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The dress
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The dress
The original "the dress" picture
Designer
Roman Originals[1]
Material
Lace[2]
"The dress" is a photograph that became a viral Internet sensation on 26 February 2015, when viewers disagreed over whether the colors of the item of clothing depicted were black and blue or white and gold. The phenomenon revealed differences in human color perception which have been the subject of ongoing scientific investigation in neuroscience and vision science, with a number of papers published in peer-reviewed science journals.
The photo originated from a washed-out color photograph of a dress posted on the social networking service Tumblr. In the first week after the surfacing of the image alone, more than 10 million tweets mentioned the dress, using hashtags such as #thedress, #whiteandgold, and #blackandblue. Although the actual color was eventually confirmed as black and blue,[3][4] the image prompted discussions, with users discussing their opinions on the color and why they perceived the dress as a certain color. Members of the scientific community began to investigate the photo for fresh insights into human colour vision.
The dress itself, which was identified as a product of the retailer Roman Originals, experienced a major surge in sales as a result of the incident. The retailer also produced a one-off version of the dress in white and gold as a charity campaign.
Contents
[hide]
1 Origin
2 Response
2.1 Initial viral spread
2.2 Overnight popularity
2.3 Colours confirmed
3 Scientific explanations
4 Legacy
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Origin[edit]
About a week before the wedding of couple Grace and Keir Johnston of Colonsay, Scotland, the bride's mother, Cecilia Bleasdale, took a photograph of a dress she planned to wear to the wedding and sent it to her daughter. After disagreements over the perceived colour of the dress in the photograph, the bride posted the image on Facebook, and her friends also disagreed over the colour; some saw it as white with gold lace, while others saw it as blue with black lace.[5][6] For a week, the debate became well known in Colonsay, a small island community.[7]
On the day of the wedding, Ceitlin McNeill, a friend of the bride and groom and a member of the Scottish folk music group Canach, performed with her band at the wedding on Colonsay. Even after seeing that the dress was "obviously blue and black" in real life,[6] the musicians remained preoccupied by the photograph; they said they almost failed to make it on stage because they were caught up discussing the dress. A few days later, on 26 February, McNeill reposted the image to her blog on Tumblr and posed the same question to her followers, which led to further public discussion surrounding the image.[5][6]
Response[edit]
Initial viral spread[edit]
Cates Holderness, who runs the Tumblr page for Buzzfeed at the site's New York offices, noted a message from McNeill asking for the site's help in resolving the colour dispute of the dress. At the time she dismissed it, but then checked the page near the end of her workday and saw that it had received around 5,000 notes in that time, which she said "is insanely viral [for Tumblr]". Tom Christ, Tumblr's director of data, said at its peak the page was getting 14,000 views a second (or 840,000 views per minute), well over the normal rates for content on the site. By later that night, the number of total notes had increased tenfold.[8]
Holderness showed the picture to other members of the site's social media team, who immediately began arguing about the dress's colours among themselves. After creating a simple poll for users of the site, she left work and took the subway back to her Brooklyn home. When she got off the train and checked her phone, it was overwhelmed by the messages on various sites. "I couldn't open Twitter because it kept crashing. I thought somebody had died, maybe. I didn't know what was going on." Later in the evening the page set a new record at BuzzFeed for concurrent visitors, which would reach 673,000 at its peak.[8][9]
The most interesting thing to me, is that it traveled. It went from New York media circle-jerk Twitter to international. And you could see it in my Twitter notifications because people started having conversations in, like, Spanish and Portuguese and then Japanese and Chinese and Thai and Arabic. It was amazing to watch this move from a local thing to, like, a massive international phenomenon.'[8]
– Cates Holderness
The viral image became a worldwide Internet meme across social media. On Twitter, users created the hashtags "#whiteandgold," "#blueandblack," and "#dressgate" to discuss their opinions on what the colour of the dress was, and theories surrounding their arguments.[10] The number of tweets about the dress increased throughout the night; at 6:36 pm EST, when the first increase in the number of tweets about the dress occurred, there were five thousand tweets per minute using the hashtag "#TheDress," increasing to 11,000 tweets per minute with the hashtag by 8:31 pm. EST.[8] The photo also attracted discussion relating to the triviality of the matter as a whole; The Washington Post described the dispute as "[the] drama that divided a planet".[5][11][12] Some articles humorously suggested that the dress could prompt an "existential crisis" over the nature of sight and reality, or that the debate could harm interpersonal relationships.[5][13] Others examined why people were making such a big argument over a seemingly trivial matter.[14]
Overnight popularity[edit]
That evening, Wellesley College neuroscientist Bevil Conway gave some comments on the phenomenon to Wired reporter Adam Rogers. Before they hung up, Rogers warned him, "your tomorrow will not be the same". Conway thought the reporter was exaggerating, saying, "I didn't appreciate the full extent of what was about to happen. Not even close." Rogers's story eventually got 32.8 million unique visitors. Meanwhile, when Conway woke up the next morning, his inbox had so many emails about the dress that at first, he thought his email had been hacked, until he saw that the bulk were interview requests from major media organisations. "I did 10 interviews and had to have a colleague take my class that day," said Conway.[8]
Celebrities with larger Twitter followings began to weigh in overnight. Taylor Swift's tweet – which described how while she saw it as blue and black, the whole thing left her "confused and scared" – was retweeted 111,134 times and liked 154,188 times.[8] Jaden Smith, Frankie Muniz, Demi Lovato, Mindy Kaling, and Justin Bieber agreed that the dress was blue and black, while Anna Kendrick, B. J. Novak, Katy Perry, Julianne Moore, and Sarah Hyland saw it as white and gold.[15] Kim Kardashian tweeted that she saw it as white and gold, while her husband Kanye West saw it as blue and black. Lucy Hale, Phoebe Tonkin, and Katie Nolan saw different colour schemes at different times. Lady Gaga described the dress as "periwinkle and sand," while David Duchovny called it teal. Other celebrities, including Ellen DeGeneres and Ariana Grande, mentioned the dress on social media without mentioning specific colours.[16][17][18][19][20][21] Politicians, government agencies and social media platforms of well-known brands also weighed in tongue-in-cheek on the issue.[22] Ultimately, the dress was the subject of 4.4 million tweets within 24 hours.[8]
In the UK, where the phenomenon had begun, Ian Johnson, creative manager for dress manufacturer Roman Originals, learned of the controversy from his Facebook news feed that morning. "I was pretty gobsmacked. I just laughed and told the wife that I'd better get to work," he said.[8]
We've seen other stories go viral, but the sheer diversity of outlets that picked it up and were talking about it was unlike anything we had ever seen. Everyone from QVC to Warner Bros. to local public libraries to Red Cross affiliates were all posting links to it on their social accounts. That kind of diversity in who's sharing a story pretty much never happens...and certainly never to that degree. Even in the year since and with a million different people trying to replicate it, nothing has come close.[8]
Brandon Silverman, CEO of social media monitoring site CrowdTangle
Businesses that had nothing to do with the dress, or even the clothing industry, devoted social media attention to the phenomenon. Adobe retweeted another Twitter user who had used some of the company's apps to isolate the dress's colours. "We jumped in the conversation and thought, Let's see what happens," recalled Karen Do, the company's senior manager for social media. Jenna Bromberg, senior digital brand manager for Pizza Hut, saw the dress as white and gold and quickly sent out a tweet with a picture of pizza noting that it, too, was the same colours. Do called it "literally a tweet heard around the world".[8]
Ben Fischer of the New York Business Journal reported that interest in the first BuzzFeed article about the dress exhibited vertical growth instead of the typical bell curve of a viral phenomenon, leading BuzzFeed to assign two editorial teams to generate additional articles about the dress to drive ad revenue,[23] and by 1 March, the original BuzzFeed article had received over 37 million views.[24] The dress was cited by CNN commentator Mel Robbins as a viral phenomenon having the requisite qualities of positivity bias incorporating "awe, laughter and amusement," and was compared to and contrasted with the llama chase earlier that day, as well as to tributes paid to actor Leonard Nimoy after his death the following day.[25]
Colours confirmed[edit]
The dress itself was confirmed as a royal blue "Lace Bodycon Dress" from the retailer Roman Originals, which was actually blue-and-black in colour;[3][4] although available in three other colours (red, pink, and ivory, each with black lace), a white and gold version was not available at the time. The day after McNeil's post, Roman Originals' website experienced a major surge in traffic; a representative of the retailer stated that "we sold out of the dress in the first 30 minutes of our business day and after restocking it, it's become phenomenal".[26] On 28 February, Roman announced that they would make a single white and gold dress for a Comic Relief charity auction.[27]
On 3 March, Ellen DeGeneres had Grace, Keir, Ceitlin, and Cecelia as guests on her show. After revealing that she sees the dress as white and gold, DeGeneres presented each of them with gifts of underwear patterned after the dress but combining both colour schemes, and show sponsors also gave the Johnstons a gift of $10,000 and a honeymoon trip to Grenada, as they had left their honeymoon early to participate in the show.[7]
By 1 March, over two-thirds of BuzzFeed users polled responded that the dress was white and gold.[28] Some people have suggested that the dress changes colours on its own.[5] Media outlets noted that the photo was overexposed and had poor white balance, causing its colours to be washed out, giving rise to the perception by some that the dress is white and gold rather than its actual colours.[5][29]
Scientific explanations[edit]
The dress can be interpreted in two ways:
* black and blue under a yellow-tinted illumination (left figure) or
* white and gold under a blue-tinted illumination (right figure).
