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Eurasia
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For other uses, see Eurasia (disambiguation).
"Eurasian" redirects here. For people of mixed European and Asian ancestry, see Eurasian (mixed ancestry).
Eurasia
Area
55,000,000 km2 (21,000,000 sq mi)
Population
5,262,489,285 (As of November 19, 2017)[1][2]
Population density
93/km2 (240/sq mi)
Demonym
Eurasian
Countries
~90 countries
Dependencies
9 dependencies
Eurasia /jʊəˈreɪʒə/ is a combined continental landmass of Europe and Asia.[3][4][5] The term is a portmanteau of its constituent continents (Europe and Asia). Located primarily in the Northern and Eastern Hemispheres, it is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Pacific Ocean to the east, the Arctic Ocean to the north, and by Africa, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Indian Ocean to the south.[6] The division between Europe and Asia as two different continents is a historical social construct, with no clear physical separation between them; thus, in some parts of the world, Eurasia is recognized as the largest of the six, five, or even four continents on Earth.[5] In geology, Eurasia is often considered as a single rigid megablock. However, the rigidity of Eurasia is debated based on paleomagnetic data.[7][8]
Eurasia covers around 55,000,000 square kilometres (21,000,000 sq mi), or around 36.2% of the Earth's total land area. The landmass contains around 5.0 billion people, equating to approximately 70% of the human population. Humans first settled in Eurasia between 60,000 and 125,000 years ago. Some major islands, including Great Britain, Iceland, and Ireland, and those of Japan, the Philippines and Indonesia, are often included under the popular definition of Eurasia, in spite of being separate from the contiguous landmass.
Physiographically, Eurasia is a single continent.[5] The concepts of Europe and Asia as distinct continents date back to antiquity and their borders are geologically arbitrary. In ancient times the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmara, along with their associated straits, were seen as separating the continents, but today the Ural and Caucasus ranges are more seen as the main delimiters between the two. Eurasia is connected to Africa at the Suez Canal, and Eurasia is sometimes combined with Africa to make the largest contiguous landmass on Earth called Afro-Eurasia.[9] Due to the vast landmass and differences in latitude, Eurasia exhibits all types of climate under the Köppen classification, including the harshest types of hot and cold temperatures, high and low precipitation and various types of ecosystems.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Geopolitics
3 Use of term
3.1 History of the Europe–Asia division
3.2 Anthropology and genetics
3.3 Geography
3.4 Post-Soviet countries
4 See also
5 Further reading
6 References
History[edit]
Main article: History of Eurasia
Further information: Laurasia and Foreign interactions with Europe
Eurasia formed 375 to 325 million years ago with the merging of Siberia, Kazakhstania, and Baltica, which was joined to Laurentia, now North America, to form Euramerica. Chinese cratons collided with Siberia's southern coast.
Eurasia has been the host of many ancient civilizations, including those based in Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley and China. In the Axial Age (mid-first millennium BC), a continuous belt of civilizations stretched through the Eurasian subtropical zone from the Atlantic to the Pacific. This belt became the mainstream of world history for two millennia.
Geopolitics[edit]
Originally, “Eurasia” is a geographical notion: in this sense, it is simply the biggest continent; the combined landmass of Europe and Asia. However, geopolitically, the word has several different meanings, reflecting the specific geopolitical interests of each nation.[10] “Eurasia” is one of the most important geopolitical concepts; as Zbigniew Brzezinski observed:
“... how America "manages" Eurasia is critical. A power that dominates “Eurasia” would control two of the world’s three most advanced and economically productive regions. A mere glance at the map also suggests that control “Eurasia” would almost automatically entail Africa’s subordination, rendering the Western Hemisphere and Oceania geopolitically peripheral to the world’s central continent. About 75 per cent of the world’s people live in “Eurasia”, and most of the world’s physical wealth is there as well, both in its enterprises and underneath its soil. “Eurasia” accounts for about three-fourths of the world’s known energy resources.”[11]
At the moment one of the most prominent projects of the European Union (EU) is the Russia - EU Four Common Spaces Initiative. However no significant progress was made and the project was put on hold after Russia-EU relations deteriorated after the crisis in Ukraine. An economic union of former Soviet states named the Eurasian Economic Union was established in 2015, similar in concept to the EU.
