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Peloponnesian War
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"Athenian War" redirects here. For the earlier war beginning in 460 BC, see First Peloponnesian War.
For the book by the Greek historian Thucydides, see History of the Peloponnesian War.
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Peloponnesian War

The Peloponnesian war alliances at 431 BC. Orange: Athenian Empire and Allies; Green: Spartan Confederacy
Date
431 – April 25, 404 BC
Location
Mainland Greece, Asia Minor, Sicily
Result
Peloponnesian League victory
Territorial
changes
Dissolution of the Delian League,
Spartan hegemony over Athens and its allies
Belligerents
Delian League (led by Athens) Peloponnesian League (led by Sparta)
Supported by:
Achaemenid Empire
Commanders and leaders
Pericles
Cleon †
Nicias
Alcibiades
Demosthenes Archidamus II
Brasidas †
Lysander
Alcibiades
[show]
v
t
e
Peloponnesian War
Sybota
Potidaea
Spartolos
Rhium
Naupactus
Mytilene
Tanagra
Aetolia
Olpae
Idomene
Pylos
Sphacteria
Megara
Delium
Amphipolis
Mantinea
Hysiae
Orneae
Melos
Sicilian Expedition
Syme
Eretria
Cynossema
Abydos
Cyzicus
Notium
Arginusae
Aegospotami
The Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC) was an ancient Greek war fought by the Delian League led by Athens against the Peloponnesian League led by Sparta. Historians have traditionally divided the war into three phases. In the first phase, the Archidamian War, Sparta launched repeated invasions of Attica, while Athens took advantage of its naval supremacy to raid the coast of the Peloponnese and attempt to suppress signs of unrest in its empire. This period of the war was concluded in 421 BC, with the signing of the Peace of Nicias. That treaty, however, was soon undermined by renewed fighting in the Peloponnese. In 415 BC, Athens dispatched a massive expeditionary force to attack Syracuse in Sicily; the attack failed disastrously, with the destruction of the entire force, in 413 BC. This ushered in the final phase of the war, generally referred to either as the Decelean War, or the Ionian War. In this phase, Sparta, now receiving support from Persia, supported rebellions in Athens' subject states in the Aegean Sea and Ionia, undermining Athens' empire, and, eventually, depriving the city of naval supremacy. The destruction of Athens' fleet at Aegospotami effectively ended the war, and Athens surrendered in the following year. Corinth and Thebes demanded that Athens should be destroyed and all its citizens should be enslaved, but Sparta refused.
The term "Peloponnesian War " was never used by Thucydides, by far its major historian: that the term is all but universally used today is a reflection of the Athens-centric sympathies of modern historians. As prominent historian J. B. Bury remarks, the Peloponnesians would have considered it the "Attic War".[1]
The Peloponnesian War reshaped the ancient Greek world. On the level of international relations, Athens, the strongest city-state in Greece prior to the war's beginning, was reduced to a state of near-complete subjection, while Sparta became established as the leading power of Greece. The economic costs of the war were felt all across Greece; poverty became widespread in the Peloponnese, while Athens found itself completely devastated, and never regained its pre-war prosperity.[2][3] The war also wrought subtler changes to Greek society; the conflict between democratic Athens and oligarchic Sparta, each of which supported friendly political factions within other states, made civil war a common occurrence in the Greek world.
Greek warfare, meanwhile, originally a limited and formalized form of conflict, was transformed into an all-out struggle between city-states, complete with atrocities on a large scale. Shattering religious and cultural taboos, devastating vast swathes of countryside, and destroying whole cities, the Peloponnesian War marked the dramatic end to the fifth century BC and the golden age of Greece.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Prelude
1.1 Breakdown of the peace
2 The "Archidamian War"
3 Peace of Nicias
4 Sicilian Expedition
5 The Second War
5.1 Athens recovers
6 Lysander triumphs, Athens surrenders
7 Aftermath
8 References
9 Further reading
9.1 Classical authors
9.2 Modern authors
10 External links
Prelude
As the preeminent Athenian historian, Thucydides, wrote in his influential History of the Peloponnesian War, "The growth of the power of Athens, and the alarm which this inspired in Lacedaemon, made war inevitable."[5] Indeed, the nearly fifty years of Greek history that preceded the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War had been marked by the development of Athens as a major power in the Mediterranean world. Its empire began as a small group of city-states, called the Delian League—from the island of Delos, on which they kept their treasury—that came together to ensure that the Greco-Persian Wars were truly over. After defeating the Persian invasion of Greece in the year 480 BC, Athens led the coalition of Greek city-states that continued the Greco-Persian Wars with attacks on Persian territories in the Aegean and Ionia. What then ensued was a period, referred to as the Pentecontaetia (the name given by Thucydides), in which Athens increasingly became in fact an empire,[6] carrying out an aggressive war against Persia and increasingly dominating other city-states. Athens proceeded to bring under its control all of Greece except for Sparta and its allies, ushering in a period which is known to history as the Athenian Empire. By the middle of the century, the Persians had been driven from the Aegean and forced to cede control of a vast range of territories to Athens. At the same time, Athens greatly increased its own power; a number of its formerly independent allies were reduced, over the course of the century, to the status of tribute-paying subject states of the Delian League. This tribute was used to support a powerful fleet and, after the middle of the century, to fund massive public works programs in Athens, causing resentment.[7]
Friction between Athens and the Peloponnesian states, including Sparta, began early in the Pentecontaetia; in the wake of the departure of the Persians from Greece, Sparta attempted to prevent the reconstruction of the walls of Athens (without the walls, Athens would have been defenseless against a land attack and subject to Spartan control), but was rebuffed.[8] According to Thucydides, although the Spartans took no action at this time, they "secretly felt aggrieved".[9] Conflict between the states flared up again in 465 BC, when a helot revolt broke out in Sparta. The Spartans summoned forces from all of their allies, including Athens, to help them suppress the revolt. Athens sent out a sizable contingent (4,000 hoplites), but upon its arrival, this force was dismissed by the Spartans, while those of all the other allies were permitted to remain. According to Thucydides, the Spartans acted in this way out of fear that the Athenians would switch sides and support the helots; the offended Athenians repudiated their alliance with Sparta.[10] When the rebellious helots were finally forced to surrender and permitted to evacuate the state, the Athenians settled them at the strategic city of Naupactus on the Corinthian Gulf.[11]
In 459 BC, Athens took advantage of a war between its neighbors Megara and Corinth, both Spartan allies, to conclude an alliance with Megara, giving the Athenians a critical foothold on the Isthmus of Corinth. A fifteen-year conflict, commonly known as the First Peloponnesian War, ensued, in which Athens fought intermittently against Sparta, Corinth, Aegina, and a number of other states. For a time during this conflict, Athens controlled not only Megara but also Boeotia; at its end, however, in the face of a massive Spartan invasion of Attica, the Athenians ceded the lands they had won on the Greek mainland, and Athens and Sparta recognized each other's right to control their respective alliance systems.[12] The war was officially ended by the Thirty Years' Peace, signed in the winter of 446/5 BC.[13]
Breakdown of the peace
The Delian League in 431 BC
The Thirty Years' Peace was first tested in 440 BC, when Athens' powerful ally Samos rebelled from its alliance with Athens. The rebels quickly secured the support of a Persian satrap, and Athens found itself facing the prospect of revolts throughout the empire. The Spartans, whose intervention would have been the trigger for a massive war to determine the fate of the empire, called a congress of their allies to discuss the possibility of war with Athens. Sparta's powerful ally Corinth was notably opposed to intervention, and the congress voted against war with Athens. The Athenians crushed the revolt, and peace was maintained.[14]
The more immediate events that led to war involved Athens and Corinth. After suffering a defeat at the hands of their colony of Corcyra, a sea power that was not allied to either Sparta or Athens, Corinth began to build an allied naval force. Alarmed, Corcyra sought an alliance with Athens, which after debate and input from both Corcyra and Corinth, decided to swear a defensive alliance with Corcyra. At the Battle of Sybota, a small contingent of Athenian ships played a critical role in preventing a Corinthian fleet from capturing Corcyra. In order to uphold the Thirty Years' Peace, however, the Athenians were instructed not to intervene in the battle unless it was clear that Corinth was going to press onward to invade Corcyra. However, the Athenian warships participated in the battle nevertheless, and the arrival of additional Athenian warships was enough to dissuade the Corinthians from exploiting their victory, thus sparing much of the routed Corcyraean and Athenian fleet.[15]
Following this, Athens instructed Potidaea (Chalcidice peninsula), a tributary ally of Athens but a colony of Corinth, to tear down its walls, send hostages to Athens, dismiss the Corinthian magistrates from office, and refuse the magistrates that the city would send in the future.[16] The Corinthians, outraged by these actions, encouraged Potidaea to revolt and assured them that they would ally with them should they revolt from Athens. Meanwhile, the Corinthians were unofficially aiding Potidaea by sneaking contingents of men into the besieged city to help defend it. This was a direct violation of the Thirty Years' Peace, which had (among other things) stipulated that the Delian League and the Peloponnesian League would respect each other's autonomy and internal affairs.
