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Highest temperature recorded on Earth
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The standard measuring conditions for temperature are in the air, 1.5 meters above the ground, and shielded from direct sunlight.[1] According to the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the highest confirmed temperature on Earth recorded according to these measures was 56.7 °C (134.1 °F) in Furnace Creek Ranch, California, located in the Death Valley desert in the United States, on July 10, 1913.[2][3]
From 1922 until 2012, the WMO record for the highest official temperature on Earth was 57.8 °C (136.0 °F), registered on 13 September 1922 in ‘Aziziya, Libya. In January 2012, the WMO decertified the 1922 record, citing persuasive evidence that it was a faulty reading recorded in error by an inexperienced observer. [2] Christopher C. Burt, the weather historian writing for Weather Underground who shepherded the Libya reading's 2012 disqualification, believes that the 1913 Death Valley reading is also "a myth", and is at least four or five degrees Fahrenheit too high,[4] as do other weather historians Dr. Arnold Court and William Taylor Reid.[5] If the 1913 record were to be decertified, the current highest recorded temperature on Earth would be 54.0 °C (129.2 °F), recorded both in Death Valley on 20 June 2013, and in Mitribah, Kuwait on 21 July 2016.[6]
At 41.80 °C (107.24 °F), July 2017 in Furnace Creek, Death Valley, was the hottest single month (average monthly temperature) ever reliably measured anywhere on Earth since records began in 1911.[7]
Temperatures measured directly on the ground may exceed air temperatures by 30 to 50 °C.[8] A ground temperature of 84 °C (183.2 °F) has been recorded in Port Sudan, Sudan.[9] A ground temperature of 93.9 °C (201 °F) was recorded also in Furnace Creek Ranch on 15 July 1972; this may be the highest natural ground surface temperature ever recorded.[10] The theoretical maximum possible ground surface temperature has been estimated to be between 90 and 100 °C for dry, darkish soils of low thermal conductivity.[11]
Temperature measurements via satellite also tend to capture occurrence of higher records but are considered less reliable than ground-positioned thermometers. There is a satellite record of 66.8 °C (152.2 °F) measured in the Flaming Mountains of China in 2008.[12] Other satellite measurements of ground temperature taken between 2003 and 2009, taken with the MODIS infrared spectroradiometer on the Aqua satellite, found a maximum temperature of 70.7 °C (159.3 °F), which was recorded in 2005 in the Lut Desert, Iran. The Lut Desert was also found to have the highest maximum temperature in 5 of the 7 years measured (2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2009). These measurements reflect averages over a large region and so are lower than the maximum point surface temperature.[8]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Mildrexler, David J.; Zhao, Maosheng; Running, Steven W. "Satellite Finds Highest Land Skin Temperatures on Earth". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 2011: 855–860. Bibcode:2011BAMS...92..855M. doi:10.1175/2011BAMS3067.1.
^ Jump up to: a b World: Highest Temperature Archived 2017-07-14 at the Wayback Machine. World Meteorological Organization Retrieved 2 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "NCDC Global measured extremes". Archived from the original on 27 September 2002. Retrieved 6 November 2007.
Jump up ^ "Doubts Cloud Death Valley's 100-year Heat Record". Retrieved 30 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Death Valley's 134F Record Temperature Study Part One". Retrieved 30 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Samenow, Jason (October 25, 2016). "New analysis shreds claim that Death Valley recorded Earth's highest temperature in 1913". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Christopher C. Burt (August 6, 2017). "Death Valley Sets New Global Record for Hottest Single Month". Weather Underground. Retrieved August 7, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Mildrexler, David J.; Zhao, Maosheng; Running, Steven W. "Satellite Finds Highest Land Skin Temperatures on Earth". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 2011: 855–860 [855–857]. doi:10.1175/2011BAMS3067.1.
Jump up ^ Table 9.2, p. 158, Dryland Climatology, Sharon E. Nicholson, Cambridge University Press, 2011, ISBN 1139500244.
Jump up ^ A possible world record maximum natural ground surface temperature, Paul Kubecka, Weather, 56, #7 (July 2001), Weather, pp. 218-221, doi:10.1002/j.1477-8696.2001.tb06577.x.
Jump up ^ Extreme Maximum Land Surface Temperatures, J. R. Garratt, Journal of Applied Meteorology, 31, #9 (September 1992), pp. 1096–1105, doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1992)031<1096:EMLST>2.0.CO;2
Jump up ^ "Satellite Finds Highest Land Skin Temperatures on Earth". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 92: 855–860. July 2011. doi:10.1175/2011BAMS3067.1. Retrieved 20 October 2014.
See also[edit]
Desert climate
List of weather records#Highest temperatures ever recorded
Lowest temperature recorded on Earth
List of weather records#Lowest temperatures ever recorded
Orders of magnitude (temperature)
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Sara (Fleetwood Mac song)
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"Sara"
Single by Fleetwood Mac
from the album Tusk
B-side
"That's Enough for Me"
Released
December 5, 1979
Format
7" single
Recorded
1978–79
Genre
Pop, Rock
Length
6:22
4:41 (Edit)
Label
Warner Bros.
Songwriter(s)
Stevie Nicks
Producer(s)
Fleetwood Mac, Richard Dashut and Ken Caillat
Fleetwood Mac singles chronology
"Tusk"
(1979) "Sara"
(1979) "Not That Funny"
(1980)
"Tusk"
(1979) "Sara"
(1979) "Not That Funny"
(1980)
"Sara" is a song written by singer-songwriter Stevie Nicks of the British-American pop/rock band Fleetwood Mac as a single from the 1979 Tusk double LP. The album version is 6:22 minutes and the edited version is 4:41 minutes. The song peaked at No. 7 in the US for three weeks, No. 37 in the UK for two weeks, No. 11 in Australia and No. 12 in Canada. Its success has led to it being included in various later best-of albums such as 2002's The Very Best of Fleetwood Mac.
Contents
1 Origin
2 Plagiarism suit
3 Versions
4 Personnel
5 Chart positions
6 Usage in media
7 References
8 External links
Origin[edit]
Canoe.com states that the song is about an aborted child Nicks had with then-boyfriend Don Henley.[1] Henley himself has suggested this to be the meaning of the song.[2] In a 1979 interview Nicks said “If I ever have a little girl, I will name her Sara. It's a very special name to me.” Nicks later said in a September 2014 interview with Billboard magazine: "Had I married Don and had that baby, and had she been a girl, I would have named her Sara...It's accurate, but not the entirety of it."[3][4]
In his 2014 autobiography, Mick Fleetwood suggested that the song referred to an affair which ended his own relationship with Nicks. Fleetwood and Nicks had been involved in a romantic relationship for some time. Although the relationship was not exclusive on either side, Fleetwood states that Nicks became upset when Fleetwood began a relationship with her best friend, Sara. This relationship effectively ended the romance between Nicks and Fleetwood.
