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Covert channel
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In computer security, a covert channel is a type of computer security attack that creates a capability to transfer information objects between processes that are not supposed to be allowed to communicate by the computer security policy. The term, originated in 1973 by Lampson is defined as channels "not intended for information transfer at all, such as the service program's effect on system load" to distinguish it from Legitimate channels that are subjected to access controls by COMPUSEC.[1] Although covert channel is mainly attributed to the computer networks, covert communication is a more general word that is used in both wired networks and wireless communications.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Characteristics
1.1 TCSEC criteria
2 Timing Channels
3 Identifying covert channels
4 Eliminating covert channels
5 Data hiding in OSI model
6 Data hiding in LAN environment by covert channels
7 Data hiding in TCP/IP Protocol suite by covert channels
8 See also
9 References
10 Additional reading
11 External links
Characteristics[edit]
A covert channel is so called because it is hidden from the access control mechanisms of ultra-high-assurance secure operating systems since it does not use the legitimate data transfer mechanisms of the computer system such as read and write, and therefore cannot be detected or controlled by the hardware based security mechanisms that underlie ultra-high-assurance secure operating systems. Covert channels are exceedingly hard to install in real systems, and can often be detected by monitoring system performance; in addition, they suffer from a low signal-to-noise ratio and low data rates (on the order of a few bits per second). They can also be removed manually with a high degree of assurance from secure systems by well established covert channel analysis strategies.
Covert channels are distinct from, and often confused with, legitimate channel exploitations that attack low-assurance pseudo-secure systems using schemes such as steganography or even less sophisticated schemes to disguise prohibited objects inside of legitimate information objects. The legitimate channel misuse by steganography is specifically not a form of covert channel.[citation needed]
Covert channels can tunnel through secure operating systems and require special measures to control. Covert channel analysis is the only proven way to control covert channels.[citation needed] By contrast, secure operating systems can easily prevent misuse of legitimate channels. Distinguishing these is important. Analysis of legitimate channels for hidden objects is often misrepresented as the only successful countermeasure for legitimate channel misuse. Because this amounts to analysis of large amounts of software, it was shown as early as 1972 to be impractical.[3] Without being informed of this, some are misled to believe an analysis will "manage the risk" of these legitimate channels.
TCSEC criteria[edit]
The Trusted Computer Security Evaluation Criteria (TCSEC) was a set of criteria, now deprecated, that had been established by the National Computer Security Center, an agency managed by the United States' National Security Agency.
Lampson's definition of a covert channel was paraphrased in the TCSEC[4] specifically to refer to ways of transferring information from a higher classification compartment to a lower classification. In a shared processing environment, it is difficult to completely insulate one process from the effects another process can have on the operating environment. A covert channel is created by a sender process that modulates some condition (such as free space, availability of some service, wait time to execute) that can be detected by a receiving process.
The TCSEC defines two kinds of covert channels:
Storage channels - Communicate by modifying a "storage location", such as a hard drive.
Timing channels - Perform operations that affect the "real response time observed" by the receiver.
The TCSEC, also known as the Orange Book,[5] requires analysis of covert storage channels to be classified as a B2 system and analysis of covert timing channels is a requirement for class B3.
Timing Channels[edit]
The use of delays between packets transmitted over computer networks was first explored by Girling[6] for covert communication. This work motivated many other works to establish/detect a covert communication and analyze the fundamental limits of such scenarios. For example, over a packet channel where the packet timings are modeled by a Poisson point process, order of O(n) bits of information can be transmitted using the packet timings, where n is the number of packets [7]. The extensions to renewal point process packet timings yields the O(n) results too[8].
Identifying covert channels[edit]
Ordinary things, such as existence of a file or time used for a computation, have been the medium through which a covert channel communicates. Covert channels are not easy to find because these media are so numerous and frequently used.
Two relatively old techniques remain the standards for locating potential covert channels. One works by analyzing the resources of a system and other works at the source-code level.
Eliminating covert channels[edit]
The possibility of covert channels cannot be completely eliminated,[3] although it can be significantly reduced by careful design and analysis.
The detection of a covert channel can be made more difficult by using characteristics of the communications medium for the legitimate channel that are never controlled or examined by legitimate users. For example, a file can be opened and closed by a program in a specific, timed pattern that can be detected by another program, and the pattern can be interpreted as a string of bits, forming a covert channel. Since it is unlikely that legitimate users will check for patterns of file opening and closing operations, this type of covert channel can remain undetected for long periods.
A similar case is port knocking. In usual communications the timing of requests is irrelevant and unwatched. Port knocking makes it significant.
Data hiding in OSI model[edit]
Handel and Sandford presented research where they study covert channels within the general design of network communication protocols.[9] They employ the OSI model as a basis for their development in which they characterize system elements having potential to be used for data hiding. The adopted approach has advantages over these because standards opposed to specific network environments or architectures are considered.
Their study does not aim to present foolproof steganographic schemes. Rather, they establish basic principles for data hiding in each of seven OSI layers. Besides suggesting the use of the reserved fields of protocols headers (that are easily detectable) at higher network layers, they also propose the possibility of timing channels involving CSMA/CD manipulation at the physical layer.
Their work identifies covert channel merit such as:
Detectability: Covert channel must be measurable by the intended recipient only.
Indistinguishability: Covert channel must lack identification.
Bandwidth: number of data hiding bits per channel use.
Their covert channel analysis does not consider issues such as interoperability of these data hiding techniques with other network nodes, covert channel capacity estimation, effect of data hiding on the network in terms of complexity and compatibility. Moreover, the generality of the techniques cannot be fully justified in practice since the OSI model does not exist per se in functional systems.
Data hiding in LAN environment by covert channels[edit]
As Girling first analyzes covert channels in a network environment. His work focuses on local area networks (LANs) in which three obvious covert channels (two storage channel and one timing channel) are identified. This demonstrates the real examples of bandwidth possibilities for simple covert channels in LANs. For a specific LAN environment, the author introduced the notion of a wiretapper who monitors the activities of a specific transmitter on LAN. The covertly communicating parties are the transmitter and the wiretapper. The covert information according to Girling can be communicated through any of following obvious ways:
By observing the addresses as approached by the transmitter. If total number of addresses a sender can approach is 16, then there is a possibility of secret communication having 4 bits for the secret message. The author termed this possibility as covert storage channel as it depends in what is sent (i.e., which address is approached by the sender).
In the same way, the other obvious storage covert channel would depend on the size of the frame sent by the sender. For the 256 possible sizes, the amount of covert information deciphered from one size of the frame would be of 8 bits. Again this scenario was termed as the covert storage channel.
The third scenario presented uses the presence or absence of messages. For instance, “0” for an odd message time interval, “1” for even.
The scenario transmits covert information through a "when-is-sent” strategy therefore termed as timing covert channel. The time to transmit a block of data is calculated as function of software processing time, network speed, network block sizes and protocol overhead. Assuming block of various sizes are transmitted on the LAN, software overhead is computed on average and novel time evaluation is used to estimate the bandwidth (capacity) of covert channels are also presented. The work paves the way for future research.
