text:
Microwave
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the electromagnetic wave. For the cooking appliance, see Microwave oven. For other uses, see Microwaves (disambiguation).
A telecommunications tower with a variety of dish antennas for microwave relay links on Frazier Peak, Ventura County, California. The apertures of the dishes are covered by plastic sheets (radomes) to keep out moisture.
The atmospheric attenuation of microwaves and far infrared radiation in dry air with a precipitable water vapor level of 0.001 mm. The downward spikes in the graph correspond to frequencies at which microwaves are absorbed more strongly. This graph includes a range of frequencies from 0 to 1 THz; the microwaves are the subset in the range between 0.3 and 300 gigahertz.
Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths ranging from one meter to one millimeter; with frequencies between 300 MHz (100 cm) and 300 GHz (0.1 cm).[1][2][3][4][5] Different sources define different frequency ranges as microwaves; the above broad definition includes both UHF and EHF (millimeter wave) bands. A more common definition in radio engineering is the range between 1 and 100 GHz (300 and 3 mm).[2] In all cases, microwaves include the entire SHF band (3 to 30 GHz, or 10 to 1 cm) at minimum. Frequencies in the microwave range are often referred to by their IEEE radar band designations: S, C, X, Ku, K, or Ka band, or by similar NATO or EU designations.
The prefix micro- in microwave is not meant to suggest a wavelength in the micrometer range. It indicates that microwaves are "small", compared to the radio waves used prior to microwave technology, in that they have shorter wavelengths. The boundaries between far infrared, terahertz radiation, microwaves, and ultra-high-frequency radio waves are fairly arbitrary and are used variously between different fields of study.
Microwaves travel by line-of-sight; unlike lower frequency radio waves they do not diffract around hills, follow the earth's surface as ground waves, or reflect from the ionosphere, so terrestrial microwave communication links are limited by the visual horizon to about 40 miles (64 km). At the high end of the band they are absorbed by gases in the atmosphere, limiting practical communication distances to around a kilometer. Microwaves are extremely widely used in modern technology. They are used for point-to-point communication links, wireless networks, microwave radio relay networks, radar, satellite and spacecraft communication, medical diathermy and cancer treatment, remote sensing, radio astronomy, particle accelerators, spectroscopy, industrial heating, collision avoidance systems, garage door openers and keyless entry systems, and for cooking food in microwave ovens.
Contents
[hide]
1 Electromagnetic spectrum
2 Propagation
2.1 Troposcatter
3 Antennas
4 Difference between microwave and radio frequency technology
5 Microwave sources
6 Microwave uses
6.1 Communication
6.2 Navigation
6.3 Radar
6.4 Radio astronomy
6.5 Heating and power application
6.6 Spectroscopy
7 Microwave frequency bands
8 Microwave frequency measurement
9 Effects on health
10 History and research
11 See also
12 References
13 External links
Electromagnetic spectrum
Microwaves occupy a place in the electromagnetic spectrum with frequency above ordinary radio waves, and below infrared light:
Electromagnetic spectrum
Name
Wavelength
Frequency (Hz)
Photon energy (eV) )
Gamma ray < 0.02 nm > 15 EHz > 62.1 keV
X-ray 0.01 nm – 10 nm 30 EHz – 30 PHz 124 keV – 124 eV
Ultraviolet 10 nm – 400 nm 30 PHz – 750 THz 124 eV – 3 eV
Visible light 390 nm – 750 nm 770 THz – 400 THz 3.2 eV – 1.7 eV
Infrared 750 nm – 1 mm 400 THz – 300 GHz 1.7 eV – 1.24 meV
Microwave 1 mm – 1 m 300 GHz – 300 MHz 1.24 meV – 1.24 µeV
Radio 1 mm – 100 km 300 GHz – 3 kHz 1.24 µeV – 12.4 feV
In descriptions of the electromagnetic spectrum, many sources classify microwaves as radio waves; microwaves are a subset of the radio wave band; while others classify microwaves and radio waves as distinct types of radiation. This is an arbitrary distinction.
Propagation
Main article: Radio propagation
Microwaves travel solely by line-of-sight paths; unlike lower frequency radio waves, they do not travel as ground waves which follow the contour of the Earth, or reflect off the ionosphere (skywaves).[6] Although at the low end of the band they can pass through building walls enough for useful reception, usually rights of way cleared to the first Fresnel zone are required. Therefore, on the surface of the Earth, microwave communication links are limited by the visual horizon to about 30–40 miles (48–64 km). Microwaves are absorbed by moisture in the atmosphere, and the attenuation increases with frequency, becoming a significant factor (rain fade) at the high end of the band. Beginning at about 40 GHz, atmospheric gases also begin to absorb microwaves, so above this frequency microwave transmission is limited to a few kilometers. A spectral band structure causes absorption peaks at specific frequencies (see graph at right). Above 100 GHz, the absorption of electromagnetic radiation by Earth's atmosphere is so great that it is in effect opaque, until the atmosphere becomes transparent again in the so-called infrared and optical window frequency ranges.
Troposcatter
Main article: Tropospheric scatter
In a microwave beam directed at an angle into the sky, a small amount of the power will be randomly scattered as the beam passes through the troposphere.[6] A sensitive receiver beyond the horizon with a high gain antenna focused on that area of the troposphere can pick up the signal. This technique has been used at frequencies between 0.45 and 5 GHz in tropospheric scatter (troposcatter) communication systems to communicate beyond the horizon, at distances up to 300 km.
Antennas
Waveguide is used to carry microwaves. Example of waveguides and a diplexer in an air traffic control radar
Their short wavelength allows narrow beams of microwaves to be produced by conveniently small high gain antennas from a half meter to 5 meters in diameter. Therefore, beams of microwaves are used for point-to-point communication links, and for radar. An advantage of narrow beams is that they don't interfere with nearby equipment using the same frequency, allowing frequency reuse by nearby transmitters. Parabolic ("dish") antennas are the most widely used directive antennas at microwave frequencies, but horn antennas, slot antennas and dielectric lens antennas are also used. Flat microstrip antennas are being increasingly used in consumer devices. Another directive antenna practical at microwave frequencies is the phased array, a computer-controlled array of antennas which produces a beam which can be electronically steered in different directions. Where omnidirectional antennas are required, for example in wireless devices and Wifi routers for wireless LANs, small monopoles, such as the inverted F antenna (PIFA) in cell phones, dipole, or patch antennas are used.
At microwave frequencies, the transmission lines which are used to carry lower frequency radio waves to and from antennas, such as coaxial cable and parallel wire lines, have excessive power losses, so when low attenuation is required microwaves are carried by metal pipes called waveguides. Due to the high cost and maintenance requirements of waveguide runs, in many microwave antennas the output stage of the transmitter or the RF front end of the receiver is located at the antenna.
Difference between microwave and radio frequency technology
The term microwave also has a more technical meaning in electromagnetics and circuit theory. Apparatus and techniques may be described qualitatively as "microwave" when the frequencies used are high enough that wavelengths of signals are roughly the same as the dimensions of the circuit, so that lumped-element circuit theory is inaccurate, and instead distributed circuit elements and transmission-line theory are more useful methods for design and analysis. As a consequence, practical microwave circuits tend to move away from the discrete resistors, capacitors, and inductors used with lower-frequency radio waves. Open-wire and coaxial transmission lines used at lower frequencies are replaced by waveguides and stripline, and lumped-element tuned circuits are replaced by cavity resonators or resonant stubs. In turn, at even higher frequencies, where the wavelength of the electromagnetic waves becomes small in comparison to the size of the structures used to process them, microwave techniques become inadequate, and the methods of optics are used.
