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ANSI-SPARC Architecture
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The ANSI-SPARC Three-level architecture.
The ANSI-SPARC Architecture, where ANSI-SPARC stands for American National Standards Institute, Standards Planning And Requirements Committee, is an abstract design standard for a Database Management System (DBMS), first proposed in 1975.[1]
The ANSI-SPARC model however never became a formal standard. No mainstream DBMS systems are fully based on it (they tend not to exhibit full physical independence or to prevent direct user access to the conceptual level), but the idea of logical data independence is widely adopted.
Contents
[hide]
1 Three-level architecture
2 Database schemas
3 See also
4 References
5 Further reading
Three-level architecture[edit]
The objective of the three-level architecture is to separate the user's view,
It allows independent customized user views: Each user should be able to access the same data, but have a different customized view of the data. These should be independent: changes to one view should not affect others.
It hides the physical storage details from users: Users should not have to deal with physical database storage details.
The database administrator should be able to change the database storage structures without affecting the users’ views.
The internal structure of the database should be unaffected by changes to the physical aspects of the storage: For example, a changeover to a new disk.
The three levels are:
External level
Conceptual level
Internal level
The Three Level Architecture has the aim of enabling users to access the same data but with a personalised view of it. The distancing of the internal level from the external level means that users do not need to know how the data is physically stored in the database. This level separation also allows the Database Administrator (DBA) to change the database storage structures without affecting the users' views.
External Level (User Views): A user's view of the database describes a part of the database that is relevant to a particular user. It excludes irrelevant data as well as data which the user is not authorised to access.
Conceptual Level: The conceptual level is a way of describing what data is stored within the whole database and how the data is inter-related. The conceptual level does not specify how the data is physically stored.
Some important facts about this level are:
DBA works at this level.
Describes the structure of all users.
Only DBA can define this level.
Global view of database.
Independent of hardware and software.
Internal Level: The internal level involves how the database is physically represented on the computer system. It describes how the data is actually stored in the database and on the computer hardware.
Database schemas[edit]
There are three different types of schema corresponding to the three levels in the ANSI-SPARC architecture.
The external schemas describe the different external views of the data and there may be many external schemas for a given database.
The conceptual schema describes all the data items and relationships between them, together with integrity constraints (later). There is only one conceptual schema per database.
The internal schema at the lowest level contains definitions of the stored records, the methods of representation, the data fields, and indexes. There is only one internal schema per database.
The overall description of a database is called the database schema.
See also[edit]
Three schema approach
View model
References[edit]
Jump up ^ ANSI/X3/SPARC Study Group on Data Base Management Systems: (1975), Interim Report. FDT, ACM SIGMOD bulletin. Volume 7, No. 2
Further reading[edit]
Jardine, Donald A. (1977). The ANSI/SPARC DBMS Model. North-Holland Pub. Co. ISBN 0-7204-0719-2.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ANSI-SPARC_Architecture&oldid=791589742"
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The Deuce (TV series)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the cable television series. For other uses, see The Deuce (disambiguation).
The Deuce
Genre
Period drama
Created by
George Pelecanos
David Simon
Starring
James Franco
Maggie Gyllenhaal
Gbenga Akinnagbe
Chris Bauer
Gary Carr
Chris Coy
Dominique Fishback
Lawrence Gilliard Jr.