Data hiding in TCP/IP Protocol suite by covert channels[edit]
Focusing on the IP and TCP headers of TCP/IP Protocol suite, an article published by Craig Rowland devises proper encoding and decoding techniques by utilizing the IP identification field, the TCP initial sequence number and acknowledge sequence number fields.[10] These techniques are implemented in a simple utility written for Linux systems running version 2.0 kernels.
Rowland provides a proof of concept as well as practical encoding and decoding techniques for exploitation of covert channels using the TCP/IP protocol suite. These techniques are analyzed considering security mechanisms like firewall network address translation.
However, the non-detectability of these covert communication techniques is questionable. For instance, a case where sequence number field of TCP header is manipulated, the encoding scheme is adopted such that every time the same alphabet is covertly communicated, it is encoded with the same sequence number.
Moreover, the usages of sequence number field as well as the acknowledgment field cannot be made specific to the ASCII coding of English language alphabet as proposed, since both fields take into account the receipt of data bytes pertaining to specific network packet(s).
After Rowland, several authors in academia published more work on covert channels in the TCP/IP protocol suite, including a plethora of countermeasures ranging from statistical approaches to machine learning[11][12][13][14]. The research on network covert channels overlaps with the domain of network steganography, which emerged later.
See also[edit]
Computer surveillance
Side channel attack
Steganography
Subliminal channel
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Lampson, B.W., A Note on the Confinement Problem. Communications of the ACM, Oct.1973.16(10):p. 613-615. [1]
Jump up ^ Soltani, Ramin; Bash, Boulat; Goeckel, Dennis; Guha, Saikat; Towsley, Don (September 2014). "Covert Single-hop Communication in a Wireless Network with Distributed Artificial Noise Generation". arXiv:1610.00384 [cs, math]: 1078–1085. doi:10.1109/ALLERTON.2014.7028575.
^ Jump up to: a b Computer Security Technology Planning Study (James P. Anderson, 1972)
Jump up ^ NCSC-TG-030, Covert Channel Analysis of Trusted Systems (Light Pink Book), 1993 from the United States Department of Defense (DoD) Rainbow Series publications.
Jump up ^ 5200.28-STD, Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria (Orange Book), 1985 from the DoD Rainbow Series publications.
Jump up ^ GIRLING, GRAY (February 1987). "Covert Channels in LAN's". IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING,.
Jump up ^ "Covert communications on Poisson packet channels - IEEE Xplore Document". ieeexplore.ieee.org. Retrieved 2017-08-14.
Jump up ^ "Covert communications on renewal packet channels - IEEE Xplore Document". ieeexplore.ieee.org. Retrieved 2017-08-14.
Jump up ^ Hiding data in the OSI network model Archived 2014-10-18 at the Wayback Machine., Theodore G. Handel and Maxwell T. Sandford II (2005)
Jump up ^ Covert Channels in the TCP/IP Protocol Suite, 1996 Paper by Craig Rowland on covert channels in the TCP/IP protocol with proof of concept code.
Jump up ^ Zander, S.; Armitage, G.; Branch, P. (2007). "A survey of covert channels and countermeasures in computer network protocols". IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials. IEEE. 9 (3): 44–57. ISSN 1553-877X. doi:10.1109/comst.2007.4317620.
Jump up ^ Information hiding in communication networks : fundamentals, mechanisms, applications, and countermeasures. Mazurczyk, Wojciech., Wendzel, Steffen., Zander, Sebastian., Houmansadr, Amir., Szczypiorski, Krzysztof. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. 2016. ISBN 9781118861691. OCLC 940438314.
Jump up ^ Wendzel, Steffen; Zander, Sebastian; Fechner, Bernhard; Herdin, Christian (April 2015). "Pattern-Based Survey and Categorization of Network Covert Channel Techniques". ACM Comput. Surv. 47 (3): 50:1–50:26. ISSN 0360-0300. doi:10.1145/2684195.
Jump up ^ Cabuk, Serdar; Brodley, Carla E.; Shields, Clay (April 2009). "IP Covert Channel Detection". ACM Trans. Inf. Syst. Secur. 12 (4): 22:1–22:29. ISSN 1094-9224. doi:10.1145/1513601.1513604.
Additional reading[edit]
Timing Channels an early exploitation of a timing channel in Multics.
Covert channel tool hides data in IPv6, SecurityFocus, August 11, 2006.
Raggo, Michael; Hosmer, Chet (2012). Data Hiding: Exposing Concealed Data in Multimedia, Operating Systems, Mobile Devices and Network Protocols. Syngress Publishing. ISBN 978-1597497435.
External links[edit]
Gray-World - Open Source Research Team : Tools and Papers
Steath Network Operations Centre - Covert Communication Support System
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Rough Riders
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about late 19th century US Cavalry. For other uses, see Rough Riders (disambiguation).
First U.S. Volunteer Cavalry Regiment
Active
1898
Country
United States of America
Branch
United States Army
Type
Cavalry
Nickname(s)
Rough Riders
Engagements
Spanish–American War
Battle of Las Guasimas
Battle of San Juan Hill
Siege of Santiago
Commanders
Notable
commanders
Leonard Wood
Theodore Roosevelt
The Rough Riders was a nickname given to the 1st United States Volunteer Cavalry, one of three such regiments raised in 1898 for the Spanish–American War and the only one of the three to see action. The United States Army was small and understaffed in comparison to its status during the American Civil War roughly thirty years prior. As a measure towards rectifying this situation President William McKinley called upon 125,000 volunteers to assist in the war efforts.[1] The regiment was also called "Wood's Weary Walkers" in honor of its first commander, Colonel Leonard Wood. This nickname served to acknowledge that despite being a cavalry unit they ended up fighting on foot as infantry.
Wood's second in command was former Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Theodore Roosevelt, a man who had pushed for American involvement in the Cuban War of Independence. When Colonel Wood became commander of the 2nd Cavalry Brigade, the Rough Riders then became "Roosevelt's Rough Riders." That term was familiar in 1898, from Buffalo Bill who called his famous western show "Buffalo Bill's Wild West and Congress of Rough Riders of the World." The Rough Riders were mostly made of college athletes, cowboys, ranchers, miners, and other outdoorsmen. With these men being from southwestern ranch country, they were quite skilled in horsemanship.
Contents
[hide]
1 Formation and early history
1.1 Equipment
1.2 Training
2 Spanish–American War
2.1 Departure from the United States
2.2 Battle of Las Guasimas
2.3 Battle of San Juan Hill
2.4 Siege of Santiago
3 Aftermath
3.1 Return home
3.2 Disbandment
4 Last survivors
5 World War I
6 Muster roll
7 Theatrical productions
8 See also
9 References
9.1 Sources
10 External links
Formation and early history[edit]
Colonel Theodore Roosevelt in his Rough Riders uniform on October 26, 1898, by Rockwood.
The volunteers were gathered in four areas: Arizona, New Mexico, Oklahoma and Texas. They were gathered mainly from the southwest because the hot climate region that the men were used to was similar to that of Cuba where they would be fighting. "The difficulty in organizing was not in selecting, but in rejecting men."[2]:5 The allowed limit set for the volunteer cavalry men was promptly met. They gathered a diverse bunch of men consisting of cowboys, gold or mining prospectors, hunters, gamblers, Native Americans and college boys—all of whom were able-bodied and capable on horseback and in shooting. Among these men were also police officers and military veterans who wished to see action again, most of whom had already retired. Men who had served in the regular army during campaigns against Native Americans or during the Civil War would serve as higher ranking officers,[2]:10 since they already had the knowledge and experience to lead and train the men. The unit thus would not be without experience. Leonard Wood, an Army doctor who served as the medical adviser for both the President and Secretary of War, was appointed colonel of The Rough Riders, with Roosevelt serving as lieutenant colonel.[3] One particularly famous spot where volunteers were gathered was in San Antonio, Texas, at the Menger Hotel Bar. The bar is still open and serves as a tribute to the Rough Riders, containing much of their, and Theodore Roosevelt's, uniforms and memorabilia.[4]
Equipment[edit]
Before training began, Lieutenant Colonel Roosevelt used his political influence as Assistant Secretary of the Navy to ensure that his volunteer regiment would be properly equipped to serve as any regular Army unit. The Rough Riders were armed with Model 1896 Carbines in caliber .30 US (i.e. 30-40 Krag). "They succeeded in getting their cartridges, Colt Single Action Army revolvers, clothing, shelter-tents, and horse gear ... and in getting the regiment armed with the Krag–Jørgensen carbine used by the regular cavalry."[2]:5 The Rough Riders also used Bowie knives. A last-minute gift from a wealthy donor were a pair of modern tripod mounted, gas-operated M1895 Colt–Browning machine guns in 7mm Mauser caliber.
