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List of French Open men's singles champions
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French Open Men's Singles Champions
Location
Paris[a]
France
Venue
Stade Roland Garros
Governing body
Fédération Française de Tennis (FFT)
Created
1891 (established)
1925 (international)
Editions
Tournaments Staged: (121 editions)
Open Era: 1968 (50 editions)
Surface
Alternate between sand and clay (1891–1907)
Clay (red) (1908–present)
Trophy
Coupe des Mousquetaires
Website
www.rolandgarros.com/en_FR/about/history/winners.html
Most titles
11: Rafael Nadal
Current champion
Rafael Nadal
(Eleventh title)
The French Open is an annual tennis tournament held over two weeks in May and June. Established in 1891 and played since 1928 on outdoor red clay courts at the Stade Roland Garros in Paris, France,[1] the French Open is one of the four Grand Slam tournaments played each year, the other three being the Australian Open, Wimbledon and the US Open. Organised by the Fédération Française de Tennis (FFT), the French Open is the second of the four Grand Slam tournaments of the year to be played.[2]
The winner of the men's singles event receives the Coupe des Mousquetaires, named after The Four Musketeers of French tennis: Jean Borotra, Jacques Brugnon, Henri Cochet, and René Lacoste.[3] The event was not held from 1915 to 1919 because of the First World War and was held unofficially under German occupation from 1941 to 1944, during the Second World War.[4]
Rafael Nadal has won the most French Open titles, with eleven, and also holds the record for the most consecutive wins in the Open Era, with five from 2010 to 2014.[5] Max Decugis won the most titles before the Open era, with eight.[6] Michael Chang became the youngest player to win the French Open when he took the title in 1989 at 17 years, 3 months and 20 days. In contrast, André Vacherot is the oldest champion, having won in 1901 at 40 years old. In the Open era, this record belongs to Andrés Gimeno, who was 34 years and 9 months old when he won in 1972.[7] French players have won the most French Open men's singles titles, with 38 victories, followed by Spanish (18) and Australian players (11). The current champion is Rafael Nadal who beat Dominic Thiem in the 2018 final to win his eleventh French Open title.
Contents
1 History
2 Champions
2.1 French Championships
2.2 French Open
3 Statistics
3.1 Multiple champions
3.2 Champions by country
4 See also
5 Notes
6 Footnotes
7 References
History[edit]
Rafael Nadal, who has won an all-time record eleven French Open titles. Nadal won four consecutive titles from 2005 - 2008 and an open era record of five consecutive titles from 2010 - 2014.
The French Open was established in 1891 and was originally known as the French Championships. The tournament was only open to French players or foreign players who were a member of a French club during the first 34 years of its existence.[8] The first winner of the Championship was the British player H. Briggs, a member of Club Stade Français which entitled him to compete.[9] Records show matches were played as the best-of-three sets format until 1902 or 1903, when best-of-five sets was adopted. French players were dominant in the early stages of the tournament, in particular Max Decugis, who won eight titles before the outbreak of the First World War.[10] Between 1924 and 1932 the title was won by a member of The Four Musketeers. The championship started to attract the best players after it became an international event in 1925, which was won by René Lacoste. France's victory in the 1927 Davis Cup increased interest in the tournament and required a new stadium to be built. Previously the tournament had alternated between Racing Club and La Faisanderie, before the Stade Roland Garros was built in 1928.[11] Henri Cochet won the first tournament at the new venue.[12]
Jack Crawford's victory in 1933 was the first time a foreign player had won the tournament since 1891. Following his victory, no French players won the title up until 1940, when the tournament was suspended following the outbreak of the Second World War. Don Budge's victory in 1938 was notable, as he won all of the Grand Slam tournaments during the year.[13] Though the event was suspended in 1940, it was held unofficially under the guise of the Tournoi de France. Bernard Destremau won the first two events, while Yvon Petra won three from 1942 to 1945. These results are not recognised by the FFT or other major international organisations and are considered unofficial.[4] Marcel Bernard won the first event after the end of the war in 1946; he was the only Frenchman to win the event before the advent of the Open era in 1968.[10]
No one player dominated the event during this period. Only five players, Frank Parker, Jaroslav Drobný, Tony Trabert, Nicola Pietrangeli and Roy Emerson, won multiple titles.[10] The tournament became an Open in 1968, as professional players were allowed to compete with amateurs, previously only amateurs could compete in the Grand Slam tournaments.[14] The tournament, won by Australian Ken Rosewall, was the first Grand Slam tournament to be played in the Open era.[15]
Swede Björn Borg won the majority of the tournaments in the early years of the Open era. He won consecutive titles in 1974 and 1975, before winning four successive titles from 1978 to 1981.[16] Yannick Noah became the first Frenchman to win the event since 1946, when he won in 1983.[17] Ivan Lendl won his first title in 1984, before losing the following year to Wilander in the final and won two consecutive titles in 1986 and 1987.[16] Michael Chang became the youngest man to win the French Open when he beat Stefan Edberg in 1989.[18]
American Jim Courier won consecutive titles in 1991 and 1992 before Spaniard Sergi Bruguera repeated the feat in 1993 and 1994.[19][20] Gustavo Kuerten won three titles in 1997, 2000 and 2001.[16] 2005 marked Rafael Nadal's first French Open; he won four consecutive titles from 2005 to 2008.[21] Nadal was beaten in the round of 16 of the 2009 tournament by Robin Söderling who lost to Roger Federer in the final.[22] Nadal regained the title in 2010 and defended his crowns in 2011, 2012, 2013, and 2014. In the 2015 event, he was knocked out in the quarter-finals by Novak Djokovic, who eventually lost in the final to Stan Wawrinka.[23]
Champions[edit]
Regular competition
Not considered to be a Grand Slam event. A French club members only tournament called the French Championships †
Disputed champions: Not considered to be a Grand Slam event. Not sanctioned or recognised by the FFT ††[f][24]
See Tournoi de France
French Championships[edit]
Henri Cochet took five titles in Paris.