Neuroscientists Bevil Conway and Jay Neitz believe that the differences in opinions are a result of how the human brain perceives colour, and chromatic adaptation. Conway believes that it has a connection to how the brain processes the various hues of a daylight sky: "your visual system is looking at this thing, and you're trying to discount the chromatic bias of the daylight axis. ... people either discount the blue side, in which case they end up seeing white and gold, or discount the gold side, in which case they end up with blue and black."[30][31] Neitz said:
Our visual system is supposed to throw away information about the illuminant and extract information about the actual reflectance... but I've studied individual differences in colour vision for 30 years, and this is one of the biggest individual differences I've ever seen.[30]
Similar theories have been expounded by the University of Liverpool's Paul Knox, who stated that what the brain interprets as colour may be affected by the device the photograph is viewed on, or the viewer's own expectations.[32]
The duck-rabbit, described in Ludwig Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations
Neuroscientist and psychologist Pascal Wallisch states that while inherently ambiguous stimuli have been known to vision science for many years, this is the first such stimulus in the colour domain that was brought to the attention of science by social media. He attributes differential perceptions to differences in illumination and fabric priors, but also notes that the stimulus is highly unusual insofar as the perception of most people does not switch. If it does, it does so only on very long time scales, which is highly unusual for bistable stimuli, so perceptual learning might be at play.[33] In addition, he says that discussions of this stimulus are not frivolous, as the stimulus is both of interest to science and a paradigmatic case of how different people can sincerely see the world differently, an acknowledgement of which is a precondition for world peace.[34] Daniel Hardiman-McCartney of the College of Optometrists stated that the picture was ambiguous, suggesting that the illusion was caused by a strong yellow light shining onto the dress, and human perception of the colours of the dress and light source by comparing them with other colours and objects in the picture.[35] The philosopher Barry C. Smith compared the phenomenon with Ludwig Wittgenstein and the rabbit–duck illusion.[36]
The Journal of Vision, a scientific journal about vision research, announced in March 2015 that a special issue about the dress would be published with the title A Dress Rehearsal for Vision Science. Scientific work is ongoing.[37][38]The first large-scale scientific study on the dress was published in Current Biology three months after the image went viral. The study, which involved 1,400 respondents, found that 57% saw the dress as blue and black; 30% saw it as white and gold; 10% saw it as blue and brown; and 10% could switch between any of the colour combinations.[39] A small number saw it as blue and gold. Women and older people disproportionately saw the dress as white and gold. The researchers further found that if the dress was shown in artificial yellow-coloured lighting almost all respondents saw the dress as black and blue, while they saw it as white and gold if the simulated lighting had a blue bias.[31][39][40][41] Another study in the Journal of Vision, by Pascal Wallisch, found that people who were early risers were more likely to think the dress was lit by natural light, perceiving it as white and gold, and that "night owls" saw the dress as blue and black.[42][43]
A study carried out by Schlaffke et al. reported that individuals who saw the dress as white and gold showed increased activity in the frontal and parietal regions of the brain. These areas are thought to be critical in higher cognition activities. [44][45]
Legacy[edit]
The dress effectively captured the collective attention of online networks; in South Africa, the Salvation Army has attempted to re-direct some of this mass awareness towards the issue of domestic violence.[46]
As the original authors of the photograph that sparked the viral phenomenon, Bleasdale and her partner Paul Jinks later expressed frustration and regret over being "completely left out from the story", including their lack of control over the story, the omission of their role in the discovery, and the commercial use of the photo.[9]
The dress was included on multiple year-end lists of notable internet memes in 2015.[47][48]
See also[edit]
List of Internet phenomena
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Spargo, Chris (27 February 2015). "The optical illusion dress that's divided the internet: Celebrities join fierce debate over whether this dress is white and gold or blue and black... so which colors do YOU see?". Daily Mail. Retrieved 27 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Lace Detail Bodycon Dress". Retrieved 27 February 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "The blue and black (or white and gold) dress: Actual color, brand, and price details revealed". The Independent. 27 February 2015. Retrieved 10 May 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Optical illusion: Dress color debate goes global". BBC. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "The inside story of the 'white dress, blue dress' drama that divided a planet". The Washington Post. Retrieved 27 February 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Dress Is Blue And Black, Says The Girl Who Saw It in Person". BuzzFeed. Retrieved 27 February 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Ellen DeGeneres Settles the Great Dress Debate Once and For All!". Entertainment Tonight. Retrieved 20 March 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Warzel, Charlie (26 February 2015). "2/26: The Oral History". BuzzFeed. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "#TheDress couple: 'we were completely left out from the story'". BBC News. 1 January 2016. Retrieved 28 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Klassen, Anna (26 February 2015). "What Colors Are This Dress? White & Gold or Black & Blue? The Internet Is Going Insane Trying To Find Out – PHOTO". Bustle. Retrieved 27 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Color Bind: This Dress is White and Gold, Right?". Boston Globe. Retrieved 27 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Official Live Blog: Is This Dress Blue and Black or White and Gold?". Slate. Retrieved 27 February 2015.
Jump up ^ King, Kirsten (26 February 2015). "This Dress Is Ruining People's Lives". BuzzFeed. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "Why do we care about the colour of the dress?". The Guardian. 27 February 2015. Retrieved 28 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "What Colors Are This Dress? Kim Kardashian, Miley Cyrus, Justin Bieber and a Bajillion Other Celebs Weigh In". MTV News.
Jump up ^ "#Dressgate: The white and gold dress making our mind work until it's black and blue". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 27 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Iyengar, Rishi. "The Dress That Broke the Internet, and the Woman Who Started It All". Retrieved 27 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Jinks, Caitlin. "'I feel like it's a trick somehow': Taylor Swift and Kim Kardashian join other celebrities in dress debate taking over the internet". Retrieved 27 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Sanchez, Josh. "'What color is this dress' confused celebrities, too". Fansided.com. Retrieved 27 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Mahler, Jonathan. "A White and Gold Dress Overloads the Internet". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Iyengar, Rishi (26 February 2015). "Taylor Swift Says The Dress is Black and Blue". Time. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Jim Dalrymple II. "Politicians, Police, And Brands Have Weighed in On "The Dress"". Buzzfeed.com. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Fischer, Ben (27 February 2015). "The Dress phenomenon didn't happen by accident. It took big money". New York Business Journal. American City Business Journals. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Holderness, Cates (26 February 2015). "What Colors Are This Dress?". BuzzFeed. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Robbins, Mel (28 February 2015). "Why blue/black/white/gold dress went viral". CNN. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "'The Dress' flying off racks following Internet sensation: 'We sold out in the first 30 minutes of our business day'". Daily News. New York. Retrieved 27 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "'The Dress' returns in special edition gold and white version for Comic Relief charity auction". The Independent. 10 March 2015. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Holderness, Cates (26 February 2015). "What Colors Are This Dress?". Buzzfeed. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "Why that dress looks white and gold: It's overexposed". Mashable. Retrieved 27 February 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Science of Why No One Agrees on the Color of This Dress". Wired. Retrieved 27 February 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Sample, Ian. "#TheDress: have researchers solved the mystery of its colour?". The Guardian.