A further source of provocation was an Athenian decree, issued in 433/2 BC, imposing stringent trade sanctions on Megarian citizens (once more a Spartan ally after the conclusion of the First Peloponnesian War). It was alleged that the Megarians had desecrated the Hiera Orgas. These sanctions, known as the Megarian decree, were largely ignored by Thucydides, but some modern economic historians have noted that forbidding Megara to trade with the prosperous Athenian empire would have been disastrous for the Megarans, and have accordingly considered the decree to be a contributing factor in bringing about the war.[17] Historians that attribute responsibility for the war to Athens cite this event as the main cause for blame.[18]
At the request of the Corinthians, the Spartans summoned members of the Peloponnesian League to Sparta in 432 BC, especially those who had grievances with Athens to make their complaints to the Spartan assembly. This debate was attended by members of the league and an uninvited delegation from Athens, which also asked to speak, and became the scene of a debate between the Athenians and the Corinthians. Thucydides reports that the Corinthians condemned Sparta's inactivity up to that point, warning the Spartans that if they continued to remain passive while the Athenians were energetically active, they would soon find themselves outflanked and without allies.[19] The Athenians, in response, reminded the Spartans of their record of military success and opposition to Persia, and warned them of the dangers of confronting such a powerful state, ultimately encouraging Sparta to seek arbitration as provided by the Thirty Years' Peace.[20] Undeterred, a majority of the Spartan assembly voted to declare that the Athenians had broken the peace, essentially declaring war.[21]
The "Archidamian War"
The walls surrounding Athens
Sparta and its allies, with the exception of Corinth, were almost exclusively land-based powers, able to summon large land armies which were very nearly unbeatable (thanks to the legendary Spartan forces). The Athenian Empire, although based in the peninsula of Attica, spread out across the islands of the Aegean Sea; Athens drew its immense wealth from tribute paid from these islands. Athens maintained its empire through naval power. Thus, the two powers were relatively unable to fight decisive battles.
The Spartan strategy during the first war, known as the Archidamian War (431–421 BC) after Sparta's king Archidamus II, was to invade the land surrounding Athens. While this invasion deprived Athenians of the productive land around their city, Athens itself was able to maintain access to the sea, and did not suffer much. Many of the citizens of Attica abandoned their farms and moved inside the Long walls, which connected Athens to its port of Piraeus. At the end of the first year of the war, Pericles gave his famous Funeral Oration (431 BC).
The Spartans also occupied Attica for periods of only three weeks at a time; in the tradition of earlier hoplite warfare the soldiers were expected to go home to participate in the harvest. Moreover, Spartan slaves, known as helots, needed to be kept under control, and could not be left unsupervised for long periods of time. The longest Spartan invasion, in 430 BC, lasted just forty days.
The Athenian strategy was initially guided by the strategos, or general, Pericles, who advised the Athenians to avoid open battle with the far more numerous and better trained Spartan hoplites, relying instead on the fleet. The Athenian fleet, the most dominant in Greece, went on the offensive, winning a victory at Naupactus. In 430 BC an outbreak of a plague hit Athens. The plague ravaged the densely packed city, and in the long run, was a significant cause of its final defeat. The plague wiped out over 30,000 citizens, sailors and soldiers, including Pericles and his sons. Roughly one-third to two-thirds of the Athenian population died. Athenian manpower was correspondingly drastically reduced and even foreign mercenaries refused to hire themselves out to a city riddled with plague. The fear of plague was so widespread that the Spartan invasion of Attica was abandoned, their troops being unwilling to risk contact with the diseased enemy.
After the death of Pericles, the Athenians turned somewhat against his conservative, defensive strategy and to the more aggressive strategy of bringing the war to Sparta and its allies. Rising to particular importance in Athenian democracy at this time was Cleon, a leader of the hawkish elements of the Athenian democracy. Led militarily by a clever new general Demosthenes (not to be confused with the later Athenian orator Demosthenes), the Athenians managed some successes as they continued their naval raids on the Peloponnese. Athens stretched their military activities into Boeotia and Aetolia, quelled the Mytilenean revolt and began fortifying posts around the Peloponnese. One of these posts was near Pylos on a tiny island called Sphacteria, where the course of the first war turned in Athens's favour. The post off Pylos struck Sparta where it was weakest: its dependence on the helots, who tended the fields while its citizens trained to become soldiers. The helots made the Spartan system possible, but now the post off Pylos began attracting helot runaways. In addition, the fear of a general revolt of helots emboldened by the nearby Athenian presence drove the Spartans to action. Demosthenes, however, outmanoeuvred the Spartans in the Battle of Pylos in 425 BC and trapped a group of Spartan soldiers on Sphacteria as he waited for them to surrender. Weeks later, though, Demosthenes proved unable to finish off the Spartans. After boasting that he could put an end to the affair in the Assembly, the inexperienced Cleon won a great victory at the Battle of Sphacteria. The Athenians captured 300 Spartan hoplites. The hostages gave the Athenians a bargaining chip.
After these battles, the Spartan general Brasidas raised an army of allies and helots and marched the length of Greece to the Athenian colony of Amphipolis in Thrace, which controlled several nearby silver mines; their product supplied much of the Athenian war fund. Thucydides was dispatched with a force which arrived too late to stop Brasidas capturing Amphipolis; Thucydides was exiled for this, and, as a result, had the conversations with both sides of the war which inspired him to record its history. Both Brasidas and Cleon were killed in Athenian efforts to retake Amphipolis (see Battle of Amphipolis). The Spartans and Athenians agreed to exchange the hostages for the towns captured by Brasidas, and signed a truce.
Peace of Nicias
Main article: Peace of Nicias
With the death of Cleon and Brasidas, zealous war hawks for both nations, the Peace of Nicias was able to last for some six years. However, it was a time of constant skirmishing in and around the Peloponnese. While the Spartans refrained from action themselves, some of their allies began to talk of revolt. They were supported in this by Argos, a powerful state within the Peloponnese that had remained independent of Lacedaemon. With the support of the Athenians, the Argives succeeded in forging a coalition of democratic states within the Peloponnese, including the powerful states of Mantinea and Elis. Early Spartan attempts to break up the coalition failed, and the leadership of the Spartan king Agis was called into question. Emboldened, the Argives and their allies, with the support of a small Athenian force under Alcibiades, moved to seize the city of Tegea, near Sparta.