Year[c]
Country
Champion
Country
Runner-up
Score in the final
1891 BRI[i] H. Briggs † FRA P. Baigneres 6–3, 6–4[d]
1892 FRA Jean Schopfer † USA Francis L. Fassitt 6–2, 1–6, 6–2
1893 FRA Laurent Riboulet † FRA Jean Schopfer 6–3, 6–3
1894 FRA André Vacherot † FRA Gérard Brosselin 1–6, 6–3, 6–3
1895 FRA André Vacherot † FRA Laurent Riboulet 9–7, 6–2
1896 FRA André Vacherot † FRA Gérard Brosselin 6–1, 7–5
1897 FRA Paul Aymé † BRI Francky Wardan 4–6, 6–4, 6–2
1898 FRA Paul Aymé † FRA Paul Lebreton 5–7, 6–1, 6–2
1899 FRA Paul Aymé † FRA Paul Lebreton 9–7, 3–6, 6–3
1900 FRA Paul Aymé † FRA André Prévost 6–3, 6–0
1901 FRA André Vacherot † FRA Paul Lebreton —
1902 FRA Michel Vacherot † FRA Max Decugis 6–4, 6–2
1903 FRA Max Decugis † FRA André Vacherot 6–3, 6–2
1904 FRA Max Decugis † FRA André Vacherot 6–1, 9–7, 6–8, 6–1
1905 FRA Maurice Germot † FRA André Vacherot —
1906 FRA Maurice Germot † FRA Max Decugis 5–7, 6–3, 6–4, 1–6, 6–3
1907 FRA Max Decugis † FRA Robert Wallet —
1908 FRA Max Decugis † FRA Maurice Germot 6–2, 6–1, 3–6, 10–8
1909 FRA Max Decugis † FRA Maurice Germot 3–6, 2–6, 6–4, 6–4, 6–4
1910 FRA Maurice Germot † FRA François Blanchy 6–1, 6–3, 4–6, 6–3
1911 FRA André Gobert † FRA Maurice Germot 6–1, 8–6, 7–5
1912 FRA Max Decugis † FRA André Gobert —
1913 FRA Max Decugis † FRA Georges Gault —
1914 FRA Max Decugis † FRA Jean Samazeuilh 3–6, 6–1, 6–4, 6–4[25][d]
1915 No competition (due to World War I)[b]
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920 FRA André Gobert † FRA Max Decugis 6–3, 3–6, 1–6, 6–2, 6–3
1921 FRA Jean Samazeuilh † FRA André Gobert 6–3, 6–3, 2–6, 7–5
1922 FRA Henri Cochet † FRA Jean Samazeuilh 8–6, 6–3, 7–5
1923 FRA François Blanchy † FRA Max Decugis 1–6, 6–2, 6–0, 6–2
1924 FRA Jean Borotra † FRA René Lacoste 7–5, 6–4, 0–6, 5–7, 6–2
1925 FRA René Lacoste FRA Jean Borotra 7–5, 6–1, 6–4 [25]
1926 FRA Henri Cochet FRA René Lacoste 6–2, 6–4, 6–3
1927 FRA René Lacoste USA William Tilden 6–4, 4–6, 5–7, 6–3, 11–9
1928 FRA Henri Cochet FRA René Lacoste 5–7, 6–3, 6–1, 6–3
1929 FRA René Lacoste FRA Jean Borotra 6–3, 2–6, 6–0, 2–6, 8–6
1930 FRA Henri Cochet USA William Tilden 3–6, 8–6, 6–3, 6–1
1931 FRA Jean Borotra FRA Christian Boussus 2–6, 6–4, 7–5, 6–4
1932 FRA Henri Cochet ITA Giorgio de Stefani 6–0, 6–4, 4–6, 6–3
1933 AUS Jack Crawford FRA Henri Cochet 8–6, 6–1, 6–3
1934 GER Gottfried von Cramm AUS Jack Crawford 6–4, 7–9, 3–6, 7–5, 6–3
1935 GBR Fred Perry GER Gottfried von Cramm 6–3, 3–6, 6–1, 6–3
1936 GER Gottfried von Cramm GBR Fred Perry 6–0, 2–6, 6–2, 2–6, 6–0
1937 GER Henner Henkel GBR Bunny Austin 6–1, 6–4, 6–3
1938 USA Donald Budge TCH Roderich Menzel 6–3, 6–2, 6–4
1939 USA Donald McNeill USA Bobby Riggs 7–5, 6–0, 6–3
1940 No competition (due to World War II)[f]
1941[f] FRA Bernard Destremau †† FRA Robert Ramillon 6–4, 2–6, 6–3, 6–4
1942 FRA Bernard Destremau †† FRA Marcel Bernard —
1943 FRA Yvon Petra †† FRA Henri Cochet —
1944 FRA Yvon Petra †† FRA Henri Cochet —
1945 FRA Yvon Petra †† FRA Bernard Destremau 7–5, 6–4, 6–2
1946 FRA Marcel Bernard TCH Jaroslav Drobný 3–6, 2–6, 6–1, 6–4, 6–3
1947 HUN József Asbóth RSA Eric Sturgess 8–6, 7–5, 6–4
1948 USA Frank Parker TCH Jaroslav Drobný 6–4, 7–5, 5–7, 8–6
1949 USA Frank Parker USA Budge Patty 6–3, 1–6, 6–1, 6–4
1950 USA Budge Patty EGY Jaroslav Drobný 6–1, 6–2, 3–6, 5–7, 7–5
1951 EGY Jaroslav Drobný RSA Eric Sturgess 6–3, 6–3, 6–3
1952 EGY Jaroslav Drobný AUS Frank Sedgman 6–2, 6–0, 3–6, 6–4
1953 AUS Ken Rosewall USA Vic Seixas 6–3, 6–4, 1–6, 6–2
1954 USA Tony Trabert USA Arthur Larsen 6–4, 7–5, 6–1
1955 USA Tony Trabert SWE Sven Davidson 2–6, 6–1, 6–4, 6–2
1956 AUS Lew Hoad SWE Sven Davidson 6–4, 8–6, 6–3
1957 SWE Sven Davidson USA Herbert Flam 6–3, 6–4, 6–4
1958 AUS Mervyn Rose CHI Luis Ayala 6–3, 6–4, 6–4
1959 ITA Nicola Pietrangeli RSA Ian Vermaak 3–6, 6–3, 6–4, 6–1
1960 ITA Nicola Pietrangeli CHI Luis Ayala 3–6, 6–3, 6–4, 4–6, 6–3
1961 ESP Manuel Santana ITA Nicola Pietrangeli 4–6, 6–1, 3–6, 6–0, 6–2
1962 AUS Rod Laver AUS Roy Emerson 3–6, 2–6, 6–3, 9–7, 6–2
1963 AUS Roy Emerson FRA Pierre Darmon 3–6, 6–1, 6–4, 6–4
1964 ESP Manuel Santana ITA Nicola Pietrangeli 6–3, 6–1, 4–6, 7–5
1965 AUS Fred Stolle AUS Tony Roche 3–6, 6–0, 6–2, 6–3
1966 AUS Tony Roche HUN István Gulyás 6–1, 6–4, 7–5
1967 AUS Roy Emerson AUS Tony Roche 6–1, 6–4, 2–6, 6–2
French Open[edit]
Björn Borg won six titles and won four straight from 1978 to 1981.
Rafael Nadal took four straight titles from 2005 to 2008, another five straight titles from 2010 to 2014, and another two in 2017 and 2018, making it eleven titles in all. Nadal has a 86–2 win-loss record at the event.[27]
Year[c]
Country
Champion
Country
Runner-up
Score in the final
1968 AUS Ken Rosewall AUS Rod Laver 6–3, 6–1, 2–6, 6–2
1969 AUS Rod Laver AUS Ken Rosewall 6–4, 6–3, 6–4
1970 TCH Jan Kodeš YUG Željko Franulović 6–2, 6–4, 6–0
1971 TCH Jan Kodeš ROU Ilie Năstase 8–6, 6–2, 2–6, 7–5
1972 ESP Andrés Gimeno FRA Patrick Proisy 4–6, 6–3, 6–1, 6–1
1973 ROU Ilie Năstase YUG Nikola Pilić 6–3, 6–3, 6–0
1974 SWE Björn Borg ESP Manuel Orantes 2–6, 6–7(4–7)[g], 6–0, 6–1, 6–1
1975 SWE Björn Borg ARG Guillermo Vilas 6–2, 6–3, 6–4
1976 ITA Adriano Panatta USA Harold Solomon 6–1, 6–4, 4–6, 7–6(7–3)
1977 ARG Guillermo Vilas USA Brian Gottfried 6–0, 6–3, 6–0
1978 SWE Björn Borg ARG Guillermo Vilas 6–1, 6–1, 6–3
1979 SWE Björn Borg PAR Víctor Pecci 6–3, 6–1, 6–7(6–8), 6–4
1980 SWE Björn Borg USA Vitas Gerulaitis 6–4, 6–1, 6–2
1981 SWE Björn Borg TCH Ivan Lendl 6–1, 4–6, 6–2, 3–6, 6–1
1982 SWE Mats Wilander ARG Guillermo Vilas 1–6, 7–6(8–6), 6–0, 6–4
1983 FRA Yannick Noah SWE Mats Wilander 6–2, 7–5, 7–6(7–3)
1984 TCH Ivan Lendl USA John McEnroe 3–6, 2–6, 6–4, 7–5, 7–5
1985 SWE Mats Wilander TCH Ivan Lendl 3–6, 6–4, 6–2, 6–2
1986 TCH Ivan Lendl SWE Mikael Pernfors 6–3, 6–2, 6–4
1987 TCH Ivan Lendl SWE Mats Wilander 7–5, 6–2, 3–6, 7–6(7–3)
1988 SWE Mats Wilander FRA Henri Leconte 7–5, 6–2, 6–1