In contrast, the uniforms of the regiment were designed to set the unit apart: "The Rough Rider uniform was a slouch hat, blue flannel shirt, brown trousers, leggings, and boots, with handkerchiefs knotted loosely around their necks. They looked exactly as a body of cowboy cavalry should look."[2]:22 This "rough and tumble" appearance contributed to earning them the title of "The Rough Riders."
Training[edit]
Training was very standard, even for a cavalry unit. They worked on basic military drills, protocol, and habits involving conduct, obedience and etiquette. The men proved eager to learn what was necessary, and the training went smoothly. It was decided that the men would not be trained to use the saber as cavalry often did, as they had no experience with it. Instead, they used their carbines and revolvers as primary and secondary weapons. Although the men, for the most part, were already experienced horsemen, the officers refined their techniques in riding, shooting from horseback, and practicing in formations and in skirmishes. Along with these practices, the high-ranking men heavily studied books filled with tactics and drills to better themselves in leading the others. During times which physical drills could not be run, either because of confinement on board the train, ship, or during times where space was inadequate, there were some books that were read further as to leave no time wasted in preparation for war. The competent training that the volunteer men received prepared them best as possible for their duty. They were not simply handed weapons and given vague directions to engage in a disorderly brawl.[2]:1–22
Spanish–American War[edit]
Rough Riders heading to Cuba aboard the steamship Yucatan.
Departure from the United States[edit]
On May 29, 1898, 1060 Rough Riders and 1258 of their horses and mules made their way to the Southern Pacific railroad to travel to Tampa, Florida where they would set off for Cuba. The lot awaited orders for departure from Major General William Rufus Shafter. Under heavy prompting from Washington D.C., General Shafter gave the order to dispatch the troops early before sufficient traveling storage was available. Due to this problem, only eight of the twelve companies of The Rough Riders were permitted to leave Tampa to engage in the war, and many of the horses and mules were left behind. Aside from Lieutenant-Colonel Roosevelt's first hand mention of deep, heartfelt sorrow from the men left behind, this situation resulted in a premature weakening of the men. Approximately one fourth of them who received training had already been lost, most dying of malaria and yellow fever. This sent the remaining troops into Cuba with a significant loss in men and morale.[5]
Upon arrival on Cuban shores on June 23, 1898, the men promptly unloaded themselves and the small amount of equipment they carried with them. Camp was set up nearby and the men were to remain there until further orders had been given to advance. Further supplies were unloaded from the ships over the next day including the very few horses that were allowed on the journey. "The great shortcoming throughout the campaign was the utterly inadequate transportation. If they had been allowed to take our mule-train, they could have kept the whole cavalry division supplied."[2]:45 Each man was only able to carry a few days worth of food which had to last them longer and fuel their bodies for rigorous tasks. Even after only seventy-five percent of the total number of cavalry men was allowed to embark into Cuba they were still without most of the horses they had so heavily been trained and accustomed to using. They were not trained as infantry and were not conditioned to doing heavy marching, especially long distance in hot, humid, and dense jungle conditions. This ultimately served as a severe disadvantage to the men who had yet to see combat.[2]:45
Battle of Las Guasimas[edit]
"The Battle of Las Guasimas, June 24 - The heroic stand of the 'Rough Riders'" in Harper's Pictorial History of the War with Spain.
Main article: Battle of Las Guasimas
Within another day of camp being established, men were sent forward into the jungle for reconnaissance purposes, and before too long they returned with news of a Spanish outpost, Las Guasimas. By afternoon, The Rough Riders were given the command to begin marching towards Las Guasimas, to eliminate opposition and secure the area which stood in the path of further military advance. Upon arrival at their relative destination, the men slept through the night in a crude encampment nearby the Spanish outpost they would attack early the next morning.[6]
The Spanish held an advantage over the Americans by knowing their way through the complicated trails in the area of combat. They predicted where the Americans would be traveling on foot and exactly what positions to fire on. They also were able to utilize the land and cover in such a way that they were difficult to spot. Along with this, their guns used smokeless powder which did not give away their immediate position upon firing as other gunpowders would have. This increased the difficulty of finding the opposition for the U.S. soldiers. In some locations the jungle was too thick to see very far.[6]
General Young, who was in command of the regulars and cavalry, began the attack in the early morning. Using long-range, large-caliber Hotchkiss guns he fired at the opposition, who were reportedly concealed along trenches, roads, ridges, and jungle cover. Colonel Wood's men, accompanied by Lieutenant-Colonel Roosevelt, were not yet in the same vicinity as the other men at the start of the battle. They had a more difficult path to travel around the time the battle began, and at first they had to make their way up a very steep hill. "Many of the men, footsore and weary from their march of the preceding day, found the pace up this hill too hard, and either dropped their bundles or fell out of line, with the result that we went into action with less than five hundred men."[2]:50 Lieutenant-Colonel Roosevelt became aware that there were countless opportunities for any man to fall out of formation and resign from battle without notice as the jungle was often too thick in places to see through. This was yet another event that left the group with fewer men than they had at the start.
Regardless, The Rough Riders pushed forward toward the outpost along with the regulars. Using careful observation, the officers were able to locate where the opposition was hidden in the brush and entrenchments and they were able to target their men properly to overcome them. Toward the end of the battle, Edward Marshall, a newspaper writer, was inspired by the men around him in the heat of battle to pick up a rifle and begin fighting alongside them. When he suffered a gunshot wound in the spine from one of the Spaniards another soldier mistook him as Colonel Wood from afar and ran back from the front line to report his death. Due to this misconception, Roosevelt temporarily took command as Colonel and gathered the troops together with his leadership charisma. The battle lasted an hour and a half from beginning to end with The Rough Riders suffering only 8 dead and 31 wounded, including Captain Allyn K. Capron, Jr. Roosevelt came across Colonel Wood in full health after the battle finished and stepped down from his position to Lieutenant-Colonel.[2]:49-60
The United States had full control of this Spanish outpost on the road to Santiago by the end of the battle. General Shafter had the men hold position for six days while additional supplies were brought ashore. During this time The Rough Riders ate, slept, cared for the wounded, and buried the dead from both sides. During the six day encampment, some men died from fever. Among those stricken by illness was General Joseph Wheeler. Brigadier General Samuel Sumner assumed command of the cavalry and Wood took the second brigade as Brigadier General. This left Roosevelt as Colonel of The Rough Riders.[5]
Battle of San Juan Hill[edit]
US Army encampment, 1st Volunteer Cavalry, Rough Riders, at the base of Kettle Hill about July 5, 1898. San Juan Hill and block houses are in back ground.
US Army photo taken near the base of Kettle Hill about July 4, 1898. The soldier is pointing up to the top of Kettle Hill. In the background are the block houses on San Juan Hill and the American encampment.
The Fight for Santiago. The "Rough Riders" charging up the San Juan Hill, July 1, and driving the Spanish from their intrenchments [sic]. Illustration from McClure's, October 1898
Main article: Battle of San Juan Hill
The order was given for the men to march the eight miles along the road to Santiago from the outpost they had been holding. Originally, Colonel Roosevelt had no specific orders for himself and his men. They were simply to march to San Juan Heights where over one thousand Spanish soldiers held the area and hold position. It was decided that Brigadier General Henry Lawton's division would be the main fighters in the battle while taking El Caney, a Spanish stronghold, a few miles away. The cavalry was to simply serve as a distraction while artillery and battery struck the Spanish from afar. Lawton's infantry would begin the battle and The Rough Riders were to march and meet with them mid-battle. In this way, The Rough Riders were not seen as a critical tool to the United States Army in this battle.[2]:69–70