Microwave sources
Cutaway view inside a cavity magnetron as used in a microwave oven (left). Antenna splitter: microstrip techniques become increasingly necessary at higher frequencies (right).
Disassembled radar speed gun. The grey assembly attached to the end of the copper-colored horn antenna is the Gunn diode which generates the microwaves.
High-power microwave sources use specialized vacuum tubes to generate microwaves. These devices operate on different principles from low-frequency vacuum tubes, using the ballistic motion of electrons in a vacuum under the influence of controlling electric or magnetic fields, and include the magnetron (used in microwave ovens), klystron, traveling-wave tube (TWT), and gyrotron. These devices work in the density modulated mode, rather than the current modulated mode. This means that they work on the basis of clumps of electrons flying ballistically through them, rather than using a continuous stream of electrons.
Low-power microwave sources use solid-state devices such as the field-effect transistor (at least at lower frequencies), tunnel diodes, Gunn diodes, and IMPATT diodes.[7] Low-power sources are available as benchtop instruments, rackmount instruments, embeddable modules and in card-level formats. A maser is a solid state device which amplifies microwaves using similar principles to the laser, which amplifies higher frequency light waves.
All warm objects emit low level microwave black-body radiation, depending on their temperature, so in meteorology and remote sensing microwave radiometers are used to measure the temperature of objects or terrain.[8] The sun[9] and other astronomical radio sources such as Cassiopeia A emit low level microwave radiation which carries information about their makeup, which is studied by radio astronomers using receivers called radio telescopes.[8] The cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR), for example, is a weak microwave noise filling empty space which is a major source of information on cosmology's Big Bang theory of the origin of the Universe.
Microwave uses
Microwave technology is extensively used for point-to-point telecommunications (i.e. non-broadcast uses). Microwaves are especially suitable for this use since they are more easily focused into narrower beams than radio waves, allowing frequency reuse; their comparatively higher frequencies allow broad bandwidth and high data transmission rates, and antenna sizes are smaller than at lower frequencies because antenna size is inversely proportional to transmitted frequency. Microwaves are used in spacecraft communication, and much of the world's data, TV, and telephone communications are transmitted long distances by microwaves between ground stations and communications satellites. Microwaves are also employed in microwave ovens and in radar technology.
Communication
A satellite dish on a residence, which receives satellite television over a Ku band 12–14 GHz microwave beam from a direct broadcast communications satellite in a geostationary orbit 35,700 kilometres (22,000 miles) above the Earth.
Main articles: Point-to-point (telecommunications), Microwave transmission, and Satellite communications
Before the advent of fiber-optic transmission, most long-distance telephone calls were carried via networks of microwave radio relay links run by carriers such as AT&T Long Lines. Starting in the early 1950s, frequency division multiplex was used to send up to 5,400 telephone channels on each microwave radio channel, with as many as ten radio channels combined into one antenna for the hop to the next site, up to 70 km away.
Wireless LAN protocols, such as Bluetooth and the IEEE 802.11 specifications used for Wi-Fi, also use microwaves in the 2.4 GHz ISM band, although 802.11a uses ISM band and U-NII frequencies in the 5 GHz range. Licensed long-range (up to about 25 km) Wireless Internet Access services have been used for almost a decade in many countries in the 3.5–4.0 GHz range. The FCC recently[when?] carved out spectrum for carriers that wish to offer services in this range in the U.S. — with emphasis on 3.65 GHz. Dozens of service providers across the country are securing or have already received licenses from the FCC to operate in this band. The WIMAX service offerings that can be carried on the 3.65 GHz band will give business customers another option for connectivity.
Metropolitan area network (MAN) protocols, such as WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) are based on standards such as IEEE 802.16, designed to operate between 2 and 11 GHz. Commercial implementations are in the 2.3 GHz, 2.5 GHz, 3.5 GHz and 5.8 GHz ranges.
Mobile Broadband Wireless Access (MBWA) protocols based on standards specifications such as IEEE 802.20 or ATIS/ANSI HC-SDMA (such as iBurst) operate between 1.6 and 2.3 GHz to give mobility and in-building penetration characteristics similar to mobile phones but with vastly greater spectral efficiency.[10]
Some mobile phone networks, like GSM, use the low-microwave/high-UHF frequencies around 1.8 and 1.9 GHz in the Americas and elsewhere, respectively. DVB-SH and S-DMB use 1.452 to 1.492 GHz, while proprietary/incompatible satellite radio in the U.S. uses around 2.3 GHz for DARS.
Microwave radio is used in broadcasting and telecommunication transmissions because, due to their short wavelength, highly directional antennas are smaller and therefore more practical than they would be at longer wavelengths (lower frequencies). There is also more bandwidth in the microwave spectrum than in the rest of the radio spectrum; the usable bandwidth below 300 MHz is less than 300 MHz while many GHz can be used above 300 MHz. Typically, microwaves are used in television news to transmit a signal from a remote location to a television station from a specially equipped van. See broadcast auxiliary service (BAS), remote pickup unit (RPU), and studio/transmitter link (STL).
Most satellite communications systems operate in the C, X, Ka, or Ku bands of the microwave spectrum. These frequencies allow large bandwidth while avoiding the crowded UHF frequencies and staying below the atmospheric absorption of EHF frequencies. Satellite TV either operates in the C band for the traditional large dish fixed satellite service or Ku band for direct-broadcast satellite. Military communications run primarily over X or Ku-band links, with Ka band being used for Milstar.
Navigation
Further information: Satellite navigation and Navigation
Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) including the Chinese Beidou, the American Global Positioning System (introduced in 1978) and the Russian GLONASS broadcast navigational signals in various bands between about 1.2 GHz and 1.6 GHz.
Radar
The parabolic antenna (lower curved surface) of an ASR-9 airport surveillance radar which radiates a narrow vertical fan-shaped beam of 2.7–2.9 GHz (S band) microwaves to locate aircraft in the airspace surrounding an airport.
Main article: Radar
Radar is a radiolocation technique in which a beam of radio waves emitted by a transmitter bounces off an object and returns to a receiver, allowing the location, range, speed, and other characteristics of the object to be determined. The short wavelength of microwaves causes large reflections from objects the size of motor vehicles, ships and aircraft. Also, at these wavelengths, the high gain antennas such as parabolic antennas which are required to produce the narrow beamwidths needed to accurately locate objects are conveniently small, allowing them to be rapidly turned to scan for objects. Therefore, microwave frequencies are the main frequencies used in radar. Microwave radar is widely used for applications such as air traffic control, weather forecasting, navigation of ships, and speed limit enforcement. Long distance radars use the lower microwave frequencies since at the upper end of the band atmospheric absorption limits the range, but millimeter waves are used for short range radar such as collision avoidance systems.