The lyrics, "and he was just like a great dark wing/within the wings of a storm" refer to Fleetwood being an emotional comfort zone for Nicks following her breakup with Lindsey Buckingham.[5]
Plagiarism suit[edit]
In 1980, the year after the song was released, Stevie Nicks was sued for plagiarism by a songwriter who had submitted a song called "Sara", which she had sent to Warner Bros., Fleetwood Mac's recording label, in 1978. Stevie Nicks defended the lawsuit by proving that she had written and recorded a demo version of the song in July 1978, before the lyrics were sent to Warner. The case was dropped and the complainant accepted that no plagiarism had occurred.[6]
Versions[edit]
The version of the song featured on the original vinyl release of Tusk was the unedited 6:22 version, but when Tusk was originally released as a single compact disc in 1987 it featured the edited version which leaves out the middle verse and musical bridge. It was not until the 1988 Fleetwood Mac Greatest Hits compilation was released that the 6:22 version of the song became available on compact disc.
There is also a version known as "the cleaning lady" edit, so-called as Nicks is clearly heard to say at the beginning of the demo recording, "I don't want to be a cleaning lady!" This version lasts almost nine minutes and was released on the 2-disc remastered version Tusk in March 2004. It contains an extended vamp, which includes excised lines previously only heard in live performances, such as, "and the wind became crazy," "no sorrow for sorrow, you can have no more," and "swallow all your pride, don't you ever change—never change."
On November 5, 2015, a live version was released as part of a remastered Tusk. This recording features a heavier hitting drum beat from Fleetwood.[7]
Personnel[edit]
Stevie Nicks – lead vocals, tack piano
Lindsey Buckingham – acoustic guitars, backing vocals
Christine McVie – keyboards, backing vocals
John McVie – bass guitar
Mick Fleetwood – drums
Chart positions[edit]
Charts (1979/1980)
Position
Australian Kent Music Report 11
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[8] 14
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[9] 12
Canada Adult Contemporary (RPM)[10] 3
German Singles Chart 44
French Singles Chart 31
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[11] 14
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[12] 12
South African Singles Chart 18
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[13] 37
US Billboard Hot 100[14] 7
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[15] 13
Usage in media[edit]
The song appeared in the third episode of the third season of American Horror Story. The song's lyrics were suggested as evidence that Stevie Nicks was a witch.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Stevenson, Jane (2004-11-30). "Inside Don Henley". Jam.canoe.ca. Retrieved 2014-05-24.
Jump up ^ "Fleetwood Mac". Bla.fleetwoodmac.net. Retrieved 2014-05-24. Years later, Henley had this to say about his affair with Nicks: "[Stevie had] named the unborn kid Sara, and she had an abortion." She then wrote the song of the same name (which became a huge hit for her) and, according to Henley, dedicated it "to the spirit of the aborted baby"
Jump up ^ "Stevie Nicks on Fleetwood Mac, Tom Petty, and Don Henley - Billboard". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Stevie Nicks confirms she wrote hit song about baby she aborted with Don Henley". LifeSiteNews.
Jump up ^ Fleetwood, Mick; Bozza, Anthony (2014). Play On: Now, Then & Fleetwood Mac: The Autobiography. Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 978-1-444-75325-7.
Jump up ^ White, Timothy (September 3, 1981). "With Her New Solo Album, Fleetwood Mac's Good Fairy Tries to Balance Two Careers - and Two Personalities". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2014-05-24.
Jump up ^ Grow, Kory. "Hear Fleetwood Mac's 'Real Pretty' Live 'Sara' From New 'Tusk' Box Set". Rolling Stone. Retrieved November 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Fleetwood Mac – Sara" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50.
Jump up ^ "Top RPM Singles: Issue 9470a." RPM. Library and Archives Canada.
Jump up ^ "Top RPM Adult Contemporary: Issue 9489." RPM. Library and Archives Canada.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Fleetwood Mac – Sara" (in Dutch). Single Top 100.
Jump up ^ "Charts.nz – Fleetwood Mac – Sara". Top 40 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Fleetwood Mac: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "Fleetwood Mac Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Fleetwood Mac Chart History (Adult Contemporary)". Billboard.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
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"Rock Me Baby"
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"(I'm a) Road Runner"
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"Murrow Turning Over in His Grave"
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Lindsey Buckingham Christine McVie
Stretch
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Just Tell Me That You Want Me: A Tribute to Fleetwood Mac
"Rumours" (Glee episode)
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sara_(Fleetwood_Mac_song)&oldid=854508528"
Categories:
1970s ballads
Fleetwood Mac songs
1979 singles
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text:
Darin Brooks
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (March 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Darin Brooks
Brooks at the 2014 Daytime Emmy Awards Nominees Cocktail Reception in June 2014
Born
Darin Lee Brooks
(1984-05-27) May 27, 1984 (age 34)
Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.
Occupation
Actor
Spouse(s)
Kelly Kruger (m. 2016)
Darin Lee Brooks (born May 27, 1984) is an American actor. He is best known for portraying Max Brady on the NBC drama series Days of Our Lives, Alex Moran on the Spike TV series Blue Mountain State, and Wyatt Spencer on the CBS soap opera The Bold and the Beautiful.
Contents
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Personal life
4 Filmography
5 Awards and nominations
6 References
7 External links
Early life[edit]
Brooks was born and raised in Honolulu, Hawaii. He is of Polish descent.
Career[edit]
Brooks started his acting career with the theater program at his high school. He played Rapunzel's prince in his high school's production of Into the Woods. He later enrolled in acting classes, began modeling, and worked as an extra in films. He was discovered by casting director Kathy Henderson.[citation needed]
When Brooks moved to Los Angeles, California, he called Henderson immediately, took acting classes at the renowned Ivana Chubbuck Studios,[1] and got an agent. Two years after the move, he was portraying Max Brady on the NBC drama series Days of Our Lives. He later starred as Alex Moran on the Spike TV series Blue Mountain State. In 2010, Brooks starred as Mr. Blake Owens on the web series Miss Behave. In June 2013, Brooks began playing Wyatt Spencer on the CBS soap opera The Bold and the Beautiful.[2]
Personal life[edit]
Brooks enjoys playing the guitar, bass guitar, and drums. In 2010, he started dating actress Kelly Kruger.[3] In February 2014, they partnered with an organization called Aid Still Required.[4] On March 21, 2016, Brooks married Kruger in a wedding ceremony in his home state of Hawaii.[5]
Filmography[edit]
Film
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2005 Staring at the Sun Smoker #1 Short
2010 Spotlight Austin Pembelton Short
2012 Choices Jeff Hayes Short
2012 Bad Girls Benny Television film
2012 The Seven Year Hitch Kevin Television film
2013 Liars All Brax Movie
2016 Blue Mountain State: The Rise of Thadland Alex Moran Movie
Television
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2005–2010 Days of Our Lives Max Brady Regular role
2010–2011 Blue Mountain State Alex Moran Regular role
2010 Miss Behave Mr. Owens Recurring role
2011 CSI: Miami Ian Kaufman Guest role; "F-T-F"
2011 Castle Nick, Jr. Guest role; "Slice of Death"
2013 Bloomers Ryan Guest role; "Unexpecting" and "Mum's the Word"
2013–present The Bold and the Beautiful Wyatt Spencer Regular role
2013 Super Fun Night Jason Guest role; "Engagement Party" and "Dinner Party"
Awards and nominations[edit]
Year
Award
Work
Result
2008 Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Actor in a Drama Series Days of Our Lives Nominated
2009 Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Actor in a Drama Series Days of Our Lives Won
2014 Indie Series Awards Bloomers Nominated
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "CBS Daytime Stars On How They Met Their Sweethearts". CBS. Retrieved 2017-07-24.