1989 USA Michael Chang SWE Stefan Edberg 6–1, 3–6, 4–6, 6–4, 6–2
1990 ECU Andrés Gómez USA Andre Agassi 6–3, 2–6, 6–4, 6–4
1991 USA Jim Courier USA Andre Agassi 3–6, 6–4, 2–6, 6–1, 6–4
1992 USA Jim Courier TCH Petr Korda 7–5, 6–2, 6–1
1993 ESP Sergi Bruguera USA Jim Courier 6–4, 2–6, 6–2, 3–6, 6–3
1994 ESP Sergi Bruguera ESP Alberto Berasategui 6–3, 7–5, 2–6, 6–1
1995 AUT Thomas Muster USA Michael Chang 7–5, 6–2, 6–4
1996 RUS Yevgeny Kafelnikov GER Michael Stich 7–6(7–4), 7–5, 7–6(7–4)
1997 BRA Gustavo Kuerten ESP Sergi Bruguera 6–3, 6–4, 6–2
1998 ESP Carlos Moyà ESP Àlex Corretja 6–3, 7–5, 6–3
1999 USA Andre Agassi UKR Andrei Medvedev 1–6, 2–6, 6–4, 6–3, 6–4
2000 BRA Gustavo Kuerten SWE Magnus Norman 6–2, 6–3, 2–6, 7–6(8–6)
2001 BRA Gustavo Kuerten ESP Àlex Corretja 6–7(3–7), 7–5, 6–2, 6–0
2002 ESP Albert Costa ESP Juan Carlos Ferrero 6–1, 6–0, 4–6, 6–3
2003 ESP Juan Carlos Ferrero NED Martin Verkerk 6–1, 6–3, 6–2
2004 ARG Gastón Gaudio ARG Guillermo Coria 0–6, 3–6, 6–4, 6–1, 8–6
2005 ESP Rafael Nadal ARG Mariano Puerta 6–7(6–8), 6–3, 6–1, 7–5
2006 ESP Rafael Nadal SUI Roger Federer 1–6, 6–1, 6–4, 7–6(7–4)
2007 ESP Rafael Nadal SUI Roger Federer 6–3, 4–6, 6–3, 6–4
2008 ESP Rafael Nadal SUI Roger Federer 6–1, 6–3, 6–0
2009 SUI Roger Federer SWE Robin Söderling 6–1, 7–6(7–1), 6–4
2010 ESP Rafael Nadal SWE Robin Söderling 6–4, 6–2, 6–4
2011 ESP Rafael Nadal SUI Roger Federer 7–5, 7–6(7–3), 5–7, 6–1
2012 ESP Rafael Nadal SRB Novak Djokovic 6–4, 6–3, 2–6, 7–5
2013 ESP Rafael Nadal ESP David Ferrer 6–3, 6–2, 6–3
2014 ESP Rafael Nadal SRB Novak Djokovic 3–6, 7–5, 6–2, 6–4
2015 SUI Stan Wawrinka SRB Novak Djokovic 4–6, 6–4, 6–3, 6–4
2016 SRB Novak Djokovic GBR Andy Murray 3–6, 6–1, 6–2, 6–4
2017 ESP Rafael Nadal SUI Stan Wawrinka 6–2, 6–3, 6–1
2018 ESP Rafael Nadal AUT Dominic Thiem 6–4, 6–3, 6–2
Statistics[edit]
Multiple champions[edit]
Competitions prior to 1925 opened only to French tennis club members and French nationals
Player
Amateur Era
Open Era
All-time
Years
Rafael Nadal (ESP) 0 11 11 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2017, 2018
Max Decugis (FRA) 8 0 8 1903, 1904, 1907, 1908, 1909, 1912, 1913, 1914
Björn Borg (SWE) 0 6 6 1974, 1975, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981
Henri Cochet (FRA) 5 0 5 1922, 1926, 1928, 1930, 1932
André Vacherot (FRA) 4 0 4 1894, 1895, 1896, 1901
Paul Aymé (FRA) 4 0 4 1897, 1898, 1899, 1900
Maurice Germot (FRA) 3 0 3 1905, 1906, 1910
René Lacoste (FRA) 3 0 3 1925, 1927, 1929
Mats Wilander (SWE) 0 3 3 1982, 1985, 1988
Ivan Lendl (TCH) 0 3 3 1984, 1986, 1987
Gustavo Kuerten (BRA) 0 3 3 1997, 2000, 2001
André Gobert (FRA) 2 0 2 1911, 1920
Jean Borotra (FRA) 2 0 2 1924, 1931
Gottfried von Cramm (GER) 2 0 2 1934, 1936
Frank Parker (USA) 2 0 2 1948, 1949
Jaroslav Drobný (EGY) 2 0 2 1951, 1952
Ken Rosewall (AUS) 1 1 2 1953, 1968
Tony Trabert (USA) 2 0 2 1954, 1955
Nicola Pietrangeli (ITA) 2 0 2 1959, 1960
Manuel Santana (ESP) 2 0 2 1961, 1964
Rod Laver (AUS) 1 1 2 1962, 1969
Roy Emerson (AUS) 2 0 2 1963, 1967
Jan Kodeš (TCH) 0 2 2 1970, 1971
Jim Courier (USA) 0 2 2 1991, 1992
Sergi Bruguera (ESP) 0 2 2 1993, 1994
Champions by country[edit]
Country
Amateur Era
Open Era
All-time
First title
Last title
France (FRA) 37 (9)* 1 38 (10)* 1892 1983
Spain (ESP) 2 17 19 1961 2018
Australia (AUS) 9 2 11 1933 1969
United States (USA) 7 4 11 1938 1999
Sweden (SWE) 1 9 10 1957 1988
Czechoslovakia (TCH)[h] 0 5 5 1970 1987
Germany (GER) 3 0 3 1934 1937
Italy (ITA) 2 1 3 1959 1976
Brazil (BRA) 0 3 3 1997 2001
Great Britain (GBR) 2 (1)** 0 2 (1)** 1891 1935
Egypt (EGY) 2 0 2 1951 1952
Argentina (ARG) 0 2 2 1977 2004
Switzerland (SUI) 0 2 2 2009 2015
Hungary (HUN) 1 0 1 1947 1947
Romania (ROU) 0 1 1 1973 1973
Ecuador (ECU) 0 1 1 1990 1990
Austria (AUT) 0 1 1 1995 1995
Russia (RUS) 0 1 1 1996 1996
Serbia (SRB) 0 1 1 2016 2016
* 28 victories came while the tournament was still called the French Championships and was open only to French club members.
** 1 victory came while the tournament was still called the French Championships and was open only to French club members.
See also[edit]
Tennis portal
French Open other competitions
List of French Open women's singles champions
List of French Open men's doubles champions
List of French Open women's doubles champions
List of French Open mixed doubles champions
Grand Slam men's singles
List of Australian Open men's singles champions
List of Wimbledon gentlemen's singles champions
List of US Open men's singles champions
List of Grand Slam men's singles champions
French Pro Championship
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ In 1909 the tournament was held at the Société Athlétique de la Villa Primrose in Bordeaux.
Jump up ^ The tournament was not held from 1915 to 1919 because of World War I.[26]
c Each year is linked to an article about that particular event's draw with the exception of the pre-1925 years and 1951.
d The dash means that the result or score is unknown because there are no available sources for this information Pre-1914.[25]
f The tournament was not officially held from 1940 to 1945 because of World War II. The champions listed are disputed, but are listed by a few sources, which means they are not included in the statistics charts because the tournament does not consider them champions. They are listed here as a historical note.[28][26][29]
g Set score in parentheses indicates a tiebreaker score.
h Czechoslovakia (TCH, 1918–1992), does not include the totals of Czech Republic (CZE, 1992–present) and Slovakia (SVK, 1992–present).
i One win by a player from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801–1922), plus one win by a player from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (1922–present).
Footnotes[edit]
General
"Past Winners". Roland Garros. Retrieved 15 July 2015.
"French Open Men's champions". SuperSport. Retrieved 15 July 2015.