The Battle of Mantinea was the largest land battle fought within Greece during the Peloponnesian War. The Lacedaemonians, with their neighbors the Tegeans, faced the combined armies of Argos, Athens, Mantinea, and Arcadia. In the battle, the allied coalition scored early successes, but failed to capitalize on them, which allowed the Spartan elite forces to defeat the forces opposite them. The result was a complete victory for the Spartans, which rescued their city from the brink of strategic defeat. The democratic alliance was broken up, and most of its members were reincorporated into the Peloponnesian League. With its victory at Mantinea, Sparta pulled itself back from the brink of utter defeat, and re-established its hegemony throughout the Peloponnese.
Sicilian Expedition
Main article: Sicilian Expedition
Sicily and the Peloponnesian War
In the 17th year of the war, word came to Athens that one of their distant allies in Sicily was under attack from Syracuse. The people of Syracuse were ethnically Dorian (as were the Spartans), while the Athenians, and their ally in Sicilia, were Ionian. The Athenians felt obliged to assist their ally.
The Athenians did not act solely from altruism: rallied on by Alcibiades, the leader of the expedition, they held visions of conquering all of Sicily. Syracuse, the principal city of Sicily, was not much smaller than Athens, and conquering all of Sicily would have brought Athens an immense amount of resources. In the final stages of the preparations for departure, the hermai (religious statues) of Athens were mutilated by unknown persons, and Alcibiades was charged with religious crimes. Alcibiades demanded that he be put on trial at once, so that he might defend himself before the expedition. The Athenians however allowed Alcibiades to go on the expedition without being tried (many believed in order to better plot against him). After arriving in Sicily, Alcibiades was recalled to Athens for trial. Fearing that he would be unjustly condemned, Alcibiades defected to Sparta and Nicias was placed in charge of the mission. After his defection, Alcibiades claimed to the Spartans that the Athenians planned to use Sicily as a springboard for the conquest of all of Italy and Carthage, and to use the resources and soldiers from these new conquests to conquer the Peloponnese.
The Athenian force consisted of over 100 ships and some 5,000 infantry and light-armored troops. Cavalry was limited to about 30 horses, which proved to be no match for the large and highly trained Syracusan cavalry. Upon landing in Sicily, several cities immediately joined the Athenian cause. Instead of attacking at once, Nicias procrastinated and the campaigning season of 415 BC ended with Syracuse scarcely damaged. With winter approaching, the Athenians were then forced to withdraw into their quarters, and they spent the winter gathering allies and preparing to destroy Syracuse. The delay allowed the Syracusans to send for help from Sparta, who sent their general Gylippus to Sicily with reinforcements. Upon arriving, he raised up a force from several Sicilian cities, and went to the relief of Syracuse. He took command of the Syracusan troops, and in a series of battles defeated the Athenian forces, and prevented them from invading the city.
Nicias then sent word to Athens asking for reinforcements. Demosthenes was chosen and led another fleet to Sicily, joining his forces with those of Nicias. More battles ensued and again, the Syracusans and their allies defeated the Athenians. Demosthenes argued for a retreat to Athens, but Nicias at first refused. After additional setbacks, Nicias seemed to agree to a retreat until a bad omen, in the form of a lunar eclipse, delayed any withdrawal. The delay was costly and forced the Athenians into a major sea battle in the Great Harbor of Syracuse. The Athenians were thoroughly defeated. Nicias and Demosthenes marched their remaining forces inland in search of friendly allies. The Syracusan cavalry rode them down mercilessly, eventually killing or enslaving all who were left of the mighty Athenian fleet.
The Second War
The Lacedaemonians were not content with simply sending aid to Sicily; they also resolved to take the war to the Athenians. On the advice of Alcibiades, they fortified Decelea, near Athens, and prevented the Athenians from making use of their land year round. The fortification of Decelea prevented the shipment of supplies overland to Athens, and forced all supplies to be brought in by sea at increased expense. Perhaps worst of all, the nearby silver mines were totally disrupted, with as many as 20,000 Athenian slaves freed by the Spartan hoplites at Decelea. With the treasury and emergency reserve fund of 1,000 talents dwindling away, the Athenians were forced to demand even more tribute from her subject allies, further increasing tensions and the threat of further rebellion within the Empire.
The Corinthians, the Spartans, and others in the Peloponnesian League sent more reinforcements to Syracuse, in the hopes of driving off the Athenians; but instead of withdrawing, the Athenians sent another hundred ships and another 5,000 troops to Sicily. Under Gylippus, the Syracusans and their allies were able to decisively defeat the Athenians on land; and Gylippus encouraged the Syracusans to build a navy, which was able to defeat the Athenian fleet when they attempted to withdraw. The Athenian army, attempting to withdraw overland to other, more friendly Sicilian cities, was divided and defeated; the entire Athenian fleet was destroyed, and virtually the entire Athenian army was sold off into slavery.
Following the defeat of the Athenians in Sicily, it was widely believed that the end of the Athenian Empire was at hand. Her treasury was nearly empty, her docks were depleted, and the flower of her youth was dead or imprisoned in a foreign land. They overestimated the strength of their own empire and the beginning of the end was indeed imminent.
Athens recovers
The key actions of each phase
Following the destruction of the Sicilian Expedition, Lacedaemon encouraged the revolt of Athens's tributary allies, and indeed, much of Ionia rose in revolt against Athens. The Syracusans sent their fleet to the Peloponnesians, and the Persians decided to support the Spartans with money and ships. Revolt and faction threatened in Athens itself.
The Athenians managed to survive for several reasons. First, their foes were lacking in initiative. Corinth and Syracuse were slow to bring their fleets into the Aegean, and Sparta's other allies were also slow to furnish troops or ships. The Ionian states that rebelled expected protection, and many rejoined the Athenian side. The Persians were slow to furnish promised funds and ships, frustrating battle plans.
At the start of the war, the Athenians had prudently put aside some money and 100 ships that were to be used only as a last resort.
These ships were then released, and served as the core of the Athenians' fleet throughout the rest of the war. An oligarchical revolution occurred in Athens, in which a group of 400 seized power. A peace with Sparta might have been possible, but the Athenian fleet, now based on the island of Samos, refused to accept the change. In 411 BC this fleet engaged the Spartans at the Battle of Syme. The fleet appointed Alcibiades their leader, and continued the war in Athens's name. Their opposition led to the reinstitution of a democratic government in Athens within two years.
Alcibiades, while condemned as a traitor, still carried weight in Athens. He prevented the Athenian fleet from attacking Athens; instead, he helped restore democracy by more subtle pressure. He also persuaded the Athenian fleet to attack the Spartans at the battle of Cyzicus in 410. In the battle, the Athenians obliterated the Spartan fleet, and succeeded in re-establishing the financial basis of the Athenian Empire.
Between 410 and 406, Athens won a continuous string of victories, and eventually recovered large portions of its empire. All of this was due, in no small part, to Alcibiades.
Lysander triumphs, Athens surrenders
Faction triumphed in Athens following a minor Spartan victory by their skillful general Lysander at the naval battle of Notium in 406 BC. Alcibiades was not re-elected general by the Athenians and he exiled himself from the city. He would never again lead Athenians in battle. Athens was then victorious at the naval battle of Arginusae. The Spartan fleet under Callicratidas lost 70 ships and the Athenians lost 25 ships. But, due to bad weather, the Athenians were unable to rescue their stranded crews or to finish off the Spartan fleet. Despite their victory, these failures caused outrage in Athens and led to a controversial trial. The trial resulted in the execution of six of Athens’s top naval commanders. Athens’s naval supremacy would now be challenged without several of its most able military leaders and a demoralized navy.