Margarita Levieva
Emily Meade
Natalie Paul
Michael Rispoli
Opening theme
"(Don't Worry) If There's a Hell Below, We're All Going to Go" by Curtis Mayfield
Ending theme
"Assume the Position" by Lafayette Gilchrist
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
1
No. of episodes
8 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
David Simon
Richard Price
James Franco
Michelle MacLaren
George Pelecanos
Nina Kostroff Noble
Producer(s)
Jessica Levin
Maggie Gyllenhaal
Mark Henry Johnson
Production location(s)
New York City
Cinematography
Pepe Avila del Pino
Vanja Cernjul
Yaron Orbach
Editor(s)
Alex Hall
Running time
59–84 minutes
Production company(s)
Blown Deadline Productions
Rabbit Bandini Productions
HBO Entertainment
Distributor
HBO Enterprises
Warner Bros. Television Distribution
Release
Original network
HBO
Original release
September 10, 2017 (2017-09-10) – present
External links
Website
The Deuce is an American drama television series created by David Simon and George Pelecanos. The series' pilot began filming in October 2015 and was picked up to series in January 2016.[1] It is broadcast by the premium cable network HBO in the United States and premiered on September 10, 2017.[2][3] HBO made the pilot available through its video-on-demand services and affiliate portals on August 25, 2017.[4]
The Deuce feature an ensemble cast, led by James Franco and Maggie Gyllenhaal. It tells the story of the legalization and ensuing rise of the porn industry in New York City beginning in the 1970s. Themes explored include the violence of the drug epidemic and the resulting real-estate booms and busts that coincided with the change. The show's title is derived from the nickname for 42nd Street between Seventh Avenue and Eighth Avenue.[5][6]
On September 19, 2017, HBO renewed the series for a second season,[7] which will premiere on September 9, 2018.[8]
Contents
1 Premise
2 Conception
3 Cast
3.1 Main
3.2 Recurring
4 Episodes
4.1 Season 1 (2017)
4.2 Season 2
5 Reception
5.1 Critical response
5.2 Ratings
5.3 Accolades
6 References
7 External links
Premise[edit]
Set during the 1970s in New York, the violence of the drug epidemic is worsening. Twin brothers Vincent and Frankie Martino become fronts for the Mafia while operating out of Times Square, which is also the home of "Candy," a sex worker who turns to the now-legal emerging porn industry. The first season takes place between 1971 and 1972, while the second season jumps five years ahead to 1977.[3][9]
Conception[edit]
Marc Henry Johnson, an assistant locations manager on Treme, introduced Simon and Pelecanos to a man in New York who told them vivid accounts from his stint as a mob front for bars and massage parlors in 1970s Manhattan. "The characters were so rich, and that's what it all comes down to," said Pelecanos. Inspired by these stories, the producers set out to present a fictional account of the era. "Some of it happened," said Simon. "Some of it didn't happen. Some of it might have happened. But all of it could have happened."[10]
Cast[edit]
Main[edit]
James Franco as Vincent Martino and Frankie Martino, twin brothers from Brooklyn operating out of Times Square who become fronts for the Mob.[1]
Maggie Gyllenhaal as Eileen "Candy" Merrell, a Times Square street prostitute with an entrepreneurial spirit who is drawn into the emerging pornography industry.[11]
Gbenga Akinnagbe as Larry Brown, an intense and demanding pimp who physically intimidates his stable of women but also has moments that betray a conflicted, underlying humanity.[12]
Chris Bauer as Bobby Dwyer, Vincent and Frankie Martino’s brother-in-law, a construction foreman and family man whose eyes are opened by their adventures along the Deuce.[12]
Gary Carr as C.C., an affable but ruthless pimp.[3]
Chris Coy as Paul Hendrickson, a kindred spirit to Vincent Martino and a veteran bartender who pursues his own personal and professional ambitions in the emerging gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender community of '70s New York.[13]
Dominique Fishback as Darlene, a young, sweet-natured prostitute who's trying to survive on the street while under the thumb of a volatile, violent pimp.[14]
Lawrence Gilliard Jr. as Chris Alston, an NYPD patrolman.[14]
Margarita Levieva as Abigail "Abby" Parker, an adventurous college student who strikes up a relationship with Vincent.[14]
Emily Meade as Lori, a young woman newly arrived to New York City from Minnesota.[1]
Natalie Paul as Sandra Washington, a newspaper reporter who's investigating the Times Square sex industry. (season 1)[15]
Michael Rispoli as Rudy Pipilo, a Gambino family capo who oversees the Mob's financial interests in the sex business.[15]
Jamie Neumann as Ashley, a prostitute who works for C.C., who later quits the sex trade and becomes an activist. (recurring season 1, main season 2)[9]
Luke Kirby as Gene Goldman, an incoming Koch administration official bent on reform. (season 2)[9]
Recurring[edit]
Pernell Walker as Ruby "Thunder Thighs", a thoughtful and opinionated sex worker who embodies her unorthodox aesthetics. Walker has stated that she appreciates the care taken in writing for the character, whose inclusion in the show is not just for sensationalism.[16]
Method Man as Rodney, a pimp
Tariq Trotter as Reggie Love, a pimp
Daniel Sauli as Tommy Longo
David Krumholtz as Harvey Wasserman, a director of pornographic movies[17]
Don Harvey as Danny Flanagan, a NYC patrolman and Alston's partner[3]
Michael Kostroff as Rizzi, a desk sergeant in Alston and Flanagan's precinct.