Jump up ^ Logan, Michael (May 15, 2013). "Exclusive: Emmy Winner Darin Brooks Joins The Bold and the Beautiful". TV Guide. Retrieved June 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ Di Lauro, Janet. "Catching up with Darin Brooks". About.com. Retrieved June 25, 2014.
Jump up ^ Parziale, Dan (February 6, 2014). "Tag Archives: Darin Brooks". Aidstillrequired.org. Retrieved June 25, 2014.
Jump up ^ Seaver, Maggie (April 7, 2016). "Actors Kelly Kruger and Darin Brooks Had a Gorgeous Wedding in Hawaii". Theknot.com. United States: XO Group Inc. Retrieved April 7, 2016.
External links[edit]
Official Website
Darin Brooks on IMDb
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Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Actor in a Drama Series
Brian Bloom (1985)
Michael E. Knight (1986)
Michael E. Knight (1987)
Billy Warlock (1988)
Justin Gocke (1989)
Andrew Kavovit (1990)
Rick Hearst (1991)
Kristoff St. John (1992)
Monti Sharp (1993)
Roger Howarth (1994)
Jonathan Jackson (1995)
Kevin Mambo (1996)
Kevin Mambo (1997)
Jonathan Jackson (1998)
Jonathan Jackson (1999)
David Tom (2000)
Justin Torkildsen (2001)
Jacob Young (2002)
Jordi Vilasuso (2003)
Chad Brannon (2004)
David Lago (2005)
Tom Pelphrey (2006)
Bryton McClure (2007)
Tom Pelphrey (2008)
Darin Brooks (2009)
Drew Tyler Bell (2010)
Scott Clifton (2011)
Chandler Massey (2012)
Chandler Massey (2013)
Chandler Massey (2014)
Freddie Smith (2015)
Bryan Craig (2016)
Bryan Craig (2017)
Rome Flynn (2018)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
GND: 1070870846
ISNI: 0000 0001 3994 5907
LCCN: no2011164136
VIAF: 187206103
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darin_Brooks&oldid=804666294"
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Development of the reproductive system
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The development of the reproductive system is a part of prenatal development, and concerns the sex organs. It is a part of the stages of sexual differentiation. Because its location, to a large extent, overlaps the urinary system, the development of them can also be described together as the development of the urinary and reproductive organs.
The reproductive organs are developed from the intermediate mesoderm. The permanent organs of the adult are preceded by a set of structures which are purely embryonic, and which with the exception of the ducts disappear almost entirely before the end of fetal life. These embryonic structures are the Wolffian and Müllerian ducts, also known as mesonephric and paramesonephric ducts, respectively. The Wolffian duct remains as the duct in males, and the Müllerian as that of the female.
Contents
[hide]
1 Mesonephric (Wolffian) ducts
1.1 Origin
1.2 Development in male
1.3 Atrophy in female
1.3.1 Remnants
2 Paramesonephric (Müllerian) ducts
2.1 Atrophy in males
2.2 Development in females
3 Gonads
3.1 Ovaries
3.2 Testes
4 Division of cloaca
4.1 Definitive urogenital sinus
4.2 Vesico-urethral portion
5 Prostate
6 External genitalia
6.1 Common development
6.1.1 Before differentiation
6.1.1.1 Urogenital membrane
6.1.1.2 Genital tubercle
6.1.1.3 Phallus
6.1.1.4 Urogenital opening
6.1.2 After differentiation
6.2 Female
6.3 Male
6.3.1 Urogenital opening
7 Diagram of internal differentiation
8 References
8.1 In-line
8.2 General
9 External links
Mesonephric (Wolffian) ducts[edit]
Main article: Mesonephric duct
The mesonephric duct, also called the Wolffian duct, originates from a part of the pronephric duct.
Origin[edit]
In the outer part of the intermediate mesoderm, immediately under the ectoderm, in the region from the fifth cervical segment to the third thoracic segment, a series of short evaginations from each segment grows dorsally and extends caudally, fusing successively from before backward to form the pronephric duct. This continues to grow caudalward until it opens into the ventral part of the cloaca; beyond the pronephros it is termed the mesonephric duct. Thus, the mesonephric duct is what remains of the pronephric duct after the atrophy of the pronephros.
Development in male[edit]
In the male the duct persists, and forms the tube of the epididymis, the ductus deferens and the ejaculatory duct, while the seminal vesicle arises during the third month as a lateral diverticulum from its hinder end. A large part of the head end of the mesonephros atrophies and disappears; of the remainder the anterior tubules form the efferent ducts of the testis; while the posterior tubules are represented by the ductuli aberrantes, and by the paradidymis, which is sometimes found in front of the spermatic cord above the head of the epididymis.
Atrophy in female[edit]
In the female the Wolffian bodies and ducts atrophy. The nonfunctional remains of the Wolffian tubules are represented by the epoophoron, and the paroöphoron, two small collections of rudimentary blind tubules which are situated in the mesosalpinx.
Remnants[edit]
Section of the fold in the mesonephros of a chick embryo of the fourth day.
The lower part of the mesonephric duct disappears, while the upper part persists as the longitudinal duct of the epoöphoron, called Gartner's duct.
There are also developments of other tissues from the mesonephric duct that persist, e.g. the development of the suspensory ligament of the ovary.
Paramesonephric (Müllerian) ducts[edit]
A.—Diagram of the primitive urogenital organs in the embryo previous to sexual distinction. The common genital cord is labeled with gc.
* 3. Ureter.
* 4. Urinary bladder.
* 5. Urachus.
* cl. Cloaca.
* cp. Elevation which becomes clitoris or penis.
* i. Lower part of the intestine.
* ls. Fold of integument from which the labia majora or scrotum are formed.
* m, m. Right and left Müllerian ducts uniting together and running with the Wolffian ducts in gc, the common genital cord.
* ot. The gonadal ridge from which either the ovary or testis is formed.
* ug. Sinus urogenitalis.
* W. Left Wolffian body.
* w, w. Right and left Wolffian ducts.
Main article: Paramesonephric duct
Shortly after the formation of the Wolffian ducts a second pair of ducts is developed; these are the Müllerian ducts. Each arises on the lateral aspect of the corresponding Wolffian duct as a tubular invagination of the cells lining the abdominal cavity. The orifice of the invagination remains open, and undergoes enlargement and modification to form the abdominal ostium of the fallopian tube. The ducts pass backward lateral to the Wolffian ducts, but toward the posterior end of the embryo they cross to the medial side of these ducts, and thus come to lie side by side between and behind the latter—the four ducts forming what is termed the common genital cord, to distinguish it from the genital cords of the germinal epithelium seen later in this article. The Müllerian ducts end in an epithelial elevation, the Müllerian eminence, on the ventral part of the cloaca between the orifices of the Wolffian ducts. At a later stage the eminence opens in the middle, connecting the Müllerian ducts with the cloaca.