Unlike some of his predecessors the new Spartan general, Lysander, was not a member of the Spartan royal families and was also formidable in naval strategy; he was an artful diplomat, who had even cultivated good personal relationships with the Persian prince Cyrus, the son of Darius II. Seizing its opportunity, the Spartan fleet sailed at once to the Hellespont, the source of Athens' grain. Threatened with starvation, the Athenian fleet had no choice but to follow. Through cunning strategy, Lysander totally defeated the Athenian fleet, in 405 BC, at the Battle of Aegospotami, destroying 168 ships and capturing some three or four thousand Athenian sailors. Only 12 Athenian ships escaped, and several of these sailed to Cyprus, carrying the "strategos" (General) Conon, who was anxious not to face the judgment of the Assembly.
Facing starvation and disease from the prolonged siege, Athens surrendered in 404 BC, and its allies soon surrendered as well. The democrats at Samos, loyal to the bitter last, held on slightly longer, and were allowed to flee with their lives. The surrender stripped Athens of its walls, its fleet, and all of its overseas possessions. Corinth and Thebes demanded that Athens should be destroyed and all its citizens should be enslaved. However, the Spartans announced their refusal to destroy a city that had done a good service at a time of greatest danger to Greece, and took Athens into their own system. Athens was "to have the same friends and enemies" as Sparta.[22]
Aftermath
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The overall effect of the war in Greece proper was to substitute a Spartan empire for an Athenian one. After the battle of Aegospotami, Sparta took over the Athenian empire and kept all of its tribute revenues for itself; Sparta's allies, who had made greater sacrifices for the war effort than had Sparta, got nothing.[1]
For a short period of time, Athens was ruled by the "Thirty Tyrants", and democracy was suspended. This was a reactionary regime set up by Sparta. In 403 BC, the oligarchs were overthrown and a democracy was restored by Thrasybulus.
Although the power of Athens was broken, it made something of a recovery as a result of the Corinthian War and continued to play an active role in Greek politics. Sparta was later humbled by Thebes at the Battle of Leuctra in 371 BC, but the rivalry between Athens and Sparta was brought to an end a few decades later when Philip II of Macedon conquered all of Greece except Sparta.
References
^ Jump up to: a b Bury, J. B.; Meiggs, Russell (1956). A history of Greece to the death of Alexander the Great. London: Macmillan. pp. 397, 540.
Jump up ^ Kagan, The Peloponnesian War, 488.
Jump up ^ Fine, The Ancient Greeks, 528–33.
Jump up ^ Kagan, The Peloponnesian War, Introduction xxiii–xxiv.
Jump up ^ Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.23
Jump up ^ Fine, The Ancient Greeks, 371
Jump up ^ Kagan, The Peloponnesian War, 8
Jump up ^ Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War 1.89–93
Jump up ^ Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War 1.92.1
Jump up ^ Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War 1.102
Jump up ^ Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War 1.103
Jump up ^ Kagan, The Peloponnesian War, 16–18
Jump up ^ In the Hellenic calendar, years ended at midsummer; as a result, some events cannot be dated to a specific year of the modern calendar.
Jump up ^ Kagan, The Peloponnesian War, 23–24
Jump up ^ Thucydides, Book I, 49–50
Jump up ^ Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.56
Jump up ^ Fine, The Ancient Greeks, 454–56
Jump up ^ Buckley Aspects of Greek History, 319–22
Jump up ^ Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War 1.67–71
Jump up ^ Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War 1.73–75
Jump up ^ Kagan, The Peloponnesian War, 45.
Jump up ^ Xenophon, Hellenica, 2.2.20,404/3
Further reading
Classical authors
Eight bookes of the Peloponnesian Warre written by Thucydides the sonne of Olorus. Interpreted with faith and diligence immediately out of the Greeke by Thomas Hobbes secretary to ye late Earle of Deuonshire. (Houghton Library)
Aristophanes, Lysistrata
Diodorus Siculus
Herodotus, Histories sets the table of events before Peloponnesian War that deals with Greco-Persian Wars and the formation of the Classical Greece
Plutarch, known primarily for his Parallel Lives and Moralia
Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War
Xenophon, Hellenica
Modern authors
Bagnall, Nigel. The Peloponnesian War: Athens, Sparta, And The Struggle For Greece. New York: Thomas Dunne Books, 2006 (hardcover, ISBN 0-312-34215-2).
Cawkwell, George. Thucydides and the Peloponnesian War. London: Routledge, 1997 (hardcover, ISBN 0-415-16430-3; paperback, ISBN 0-415-16552-0).
Hanson, Victor Davis. A War Like No Other: How the Athenians and Spartans Fought the Peloponnesian War. New York: Random House, 2005 (hardcover, ISBN 1-4000-6095-8); New York: Random House, 2006 (paperback, ISBN 0-8129-6970-7).
Heftner, Herbert. Der oligarchische Umsturz des Jahres 411 v. Chr. und die Herrschaft der Vierhundert in Athen: Quellenkritische und historische Untersuchungen. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2001 (ISBN 3-631-37970-6).
Hutchinson, Godfrey. Attrition: Aspects of Command in the Peloponnesian War. Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK: Tempus Publishing, 2006 (hardcover, ISBN 1-86227-323-5).
Kagan, Donald:
The Outbreak of the Peloponnesian War. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1969 (hardcover, ISBN 0-8014-0501-7); 1989 (paperback, ISBN 0-8014-9556-3).
The Archidamian War. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1974 (hardcover, ISBN 0-8014-0889-X); 1990 (paperback, ISBN 0-8014-9714-0).
The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1981 (hardcover, ISBN 0-8014-1367-2); 1991 (paperback, ISBN 0-8014-9940-2).
The Fall of the Athenian Empire. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1987 (hardcover, ISBN 0-8014-1935-2); 1991 (paperback, ISBN 0-8014-9984-4).
The Peloponnesian War. New York: Viking, 2003 (hardcover, ISBN 0-670-03211-5); New York: Penguin, 2004 (paperback, ISBN 0-14-200437-5); a one-volume version of his earlier tetralogy.
Kallet, Lisa. Money and the Corrosion of Power in Thucydides: The Sicilian Expedition and its Aftermath. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001 (hardcover, ISBN 0-520-22984-3).
Krentz, Peter. The Thirty at Athens. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1982 (hardcover, ISBN 0-8014-1450-4).
The Landmark Thucydides: A Comprehensive Guide to the Peloponnesian War, edited by Robert B. Strassler. New York: The Free Press, 1996 (hardcover, ISBN 0-684-82815-4); 1998 (paperback, ISBN 0-684-82790-5).
Roberts, Jennifer T. The Plague of War: Athens, Sparta, and the Struggle for Ancient Greece. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017 (hardcover, ISBN 9780199996643
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Peloponnesian War.
"Peloponnesian War". Encyclopædia Britannica. 21 (11th ed.). 1911.
LibriVox: The History of the Peloponnesian War (Public Domain Audiobooks in the US – 20:57:23 hours, at least 603.7 MB)
Richard Crawley, The History of the Peloponnesian War (Translation of Thukydides' books – in Project Gutenberg)
Peloponnesian war
Peloponnesian war on Lycurgus.org
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Supreme Head of the Church of England
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Henry VIII, with the future Edward VI
The title was created for King Henry VIII, who was responsible for the English Christian (protestant) church breaking away from the authority of the Roman Catholic Church after the Pope excommunicated Henry in 1533 over his divorce from Catherine of Aragon. By 1536, Henry had broken with Rome, seized the church's assets in England and declared the Church of England as the established church with himself as its head. The Act of Supremacy of 1534 confirmed the King's status as having supremacy over the church and required the nobility to swear an oath recognising Henry's supremacy.[1] Henry's daughter, Queen Mary I, a staunch Catholic, attempted to restore the English church's allegiance to the pope and repealed the Act of Supremacy in 1555.[2] Her half-sister, the Protestant Elizabeth I, took the throne in 1558 and the next year, Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy of 1559 that restored the original act.[3] The new Oath of Supremacy that nobles were required to swear gave the queen's title as Supreme Governor of the church rather than Supreme Head, to avoid the charge that the monarchy was claiming divinity or usurping Christ, whom the Bible explicitly identifies as Head of the Church.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Catholic Encyclopedia: Henry Viii
Jump up ^ Catholic Encyclopedia: Mary Tudor
Jump up ^ Elizabeth's Supremacy Act (1559)

This Anglicanism-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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text:
The Walking Dead (season 1)
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This article is about the first season of the television series. For the first season of The Walking Dead video game series, see The Walking Dead (video game).