Ralph Macchio as Officer Haddix, a jaded vice cop.
Mustafa Shakir as Big Mike, a man of few words, a physically imposing loner who becomes Vincent’s primary muscle and fiercely devoted friend.[13]
Anwan Glover as Leon, who runs a diner the characters frequent[1]
Sepideh Moafi as Loretta
Ralph Macchio as Officer Haddix, a jaded vice cop patrolling Times Square in the corrupt police force of 1970s New York.[18]
Zoe Kazan as Andrea Martino, Vincent's wife[19]
James Ciccone as Carmine Patriccia, a mob underboss who works out of a Mulberry Street social club in Little Italy and is one rung above Rudy Pipilo.
Garry Pastore as Matthew Ianniello, the Genovese Family crime boss who ran the Times Square porn industry during the 1970s and 1980s.
Carolyn Mignini as Joan Merrell, Candy's mother who lives in the suburbs.
Finn Robbins as Adam, Candy's son who lives with Candy's mother.
Gino Vento as Carlos, driver and bodyguard for mobster Rudy Pipilo.
Aaron Dean Eisenberg as Todd Lang, a classically trained but starving actor with little success in acting. To make ends meet, he starts acting in a few porn films, and quickly finds a home.
Episodes[edit]
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
First aired
Last aired
1 8 September 10, 2017 (2017-09-10) October 29, 2017 (2017-10-29)
2 9[20] September 9, 2018 (2018-09-09) November 4, 2018 (2018-11-04)[20]
Season 1 (2017)[edit]
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)
1
1 "Pilot" Michelle MacLaren George Pelecanos & David Simon August 25, 2017 (2017-08-25) (online)
September 10, 2017 (2017-09-10) (HBO) 0.830[21]
In 1971, Brooklyn bartender Vince is working seven days a week to provide for his family. Vince's identical twin brother, reckless gambler Frankie, owes money to several mobsters and bookies. Fed up with his unfaithful wife, Andrea, Vince leaves his family and decides to focus on his bar. Pimp C.C. recruits Lori, a new arrival from Minnesota, as a prostitute. C.C's prized possession is Ashley, who is in love with C.C. and becomes jealous of Lori. Another pimp, Larry Brown, is abusive towards his prostitutes, one of whom is the sweet-natured Darlene. Eileen, whose street name is "Candy", is a prostitute and single mother, chooses to work without a pimp and becomes introduced in the ascendant pornography industry. College student Abby is arrested for buying drugs. At the station, she meets officer Chris Alston, who is versed on the players in the streets. The arresting officer, Flanagan, lets her go without charge and takes her to Vince's bar, but Abby becomes attracted to Vince. She arrives for her exam the following morning, but leaves the building. At his hotel, Vince witnesses C.C. wounding Ashley with a knife after she refuses to work in the rain.
2
2 "Show and Prove" Ernest Dickerson Richard Price & George Pelecanos September 17, 2017 (2017-09-17) 0.839[22]
Vince begins to work with mob capo Rudy Pipilo. Vince, Frankie, and their brother-in-law Bobby, a Brooklyn construction foreman, come up with a money-making scheme at Bobby's construction site involving the worker's paychecks. Since the workers receive their paychecks on Friday, they have to wait until Monday to cash them at the bank, or they can receive cash on Friday, although at a slightly reduced pay. Because Vince was able to successfully draw customers to a struggling Korean bar, Rudy gives Vince the chance to rebuild a failing bar and to take it as his own. Abby drops out of school and moves into the city. C.C. continues to educate Lori about the streets and the advantages of having a pimp. Later, C.C. stabs a man who is impersonating a police officer and was trying to arrest Lori and kidnap her. Sandra Washington, a reporter, tries to talk to Darlene at a bar, but Larry intervenes. Candy fills in for a friend at a porno shoot and becomes interested in the filmmaking process.