The Russian concept of “Eurasia” corresponded initially more or less to the land area of Imperial Russia in 1914, including parts of Eastern Europe.[12] One of Russia's main geopolitical interests lies in ever closer integration with those countries that it considers part of “Eurasia.”[13] This concept is further integrated with communist eschatology by author Alexander Dugin as the guiding principle of "self-sufficiency of a large space" during expansion.[14]
Members of the ASEM
Every two years since 1996 a meeting of most Asian and European countries is organised as the Asia–Europe Meeting (ASEM).
Use of term[edit]
History of the Europe–Asia division[edit]
In ancient times, the Greeks classified Europe (derived from the mythological Phoenician princess Europa) and Asia (derived from Asia, a woman in Greek mythology) as separate "lands". Where to draw the dividing line between the two regions is still a matter of discussion. Especially whether the Kuma-Manych Depression or the Caucasus Mountains form the southeast boundary is disputed, since Mount Elbrus would be part of Europe in the latter case, making it (and not Mont Blanc) Europe's highest mountain. Most accepted is probably the boundary as defined by Philip Johan von Strahlenberg in the 18th century. He defined the dividing line along the Aegean Sea, Dardanelles, Sea of Marmara, Bosporus, Black Sea, Kuma–Manych Depression, Caspian Sea, Ural River, and Ural Mountains.
Anthropology and genetics[edit]
In modern usage, the term "Eurasian" is a demonym usually meaning "of or relating to Eurasia" or "a native or inhabitant of Eurasia".[15]
The term "Eurasian" is also used to describe people of combined "Asian" and "European" descent.
West or western Eurasia is a loose geographic definition used in some disciplines, such as genetics or anthropology, to refer to the region inhabited by the relatively homogeneous population of West Asia and Europe. The people of this region are sometimes described collectively as West or Western Eurasians.[16]
Geography[edit]
Located primarily in the eastern and northern hemispheres, Eurasia is considered a supercontinent, part of the supercontinent of Afro-Eurasia or simply a continent in its own right.[17] In plate tectonics, the Eurasian Plate includes Europe and most of Asia but not the Indian subcontinent, the Arabian Peninsula or the area of the Russian Far East east of the Chersky Range.
Post-Soviet countries[edit]
Single markets in European and post Soviet countries; European Economic Area and Common Economic Space
Nineteenth-century Russian philosopher Nikolai Danilevsky defined Eurasia as an entity separate from Europe and Asia, bounded by the Himalayas, the Caucasus, the Alps, the Arctic, the Pacific, the Atlantic, the Mediterranean, the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, a definition that has been influential in Russia and other parts of the former Soviet Union.[18] Nowadays, partly inspired by this usage, the term Eurasia is sometimes used to refer to the post-Soviet space – in particular Russia, the Central Asian republics, and the Transcaucasian republics – and sometimes also adjacent regions such as Turkey, Mongolia, Afghanistan and Xinjiang. This usage can be seen in the names of Eurasianet,[19] The Journal of Eurasian Studies,[20] and the Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies,[21] as well as the titles of numerous academic programmes at US universities.[22][23][24][25][26] Another prominent example of this usage is in the name of the Eurasian Economic Community, an organization including Kazakhstan, Russia, and some of their neighbors, and headquartered in Moscow, Russia, and Astana, the capital of Kazakhstan.
The word "Eurasia" is often used in Kazakhstan to describe its location. Numerous Kazakh institutions have the term in their names, like the L. N. Gumilev Eurasian National University (Kazakh: Л. Н. Гумилёв атындағы Еуразия Ұлттық университеті; Russian: Евразийский Национальный университет имени Л. Н. Гумилёва)[27] (Lev Gumilev's Eurasianism ideas having been popularized in Kazakhstan by Olzhas Suleimenov), the Eurasian Media Forum,[28] the Eurasian Cultural Foundation (Russian: Евразийский фонд культуры), the Eurasian Development Bank (Russian: Евразийский банк развития),[29] and the Eurasian Bank.[30] In 2007 Kazakhstan's President, Nursultan Nazarbayev, proposed building a "Eurasia Canal" to connect the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea via Russia's Kuma-Manych Depression in order to provide Kazakhstan and other Caspian-basin countries with a more efficient path to the ocean than the existing Volga-Don Canal.[31] This usage is comparable to how Americans use "Western Hemisphere" to describe concepts and organizations dealing with the Americas (e.g., Council on Hemispheric Affairs, Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation).