San Juan Hill and another hill were separated by a small valley and pond; the river ran near the foot of both. Together, this geography formed San Juan Heights. Colonel Roosevelt and The Rough Riders made their way to the foot of what was dubbed Kettle Hill because of the old sugar refinement cauldrons that lay along it.[5] The battle of San Juan Heights began with the firing of the artillery and battery at the Spanish location. Soon after battery-fire was returned and The Rough Riders, standing at the position of the friendly artillery, had to promptly move to avoid shells. The men moved down from their position and began making their way through and along the San Juan River towards the base of Kettle Hill. There they took cover along the riverbank and in the tall grass to avoid sniper and artillery fire that was being directed towards their position, however they were left vulnerable and pinned down. The Spanish rifles were able to discharge eight rounds in the twenty seconds it took for the United States rifles to reload. In this way they had a strong advantage over the Americans. The rounds they fired were 7mm Mauser bullets which moved at a high velocity and inflicted small, clean wounds. Some of the men were hit, but few were mortally wounded or killed.[2]:70–80 Theodore Roosevelt, deeply dissatisfied with General Shafter's inaction with sending men out for reconnaissance and failure to issue more direct orders, became uneasy with the idea of leaving himself and his men sitting in the line of fire. He sent messengers to seek out one of the generals to try to coax orders from them to advance from their position. Finally, the Rough Riders received orders to assist the regulars in their assault on the hill's front. Roosevelt, riding on horseback, got his men onto their feet and into position to begin making their way up the hill. He claimed that he wished to fight on foot as he did at Las Guasimas; however he would have found it difficult to move up and down the hill to supervise his men in a quick and efficient manner on foot. He also recognized that he could see his men better from the elevated horseback, and they could see him better as well.[2]:75 Roosevelt chided his own men to not leave him alone in a charge up the hill, and drawing his sidearm promised nearby black soldiers separated from their own units that he would fire at them if they turned back, warning them he kept his promises. His Rough Riders chanted (likely in jest) "Oh he always does, he always does!" The soldiers, laughing, fell in with the volunteers to prepare for the assault.[2]:49
As the troops of the various units began slowly creeping up the hill, firing their rifles at the opposition as they climbed, Roosevelt went to the captain of the platoons in back and had a word with him. He stated that it was his opinion that they could not effectively take the hill due to an insufficient ability to effectively return fire, and that the solution was to charge it full-on. The captain reiterated his colonel's orders to hold position. Roosevelt, recognizing the absence of the other Colonel, declared himself the ranking officer and ordered a charge up Kettle Hill. The captain stood hesitant, and Colonel Roosevelt rode off on his horse, Texas, leading his own men uphill while waving his hat in the air and cheering. The Rough Riders followed him with enthusiasm and obedience without hesitation. By then, the other men from the different units on the hill became stirred by this event and began bolting up the hill alongside their countrymen. The 'charge' was actually a series of short rushes by mixed groups of regulars and Rough Riders. Within twenty minutes Kettle Hill was taken, though casualties were heavy. The rest of San Juan Heights was taken within the hour following.
The Rough Riders' charge on Kettle Hill was facilitated by a hail of covering fire from three Gatling Guns commanded by Lt. John H. Parker, which fired some 18,000 .30 Army rounds into the Spanish trenches atop the crest of both hills. Col. Roosevelt noted that the hammering sound of the Gatling guns visibly raised the spirits of his men:
"There suddenly smote on our ears a peculiar drumming sound. One or two of the men cried out, "The Spanish machine guns!" but, after listening a moment, I leaped to my feet and called, "It's the Gatlings, men! Our Gatlings!" Immediately the troopers began to cheer lustily, for the sound was most inspiring."[7][8]
Trooper Jesse D. Langdon of the 1st Volunteer Infantry, who accompanied Col. Theodore Roosevelt and the Rough Riders in their assault on Kettle Hill, reported:
"We were exposed to the Spanish fire, but there was very little because just before we started, why, the Gatling guns opened up at the bottom of the hill, and everybody yelled, "The Gatlings! The Gatlings!" and away we went. The Gatlings just enfiladed the top of those trenches. We’d never have been able to take Kettle Hill if it hadn't been for Parker's Gatling guns."[9]
A Spanish counterattack on Kettle Hill by some 600 infantry was quickly devastated by one of Lt. Parker's Gatling guns recently emplaced on the summit of San Juan Hill, which killed all but forty of the attackers before they had closed to within 250 yards of the Americans on Kettle Hill.[10] Col. Roosevelt was so impressed by the actions of Lt. Parker and his men that he placed his regiment's two 7mm Colt–Browning machine guns and the volunteers manning them under Parker, who immediately emplaced them—along with 10,000 rounds of captured 7mm Mauser ammunition—at tactical firing points in the American line.[11]
Colonel Roosevelt gave a large share of the credit for the successful charge to Lt. Parker and his Gatling Gun Detachment:
"I think Parker deserved rather more credit than any other one man in the entire campaign...he had the rare good judgment and foresight to see the possibilities of the machine-guns..He then, by his own exertions, got it to the front and proved that it could do invaluable work on the field of battle, as much in attack as in defence."[12]
Original title: "Colonel Roosevelt and his Rough Riders at the top of the hill which they captured, Battle of San Juan Hill." US Army victors on Kettle Hill about July 3, 1898 after the battle of "San Juan Hill(s)." Left to right is 3rd US Cavalry, 1st Volunteer Cavalry (Col. Theodore Roosevelt center) and 10th US Cavalry. A second similar picture is often shown cropping out all but the 1st Vol Cav and TR.
Siege of Santiago[edit]
Main article: Siege of Santiago
Theodore Roosevelt and the Rough Riders played a key role in the outcome of the Spanish–American War by assisting the American forces in forming a constricting ring around the city of Santiago de Cuba. The ultimate goal of the Americans in capturing the San Juan Heights (also known as Kettle Hill and San Juan Hill) was to attain a strategic position from which to move downhill and attack Santiago, a strong point for the Spanish military. The Spanish had a fleet of cruisers in port. The United States drove the Spanish cruisers out of their port by taking areas around Santiago and subsequently moving in on the city from multiple directions. Two days after the battle on San Juan Heights, the US navy destroyed Spain's Caribbean cruiser fleet at Santiago Bay. This took a tremendous toll on the Spanish military due to their widespread empire and heavy reliance upon naval capabilities.[13]
However, the sinking of the Spanish cruisers did not mean the end of the war. Battles continued in and around Santiago. By July 17, 1898, the Spanish forces in Santiago surrendered to General Shafter and the United States military. Various battles in the region continued on and the United States was continuously victorious. On August 12, 1898, the Spanish Government surrendered to the United States and agreed to an armistice that relinquished their control of Cuba. The armistice also gained the United States the territories of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. This large acquisition of land elevated the United States to the level of an imperial power. The Spanish–American War also began a trend of United States intervention in foreign affairs which has lasted to the present day.[13]
Aftermath[edit]
Return home[edit]
On August 14, the Rough Riders landed at Montauk Point on Long Island, New York. There, they met up with the other four companies that had been left behind in Tampa. Colonel Roosevelt made note of how very many of the men who were left behind felt guilty for not serving in Cuba with the others. However, he also stated that "those who stayed had done their duty precisely as did those who went, for the question of glory was not to be considered in comparison to the faithful performance of whatever was ordered."[2]:130 During the first portion of the month that the men stayed in Montauk they received hospital care. Many of the men were stricken with Malarial fever (described at the time as "Cuban fever") and died in Cuba, while some were brought back to the United States on board the ship in makeshift quarantine. "One of the distressing features of the Malaria which had been ravaging the troops was that it was recurrent and persistent. Some of the men died after reaching home, and many were very sick."[2]:129 Aside from malaria, there were cases of yellow fever, dysentery and other illnesses. Many of the men suffered from general exhaustion and were in poor condition upon returning home, some twenty pounds lighter. Everyone received fresh food and most were nourished back to their normal health.[2]:129