3
3 "The Principle Is All" James Franco David Simon & Richard Price September 24, 2017 (2017-09-24) 0.992[23]
Candy goes to lunch with porn director Harvey Wasserman where she pitches herself for a job in the filmmaking business. Bobby has a heart attack on his construction site and ends up in the hospital. Rudy and his associate Tommy Longo meet with their lawyer about wanting to purchase real estate in Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan. The NYC patrolmen, including Alston and Flanagan, are told about certain "no-go areas" for arrests. Darlene, after spending extra time with one of her regulars (who she just watches movies with), works overtime to compensate Larry. Lori is told by C.C. to play the long-game, by gaining regular customers. Sandra interviews another prostitute, but has to pay her. Abby quits her telemarketing job and goes to work at Vince's bar, the Hi-Hat, which is having its opening night. During a successful opening night at the bar, a drifter named Big Mike stops an angry man from pulling a gun; Vince then hires him for security at the bar.
4
4 "I See Money" Alex Hall Story by : George Pelecanos and Lisa Lutz
Teleplay by : Lisa Lutz October 1, 2017 (2017-10-01) 0.941[24]
Eileen is asked out by a man named Jack at a record store and she later goes on a date with him. Paul, a gay bartender who work's with Vince, goes out for dinner with his relatively closeted boyfriend. Paul also wishes to open his own bar, but Vince likes running the Hi-Hat with him. Sandra, while interviewing prostitutes on the street, accidentally gets round up with the prostitutes by the police. However, at the station, Alston recognizes she isn't one of them, and she introduces herself as a journalist. Sandra and Alston later go out together; while Alston thinks it's more of a date, Sandra is scouting for her report. Alston later tests the "no-go zone" by arresting a man for drug possession; but he is told to let the offender go by his bosses. Andrea expresses to Vince that she and the kids miss him and wants to get back together. Abby continues to bond with Darlene, and later buys her a bus ticket back home, wanting her to get out of the sex trade. A fight breaks out in the bar, which leads Vince to hire more security in the form of a gunman: an ex-Vietnam vet named "Black" Frankie. Rudy and Tommy have a worker at Bobby's site beaten up and used an example after he denies their cash payment method over waiting to cash the paycheck. Vince and Abby continue their attraction and have sex in the bar after work. Rudy and Tommy take Vince to an empty building, which will be his next business.
5
5 "What Kind of Bad?" Uta Briesewitz Story by : Richard Price
Teleplay by : Will Ralston & Chris Yakaitis October 8, 2017 (2017-10-08) 0.888[25]
After spending time back home in North Carolina, Darlene returns to New York City with Bernice, a young woman from her home town. Larry believes Bernice is too young and not street-ready, so he "trades" her to Rodney, another pimp. Abby hangs out with her old friends from college, but soon realizes it's not her scene anymore and returns to the Hi-Hat. Eileen continues her relationship with Jack. Vince mulls over Rudy's offer regarding the empty building, that will become a brothel. Bobby convinces Vince to let him take care of it, so Vince can continue focusing on the bar. Rudy has an agreement with the police regarding the whorehouse, because they want that activity off the streets as much as possible. Paul, after exiting a gay porn theater, is arrested by cops for "soliciting", and is later bailed out by Big Mike, who was sent by Vince. Alston and Sandra continue working together, and he sets up an interview with pimp Reggie Love for Sandra. Candy is brutally beaten and robbed by one of her johns. Later, after Candy touches herself up and is back on the street, Rodney offers his services again, but she denies it. Fed up with her job, Candy goes to Harvey, where they'll be starting work in a few weeks.
6
6 "Why Me?" Roxann Dawson Story by : Richard Price and Marc Henry Johnson
Teleplay by : Marc Henry Johnson October 15, 2017 (2017-10-15) 0.812[26]
With the New Year approaching, the NYC patrolman are told to crack down on illegal activity in their precinct and to arrest every prostitute and pimp on the streets. Vince's brothel, run by Bobby, opens up. Vince comes to an agreement with several pimps, including Larry, Rodney and Reggie, to use their girls in his brothel. It will get the girls off the streets and they will be provided with safety and security, and the pimps will still get their money. Since obscenity laws are becoming more loose, Harvey returns to making porno films, with Eileen co-starring in it. When one of the girls can't make the shoot, Eileen gets Lori to fill in for her. However, C.C. shows up and demands more money from everyone for Lori's involvement in the film. Alston tells Sandra he doesn't want to be her source, and they later go on a date. Rudy enlists the help of Frankie and Big Mike to confirm if some of his men are skimming. Big Mike sketches a design for a partitioned version of a peep show. Eileen learns from Harvey that the next film shoot won't be for another month, but Eileen needs to make money and doesn't want to go back on the streets. Feeling bad, Harvey visits Eileen at her apartment and sets her up with a female pimp (madam), where the clientele is vetted and more upscale.