Atrophy in males[edit]
In the male the Müllerian ducts atrophy, but traces of their anterior ends are represented by the appendices testis (hydatids of Morgagni of the male), while their terminal fused portions form the utriculus in the floor of the prostatic urethra. This is due to the production of Anti-Müllerian hormone by the Sertoli cells of the testes.
Development in females[edit]
In the female the Müllerian ducts persist and undergo further development. The portions which lie in the genital cord fuse to form the uterus and vagina. This fusion of the Müllerian ducts begins in the third month, and the septum formed by their fused medial walls disappears from below upward.
The parts outside this cord remain separate, and each forms the corresponding Fallopian tube. The ostium of the fallopian tube remains from the anterior extremity of the original tubular invagination from the abdominal cavity.
About the fifth month a ring-like constriction marks the position of the cervix of the uterus, and after the sixth month the walls of the uterus begin to thicken. For a time the vagina is represented by a solid rod of epithelial cells. A ring-like outgrowth of this epithelium occurs at the lower end of the uterus and marks the future vaginal fornix. At about the fifth or sixth month the lumen of the vagina is produced by the breaking down of the central cells of the epithelium. The hymen represents the remains of the Müllerian eminence.[1]
Gonads[edit]
Main article: Development of the gonads
The gonads are the precursors of the testes in males and ovaries in females. They initially develop from the mesothelial layer of the peritoneum.
Ovaries[edit]
The ovary is differentiated into a central part, the medulla of ovary, covered by a surface layer, the germinal epithelium. The immature ova originate from cells from the dorsal endoderm of the yolk sac. Once they have reached the gonadal ridge they are called oogonia. Development proceeds and the oogonia become fully surrounded by a layer of connective tissue cells (pre-granulosa cells) In this way, the rudiments of the ovarian follicles are formed. The embryological origin of granulosa cells, on the other hand, remains controversial. Just as in the male, there is a gubernaculum in the female, which pulls it downward, albeit not as much as in males. The gubernaculum later becomes the proper ovarian ligament and the round ligament of the uterus.
Testes[edit]
The periphery of the testes are converted into the tunica albuginea. Cords of the central mass run together and form a network which becomes the rete testis, and another network, which develops the seminiferous tubules. Via the rete testis, the seminiferous tubules become connected with outgrowths from the mesonephros, which form the efferent ducts of the testis.
In short, the descent of the testes consists of the opening of a connection from the testis to its final location at the anterior abdominal wall, followed by the development of the gubernaculum, which subsequently pulls and translocates the testis down into the developing scrotum. Ultimately, the passageway closes behind the testis. A failure in this process can cause indirect inguinal hernia or an infantile hydrocoele.
Division of cloaca[edit]
Tail end of human embryo thirty-two to thirty-three days old. The entodermal cloaca is visible at center left, labeled in green
After the separation of the rectum from the dorsal part of the cloaca, the ventral part becomes the primary urogenital sinus.[2] The urogenital sinus, in turn, divides into the superficial definitive urogenital sinus and the deeper anterior vesico-urethral portion.
Definitive urogenital sinus[edit]
The definitive urogenital sinus consists of a caudal cephallic portion and an intermediate narrow channel, the pelvic portion.
Vesico-urethral portion[edit]
The vesico-urethral portion is the deepest portion, continuous with the allantois. It absorbs the ends of the Wolffian ducts and the associated ends of the renal diverticula, and these give rise to the trigone of urinary bladder and part of the prostatic urethra. The remainder of the vesico-urethral portion forms the body of the bladder and part of the prostatic urethra; its apex is prolonged to the umbilicus as a narrow canal, the urachus, which later is obliterated and becomes the median umbilical ligament of the adult.
Prostate[edit]
The prostate originally consists of two separate portions, each of which arises as a series of diverticular buds from the epithelial lining of the urogenital sinus and vesico-urethral part of the cloaca, between the third and fourth months. These buds become tubular, and form the glandular substance of the two lobes, which ultimately meet and fuse behind the urethra and also extend on to its ventral aspect. The median lobe of the prostate is formed as an extension of the lateral lobes between the common ejaculatory ducts and the bladder.
Skene's glands in the female urethra are regarded as the homologues of the prostatic glands.
The bulbourethral glands in the male, and Bartholin's gland in the female, also arise as diverticula from the epithelial lining of the urogenital sinus.
External genitalia[edit]
The mesoderm extends to the midventral line
Until about the ninth week of gestational age[3] the external genitalia of males and females look the same, and follow a common development. This includes the development of a genital tubercle and a membrane dorsally to it, covering the developing urogenital opening, and the development of the labioscrotal fold, also called the urogenital fold, and the labioscrotal swelling.[4]
Even after differentiation can be seen between the sexes, some stages are common, e.g. the disappearing of the membrane. On the other hand, sex-dependent development include further protrusion of the genital tubercle in the male to form the glans of the penis and in the female, the clitoral glans.[4] The urogenital fold evolves into the shaft of the penis in males and the Labia minora in females; the labioscrotal swelling evolves into the scrotum in males, and into the Labia majora in females.[4]
Common development[edit]
Before differentiation[edit]
Urogenital membrane[edit]
There is initially a cloacal membrane, composed of ectoderm and endoderm, reaching from the umbilical cord to the tail, separating the cloaca from the exterior. After the separation of the rectum from the dorsal part of the cloaca, the ventral part of the cloacal membrane becomes the urogenital membrane.
Genital tubercle[edit]
Mesoderm extends to the midventral line for some distance behind the umbilical cord, and forms the lower part of the abdominal wall; it ends below in a prominent swelling, the cloacal tubercle, which after the separation of the rectum becomes the genital tubercle. Dorsally to this tubercle the sides aren't really fused. Rather, the urogenital part of the cloacal membrane separates the ingrowing sheets of mesoderm.
Phallus[edit]
The genital tubercle develops into the phallus, the first rudiment of the penis or clitoris.[4]
The terminal part of the phallus, representing the future glans becomes solid. The remainder of the phallus, which remains hollow, is converted into a longitudinal groove by the absorption of the urogenital membrane.
The term genital tubercle, however, still remains, but only refers to the future glans [3]
Urogenital opening[edit]
In both sexes the phallic portion of the urogenital sinus extends on to the under surface of the cloacal tubercle as far forward as the apex. At the apex the walls of the phallic portion come together and fuse, obliterating the urogenital opening. Instead, a solid plate, the urethral plate, is formed. The remainder of the phallic portion is for a time tubular, and then, by the absorption of the urogenital membrane, it establishes a communication with the exterior. This opening is for a while the primitive urogenital opening, and it extends forward to the corona glandis.
After differentiation[edit]
Development of external genitalia. A: common development. C, E: male development. B, D, F: female development
The following developments occur in both males and females, although a difference in the development between the sexes already can be seen:
The corpora cavernosa of each of the penis and clitoris and of the urethra arise from the mesodermal tissue in the phallus; they are at first dense structures, but later vascular spaces appear in them, and they gradually become cavernous.[4]
The prepuce in both sexes is formed by the growth of a solid plate of ectoderm into the superficial part of the phallus; on coronal section this plate presents the shape of a horseshoe. By the breaking down of its more centrally situated cells the plate is split into two lamellæ. Thus, a cutaneous fold, the prepuce, is liberated and forms a hood over the glans.