The rest of the month in Montauk, New York was spent in celebration of victory among the troops. The regiment was presented with three different mascots that represented the Rough Riders: a mountain lion by the name of Josephine that was brought to Tampa by some troops from Arizona, a war eagle named in Colonel Roosevelt's honor brought in by some New Mexican troops, and lastly a small dog by the name of Cuba who had been brought along on the journey overseas. Accompanying the presented mascots was a young boy who had stowed away on the ship before it embarked to Cuba. He was discovered with a rifle and boxes of ammunition and was, of course, sent ashore before departure from the United States. He was taken in by the regiment that was left behind, given a small Rough Riders uniform, and made an honorary member. The men also made sure to honor their colonel in return for his stellar leadership and service. They presented him with a small bronze statue of Remington's "Bronco Buster" which portrayed a cowboy riding a violently bucking horse. "There could have been no more appropriate gift from such a regiment ... most of them looked upon the bronze with the critical eyes of professionals. I doubt if there was any regiment in the world which contained so large a number of men able to ride the wildest and most dangerous horses."[2]:133 After the turning over of their gift, each and every man in the regiment walked by and shook Colonel Roosevelt's hand and bid him a good-bye.[2]:133
Disbandment[edit]
On the morning of September 15, 1898, the regimental property including all equipment, firearms and horses were turned back over to the United States government. The soldiers said one last good-bye to each other and the United States First Volunteer Cavalry, Roosevelt's Rough Riders, was disbanded at last. Before they all returned to their respective homes across the country, Colonel Roosevelt gave them a short speech that commended their efforts in the war, expressed his profound pride and reminded them that, although heroes, they would have to integrate back into normal society and work as hard as everyone else. Many of the men were unable to gain their jobs back from when they lost them before leaving for war. Some, due to illness or injury, were unable to work for a long time. Money was donated by a number of wealthier supporters of the regiment and used to supplement the well being of the needy veterans, many of whom were too proud to accept the help.[2]:134–138
US Postage Stamp, 1948 issue, commemorating 50th anniversary of Theodore Roosevelt's Rough Riders.
A first reunion of the Rough Riders was held in the Plaza Hotel in Las Vegas, New Mexico in 1899.[14] Roosevelt, then Governor of New York, attended this event.[15] In 1948, fifty years after the Rough Riders disbandment, the U.S. Post office issued a commemorative stamp in their honor and memory. The stamp depicts Captain William Owen "Bucky" O'Neill, who was killed in action while leading troop A at the Battle of San Juan Hill, July 1, 1898.[16] The Rough Riders continued to have annual reunions in Las Vegas until 1967, when the sole veteran to attend was Jesse Langdon. He died in 1975.[15]
Last survivors[edit]
The last two surviving veterans of the regiment were Frank C. Brito and Jesse Langdon. Brito, from Las Cruces, New Mexico, whose father was a Yaqui Indian stagecoach operator. Brito was 21 when he enlisted with his brother in May 1898. He never made it to Cuba, having been a member of H Troop, one of the four left behind in Tampa. He later became a mining engineer and lawman. He died April 22, 1973, at the age of 96.
Langdon, born 1881 in what is now North Dakota, "hoboed" his way to Washington, D.C., and called on Roosevelt at the Navy Department, reminding him that his father, a veterinarian, had treated Roosevelt's cattle at his Dakota ranch during his ranching days. Roosevelt arranged a railroad ticket for him to San Antonio, where Langdon enlisted in the Rough Riders at age 16. He was the last surviving member of the regiment and the only one to attend the final two reunions, in 1967 and 1968. He died June 29, 1975 at the age of 94, twenty-six months after Brito.
World War I[edit]
Just after the United States entered the war against the Central Powers, the U.S. Congress gave Roosevelt the authority to raise up to four divisions similar to the Rough Riders. Roosevelt immediately selected eighteen officers (including: Seth Bullock, Frederick Russell Burnham, and James Rudolph Garfield) to raise a volunteer infantry division, and began corresponding with Newton D. Baker, Secretary of War. After several months, many more men joined Roosevelt's World War I volunteers, but Baker refused to offer any assistance or guidance to the new unit. Frustrated, Roosevelt telegraphed President Woodrow Wilson requesting his assistance; however, as Commander-in-chief, Wilson refused to make use of the volunteers and Roosevelt disbanded the unit.[17]
Muster roll[edit]
Ticket for a 1906 fund-raising event to help finance a monument for the Rough Riders erected later in 1906
Mustered In:
Officers: 56
Enlisted Men: 994
Mustered Out:
Officers: 76
Enlisted Men: 1,090
Total Number Accounted for on Muster Out Roll:
Officers: 52
Enlisted Men: 1,185
Losses While in Service:
Officers:
Promoted or Transferred: 0
Resigned or Discharged: 2
Dismissed: 0
Killed in Action: 2
Died of Wounds: 0
Died of Disease: 1
Died of Accident: 0
Drowned: 0
Suicide: 0
Murdered: 0
Total Officer losses: 5
Enlisted Men:
Transferred: 0
Discharged for Disability: 9
Discharged by General Court Martial: 0
Discharged by Order: 31
Killed in Action: 21
Died of Wounds Received in Action: 3
Died of Disease: 19
Died of Accident: 0
Drowned: 0
Suicide: 14
Murdered or Homicide: 0
Deserted: 12
Total enlisted Losses: 95
Wounded:
Officers: 7
Enlisted Men: 97
(Source: The Adjutant General's Office, Statistical Exhibit of Strength of Volunteer Forces Called Into Service During the War With Spain; with Losses From All Causes. (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1899) As presented in an Electronic Edition by the US Army Center of Military History)
Theatrical productions[edit]
Buffalo Bill's Wild West and Congress of Rough Riders of the World, c.1898
William H. West's Big Minstrel Jubilee: The Charge of San Juan Hill
Colonel Theodore Roosevelt and the Rough Riders were popularly portrayed in Wild West Shows such as Buffalo Bill's Wild West and Congress of Rough Riders of the World and in Minstrel shows such as William H. West's Big Minstrel Jubilee. Roosevelt himself had a hand in popularizing the legends of the Rough Riders, recruiting Mason Mitchell, a fellow Rough Rider with theatrical talent, to perform for the Republican State Committee of New York.[18] More than anyone else, William Frederick Cody, better known as Buffalo Bill, can be credited with helping to create and preserve the dramatic myth of the Rough Riders and the American Old West. His extravaganzas glamorized it into an appealing show for Eastern American audiences and helped permanently preserve the legends.
See also[edit]
Canyon Diablo Train Robbery
Battleground Gunfight
Rough Riders Memorial
Leonard Wood
Theodore Roosevelt
Woodbury Kane
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Paul Mathingham Hutton, "T.R. takes charge," American History 33.n3 (August 1998), 30(11).
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Roosevelt, Theodore (1899). Rough Riders. P.F. Collier & Son Publishers. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
Jump up ^ David S. Pierson, "What the Rough Riders lacked in military discipline, they made up for with patriotic fervor and courage," Military History, XV (June 1899), 10.
Jump up ^ https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/dgm02
^ Jump up to: a b c Hutton, "T.R. takes charge," 30(11).
^ Jump up to: a b Pierson, "What the Rough Riders lacked ... ," 10.
Jump up ^ Parker, John H., The Gatlings At Santiago, preface by Theodore Roosevelt, Middlesex, U.K.: Echo Library (reprinted 2006)
Jump up ^ Roosevelt, Theodore, The Rough Riders, Scribner's Magazine, Vol. 25, May 1899, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, p. 568
Jump up ^ Jones, V.C., Before The Colors Fade: Last Of The Rough Riders, American Heritage Magazine, August 1969, Vol. 20, Issue 5, p. 26
Jump up ^ Parker, John H. (Lt.), The Gatlings At Santiago, Middlesex, U.K.: Echo Library (reprinted 2006), pp. 59–61
Jump up ^ Parker, John H. (Lt.), History of the Gatling Gun Detachment, Kansas City, MO: Hudson-Kimberly Publishing Co. (1898), pp. 160–161
Jump up ^ Roosevelt, Theodore (Col.), The Rough Riders, Scribner's Magazine, p. 568
^ Jump up to: a b Dale L. Walker, "from the San Juan Heights," Military History, XXV (Jul/Aug 2008), 17.
Jump up ^ "New Mexico History / Plaza Hotel". Trips into History. 2012-07-23. Retrieved 2014-07-31.
^ Jump up to: a b Harris, Richard K. (2006-11-01). New Mexico. Globe Pequot Press. ISBN 978-0-7627-4205-9. Retrieved 2014-07-31.
Jump up ^ Smithsonian National Postal Museum: Rough Riders Issue
Jump up ^ Roosevelt, Theodore (1917). The Foes of Our Own Household. New York: George H. Doran company. p. 347. LCCN 17025965.
Jump up ^ "Theodore Roosevelt Arranges a Dramatic Presentation About the Rough Riders, 1898". Shapell Manuscript Collection. SMF.
