dalton and Cheshire. It ascends into the Taconic Mountains again, visiting Mount Greylock, the highest point in the state at 3,491 feet (1,064 m). It then quickly descends to the valley of the Hoosic River within 2 miles (3 km) of North Adams and Williamstown, before ascending again to the Vermont state line. The trail throughout Massachusetts is maintained by the Berkshire Chapter of the Appalachian Mountain Club.
Vermont[edit]
Counties crossed: Bennington County → Windham County → Rutland County → Addison County → Windsor County → Orange County
Vermont has 150 miles (240 km) of the trail.[24] Upon entering Vermont, the trail coincides with the southernmost sections of the generally north/south-oriented Long Trail (which is subject to a request by its maintainers to protect it in its most vulnerable part of the year by forgoing spring hiking). It follows the ridge of the southern Green Mountains, summiting such notable peaks as Stratton Mountain, Glastenbury Mountain and Killington Peak. The trail traverses the Glastenbury, Lye Brook, and Peru Peak Wilderness areas of the Green Mountain National Forest. After parting ways with the Long Trail at Maine Junction, the AT turns in a more eastward direction, crossing the White River, passing through Norwich, and entering Hanover, New Hampshire, as it crosses the Connecticut River. In Vermont, the Green Mountain Club maintains the AT from the Massachusetts state border to Route 12. The Dartmouth Outing Club maintains the trail from Route 12 to the New Hampshire state line.
The NPS challenged Killington and Pico ski resorts in Vermont over development of private land that crossed the AT.[25]
New Hampshire[edit]
Counties crossed: Grafton County → Carroll County → Coos County
View from the dutch door of the outhouse at Velvet Rocks shelter showing fall foliage
New Hampshire has 160.9 miles (258.9 km) of the trail.[26] The New Hampshire AT is nearly all within the White Mountain National Forest. The easier southern portion of the trail, from Hanover to Glencliff, passes over Velvet Rocks, Moose Mountain, Smarts Mountain, and Mount Cube. It then ascends Mount Moosilauke and enters the high peaks region of the White Mountains. For northbound thru-hikers, it is the beginning of the main challenges that go beyond enduring distance and time: in New Hampshire and Maine, rough or steep ground are more frequent, and alpine conditions are found near summits and along ridges.
In the Presidential Range of the White Mountains, the trail runs completely above treeline from the summit of Mount Pierce to the north side of the cone of Mount Madison, a distance of about 12 miles (19 km). The AT passes over the summits of 16 of the 48 four-thousand footers of New Hampshire: Moosilauke, South and North Kinsman, Lincoln, Lafayette, Garfield, South Twin, Jackson, Pierce, Washington (the highest point of the AT north of Tennessee), Madison, Wildcats D and A, Carter Dome, South and Middle Carter. It comes close to the summits of 8 other of the 48 four-thousand footers: Liberty, Galehead, Zealand, Eisenhower, Monroe, Jefferson, Adams, and Moriah. A series of comfortable huts are maintained along parts of the NH trail by the Appalachian Mountain Club. In New Hampshire, the Dartmouth Outing Club maintains the AT from the Vermont border to Mount Moosilauke, Randolph Mountain Club maintains 2.2 miles from Osgood Trail near Madison Hut to Edmands Col, with the AMC maintaining the remaining miles through the state. The trail passes through the town of Hanover and near the town of Gorham, which have grocery stores and are accessible by public transportation (Dartmouth Coach and Concord Coach Lines) from Boston. Concord Coach also has bus service to Lincoln (several miles off the AT) and AMC Pinkham Notch. During the summer season, AMC runs a shuttle service to Crawford Notch and Franconia Notch.
A tradition of thru-hikers Mooning the Cog has developed on Mount Washington.[27][28]
Maine[edit]
Counties crossed: Oxford County → Franklin County → Somerset County → Piscataquis County
Northern terminus of the Trail atop Mount Katahdin in Maine
The Appalachian Trail Conservancy (or ATC) believes the 281.4 miles (452.9 km) of the trail in Maine are particularly difficult.[29] The western section includes a mile-long (1.6 km) stretch of boulders at Mahoosuc Notch, often called the trail's hardest mile. The central Maine section crosses the Kennebec River at a point where it is 200 feet (61 m) wide, the widest unbridged stream along the trail. The last and most isolated portion in the state (and arguably on the entire trail) is known as the "Hundred-Mile Wilderness". This section heads east-northeast from the town of Monson and ends outside Baxter State Park just south of Abol Bridge. More moose are seen by hikers in this state than any other on the trail. The northern terminus of the Appalachian Trail is on Katahdin's Baxter Peak in Baxter State Park.