7
7 "Au Reservoir" James Franco Story by : David Simon and Megan Abbott
Teleplay by : Megan Abbott October 22, 2017 (2017-10-22) 0.953[27]
It is now 1972. Alston reveals to Sandra about the NYPD's plan of running the prostitutes off the streets and into the parlors, and that the police are getting payed by the parlors for their protection. Ashley is sick of being treated poorly by C.C. and ditches work. Ashley meets Frankie at the Hi-Hat and they are invited by Paul to movie screening that stars Paul's friend Todd. Unbeknownst to Frankie, it's a gay porn film called Boys in the Sand. Ashley and Frankie spend the night together at a hotel and he reveals he doesn't have a home. Later, Ashley hides out at Abby's apartment. Bobby deals with several issues at the parlor regarding the girls: Shay collapses from a drug overdose, Melissa and Barbara are caught robbing a customer, and Bernice suffers a mental breakdown. Bobby also shows favoritism to one of girls who he pays so she doesn't have to see customers. The pimps, C.C., Larry, and Rodney begin to feel extraneous regarding their jobs since the girls are working in the parlors. Reggie is continually abusive to Melissa and Reggie is shot dead because of it by Leon, who runs the diner people frequent. Eileen works with Harvey on his next porn film where she showcase her talents as an artist behind-the-scenes. Abby takes Vince to Connecticut to meet her family at a big party, solely to upset them. Vince tells Abby's father she's a good worker at the Hi-Hat. Abby gives Ashley a check her father gave her and Abby takes Ashley to the Port Authority and she leaves New York.
8
8 "My Name Is Ruby" Michelle MacLaren David Simon & George Pelecanos October 29, 2017 (2017-10-29) 0.771[28]
Rudy shows Vince, Frankie, and Bobby a three-story building that will be their next parlor. Vince has become appalled by his involvement in this type of business and says he's out. Abby and Paul bring live music to the Hi-Hat. Vince suggests to Abby that they should move in together, but maintain an open relationship. Vince beats up a man who has been physically abusing his ex-wife Andrea. C.C. talks with an old mentor of his, Ace, a former pimp, and sees what his possible future could be. One of Larry's girls, Barbara, is arrested by undercover cops while trying to buy drugs on Larry's behalf. Sandra is informed by her editor that they will not run her story about police corruption without a named source. The precinct's new Captain promises Alston he will "clean house", but Alston has to keep silent; and in exchange, offers Alston a detective position. Alston breaks the news to Sandra and she storms off. Sandra's story is published as a human interest story, instead of revealing the city's corruption. Eileen visits her gay brother in the hospital, who was sent there by their father to receive electroshock therapy. Eileen tells him that the world is changing regarding the LGBT community. When Harvey can't show up for work, Eileen takes over as director. Later, Eileen and Harvey go the red carpet premiere of Deep Throat. Abby tells Vince that Paul wants to open is own gay bar in the Village. Prostitute Ruby gets into an argument with one of her johns after he tries taking back his money. He ends up pushing her out the window, killing her.