Sources[edit]
"Rough Riders". Smithsonian National Postal Museum. Retrieved January 11, 2014.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rough Riders.
Theodore Roosevelt on Government Neglect of the Rough Riders After San Juan Hill Shapell Manuscript Foundation
The Rough Riders at Project Gutenberg
Roosevelt's personal recollections of the campaign
Rough Riders Memorial Collection:
Roosevelt and the campaign at TR.com
The Rough Riders public domain audiobook at LibriVox
[show]
Rough Riders
Officers
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John Avery McIlhenny
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[show]
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Grammy Award records
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Throughout the history of the Grammy Awards, many significant records have been set. This page only includes the competitive awards which have been won by various artists. This does not include the various special awards that are presented by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences such as Lifetime Achievement Awards, Trustees Awards, Technical Awards or Legend Awards. The page however does include other non-performance related Grammys (known as the Craft & Production Fields) that may have been presented to the artist(s).
All the records are as of the 2017 Grammy Awards.
Contents
[hide]
1 Awards
1.1 Most Grammys won
1.2 Most Grammys won by a male artist
1.3 Most Grammys won by a female artist
1.4 Most Grammys won by a group
1.5 Most Grammys won by a producer
1.6 Most Grammys won by an engineer or mixer
1.7 Youngest winners
1.8 Youngest artists to win Album of the Year
1.9 Oldest winners
1.10 Most honored albums
1.11 Most Album of the Year wins
1.12 Most Record of the Year wins
1.13 Most Grammys won for consecutive albums
1.14 Most consecutive Grammys won for the same category
1.15 Artists who have won all four General Field awards
2 Single ceremony
2.1 Most Grammys won in one night
2.2 Most Grammys won by a male artist in one night
2.3 Most Grammys won by a female artist in one night
2.4 Most Grammys won by a group in one night
2.5 Most Grammys won by a record producer in one night
2.6 Most Grammys won by an engineer or mixer in one night
2.7 Artist who has won all four General Field Awards at a single ceremony
2.8 Artists who have won Record, Album and Song of the Year in one night
2.9 Most Grammys won by an album in one night
2.10 Most posthumous Grammys won in one night
3 Nominations
3.1 Most Grammy nominations
3.2 Most nominations in one night
3.3 Most nominations without winning
3.4 Most nominations in one night without winning
3.5 Grammy nominations in the most categories
3.6 Artists who had been nominated for all four General Field awards in one night
3.7 Youngest nominees
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links
Awards[edit]
Most Grammys won[edit]
The record for the most Grammy Awards won in a lifetime is held by Sir Georg Solti, a Hungarian-British conductor who conducted the Chicago Symphony Orchestra for twenty-two years. He has won a total of 31 competitive Grammy Awards out of 74 nominations and was awarded a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1996.[1][2]
Rank
Artist
Awards
1 Georg Solti 31
2 Quincy Jones 27
Alison Krauss
4 Pierre Boulez 26
5 Vladimir Horowitz 25
Stevie Wonder
7 John Williams 23
8 U2 22
Chick Corea
Beyoncé
11 Jay-Z 21
Kanye West
Vince Gill
Paul McCartney
15 Henry Mancini 20
Pat Metheny
Bruce Springsteen
Most Grammys won by a male artist[edit]
Georg Solti had won a total of 31 Grammy Awards.
Rank
Artist
Awards
1 Georg Solti 31
2 Quincy Jones 27
3 Pierre Boulez 26
4 Vladimir Horowitz 25
Stevie Wonder
6 John Williams 23
7 Chick Corea 22
8 Kanye West 21
Paul McCartney
Vince Gill
Jay Z
12 Henry Mancini 20
Pat Metheny
Bruce Springsteen
Al Schmitt
16 Jimmy Sturr 18
Tony Bennett
Yo-Yo Ma
Most Grammys won by a female artist[edit]
Alison Krauss has, as a solo artist, collaborator and producer, won 27 Grammy Awards.[3]
Rank
Artist
Awards
1 Alison Krauss[note 1] 27
2 Beyoncé[note 2] 22
3 Aretha Franklin 18
4 Adele 15
Alicia Keys
6 Ella Fitzgerald 13
Leontyne Price
Emmylou Harris
9 Shirley Caesar 11
10 Chaka Khan 10
Bonnie Raitt
Linda Ronstadt
Taylor Swift
CeCe Winans
15 Mary J. Blige 9
Natalie Cole
Sheryl Crow
Norah Jones
Hillary Scott[note 3]
Most Grammys won by a group[edit]
U2 holds the record for most Grammy Awards won by a group. They have won 22 awards.
Rank
Artists
Awards
1 U2 22
2 Alison Krauss and Union Station 14
3 Dixie Chicks 13
4 Foo Fighters 11
5 Pat Metheny Group 10
Take 6
7 The Manhattan Transfer 9
The Beatles
Emerson String Quartet
Asleep At The Wheel
11 Blackwood Brothers 8
Metallica
Santana
14 Coldplay 7
Kentucky Thunder
Lady Antebellum
Simon & Garfunkel
Los Tigres del Norte
Most Grammys won by a producer[edit]
Quincy Jones with 27 awards holds the record for most Grammy Awards won by a producer (and eleven of those were awarded for production duties. Jones also received Grammys as an arranger and a performing artist). Some producers have also won awards as engineers, mixers and/or mastering engineers.
Rank
Producer
Awards
1 Quincy Jones 27
2 Kanye West 21
3 David Foster 16
James Mallinson
4 Steven Epstein 15
David Frost
7 Phil Ramone 14
8 T Bone Burnett 13
Robert Woods
Jay David Saks
11 Arif Mardin 11
Most Grammys won by an engineer or mixer[edit]
Al Schmitt, with 20 awards, has won more Grammy Awards than any other engineer or mixer.
Youngest winners[edit]
The Peasall Sisters are the youngest Grammy winners, when they were credited artists on the O Brother, Where Art Thou? soundtrack, which won Album of the Year in 2002.[4] LeAnn Rimes is the youngest individual winner. She was 14 years old when she won her first two awards in 1997. She was also the first Country artist to win the Best New Artist Grammy.
Rank
Age
Artist
1 7 years Leah Peasall
2 9 years Hannah Peasall
3 13 years Sarah Peasall
4 14 years, 182 days LeAnn Rimes
5 14 years, 313 days Luis Miguel
6 17 years, 81 days Lorde
7 18 years, 105 days Daya
8 18 years, 123 days Monica
9 19 years, 67 days Christina Aguilera
10 19 years, 112 days LaTavia Roberson
Youngest artists to win Album of the Year[edit]
Taylor Swift is the youngest artist to win Album of the Year. She was 20 years old when she won in 2010 for her album Fearless.
Rank
Age
Artist
1 20 years, 49 days Taylor Swift
2 21 years, 242 days Alanis Morissette
3 22 years, 18 days Barbra Streisand
4 23 years, 274 days Lauryn Hill
5 23 years, 283 days Adele
6 23 years, 293 days Stevie Wonder
7 23 years, 330 days Norah Jones
Oldest winners[edit]
Pinetop Perkins is the oldest person to win a Grammy. In 2011 he was awarded Best Traditional Blues Album for Joined At The Hip at 97 years of age.
Rank
Age
Artist
1 97 years, 221 days Pinetop Perkins
2 95 years, 31 days George Burns
3 91 years, 137 days Jimmy Carter
4 90 years, 52 days Elizabeth Cotten
5 90 years, 26 days Betty White
Note: Sources vary on the birth year of Elizabeth Cotten, with some stating it as 1893, while others say 1895. The above information credits it as 1895. With either year, Cotten is the oldest female Grammy winner.
Most honored albums[edit]
Santana's Supernatural and U2's How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb hold the record for most honored album having won nine awards. Supernatural won nine awards in 2000 and How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb won three awards in 2005 and won a further six in 2006 giving it a total of nine awards.
Rank
Albums and artists
Awards
1 How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb — U2 9
3 Supernatural — Santana
Come Away With Me — Norah Jones 8
Genius Loves Company — Ray Charles
Thriller — Michael Jackson
7 All That You Can't Leave Behind — U2 7
Back on the Block — Quincy Jones
9 21 — Adele 6
Back To Black — Amy Winehouse
The Blueprint 3 — Jay Z
Bridge Over Troubled Water — Simon & Garfunkel
Raising Sand — Robert Plant & Alison Krauss
The Return of Roger Miller — Roger Miller
Taking the Long Way — Dixie Chicks
To Pimp a Butterfly — Kendrick Lamar
Toto IV — Toto
Unforgettable... with Love — Natalie Cole
Unplugged — Eric Clapton
Most Album of the Year wins[edit]
The record for most Album of the Year wins is three. Three recording artists, four record producers, two mastering engineers and one engineer/mixer have won the award three times.
Frank Sinatra, artist — Come Dance with Me! (1960), September of My Years (1966), A Man and His Music (1967)
Stevie Wonder, artist — Innervisions (1974), Fulfillingness' First Finale (1975), Songs in the Key of Life (1977)
Paul Simon, artist — Bridge over Troubled Water (1971), Still Crazy After All These Years (1976), Graceland (1987)
David Foster, producer — Unforgettable… with Love (1992), The Bodyguard: Original Soundtrack Album (1994), Falling into You (1997)
Phil Ramone, producer — Still Crazy After All These Years (1976), 52nd Street (1980), Genius Loves Company (2005)
Daniel Lanois, producer — The Joshua Tree (1988), Time out of Mind (1998), How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb (2006)
Bob Ludwig, mastering engineer — Babel (2013), Random Access Memories (2014), Morning Phase (2015)
Tom Coyne, mastering engineer — 21 (2012), 1989 (2016), 25 (2017)
Tom Elmhirst, engineer/mixer — 21 (2012), Morning Phase (2015), 25 (2017)
Ryan Tedder, producer — 21 (2012), 1989 (2016), 25 (2017)