Baxter State Park closes the summer rules overnight camping season from October 15 to May 15 each year. Park management strongly discourages thru-hiking within the park before May 31 or after October 15.[30] The AMC maintains the AT from the New Hampshire border to Grafton Notch, with the Maine Appalachian Trail Club responsible for maintaining the remaining miles to Katahdin.
Beginning in the late 1980s, the NPS and ATC challenged the Saddleback Mountain resort in Maine over development of private land that the AT traversed.[25] The dispute continued a decade later, and after a June 1996 meeting between the two sides, NPS and ATC relented from some of their previous positions and reduced their proposed land-acquisition corridor by 70 percent. Even so, they remained opposed to any ski trails crossing the Trail in the alpine area.[31] Saddleback responded that further negotiations were unnecessary and the NPS began appraising if the area was feasible for development.[31]
See also[edit]
Appalachian Trail
Wesser Bald
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "A.T. Essentials". Appalachian Trail Conservancy. Archived from the original on 16 July 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-13.
Jump up ^ "Terrain By Region: Georgia". Appalachian Trail Conservancy. Retrieved 2012-04-07.
Jump up ^ "Terrain By Region: North Carolina". Appalachian Trail Conservancy. Retrieved 2012-04-07.
Jump up ^ [1][dead link]
Jump up ^ "Terrain by Region: Tennessee". Appalachian Trail Conservancy. Retrieved 2012-04-07.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Terrain By Region: Virginia". About The Trail. Appalachian Trail Conservancy. Archived from the original on April 30, 2011. Retrieved September 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ Bruce P. Hayden; Patrick J. Michaels. "Virginia's Climate". University of Virginia Climatology Office. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
Jump up ^ "75th Anniversary of the Completion of the Appalachian Trail". Appalachian Trail Conservancy. 2012. Archived from the original on June 9, 2012. Retrieved September 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ Metz, Casey (May/June 2007), "Appalachian Trail Tidbit". National Geographic Traveler. 24 (4):159
^ Jump up to: a b c Curtis, Wayne (June 1990). "Hugo and the trial". 18 (4):16
Jump up ^ Collier, Christopher Percy (May 12, 2006), "Good Times at a Backpackers' Paradise". New York Times. 155 (53577):D1-D5
Jump up ^ "Terrain By Region: West Virginia". Appalachian Trail Conservancy. Retrieved 2012-04-07.
Jump up ^ "Terrain By Region: Maryland". Appalachian Trail Conservancy. Retrieved 2012-04-07.
Jump up ^ "South Mountain State Park". Maryland Department of Natural Resources.
Jump up ^ "Pa. man dies in Appalachian Trail accident north of Harpers Ferry". The Journal. March 15, 2015. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Terrain By Region: Pennsylvania". Appalachian Trail Conservancy. Retrieved 2012-04-07.
Jump up ^ C., K. (July/August 1984), "Appalachian Trail Route Challenged". National Parks. 58 (7/8):41
Jump up ^ "Terrain By Region: New Jersey". Appalachian Trail Conservancy. Retrieved 2012-04-07.
Jump up ^ Lynn Olanoff, "Bear Attacks Sleeping Camper On Trail," New Jersey Herald, 2 August 2005. Accessed at Archive.org: 28 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Terrain By Region: New York". Appalachian Trail Conservancy. Retrieved 2012-04-07.
^ Jump up to: a b c Applebome, Peter (May 31, 2010), "A Jolt of Energy for a Much Trod-Upon Trail". New York Times. :p14
Jump up ^ "Terrain By Region: Connecticut". Appalachian Trail Conservancy. Retrieved 2012-04-07.
Jump up ^ "Terrain By Region: Massachusetts". Appalachian Trail Conservancy. Retrieved 2012-04-07.
Jump up ^ "Terrain By Region: Vermont". Appalachian Trail Conservancy. Retrieved 2012-04-07.
^ Jump up to: a b Knize, P. (January 1990), "Trails and tribulations". Skiing. 42 (5):2E
Jump up ^ "Terrain By Region: New Hampshire". Appalachian Trail Conservancy. Retrieved 2012-04-07.