Specific
Jump up ^ "The Origins of the Tournament". Roland Garros. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Grand Slam Overview". International Tennis Federation (ITF). Retrieved 23 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Bowers, Chris (27 February 2009). "The New Musketeers". Davis Cup. Retrieved 16 July 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Fetter, Henry D. (6 June 2011). "The French Open During World War II: A Hidden History". The Atlantic. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Newbery, Piers (8 June 2014). "Rafael Nadal beats Novak Djokovic to win ninth French Open title". BBC Sport. Retrieved 15 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Clarey, Christopher (22 May 2014). "A Century Ago, a French Title Collection to Rival Rafael Nadal". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Lynch, Steven (29 May 2015). "Rafael Nadal the youngest French Open winner?". ESPN. Retrieved 15 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "French Open History". Tennis. Tennis Media Company. 16 August 2012. Retrieved 18 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Gillmeister 1998, p. 225.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Roland Garros past single winners". CNN. 23 May 2008. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Lewis, Gabrielle (23 May 2002). "French Open History". BBC Sport. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Henri Cochet is dead; French Tennis Leader". The New York Times. 3 April 1987. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Gray, Michael (28 January 2000). "Donald Budge". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Ford, Bonnie D. (12 October 2008). "Reform to an Open status altered the course of tennis history". ESPN. Retrieved 27 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Henderson, Jon (15 June 2008). "Now I'd choose tennis". The Observer. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Rafael Nadal, Bjorn Borg, Ivan Lendl and the seven kings of clay". Sky Sports. 22 May 2015. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Gross, Jane (6 June 1983). "Noah captures French crown". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Gittings, Paul (8 June 2012). "Chang's 'underhand' tactics stunned Lendl and made Tennis history". CNN. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Topics of The Times – An American in Paris". The New York Times. 10 June 1992. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Roberts, John (6 June 1994). "Bruguera towers above tired Berasategui". The Independent. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Newberry, Piers (8 June 2008). "Nadal storms to fourth French win". BBC Sport. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Ornstein, David (7 June 2009). "Federer claims historic Paris win". BBC Sport. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Novak Djokovic beats Andy Murray to win first French Open title". BBC Sport. 5 June 2016. Retrieved 5 June 2016.
Jump up ^ The Encyclopedia Of Tennis: 100 Years Of Great Players And Events; by Max Robertson and Jack Kramer. 1974 edition, page 375. Source for finalists and scores
^ Jump up to: a b c "French Open Men's Singles". Grand Slam History. Retrieved 2009-11-04.
^ Jump up to: a b "Past Winners and Draws". fft.fr. Fédération Française de Tennis. Archived from the original on 2007-08-08. Retrieved 2009-07-02.
Jump up ^ "Superb Soderling Sends Nadal Crashing Out". atpworldtour.com. ATP Tour. 2009-05-31. Retrieved 2009-08-04.
Jump up ^ "French Open Singles Champions". USA Today. 10-06-2001. Retrieved 10-07-2012. Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help)
Jump up ^ "Event Guide / History / Past Winners 1891 – 2011". rolandgarros.com. IBM, Fédération Française de Tennis. Retrieved 2016-03-05.
References[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to French Open.
Gillmeister, Heiner (1998). Tennis: A Cultural History (Repr. ed.). London: Leicester University Press. ISBN 978-0718501952.
Robertson, Max; Kramer, Jack (1974). The Encyclopedia Of Tennis: 100 Years Of Great Players And Events. Studio. ISBN 978-0670294084.
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French Championships men's singles champions
(1891) H. Briggs
(1892) Jean Schopfer
(1893) Laurent Riboulet
(1894) André Vacherot
(1895) André Vacherot
(1896) André Vacherot
(1897) Paul Aymé
(1898) Paul Aymé
(1899) Paul Aymé
(1900) Paul Aymé
(1901) André Vacherot
(1902) Michel Vacherot
(1903) Max Decugis
(1904) Max Decugis
(1905) Maurice Germot
(1906) Maurice Germot
(1907) Max Decugis
(1908) Max Decugis
(1909) Max Decugis
(1910) Maurice Germot
(1911) André Gobert
(1912) Max Decugis
(1913) Max Decugis
(1914) Max Decugis
(1915–1919) No competition (due to World War I)
(1920) André Gobert
(1921) Jean Samazeuilh
(1922) Henri Cochet
(1923) François Blanchy
(1924) Jean Borotra
(1925) René Lacoste
(1926) Henri Cochet
(1927) René Lacoste
(1928) Henri Cochet
(1929) René Lacoste
(1930) Henri Cochet
(1931) Jean Borotra
(1932) Henri Cochet
(1933) Jack Crawford
(1934) Gottfried von Cramm
(1935) Fred Perry
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(1940–1945) No competition (due to World War II)
(1946) Marcel Bernard
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Out of Reach (song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
"Out of Reach"
Single by Gabrielle
from the album Bridget Jones's Diary and Rise
Released
9 April 2001
Format
CD single
cassette
Recorded
1999
Genre
Pop
R&B
Length
3:18
Label
Go Beat
Universal
Songwriter(s)
Gabrielle
Jonathan Shorten
Producer(s)
Jonathan Shorten
Gabrielle singles chronology
"Should I Stay"
(2000) "Out of Reach"
(2001) "Don't Need the Sun to Shine (To Make Me Smile)"
(2001)
"Should I Stay"
(2000) "Out of Reach"
(2001) "Don't Need the Sun to Shine (To Make Me Smile)"
(2001)
"Out of Reach" is a song by English singer Gabrielle. It was written by Gabrielle and frequent collaborator Jonathan Shorten for the soundtrack of Sharon Maguire's 2001 romantic comedy fim Bridget Jones's Diary. Released as the soundtrack's lead single in 2001, it became Gabrielle's highest-charting single since "Dreams" in 1993, reaching number four on the UK Singles Chart and number nine in Australia. It was most successful in New Zealand, where it reached number two for a week in September 2001.
The song sold 320,000 copies in the United Kingdom, as stated by the Official Charts Company, and became the tenth most successful single of 2001 in New Zealand.[1] It was later included in the 2001 reissue of her Rise (1999) as well as her greatest hits compilation Dreams Can Come True, Greatest Hits Vol. 1 (2001), released the same year.
Contents
1 Music video
2 Track listings
3 Official versions
4 Charts and certifications
4.1 Weekly charts
4.2 Year-end charts
4.3 Certifications
5 References
6 External links
Music video[edit]
The official music video features Gabrielle singing the song whilst wearing dark sunglasses and a large black leather jacket, intercut with clips from Bridget Jones's Diary. The video also featured Don Gilet.
Track listings[edit]
UK CD: 1[2]
No.
Title
Length
1. "Out of Reach" 3:20
2. "Out of Reach" (Sunship Remix) 5:22
3. "Out of Reach" (Architechs Remix) 4:38
UK CD: 2[3]
No.
Title
Length
1. "Out of Reach" 3:20
2. "Out of Reach" (Blacksmith Rerub Mix) 4:44
3. "Out of Reach" (Almighty Remix) 7:27
4. "Out of Reach" (Music Video) 3:12
Official versions[edit]
Original Mix – 3:16
Almighty Vocal Mix – 7:24
Almighty Radio Edit – 3:44
Almighty Dub Mix – 7:49
Architechs Mix – 4:33
Architechs Radio Edit – 3:38
Blacksmith Mix – 4:42
Blacksmith Radio Edit – 3:42
Sunship Vocal Mix – 5:19
Sunship Radio Edit – 3:26
Sunship Dub Mix – 4:37
Charts and certifications[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (2001)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[4]
9
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[5]
52
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[6]
28
Brazil (ABPD)[7]
23
Denmark (Tracklisten)[8]
13
France (SNEP)[9]
178
Germany (Official German Charts)[10]
71
Ireland (IRMA)[11]
3
Italy (FIMI)[12]
33
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[13]
10
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[14]
12
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[15]
2
Norway (VG-lista)[16]
10
Portugal (AFP)[17]
2
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[18]
4
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[19]
8
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[20]
8
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[21]
4
UK R&B (Official Charts Company)[22]
2
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2001)
Position
Australia (ARIA)[23]
37
Ireland (IRMA)[24]
18
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[25]
51
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[26]
10
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[27]
65
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[28]
53
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[29]
24
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Australia (ARIA)[30]
Platinum 70,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)[31]
Gold 400,000
^shipments figures based on certification alone
sales+streaming figures based on certification alone
References[edit]
Jump up ^ RIANZ Charts
Jump up ^ "Gabrielle – Out of Reach (CD)". Discogs. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
Jump up ^ "Gabrielle – Out of Reach (CD)". Discogs. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – Gabrielle – Out of Reach". ARIA Top 50 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Gabrielle – Out of Reach" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Gabrielle – Out of Reach" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
Jump up ^ "Brazil" (PDF). ABPD. 6 October 2001. Retrieved 1 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "Danishcharts.com – Gabrielle – Out of Reach". Tracklisten.