Jump up ^ "Viewpoint: Blue and black or white and gold?". News.liv.ac.uk. Retrieved 27 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "An experts lesson from the dress". Slate. 2 March 2015. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "Why discussing the dress is not frivolous". pascallisch.net. 2 March 2015. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Hardiman-McCartney, Daniel (2 March 2015). "#Thedress and your optometrist – the scientific voice of reason". College of Optometrists.
Jump up ^ "What would Wittgenstein say about that dress?". BBC. 27 February 2015. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "Journal of Vision – Special Issue on The Dress". 12 March 2015. Archived from the original on 9 May 2015. Retrieved 10 May 2015.
Jump up ^ [1]
^ Jump up to: a b Rosa Lafer-Sousa; Katherine L. Hermann; Bevil R. Conway (29 June 2015). "Striking individual differences in color perception uncovered by 'the dress' photograph". Current Biology. 25 (13): R545–R546. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.04.053. PMC 4921196  . PMID 25981795. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Karl R. Gegenfurtner; Marina Bloj; Matteo Toscani (29 June 2015). "The many colours of 'the dress'". Current Biology. 25 (13): R543–R544. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.04.043. PMID 25981790. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Alissa D. Winkler; Lothar Spillmann; John S. Werner; Michael A. Webster (29 June 2015). "Asymmetries in blue–yellow color perception and in the color of 'the dress'". Current Biology. 25 (13): R547–R548. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.05.004. PMC 4489998  . PMID 25981792. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Wallisch, Pascal (7 April 2017). "Illumination assumptions account for individual differences in the perceptual interpretation of a profoundly ambiguous stimulus in the color domain: "The dress"". Journal of Vision. 17 (4): 5. doi:10.1167/17.4.5.
Jump up ^ Wallisch, Pascal (12 April 2017). "Two Years Later, We Finally Know Why People Saw "The Dress" Differently". Slate. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Knapton, Sarah. "Dressgate: If you saw THAT dress as white your brain was working overtime". The Telegraph.
Jump up ^ Schlaffke, Lara (December 2015). "The brain's dress code: How The Dress allows to decode the neuronal pathway of an optical illusion". Cortex. 73: 271–275. PMID 26478963.
Jump up ^ "Salvation Army uses The Dress in ad targeting violence against women". CBC News. 6 March 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "The 15 Best Memes of 2015". Entertainment Weekly's EW.com. Retrieved 20 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "24 Memes That Took The Internet By Storm in 2015". MTV News. Retrieved 20 March 2016.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to The dress.
"Original Tumblr post". Archived from the original on 27 February 2015. Retrieved 29 February 2016. CS1 maint: Unfit url (link) (as of 27 February 2015 at 01:49:59 UTC)
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text:
Croatia at the FIFA World Cup
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Croatia - Iceland match at the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia
Croatia national football team have appeared in the FIFA World Cup on five occasions (in 1998, 2002, 2006, 2014 and 2018) since gaining independence in 1991. Before that, from 1930 to 1990 Croatia was part of Yugoslavia. Their best result thus far was silver position at the 2018 final, where they lost 4-2 to France.
Contents
1 Overview
2 Croatia in France 1998
2.1 Squad
2.2 Round of 16
2.3 Quarter-finals
2.4 Semi-finals
2.5 Third-place match
2.6 Legacy
3 Croatia in Korea/Japan 2002
3.1 Squad
4 Croatia in Germany 2006
4.1 Squad
5 Croatia in Brazil 2014
5.1 Squad
6 Croatia in Russia 2018
6.1 Squad
6.2 Round of 16
6.3 Quarter-finals
6.4 Semi-finals
6.5 Final
7 List of matches
8 Players with most appearances
9 Goalscorers
10 Awards
11 Squads
12 See also
13 References
Overview[edit]
Year
Round
Position
GP
W
D*
L
GS
GA
1930 to 1938 as part of Kingdom of Yugoslavia
1950 to 1990 as part of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
1994 Did not enter
1998 Third place 3rd 7 5 0 2 11 5
2002 Group stage 23rd 3 1 0 2 2 3
2006 Group stage 22nd 3 0 2 1 2 3
2010 Did not qualify
2014 Group stage 19th 3 1 0 2 6 6
2018 Runners-up 2nd 7 4 2 1 14 9
2022 To be determined
2026
Total 23 11 4 8 35 26
*Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks

showCroatia's World Cup record
First Match
Croatia 3–1 Jamaica
(14 June 1998; Lens, France)
Biggest Win
Croatia 4–0 Cameroon
(18 June 2014; Manaus, Brazil)
Biggest Defeat
Brazil 3–1 Croatia
(12 June 2014; São Paulo, Brazil)
Mexico 3–1 Croatia
(23 June 2014; Recife, Brazil)
France 4–2 Croatia
(15 July 2018; Moscow, Russia)
Best Result
Runners-up in 2018
Worst Result
Group Stage in 2002, 2006 and 2014
Croatia in France 1998[edit]
Main article: Croatia at the 1998 FIFA World Cup
In the draw for the final tournament, held on 4 December 1997 at Stade Vélodrome in Marseille,[1] Croatia was drawn to play in Group H, along with two other teams which qualified for the World Cup for the first time, Jamaica and Japan, and two-time World Cup winners Argentina. In their first match Croatia beat Jamaica 3–1, in a game memorable for Croatia's first ever World Cup goal, an opener scored by Mario Stanić in the 27th minute. Croatia went on to beat Japan 1–0 before losing their third group stage match against Argentina 0–1, in a game which was of little importance as both teams had already qualified for round of 16.
In round of 16, Croatia faced Group G winners Romania (who had finished top of their group in front of England) and won the game through a penalty converted by Davor Šuker in stoppage time of the first half after a foul on Aljoša Asanović by Gabriel Popescu. After that Croatia faced Germany in the quarter-finals, in a game which was at the time touted by the Croatian media as a great opportunity to get back at Germany as it was them who had knocked out Croatia in the UEFA Euro 1996 quarter-finals two years earlier. In the 40th minute Christian Wörns received a direct red card and was sent off for fouling Davor Šuker, and Robert Jarni opened the scoring eight minutes later in stoppage time of the first half. Goran Vlaović and Davor Šuker added a second and third and the game ended in a 3–0 win, which is still regarded by fans and the media as one of the most memorable matches Croatia ever played.
Croatia went on to face hosts France in the semi-finals, but lost the game 1–2 when an opener scored by Šuker in the 46th minute was immediately equalised by Lilian Thuram the following minute. Thuram also scored France's second goal in the 69th minute. These were the only two goals Thuram ever scored for France in an international career spanning from 1994 to 2008 which saw him earn a total of 147 caps. After Croatia's exit manager Blažević was heavily criticized by Croatian press for not sending in Robert Prosinečki soon enough after France took the lead (Prosinečki came on as a substitute for Mario Stanić just minutes before the final whistle). Croatia captain Zvonimir Boban tried to take the blame for the defeat saying that he felt he needed to be substituted but wanted to stay on the pitch just a little while longer (it was his defending mistake which led to Thuram's equaliser).
After being knocked out in the semi-finals, Croatia looked for consolation against Netherlands in the third place match played just three days later at Parc des Princes. Croatia went on to win 2–1 through goals by Šuker and Prosinečki, but after the final whistle Dražen Ladić was labelled player of the match, for a career-best performance which saw him save numerous shots from Patrick Kluivert, Clarence Seedorf and Marc Overmars.
Squad[edit]
Main article: 1998 FIFA World Cup squads
Manager Miroslav Blažević included the following 22 players in the finals tournament squad. The 16 players who were capped at least once in one of the seven matches Croatia played in France are highlighted in bold. The remaining six players were unused at the tournament (defenders Goran Jurić and Anthony Šerić, defensive midfielder Mamić, striker Ardian Kozniku, and second and third-choice goalkeepers Marijan Mrmić and Vladimir Vasilj). On the other hand, six players appeared in all seven matches: goalkeeper Dražen Ladić, defender Slaven Bilić, midfielders Aljoša Asanović, Mario Stanić, Robert Jarni, and striker Davor Šuker.