Female[edit]
In the female, a deep groove forms around the phallus. The sides of it grow dorsalward as the labioscrotal folds, which ultimately form the labia majora in females. The labia minora, in contrast, arise by the continued growth of the lips of the groove on the under surface of the phallus; the remainder of the phallus forms the clitoral glans.[4]
Male[edit]
In the male the pelvic portion of the cloaca undergoes much greater development, pushing before it the phallic portion.
The labioscrotal folds extend around between the pelvic portion and the anus, and form a scrotal area. During the changes associated with the descent of the testes this scrotal area is drawn out to form the scrotal sacs. The penis is developed from the phallus.
As in the female, the urogenital membrane undergoes absorption, forming a channel on the under surface of the phallus; this channel extends only as far forward as the corona glandis.
Urogenital opening[edit]
In the male, by the greater growth of the pelvic portion of the cloaca, a longer urethra is formed, and the primitive opening is carried forward with the phallus, but it still ends at the corona glandis. Later, this opening, which is located on the dorsal side of the penis,[5] closes from behind forward. Meanwhile, the urethral plate of the glans breaks down centrally to form a median groove continuous with the primitive ostium. This groove also closes from behind forward, leaving only a small pipe running in the middle of the penis. Thus, the urogenital opening is shifted forward to the end of the glans.
Diagram of internal differentiation[edit]
Diagrams to show the development of male and female generative organs from a common type.
A.—Diagram of the primitive urogenital organs in the embryo previous to sexual distinction.
3. Ureter.
4. Urinary bladder.
5. Urachus.
cl. Cloaca.
cp. Elevation which becomes clitoris or penis.
i. Lower part of the intestine.
ls. Fold of integument from which the labia majora or scrotum are formed.
m, m. Right and left Müllerian ducts uniting together and running with the Wolffian ducts in gc, the genital cord.
ot. The genital ridge from which either the ovary or testis is formed.
ug. Sinus urogenitalis.
W. Left Wolffian body.
w, w. Right and left Wolffian ducts.
B.—Diagram of the female type of sexual organs.
C. Greater vestibular gland, and immediately above it the urethra.
cc. Corpus cavernosum clitoridis.
dG. Remains of the left Wolffian duct, such as give rise to the duct of Gärtner, represented by dotted lines; that of the right side is marked w.
f. The abdominal opening of the left uterine tube.
g. Round ligament, corresponding to gubernaculum.
h. Situation of the hymen.
i. Lower part of the intestine.
l. Labium majus.
n. Labium minus.
o. The left ovary.
po. Epoophoron.
sc. Corpus cavernosum urethrae.
u. Uterus. The uterine tube of the right side is marked m.
v. Vulva.
va. Vagina.
W. Scattered remains of Wolffian tubes near it (paroöphoron of Waldeyer).
C.—Diagram of the male type of sexual organs.
C. Bulbo-urethral gland of one side.
cp. Corpora cavernosa penis cut short.
e. Caput epididymis.
g. The gubernaculum.
i. Lower part of the intestine.
m. Müllerian duct, the upper part of which remains as the hydatid of Morgagni; the lower part, represented by a dotted line descending to the prostatic utricle, constitutes the occasionally existing cornu and tube of the uterus masculinus.
pr. The prostate.
s. Scrotum.
sp. Corpus cavernosum urethrae.
t. Testis in the place of its original formation.
t’, together with the dotted lines above, indicates the direction in which the testis and epididymis descend from the abdomen into the scrotum.
vd. Ductus deferens.
vh. Ductus aberrans.
vs. The vesicula seminalis.
W. Scattered remains of the Wolffian body, constituting the organ of Giraldès, or the paradidymis of Waldeyer.
References[edit]
In-line[edit]
Jump up ^ 1918 Gray's Anatomy
Jump up ^ "Differentiation of the urogenital sinus in males". Embryology.ch. Retrieved 2016-01-19.
^ Jump up to: a b "Embryo Images Online". Med.unc.edu. Retrieved 2016-01-19.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Keith L. Moore, T. V. N. Persaud, Mark G. Torchia, The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology 10th Ed. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2015 ISBN 9780323313483, pp 267-69
Jump up ^ "Embryo Images Online". Med.unc.edu. Retrieved 2016-01-19.
General[edit]
Henry Gray (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
External links[edit]
Animations of gonadal sex, duct differentiation, and external genital development at AboutKidsHealth.ca
[hide]
v
t
e
Sex determination and differentiation
Overview
Sexual differentiation
humans
Development of the reproductive system
gonads
Mesonephric duct
Paramesonephric duct
Genetic basis
Sex-determination system
XY
X0
ZW
Temperature-dependent
Haplodiploidy
Sex chromosome
X chromosome
Y chromosome
Testis-determining factor
See also
Hermaphrodite
Intersex
Disorders of sex development
[show]
v
t
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Development of the reproductive system
Precursors
Mesoderm
intermediate
lateral plate
Endoderm
Cloaca
Urogenital sinus
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Cloacal membrane
Internal
Development of the gonads
Gonadal ridge
Pronephric duct
Mesonephric duct
Paramesonephric duct
Vaginal plate
Definitive urogenital sinus
External
Genital tubercle
Labioscrotal swelling
Primordial phallus
Gubernaculum
Peritoneum
Vaginal process
Canal of Nuck
See also
List of related male and female reproductive organs
Prenatal development
Embryogenesis
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Development_of_the_reproductive_system&oldid=796522743"
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Paul Robinette
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the YouTube celebrity, see Paul Robinett.
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Paul Robinette
Law & Order character
First appearance
"Prescription for Death" (Law & Order)
Last appearance
"Uncertainty Principle" (Chicago Justice)
Portrayed by
Richard Brooks
Time on show
1990–1993, 1996, 2005, 2006
Seasons
1, 2, 3, 6, 16, 17
Credited appearances
69 episodes (total)
Succeeded by
Claire Kincaid
Paul Robinette, played by Richard Brooks, is a fictional character who appeared in the TV drama series Law & Order from the pilot episode in 1990 until the final episode of the third season, "Benevolence," in 1993. He is the first of the seven Assistant District Attorneys who have been featured on Law & Order, and the only male. He appeared in 69 episodes.
Contents
[hide]
1 Character overview
2 Departure from show
3 Guest appearances
4 References
Character overview[edit]
Robinette is introduced as having been raised in Harlem and worked his way through law school. He had the chance to work on Wall Street, but turned it down in favor of the Manhattan District Attorney's office, where he felt he could make a difference.[1] He works under Ben Stone (Michael Moriarty). He was mentored as a teenager by Deputy Police Commander William Jefferson, who inspired him to become a lawyer. In the pilot episode, "Everybody's Favorite Bagman", however, he and Stone discover that Jefferson is corrupt, and that he conspired to murder a city councilman.[2]
Robinette advocates racial equality through equal treatment, including equal punishment; while he abhors racism, he feels no sympathy for black people who break the law. He insists on being treated as the equal of his white colleagues, without what he feels are added advantages from affirmative action policies.[2][1][3] However, numerous African Americans are at odds with his role in the judicial system, creating a recurring sense of deep inner conflict for the man.