Most Record of the Year wins[edit]
The record for most wins are three.
Paul Simon, artist
Tom Elmhirst, engineer/mixer
Tom Coyne, mastering engineer
Most Grammys won for consecutive albums[edit]
Pat Metheny and his band the Pat Metheny Group have won 20 Grammy Awards in total, including seven consecutive awards for seven consecutive albums.[5] Metheny held the record for Grammy wins in the most different categories as of the 2005 Grammy Awards:
Best Jazz Fusion Performance (1983, 1984, 1985, 1988, 1990)
Best Instrumental Composition (1991)
Best Contemporary Jazz Performance/Album (1993, 1994, 1996, 1999, 2003, 2005)
Best Jazz Instrumental Performance, Individual or Group (1998, 2000, 2013)
Best Rock Instrumental Performance (1999)
Best Jazz Instrumental Solo (2001)
Best New Age Album (2004, 2012)
Most consecutive Grammys won for the same category[edit]
Aretha Franklin holds the record for winning the most consecutive Grammys in the same category. She won the Grammy Award for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance every year from 1968 to 1975, for an eight-year winning streak. She also won in this category in 1982, 1986, and 1988, giving her 11 wins in the category.
After Franklin, Jimmy Sturr, Bill Cosby and John Williams are tied for second place for consecutive Grammy wins in the same category:
Sturr won six years in a row between 1987 and 1992 for Best Polka Album. He also won for three runs of four consecutive years (1996–1999, 2001–2004, and 2006–2009.) He won 18 out of the 24 Best Polka Album Grammys that were awarded since that category was added in 1985. The award was discontinued in 2009.
Cosby won six years in a row between 1965 and 1970 for Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album.
Williams won six years in a row between 1978 and 1983 for Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media.
Lenny Kravitz won the Best Male Rock Vocal Performance award four years in a row (1999, 2000, 2001, 2002).
Artists who have won all four General Field awards[edit]
There have been only two artists who have won all four General Field awards. In 1981, Christopher Cross won Record, Album and Song of the Year as well as Best New Artist.[6] Adele is the second artist to win all four, and the first female to do so. In 2009, she won Best New Artist and in 2012 and 2017, she won Record, Album and Song of the Year.
Single ceremony[edit]
Most Grammys won in one night[edit]
The Record for Most Grammys won in one night is eight. Michael Jackson won eight in 1984 and Santana tied Jackson's record in 2000.
Rank
Artist(s)
Awards
1 Michael Jackson (1984) 8
Santana (2000)
3 Roger Miller (1966) 6
Toto (1983)
Quincy Jones (1991)
Eric Clapton (1993)
Beyoncé (2010)
Adele (2012)
Most Grammys won by a male artist in one night[edit]
Michael Jackson won eight awards in 1984.
Rank
Artist(s)
Awards
1 Michael Jackson (1984) 8
2 Roger Miller (1966) 6
Quincy Jones (1991)
Eric Clapton (1993)
Most Grammys won by a female artist in one night[edit]
The record most Grammys won by a female artist in one night is six. Beyoncé and Adele each won six in 2010 and 2012, respectively.
Rank
Artist
Awards
1 Beyoncé (2010) 6
Adele (2012)
3 Lauryn Hill (1999) 5
Alicia Keys (2002)
Norah Jones (2003)
Beyoncé (2004)
Amy Winehouse (2008)
Alison Krauss (2009)
Adele (2017)
Most Grammys won by a group in one night[edit]
In 2000, Santana was awarded a total of 8 awards. They won the awards for Record of the Year, Album of the Year, Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group With Vocals, Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals, Best Pop Instrumental Performance, Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group With Vocals, Best Rock Instrumental Performance and Best Rock Album.
Rank
Artists
Awards
1 Santana (2000) 8
2 Toto (1983) 6
3 Simon & Garfunkel (1971) 5
U2 (2006)
Dixie Chicks (2007)
Lady Antebellum (2011)
Foo Fighters (2012)
Most Grammys won by a record producer in one night[edit]
The record for most awards won by a producer in one night is five. Rick Rubin won five awards in 2007 including Record of the Year, Album of the Year and Best Country Album for the Dixie Chicks, Best Rock Album for the Red Hot Chili Peppers as well as Producer of the Year, Non Classical.
Most Grammys won by an engineer or mixer in one night[edit]
The most Grammys won by an engineer or mixer in one night is six. At the 59th Annual Grammy Awards in 2017, Tom Elmhirst won Record of the Year, Album of the Year, Best Pop Vocal Album, Best Engineered Album Non Classical, Best Alternative Music Album and Best Rock Album for his work on Adele's '25', David Bowie's 'Blackstar' and Cage The Elephant's 'Tell Me I'm Pretty'.
Artist who has won all four General Field Awards at a single ceremony[edit]
Christopher Cross (1981) received all four General Field awards in one night. Cross won the Record of the Year ("Sailing"), Album of the Year ("Christopher Cross"), Song of the Year ("Sailing"), and Best New Artist Grammys in a single ceremony.[7]
Artists who have won Record, Album and Song of the Year in one night[edit]
The three biggest Grammy Awards are Record of the Year, Album of the Year and Song of the Year. Six artists have won all three in one night. Adele is the only artist in Grammy history to accomplish this twice.
Year
Artist
1971 Paul Simon
1972 Carole King
1981 Christopher Cross
1993 Eric Clapton
2007 Dixie Chicks
2012 Adele
2017
Most Grammys won by an album in one night[edit]
The most awards awarded to an album in one night is nine. In 2000 Santana's Supernatural was awarded nine awards. It won Record of the Year, Album of the Year, Song of the Year, Best Pop Performance by a duo or Group With Vocals, Best Pop Collaboration with vocals, Best Pop Instrumental Performance, Best Rock Performance by a Duo or group with Vocals, Best Rock Instrumental Performance and Best Rock Album.
Most posthumous Grammys won in one night[edit]
Ray Charles holds the record for most posthumous awards won in one night. He was awarded five Grammy Awards in 2005 including Album of the Year.
Nominations[edit]
Most Grammy nominations[edit]
Quincy Jones holds the record for the most Grammy nominations with 79.[8][9]
Rank
Artist
Nominations
1 Quincy Jones 79
2 Paul McCartney[note 4] 78
3 Georg Solti 74
Stevie Wonder
5 Henry Mancini 72
6 Kanye West 68
7 Pierre Boulez 67
8 Jay Z 66
9 Leonard Bernstein 63
10 Chick Corea 64
11 Beyoncé[note 5] 62
John Williams
13 Bruce Springsteen[note 6] 51
Jay David Saks
15 Bono[note 7][note 6] 50
Thomas Z. Shepard
17 Willie Nelson 49
James Mallinson
Babyface
Most nominations in one night[edit]
Michael Jackson holds the record for most Grammy nominations in one night with 12 nominations.
Rank
Artist
Nominations
Year
1 Michael Jackson 12 1984
2 Kendrick Lamar 11 2016
3 Lauryn Hill 10 1999
Kanye West 2005
Beyoncé 2010
Eminem 2011
7 Roger Miller 9 1966
Paul McCartney 1966
The Manhattan Transfer 1986
Jay Z 2014
Beyoncé 2017
Most nominations without winning[edit]
The record for most Grammy nominations without a win is 20, held by Morten Lindberg.
Rank
Artist
Nominations
1 Morten Lindberg 20
2 Snoop Dogg 17
Brian McKnight
4 Joe Satriani 15
5 Toshiko Akiyoshi 14
Martina McBride
Dierks Bentley
Björk
9 Katy Perry 13
Nas
Spyro Gyra
12 Diana Ross 12
Busta Rhymes
Lenny Gomulka
Peter Kater
16 Musiq Soulchild 11
Connie Smith
Vanessa L. Williams
Jazmine Sullivan
R. Carlos Nakai
Alan Parsons
Elly Ameling
Most nominations in one night without winning[edit]
Rank
Artist
Nominations
1 Paul McCartney (1966) 9
2 Kanye West (2017) 8
Rihanna (2017)
4 Stevie Wonder (1983) 7
India.Arie (2002)
Kendrick Lamar (2014)
7 Henry Mancini (1959) 6
Mariah Carey (1996)
50 Cent (2006)
Bruno Mars (2012)
11 Robert M. Jones (1961) 5
Elvis Presley (1961)
Frank Sinatra (1961)
James Taylor (1971)
Eugene Ormandy (1971)
Sting (1986)
Joan Osborne (1996)
Avril Lavigne (2003)
50 Cent (2004)
Alicia Keys (2006)
Gwen Stefani (2006)
James Blunt (2007)
Jazmine Sullivan (2009)
B.o.B (2011)
Lil Wayne (2012)
Drake (2014, 2016)
Grammy nominations in the most categories[edit]
Bob Dylan has been nominated in more categories than any other musician. He has been nominated in 13 different categories. These were in folk, spoken word, country, general, gospel, historical, rock, music video, visual media, pop, american roots, and most recently traditional. He is followed by Sir Paul McCartney who has received nomination in the general field, pop, arrangement, rock, visual media, music video, spoken word, historical, alternative music and rap. Béla Fleck is the artist with the third most nominations among categories. He has been nominated in the country, pop, jazz, bluegrass, world music, classical, folk, and spoken word, as well as composition and arranging categories.
Jackson siblings Michael and Janet are tied for the fourth most nominations in the most categories with nominations in seven different categories, they have received nominations in the general field and other categories. See list of awards and nominations received by Michael and Janet.
Artists who had been nominated for all four General Field awards in one night[edit]
Only ten artists have been nominated for all four General Field awards in one night.
Year
Artist
1968 Bobbie Gentry
1980 Christopher Cross
1985 Cyndi Lauper
1989 Tracy Chapman
1991 Mariah Carey
1998 Paula Cole
2002 India.Arie
2008 Amy Winehouse
2013 Fun.
2015 Sam Smith
Youngest nominees[edit]
Leah Peasall of the Peasall sisters is the youngest ever Grammy nominee (and winner) as one of the credited artists on the O Brother, Where Art Thou? (soundtrack) in 2002.[4] Deleon Richards is the youngest performer to receive an individual nomination, for Best Soul/Gospel performance.[10]
Rank
Age
Artist
1 7 years Leah Peasall
2 8 years, 161 days Deleon Richards
3 9 years Hannah Peasall
4 12 years, 126 days Zac Hanson
5 12 years, 155 days Joey Alexander
6 12 years, 199 days Michael Jackson
7 12 years, 273 days Billy Gilman
8 13 years Sarah Peasall
9 14 years, 45 days Chris "Daddy Mac" Smith
10 14 years, 182 days LeAnn Rimes
11 14 years, 197 days Chris "Mac Daddy" Kelly
12 14 years, 313 days Luis Miguel
13 14 years, 348 days Taylor Hanson
See also[edit]
Latin Grammy Award records
List of Academy Award records
List of people who have won Academy, Emmy, Grammy, and Tony Awards
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Includes 14 awards as part of Union Station
Jump up ^ Includes 3 awards as part of Destiny's Child
Jump up ^ Includes 7 awards as part of Lady Antebellum
Jump up ^ Includes 41 nominations as part of The Beatles
Jump up ^ Includes 13 nominations as part of Destiny's Child
^ Jump up to: a b Includes 2 nominations as part of Artists United Against Apartheid
Jump up ^ Includes 47 nominations as part of U2
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Georg Solti - Biography". Retrieved 19 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "WHO ARE THE TOP GRAMMY WINNERS OF ALL TIME?". Grammy.com. Retrieved March 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "U2 dominates Grammy night", CBC News, February 9, 2006. Retrieved 2008-01-07.
^ Jump up to: a b "Past winners search 2001". Grammy.Com. Retrieved 27 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Jazz Legends Pat Metheny Group Improvise on Austin City Limits :: eJazzNews.com : The Number One Jazz News Resource On The Net :: Jazz News Daily
Jump up ^ 2003 Grammy Awards
Jump up ^ "A Virtual College of Grammy Knowledge", by Wook Kim, Entertainment Weekly, 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-07.
Jump up ^ "2008 NEA Jazz Master: Quincy Jones", National Endowment for the Arts, 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-07.
Jump up ^ "Artist With The Most Grammy Nominations for 2017". Billboard. December 6, 2016. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ [1], Retrieved 2009-09-02.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Grammy Awards.
Official Grammy Awards website
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Unforgettable… with Love