Jump up ^ [2]
Jump up ^ Zezima, Katie (2007-11-23). "Riding the Rail to the Top, and Not Amused". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-04-25.
Jump up ^ "Terrain By Region: Maine". Appalachian Trail Conservancy. Retrieved 2012-04-07.
Jump up ^ [3] Archived August 24, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b Holmstrom, David (June 6, 1997), "Path with a view is center of Maine ski resort dispute". Christian Science Monitor. 89 (134):
Further reading[edit]
Stroh, Bess Zarafonitis (September/October 1998), "Colorful climbs". National Parks. 72 (9/10):34-37
Bryson, Bill. A Walk in the Woods. Doubleday, 1997. Black Swan Publishing, 1998.
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Saint Mungo
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Saint Kentigern alias Mungo
Saint Mungo appears in the crest of Glasgow's coat of arms along with his miracles.
Died
(614-01-13)13 January 614
Glasgow, Kingdom of Strathclyde
Venerated in
Roman Catholic Church
Anglican Church
Eastern Orthodox Church
Major shrine
Glasgow Cathedral
Feast
13 January (14 January in Orthodox Church)
Attributes
bishop with a robin on his shoulder; holding a bell and a fish with a ring in its mouth[1]
Patronage
Glasgow; Scotland; Penicuik; salmon; those accused of infidelity; against bullies
Kentigern (Welsh: Cyndeyrn Garthwys; Latin: Kentigernus), known as Mungo, was an apostle of the Scottish Kingdom of Strathclyde in the late 6th century, and the founder and patron saint of the city of Glasgow.
Contents
[hide]
1 Name
2 Biographers
3 Hagiographic life
4 Miracles
5 Analysis
6 Veneration
6.1 Other churches and schools
7 Fiction
8 See also
9 Sources and references
10 Notes
11 External links
Name[edit]
In Wales and England, this saint is known by his birth and baptismal name Kentigern (Welsh: Cyndeyrn). This name probably comes from the British *Cuno-tigernos, which is composed of the elements *cun, a hound, and *tigerno, a lord, prince, or king. The evidence is based on the Old Welsh record Conthigirn(i).[2] Other etymologies have been suggested, including British *Kintu-tigernos 'chief prince' based on the English form Kentigern, but the Old Welsh form above and Old English Cundiʒeorn do not appear to support this.[3]
Particularly in Scotland, he is known by the pet name Mungo, possibly derived from the Cumbric equivalent of the Welsh: fy nghu 'my dear (one)'.[4]. The Mungo pet name or hypocorism has a Gaelic parallel in the form Mo Choe or Mo Cha, under which guise Kentigern appears in Kirkmahoe, for example, in Dumfriesshire, which appears as 'ecclesia Sancti Kentigerni' in the Arbroath Liber in 1321. An ancient church in Bromfield is named after him, as are Crosthwaite Parish Church and some other churches in the northern part of Cumberland.
Biographers[edit]
The Life of Saint Mungo was written by the monastic hagiographer Jocelyn of Furness in about 1185.[5] Jocelin states that he rewrote the 'life' from an earlier Glasgow legend and an Old Irish document. There are certainly two other medieval lives: the earlier partial life in the Cottonian manuscript now in the British Library, and the later Life, based on Jocelyn, by John of Tynemouth.
Hagiographic life[edit]
Saint Mungo (University of Glasgow)
Mungo's mother Teneu was a princess, the daughter of King Lleuddun (Latin: Leudonus) who ruled a territory around what is now Lothian in Scotland, perhaps the kingdom of Gododdin in the Old North. She became pregnant after being raped by Owain mab Urien according to the British Library manuscript. Her furious father had her thrown from the heights of Traprain Law. Surviving, she was then abandoned in a coracle in which she drifted across the River Forth to Culross in Fife. There Mungo was born.[6]
Mungo was brought up by Saint Serf who was ministering to the Picts in that area. It was Serf who gave him his popular pet-name. At the age of twenty-five, Mungo began his missionary labours on the Clyde, on the site of modern Glasgow. He built his church across the water from an extinct volcano, next to the Molendinar Burn, where the present medieval cathedral now stands. For some thirteen years, he laboured in the district, living a most austere life in a small cell and making many converts by his holy example and his preaching.