Season 2[edit]
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)
9
1 "Our Raison d'Etre"[29] Alex Hall David Simon & George Pelecanos September 9, 2018 (2018-09-09) TBD
10
2 "There’s an Art to This"[30] Alex Hall Richard Price September 16, 2018 (2018-09-16) TBD
11
3 "Seven-Fifty"[31] Steph Green Chris Yakaitis September 23, 2018 (2018-09-23) TBD
12
4 "What Big Ideas"[32] Uta Briesewitz Anya Epstein September 30, 2018 (2018-09-30) TBD
13
5 "All You'll Be Eating is Cannibals"[33] Zetna Fuentes Richard Price & Carl Capotorto October 7, 2018 (2018-10-07) TBD
14
6 "We're All Beasts"[34] Susanna White Megan Abbott & Stephani DeLuca October 14, 2018 (2018-10-14) TBD
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
The Deuce received critical acclaim. On Metacritic, it has a score of 85 out of 100 based on 35 reviews.[35] On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a 93% approval rating with an average rating of 8.66 out of 10 based on 83 reviews. The site's critical consensus is, "The Deuce again demonstrates David Simon's masterful grasp of urban grit, while never losing detailed sight of its colorful characters."[36]
Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter gave it a highly positive review, praising its ensemble cast, and wrote in conclusion, "Simon and Pelecanos are just beginning to put the machinery of The Deuce into motion in these eight episodes. As an opening act, the show's first season is substantive, provocative and entertaining."[37] Charles Bramesco of The Guardian gave it a five star review and wrote, "Simon has created his most accessible work of humanism to date, and he's done so without sacrificing his loftier ambitions of societal critique."[38]
Ratings[edit]
The premiere episode received 830,000 viewers on HBO for its initial airing and an additional 342,000 viewers for its encore later that night, on September 10, 2017. The episode was previously made available online through on-demand and HBO Go on August 25 and received 1.1 million viewers. Cumulatively, through all platforms, the episode received 2.2 million viewers.[21]
Accolades[edit]
Year
Award
Category
Recipients
Result
Ref.
2017 75th Golden Globe Awards Best Actress – Television Series Drama Maggie Gyllenhaal Nominated [39]
Location Managers Guild Awards Outstanding Locations in Period Television Chris George, Pat Weber Sones Nominated [40]
22nd Satellite Awards Best Actress in a Drama / Genre Series Maggie Gyllenhaal Nominated [41]
70th Writers Guild of America Awards Best New Series Megan Abbott, Marc Henry Johnson, Lisa Lutz, George Pelecanos, Richard Price, Will Ralston, David Simon, Chris Yakaitis Nominated [42]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Goldberg, Lesley (January 19, 2016). "David Simon's HBO Porn Drama Starring James Franco Picked Up to Series". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved March 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ Offenhartz, Jake (August 26, 2017). "HBO Drops 'The Deuce' Series Premiere Two Weeks Ahead Of Schedule". Gothamist. Archived from the original on August 26, 2017. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "James Franco and Maggie Gyllenhaal Star in HBO Drama Series "The Deuce," Created by David Simon and George Pelecanos, Debuting Sept. 10" (Press release). HBO. July 26, 2017. Retrieved July 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ Malone, Michael (August 24, 2017). "HBO Offers 'The Deuce' Early for Subscribers". Broadcasting & Cable. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Jerilou Hammett; Kingsley Hammett, eds. (2007). Suburbanization of New York: Is the World's Greatest City Becoming Just Another Town?. Princeton Architectural Press. ISBN 9781568986784.
Jump up ^ Rose, Lacey (August 6, 2015). "HBO Orders Two David Simon Pilots, James Franco to Star In Porn Drama". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved July 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (September 19, 2017). "'The Deuce' Renewed For Season 2 At HBO". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved September 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (July 9, 2018). "'The Deuce' Season 2 Premiere Date Set On HBO". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved July 9, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c "HBO Drama Series "The Deuce," Created by George Pelecanos and David Simon, Returns for Second Season Sept. 9, Exclusively on HBO" (Press release). HBO. July 25, 2018. Retrieved July 31, 2018.