As a result, Robinette's views on race change throughout the series. In the first season episode "Out of the Half-Light", Stone asks Robinette if he thinks of himself as "a black lawyer or a lawyer who's black".[1] Robinette at first considers himself the latter, but by the time he leaves the DA's office and becomes a defense attorney, he thinks of race as a more integral part of his reasons for practicing law.[4]
Departure from show[edit]
Robinette leaves the DA's office at the end of the third season, and eventually becomes a defense attorney who represents his clients as victims of institutionalized racism. He is replaced by Claire Kincaid (Jill Hennessy).
Initially, his disappearance from the show was never explained and was not mentioned in either the third season end or fourth season opener. NBC press releases at the time of the character's departure mentioned that Robinette had moved to a Park Avenue law firm. On the 4th season DVD, a deleted scene includes Lt. Anita Van Buren (S. Epatha Merkerson) asking to see Robinette. Stone responds with "Uh, you'll have to take a cab uptown. Park Avenue. Woodward, Martin, and Schwartz." [5]
Guest appearances[edit]
Robinette has reappeared on the show three times: once in 1996, 2005 and 2006, as opposing counsel to Stone's successor, Jack McCoy (Sam Waterston). In the 1996 episode "Custody", he defends a black woman who attempted to kidnap her son from his white adoptive parents.[4] In the 2005 episode "Birthright", he defends a nurse accused of performing sterilizations on promiscuous black teenagers whom she deems emotionally unfit to become parents.[6] In the 2006 episode "Fear America", he defends a Muslim accused of murder who killed to cover up his terrorist activities. In that episode, Robinette accuses McCoy and the D.A.'s office of participating in a giant conspiracy to make every Muslim appear to be a terrorist.[7] However, he maintains a respectful relationship with the DA's office, even sometimes having drinks with his now-opponents.
In 2017, Robinette traveled to Chicago to defend CPD Officer Kevin Atwater at the request of Sergeant Hank Voight, where he went up against Ben Stone's son, Assistant State's Attorney Peter Stone.[8]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Out of the Half-Light". Law & Order. Season 1. Episode 11. December 11, 1990. NBC.
^ Jump up to: a b "Everybody's Favorite Bagman". Law & Order. Season 1. Episode 6. October 30, 1990. NBC.
Jump up ^ "Subterranean Homeboy Blues". Law & Order. Season 1. Episode 2. September 20, 1990. NBC.
^ Jump up to: a b "Custody". Law & Order. Season 6. Episode 14. February 21, 1996. NBC.
Jump up ^ "Discord". Law & Order. Season 4. Episode 3. October 6, 1993. NBC.
Jump up ^ "Birthright". Law & Order. Season 16. Episode 6. November 2, 2005. NBC.
Jump up ^ "Fear America". Law & Order. Season 17. Episode 4. October 13, 2006. NBC.
Jump up ^ "Uncertainty Principle". Chicago Justice. Season 1. Episode 2. March 5, 2017. NBC.
[hide]
v
t
e
Law & Order
Characters
Police
Sgt. Max Greevey
Sgt. Phil Cerreta
Lennie Briscoe
Joe Fontana
Ed Green
Cyrus Lupo
Mike Logan
Rey Curtis
Nick Falco
Nina Cassady
Kevin Bernard
Captain Donald Cragen
Lieutenant Anita Van Buren
District attorneys
Benjamin Stone
Jack McCoy
Michael Cutter
Paul Robinette
Claire Kincaid
Jamie Ross
Abbie Carmichael
Serena Southerlyn
Alexandra Borgia
Connie Rubirosa
Adam Schiff
Nora Lewin
Arthur Branch
Recurring characters
Elizabeth Olivet, Ph.D.
Emil Skoda, M.D.
Elizabeth Rodgers, M.D.
Danielle Melnick
Seasons
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Notable episodes
"Prescription for Death"
"Everybody's Favorite Bagman"
"Manhood"
"Aftershock"
"Empire"
"Mother's Day"
"Sunday in the Park with Jorge"
"Public Service Homicide"
"Burn Card"
"The Drowned and the Saved"
"Dignity"
"Fed"
"Blackmail"
"Steel-Eyed Death"
"Boy on Fire"
"Rubber Room"
TV film
Exiled: A Law & Order Movie
See also
Episodes
Cast
Law & Order franchise
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Robinette&oldid=800676272"
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Law & Order characters
Fictional African-American people
Fictional characters from New York City
Fictional characters introduced in 1990
Fictional lawyers
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Gun laws in Virginia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Location of Virginia in the United States
Gun laws in Virginia regulate the sale, possession, and use of firearms and ammunition in the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States.[1][2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Summary table
2 Overview
3 See also
4 External links
5 References
Summary table[edit]
Subject/Law
Long Guns
Handguns
Relevant Statutes
Notes
Permit to purchase required? No No
Firearm registration? No No § 18.2-295 Fully-automatic firearms (machine guns) are required to be registered with the state police.
Owner license required? No No Proof of age and citizenship required for the purchase of "assault weapons".
Carry permits required? No Yes § 18.2-308 Virginia is a "shall issue" state for concealed carry. Permits are issued to non-residents and training is permitted online or in person.
Open carry permitted? Yes Yes § 15.2-915.2
§ 18.2-287.4
§ 18.2-282.
Open carry is generally allowed without a permit for people 18 years of age and older. The following cities and counties have exceptions that disallow the open carry of "assault weapons" (any firearm that is equipped with a magazine that will hold more than 20 rounds of ammunition or is designed by the manufacturer to accommodate a silencer or equipped with a folding stock) or shotguns equipped with a magazine that holds more than 7 rounds: the Cities of Alexandria, Chesapeake, Fairfax, Falls Church, Newport News, Norfolk, Richmond, and Virginia Beach and in the Counties of Arlington, Fairfax, Henrico, Loudoun, and Prince William. These restrictions do not apply to valid concealed carry permit holders. Stated differently, you may open carry an assault weapon/shotgun with more than 7 rounds with a permit in the aforementioned locations, but do not need a permit to do so in any other locality in Virginia.
For open carry in a vehicle, the firearm must be "properly secured in a container or compartment within the vehicle" (ie glove box, center console, trunk, etc). The container/compartment does not have to be locked, the firearm may be within the reach of the driver or a passenger, and the firearm may be loaded. This does not preempt an employer from prohibiting firearms "at a place of employment if there is a company policy or signage prohibiting firearms on the premises."[3] Furthermore, a "county or city may by ordinance make it unlawful for any person to transport, possess or carry a loaded shotgun or loaded rifle in any vehicle on any public street, road, or highway within such locality." However, this does not "apply to duly authorized law-enforcement officers or military personnel in the performance of their lawful duties, nor to any person who reasonably believes that a loaded rifle or shotgun is necessary for his personal safety in the course of his employment or business."
In addition, a firearm may be considered "open carry" in a vehicle if the firearm is openly visible, though this is not as well established as the "secured in a container/compartment" rule.
State preemption of local restrictions? Yes Yes § 15.2-915 Virginia has state preemption for most but not all firearm laws.