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – Gabrielle – Out of Reach" (in French). Les classement single. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Gabrielle – Out of Reach". GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
Jump up ^ "Chart Track: Week 18, 2001". Irish Singles Chart.
Jump up ^ "Italiancharts.com – Gabrielle – Out of Reach". Top Digital Download. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – week 38, 2001" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Gabrielle – Out of Reach" (in Dutch). Single Top 100.
Jump up ^ "Charts.nz – Gabrielle – Out of Reach". Top 40 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Gabrielle – Out of Reach". VG-lista.
Jump up ^ "Top40-charts.com". Retrieved 24 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Gabrielle – Out of Reach". Singles Top 100.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Gabrielle – Out of Reach". Swiss Singles Chart.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "Official R&B Singles Chart Top 40". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Charts - End Of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 2001". ARIA. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
Jump up ^ "Best of 2001". Irish Recorded Music Association. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
Jump up ^ "JAAROVERZICHTEN - Single 2001" (in Dutch). Retrieved 24 May 2018.
Jump up ^ "End of Year Charts 2001". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Årslista Singlar - År 2001" (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
Jump up ^ "SWISS YEAR-END CHARTS 2001" (in German). Retrieved 24 May 2018.
Jump up ^ "The Official UK Singles Chart 2001" (PDF). UKChartsPlus. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2001 Singles". Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
Jump up ^ "British single certifications – Gabrielle – Out of Reach". British Phonographic Industry. Select singles in the Format field. Select Gold in the Certification field. Enter Out of Reach in the search field and then press Enter.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
hide
v
t
e
Gabrielle
Studio albums
Find Your Way
Gabrielle
Rise
Play to Win
Always
Under My Skin
Compilations
Rise Underground
Dreams Can Come True, Greatest Hits Vol. 1
Now and Always: 20 Years of Dreaming
Singles
"Dreams"
"Going Nowhere"
"I Wish"
"Because of You"
"Give Me a Little More Time"
"Forget About the World"
"If You Really Cared"
"If You Ever"
"Walk On By"
"Sunshine"
"Rise"
"When a Woman"
"Should I Stay"
"Out of Reach"
"Don't Need the Sun to Shine (To Make Me Smile)"
"Stay the Same"
"Ten Years Time"
"Why"
Related articles
Discography
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Out_of_Reach_(song)&oldid=853281892"
Categories:
2001 singles
Gabrielle (singer) songs
Contemporary R&B ballads
2001 songs
Trip hop songs
Songs written by Gabrielle (singer)
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Juries in the United States
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The most outstanding feature in the United States is that verdicts in criminal cases must be unanimous.
There are three types of juries in the United States: criminal grand juries, criminal petit juries, and civil juries. In the United States Constitution, juries are mentioned in Article Three and the Fifth, the Sixth, and the Seventh Amendments.[1] Juries are not available in courts of American Samoa established pursuant to the Constitution of American Samoa.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Federal jury trial rights
2.1 Criminal juries
2.1.1 Grand jury
2.1.2 Petit jury
2.1.2.1 Scope of constitutional right
2.1.2.2 Sentencing
2.1.2.3 Waiver
2.2 Civil juries
2.2.1 Seventh Amendment
2.2.2 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure
2.2.3 Waiver
3 Jury selection
4 Criticism
5 References
History[edit]
The U.S. Declaration of Independence accused George III of "depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury."
Article III of the U.S. Constitution states that all trials shall be by jury. The right was expanded with the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which states in part, "In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed," and the Seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution, which guarantees a jury trial in civil cases.
The U.S. Supreme Court noted the importance of the jury right in its 1968 ruling of Duncan v. Louisiana. In Duncan, the Court said:
"Those who wrote our constitutions knew from history and experience that it was necessary to protect against unfounded criminal charges brought to eliminate enemies and against judges too responsive to the voice of higher authority. The framers of the constitutions strove to create an independent judiciary but insisted upon further protection against arbitrary action. Providing an accused with the right trial by a jury of his peers gave him an inestimable safeguard against the corrupt or overzealous prosecutor and against the compliant, biased, or eccentric judge."[2]
Federal jury trial rights[edit]
Criminal juries[edit]
Grand jury[edit]
Main article: Grand juries in the United States
A grand jury decides whether or not there is enough evidence ("probable cause") that a person has committed a crime in order to put him or her on trial. If a grand jury decides there is enough evidence, the person is indicted. A grand jury has 16-23 members, and its proceedings are not open to the public. Unlike with a petit jury, the defendant is not allowed to appear before a grand jury.[3]
Petit jury[edit]
A petit jury, also known as a trial jury, is the standard type of jury used in criminal cases in the United States. Petit juries are responsible for deciding whether or not a defendant is guilty of violating the law in a specific case. They consist of 6-12 people and their deliberations are private. Their decision is known as a verdict and decides whether a person is guilty or not guilty.[3]
Scope of constitutional right[edit]
Currently in the United States every person accused of a crime punishable by incarceration for more than six months has a constitutional right to a trial by jury, which arises in federal court from the Sixth Amendment, the Seventh Amendment, and Article Three of the United States Constitution, which states in part, "The Trial of all Crimes...shall be by Jury; and such Trial shall be held in the State where the said Crimes shall have been committed". Most states' constitutions also grant the right of trial by jury in lesser criminal matters, though most have eliminated that right in offenses punishable by fine only. The Supreme Court has ruled that if imprisonment is for six months or less, trial by jury is not required,[4] meaning a state may choose whether or not to permit trial by jury in such cases.
Specifically, the Supreme Court has held that no offense can be deemed 'petty' for purposes of the right to trial by jury where imprisonment for more than six months is authorized. Justice Black and Justice Douglas concurred, stating that they would have required a jury trial in all criminal proceedings in which the sanction imposed bears the indicia of criminal punishment. Chief Justice Burger, Justice Harlan and Justice Stewart objected to setting this limitation at six months for the States, preferring to give them greater leeway.[4][5] No jury trial was required when the trial judge suspended sentence and placed defendant on probation for three years.[6] There is a presumption that offenses carrying a maximum imprisonment of six months or less are petty, although it is possible that such long an offense could be pushed into the serious category if the legislature tacks on onerous penalties not involving incarceration. No jury trial is required, however, when the maximum sentence is six months in jail, a fine not to exceed $1,000, a 90-day driver's license suspension, and attendance at an alcohol abuse education course. The Supreme Court found that the disadvantages of such a sentence, "onerous though they may be, may be outweighed by the benefits that result from speedy and inexpensive nonjury adjudications."[7] Such interpretations have been criticized on the grounds that "all" is not a word that constitution-makers use lightly.[8]
In the case of traffic offenses punishable by fine only (including parking tickets), and misdemeanor charges providing for imprisonment of six months or less, the availability of trial by jury varies from state to state, usually providing only for bench trials. The two exceptions are Vermont and Virginia, which provide the defendant with the right to a jury trial in all cases, which means if one is willing to pay the cost in case of a loss, one may even obtain a jury trial for a parking ticket in those states. In Virginia, one wanting a jury trial on a minor misdemeanor or traffic offense would actually have a right to two trials if they wanted a jury trial on the issue, first by bench trial only in District court, and then, if they lost, to a trial de novo in Circuit court, this time with a jury if they chose to do so.