Some of the dish antennas of the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) a radio telescope located in northern Chile. It receives microwaves in the millimeter wave range, 31 – 1000 GHz.
Maps of the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR), showing the improved resolution which has been achieved with better microwave radio telescopes
Radio astronomy
Main article: radio astronomy
Microwaves emitted by astronomical radio sources; planets, stars, galaxies, and nebulas are studied in radio astronomy with large dish antennas called radio telescopes. In addition to receiving naturally occurring microwave radiation, radio telescopes have been used in active radar experiments to bounce microwaves off planets in the solar system, to determine the distance to the Moon or map the invisible surface of Venus through cloud cover.
A recently completed microwave radio telescope is the Atacama Large Millimeter Array, located at more than 5,000 meters (16,597 ft) altitude in Chile, observes the universe in the millimetre and submillimetre wavelength ranges. The world's largest ground-based astronomy project to date, it consists of more than 66 dishes and was built in an international collaboration by Europe, North America, East Asia and Chile.[11][12]
A major recent focus of microwave radio astronomy has been mapping the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) discovered in 1964 by radio astronomers Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson. This faint background radiation, which fills the universe and is almost the same in all directions, is "relic radiation" from the Big Bang, and is one of the few sources of information about conditions in the early universe. Due to the expansion and thus cooling of the Universe, the originally high-energy radiation has been shifted into the microwave region of the radio spectrum. Sufficiently sensitive radio telescopes can detected the CMBR as a faint signal that is not associated with any star, galaxy, or other object.[13]
Heating and power application
Small microwave oven on a kitchen counter
Microwaves are widely used for heating in industrial processes. A microwave tunnel oven for softening plastic rods prior to extrusion.
A microwave oven passes microwave radiation at a frequency near 2.45 GHz (12 cm) through food, causing dielectric heating primarily by absorption of the energy in water. Microwave ovens became common kitchen appliances in Western countries in the late 1970s, following the development of less expensive cavity magnetrons. Water in the liquid state possesses many molecular interactions that broaden the absorption peak. In the vapor phase, isolated water molecules absorb at around 22 GHz, almost ten times the frequency of the microwave oven.
Microwave heating is used in industrial processes for drying and curing products.
Many semiconductor processing techniques use microwaves to generate plasma for such purposes as reactive ion etching and plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD).
Microwave frequencies typically ranging from 110 – 140 GHz are used in stellarators and tokamak experimental fusion reactors to help heat the fuel into a plasma state. The upcoming ITER thermonuclear reactor[14] is expected to range from 110–170 GHz and will employ electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH).[15]
Microwaves can be used to transmit power over long distances, and post-World War II research was done to examine possibilities. NASA worked in the 1970s and early 1980s to research the possibilities of using solar power satellite (SPS) systems with large solar arrays that would beam power down to the Earth's surface via microwaves.
Less-than-lethal weaponry exists that uses millimeter waves to heat a thin layer of human skin to an intolerable temperature so as to make the targeted person move away. A two-second burst of the 95 GHz focused beam heats the skin to a temperature of 54 °C (129 °F) at a depth of 0.4 millimetres (1⁄64 in). The United States Air Force and Marines are currently using this type of active denial system in fixed installations.[16]
Spectroscopy
Microwave radiation is used in electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR or ESR) spectroscopy, typically in the X-band region (~9 GHz) in conjunction typically with magnetic fields of 0.3 T. This technique provides information on unpaired electrons in chemical systems, such as free radicals or transition metal ions such as Cu(II). Microwave radiation is also used to perform rotational spectroscopy and can be combined with electrochemistry as in microwave enhanced electrochemistry.
Microwave frequency bands
Rough plot of Earth's atmospheric transmittance (or opacity) to various wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation. Microwaves are strongly absorbed at wavelengths shorter than about 1.5 cm (above 20 GHz) by water and other molecules in the air.
The microwave spectrum is usually defined as electromagnetic energy ranging from approximately 1 GHz to 100 GHz in frequency, but older use includes lower frequencies. Most common applications are within the 1 to 40 GHz range. One set of microwave frequency bands designations by the Radio Society of Great Britain (RSGB), is tabulated below:
ITU radio bands
1 (ELF) 2 (SLF) 3 (ULF) 4 (VLF)
5 (LF) 6 (MF) 7 (HF) 8 (VHF)
9 (UHF) 10 (SHF) 11 (EHF) 12 (THF)
EU / NATO / US ECM radio bands
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
IEEE radio bands
HF
VHF
UHF
L
S
C
X
Ku
K
Ka
V
W
mm
Other TV and radio bands
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
v
t
e
Microwave frequency bands
Designation
Frequency range
Wavelength range
Typical uses
L band 1 to 2 GHz 15 cm to 30 cm military telemetry, GPS, mobile phones (GSM), amateur radio
S band 2 to 4 GHz 7.5 cm to 15 cm weather radar, surface ship radar, and some communications satellites (microwave ovens, microwave devices/communications, radio astronomy, mobile phones, wireless LAN, Bluetooth, ZigBee, GPS, amateur radio)
C band 4 to 8 GHz 3.75 cm to 7.5 cm long-distance radio telecommunications
X band 8 to 12 GHz 25 mm to 37.5 mm satellite communications, radar, terrestrial broadband, space communications, amateur radio, molecular rotational spectroscopy
Ku band 12 to 18 GHz 16.7 mm to 25 mm satellite communications, molecular rotational spectroscopy
K band 18 to 26.5 GHz 11.3 mm to 16.7 mm radar, satellite communications, astronomical observations, automotive radar, molecular rotational spectroscopy
Ka band 26.5 to 40 GHz 5.0 mm to 11.3 mm satellite communications, molecular rotational spectroscopy
Q band 33 to 50 GHz 6.0 mm to 9.0 mm satellite communications, terrestrial microwave communications, radio astronomy, automotive radar, molecular rotational spectroscopy
U band 40 to 60 GHz 5.0 mm to 7.5 mm
V band 50 to 75 GHz 4.0 mm to 6.0 mm millimeter wave radar research, molecular rotational spectroscopy and other kinds of scientific research
W band 75 to 110 GHz 2.7 mm to 4.0 mm satellite communications, millimeter-wave radar research, military radar targeting and tracking applications, and some non-military applications, automotive radar
F band 90 to 140 GHz 2.1 mm to 3.3 mm SHF transmissions: Radio astronomy, microwave devices/communications, wireless LAN, most modern radars, communications satellites, satellite television broadcasting, DBS, amateur radio
D band 110 to 170 GHz 1.8 mm to 2.7 mm EHF transmissions: Radio astronomy, high-frequency microwave radio relay, microwave remote sensing, amateur radio, directed-energy weapon, millimeter wave scanner
P band is sometimes used for Ku Band. "P" for "previous" was a radar band used in the UK ranging from 250 to 500 MHz and now obsolete per IEEE Std 521.[17][18][19]
When radars were first developed at K band during World War II, it was not known that there was a nearby absorption band (due to water vapor and oxygen in the atmosphere). To avoid this problem, the original K band was split into a lower band, Ku, and upper band, Ka.[20]