Assault weapon law? Yes Yes § 18.2-308.2:2
§ 18.2-308.2:01 § 18.2-308.7
Proof of age (18+ for long arms, 21+ for pistols) and proof of citizenship (or permanent residence license) are required for the purchase of "assault weapons". "Assault weapons" are defined as a semi-automatic, centerfire, firearm equipped with a folding/adjustable stock, or equipped at the time with a magazine capable of holding more than 20 rounds, or capable of accommodating a silencer/suppressor.
Magazine restriction? No No § 18.2-287.4
§ 18.2-282.
Magazines capable of holding more than 20 rounds are legal but, they make the firearm an "assault weapon", subject to law accordingly.
NFA weapons restricted? No No § 18.2-308.8
§ 18.2-308.5
§ 18.2-295 Fully-automatic firearms (machine guns) must be registered with the state police. Plastic firearms and some destructive devices (such as the striker 12 shotgun) are prohibited outside law enforcement. SBS, SBR, AOWs, and suppressors are legal with NFA paperwork.
Background checks required for private sales? No No
Gun laws in Virginia
Constitution
Constitution sections
Article I, §13.
Synopsis [show]
"[...] the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed; [...]"
Preemption and local regulation
Preemption sections
§ 15.2-915.,
§ 15.2–915.1.,
§ 15.2–915.2.,
§ 15.2–915.4.,
§ 15.2-914.
Synopsis [show]
Localities may regulate the transportation of a loaded rifle or shotgun, regulate the use of pneumatic guns, and the possession and storage of firearms by persons who provide child-care services.
Registration
Ownership registration sections
§ 18.2–295.
Synopsis [show]
Machine guns must be registered with the Virginia State Police.[4]
Purchase registration [show]
No purchase registration
Lost/stolen registration [show]
No lost/stolen registration
Restricted or prohibited items
Restricted firearms sections
§ 18.2–308.8.,
§ 18.2–308.5.
Synopsis [show]
Armsel Striker, also known as the Striker 12, and similar shotguns are prohibited. Plastic firearms are prohibited.
Restricted ammunition [show]
No restricted ammunition
Restricted accessories [show]
No restricted accessories
Restricted or prohibited places
Restricted places sections
§ 18.2–283.,
AG Opinion 11-043,
§ 18.2–283.1.,
§ 18.2–287.01.,
§ 18.2–287.4.,
§ 18.2–308.1.,
4VAC15-40-60.,
4VAC10-30-170.,
8VAC35-60-20.
GA JRC Rule,
§ 18.2–308.
Synopsis [show]
Places of religious worship, without good and sufficient reason. The Attorney General has opined that personal protection constitutes a good and sufficient reason.
Courthouses.
Air carrier airport terminals.
Certain high-capacity firearms in public places in certain counties and cities; except certain persons.
Public, private or religious elementary, middle or high schools and associated buildings, grounds, buses, and events; except certain persons.
On George Mason University property in academic buildings, administrative office buildings, student residence buildings, dining facilities, or while attending sporting, entertainment or educational events; except police officers.
Anywhere on a Virginia Commonwealth University campus, without the written authorization of the president of the university; except persons whose duties lawfully require the possession of firearms.
The Capitol and the General Assembly building; except for members of the General Assembly, persons with concealed handgun permits, and law enforcement personnel.
Private property where prohibited by the owner.
Restricted or prohibited persons
Underage persons sections
§ 18.2–56.2.,
§ 18.2–308.7.
Synopsis [show]
Persons under the age of 12, except while supervised.
Persons over the age of 12, but under the age of 18, except while supervised; or unsupervised with parental and property owner permission.
Alien persons sections
§ 18.2–308.2:01.
Synopsis [show]
Persons who are not lawfully present in the United States may not possess, transport or carry any firearm.
Persons who are not citizens or lawful permanent residents may not possess an "assault firearm."
Restricted persons sections
§ 18.2–308.1:1.,
§ 18.2–308.1:2.,
§ 18.2–308.1:3.,
§ 18.2–308.1:4.
Synopsis [show]
Persons acquitted by reason of insanity.
Persons adjudicated legally incompetent, mentally incapacitated.
Persons involuntarily admitted to a facility or ordered to mandatory outpatient treatment.
Persons subject to protective orders.
Convicted persons sections
§ 18.2–290.,
§ 18.2–308.1:5.,
§ 18.2–308.2.
Synopsis [show]
Persons convicted of a crime of violence in any court of record may not possess a machine gun.
Persons convicted of certain drug offenses; for a period of five years.
Persons who have been convicted of a felony, kidnapping, robbery by the threat or presentation of firearms, or rape.
Manufacturing
Manufacturing regulations sections
§ 18.2–294.,
§ 18.2–304.,
§ 18.2–308.5.
Synopsis [show]
Manufacturers must keep a record of all machine guns, sawed-off rifles and sawed-off shotguns that they manufacture.
Manufacturers are subject to police inspection of their stock of machine guns, sawed-off rifles, and sawed-off shotguns.
It is unlawful to manufacture firearms containing less than 3.7 ounces of electromagnetically detectable metal in the barrel, slide, cylinder, frame or receiver.
Sale, purchase, and transfer
Dealer regulations sections
§ 18.2–294.,
§ 18.2–304.,
§ 18.2–308.2:1.,
§ 18.2–308.2:3.
§ 18.2–308.2:2.,
Synopsis [show]
Dealers are subject to police inspection of their stock of machine guns, sawed-off rifles, and sawed-off shotguns.
Dealers may not sell or otherwise furnish firearms to any person he knows is prohibited from possessing or transporting a firearm.
Criminal background checks of employees of gun dealers are required before they may transfer firearms.
Criminal history record information check required for the transfer of certain firearms.
Non-residents may purchase rifle and shotguns only
Private sale regulations sections
§ 18.2–308.2:1.,
§ 18.2–308.2:2.
Synopsis [show]
Private sellers may not sell or otherwise furnish firearms to any person he knows is prohibited from possessing or transporting a firearm.
Private sellers may sell long guns and handguns.
Transportation and carry
Transportation restrictions sections
§ 15.2–915.2.,
§ 18.2–308.
Synopsis [show]
Localities may regulate the transportation of a loaded rifle or shotgun.
Persons lawfully possessing a handgun may transport such handgun loaded and in a secure compartment in a vehicle or vessel.
Open carry restrictions sections
§ 18.2–308.
Synopsis [show]
There is no law against a law-abiding citizen openly carrying a firearm, therefore it is legal and no permit or license is required.[5]
"Open carry" is the carrying of a firearm that is not concealed. Virginia defines concealed as "hidden from common observation" and "a weapon shall be deemed to be hidden from common observation when it is observable but is of such deceptive appearance as to disguise the weapon's true nature."
Concealed carry restrictions sections
§ 18.2–308,
§ 18.2–308.012
Synopsis [show]
Only persons who hold certain positions, comply with certain rules or restrictions, and/or who have a Concealed Handgun Permit (CHP) may carry concealed handguns.
Virginia issues a CHP to residents and non-residents.
CHP applicants must provide proof of demonstrated competence with a handgun.