values: The Bodyguard: Original Soundtrack Album

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/wiki/Time_out_of_Mind
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Time out of Mind

values: Edit section: Most Record of the Year wins

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values: Grammy Award for Best Jazz Fusion Performance

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values: Grammy Award for Best Rock Instrumental Performance

values: Grammy Award for Best Jazz Instrumental Solo

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values: Grammy Award for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance

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values: Edit section: Artists who have won all four General Field awards

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/wiki/Grammy_Awards_of_2017
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Grammy Awards of 2017

values: Edit section: Artist who has won all four General Field Awards at a single ceremony

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/wiki/13th_Grammy_Awards
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13th Grammy Awards

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/wiki/14th_Grammy_Awards
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14th Grammy Awards

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23rd Grammy Awards

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/wiki/35th_Grammy_Awards
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35th Grammy Awards

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49th Grammy Awards

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/wiki/54th_Grammy_Awards
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54th Grammy Awards

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/wiki/59th_Grammy_Awards
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59th Grammy Awards

values: Edit section: Most Grammys won by an album in one night

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/wiki/Vanessa_L._Williams
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Vanessa L. Williams

values: Edit section: Most nominations in one night without winning

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/wiki/Drake_(rapper)
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Drake (rapper)

values: Edit section: Grammy nominations in the most categories

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/wiki/Visual_media
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Visual media

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American roots music

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/wiki/Sir_Paul_McCartney
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Sir Paul McCartney

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Alternative music

values: List of awards and nominations received by Michael Jackson

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Chris "Mac Daddy" Kelly

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