The Walking Dead (season 1)
Promotional poster and home media cover art
Starring
Andrew Lincoln
Jon Bernthal
Sarah Wayne Callies
Laurie Holden
Jeffrey DeMunn
Steven Yeun
Chandler Riggs
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
6
Release
Original network
AMC
Original release
October 31 (2010-10-31) – December 5, 2010 (2010-12-05)
Season chronology
Next →
Season 2
List of The Walking Dead episodes
The first season of The Walking Dead, an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC, premiered on October 31, 2010, and concluded on December 5, 2010, consisting of 6 episodes. Developed for television by Frank Darabont, who wrote or co-wrote four of the season's six episodes and directed the pilot episode, "Days Gone Bye", the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore, and Charlie Adlard.[1] It was executive produced by Darabont, Kirkman, David Alpert, Charles H. Eglee, and Gale Anne Hurd, with Darabont assuming the role of showrunner.
The season received very positive reviews by critics. It was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series – Drama at the 68th Golden Globe Awards[2] and received nominations for the 63rd Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards in several categories, winning Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup for a Series, Miniseries, Movie, or Special.[3] The pilot episode received 5.35 million viewers, and the finale garnered six million viewers, including four million viewers among adults ages 18-49, making it the most viewed basic cable drama series at that time.[4] Based on its reception, AMC renewed the series for a second season consisting of 13 episodes, which premiered on October 16, 2011.[5]
This season adapts material from issues #1–6 of the comic book series and introduces notable comic character Rick Grimes (Andrew Lincoln), who awakens from his coma in a post-apocalyptic world filled with flesh-eating zombies, dubbed "walkers". After befriending Morgan Jones (Lennie James), Rick sets outs to find his family and discover the origins of the walker virus.
Contents
[hide]
1 Cast
1.1 Main cast
1.2 Supporting cast
1.3 Guest cast
2 Production
2.1 Conception
2.2 Writing
2.3 Filming
3 Promotion
4 Episodes
5 Reception
5.1 Critical response
5.2 Accolades
5.3 Ratings
6 Home media releases
7 References
8 External links
Cast[edit]
Main article: List of The Walking Dead (TV series) characters
The primary characters of the first season include (from left to right): Amy, Shane, Glenn, Carl, Lori, Rick, Dale, and Andrea
Main cast[edit]
The first season features seven actors receiving opening credits billing:
Andrew Lincoln as Rick Grimes, the series' protagonist and former sheriff's deputy from King County, Georgia, who awakens from a coma into the apocalypse. After becoming aware of the apocalypse, Rick sets out to find his wife, Lori, and son, Carl.
Jon Bernthal as Shane Walsh, Rick's best friend since high school and former colleague, who helped Rick's family escape the apocalypse and is the leader of the Atlanta camp. Believing Rick to be dead, he also started a relationship with Lori, leading to complications when Rick unexpectedly returns alive and well.
Sarah Wayne Callies as Lori Grimes, Rick's wife and mother of Carl. Lori is an emotionally fragile yet independent woman, who started a relationship with Shane out of her grief for losing Rick, leaving her off-guard and very conflicted when Rick returns.
Laurie Holden as Andrea, a former successful civil rights attorney and sister of Amy. Andrea has a slight temper, but has a compassionate side and is very protective of her sister; both of them share a close bond with Dale.
Jeffrey DeMunn as Dale Horvath, an elderly survivor, who owns the RV around which the survivors have formed a camp. Dale is a wise man of morals, who isn't afraid to voice his opinion and is very protective of everyone's well-being, physically and emotionally. He serves as an adviser to Shane, then to Rick. Dale also has a close bond with Andrea and Amy.
Steven Yeun as Glenn Rhee, a former pizza delivery boy, who knows his way around Atlanta and often embarks on dangerous supply runs for the group. Glenn is a highly intelligent and resourceful, though slightly cocky yet hopeful individual, who cares for everyone yet he is easily taken advantage of by the other group members; Rick trusts him on supply runs.
Chandler Riggs as Carl Grimes, Rick and Lori's son. He and his mother are taken to Atlanta by Shane after the initial outbreak.
Supporting cast[edit]
Emma Bell as Amy, Andrea's younger, childish and innocent sister; both have a close bond with Dale. Amy is shown to generally care for the children in the camp.
Norman Reedus as Daryl Dixon, Merle's equally aggressive and volatile younger brother and hunter. Unlike Merle, however, Daryl is far more reasonable and willing to follow the group's lead.
IronE Singleton as Theodore "T-Dog" Douglas, a fellow survivor in the Atlanta group. T-Dog is a man of honor and duty, who always tries to do what's right by people even if they don't deserve it or he doesn't like it, and is heavily burdened when he makes mistakes and always tries to make it right.
Melissa McBride as Carol Peletier, Lori's best friend since the outbreak occurred and the mother of Sophia and the friendly yet soft-spoken wife of Ed.
Michael Rooker as Merle Dixon, former military and drug dealer and Daryl's racist, volatile and unreasonable older brother, who is also a hunter. His volatile tendencies often put him at odds with the group.
Jeryl Prescott Sales as Jacqui, a member of the group, who is the only survivor of her family and a former zoning office worker.
Andrew Rothenberg as Jim, a mechanic and a quiet yet tortured member of the group, who saw his wife and children killed and eaten by walkers.
Juan Gabriel Pareja as Morales (first name unknown), another member of the group, who knows the city's infrastructure and puts his family first, and is also a fairly optimistic person.
Madison Lintz as Sophia Peletier, Carol and Ed's quiet daughter, and Carl's best friend.
Adam Minarovich as Ed Peletier, Carol's abusive husband and Sophia's father. He frequently has issues with Shane and is implicated to have also abused other women at the camp.
Maddie Lomax as Eliza Morales, daughter of the aforementioned Morales and Miranda. She is the older sister of Louis.
Viviana Chavez-Vega as Miranda Morales, wife of the aforementioned Morales and mother to Eliza and Louis.
Noah Lomax as Louis Morales, son of the aforementioned Morales and Miranda. He is the younger brother of Eliza.
Noah Emmerich as Dr. Edwin Jenner, a pathologist in the Atlanta CDC looking for any kind of cure.
Guest cast[edit]
Lennie James as Morgan Jones, Duane's father, Jenny's husband and the first survivor that Rick encounters.
Jim R. Coleman as Lambert Kendal, a police officer, who works with both Rick and Shane.
Linds Edwards as Leon Basset, a somewhat inexperienced police officer, who works with both Rick and Shane.
Keisha Tillis as Jenny Jones, Morgan's wife and Duane's mother.
Adrian Kali Turner as Duane Jones, Morgan and Jenny's son.
Noel G. as Felipe, a member of Guillermo's gang, the cousin of Miguel and the grandson of "Abuela".
Neil Brown Jr. as Guillermo, the leader of a Vatos group in Atlanta taking care of a hospital.