A strong anti-Christian movement in Strathclyde, headed by a certain King Morken, compelled Mungo to leave the district, and he retired to Wales, via Cumbria, staying for a time with Saint David at St David's, and afterwards moving on to Gwynedd where he founded a cathedral at Llanelwy (St Asaph in English). While there, he undertook a pilgrimage to Rome. However, the new King of Strathclyde, Riderch Hael, invited Mungo to return to his kingdom.[7] He decided to go and appointed Saint Asaph/Asaff as Bishop of Llanelwy in his place.
For some years, Mungo fixed his Episcopal seat at Hoddom in Dumfriesshire, evangelising thence the district of Galloway. He eventually returned to Glasgow where a large community grew up around him. It was nearby, in Kilmacolm, that he was visited by Saint Columba, who was at that time labouring in Strathtay. The two saints embraced, held long converse, and exchanged their pastoral staves.[7] In old age, Mungo became very feeble and his chin had to be set in place with a bandage. He is said to have died in his bath, on Sunday 13 January.
Miracles[edit]
In the Life of Saint Mungo, he performed four miracles in Glasgow. The following verse is used to remember Mungo's four miracles:
Here is the bird that never flew
Here is the tree that never grew
Here is the bell that never rang
Here is the fish that never swam
The verses refer to the following:
The Bird — Mungo restored life to a robin, that had been killed by some of his classmates.[6]
The Tree — Mungo had been left in charge of a fire in Saint Serf's monastery. He fell asleep and the fire went out. Taking a hazel branch, he restarted the fire.[8]
The Bell — the bell is thought to have been brought by Mungo from Rome. It was said to have been used in services and to mourn the deceased. The original bell no longer exists, and a replacement, created in the 1640s, is now on display in Glasgow.
The Fish — refers to the story about Queen Languoreth of Strathclyde who was suspected of infidelity by her husband. King Riderch demanded to see her ring, which he claimed she had given to her lover. In reality the King had thrown it into the River Clyde. Faced with execution she appealed for help to Mungo, who ordered a messenger to catch a fish in the river. On opening the fish, the ring was miraculously found inside, which allowed the Queen to clear her name. (This story may be confused with an almost identical one concerning King Maelgwn of Gwynedd and Saint Asaph.)
Analysis[edit]
Mungo's ancestry is recorded in the Bonedd y Saint. His father, Owain was a King of Rheged. His maternal grandfather, Lleuddun, was probably a King of the Gododdin; Lothian was named after him. There seems little reason to doubt that Mungo was one of the first evangelists of Strathclyde, under the patronage of King Rhiderch Hael, and probably became the first Bishop of Glasgow.
Jocelin seems to have altered parts of the original life that he did not understand; while adding others, like the trip to Rome, that served his own purposes, largely the promotion of the Bishopric of Glasgow. Some new parts may have been collected from genuine local stories, particularly those of Mungo's work in Cumbria. S. Mundahl-Harris has shown that Mungo's associations with St Asaph were a Norman invention.[citation needed] However, in Scotland, excavations at Hoddom have brought confirmation of early Christian activity there, uncovering a late 6th-century stone baptistery.
Details of Mungo's infirmity have a ring of authenticity about them. The year of Mungo's death is sometimes given as 603, but is recorded in the Annales Cambriae as 612. 13 January was a Sunday in both 603 and 614. David McRoberts has argued that his death in the bath is a garbled version of his collapse during a baptismal service.
In a late 15th-century fragmentary manuscript generally called 'Lailoken and Kentigern', Mungo appears in conflict with the mad prophet, Lailoken alias Merlin. Lailoken's appearance at the Battle of Arfderydd in 573 has led to a connection being made between this battle, the rise of Riderch Hael and the return of Mungo to Strathclyde.
The Life of Saint Mungo bears similarities with Chrétien de Troyes's French romance Yvain, the Knight of the Lion. In Chrétien's story, Yvain, a version of Owain mab Urien, courts and marries Laudine, only to leave her for a period to go adventuring. This suggests that the works share a common source.[9]
Veneration[edit]
Tomb of St. Mungo in the crypt of Glasgow Cathedral
On the spot where Mungo was buried now stands the cathedral dedicated in his honour. His shrine was a great centre of Christian pilgrimage until the Scottish Reformation. His remains are said to still rest in the crypt. A spring called "St. Mungo's Well" fell eastwards from the apse.