Microwave frequency measurement
Absorption wavemeter for measuring in the Ku band.
Microwave frequency can be measured by either electronic or mechanical techniques.
Frequency counters or high frequency heterodyne systems can be used. Here the unknown frequency is compared with harmonics of a known lower frequency by use of a low frequency generator, a harmonic generator and a mixer. Accuracy of the measurement is limited by the accuracy and stability of the reference source.
Mechanical methods require a tunable resonator such as an absorption wavemeter, which has a known relation between a physical dimension and frequency.
In a laboratory setting, Lecher lines can be used to directly measure the wavelength on a transmission line made of parallel wires, the frequency can then be calculated. A similar technique is to use a slotted waveguide or slotted coaxial line to directly measure the wavelength. These devices consist of a probe introduced into the line through a longitudinal slot, so that the probe is free to travel up and down the line. Slotted lines are primarily intended for measurement of the voltage standing wave ratio on the line. However, provided a standing wave is present, they may also be used to measure the distance between the nodes, which is equal to half the wavelength. Precision of this method is limited by the determination of the nodal locations.
Effects on health
Further information: Electromagnetic radiation and health and Microwave burn
Microwaves do not contain sufficient energy to chemically change substances by ionization, and so are an example of non-ionizing radiation.[21] The word "radiation" refers to energy radiating from a source and not to radioactivity. It has not been shown conclusively that microwaves (or other non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation) have significant adverse biological effects at low levels. Some, but not all, studies suggest that long-term exposure may have a carcinogenic effect.[22] This is separate from the risks associated with very high-intensity exposure, which can cause heating and burns like any heat source, and not a unique property of microwaves specifically.
During World War II, it was observed that individuals in the radiation path of radar installations experienced clicks and buzzing sounds in response to microwave radiation. This microwave auditory effect was thought to be caused by the microwaves inducing an electric current in the hearing centers of the brain.[23] Research by NASA in the 1970s has shown this to be caused by thermal expansion in parts of the inner ear. In 1955 Dr. James Lovelock was able to reanimate rats frozen at 0 °C using microwave diathermy.[24]
When injury from exposure to microwaves occurs, it usually results from dielectric heating induced in the body. Exposure to microwave radiation can produce cataracts by this mechanism,[25] because the microwave heating denatures proteins in the crystalline lens of the eye (in the same way that heat turns egg whites white and opaque). The lens and cornea of the eye are especially vulnerable because they contain no blood vessels that can carry away heat. Exposure to heavy doses of microwave radiation (as from an oven that has been tampered with to allow operation even with the door open) can produce heat damage in other tissues as well, up to and including serious burns that may not be immediately evident because of the tendency for microwaves to heat deeper tissues with higher moisture content.
Eleanor R. Adair conducted microwave health research by exposing herself, animals and humans to microwave levels that made them feel warm or even start to sweat and feel quite uncomfortable. She found no adverse health effects other than heat.
History and research
Electromagnetic spectrum (visible-light range highlighted).
The existence of radio waves was predicted by James Clerk Maxwell in 1864 from his equations. In 1888, Heinrich Hertz was the first to demonstrate the existence of radio waves by building a spark gap radio transmitter that produced 450 MHz microwaves, in the UHF region. The equipment he used was primitive, including a horse trough, a wrought iron point spark, and Leyden jars. He also built the first parabolic antenna, using a zinc gutter sheet. In 1894, Indian radio pioneer Jagdish Chandra Bose publicly demonstrated radio control of a bell using millimeter wavelengths, and conducted research into the propagation of microwaves.[26]
Perhaps the first, documented, formal use of the term microwave occurred in 1931:
"When trials with wavelengths as low as 18 cm were made known, there was undisguised surprise that the problem of the micro-wave had been solved so soon." Telegraph & Telephone Journal XVII. 179/1
In 1943, the Hungarian engineer Zoltán Bay sent ultra-short radio waves to the moon, which, reflected from there, worked as a radar, and could be used to measure distance, as well as to study the moon.[citation needed]
Perhaps the first use of the word microwave in an astronomical context occurred in 1946 in an article "Microwave Radiation from the Sun and Moon" by Robert Dicke and Robert Beringer. This same article also made a showing in the New York Times issued in 1951. Ernst Weber pioneered microwave technologies.
In the history of electromagnetic theory, significant work specifically in the area of microwaves and their applications was carried out by researchers including:
Specific work on microwaves
Names
Area of work
Barkhausen and Kurz Positive grid oscillators
Hull Smooth bore magnetron
Russell and Sigurd Varian Velocity-modulated electron beam (→ klystron tube)
Randall and Boot Cavity magnetron
See also
Electromagnetism portal
Electronics portal
Telecommunication portal
Block upconverter (BUC)
Cosmic microwave background
Electron cyclotron resonance
International Microwave Power Institute
Lens Antenna / klystron / magnetron / radar gun
Low-noise block converter (LNB)
Maser
Microwave auditory effect
Microwave cavity
Microwave chemistry
Microwave radio relay
Microwave transmission
Orthomode transducer (OMT)
Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition
Rain fade
RF switch matrix
The Thing (listening device)
Tropospheric scatter
References
Jump up ^ Hitchcock, R. Timothy (2004). Radio-frequency and Microwave Radiation. American Industrial Hygiene Assn. p. 1. ISBN 1931504555.
^ Jump up to: a b Kumar, Sanjay; Shukla, Saurabh (2014). Concepts and Applications of Microwave Engineering. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. p. 3. ISBN 8120349350.
Jump up ^ Jones, Graham A.; Layer, David H.; Osenkowsky, Thomas G. (2013). National Association of Broadcasters Engineering Handbook, 10th Ed. Taylor & Francis. p. 6. ISBN 1136034102.
Jump up ^ Pozar, David M. (1993). Microwave Engineering Addison–Wesley Publishing Company. ISBN 0-201-50418-9.
Jump up ^ Sorrentino, R. and Bianchi, Giovanni (2010) Microwave and RF Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, p. 4, ISBN 047066021X.
^ Jump up to: a b Seybold, John S. (2005). Introduction to RF Propagation. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 55–58. ISBN 0471743682.
Jump up ^ Microwave Oscillator notes by Herley General Microwave
^ Jump up to: a b Sisodia, M. L. (2007). Microwaves : Introduction To Circuits, Devices And Antennas. New Age International. pp. 1.4–1.7. ISBN 8122413382.
Jump up ^ Liou, Kuo-Nan (2002). An introduction to atmospheric radiation. Academic Press. p. 2. ISBN 0-12-451451-0. Retrieved 12 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "IEEE 802.20: Mobile Broadband Wireless Access (MBWA)". Official web site. Retrieved August 20, 2011.
Jump up ^ "ALMA website". Retrieved 2011-09-21.
Jump up ^ "Welcome to ALMA!". Retrieved 2011-05-25.
Jump up ^ Wright, E.L. (2004). "Theoretical Overview of Cosmic Microwave Background Anisotropy". In W. L. Freedman. Measuring and Modeling the Universe. Carnegie Observatories Astrophysics Series. Cambridge University Press. p. 291. arXiv:astro-ph/0305591  . Bibcode:2004mmu..symp..291W. ISBN 0-521-75576-X.