Anthony Guajardo as Miguel, a teenage member of Guillermo's gang, Felipe's cousin and "Abuela's" grandson.
Gina Morelli as "Abuela", Felipe and Miguel's grandmother.
James Gonzaba as Jorge, a member of Guillermo's gang.
The series features several actors Walking Dead developer Frank Darabont has worked with previously, including Laurie Holden, Jeffrey DeMunn, Melissa McBride and Juan Pareja. All four appeared in his 2007 film The Mist, along with Thomas Jane, who originally was set to star in the series when it was pitched to HBO. He is also in talks with Darabont to possibly guest star on the series.[6] Laurie Holden also appeared in the 2001 film The Majestic (she played Adele Stanton, Jim Carrey's love interest), which Darabont directed. DeMunn has additionally appeared in several of Darabont's films, in addition to The Mist and The Majestic: The Shawshank Redemption (1994) and The Green Mile (1999).
Production[edit]
Conception[edit]
A set-up of The Walking Dead at the 2010 San Diego Comic-Con International in San Diego, California.
Robert Kirkman, who created the comic book series in 2003, says he had considered the idea of a Walking Dead television series, but never actively pursued it. "I certainly wanted it to happen, just because I knew it would be good for the book... I'm certainly not against adaptations, like some creators."[7] When Frank Darabont became interested in adapting the comic books for television, Kirkman said it was "extremely flattering" and went on to say that, "He definitely cares about the original source material, and you can tell that in the way he's adapting it. It's an extreme validation of the work... Never in a million years could I have thought that if Walking Dead were to ever be adapted that everything would be going this well. I think that that's all because of Frank."[7]
Darabont himself had been a fan of the zombie genre since seeing George A. Romero's 1968 film Night of the Living Dead when he was fourteen years old. ""Night of the Living Dead" had this weird vibe that was almost - it was like pornography... It had this marvelously attractive, disreputable draw... I loved it immediately."[8] Darabont recalls walking into a comic book store in Burbank, California and seeing The Walking Dead on the shelf in 2005. "Being that I've always had "the love of zombies genre," I of course grabbed it, took it home and read it, and immediately started pursuing the rights to it. I thought it would make a great TV show... I loved the idea of an extended, ongoing, serialized dramatic presentation set in the zombie apocalypse."[8] He described the process of developing the series and getting it set up at a network as "four years of frustration," and credits executive producer Gale Anne Hurd with finally getting the series on AMC. "I can't remember what the hell prompted her to read it [the script], but she said, "Wow, I really love this pilot you wrote. What are you doing with it?" I said I'd been trying to set it up forever... She said "I think AMC might be the place to take this." She did, and then bam! They were immediately interested. I had to credit Gale, her insight into marrying the material and the buyer."[8]
Writing[edit]
Darabont's original pilot script was split in half and embellished, making the first two episodes instead of one, "...just to slow the narrative down and dig into the characters more deeply, so it's not just plot-driven, event-driven stuff. You really want to drag these characters into the equation."[8] To write the remaining episodes of the season, Darabont recruited Charles H. Eglee, Adam Fierro and Glen Mazzara, all of whom he had worked with while directing an episode of The Shield. Jack LoGiudice also joined the writing team, along with Robert Kirkman, also an executive producer. "I have the best of both worlds," says Kirkman. "It was a lot of fun writing Episode 104, and I'm hoping if it continues into Season 2, I'll be able to write more episodes."[7]
Filming[edit]
Principal photography for the pilot episode, "Days Gone Bye", began on May 15, 2010[9] with the subsequent five episodes beginning filming a few weeks later on June 2.[10] The first season was filmed in and around Atlanta, Georgia where the episodes were primarily set.[11]
Promotion[edit]
The show's official website released a motion comic based on the first issue of the original comic and voiced by Phil LaMarr.[12] The site also posted a making-of documentary primarily about the first episode, as well as a number of other behind-the-scenes videos and interviews. In the documentary, comic series creator and show executive producer Robert Kirkman as well as artist Charlie Adlard expressed that they were pleased with how faithful the show is to the comic and remark on the similarities between the actors and the comic's original character drawings.[13] Several scenes from "Days Gone Bye" were screened July 23, 2010 as part of the 2010 San Diego Comic-Con International.[14] Hurd asserted that "[they] really are doing six one-hour movie",[15] and Darabont insisted that the series would closely reflect the development in the comics. "The path is a very strong template. But we're going to take every interesting detour we feel like taking. As long as were staying on the path of what Robert has done, I don't see any reason not to. If they have patience we'll eventually catch up to what Robert is doing."[15]
The Walking Dead debuted during the same week in 120 countries. "Days Gone Bye" premiered in Hong Kong on TVB Pearl on August 30, 2011,[16] while it expanded in international markets during the first week of November.[17] Two weeks prior to its official premiere in the United States, the contents of the episode leaked online.[18] As part of an expansive campaign to advertise and heighten anticipation for the premiere, international broadcasting affiliates of AMC and Fox coordinated a worldwide zombie invasion event proceeding days prior to premiere of the episode in the United States. The event occurred in twenty six cities worldwide,[19] and were hosted in select locations including the Brooklyn Bridge in New York City, Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C., Palace of Westminster in London, Bosphorus Bridge in Istanbul, Acropolis of Athens in Athens, and the Museo del Prado in Madrid.[19][20] The campaign events commenced in Hong Kong and Taipei, and culminated in Los Angeles.[20]
The Walking Dead was included on the cover of the December 2010 edition of Entertainment Weekly, which featured Rick Grimes pointing a gun at a horde of walkers.[21] According to the journalist of the magazine, it "examines the past, present, and future" of the television franchise; "from the comic book's humble beginnings, to unlikely path to the small screen, to even more unlikely path as a bona fide hit."[21] Kirkman was ecstatic upon hearing of the news. "I've got to say—not to kiss your magazine's a– or anything—but when they called me and said Frank [Darabont] wanted to do the show, I was like, 'Yeah, I'll believe it when I see it.' And then when AMC was like, 'We're picking up the show,' I was like, 'Yeah, alright, whatever.' When they actually started shooting the pilot I was like, 'Well, this is kind of real, this is neat.' But when they called me and said, 'Your show's on the cover of Entertainment Weekly,' I think that was the first time I was like, 'Oh my god, I can't believe this is happening to me!'"[22]
Episodes[edit]
See also: List of The Walking Dead episodes
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)
1
1 "Days Gone Bye" Frank Darabont Teleplay by : Frank Darabont October 31, 2010 (2010-10-31) 5.35[23]
Sheriff's deputy Rick Grimes wakes from a gunshot-inflicted coma to discover the world overrun with walkers. He goes back to his house to find his wife and son but meets survivor Morgan Jones and his son Duane - Rick decides to head to Atlanta to find his wife Lori and son Carl, unaware they are safe with other survivors led by his former partner Shane. He encounters hordes of walkers and becomes trapped inside a tank.
2
2 "Guts" Michelle MacLaren Frank Darabont November 7, 2010 (2010-11-07) 4.71[24]
Rick is ambushed by a walker horde but is rescued by scavenger survivor Glenn when he becomes trapped inside a tank. They meet up with the rest of the survivors where they have to leave Merle handcuffed to the roof to stop him attracting walkers. They are forced to leave Rick's gun bag behind as well as abandon the unhinged Merle as walkers surround them, but manage to escape the city.
3
3 "Tell It to the Frogs" Gwyneth Horder-Payton Story by : Charles H. Eglee & Jack LoGiudice
Teleplay by : Charles H. Eglee & Jack LoGiudice and Frank Darabont November 14, 2010 (2010-11-14) 5.07[25]
Glenn takes Rick to the survivors' camp, where he finds Lori, Carl, and Shane. Rick leads a group, including Glenn, T-Dog, and Merle's younger brother, Daryl back to Atlanta to recover his weapons, finding that Merle managed to free himself by sawing off his hand.