Many juvenile court systems do not recognize a right to jury trial, on the grounds that juvenile proceedings are civil rather than criminal, and that jury trials would cause the process to become adversarial.[9]
Sentencing[edit]
In the cases Apprendi v. New Jersey,[10] and Blakely v. Washington,[11] the Supreme Court of the United States held that a criminal defendant has a right to a jury trial not only on the question of guilt or innocence, but any fact used to increase the defendant's sentence beyond the maximum otherwise allowed by statutes or sentencing guidelines. This invalidated the procedure in many states and the federal courts that allowed sentencing enhancement based on "a preponderance of evidence", where enhancement could be based on the judge's findings alone. Depending upon the state a jury must be unanimous for either a guilty or not guilty decision. In the event of a hung jury, charges against the defendant are not dropped and can be reinstated if the state so chooses. In the federal system, a unanimous verdict is required.[12]
Waiver[edit]
The vast majority of U.S. criminal cases are not concluded with a jury verdict, but rather by plea bargain. Both prosecutors and defendants often have a strong interest in resolving the criminal case by negotiation resulting in a plea bargain. If the defendant waives a jury trial, a bench trial is held. Research indicates there is not a consistent difference between penalties handed down in jury trials and those handed down in bench trials.[13]
In United States Federal courts, there is no absolute right to waive a jury trial.[14] Per Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 23(a), only if the prosecution and the court consent may a defendant have a waiver of jury trial.[15] However, most states give the defendant the absolute right to waive a jury trial. The right to a jury trial is exclusively that of the criminal defendant; where one has the right to waive a jury trial, and does so, the prosecution cannot ask for one. In Patton v. United States,[16] one of the jurors became incapacitated and counsel for the defendant and the government agreed to continue with 11 jurors. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that this was acceptable if the prosecution and the court, as well as the defendant, agreed to this procedure.
Civil juries[edit]
Seventh Amendment[edit]
Main article: Seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution
The right to trial by jury in a civil case is addressed by the 7th Amendment, which provides: "In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law."[17] Although the civil jury (unlike the criminal jury) has fallen into disuse in much of the rest of the world, including England, it remains in high esteem in the United States. In Joseph Story's 1833 treatise Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States, he wrote, "[I]t is a most important and valuable amendment; and places upon the high ground of constitutional right the inestimable privilege of a trial by jury in civil cases, a privilege scarcely inferior to that in criminal cases, which is conceded by all to be essential to political and civil liberty." Nearly every state constitution contains a similar guarantee.[18]
The 7th Amendment does not create any right to a jury trial; rather, it "preserves" the right to jury trial that existed in 1791 at common law.[19] In this context, common law means the legal environment the United States inherited from England at the time. In England in 1791, civil actions were divided into actions at law and actions in equity. Actions at law had a right to a jury, actions in equity did not.
The decision in Rachal v. Hill,[20] indicated that 7th Amendment right to jury trial may severely limit developments in the principles of res judicata.[20] Some critics believe that the United States has more trial by jury than is necessary or desirable.[21]
The right to a jury trial is determined based upon the a demand in the complaint brought by a Plaintiff, without regard to the defenses or counterclaims asserted by a defendant.
The right to a jury trial in civil cases does not extend to the states, except when a state court is enforcing a federally created right, of which the right to trial by jury is a substantial part.[22]
It has been suggested that in complex litigation, the jury's inability to comprehend the issues may cause the 7th Amendment right to conflict with due process rights and authorize the judge to strike the jury.[23]
The right to trial by jury in bankruptcy cases has been described as unclear.[24]
In Colgrove v. Battin,[25] the Supreme Court held that a civil jury of six members did not violate the Seventh Amendment right to trial by jury in a civil case.
Federal Rules of Civil Procedure[edit]
Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Rule 2 says "[t]here is one form of action - the civil action[,]" which abolishes the legal/equity distinction. Today, in actions that would have been "at law" in 1791, there is a right to a jury; in actions that would have been "in equity" in 1791, there is no right to a jury. However, Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 39(c) allows a court to use one at its discretion. To determine whether the action would have been legal or equitable in 1791, one must first look at the type of action and whether such an action was considered "legal" or "equitable" in 1791. Next, the relief being sought must be examined. Monetary damages alone were purely a legal remedy, and thus entitled to a jury. Non-monetary remedies such as injunctions, rescission, and specific performance were all equitable remedies, and thus up to the judge's discretion, not a jury. In Beacon Theaters v. Westover,[26] the U.S. Supreme Court discussed the right to a jury, holding that when both equitable and legal claims are brought, the right to a jury trial still exists for the legal claim, which would be decided by a jury before the judge ruled on the equitable claim.
Following the English tradition, U.S. juries have usually been composed of 12 jurors, and the jury's verdict has usually been required to be unanimous. However, in many jurisdictions, the number of jurors is often reduced to a lesser number (such as five or six) by legislative enactment, or by agreement of both sides. Some jurisdictions also permit a verdict to be returned despite the dissent of one, two, or three jurors.[citation needed] Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 48 states that a federal civil jury must begin with at least 6 and no more than 12 members, and that the verdict must be unanimous unless the parties stipulate otherwise.[27]
Waiver[edit]
Alternative dispute resolution is becoming increasingly common.[28] Mandatory binding arbitration has been used by some parties to prevent the 7th Amendment right to a civil jury trial from being invoked.[29] Arbitration agreements are becoming increasingly common in the marketplace, to the point at which it is becoming difficult for consumers to purchase products without waiving their right to settle disputes arising out of the transaction by jury trial.[30] It has been argued that arbitration clauses should be held to a higher "knowing-consent" standard in order to be upheld.[31]
Jury selection[edit]
A nineteenth-century painting of a jury
Main article: Jury selection in the United States
Jurors in some states are selected through voter registration and drivers' license lists. A form is sent to prospective jurors to pre-qualify them by asking the recipient to answer questions about citizenship, disabilities, ability to understand the English language, and whether they have any conditions that would excuse them from being a juror. If they are deemed qualified, a summons is issued. In the federal system, jurors are selected in accordance with the Jury Selection Act.
Criticism[edit]
See also: Jury § Advantages and Disadvantages of a jury system
It has been proposed that the federal civil jury system be abolished in order to clean up the backlog of cases, keep court calendars current, and obtain better and more efficient administration of justice.[32] Research indicates that while civil trials may proceed more slowly before a jury, judge-tried cases last longer on the docket.[33]
Proposals to abolish the jury system have been criticized on the grounds that only reform, not abolition, is necessary; and that there is no better alternative system.[34] Juror ignorance has been described as a potential threat to justice; for instance, one study found that 50% of jurors surveyed thought that it was up to the defendant to prove his innocence.[35] The growing use of administrative procedures and of the contempt power to enforce law has been cited as evidence that trial by jury is facing a period of critical re-examination.[36]
Some legal journals have speculated that jury trials encourage harsh punishment in the United States.[37]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.juryinfo.org/Home.aspx
Jump up ^ Duncan v. Louisiana, 391 U.S. 145 (1968).
^ Jump up to: a b "Types of Juries". United States Courts. Retrieved 2015-12-01.