Jump up ^ "The way to new energy". ITER. 2011-11-04. Retrieved 2011-11-08.
Jump up ^ "Electron Cyclotron Resonance Heating (ECRH)". Ipp.mpg.de. Archived from the original on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2011-11-08.
Jump up ^ Silent Guardian Protection System. Less-than-Lethal Directed Energy Protection. raytheon.com
Jump up ^ "eEngineer – Radio Frequency Band Designations". Radioing.com. Retrieved 2011-11-08.
Jump up ^ PC Mojo – Webs with MOJO from Cave Creek, AZ (2008-04-25). "Frequency Letter bands – Microwave Encyclopedia". Microwaves101.com. Retrieved 2011-11-08.
Jump up ^ For other definitions see Letter Designations of Microwave Bands.
Jump up ^ Skolnik, Merrill I. (2001) Introduction to Radar Systems, Third Ed., p. 522, McGraw Hill. 1962 Edition full text
Jump up ^ Nave, Rod. "Interaction of Radiation with Matter". HyperPhysics. Retrieved 20 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Goldsmith, JR (December 1997). "Epidemiologic evidence relevant to radar (microwave) effects". Environmental Health Perspectives. 105 (Suppl. 6): 1579–1587. doi:10.2307/3433674. JSTOR 3433674. PMC 1469943  . PMID 9467086.
Jump up ^ Philip L. Stocklin, U.S. Patent 4,858,612, December 19, 1983
Jump up ^ Andjus, R.K.; Lovelock, J.E. (1955). "Reanimation of rats from body temperatures between 0 and 1 °C by microwave diathermy". The Journal of Physiology. 128 (3): 541–546. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1955.sp005323. PMC 1365902  . PMID 13243347.
Jump up ^ "Resources for You (Radiation-Emitting Products)". US Food and Drug Administration home page. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved 20 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Emerson, D.T. (February 1998). "The work of Jagdish Chandra Bose: 100 years of MM-wave research". National Radio Astronomy Observatory.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Microwaves (radio).
EM Talk, Microwave Engineering Tutorials and Tools
Millimeter Wave and Microwave Waveguide dimension chart.
[show]
Links to related articles
[show]
v
t
e
Radio spectrum (ITU)
ELF
3 Hz/100 Mm
30 Hz/10 Mm
SLF
30 Hz/10 Mm
300 Hz/1 Mm
ULF
300 Hz/1 Mm
3 kHz/100 km
VLF
3 kHz/100 km
30 kHz/10 km
LF
30 kHz/10 km
300 kHz/1 km
MF
300 kHz/1 km
3 MHz/100 m
HF
3 MHz/100 m
30 MHz/10 m
VHF
30 MHz/10 m
300 MHz/1 m
UHF
300 MHz/1 m
3 GHz/100 mm
SHF
3 GHz/100 mm
30 GHz/10 mm
EHF
30 GHz/10 mm
300 GHz/1 mm
THF
300 GHz/1 mm
3 THz/0.1 mm
[show]
v
t
e
Wireless video and data distribution methods
Advanced Wireless Services
Amateur television
Analog television
Digital radio
Digital television
Digital terrestrial television (DTT or DTTV)
Digital Video Broadcasting
Terrestrial (DVB-T)
Satellite (DVB-S2)
Handheld (DVB-H)
Multipoint Video Distribution System (MVDS or DVB-MS)
HomeRF
Instructional Television Fixed Service (ITFS; now known as Educational Broadband Service (EBS))
Ku band
Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS)
Microwave
Mobile broadband
Mobile television
Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e)
Mobile broadband wireless access (IEEE 802.20)
Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service (MMDS; now known as Business Radio Service (BRS))
MVDS
MVDDS
Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (3G MMMS)
Satellite Internet access
Satellite radio
Satellite television
UWB (IEEE 802.15.3)
Visual sensor network
Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11)
WiMAX (IEEE 802.16)
WRAN (IEEE 802.22)
Wireless local loop (WLL)
Wireless broadband
Wireless USB
3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE)
4G
[show]
v
t
e
Electromagnetic spectrum
← higher frequencies longer wavelengths →
Gamma rays
X-rays
Ultraviolet
Visible
Infrared
Terahertz radiation
Microwave
Radio
Visible (optical)
Violet
Blue
Green
Yellow
Orange
Red
Microwaves
W band
V band
Q band
Ka band
K band
Ku band
X band
S band
C band
L band
Radio
EHF
SHF
UHF
VHF
HF
MF
LF
VLF
ULF
SLF
ELF
Wavelength types
Microwave
Shortwave
Medium wave
Longwave
[show]
v
t
e
Radiation (physics and health)
Main articles
Non-ionizing radiation
Acoustic radiation force
Infrared
Light
Microwave
Radio waves
Ultraviolet
Ionizing radiation
Alpha particle
Background radiation
Beta particle
Cosmic ray
Gamma ray
Nuclear fission
Nuclear fusion
Radioactive decay
Nuclear reactors
Nuclear weapons
Particle accelerators
Radioactive materials
X-ray
Earth's radiation balance
Electromagnetic radiation
Thermal radiation
Gravitational Radiation
Radiation
and health
Acute radiation syndrome
Health physics
Dosimetry
Electromagnetic radiation and health
Laser safety
Lasers and aviation safety
Medical radiography
Mobile phone radiation and health
Radiation poisoning
Radiation Protection
Radiation therapy
Radioactivity in the life sciences
Radioactive contamination
Radiobiology
Biological dose units and quantities
Wireless electronic devices and health
Radiation Heat-transfer
Related articles
Half-life
Nuclear physics
Radioactive source
Radiation hardening
List of civilian radiation accidents
1996 Costa Rica accident
1987 Goiânia accident
1984 Moroccan accident
1990 Zaragoza accident
See also: the categories Radiation effects, Radioactivity, Radiobiology, and Radiation protection.
[show]
v
t
e
Telecommunications
History
Beacon
Broadcasting
Cable protection system
Cable TV
Communications satellite
Computer network
Drums
Electrical telegraph
Fax
Heliographs
Hydraulic telegraph
Internet
Mass media
Mobile phone
Optical telecommunication
Optical telegraphy
Pager
Photophone
Prepay mobile phone
Radio
Radiotelephone
Satellite communications
Semaphore
Smartphone
Smoke signals
Telecommunications history
Telautograph
Telegraphy
Teleprinter (teletype)
Telephone
The Telephone Cases
Television
Timeline of communication technology
Undersea telegraph line
Videoconferencing
Videophone
Videotelephony
Whistled language
Pioneers
Edwin Howard Armstrong
John Logie Baird
Paul Baran
Alexander Graham Bell
Tim Berners-Lee
Jagadish Chandra Bose
Vint Cerf
Claude Chappe
Donald Davies
Lee de Forest
Philo Farnsworth
Reginald Fessenden
Elisha Gray
Erna Schneider Hoover
Charles K. Kao
Hedy Lamarr
Innocenzo Manzetti
Guglielmo Marconi
Antonio Meucci
Radia Perlman
Alexander Stepanovich Popov
Johann Philipp Reis
Nikola Tesla
Camille Tissot
Alfred Vail
Charles Wheatstone
Vladimir K. Zworykin
Transmission
media
Coaxial cable
Fiber-optic communication
Optical fiber
Free-space optical communication
Molecular communication
Radio waves
Transmission line
Network topology
and switching
Links
Nodes
Terminal node
Network switching (circuit
packet)
Telephone exchange
Multiplexing
Space-division
Frequency-division
Time-division
Polarization-division
Orbital angular-momentum
Code-division
Networks
ARPANET
BITNET
Cellular network
Computer
CYCLADES
Ethernet
FidoNet
Internet
ISDN
LAN
Mobile
NGN
NPL network
Public Switched Telephone
Radio
Telecommunications equipment
Television
Telex
WAN
Wireless
World Wide Web
Category
Portal
Authority control
GND: 4039246-6
NDL: 00567395
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microwave&oldid=822944670"
Categories:
Microwave technology
Electromagnetic spectrum
Wireless
Radio technology
Hidden categories:
Wikipedia semi-protected pages
All articles with vague or ambiguous time
Vague or ambiguous time from August 2011
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
View source
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Afrikaans
العربية
Azərbaycanca
বাংলা
Български
Bosanski
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Gaeilge
Galego
한국어
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Basa Jawa
Қазақша
Kiswahili
Latviešu
Lietuvių
Limburgs
Magyar
Македонски
മലയാളം
मराठी
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
پنجابی
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Scots
Shqip
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
کوردی
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Basa Sunda
Suomi
Svenska
தமிழ்
Татарча/tatarça
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
Tiếng Việt
Winaray
ייִדיש
粵語
Žemaitėška
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 29 January 2018, at 12:11.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href title