Some persons are deemed disqualified from obtaining a CHP, even though they may lawfully possess and carry a firearm.
Virginia maintains concealed handgun permit reciprocity with other States and recognizes some licenses from other States without a formal reciprocity agreement. The list of such states is maintained by the Virginia State Police.[6]
Consuming an alcoholic beverage in ABC on-premises licensed restaurants and clubs, while carrying a concealed handgun, is prohibited. Openly carrying and consuming an alcoholic beverage is permitted. No person may carry a concealed handgun in a public place while under the influence of alcohol or illegal drugs.
§ 18.2–308, which regulates concealed weapons, shall not apply to any person while in his own place of abode or the curtilage thereof.
Except as provided in subsection J1, being "under the influence", § 18.2–308 shall not apply to:
Any person while in his own place of business;
Any person who may lawfully possess a firearm and is carrying a handgun while in a personal, private motor vehicle or vessel and such handgun is secured in a container or compartment in the vehicle or vessel;
Certain current and retired law-enforcement officers and certain State employees.
Overview[edit]
The Constitution of Virginia protects the right of the people to keep and bear arms from government infringement.[7] The Commonwealth of Virginia preempts local regulation of several aspects of firearms, though some local regulation is explicitly permitted. Virginia passed the Uniform Machine Gun Act, which was drafted by the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws.[8][9] The only firearms in Virginia that are prohibited are the Armsel Striker, also known as the Striker 12, similar shotguns, and any "plastic firearms." Firearms must contain at least 3.7 ounces of electromagnetically detectable metal in the barrel, slide, cylinder, frame or receiver, and when subjected to x-ray machines, generate an image that accurately depicts their shape.[10] For example, Glock pistols which have polymer frames and metal slides and barrels are legal. There are no magazine capacity limitations, except that a concealed handgun permit (CHP) is required in order to carry magazines with more than 20 rounds in some urban, public areas.[1][2]
Prohibited places include courthouses, air carrier terminals, schools, Capitol and General Assembly buildings (open carrying only, members of the General Assembly and those with a valid CHP are permitted in the Capitol General Assembly buildings), and churches, though some exceptions apply, including a 2011 Attorney General opinion that personal protection constitutes good and sufficient reason to carry at a church.[11] George Mason University, Virginia Commonwealth University, and Virginia Polytechnic University (Virginia Tech) currently possess rules that prohibit firearms on school property.
A 2006 opinion issued by State Attorney General Robert F. McDonnell stated “...the governing boards of Virginia’s public colleges and universities may not impose a general prohibition on the carrying of concealed weapons by permitted individuals... Pursuant to specific grants of statutory authority, however, it is my opinion that colleges and universities may regulate the conduct of students and employees to prohibit them from carrying concealed weapons on campus.”.[12]
In 2011, the Virginia Supreme Court found that the language used by George Mason University (GMU) to “...not impose a total ban of weapons on campus. Rather, the regulation is tailored, restricting weapons only in those places where people congregate and are most vulnerable – inside campus buildings and at campus events. Individuals may still carry or possess weapons on the open grounds of GMU, and in other places on campus not enumerated in the regulation.”[12]
There are age restrictions on the possession of firearms and some people are prohibited from possessing firearms due to certain criminal convictions. Licensed dealers must have the Virginia State Police conduct a background check prior to completing the sale of certain firearms. Persons who are not in the business of selling firearms, but make occasional, private sales, are not required to perform a background check before selling their firearms. Before July 1, 2012, a person could not purchase more than one handgun per 30-day period, though some exceptions applied; most significantly, holders of valid Concealed Handgun Permits (CHP) from Virginia were exempt from this restriction.[1][2] The bill that repealed the "one-handgun-a-month law" was signed into law by Governor Bob McDonnell on February 28 of that year.[13]
Open carry of a handgun without a permit is legal in Virginia at age 18, withstanding other applicable laws. Concealed carry of a handgun is allowed for persons who hold a valid CHP (concealed handgun permit), comply with certain restrictions, or who hold certain positions. Virginia shall issue a CHP to applicants 21 years of age or older, provided that they meet certain safety training requirements and do not have any disqualifying criminal convictions. Consuming an alcoholic beverage in ABC on-premises licensed restaurants and clubs, while carrying a concealed handgun, is prohibited; nor may any person carry a concealed handgun in a public place while under the influence of alcohol or illegal drugs. Any person permitted to carry a concealed firearm may not carry one in such manner in a public place while intoxicated. Possession of a firearm can compound the penalty for various other offenses, including illegal drug possession. Open carry while intoxicated is not addressed in the law and can presumed to be legal unless otherwise specified.[14][1][2][15]
There are some restrictions on the use of weapons. Brandishing a firearm is punishable by up to a year in jail.[16]
See also[edit]
Law of Virginia
External links[edit]
"Crimes Involving Health and Safety". Legislative Information System. Virginia General Assembly.
"Virginia Gun Laws Summary". National Rifle Association Institute for Legislative Action. March 2, 2016.
Jouvenal, Justin; Lamothe, Dan. "Senior Navy official charged with pointing gun at men during argument". The Washington Post. July 19, 2016.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Gun Laws: Virginia". National Rifle Association – Institute for Legislative Action. 2012-07-25. Retrieved 2012-12-30.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Virginia State Law Summary". Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence. 2012-01-01. Retrieved 2012-12-30.
Jump up ^ "Attorney General Opinion" (PDF).
Jump up ^ http://www.vsp.state.va.us/Firearms_MachineGun.shtm
Jump up ^ "Virginia State Police Letter Confirming Legality of Open Carry" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-12-23.
Jump up ^ "Virginia State Police – Firearms Reciprocity/Recognition". Vsp.state.va.us. Retrieved 2011-12-23.
Jump up ^ "Article I, Section 13. Militia; standing armies; military subordinate to civil power". Legis.state.va.us. Retrieved 2011-12-23.
Jump up ^ "Second Amendment Foundation – Firearm Regulation, by John Brabner-Smith". Saf.org. Retrieved 2011-12-23.
Jump up ^ "University of Pennsylvania Law Review, Note, 98 (1950): 905. F.J.K". Saf.org. Retrieved 2011-12-23.
Jump up ^ "Code of Virginia § 18.2–308.5". Leg1.state.va.us. Retrieved 2011-12-23.
Jump up ^ "Attorney General Opinion" (PDF).
^ Jump up to: a b "Virginia Supreme Court Rules Against Campus Carry". Concealedcampus.org. 2011-01-13. Retrieved 2013-09-30.
Jump up ^ Meola, Olympia (2012-02-29). "McDonnell signs repeal of one-gun-a-month law". Richmond Times-Dispatch. Retrieved 2012-04-18.
Jump up ^ "Code of Virginia".
Jump up ^ "LIS > Code of Virginia > 18.2-308". Leg1.state.va.us. 2010-07-01. Retrieved 2011-12-23.
Jump up ^ https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/public-safety/senior-navy-official-charged-for-allegedly-pointing-gun-at-men-during-argument/2016/07/19/9b231ad4-4dc7-11e6-aa14-e0c1087f7583_story.html?wpisrc=nl_buzz&wpmm=1
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