See also[edit]
Geography portal
Asia portal
Europe portal
Asia-Europe Foundation
Asia–Europe Meeting
Afro-Eurasia
Borders of the continents
Council of Europe
Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations
Eastern Partnership
Eurasia (Nineteen Eighty-Four)
Eurasian (disambiguation)
Eurasian Economic Community
Eurasia Tunnel
Eurasian Union
European Union
Euronest Parliamentary Assembly
Federation of Euro-Asian Stock Exchanges
Intermediate Region
Laurasia, a geological supercontinent joining Eurasia and North America.
List of Eurasian countries by population
List of supercontinents
Marmaray, railway tunnel links the Europe to Asia.
Neo-Eurasianism
Palearctic
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
Steppe Route
Turkish Straits
Vega expedition, the first voyage to circumnavigate Eurasia
Eurasianism
United States of Eurasia
Eurasian Media Forum
Further reading[edit]
The Dawn of Eurasia: On the Trail of the New World Order by Bruno Maçães, Publisher: Allen Lane
D. Lane, V. Samokhvalov, The Eurasian Project and Europe Regional Discontinuities and Geopolitics, Palgrave: Basingstoke (2015)
V. Samokhvalov, The new Eurasia: post-Soviet space between Russia, Europe and China, European Politics and Society, Volume 17, 2016 – Issue sup1: The Eurasian Project in Global Perspective
Journal homepage
References[edit]
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Eurasia.
Look up eurasia in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eurasia.
Jump up ^ "Population of Europe (2018) - Worldometers". www.worldometers.info. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Population of Asia (2018) - Worldometers". www.worldometers.info. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Lewis, Martin W.; Wigen, Kären (1997), The myth of continents: a critique of metageography, University of California Press, pp. 31–32, ISBN 0-520-20743-2 "While a few professionals may regard Europe as a mere peninsula of Asia (or Eurasia), most geographers—and almost all nongeographers—continue to treat it not only as a full-fledged continent, but as the archetypal continent."
Jump up ^ Nield, Ted. "Continental Divide". Geological Society. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c "How many continents are there?". National Geographic Society. Retrieved 27 July 2017. By convention there are seven continents: Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Europe, Australia, and Antarctica. Some geographers list only six continents, combining Europe and Asia into Eurasia. In parts of the world, students learn that there are just five continents: Eurasia, Australia (Oceania), Africa, Antarctica, and the Americas.
Jump up ^ "What is Eurasia?". geography.about.com. Retrieved 17 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Pavlov, V.E. (2012). "Siberian Paleomagnetic Data and the Problem of Rigidity of the Northern Eurasian Continent in the Post Paleozoic". Izvestiya, Physics of the Solid Earth. 48: 721–737.
Jump up ^ Li, Yong-Xiang; Shu, Liangshu; Wen, Bin; Yang, Zhenyu; Ali, Jason R. (1 September 2013). "Magnetic inclination shallowing problem and the issue of Eurasia's rigidity: insights following a palaeomagnetic study of upper Cretaceous basalts and redbeds from SE China". Geophysical Journal International. 194 (3): 1374–1389. doi:10.1093/gji/ggt181. ISSN 0956-540X.
Jump up ^ R. W. McColl, ed. (2005). 'continents' – Encyclopedia of World Geography, Volume 1. Golson Books Ltd. p. 215. ISBN 9780816072293. Retrieved 26 June 2012. And since Africa and Asia are connected at the Suez Peninsula, Europe, Africa, and Asia are sometimes combined as Afro-Eurasia or Eurafrasia.
Jump up ^ Andreen, Finn. "The Concept of Eurasia". Blogger.com /. Comment and Outlook. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
Jump up ^ Brzezinski, Zbigniew (1997). The grand chessboard : American primacy and its geostrategic imperatives ([Repr.] ed.). New York, NY: Basic Books. p. 31. ISBN 0465027261.
Jump up ^ Nartov, N. A. (2004). Geopolitika : [učebnik] (3rd ed.). Moskva: Edinstvo. Part 2.4, p. 50. ISBN 5238006829.