4
4 "Vatos" Johan Renck Robert Kirkman November 21, 2010 (2010-11-21) 4.75[26]
Rick's group briefly scuffles with a group of Latino survivors protecting the residents of a nursing home in Atlanta, who want Rick's weapons, but Rick is able to defuse the situation peacefully. They return to camp too late to stop a walker horde from attacking, killing Andrea's sister Amy, and Carol's husband Ed.
5
5 "Wildfire" Ernest Dickerson Glen Mazzara November 28, 2010 (2010-11-28) 5.56[27]
As the survivors bury their dead, some split off on their own. Rick, against Shane's judgement, leads the rest to the CDC facility in Atlanta, which initially appears abandoned and locked-down, but Rick spots signs of life and demands entry.
6
6 "TS-19" Guy Ferland Adam Fierro and Frank Darabont December 5, 2010 (2010-12-05) 5.97[28]
Dr. Jenner of the CDC welcomes the survivors, allowing them to enjoy the amenities of the powered building while explaining what he knows about walkers. When the survivors discover that the building will self-detonate once it runs out of backup power, Dr. Jenner initially prevents them from leaving. Rick convinces Jenner to let them go, and Jenner whispers something to Rick. They escape just before the building explodes, and the group departs the city.
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
The first season of The Walking Dead has received largely positive reviews from critics. On Metacritic, the season holds a score of 82 out of 100, indicating "universal acclaim", based on 25 critics.[29] On Rotten Tomatoes, the season holds an 89% with an average rating of 7.49 out of 10, based on 24 reviews, and an average episode score of 87%. The site's critical consensus reads: "Blood-spattered, emotionally resonant, and white-knuckle intense, The Walking Dead puts an intelligent spin on the overcrowded zombie subgenre."[30] Following the pilot episode's debut, TV Guide's Matt Roush called the show "a stark and harrowing survival parable ... visually stunning ... and daring in its artful use of silence."[31] Following the second episode, Simon Abrams from Slant Magazine awarded the show three and a half stars out of a possible four; "To say that Darabont has kicked his series off with a bang would be a serious understatement ... [he] has fashioned a fully realized alternate reality and it's a thrilling thing to experience."[32]
In response to the season finale, James Poniewozik of TIME magazine gave the first season of The Walking Dead a glowing review stating, "the show has an urgency and bravery that make it something special".[33] Josh Jackson of Paste magazine also praised the season by writing, "the characters are worth caring about" despite "occasional stilted monologues, quick tempers and unfortunate stereotypes".[34] Some reviews were mixed, including one from Kofi Outlaw of Screen Rant who concluded, "The Walking Dead still hasn't really defined itself as anything more than a vague survival story about the human condition" but added, "you can be sure I'm one of those Dead-heads already chomping at the bit for season 2".[35] Sean McKenna of TV Fanatic also offered mixed criticism saying the first season "had its ups and downs" noting that the second season should focus on "a more specific story arc and strengthening of the character development".[36] Logan Hill of New York magazine was more critical, claiming the episodes contained "atrocious dialogue" and "a lot of plot machinery that has been contrived to create action suspense but ... hasn't really moved the story itself anywhere in particular", though he admits the fifth episode showed "flashes of promise".[37]
The Walking Dead (season 1): Critical reception by episode
Season 1 (2010): Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes[30]
Accolades[edit]
See also: List of awards and nominations received by The Walking Dead
The first season of The Walking Dead was named one of the Top 10 Television Programs in 2010 by the American Film Institute.[38] The season was also nominated for Outstanding New Program at the 27th TCA Awards[39] and Best New Series at the 63rd Writers Guild of America Awards.[40] It was also nominated for Best Television Series – Drama at the 68th Golden Globe Awards[2] and Best Drama Series at the 1st Critics' Choice Television Awards.[41] For the 37th Saturn Awards, the season received six nominations, winning Best Television Presentation.[42] The nominations were for Best Actor on Television (Andrew Lincoln), Best Actress on Television (Sarah Wayne Callies), Best Supporting Actor on Television (Steven Yeun), Best Supporting Actress on Television (Laurie Holden), and Best Guest Starring Role on Television (Noah Emmerich).[43]
The pilot episode, "Days Gone Bye", received three Primetime Emmy Award nominations for the 63rd Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards, winning Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup for a Series, Miniseries, Movie, or Special, and received nominations for Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series and Outstanding Special Visual Effects.[3] Frank Darabont was nominated for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Dramatic Series for his work on "Days Gone Bye".[44]
Ratings[edit]
The pilot received 5.3 million viewers, making it the most-watched series premiere episode of any AMC television series.[45] The first-season finale received 6 million viewers, a season high; with 4 million viewers in the 18-49 demographic, making it the most watched basic cable series for the demographic.[46] The first season had an average of 5.24 million viewers and a rating of 2.7 in the 18-49 demographic.[47] In the United Kingdom, it premiered one week after it did in the United States, on November 5, 2010 on digital channel, FX. The premiere had 579,000 viewers, almost double for any other show on FX that week. The viewership dipped during the season then rose to 522,000 viewers for the final episode.[48] The terrestrial premiere on Channel 5 on April 10, 2011, averaged 1.46 million viewers.[49] Based on its ratings, the series was renewed for a second season on November 8, 2010.[5]
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
1 "Days Gone Bye" October 31, 2010 2.7/7 5.35[23]
2 "Guts" November 7, 2010 2.5/7 4.71[24]
3 "Tell It to the Frogs" November 14, 2010 2.5/7 5.07[25]
4 "Vatos" November 21, 2010 2.4/6 4.75[26]
5 "Wildfire" November 28, 2010 2.8/7 5.56[27]
6 "TS-19" December 5, 2010 3.0/8 5.97[28]
Home media releases[edit]
The first season was released on DVD and Blu-ray in region 1 on March 8, 2011[50] and in region 2 on May 16, 2011.[51] Special features on the sets include six featurettes—"The Making of The Walking Dead", "Inside The Walking Dead: Episode 1–6", "A Sneak Peek with Robert Kirkman", "Behind the Scenes Zombie Make-Up Tips", "Convention Panel with Producers" and "The Walking Dead Trailer". Also included are other behind the scenes featurettes—"Zombie School", "Bicycle Girl", "On Set with Robert Kirkman", "Hanging with Steven Yeun", "Inside Dale's RV" and "On Set with Andrew Lincoln".
A three-disc special edition of the first season was released on DVD and Blu-ray on October 4, 2011. The sets include all the previous special features, plus brand new extras. The new extras include audio commentary on all six episodes, the black and white version of the pilot, and six new featurettes—"We Are The Walking Dead", "Bring Out the Dead: KNB and the Art of Making Zombies", "Digital Decay: The VFX of The Walking Dead", "No More Room in Hell: The Walking Dead Phenomenon", "Adapting the Dead" and "Killer Conversations: Frank Darabont & Greg Nicotero". In addition to the DVD and Blu-ray release, a limited edition Blu-ray collector's tin contains an exclusive wearable zombie mask from the National Entertainment Collectibles Association designed by the series own make-up artist, Greg Nicotero.[52]
References[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b "List of Golden Globe Nominees and Winners". The New York Times. December 14, 2010. Retrieved December 14, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Emmy Winners and Nominees 2011: Complete List". The Hollywood Reporter. July 14, 2011. Retrieved July 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill (December 6, 2010). ""The Walking Dead" Finale Draws Series High 6 Million Viewers, 3.0 Adults 18-49 Rating". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 7, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "AMC Resurrects "The Walking Dead" for a Second Season" (Press release). AMC. November 8, 2010. Retrieved November 8, 2010.