values: This article is semi-protected until September 30, 2022.

attrs: class id

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Electromagnetic_wave
mw-redirect
Electromagnetic wave

values:
/wiki/Microwaves_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Microwaves (disambiguation)

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

values:
/wiki/Microwave_relay
mw-redirect
Microwave relay

values:
/wiki/Frazier_Peak
mw-redirect
Frazier Peak

values:
/wiki/Millimeter_wave
mw-redirect
Millimeter wave

values:
/wiki/Radio_engineering
mw-redirect
Radio engineering

values:
/wiki/Radio_band#IEEE
mw-redirect
Radio band

values:
/wiki/Ground_wave
mw-redirect
Ground wave

values:
/wiki/Microwave_radio_relay
mw-redirect
Microwave radio relay

values:
/wiki/Satellite_communication
mw-redirect
Satellite communication

values:
/wiki/Keyless_entry_system
mw-redirect
Keyless entry system

values:
/wiki/Visible_light
mw-redirect
Visible light

values:
/wiki/Radio_waves
mw-redirect
Radio waves

values:
/wiki/Frequency_reuse
mw-redirect
Frequency reuse

values:
/wiki/Dielectric_lens
mw-redirect
Dielectric lens

values:
/wiki/Wireless_device
mw-redirect
Wireless device

values:
/wiki/Inverted_F_antenna
mw-redirect
Inverted F antenna

values:
/wiki/Circuit_theory
mw-redirect
Circuit theory

values:
/wiki/Resonant_stub
mw-redirect
Resonant stub

values:
/wiki/Radar_speed_gun
mw-redirect
Radar speed gun

values:
/wiki/Radio_astronomer
mw-redirect
Radio astronomer

values:
/wiki/Data_transmission_rate
mw-redirect
Data transmission rate

attrs: alt src width height class data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Satellite_communications
mw-redirect
Satellite communications

values:
/wiki/Long-distance_call
mw-redirect
Long-distance call

values:
/wiki/AT%26T_Long_Lines
mw-redirect
AT&T Long Lines

values:
/wiki/Frequency_division_multiplex
mw-redirect
Frequency division multiplex

values:
/wiki/Protocol_(computing)
mw-redirect
Protocol (computing)

values: The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (August 2011)

values: Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers

values:
/wiki/Mobile_Broadband
mw-redirect
Mobile Broadband

values:
/wiki/Digital_Audio_Radio_Service
mw-redirect
Digital Audio Radio Service

values:
/wiki/Television_news
mw-redirect
Television news

values:
/wiki/Satellite_TV
mw-redirect
Satellite TV

values:
/wiki/Fixed_satellite_service
mw-redirect
Fixed satellite service

values:
/wiki/Direct-broadcast_satellite
mw-redirect
Direct-broadcast satellite

values:
/wiki/Beidou_navigation_system
mw-redirect
Beidou navigation system

values:
/wiki/Arno_Penzias
mw-redirect
Arno Penzias

values:
/wiki/Fabrication_(semiconductor)
mw-redirect
Fabrication (semiconductor)

values:
/wiki/Plasma_physics
mw-redirect
Plasma physics

values:
/wiki/Reactive_ion_etching
mw-redirect
Reactive ion etching

values:
/wiki/Microwave_power_transmission
mw-redirect
Microwave power transmission

values:
/wiki/Solar_power_satellite
mw-redirect
Solar power satellite

values:
/wiki/Photovoltaic_module
mw-redirect
Photovoltaic module

values:
/wiki/Active_denial_system
mw-redirect
Active denial system

values:
/wiki/Free_radical
mw-redirect
Free radical

values:
/wiki/ITU_radio_bands
mw-redirect
ITU radio bands

values: padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-top:0.2em; padding-bottom:0.6em;

values:
/wiki/NATO_radio_bands
mw-redirect
NATO radio bands

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

values:
/wiki/Voltage_standing_wave_ratio
mw-redirect
Voltage standing wave ratio

values:
/wiki/Spark_gap_transmitter
mw-redirect
Spark gap transmitter

values:
/wiki/Jagdish_Chandra_Bose
mw-redirect
Jagdish Chandra Bose

values:
/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_Bay
mw-redirect
Zoltán Bay

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2018)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Robert_Dicke
mw-redirect
Robert Dicke

values:
/wiki/New_York_Times
mw-redirect
New York Times

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
/wiki/Lens_Antenna
mw-redirect
Lens Antenna

values: Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition

values: -moz-column-width: 25em; -webkit-column-width: 25em; column-width: 25em;

values:
nofollow
http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/20/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.almaobservatory.org/en

values:
nofollow
http://www.eso.org/sci/facilities/alma/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
//arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0305591

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.iter.org/default.aspx

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307%2F3433674

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/3433674

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9467086

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.google.com/patents/US4858612

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13243347

values: -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-width: 35em; column-width: 35em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.emtalk.com

values:
/wiki/Tremendously_high_frequency
mw-redirect
Tremendously high frequency

values: border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/Mobile_WiMAX
mw-redirect
Mobile WiMAX

values: Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service

values:
/wiki/IEEE_802.15.3
mw-redirect
IEEE 802.15.3

values:
/wiki/3GPP_Long_Term_Evolution
mw-redirect
3GPP Long Term Evolution

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/Earth%27s_radiation_balance
mw-redirect
Earth's radiation balance

values:
/wiki/Gravitational_Radiation
mw-redirect
Gravitational Radiation

values:
/wiki/Medical_radiography
mw-redirect
Medical radiography

values:
/wiki/Radiation_poisoning
mw-redirect
Radiation poisoning

values:
/wiki/Radiation_Protection
mw-redirect
Radiation Protection

values: 1996 San Juan de Dios radiotherapy accident

values: 1990 Clinic of Zaragoza radiotherapy accident

values:
/wiki/File:Telecom-icon.svg
image
Telecommunications symbol

values: navigation navbox Telecommunications padding:3px

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/4039246-6

values: Category:All articles with vague or ambiguous time

values: Category:Vague or ambiguous time from August 2011

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Microwave
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
This page is protected.
You can view its source [ctrl-alt-e]

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrogolf
Mikrogolf – Afrikaans
af
af
interlanguage-link-target

values: موجات صغرية – Arabic

values: অণুতরঙ্গ – Bangla

values: Микровълни – Bulgarian

values:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microones
Microones – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrovlny
Mikrovlny – Czech
cs
cs
interlanguage-link-target

values: Μικροκύματα – Greek

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrouhin
Mikrouhin – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

values: ریزموج – Persian

values: 마이크로파 – Korean

values: सूक्ष्मतरंग – Hindi

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microonde
Microonde – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values: מיקרוגל – Hebrew

values: Микротолқындар – Kazakh

values:
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrowevu
Mikrowevu – Swahili
sw
sw
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microgolf
Microgolf – Limburgish
li
li
interlanguage-link-target

values: Микробранови – Macedonian

values: മൈക്രോവേവ് (തരംഗം) – Malayalam

values: सूक्ष्मतरंग – Marathi

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microgolf
Microgolf – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values: ਸੂਖਮ ਛੱਲ – Punjabi