His festival was kept throughout Scotland on 13 January. The Bollandists have printed a special mass for this feast, dating from the 13th century. His feast day in the West is 13 January. His feast day in the Eastern Orthodox Church is 14 January.
Mungo's four religious miracles in Glasgow are represented in the city's coat of arms. Glasgow's current motto Let Glasgow flourish by the preaching of His word and the praising of His name and the more secular Let Glasgow flourish, are both inspired by Mungo's original call "Let Glasgow flourish by the preaching of the word".[8]
Saint Mungo's Well was a cold water spring and bath at Copgrove, near Ripon, North Yorkshire, formerly believed effective for treating rickets.[10][11]
Glasgow Fire Brigade also named their fireboat St. Mungo, which served the around the Clyde from 1959 to 1975.[12]
One of Arthur H. Peppercorn's A1 Pacific locomotives (ordered by the LNER but not built until after nationalisation of Britain's railways) was named Saint Mungo, entering service in 1949 and carrying the BR number 60145. This was the last of the design to be withdrawn in 1966, and it would be over 40 years before a member of the class would be seen running again, in the form of the brand-new 60163 Tornado.
Other churches and schools[edit]
St Mungo's Church, Townhead, Glasgow
Saint Mungo founded a number of churches during his period as Archbishop of Strathclyde of which Stobo Kirk is a notable example. At Townhead and Dennistoun in Glasgow there is a modern Roman Catholic church and a traditional Scottish Episcopal Church[13] respectively dedicated to the saint.
St Mungo's Academy is a Roman Catholic, co-educational, comprehensive, secondary school located in Bridgeton, Glasgow.
Another church established by the saint himself was St Kentigern's Church of Lanark, founded shortly before his death, and which now stands in ruins. Another church called St Kentigern's was built in the town in the late 19th century. It is still present but has been converted to housing and office space.[14][15]
In Kilmarnock, a Church of Scotland congregation is named St Kentigern's.
St. Kentigern's Academy opened in Blackburn, West Lothian in September 1974.
In Alloa, a chapel dedicated to St. Mungo is thought to have been erected during the fourteenth or fifteenth-century. The present Church of Scotland St. Mungo's Parish Church in Alloa was built in 1817.
In the Lake District village of Caldbeck there is a church and a well named after him. The Cumbrian parish churches at Crossthwaite in Keswick, Mungrisdale, Castle Sowerby, and Irthington are also dedicated to St Kentigern. There are two Cumbrian churches dedicated to St Mungo, one at Bromfield (also a well and castle) and one at Dearham.
There is a St Kentigern's school and church in Blackpool.
In Fallowfield, a suburb of the city of Manchester, a Roman Catholic church is dedicated to Saint Kentigern.
St Kentigern's is a small Roman Catholic Church in the village of Eyeries, on the Beara peninsula in West Cork, Ireland. [16]
Mungo or Kentigern is the patron of a Presbyterian church school in Auckland, New Zealand, which has three campuses: Saint Kentigern College, a secondary co-ed college in the suburb of Pakuranga, Saint Kentigern Boys School, a boys-only private junior primary school in the suburb of Remuera, and Saint Kentigern Girls School, a girls-only private junior primary school also in Remuera.
Fiction[edit]
St. Mungo is referenced in the Father Brown series of books by G. K. Chesterton, as the titular saint of Father Brown's parish.
St. Mungo's Hospital for Magical Maladies and Injuries is the primary hospital of Magical Britain in the Harry Potter series of books by J. K. Rowling.
Kentigern Gardens is the location of a murder in The Cuckoo's Calling, a novel published under J. K. Rowling's pseudonym of Robert Galbraith.
See also[edit]
St Kentigern's Church - dedicated churches
Sources and references[edit]
This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (August 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The Magnificent Gael [Reginald B. Hale] 1976, World Media Productions* Baring-Gould, Sabine & Fisher, John (1907: 2000) Lives of the British Saints. 8 vols. Felinfach: Llanerch (Facsim. reprint in 8 parts of the 4 vol. ed. published: London: Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion, 1907–1913.)