^ Jump up to: a b Baldwin v. New York, 399 U.S. 66 (1970)
Jump up ^ Williams v. Florida, 399 U.S. 78 (1970)
Jump up ^ Frank v. United States, 395 U.S. 147 (1969)
Jump up ^ Blanton v. City of North Las Vegas, 489 U.S. 538 (1989)
Jump up ^ Langbein, John H. (1992), On the Myth of Written Constitutions: The Disappearance of Criminal Jury Trial, 15, Harv. J. L. & Pub. Pol'y, p. 119
Jump up ^ Larsen, Korine L. (1994), With Liberty and Juvenile Justice for All: Extending the Right to a Jury Trial to the Juvenile Courts, 20, Wm. Mitchell L. Rev., p. 835
Jump up ^ Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466 (2000)
Jump up ^ Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. 296 (2004)
Jump up ^ Rule 31, Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure
Jump up ^ NJ King; DA Soule; S Steen; RR Weidner (2005), When Process Affects Punishment: Differences in Sentences After Guilty Plea, Bench Trial, and Jury Trial in Five Guidelines States, Columbia Law Review, JSTOR 4099426
Jump up ^ Singer v. United States, 380 U.S. 24 (1965)
Jump up ^ Rule 23. Jury or Nonjury Trial, Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure
Jump up ^ Patton v. United States, 281 U.S. 276 (1930)
Jump up ^ "The Constitution of the United States of America". Gpoaccess.gov. Archived from the original on 2008-09-19. Retrieved 2008-09-06.
Jump up ^ Right to a Jury Trial in Civil Actions; James, Fleming Jr., 72, Yale L.J., 1962–1963, p. 655
Jump up ^ Redish, Martin H. (1975–1976), Seventh Amendment Right to Jury Trial: A Study in the Irrationality of Rational Decision Making, 70, Nw. U. L. Rev., p. 486
^ Jump up to: a b Rachal v. Hill, 435 F.2d 59 (5th. Cir. 1970)
Jump up ^ Shapiro, David L.; Coquillette, Daniel R. (1971–1972), Fetish of Jury Trial in Civil Cases: A Comment on Rachal v. Hill, The, 85, Harv. L. Rev., p. 442
Jump up ^ "CRS/LII Annotated Constitution Seventh Amendment". Law.cornell.edu. Retrieved 2008-09-06.
Jump up ^ Oakes, Jeffrey (1979–1980), Right to Strike the Jury Trial Demand in Complex Litigation, The, 34, U. Miami L. Rev., p. 243
Jump up ^ Cyr, Conrad K. (1989), The Right to Trial by Jury in Bankruptcy: Which Judge is to Preside, 63, Am. Bankr. L.J., p. 53
Jump up ^ Colgrove v. Battin, 413 U.S. 149 (1973)
Jump up ^ Beacon Theaters v. Westover, 359 U.S. 500 (1959)
Jump up ^ Rule 48, Federal Rules of Civil Procedure
Jump up ^ Alternative Dispute Resolution: Panacea or Anathema; Edwards, Harry T., 99, Harv. L. Rev., 1985–1986, p. 668
Jump up ^ Sternlight, Jean R. (2000–2001), Mandatory Binding Arbitration and the Demise of the Seventh Amendment Right to a Jury Trial, 16, Ohio St. J. Disp. Resol., p. 669
Jump up ^ Sternlight, Jean R. (2003–2004), Rise and Spread of Mandatory Arbitration as a Substitute for the Jury Trial, The, 38, U.S.F. L. Rev., p. 17
Jump up ^ Ware, Stephen (2003), Contractual Arbitration, Mandatory Arbitration, and State Constitutional Jury-Trial Rights, USFL Rev.
Jump up ^ Devitt, Edward J. (1974), Federal Civil Jury Trials Should Be Abolished, 60, A.B.A. J., p. 570
Jump up ^ Eisenberg, Theodore; Clermont, Kevin M. (1995–1996), Trial by Jury or Judge: Which is Speedier, 79, Judicature, p. 176
Jump up ^ Wigmore, John H. (1928–1929), Program for the Trial of Jury Trial, A, 12, J. Am. Jud. Soc., p. 166
Jump up ^ Strawn, David U.; Buchanan, Raymond W. (1975–1976), Jury Confusion: A Threat to Justice, 59, Judicature, p. 478
Jump up ^ Jury Trial of Crimes; Powell, Lewis F. Jr., 23, Wash. & Lee L. Rev. 1, 1966
Jump up ^ Pizzi, William T. (2002), Do Jury Trials Encourage Harsh Punishment in the United States, 21, St. Louis U. Pub. L. Rev., p. 51
[hide]
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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Fire drill
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the safety exercise in case of emergency. For the tool, see Bow drill.
Students practicing a fire drill in a smoke trailer with a firefighter assisting them. This is aimed at teaching the children proper procedures for evacuating the building in a real life fire or emergency situation.
A fire drill is a method of practicing how a building would be evacuated in the event of a fire or other emergencies. In most cases, the building's existing fire alarm system is activated and the building is evacuated as if the emergency had occurred. Generally, the evacuation is timed to ensure that it is fast enough, and problems with the emergency system or evacuation procedures are identified to be remedied.
Contents
[hide]
1 History of fire drills
2 Other improvements in fire safety
3 Security improvements
4 Fire drill regulations
4.1 United States
4.2 United Kingdom
4.3 New Zealand
5 See also
6 References
History of fire drills[edit]
The purpose of fire drills in buildings is to ensure that everyone knows how to exit safely as quickly as possible if a fire, smoke, carbon monoxide or other emergency occurs. People need to recognise the sound of the fire alarm.
Before regular fire drills were instituted, a fire that had a major impact broke out at the private Catholic school Our Lady of the Angels in 1958, in Chicago, Illinois, US.[1] Children on the second floor were trapped there, with neither teachers nor pupils knowing how to get out of the building safely. Many children jumped out of windows, and many were killed as they could not make their way to an exit.[1] Although the school had passed a fire inspection two months before, and had the number of fire exits and fire extinguishers required at the time, it lacked smoke detectors or adequate fire alarms, and was overcrowded.[1]
The need for fire drills was recognised; monthly fire drills were put in place after the Our Lady of the Angels fire. It was found in a later study that education on fire also helped to prevent it: people started to learn more about what started fires, and what to do in the case of one starting. They were also aware of the hazards that allow a fire to start. Within a year of the fire, many of the hazardous conditions found in Our Lady of the Angels had been eliminated in thousands of schools around the United States.
Other improvements in fire safety[edit]
After the fire at Our Lady of the Angel, state regulations required that there had to be fire alarm street boxes no more than one hundred feet from the front of the building. The General Assembly of Illinois also passed life safety codes in response to the fire at Our Lady of the Angel. Things such as more control over waste disposal, proper storage of combustible supplies, more frequent fire drills and inspections were put in place.[2] Other reforms from the fire include the city of Chicago modifying the Municipal Building Code of Chicago, affecting fire safety of schools as well as other buildings with two or more stories.[1] To prevent fires and deaths caused by fires, schools must have an evacuation plan in place, and make sure that all the proper fire alarms and warnings work. Teachers must take charge of the situation and be a leader. Teachers should also consider the number of students that they have. They need enough space and time to get all of the students out quickly, and safely. Teachers should also be the ones that are looking out for causes of fires, in order to try and stop it from happening.[3]
Security improvements[edit]
In reviewing how during a school shooting by Mitchell Johnson and Andrew Golden a fire alarm was used, it was realised that such an alarm could motivate the occupants of a building to assemble in one place, appropriate for a fire, but increasing the risk in a shooting. Nick Dial's article suggests possible improvements of a color-coded drill along with other remarks about school security.[4]
Fire drill regulations[edit]
Many jurisdictions require that fire drills be conducted at certain intervals. This is the case in educational institutions, and also other workplaces and buildings. The frequency of such drills and what must be done during them may be laid down in statutes.
United States[edit]
In the United States, school fire drill regulations are set by individual states.