Out of 11 goals scored by Croatia at the tournament, six were scored by Davor Šuker, who was awarded the Golden Shoe Award for the top goalscorer of the tournament, as well as the Silver Ball Award as the second most outstanding player of the tournament (behind Ronaldo of Brazil). Robert Prosinečki (who was retroactivelly given the 1990 FIFA World Cup Best Young Player Award, where he had appeared for Yugoslavia), also scored two goals in matches against Jamaica and the Netherlands, which made him the only player in World Cup history to score goals at finals tournaments for two different countries.
For three players (Jarni, Prosinečki and Šuker) this was their second appearance at the World Cup, having been members of Yugoslavia squad at the 1990 FIFA World Cup. Alen Bokšić would have been fourth, having been a key player in Croatia's qualifying campaign, but he was dropped from the tournament squad after sustaining an injury just months before the tournament in France.
Aljoša Asanović
Slaven Bilić
Zvonimir Boban (c)
Robert Jarni
Krunoslav Jurčić
Goran Jurić
Ardian Kozniku
Petar Krpan
Dražen Ladić
Zoran Mamić
Silvio Marić
Marijan Mrmić
Robert Prosinečki
Zvonimir Soldo
Mario Stanić
Anthony Šerić
Dario Šimić
Igor Štimac
Davor Šuker
Igor Tudor
Vladimir Vasilj
Goran Vlaović
Head coach: Miroslav Blažević

Main article: 1998 FIFA World Cup Group H
Pos
Team
[
v
t
e
]
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification
1
Argentina 3 3 0 0 7 0 +7 9 Advance to knockout stage
2
Croatia 3 2 0 1 4 2 +2 6
3
Jamaica 3 1 0 2 3 9 −6 3
4
Japan 3 0 0 3 1 4 −3 0
Source: FIFA

14 June 199821:00
Jamaica
1–3
Croatia
Earle 45' Report Stanić 27'
Prosinečki 53'
Šuker 69'
Stade Félix-Bollaert, Lens
Attendance: 38,100
Referee: Vítor Melo Pereira (Portugal)
20 June 199814:30
Japan
0–1
Croatia
Report Šuker 77'
Stade de la Beaujoire, Nantes
Attendance: 35,500
Referee: Ramesh Ramdhan (Trinidad and Tobago)
26 June 199816:00
Argentina
1–0
Croatia
Pineda 36' Report
Parc Lescure, Bordeaux
Attendance: 31,800
Referee: Said Belqola (Morocco)
Round of 16[edit]
30 June 199816:30
Romania
0–1
Croatia
Report Šuker 45+2' (pen.)
Parc Lescure, Bordeaux
Attendance: 31,800
Referee: Javier Castrilli (Argentina)
Quarter-finals[edit]
4 July 199821:00
Germany
0–3
Croatia
Report Jarni 45+3'
Vlaović 80'
Šuker 85'
Stade de Gerland, Lyon
Attendance: 39,100
Referee: Rune Pedersen (Norway)
Semi-finals[edit]
8 July 199821:00
France
2–1
Croatia
Thuram 47', 70' Report Šuker 46'
Stade de France, Saint-Denis
Attendance: 76,000
Referee: José María García-Aranda (Spain)
Third-place match[edit]
11 July 199821:00
Netherlands
1–2
Croatia
Zenden 22' Report Prosinečki 14'
Šuker 36'
Parc des Princes, Paris
Attendance: 45,500
Referee: Epifanio González (Paraguay)
Legacy[edit]
Ladić
Štimac
Šimić
Bilić
Soldo
Stanić
Jarni
Boban (c)
Asanović
Vlaović
Šuker
Croatia's 3-5-2 lineup in the 1998 World Cup
By beating Netherlands, Croatia finished third in their World Cup debut, a feat matched only by Eusébio's Portugal in the 1966 World Cup 32 years earlier. Consequently, Croatia reached their highest ever FIFA ranking when they were third in the world for three months between January and March 1999 and were given the Best Mover of the Year Award in 1998, the only team so far which won the award twice (having been Best Movers in 1994). Upon returning to Croatia, the whole squad was decorated by President Franjo Tuđman, and were nicknamed "Brončani" ("The Bronze Ones") and "Vatreni'" ("The Fiery Ones") in the media. The latter stuck as a permanent nickname for the national team.
Most players continued playing for the team throughout the UEFA Euro 2000 qualifiers, but after Croatia failed to qualify manager Miroslav Blažević resigned and soon after that some of the players retired from the national team. The next manager Mirko Jozić kept some of the remaining members of the Bronze Generation and even took them to 2002 FIFA World Cup (such as Šuker, Prosinečki, Jarni, Stanić, Soldo, Vlaović, Šimić), but they failed to make an impact at the tournament and almost all of them retired soon afterwards, but a number of them later became prominent figures in Croatian football.
Zvonimir Boban went into sports publishing and took over as CEO of Croatia's sports daily Sportske novosti in 2005 and worked as a commentator for Italian television stations. Šuker launched his line of sports apparel and established a football academy carrying his name. Zvonimir Soldo, Robert Jarni, Slaven Bilić, Igor Štimac and Dražen Ladić all took up managing jobs (Soldo coached Dinamo Zagreb to a Double in 2008, while Jarni, Bilić and Štimac all had managerial spells at Hajduk Split). Štimac later became chairman of the association of Prva HNL clubs, the body regulating top flight football in Croatia, and Bilić took over as Croatia manager in 2006, hiring Aljoša Asanović, Robert Prosinečki and Marijan Mrmić as his assistants. Dražen Ladić took up managing the Croatia under-21 team in 2006, and Krunoslav Jurčić is the current manager at Dinamo Zagreb, having been appointed in 2009. Miroslav Blažević later managed a number of clubs in Croatia, Slovenia and Switzerland before taking over as Bosnia and Herzegovina manager in 2008 and sensationally leading them to the verge of qualifying for the 2010 World Cup.
Croatia in Korea/Japan 2002[edit]
Squad[edit]
Main article: 2002 FIFA World Cup squads
Pletikosa
Kovač
Tomas
Šimunić
Soldo
Šarić
Jarni (c)
Kovač
Rapaić
Bokšić
Olić
Croatia's 3–4–1-2 lineup at the 2002 World Cup
Boško Balaban
Alen Bokšić
Tomislav Butina
Robert Jarni (c)
Niko Kovač
Robert Kovač
Ivica Olić
Stipe Pletikosa
Robert Prosinečki
Milan Rapaić
Zvonimir Soldo
Mario Stanić
Daniel Šarić
Anthony Šerić
Dario Šimić
Josip Šimunić
Davor Šuker
Stjepan Tomas
Vladimir Vasilj
Goran Vlaović
Jurica Vranješ
Davor Vugrinec
Boris Živković
Head coach: Mirko Jozić

Main article: 2002 FIFA World Cup Group G
Pos
Team
[
v
t
e
]
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification
1
Mexico 3 2 1 0 4 2 +2 7 Advance to knockout stage
2
Italy 3 1 1 1 4 3 +1 4
3
Croatia 3 1 0 2 2 3 −1 3
4
Ecuador 3 1 0 2 2 4 −2 3
Source: FIFA
Rules for classification: Tie-breaking criteria

3 June 200215:30
Croatia
0–1
Mexico
Report Blanco 60' (pen.)