Jump up ^ Barry, Dan (August 24, 2017). "'The Deuce' Recalls Sex and Sleaze in 1970s Times Square". The New York Times. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Rose, Lacey (September 24, 2015). "Maggie Gyllenhaal to Star in David Simon's HBO Porn Drama". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved March 10, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Petski, Denise (June 21, 2016). "'The Deuce' HBO Series Adds Chris Bauer & Gbenga Akinnagbe As Regulars". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved March 10, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Andreeva, Nellie (June 16, 2016). "'The Deuce' HBO Series Adds Chris Coy As Regular". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved March 10, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Andreeva, Nellie (October 1, 2015). "Margarita Levieva To Star In HBO Drama Pilot 'The Deuce'; Two Others Cast". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved March 10, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Andreeva, Nellie (June 8, 2016). "Michael Rispoli & Natalie Paul Join HBO New Drama Series 'Deuce' As Regulars". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved March 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Meet Pernell Walker aka Thunder Thighs". YouTube. Retrieved September 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Suri, Sameer (September 4, 2016). "Maggie Gyllenhaal films James Franco's HBO series The Deuce in NYC". Mail Online. Retrieved March 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (June 24, 2016). "'Scream Queens' Casts James Earl; 'The Deuce' Adds Ralph Macchio". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved March 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (November 11, 2015). "Zoe Kazan To Star In Lena Dunham HBO Comedy Pilot 'Max' In Recasting". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved March 10, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Shows A-Z - the deuce on hbo". The Futon Critic. Retrieved July 31, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (September 13, 2017). "Sunday cable ratings: 'The Deuce' starts off on par with 'The Night Of'". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (September 19, 2017). "Sunday cable ratings: 'Outlander' and 'The Deuce' steady with second episodes". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (September 26, 2017). "Sunday cable ratings: 'Outlander' hits total-viewer high, 'Fear the Walking Dead' ticks up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 3, 2017). "Sunday cable ratings: 'Curb Your Enthusiasm' returns, 'Outlander' ticks up again". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 10, 2017). "Sunday cable ratings: 'Outlander' keeps improving, MLB playoffs on top". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (October 17, 2017). "SHOWBUZZDAILY'S Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 10.15.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved October 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (October 24, 2017). "SHOWBUZZDAILY'S Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 10.22.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved October 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 31, 2017). "Sunday cable ratings: 'The Walking Dead' stumbles to 5-year low". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Deuce 09: Our Raison d'Etre". HBO. Retrieved July 30, 2018.
Jump up ^ "The Deuce 10: There's an Art to This". HBO. Retrieved August 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ "The Deuce 11: Seven-Fifty". HBO. Retrieved August 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ "The Deuce 12: What Big Ideas". HBO. Retrieved August 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ "The Deuce 13: All You'll Be Eating is Cannibals". HBO. Retrieved August 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ "The Deuce 14: We're All Beasts". HBO. Retrieved August 29, 2018.
Jump up ^ "The Deuce : Season 1". Metacritic. Retrieved September 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Deuce: Season 1". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved September 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ Fienberg, Daniel (August 25, 2017). "'The Deuce': TV Review". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved September 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ Bramesco, Charles (August 28, 2017). "The Deuce review – David Simon's 70s porn saga is a dazzling achievement". The Guardian. Retrieved September 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mitovich, Matt Webb (December 11, 2017). "Golden Globes: Big Little Lies, FEUD, Fargo, This Is Us and The Handmaid's Tale Lead TV Nominations". TVLine. Retrieved December 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Sandberg, Bryn Elise (February 22, 2018). "'The Crown,' 'Dunkirk' Among Locations Managers Guild International Awards Nominees". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved February 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ Pond, Steve (November 29, 2017). "'Dunkirk,' 'The Shape of Water' Lead Satellite Award Nominations". IndieWire. Retrieved December 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Littleton, Cynthia (December 7, 2017). "Writers Guild Award TV Nominations: 'The Americans,' 'Handmaid's Tale,' 'GLOW' Grab Multiple Mentions". Vatiety. Retrieved December 12, 2017.
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List of districts in Jammu and Kashmir
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Districts of J&K
The Indian state of Jammu consists of three divisions: Jammu, Kashmir Valley and Ladakh, and is further divided into 22 districts:[1] This excludes Gilgit-bultistan 64,817 and Pakistan Occupied Kashmir 13,297 km2 Total 78,114 km2 under the administration of Pakistan, 5,180 km2 handed over by Pakistan to China and 37,555 km2 Total 42,735 km2 under the administration of China in Ladakh district That is 2,22,236-1,20,849=1,01,387 km2 under India.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Princely state of Jammu and Kashmir
1.2 Partition
1.3 Inside India
2 Districts
2.1 Jammu division
2.2 Kashmir valley division
2.3 Ladakh division
3 References
4 Bibliography
5 External links
History[edit]
Princely state of Jammu and Kashmir[edit]
Main article: Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)
Prior to 1947, Jammu and Kashmir was a princely state under the paramountcy of the British Indian Empire. The central part of the state was administratively divided into the provinces Jammu and Kashmir. In addition there were frontier districts and semi-autonomous jagirs (principalities). They were subdivided as follows:[3]
Jammu province: Districts of Jammu, Kathua, Udhampur, Reasi and Mirpur.