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrofale
Mikrofale – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microunde
Microunde – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

values: Микроволновое излучение – Russian

values: شەپۆلی مایکرۆیی – Central Kurdish

values: Микроталаси – Serbian

values: நுண்ணலை – Tamil

values: Микродулкын нурланышы – Tatar

values: ไมโครเวฟ – Thai

values: Мікрохвильове випромінювання – Ukrainian

values: خردموج – Urdu

values:
https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi_ba
Vi ba – Vietnamese
vi
vi
interlanguage-link-target

values: מיקראכוואליע – Yiddish

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Microwave rootpage-Microwave skin-vector action-view


text:
If I Ever Fall in Love
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the song. For the album, see ...If I Ever Fall in Love.
"If I Ever Fall in Love"
Single by Shai
from the album ...If I Ever Fall in Love
Released
September 1, 1992
Format
CD single
Recorded
1992[1]
Genre
A cappella
Length
3:09
Label
Gasoline Alley, MCA
Songwriter(s)
Carl "Groove" Martin
Producer(s)
Carl "Groove" Martin
Shai singles chronology
"If I Ever Fall in Love"
(1992) "Comforter"
(1993)
"If I Ever Fall in Love"
(1992) "Comforter"
(1993)
"If I Ever Fall in Love" is a song by American R&B-soul quartet Shai. The song reached number 2 in the US in 1992, and peaked at number two on the US R&B chart.[2] Its eight weeks at number 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the US, which was held off from the top slot due to the massive success of "I Will Always Love You" by Whitney Houston, meant that it held the record for the second-most weeks at number two in the chart's history at the time, behind Foreigner's "Waiting for a Girl Like You". The record has since been equalled and surpassed, and "If I Ever Fall In Love" is now in joint ninth place with a number of more recent songs.
The song was also their only Top 40 hit in the UK, peaking at number 36.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Charts
1.1 Year-end charts
1.2 Decade-end charts
2 East 17 and Gabrielle version
2.1 Charts
2.2 Year-end charts
2.3 Certifications
2.4 Track listings
3 AVRI featring Noam version
3.1 Track listings
4 Other cover versions
5 References
6 External links
Charts[edit]
Chart (1992–93)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[4] 4
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[5] 21
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[6] 53
Germany (Official German Charts)[7] 47
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[8] 11
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[9] 5
UK Singles (The Official Charts Company)[3] 36
US Billboard Hot 100[10] 2
US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs[10] 2
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1993)
Position
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[11] 34
US Billboard Hot 100[12] 7
Decade-end charts[edit]
Chart (1990–1999)
Position
US Billboard Hot 100[13] 66
East 17 and Gabrielle version[edit]
"If You Ever"
Single by East 17 featuring Gabrielle
from the album Around the World (the Journey So Far) and Gabrielle
Released
21 October 1996
Format
CD Single
Recorded
1996
Genre
Pop, R&B
Length
4:15
Label
Go Beat, Universal Records, London Records
Songwriter(s)
Carl Martin
Producer(s)
Mike Rose & Nicholas Foster
East 17 singles chronology
"Someone to Love"
(1996) Someone to Love1996 "If You Ever"
(1996) If You Ever1996 "Hey Child"
(1997) Hey Child1997
Gabrielle singles chronology
"If You Really Cared"
(1996) If You Really Cared1996 "If You Ever"
(1996) If You Ever1996 "Walk On By"
(1997) Walk On By1997
"If I Ever Fall In Love" was covered in 1996 as a duet by British boy band East 17 and singer Gabrielle (with a backing track), and renamed "If You Ever". It peaked at number two on the UK Singles Chart, behind "Say You'll Be There" by the Spice Girls, and also peaked within the top ten of the charts in Latvia. It was also one of only three songs by Gabrielle to reach the top 20 in Australia, peaking at number sixteen.
The song was the first single from East 17's first Greatest Hits compilation Around the World Hit Singles: The Journey So Far, and was also the fourth single from Gabrielle's second self-titled album. It was the highest charting single from both aforementioned albums. The song was also the 11th biggest selling boyband single of the 1990s in the United Kingdom selling 510,000 copies and has received a Gold sales status certification.
Charts[edit]
Chart (1996)
Peak
position
Belgium (Ultratip Flanders)[14] 11
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[15] 35
Denmark (IFPI)[16] 9
Europe (Eurochart Hot 100)[17] 17
France (SNEP)[18] 19
Germany (Official German Charts)[19] 31
Ireland (IRMA) 4
Japan (Oricon)[20] 11
Latvia (EHR)[21] 4
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[22] 38
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[23] 3
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[24] 5
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[25] 20
UK (Official Charts Company) 2
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1996)
Position
UK Singles Chart 18
Certifications[edit]
Country
Certification
Date
Sales certified
UK[26] Gold 1996 510,000
Track listings[edit]
UK CD 1 (LONCD 388)
"If You Ever" (Smoove 7" mix)
"If You Ever" (Ruff mix)
"Deep" (live)
"Steam" (live)
UK CD 2 (LOCDP 388)
"If You Ever" (Smoove 7" Mix)
"Stay Another Day" (live)
"Around the World" (live)
"It's Alright" (live)
AVRI featring Noam version[edit]
"If You Ever"
Single by AVRI featuring Noam
Released
12 October 2010
Format
CD single
Recorded
2010
Genre
Pop, dance, house
Length
4:32
Label
Kult Records
Songwriter(s)
Carl Martin
Producer(s)
Avri Levi
"If I Ever Fall in Love" was covered again in 2010 by AVRI and his vocalist Noam. Yet again it was renamed "If You Ever". The song was the first single of AVRI in the American dance label Kult Records.
Track listings[edit]
"If You Ever" (Radio Mix)
"If You Ever" (Extended Mix)
"If You Ever" (Micky Friedmann & Alex Botar Remix)
"If You Ever" (Acapella)
Other cover versions[edit]
Jamaican reggae singer Sanchez remade the song in 1993.
Rapper Lil Romeo sampled the song's chorus on "My Cinderella" (2004).
Overboard covered the song on their 2008 album Castaways.
JLS used the song as their audition piece on The X Factor, and it has been a subsequent a cappella feature of their live sets.
American a cappella group Pentatonix released a cover of the song on their eponymous 2015 album Pentatonix, featuring singer Jason Derulo.
American R&B singer Jeremih incorporated the beginning of the song in his 2015 single "Oui" from the album Late Nights.[27]
Australian band CDB covered the song on their album, Tailored for Now (2017).
American boy band PRETTYMUCH sampled the beat from the song on their single, "10,000 Hours" (2018).
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Shai If I Ever Fall in Love: CDs & Vinyl". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2016-07-26.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). Top R&B/Hip-Hop Singles: 1942-2004. Record Research. p. 519.
^ Jump up to: a b Warwick, Neil; Kutner, Jon; Brown, Tony (2004). The Complete Book Of The British Charts (3rd ed.). London: Omnibus Press. p. 977. ISBN 978-1-84449-058-5.
Jump up ^ "[US&titel=If+I+Ever+Fall+in+Love&cat=s Australian-charts.com – Shai [US] – If I Ever Fall in Love"]. ARIA Top 50 Singles.
Jump up ^ "[US&titel=If+I+Ever+Fall+in+Love&cat=s Ultratop.be – Shai [US] – If I Ever Fall in Love"] (in Dutch). Ultratop 50.
Jump up ^ "RPM 100 Singles". RPM. RPM Music Publications Ltd. 57 (3). 1993-01-30. ISSN 0315-5994. Retrieved 2010-09-12.
Jump up ^ "Musicline.de – Shai [US Single-Chartverfolgung"] (in German). Media Control Charts. PhonoNet GmbH.
Jump up ^ "[US Nederlandse Top 40 – Shai [US]"] (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40.
Jump up ^ "[US&titel=If+I+Ever+Fall+in+Love&cat=s Charts.org.nz – Shai [US] – If I Ever Fall in Love"]. Top 40 Singles.
^ Jump up to: a b "Shai - Charts & Awards - Billboard Singles". AllMusic (Rovi Corporation). Retrieved 2010-09-12.
Jump up ^ "End of Year Charts 1993". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved December 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Billboard Top 100 - 1993". Archived from the original on 2006-11-10. Retrieved 2010-08-27.
Jump up ^ Geoff Mayfield (December 25, 1999). 1999 The Year in Music Totally '90s: Diary of a Decade - The listing of Top Pop Albums of the '90s & Hot 100 Singles of the '90s. Billboard. Retrieved October 15, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – East Seventeen feat. Gabrielle – If You Ever" (in Dutch). Ultratip.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – East Seventeen feat. Gabrielle – If You Ever" (in French). Ultratop 50.
Jump up ^ "P3 - Tjeklisten". Dr.dk. Retrieved 2016-07-26.
Jump up ^ "Billboard". Books.google.ca. 2000-01-01. Retrieved 2016-07-26.
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – East Seventeen feat. Gabrielle – If You Ever" (in French). Les classement single.
Jump up ^ "Musicline.de – East Seventeen feat. Gabrielle Single-Chartverfolgung" (in German). Media Control Charts. PhonoNet GmbH.
Jump up ^ Oricon Singles Chart Oricon Singles Chart (Retrieved 2 November 2012)
Jump up ^ "M-1 TOP 40". M-1.fm. Retrieved 2014-03-31.
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – East Seventeen feat. Gabrielle" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40.
Jump up ^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – East Seventeen feat. Gabrielle – If You Ever". Singles Top 100.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – East Seventeen feat. Gabrielle – If You Ever". Swiss Singles Chart.
Jump up ^ UK certifications Bpi.co.uk Archived 2010-01-17 at WebCite (Retrieved 30 March 2009)
Jump up ^ Shamontiel Vaughn, "Jeremih not shy about salute to Shai on new single 'Oui'", Chicago Sun-Times, November 17, 2015.
External links[edit]
Gabrielle - If You Ever (with East 17) at YouTube
Avri ft. noam - if you ever at YouTube
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
[show]
v
t
e
Shai
Darnell Van Rensalier
Garfield A. Bright
Dwayne Jones
George Spencer III
Studio albums
...If I Ever Fall in Love (1992)
Right Back at Cha (1993)
Blackface (1995)
Destiny (1999)
Back from the Mystery System: The Love Cycle (2004)
Love Cycle: Back from the Mystery System (2007)
Compilation albums
20th Century Masters – The Millennium Collection: The Best of Shai (2001)
Single albums
"If I Ever Fall In Love"
"Comforter"
[show]
v
t
e
Gabrielle
Studio albums
Find Your Way
Gabrielle
Rise
Play to Win
Always
Compilations
Rise Underground
Dreams Can Come True, Greatest Hits Vol. 1
Now and Always: 20 Years of Dreaming
Singles
"Dreams"
"Going Nowhere"
"I Wish"
"Because of You"
"Give Me a Little More Time"
"Forget About the World"
"If You Really Cared"
"If You Ever"
"Walk On By"
"Sunshine"
"Rise"
"When a Woman"
"Should I Stay"
"Out of Reach"
"Don't Need the Sun to Shine (To Make Me Smile)"
"Stay the Same"
"Ten Years Time"
"Why"
Related articles
Discography
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=If_I_Ever_Fall_in_Love&oldid=834508343"
Categories:
1992 singles
1996 singles
A cappella songs
Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs number-one singles
Debut singles
Gabrielle (singer) songs
East 17 songs
Contemporary R&B ballads
Shai (band) songs
1992 songs
MCA Records singles
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template webcite links
Articles with hAudio microformats
Singlechart usages for Australia
Singlechart usages for Flanders
Singlechart usages for Germany
Singlechart usages for Dutch40
Singlechart usages for New Zealand
Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters
Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip
Singlechart usages for Wallonia
Singlechart usages for France
Singlechart usages for Scotland
Singlechart called without artist
Singlechart called without song
Singlechart usages for Sweden
Singlechart usages for Swiss
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 6 April 2018, at 02:25.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: th