Niigata Big Swan Stadium, Niigata
Attendance: 32,239
Referee: Lu Jun (China PR)
8 June 200218:00
Italy
1–2
Croatia
Vieri 55' Report Olić 73'
Rapaić 76'
Kashima Soccer Stadium, Ibaraki
Attendance: 36,472
Referee: Graham Poll (England)
13 June 200220:30
Ecuador
1–0
Croatia
Méndez 48' Report
International Stadium Yokohama, Yokohama
Attendance: 65,862
Referee: William Mattus (Costa Rica)
Croatia in Germany 2006[edit]
Main article: Croatia at the 2006 FIFA World Cup
Squad[edit]
Main article: 2006 FIFA World Cup squads
Pletikosa
Kovač
Šimić
Šimunić
Tudor
Kovač (c)
Srna
Babić
Kranjčar
Klasnić
Pršo
Croatia's 3–4–1–2 lineup at the 2006 World Cup
Marko Babić
Boško Balaban
Ivan Bošnjak
Tomislav Butina
Joey Didulica
Ivan Klasnić
Niko Kovač (c)
Robert Kovač
Niko Kranjčar
Ivan Leko
Jerko Leko
Luka Modrić
Ivica Olić
Stipe Pletikosa
Dado Pršo
Darijo Srna
Anthony Šerić
Dario Šimić
Josip Šimunić
Mario Tokić
Stjepan Tomas
Igor Tudor
Jurica Vranješ
Head coach: Zlatko Kranjčar

Main article: 2006 FIFA World Cup Group F
Pos
Team
[
v
t
e
]
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification
1
Brazil 3 3 0 0 7 1 +6 9 Advance to knockout stage
2
Australia 3 1 1 1 5 5 0 4
3
Croatia 3 0 2 1 2 3 −1 2
4
Japan 3 0 1 2 2 7 −5 1
Source: FIFA
Rules for classification: Tie-breaking criteria

13 June 200621:00
Brazil
1–0
Croatia
Kaká 44'
Report
Olympiastadion, Berlin
Attendance: 72,000
Referee: Benito Archundia (Mexico)
18 June 200615:00
Japan
0–0
Croatia
Report
FIFA WM Stadion Nürnberg, Nuremberg
Attendance: 41,000
Referee: Frank De Bleeckere (Belgium)
22 June 200621:00
Croatia
2–2
Australia
Srna 2'
N. Kovač 56'
Report
Moore 38' (pen.)
Kewell 79'
Gottlieb-Daimler-Stadion, Stuttgart
Attendance: 52,000
Referee: Graham Poll (England)
Croatia in Brazil 2014[edit]
Main article: Croatia at the 2014 FIFA World Cup
Squad[edit]
Main article: 2014 FIFA World Cup squads
Pletikosa
Ćorluka
Lovren
Srna (c)
Vrsaljko
Rakitić
Modrić
Perišić
Olić
Kovačić
Mandžukić
Croatia's 4–2–3–1 lineup at the 2014 World Cup
Milan Badelj
Marcelo Brozović
Vedran Ćorluka
Eduardo da Silva
Nikica Jelavić
Mateo Kovačić
Dejan Lovren
Mario Mandžukić
Luka Modrić
Ivica Olić
Ivan Perišić
Stipe Pletikosa
Danijel Pranjić
Ivan Rakitić
Ante Rebić
Sammir
Gordon Schildenfeld
Darijo Srna (c)
Danijel Subašić
Domagoj Vida
Šime Vrsaljko
Ognjen Vukojević
Oliver Zelenika
Head coach:Niko Kovač

Pos
Team
[
v
t
e
]
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification
1
Brazil (H) 3 2 1 0 7 2 +5 7 Advance to knockout stage
2
Mexico 3 2 1 0 4 1 +3 7
3
Croatia 3 1 0 2 6 6 0 3
4
Cameroon 3 0 0 3 1 9 −8 0
Source: FIFA
Rules for classification: Tie-breaking criteria
(H) Host.
Main article: 2014 FIFA World Cup Group A
12 June 201417:00 UTC−3
Brazil
3–1
Croatia
Neymar 29', 71' (pen.)
Oscar 90+1'
Report
Marcelo 11' (o.g.)
Arena de São Paulo, São Paulo
Attendance: 62,103
Referee: Yuichi Nishimura (Japan)
18 June 201418:00 UTC−4
Cameroon
0–4
Croatia
Report
Olić 11'
Perišić 48'
Mandžukić 61', 73'
Arena da Amazônia, Manaus
Attendance: 39,982
Referee: Pedro Proença (Portugal)
23 June 201417:00 UTC−3
Croatia
1–3
Mexico
Perišić 87'
Report
Márquez 72'
Guardado 75'
Hernández 82'
Itaipava Arena Pernambuco, Recife
Attendance: 41,212
Referee: Ravshan Irmatov (Uzbekistan)
Croatia in Russia 2018[edit]
Main article: Croatia at the 2018 FIFA World Cup
Squad[edit]
Main article: 2018 FIFA World Cup squads
Subašić
Lovren
Vida
Vrsaljko
Strinić
Brozović
Rakitić
Modrić
Rebić
Perišić
Mandžukić
Croatia's 4–3-3 lineup at the 2018 World Cup
Milan Badelj
Filip Bradarić
Marcelo Brozović
Duje Ćaleta-Car
Vedran Ćorluka
Tin Jedvaj
Lovre Kalinić
Nikola Kalinić
Mateo Kovačić
Andrej Kramarić
Dominik Livaković
Dejan Lovren
Mario Mandžukić
Luka Modrić (c)
Ivan Perišić
Josip Pivarić
Marko Pjaca
Ivan Rakitić
Ante Rebić
Ivan Strinić
Danijel Subašić
Domagoj Vida
Šime Vrsaljko
Head coach: Zlatko Dalić

Pos
Team
[
v
t
e
]
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification
1
Croatia 3 3 0 0 7 1 +6 9 Advance to knockout stage
2
Argentina 3 1 1 1 3 5 −2 4
3
Nigeria 3 1 0 2 3 4 −1 3
4
Iceland 3 0 1 2 2 5 −3 1
Source: FIFA
Rules for classification: Group stage tiebreakers
Main article: 2018 FIFA World Cup Group D
16 June 2018 (2018-06-16)21:00 KALT (UTC+2)
Croatia
2–0
Nigeria
Etebo 32' (o.g.)
Modrić 71' (pen.)
Report
Kaliningrad Stadium, Kaliningrad
Attendance: 31,136[2]
Referee: Sandro Ricci (Brazil)
21 June 2018 (2018-06-21)21:00 MSK (UTC+3)
Argentina
0–3
Croatia
Report
Rebić 53'
Modrić 80'
Rakitić 90+1'
Nizhny Novgorod Stadium, Nizhny Novgorod
Attendance: 43,319[3]
Referee: Ravshan Irmatov (Uzbekistan)
26 June 2018 (2018-06-26)21:00 MSK (UTC+3)
Iceland
1–2
Croatia
G. Sigurðsson 76' (pen.)
Report
Badelj 53'
Perišić 90'
Rostov Arena, Rostov-on-Don
Attendance: 43,472[4]
Referee: Antonio Mateu Lahoz (Spain)
Round of 16[edit]
1 July 2018 (2018-07-01)21:00 MSK (UTC+3)
Croatia
1–1 (a.e.t.)
Denmark
Mandžukić 4'
Report
M. Jørgensen 1'
Penalties
Badelj
Kramarić
Modrić
Pivarić
Rakitić
3–2
Eriksen
Kjær
Krohn-Dehli
Schöne
N. Jørgensen
Nizhny Novgorod Stadium, Nizhny Novgorod
Attendance: 40,851[5]
Referee: Néstor Pitana (Argentina)
Quarter-finals[edit]
7 July 2018 (2018-07-07)21:00 MSK (UTC+3)
Russia
2–2 (a.e.t.)
Croatia
Cheryshev 31'
Fernandes 115'
Report
Kramarić 39'
Vida 101'
Penalties
Smolov
Dzagoev
Fernandes
Ignashevich
Kuzyayev
3–4
Brozović
Kovačić
Modrić
Vida
Rakitić
Fisht Olympic Stadium, Sochi
Attendance: 44,287[6]
Referee: Sandro Ricci (Brazil)
Semi-finals[edit]
11 July 2018 (2018-07-11)21:00 MSK (UTC+3)
Croatia
2–1 (a.e.t.)
England
Perišić 68'
Mandžukić 109'
Report
Trippier 5'
Luzhniki Stadium, Moscow
Attendance: 78,011[7]
Referee: Cüneyt Çakır (Turkey)
Final[edit]
15 July 2018 (2018-07-15)18:00 MSK (UTC+3)
France
4–2
Croatia
Mandžukić 18' (o.g.)
Griezmann 38' (pen.)