Chrétien de Troyes; Burton Raffel, ed. (1987) Yvain, the Knight of the Lion. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Davies, John Reuben, "Bishop Kentigern among the Britons," in Boardman, Steve, John Reuben Davies, Eila Williamson (eds), Saints' Cults in the Celtic World (Woodbridge, Boydell Press, 2009) (Studies in Celtic History),
Delaney, John J. (1983) Pocket Dictionary of Saints. Image Books.
Lowe, Chris (1999) Angels, Fools and Tyrants. Edinburgh: Canongate Books & Historic Scotland
Rees, Elizabeth (2000) Celtic Saints: passionate wanderers. London: Thames & Hudson
"St. Kentigern". "The Catholic Encyclopedia". New Advent.
Tranter, Nigel (1993) Druid Sacrifice. London: Hodder & Stoughton (historical novel)
Wade-Evans, A. W. (1934) Welsh Christian Origins. Oxford: Alden Press
McArthur Irvin, Lindsay, "Building a British Identity: Jocelin of Furness's Use of Sources in Vita Kentigerni," in Identity and Alterity in Hagiography and the Cult ofSaints, eds. Ana Marinkovic and Trpimir Vedris (Zagreb: Hagiotheca, 2010), 103–117[17]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "Saint Kentigern". Saints.sqpn.com. Archived from the original on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
Jump up ^ Jackson, Kenneth (1953). Language and History in Early Britain. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 676. ISBN 1-85182-140-6.
Jump up ^ It may also be worth noting that the Welsh cynt and Cornish and Breton equivalents mean 'sooner, earlier, prior' and not 'chief' as is assumed by the derivation. Suggestions that the name may derive from British *Kon-tigern with *kom- 'with' (= Latin com-, con-, co-) are unfounded. The element is barely known in Brythonic personal names and the meaning 'co-prince' or 'our ruler' (sic.) seems unlikely as a birth name. Moreover, the Brit. Kontigernos would have rendered Welsh **Cynteyrn which does not occur.
Jump up ^ However the meaning is disputed; as noted in Donald Attwater's The Penguin Dictionary of Saints, Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1965; p. 213
Jump up ^ On this life by Jocelin, i.e. the Vita Kentigerni, see Lindsay McArthur Irvin, "Building a British Identity: Jocelin of Furness's use of sources in Vita Kentigerni, in Identity and Alterity in Hagiography and the Cult of Saints, eds. Ana Mariković & Trpimir Vedriš; Zagreb: Hagiotheca, 2010; pp. 103–17.
^ Jump up to: a b Hale, Reginald B., The Beloved St. Mungo, Founder of Glasgow, University of Ottawa Press, 1989
^ Jump up to: a b Hunter-Blair, Oswald. "St. Kentigern." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 6 May 2014
^ Jump up to: a b "Kentigern", Foghlam Alba Archived 6 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Duggan, Joseph J. (1987). In Chrétien de Troyes; Burton Raffel, Yvain, the Knight of the Lion, pp. 214–216. Yale University Press.
Jump up ^ "The grandchildren of Lady Anne Clifford were sent to Utrecht in 1655 for the treatment of rickets and returned two years later in a man-of-war. On their return they were taken off to St Mungo's well, near Knaresborough, for further treatment by cold bathing." (Swinburne, L. M. "Rickets and the Fairfax family receipt books" Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 99, 2006:391–95).
Jump up ^ "Yorkshire Holy Wells". Halikeld.f9.co.uk. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
Jump up ^ Kirkwood, Graeme. "Fire Boats". Fire Boats. Archived from the original on 30 June 2012. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
Jump up ^ http://eastendepiscopal.org.uk/stkentigern.html
Jump up ^ "St Kentigern's Church, Lanark". Clydesdale's Heritage. Lanark and District Archaeological Society. 13 October 2011. Retrieved 10 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "HOPE STREET ST KENTIGERN'S CHURCH (CHURCH OF SCOTLAND)". Historic Scotland: Designations. Historic Environment Scotland. Retrieved 10 January 2016.
Jump up ^ St Kentigern’s Catholic Church on Eyeries website
Jump up ^ "Identity and Alterity in Hagiography and the Cult of Saints". Centreleonardboyle.com. 19 December 2010. Archived from the original on 8 July 2011. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Kentigern
Glasgow Museums: St Mungo Museum of Religious Life and Art
Kentigern and Gonothigernus (Heroic Age Online Journal)
St Mungo's Holy Well, Alloway, Ayrshire
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