Jump up ^ Andreen, Finn. "The Concept of Euroasia". Blogger.com. Commentary and Outlook. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
Jump up ^ Dugin, Alexander. "Eurasia: A Special Worldview". The Fourth Political Theory. Retrieved 30 April 2017.
Jump up ^ American Heritage Dictionary
Jump up ^ "Anthropologically, historically and linguistically Eurasia is more appropriately, though vaguely subdivided into West Eurasia (often including North Africa) and East Eurasia", Anita Sengupta, Heartlands of Eurasia: The Geopolitics of Political Space, Lexington Books, 2009, p.25
Jump up ^ "Pangaea Supercontinent". Geology.com. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
Jump up ^ Schmidt, Matthew (2005). "Is Putin Pursuing a Policy of Eurasianism?". Demokratizatsiya. 1 (13): 90.
Jump up ^ "Eurasianet". Retrieved 13 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Journal of Eurasian Studies". Elsevier. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "About ASEEES". Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Slavic and Eurasian Studies". Duke Graduate School. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Russian and Eurasian Studies". George Mason University. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Department of Slavic and Eurasian Studies". University of Texas at Austin. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Center for Russian, East European and Eurasian Studies". Stanford University. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Institute of Slavic, East European and Eurasian Studies". University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University". Emu.kz. 29 July 2010. Retrieved 7 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Eurasian Media Forum". Eamedia.org. Retrieved 7 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "Eurasian Development Bank". Eabr.org. Archived from the original on 24 May 2010. Retrieved 7 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "Eurasian Bank". Eurasian-bank.kz. Retrieved 7 August 2010.
Jump up ^ Canal will link Caspian Sea to world (The Times, 29 June 2007)
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Coordinates: 50°N 80°E / 50°N 80°E / 50; 80
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VIAF: 239429852
LCCN: sh85045617
GND: 4015685-0
SELIBR: 144484
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eurasia&oldid=837306237"
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values: Еуразие – Adyghe

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Eurasien – Alemannisch
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Eurasia – Aragonese
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Eurasia – Asturian
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Eurazija – Lower Sorbian
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Eurasia – Spanish
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text:
Henry F. Phillips
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Phillips screw head
Henry Frank Phillips (June 4, 1889 – April 13, 1958) was a U.S. businessman from Portland, Oregon. The Phillips-head ("crosshead") screw and screwdriver are named after him.[1]
The importance of the crosshead screw design lies in its self-centering property, useful on automated production lines that use powered screwdrivers.[2] Phillips' major contribution was in driving the crosshead concept forward to the point where it was adopted by screwmakers and automobile companies. The credited inventor of the Phillips screw was John P. Thompson who, in 1932, patented (#1,908,080) a recessed cruciform screw and in 1933, a screwdriver for it. [3]
Biography[edit]
After failing to interest manufacturers, Thompson sold his self-centering design to Phillips in 1935.[4] Phillips formed the Phillips Screw Company in 1934. After refining the design himself (U.S. Patent #2,046,343, U.S. Patents #2,046,837 to 2,046,840) for the American Screw Company of Providence, Rhode Island, Phillips succeeded in bringing the design to industrial manufacturing and promoting its rapid adoption as a machine screw standard.[5] One of the first customers was General Motors who used the innovative design in 1936 for its Cadillac assembly-lines. By 1940, 85% of U.S. screw manufacturers had a license for the design.[6] Due to failing health, Phillips retired in 1945. He died in 1958. He went to Benson Polytechnic High School.
References[edit]
Listen to this article (info/dl)

This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Henry F. Phillips" dated 2008-05-04, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)
More spoken articles
Jump up ^ U.S. Patent 2,046,837
Jump up ^ Adams, Cecil. "Why did this guy Phillips think we needed a new type of screw?". The Straight Dope. Retrieved 9 May 2014.
Jump up ^ John P. Thompson, Inventor of Phillips screw
Jump up ^ "Phillips Timeline - 1935". Phillips Screw Company. Retrieved 18 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "Cross Shaped Slots Help Guide Screws" Popular Science, January 1936, page 38 middle of page
Jump up ^ "About Phillips - A Historic View". Phillips Screw Company. Archived from the original on 2011-07-10. Retrieved 2010-01-11.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_F._Phillips&oldid=832131733"
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