Pogba 59'
Mbappé 65'
Report
Perišić 28'
Mandžukić 69'
Luzhniki Stadium, Moscow
Attendance: 78,011[8]
Referee: Néstor Pitana (Argentina)
List of matches[edit]
World Cup
Round
Opponent
Score
Result
Venue
Scorers
1998 Group stage Jamaica 3–1 W Lens Stanić, Prosinečki, Šuker
Japan 1–0 W Nantes Šuker
Argentina 0–1 L Bordeaux &
—
Round of 16 Romania 1–0 W Bordeaux Šuker
Quarter-final Germany 3–0 W Lyon Jarni, Vlaović, Šuker
Semi-final France 1–2 L Saint-Denis Šuker
Third place match Netherlands 2–1 W Paris Prosinečki, Šuker
2002 Group stage Mexico 0–1 L Niigata &
—
Italy 2–1 W Ibaraki Olić, Rapaić
Ecuador 0–1 L Yokohama &
—
2006 Group stage Brazil 0–1 L Berlin &
—
Japan 0–0 D Nuremberg &
—
Australia 2–2 D Stuttgart Srna, N. Kovač
2014 Group stage Brazil 1–3 L São Paulo Marcelo (o.g.)
Cameroon 4–0 W Manaus Olić, Perišić, Mandžukić (2)
Mexico 1–3 L Recife Perišić
2018 Group stage Nigeria 2–0 W Kaliningrad Etebo (o.g.), Modrić
Argentina 3–0 W Nizhny Novgorod Rebić, Modrić, Rakitić
Iceland 2–1 W Rostov-on-Don Badelj, Perišić
Round of 16 Denmark 1–1 (a.e.t.)
(3–2 p) W Nizhny Novgorod Mandžukić
Quarter-finals Russia 2–2 (a.e.t.)
(4–3 p) W Sochi Kramarić, Vida
Semi-finals England 2–1 (a.e.t.) W Moscow Perišić, Mandžukić
Final France 2–4 L Moscow Perišić, Mandžukić
Players with most appearances[edit]
Luka Modrić became Croatia's record World Cup player when he captained his team in the final of the 2018 tournament.
In 1998, Davor Šuker became the oldest Golden Boot winner ever at age 30 and went on to become the president of the Croatian Football Federation in 2012.
The Croatia national football team in Russia 2018
Luka Modrić is the only Croatian player to ever win the Golden Ball award. He was team captain in 2018, when Croatia reached the World Cup final.
No.
Name
Matches
World Cups
1 Luka Modrić 12 2006, 2014 and 2018
2 Dario Šimić 11 1998, 2002 and 2006
3 Robert Jarni* 10 1998 and 2002
Dejan Lovren 10 2014 and 2018
Ivan Perišić 10 2014 and 2018
Ivan Rakitić 10 2014 and 2018
7 Mario Stanić 9 1998 and 2002
Stipe Pletikosa 9 2002, 2006 and 2014
Ante Rebić 9 2014 and 2018
10 Zvonimir Soldo 8 1998 and 2002
Davor Šuker 8 1998 and 2002
Ivica Olić 8 2002, 2006 and 2014
Šime Vrsaljko 8 2014 and 2018
Mateo Kovačić 8 2014 and 2018
Mario Mandžukić 8 2014 and 2018
*Robert Jarni also played one match at the 1990 World Cup, representing SFR Yugoslavia.
Goalscorers[edit]
No.
Name
Goals
World Cups
1 Davor Šuker 6 1998
2 Ivan Perišić 5 2014 (2) and 2018 (3)
Mario Mandžukić 5 2014 (2) and 2018 (3)
4 Robert Prosinečki* 2 1998
Ivica Olić 2 2002 and 2014
Luka Modrić 2 2018
*Robert Prosinečki also scored one goal at the 1990 World Cup, representing SFR Yugoslavia.
Awards[edit]
Team Awards
Third Place 1998
Second Place 2018
Individual Awards
Golden Boot 1998: Davor Šuker (Oldest Golden Boot winner with 30 years)
Silver Ball 1998:Davor Šuker
All-Star Team 1998:Davor Šuker
Golden Ball 2018: Luka Modrić
All-Star Team 2018: Luka Modrić
Squads[edit]
show
v
t
e
Croatia squad – 1998 FIFA World Cup third place
1 Ladić
2 Krpan
3 Šerić
4 Štimac
5 Jurić
6 Bilić
7 Asanović
8 Prosinečki
9 Šuker
10 Boban (c)
11 Marić
12 Mrmić
13 Stanić
14 Soldo
15 Tudor
16 Kozniku
17 Jarni
18 Mamić
19 Vlaović
20 Šimić
21 Jurčić
22 Vasilj
Coach: Blažević
show
v
t
e
Croatia squad – 2002 FIFA World Cup
1 Pletikosa
2 Šerić
3 Šimunić
4 Tomas
5 Rapaić
6 Živković
7 Vugrinec
8 Prosinečki
9 Šuker (c)
10 N. Kovač
11 Bokšić
12 Butina
13 Stanić
14 Soldo
15 Šarić
16 Vranješ
17 Jarni
18 Olić
19 Vlaović
20 Šimić
21 R. Kovač
22 Balaban
23 Vasilj
Coach: Jozić
show
v
t
e
Croatia squad – 2006 FIFA World Cup
1 Pletikosa
2 Srna
3 Šimunić
4 R. Kovač
5 Tudor
6 Vranješ
7 Šimić
8 Babić
9 Pršo
10 N. Kovač (c)
11 Tokić
12 Didulica
13 Tomas
14 Modrić
15 I. Leko
16 J. Leko
17 Klasnić
18 Olić
19 N. Kranjčar
20 Šerić
21 Balaban
22 Bošnjak
23 Butina
Coach: Z. Kranjčar
show
v
t
e
Croatia squad – 2014 FIFA World Cup
1 Pletikosa
2 Vrsaljko
3 Pranjić
4 Perišić
5 Ćorluka
6 Lovren
7 Rakitić
8 Vukojević
9 Jelavić
10 Modrić
11 Srna (c)
12 Zelenika
13 Schildenfeld
14 Brozović
15 Badelj
16 Rebić
17 Mandžukić
18 Olić
19 Sammir
20 Kovačić
21 Vida
22 Eduardo
23 Subašić
Coach: Kovač
show
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Croatia squad – 2018 FIFA World Cup runners-up
1 Livaković
2 Vrsaljko
3 Strinić
4 Perišić
5 Ćorluka
6 Lovren
7 Rakitić
8 Kovačić
9 Kramarić
10 Modrić (c)
11 Brozović
12 L. Kalinić
13 Jedvaj
14 Bradarić
15 Ćaleta-Car
16 N. Kalinić
17 Mandžukić
18 Rebić
19 Badelj
20 Pjaca
21 Vida
22 Pivarić
23 Subašić
Coach: Dalić
See also[edit]
List of Croatia international footballers
Croatia at the UEFA European Championship
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "History of the World Cup Final Draw" (PDF). FIFA.com. Retrieved 2009-11-24.
Jump up ^ "Match report – Group D – Croatia v Nigeria" (PDF). FIFA.com. Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 16 June 2018. Retrieved 16 June 2018.
Jump up ^ "Match report – Group D – Argentina v Croatia" (PDF). FIFA.com. Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 21 June 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
Jump up ^ "Match report – Group D – Iceland v Croatia" (PDF). FIFA.com. Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 26 June 2018. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
Jump up ^ "Match report – Round of 16 – Croatia v Denmark" (PDF). FIFA.com. Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 1 July 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 July 2018. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
Jump up ^ "Match report – Quarter-final – Russia v Croatia" (PDF). FIFA.com. Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 7 July 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 July 2018. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
Jump up ^ "Match report – Semi-final – Croatia v England" (PDF). FIFA.com. Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 11 July 2018. Retrieved 11 July 2018.
Jump up ^ "Match report – Final – France v Croatia" (PDF). FIFA. 15 July 2018. Retrieved 15 July 2018.
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1 Considered a successor team by FIFA, or have competed under another name(s). 2 Have been member of multiple confederations. 3 Team and national federation no longer exist.
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Patulous Eustachian tube
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Patulous Eustachian tube
Classification and external resources
Specialty
otolaryngology
ICD-10
H69.0
ICD-9-CM
381.7
eMedicine
ent/359
[edit on Wikidata]
Patulous Eustachian tube, also known as patent Eustachian tube or PET, is the name of a physical disorder where the Eustachian tube, which is normally closed, instead stays intermittently open. When this occurs, the patient experiences autophony, the hearing of self-generated sounds. These sounds, such as one's own breathing, voice, and heartbeat, vibrate directly onto the ear drum and can create a "bucket on the head" effect.