attrs: colspan class style

value: tr

value: td

attrs: colspan style

value: i

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em .1em .2em 0;

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding:.2em .1em;

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em 0 .2em .1em;

values: background: transparent; width: 100%; min-width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;

values: width:33%; padding:.2em .1em .2em 0; text-align: center;

values: width:33%; padding:.2em .1em; text-align: center;

values: width:33%; padding:.2em 0 .2em .1em; text-align: center;

values: I Will Always Love You (Whitney Houston song)

values: List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and milestones

values:
/wiki/The_Official_Charts_Company
mw-redirect
The Official Charts Company

values:
left
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
text-align:center;
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values: Edit section: East 17 and Gabrielle version

values: East Seventeen & Gabrielle - If You Ever (CD 1).jpg

values:
/wiki/Universal_Records
mw-redirect
Universal Records

values:
/wiki/Eurochart_Hot_100
mw-redirect
Eurochart Hot 100

values: Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique

values: Edit section: AVRI featring Noam version

values:
/wiki/My_Cinderella_(Romeo%27s_song)
mw-redirect
My Cinderella (Romeo's song)

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0315-5994

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p26071

values:
/wiki/Rovi_Corporation
mw-redirect
Rovi Corporation

values:
nofollow
external text
http://m-1.fm/top40/?topid=1377

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
navbox-abovebelow
2
background: #EEEEEE;

values:
row
navbox-group
width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;

values: Love Cycle: Back from the Mystery System

values:
/wiki/If_I_Ever_Fall_In_Love
mw-redirect
If I Ever Fall In Love

values: nowraplinks vcard hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
Gabrielle
fn
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em

values:
/wiki/Rise_Underground
mw-redirect
Rise Underground

values: Dreams Can Come True, Greatest Hits Vol. 1

values: nowraplinks vcard collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs number-one singles

values: Category:Webarchive template webcite links

values: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Australia

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Flanders

values: Category:Singlechart usages for New Zealand

values: Category:Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Wallonia

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Scotland

values: Category:Singlechart called without artist

values: Category:Singlechart called without song

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/If_I_Ever_Fall_in_Love
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-If_I_Ever_Fall_in_Love rootpage-If_I_Ever_Fall_in_Love skin-vector action-view