Jump up ^ Alexander, Bryan (September 20, 2010). "Thomas Jane Yearns To Be One of "The Walking Dead"". NBC Washington. Retrieved December 13, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c Jones, Bill (July 21, 2010). "Robert Kirkman (The Walking Dead) [Interview]". Pads & Panels. Retrieved December 7, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Sepinwall, Alan (July 22, 2010). "Comic-Con interview: Frank Darabont on AMC's 'The Walking Dead'". HitFix. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved December 7, 2010.
Jump up ^ Miska, Brad (February 10, 2010). "TV: ‘The Walking Dead’ Pilot to Begin Lensing in May". Bloody Disgusting. Retrieved December 11, 2010.
Jump up ^ Chan, Jon (June 2, 2010). "Walking Dead TV Series Starts Filming!". Secondary Fire. Retrieved December 11, 2010.
Jump up ^ Christine (May 27, 2010). "AMC's 'Walking Dead' first filming locations revealed, zombies wanted". On Location Vacations. Retrieved December 11, 2010.
Jump up ^ Neuman, Clayton (July 20, 2010). "The Walking Dead Motion Comic Arrives Online". AMC. Retrieved July 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ Neuman, Clayton (October 11, 2010). "The Making of The Walking Dead Documentary". AMC. Retrieved July 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ Miska, Brad (July 13, 2010). "SD Comic-Con 2010: The Walking Dead Promotional One-Sheet". Dread Central. Retrieved July 13, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Hibberd, James (November 30, 2010). "AMC's 'Walking Dead' panel: 'This is big'". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved January 15, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Episode 1 - Days Gone By". Television Broadcasts Limited. Retrieved August 31, 2011.
Jump up ^ "AMC Signs Unprecedented Deal with FOX International Channels for All International Rights to Original Series "The Walking Dead"". The Futon Critic. June 8, 2010. Retrieved July 25, 2011.
Jump up ^ Ernesto (October 21, 2010). "The Walking Dead TV-Series Premieres On BitTorrent". TorrentFreak. Retrieved October 22, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Neuman, Clayton (October 25, 2010). "Photos From The Walking Dead's Worldwide Zombie Invasion". AMC. Retrieved January 16, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Hibberd, James (October 25, 2010). "'Walking Dead' plans global zombie invasion stunt". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved July 24, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "'The Walking Dead': This week's EW cover story goes behind the scenes on TV's best new show". Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc. November 24, 2010. Retrieved January 14, 2012.
Jump up ^ Collis, Clark (November 29, 2010). "'Walking Dead' writer Robert Kirkman talks about last night's episode and teases next week's season finale". Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc. Retrieved January 14, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Seidman, Robert (November 2, 2010). "Sunday Cable Ratings: The Walking Dead Kills; Boardwalk Empire Steady; + Swamp People, Dexter, Ghost Hunters Live & Much More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 3, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Gorman, Bill (November 9, 2010). "Sunday Cable Ratings: The Walking Dead Lives!; Boardwalk Empire Up; + Real Housewives, Hannah Montana, Kendra & Much More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 9, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Seidman, Robert (November 16, 2010). "Sunday Cable Ratings: The Walking Dead, Sarah Palin (again, still); Boardwalk Empire Drops; Real Housewives, Sonny With a Chance, Kendra & Much More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 16, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Gorman, Bill (November 23, 2010). "Sunday Cable Ratings: Sarah Palin's Alaska Falls; The Walking Dead (again, still); Boardwalk Empire Drops; Real Housewives, Sonny With a Chance, Kendra & Much More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 24, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Gorman, Bill (November 30, 2010). "Sunday Cable Ratings: Boardwalk Empire Dips; Soul Train Awards, Real Housewives, Dexter, Top Gear & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 1, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Gorman, Bill (December 7, 2010). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'The Walking Dead,' 'Boardwalk Empire' Finales Rise; 'Sarah Palin's Alaska,' 'Dexter,' 'The Hasslehoffs' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 8, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Walking Dead: Season 1". Metacritic. Retrieved December 7, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Walking Dead: Season 1". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved November 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ Roush, Matt (October 25, 2010). "Roush Review: Zombie Terror Alert!". TV Guide. Retrieved December 7, 2010.
Jump up ^ Abrams, Simon (October 26, 2010). "The Walking Dead: Season One". Slant Magazine. Retrieved December 7, 2010.
Jump up ^ Poniewozik, James (December 6, 2010). "Walking Dead Watch: The Big Decision". TIME. Retrieved December 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ Jackson, Josh (December 6, 2010). "The Walking Dead Review (Episode 1.6 "TS-19")". Paste. Retrieved December 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ Outlaw, Kofi (December 5, 2010). "The Walking Dead Season Finale Review & Discussion". Screen Rant. Retrieved December 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ McKenna, Sean (December 6, 2010). "The Walking Dead Season Finale Review: "TS-19"". TV Fanatic. Retrieved December 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ Hill, Logan (December 5, 2010). "The Walking Dead Recap: A Bang That's a Whimper". New York. Retrieved December 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ "AFI Awards". AFI.com. Retrieved December 13, 2010.
Jump up ^ Hibberd, James (June 13, 2011). "'Game of Thrones,' 'The Killing,' 'Walking Dead' nominated for TCA Awards". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved June 13, 2011.
Jump up ^ "AMC Garners Six WGA Award Nominations for Acclaimed Original Dramas "Mad Men," "Breaking Bad" and "The Walking Dead"" (Press release). AMC. December 8, 2010. Retrieved December 9, 2010.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (June 6, 2011). "Mad Men, Fringe, Good Wife, Modern Family, Community, Justified Lead Critics Choice Kudos". TVLine. Retrieved June 8, 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Walking Dead and Frank Darabont Win Saturn Awards". AMC. Retrieved May 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ Nordyke, Kimberly (February 24, 2011). "'Inception,' 'Walking Dead' Top Saturn Awards Nominations". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ "DGA Awards Nominees for TV and Commercials". AMC. January 11, 2011. Retrieved January 11, 2011.
Jump up ^ "AMC Original Series "The Walking Dead" Garners Highest 18-49 Delivery for Any Cable Series Premiere for 2010" (Press release). AMC. November 1, 2010. Retrieved November 1, 2010.
Jump up ^ ""Walking Dead" Finale Draws 6 Million Viewers, 3.0 Adults 18-49 Rating" (Press release). AMC. December 6, 2010. Retrieved December 6, 2010.
Jump up ^ "2010 Year in Review/2011 Year in Preview: AMC". The Futon Critic. January 24, 2011. Retrieved March 25, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Weekly Top 10 Programmes" (Press release). Broadcasters' Audience Research Board. Retrieved December 16, 2010.
Jump up ^ Laughlin, Andrew (April 11, 2011). "'The Walking Dead' scares up 1.5m on C5". Digital Spy. Retrieved April 11, 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Walking Dead - AMC/Anchor Bay's Press Release for 'The Complete 1st Season' on DVD and Blu-ray". TVShowsOnDVD.com. January 6, 2011. Retrieved July 21, 2011.
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Jump up ^ Lacy, Gord (July 21, 2011). "The Walking Dead - Press Release for Season 1 Special Edition". TVShowsOnDVD.com. Retrieved July 21, 2011.
External links[edit]
Horror fiction portal
Television portal
Official website
List of The Walking Dead episodes on IMDb
List of The Walking Dead season 1 episodes at TV.com
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The Walking Dead episodes
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"What Lies Ahead"
"Bloodletting"
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"No Sanctuary"
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"First Time Again"
"JSS"
"Thank You"
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"No Way Out"
"The Next World"
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"The Day Will Come When You Won't Be"
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"The Cell"
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