Some states require that schools conduct a fire drill once per month:
Alabama[5]
Arkansas[6]
Alaska[7]
California (elementary schools)[8]
Colorado
Connecticut[9]
District of Columbia[10]
Florida[11]
Indiana
Kansas[12]
Nebraska[13]
Nevada[14][15]
New Hampshire[16]
New Jersey[17]
North Carolina[18]
Ohio[19]
Oregon[20]
Pennsylvania[21]
Rhode Island[22][23]
South Carolina
Tennessee[24]
Utah (elementary schools)[25]
West Virginia[26]
Wisconsin[27]
Some states require that schools conduct a specific number of drills over the course of the entire school year, or that a certain number of drills must be conducted within a certain period of time:
Arizona[28]
Alaska[7]
California (middle and high schools)[8]
Florida[11]
Hawaii[29]
Illinois[30]
Iowa[31]
Louisiana[32]
Maine[33]
Maryland[34]
Massachusetts[35]
Michigan[36]
Minnesota[37]
Montana[38]
New Mexico[39]
New York[40]
Oklahoma[41]
South Dakota [42]
Texas
Utah (middle and high schools)[25]
Vermont
Virginia[43]
Some states specify a greater frequency of fire drills at the beginning of the school year:
District of Columbia[10]
Florida[11]
Georgia[44]
Louisiana[32]
Maine[33]
Rhode Island[22]
Tennessee[24]
Utah[25]
Virginia[43]
West Virginia[26]
Until regulations changed on November 1, 2010, New Jersey was unique in its requirement that schools conduct two fire drills per month.[45] Under later requirements one of the two fire drills was replaced by a monthly security drill.[17]
United Kingdom[edit]
The Government of the United Kingdom requires that all schools, colleges and universities and any other education establishment perform a fire drill at the start of the new academic year in September.[46] and recommends that one should be held every term. According to UK fire regulations, places such as public residences or small buildings should have a fire alarm warning device such as a bell or a sounder installed in every room. Regular safety checks such as testing fire alarms and fire extinguishers should be performed weekly.[47] According to the Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005, all workplaces must have an emergency plan specifying staff actions, evacuation plans and arrangements for contacting the fire brigade.[48]
New Zealand[edit]
The New Zealand Fire Service requires all schools and educational facilities to carry out a fire drill (termed a trial evacuation) at least once every six months, unless a shorter period is specified in the school's approved evacuation scheme. Schools need to give the Fire Service 7-10 working days' notice before a fire drill is planned, and must submit a report to the Fire Service within 7-10 working days of the drill; an unplanned alarm activation does not count as a fire drill.[49]
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fire drill.
Chinese fire drill, a form of prank
False alarm
Fire alarm
Firefighter
Tornado drill
Muster drill
Earthquake drill
Exit sign
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Cunningham, Thomas (n.d.). "Our Lady of the Angels: A Historical Perspective on School Fires". WithTheCommand.com. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Teague, Paul. "Case Histories: Fires Influencing the Life Safety Code" (PDF). nfpa.org. Retrieved 2009. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
Jump up ^ National Fire Protection Association. "Fire Drills at School". nfpa.org. Retrieved October 28, 2014.
Jump up ^ Dial, Nick (November 26, 2013). "School Safety: Serious Proposals for Effective Security". Law Enforcement Today. Retrieved November 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ Code of Alabama, § 36-19-10, Regulation of fire drills and doors and exits in schools, factories, hospitals, etc.
Jump up ^ Arkansas Code, § 12-13-109. Fire drills.
^ Jump up to: a b "723 ADMINISTRATIVE REGULATION" (PDF). Fairbanks North Star Borough School District.
^ Jump up to: a b "School Emergency Preparedness Plan - Section 8". Web.archive.org. 2004-11-20. Archived from [http:}//mcoeweb.marin.k12.ca.us/EmerPrep/plan8.html the original] Check |url= value (help) on 2004-11-20. Retrieved 2009-07-23.
Jump up ^ [1] Archived March 13, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b "Standards for Principals and Assistant Principals" (DOC (computing)). District of Columbia Public Schools. Retrieved 2008-09-14.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Site Based Manager Fall Back and Regroup". Florida Department of Education. Retrieved 2009-02-13.
Jump up ^ "Kansas DOE Education Statute #: 31-133". Kansas DOE. Retrieved 2010-10-18.
Jump up ^ "State Regulation of Private Schools - Nebraska". Ed.gov. 2000-01-01. Retrieved 2009-07-23.
Jump up ^ "Nevada Revised Statutes §392.450". Retrieved 2007-08-05.
Jump up ^ "Nevada Revised Statutes §394.170". Retrieved 2007-08-05.
Jump up ^ "Fire Code Issues in Educational Occupancies" (PDF). Retrieved 2009-06-25.
^ Jump up to: a b "New Jersey Principals And Supervisors Association — Membership News". Njpsa.org. Retrieved 2010-09-24.
Jump up ^ "GS 115C-288". Ncga.state.nc.us. Retrieved 2009-07-23.
Jump up ^ "Bills try at header" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 20, 2009. Retrieved 2009-07-23.
Jump up ^ 24J Risk Management Operations Manual Archived January 19, 2005, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ PDE. "Pre K-12 Schools: Fire Drills and School Bus Evacuations". Pde.state.pa.us. Archived from the original on August 11, 2007. Retrieved 2009-07-23.
^ Jump up to: a b Rhode Island General Laws, Title 16, § 16-21-4
Jump up ^ "Chapter 07-234". Rilin.state.ri.us. 2007-05-23. Retrieved 2009-07-23.
^ Jump up to: a b "State Fire Marshal's Office: Fire Safety Starts in Schools". www.tn.gov.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Fire Drill Requirements". Davis School District. Archived from the original on March 19, 2005. Retrieved 2009-10-05.
^ Jump up to: a b "School Fire Exit Drill Safety Report" (PDF). Office of the State Fire Marshal. Retrieved 25 November 2009.
Jump up ^ Fire Drills in Wisconsin Schools: an Opportunity for Excellence, John Andersen, Wisconsin Department of Commerce Newsletter, November 2003
Jump up ^ "Arizona School Emergency Response Plan Minimum Requirements Checklist" (PDF). Retrieved 2008-09-14.
Jump up ^ "§12-45.1-99 w/Amendment" (PDF). Hawaii Administrative Rules, Title 12, Subtitle 7, Chapter 45-1. Hawaii Department of Labor and Industrial Relations. p. 32. Retrieved 2014-11-03.
Jump up ^ Governor Blagojevich signs new law to make schools safer, Office of the Governor, State of Illinois, August 16, 2005
Jump up ^ (PDF) https://www.legis.iowa.gov/DOCS/ACO/IC/LINC/2013.Section.100.31.PDF. Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b "E - Business Management". Cpsb.org. Retrieved 2009-07-23.
^ Jump up to: a b Yarmouth School District. "Yarmouth School District - E - Support Services". District.yarmouth.k12.me.us. Retrieved 2009-07-23.
Jump up ^ Maryland An. Code 1957, art. 77, § 91; 1978, ch. 22, § 2; 1996, ch. 10, § 16.
Jump up ^ School Fire Drills, Stephen D. Coan, Massachusetts Department of Fire Services, June 27, 2001
Jump up ^ Michigan Compiled Laws, Chapter 29, Act 207 of 1941, Section 29.19
Jump up ^ "Minnesota Statutes 299F.30: Fire drill in schools; doors and exits". 2006. Retrieved 2007-06-11.
Jump up ^ "Montana Code Annotated 20-1-402". 2007. Retrieved 2008-10-15.
Jump up ^ Subsection M of 6.30.2.10 of the New Mexico Administrative Code
Jump up ^ "FireDrillFreq_120309". Retrieved 2010-07-24.
Jump up ^ "ARTICLE IV: SAFETY". Retrieved 2011-01-19.
Jump up ^ "K-12 Accreditation - South Dakota Department of Education". test.doe.sd.gov. Department of Education, State of South Dakota.
^ Jump up to: a b Code of Virginia, § 22.1-137
Jump up ^ "Superintendent's Report". Office of Insurance and Safety Fire Commissioner. State of Georgia. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ New Jersey Permanent Statutes, § 18A:41-1
Jump up ^ "Fire safety in the workplace". Diect Gov. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Fire safety in the workplace". Direct Gov. Retrieved 2015-09-19.
Jump up ^ "DfES | Teachernet | Emergencies". Teachernet. Retrieved 2010-09-24.
Jump up ^ "Guide to evacuation schemes December 2014". New Zealand Fire Service. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
[hide]
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e
Fire protection
General
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Fire suppression
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