Contents
1 Symptoms
2 Causes
3 Diagnosis
3.1 Patulous Eustachian Tube
3.2 PET symptoms and consequences
4 Treatment
5 References
6 External links
Symptoms[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
With patulous Eustachian tube, variations in upper airway pressure associated with respiration are transmitted to the middle ear through the Eustachian tube. This causes an unpleasant fullness feeling in the middle ear and alters the auditory perception. Complaints seem to include muffled hearing and autophony. In addition, patulous Eustachian tube generally feels dry with no clogged feeling or sinus pressure.
Some patients with this condition are disturbed by the perceived volume of their voice, causing them to speak very quietly. Their own voice may also sound lower to other people, because the trachea has more volume when the Eustachian tube is open. The patient may also sound as if they have congestion when speaking. Some sufferers may have difficulty in normal activities. They may also experience increased breathing rate, such as that brought on by physical activity. The increased activity not only increases the rate and force of pressure changes in the airway, which is therefore transmitted more forcefully into the middle ear, but also drives increased blood flow to peripheral muscles, compounding the problem by further depleting the Eustachian tube of extracellular fluid and increasing patency. The combination can lead to severe exacerbation of the symptoms. The urge to clear the ear is often mentioned.
Causes[edit]
Patulous Eustachian tube is a physical disorder. The exact causes may vary depending on the person. Weight loss is a commonly cited cause of the disorder due to the nature of the Eustachian tube itself. Fatty tissues hold the tube closed most of the time in healthy individuals. When circumstances cause overall body fat to diminish, the tissue surrounding the Eustachian tube shrinks and this function is disrupted.[1]
Activities and substances which dehydrate the body have the same effect and are also possible causes of patulous Eustachian tube. Examples are stimulants (including caffeine) and exercise. Exercise may have a more short-term effect than caffeine or weight loss in this regard.
Pregnancy can also be a cause of patulous Eustachian tube due to the effects of pregnancy hormones on surface tension and mucus in the respiratory system.[2]
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis can also be a cause of this disorder. It is yet unknown why.
PET can occur as a result of liquid residue in the Eustachian tube, after suffering a middle ear infection (otitis media).
Diagnosis[edit]
This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. No cleanup reason has been specified. Please help improve this article if you can. (August 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Upon examination of a suspected case of patulous Eustachian tube, a doctor can directly view the tympanic membrane with a light and observe that it vibrates with every breath taken by the patient. A tympanogram may also help with the diagnosis. Patulous Eustachian tube is likely if brisk inspiration causes a significant pressure shift.
Patulous Eustachian tube is frequently misdiagnosed as standard congestion due to the similarity in symptoms and rarity of the disorder. Audiologists are more likely to recognize the disorder, usually with tympanometry or nasally delivered masking noise during a hearing assessment, which is highly sensitive to this condition.[3]
When misdiagnosis occurs, a decongestant medication is sometimes prescribed. This type of medication aggravates the condition, as the Eustachian tube relies on sticky fluids to keep closed and the drying effect of a decongestant would make it even more likely to remain open and cause symptoms. The misdiagnosed patient may also have tubes surgically inserted into the eardrum, which increases the risk of ear infection and will not alleviate patulous Eustachian tube. If these treatments are tried and failed, and the doctor is not aware of the actual condition, the symptoms may even be classified as psychological.
Incidentally, patients who instead suffer from the even rarer condition of superior canal dehiscence are at risk for misdiagnosis of patulous Eustachian tube due to the similar autophony in both conditions.
Patulous Eustachian Tube[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Patulous Eustachian Tube (PET) or tube to open remains an ET dysfunction category, difficult to diagnose and to treat. Recent studies suggest that the pathophysiology and etiology of PET is more related to a previous history of otitis media, rather than from weight loss, which was widely recognized as the major causal factor. Simultaneous weight gain can even be observed in some cases. The average age is 30 years, with a female prevalence. It’s rare to find patients of less than 15 years of age, which seems to confirm the opinion that PET is an acquired condition. Chronic upper respiratory inflammatory diseases are almost always associated with PET; half of these patients report previous history of nasal or sinus surgery. Radical posterior / inferior turbinectomies seem to be proportionally connected to PET severity. History of recurrent otitis media with effusion, with tympanostomy and adenoidectomy during childhood is also frequent. Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) is identified in a great proportion of patients. Last epidemiological data indicates that PET results from obstructive ET dysfunction evolving over a long period of time.
Since the surgical management of these two pathologies is at diametrically opposed extremes, it is critical to obtain the correct diagnosis before undertaking any treatment. Visualization of a permanently open tubal valve by endoscopic examination allows settling this question, but its absence does not exclude PET diagnosis. Sonotubometry and recently developed tubomanometry may help in some specific cases. Unfortunately, some PET cases remain difficult to diagnose.
PET symptoms and consequences[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Autophonia (self-hearing from inside, strongly amplified) seems to be a common symptom to all PET patients. Unfortunately, its presence also reveals an advanced degree of patency, requiring in most cases surgical management. Other symptoms of PET, such as tinnitus, fullness and ear blockage, can also be reported by patients suffering from obstructive ET dysfunction. This differential diagnosis problem unfortunately leads to some surgeries proposed by well-intentioned but inexperienced ENT surgeons. Some of these surgeries may make things worse.
At the beginning, patients hear their own voice "from inside".[This quote needs a citation] They describe it as being amplified and unpleasant. Patients frequently avoid speaking and retire in a rising solitude. Lying head down may help since it increases venous blood pressure and congestion of the mucosa.
With time patients may develop respiratory autophonia. At this stage, they hear "from inside”.[This quote needs a citation] They describe hearing their own respiration and sometimes other bodily functions, like heartbeat. Some patients may find this unbearable and depression is common. Psychological supervision may be indicated.
Treatment[edit]
Historically, to temporarily alleviate symptoms, patients have tried positional maneuvers, such as tilting their head to one side or upside down, lie down on their backs, or sit in a chair with their head between their knees. Similarly, a routine of lying down four times per day with legs elevated to around 20 inches for at least two weeks has been attempted as well. Depending on the underlying cause of the disorder, the individual may need to remove caffeine from their diet, reduce exercise, or gain weight. It may be the case that the symptoms are induced by anxiety; anxiolytic drugs or supplements (e.g., GABA) combined with the removal of caffeine from the diet could offer a simple strategy to determine if anxiety is the root cause.
Estrogen (Premarin) nasal drops or saturated potassium iodide have been used to induce edema of the eustachian tube opening. Nasal medications containing diluted hydrochloric acid, chlorobutanol, and benzyl alcohol have been reported to be effective in some patients, with few side effects. Food and Drug Administration approval is still pending, however.[4]
In extreme cases surgical intervention may attempt to restore the Eustachian tube tissues with fat, gel foam, or cartilage or scar it closed with cautery. These methods are not always successful.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Patulous Eustachian Tube Overview at eMedicine
Jump up ^ Hillman, Edawrd J. (1995). Otolaryngologic Manifestations Of Pregnancy. BCM
Jump up ^ Hori, Y., Kawase, T., Hasegawa, J., Sato, T., Yoshida, N., et al. (2006). Audiometry with nasally presented masking noise: Novel diagnostic method for patulous eustachian tube. Otol Neurotol, 27, 596-599.
Jump up ^ Patel, K and Levine S (July 31, 2010). "Emedicine - Patulous Eustachian Tube".
External links[edit]
This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references. (April 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Japanese study regarding efficacy of Jia-Wei-Gui-Pi-Tang
General Info from Grand Rounds Archive
Detailed description of symptoms and experiences with misdiagnosis from a fellow sufferer
More PET Info at patulouseustachiantube.net
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I Need to Be in Love
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"I Need to Be in Love"
Single picture sleeve
Single by Carpenters
from the album A Kind of Hush
B-side
"Sandy"
Released
May 21, 1976
Format
7-inch single
Recorded
1976
Genre
Pop
Length
3:25 (single version)
3:49 (album version)
Label
A&M
Songwriter(s)
Richard Carpenter
John Bettis
Albert Hammond
Producer(s)
Richard Carpenter
Carpenters singles chronology
"There's a Kind of Hush (All Over the World)"
(1976) "I Need to Be in Love"
(1976) "Goofus"
(1976)
A Kind of Hush track listing
show
10 tracks
"There's a Kind of Hush"
"You"
"Sandy"
"Goofus"
"Can't Smile Without You"
Side two
"I Need to Be in Love"
"One More Time"
"Boat to Sail"
"I Have You"
"Breaking Up Is Hard to Do"
"I Need to Be in Love" is a song written by Richard Carpenter, Albert Hammond and John Bettis. It was released as a single on May 21, 1976. It was featured on the A Kind of Hush album, which was released on June 11 of the same year. The single featured a version without the piano lead-in and starts immediately with a flute introduction by David Shostac.[1] Richard recalled that it was Karen's favorite Carpenters song.[2]
The song entered the Billboard Hot 100 on June 12 at number 55,[3] and peaked at number 25.[4] It peaked at number 36 on the UK charts.[5] In 1995, it was released as a CD single in Japan, after being chosen for the theme song of the drama Miseinen. It was taken from the best-selling compilation 22 Hits of the Carpenters (promoted as a double A-side with "Top of the World"). Richard Carpenter claims that "It became one of the biggest sellers of 1995, ultimately going quadruple platinum. In more ways than one, Karen would have loved that!"[2] "I Need to Be in Love" was also the Carpenters' fourteenth number one on the Easy Listening chart.[6]
Contents
1 Personnel
2 Cover versions
3 Chart performance
4 Certifications
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Personnel[edit]
Karen Carpenter - lead vocals
Richard Carpenter - piano, Fender Rhodes electric piano, harpsichord, Hammond organ, orchestration
Joe Osborn - bass
Tony Peluso - electric guitar
Jim Gordon - drums
Earle Dumler - English horn
Gayle Levant - harp
David Shostac - flute
The O.K. Chorale - backing vocals
Cover versions[edit]
Filipino bossa nova singer Sitti recorded a cover of this song for her second album My Bossa Nova.
This song was sung by the Pakistani pop singer Hadiqa Kiyani as a tribute to the Carpenters.
Japanese female singer Chihiro Onitsuka covered the song for her 2012 cover album Famous Microphone.
Korean jazz duo Winterplay covered the song for their 2010 album Touché Mon Amour.
In 2016, Dami Im recorded a version for her album Classic Carpenters.
Chart performance[edit]
Chart (1976)
Peak
position
US Billboard Hot 100 25
US Billboard Easy Listening 1
Canada RPM Top Singles 31
Canada RPM Adult Contemporary[7] 1
Ireland 14
Oricon (Japanese) Singles Chart 62
UK Singles Chart 36
Chart (1995)
Peak
position
Oricon 5
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Japan (RIAJ)[8]
Gold 100,000
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
See also[edit]
List of number-one adult contemporary singles of 1976 (U.S.)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "A Kind Of Hush | The Carpenters Complete Recording Resource". Carpenters.amcorner.com. Retrieved 2013-06-04.
^ Jump up to: a b "Carpenters •• I Need To Be In Love". Richardandkarencarpenter.com. 2008-06-04. Retrieved 2013-06-04.
Jump up ^ "The Hot 100". Billboard. June 12, 1976. Retrieved September 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ "I Need to Be in Love" USA chart history, Billboard.com. Retrieved March 19, 2012.
Jump up ^ Carpenters UK chart history, The Official Charts Company. Retrieved March 19, 2012.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2002). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961-2001. Record Research. p. 48.
Jump up ^ RPM Adult Contemporary, July 31, 1976
Jump up ^ "一般社団法人 日本レコード協会". Recording Industry Association of Japan. Retrieved April 23, 2017. (choose 2017年3月 in drop-down menu)
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
show
v
t
e
Albert Hammond
Studio albums
It Never Rains in Southern California
The Free Electric Band
Albert Hammond
Compilation albums
It Never Rains in Southern California
Singles
"Down by the River"
"It Never Rains in Southern California"
"The Free Electric Band"
"I'm a Train"
"99 Miles from L.A."
"When I'm Gone"
Songwriting
"Be Tender with Me Baby"
"Don't Turn Around"
"Gimme Dat Ding"
"I Don't Wanna Live Without Your Love"
"I Don't Wanna Lose You"
"I Need to Be in Love"
"It Isn't, It Wasn't, It Ain't Never Gonna Be"
"Just Walk Away"
"Little Arrows"
"Lonely Is the Night"
"Love Thing"
"Make Me an Island"
"Nothing's Gonna Stop Us Now"
"One Moment in Time"
"Room in Your Heart"
"Tall, Dark Handsome Stranger"
"The Air That I Breathe"
"To All the Girls I've Loved Before"
"Way of the World"
"When I Need You"
"When You Tell Me That You Love Me"
"Where Were You"
"You're Such a Good Looking Woman"
Languages
"Cantaré, cantarás"
"Sensualité"
"Y Tú También Llorarás"
Related articles
Albert Hammond Jr.
John Bettis
Mike Hazlewood
Holly Knight
Carole Bayer Sager
The Family Dogg
Diane Warren
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t
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The Carpenters
Karen Carpenter
Richard Carpenter
Albums
Offering (Ticket to Ride)
Close to You
Carpenters
A Song for You
Now & Then
Horizon
A Kind of Hush
Passage
Made in America
Voice of the Heart
Lovelines
As Time Goes By
Live albums
Live in Japan
Live at the Palladium
Compilation albums
The Singles: 1969–1973
The Singles: 1974–1978
The Very Best of the Carpenters
Yesterday Once More
Only Yesterday
From the Top
Interpretations: A 25th Anniversary Celebration
Love Songs
Reflections
The Singles: 1969–1981
The Essential Collection: 1965–1997
Carpenters Perform Carpenter
Gold: 35th Anniversary Edition
The Ultimate Collection
40/40
Other
Christmas Portrait
An Old-Fashioned Christmas
Time (Richard Carpenter)
Karen Carpenter (album)
Pianist, Arranger, Composer, Conductor (Richard Carpenter)
Singles
"Looking for Love"
"Ticket to Ride"
"(They Long to Be) Close to You"
"We've Only Just Begun"
"Merry Christmas, Darling"
"For All We Know"
"Rainy Days and Mondays"
"Superstar"
"Bless the Beasts and Children"
"Hurting Each Other"
"It's Going to Take Some Time"
"Goodbye to Love"
"Sing"
"Yesterday Once More"
"Top of the World"
"Jambalaya (On the Bayou)"
"I Won't Last a Day Without You"
"Please Mr. Postman"
"Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town"
"Only Yesterday"
"Solitaire"
"There's a Kind of Hush (All Over the World)"
"I Need to Be in Love"
"Goofus"
"Breaking Up Is Hard to Do"
"All You Get from Love Is a Love Song"
"Calling Occupants of Interplanetary Craft"
"The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire)"
"Sweet, Sweet Smile"
"I Believe You"
"Touch Me When We're Dancing"
"(Want You) Back in My Life Again"
"Those Good Old Dreams"
"Beechwood 4-5789"
"Make Believe It's Your First Time"
"Your Baby Doesn't Love You Anymore"
"Now"
"Little Altar Boy"
"Honolulu City Lights"
"Something in Your Eyes"
"If I Had You"
"Let Me Be the One"
"Tryin' to Get the Feeling Again"
"Ave Maria"
"The Rainbow Connection"
TV series/specials
Make Your Own Kind of Music
Live at the BBC
Very First TV Special
Space Encounters
A Christmas Portrait
Music, Music, Music
DVDs
Gold: Greatest Hits
Interpretations
Close to You: Remembering The Carpenters
Related articles
Discography
Songs
John Bettis
Joe Osborn
Tony Peluso
If I Were a Carpenter
Superstar: The Karen Carpenter Story
The Karen Carpenter Story
Only Yesterday: The Carpenters Story
Book
Category
show
v
t
e
Dami Im
Discography
Studio albums
Dami Im
Heart Beats
Classic Carpenters
I Hear a Song
Singles
"Alive"
"I Am Australian"
"Jolene (Acoustic)"
"Super Love"
"Gladiator"
"Living Dangerously"
"Smile"
"Sound of Silence"
"Fighting for Love"
"Hold Me in Your Arms"
Promotional singles
"Heart Beats Again"
Movie soundtracks
"Beauty in the World"
Concert tours
Yesterday Once More Tour
I Hear a Song Tour
Related articles
Sony Music Australia
Australia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2016
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Need_to_Be_in_Love&oldid=844523545"
Categories:
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1976 singles
1995 singles
Oricon International Singles Chart number-one singles
Billboard Adult Contemporary number-one singles
Songs written by Albert Hammond
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Songs written by Richard Carpenter (musician)
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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