Kashmir province: Districts of Anantnag, Baramulla and Muzaffarabad.
Internal jagirs: Poonch, Chenani and Bhaderwah (all under the jurisdiction of the Jammu province)
Frontier districts:
Ladakh district with three sub-districts: Leh, Kargil and Skardu.
Gilgit district with two sub-districts: Gilgit and Astore.
Frontier illaqas comprising Punial, Ishkoman, Yasin, Kuh Ghizar, Hunza, Nagar and Chilas.
The Gilgit district and the frontier illaqas were administered by the British administration as the Gilgit Agency, which were returned to the princely state prior to the Partition of India.
Partition[edit]
Main article: Kashmir conflict
Following the independence of India and Pakistan, in October 1947, there was a rebellion in the western districts of the state coupled with a tribal invasion, both of which were supported by the newly independent Dominion of Pakistan. The princely ruler acceded to the Indian Union in return for armed assistance. India and Pakistan fought the First Kashmir War that lasted through 1948, at the end of which large parts of the three western districts of Mirpur, Poonch and Muzaffarabad, the whole of the Gilgit Agency and the Skardu sub-district of Ladakh came under Pakistani control. The remainder of the princely state has been organised as a semi-autonomous state of the Indian Union under the name Jammu and Kashmir.
Inside India[edit]
Main article: Jammu and Kashmir
The territory under the state control include:[4][5]
Jammu Division: districts of Jammu, Kathua, Udhampur, Reasi; the jagirs of Chenani and Bhaderwah; 11 per cent of the Mirpur district and 40 per cent of the Poonch jagir.[6]
Kashmir Division: Kashmir South (Anantnag) and Kashmir North (Baramulla); 13 per cent of the Muzaffarabad district.[6]
Ladakh Division: Kargil and Leh districts.
The districts were reorganised by 1968, breaking up some of the larger districts.[7] In 2006, eight new districts were created: Kishtwar, Ramban, Reasi, Samba, Bandipora, Ganderbal, Kulgam and Shopian.[8]
Districts[edit]
Jammu division[edit]
Name of District
Headquarters
Area (km²)
Population
2001 Census
Population
2011 Census[9][10]
Doda District Doda 2,306 320,256 409,576
Jammu District Jammu 3,097 1,343,756 1,526,406
Kathua District Kathua 2,651 550,084 615,711
Kishtwar District Kishtwar 7,737[11] 190,843 231,037
Poonch District Poonch 1,674 372,613 476,820
Rajouri District Rajouri 2,630 483,284 619,266
Ramban District Ramban 1,329 180,830 283,313
Reasi District Reasi 1,719 268,441 314,714
Samba District Samba 904 245,016 318,611
Udhampur District Udhampur 4,550 475,068 555,357
Total 26,293 4,430,191 5,350,811
Kashmir valley division[edit]
Name of District
Headquarters
Area (km²)
Population
2001 Census
Population
2011 Census
Anantnag District Anantnag 3,984 734,549 1,069,749
Bandipora District Bandipora 398 316,436 385,099
Baramulla district Baramulla 4,588 853,344 1,015,503
Budgam District Budgam 1,371 629,309 755,331
Ganderbal District Ganderbal 259 211,899 297,003
Kulgam District Kulgam 1,067 437,885 423,181
Kupwara District Kupwara 2,379 650,393 875,564
Pulwama District Pulwama 1,398 441,275 570,060
Shopian District Shopian 612.87 211,332 265,960
Srinagar District Srinagar 2,228 990,548 1,250,173
Total 15,948 5,476,970 6,907,623
Ladakh division[edit]
Name of District
Headquarters
Area (km²)
Population
2001 Census
Population
2011 Census
Kargil District Kargil 14,036 119,307 143,388
Leh District Leh 45,110 117,232 147,104
Total 59,146 236,539 290,492
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Department of Jammu & Kashmir Affairs". Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs. Archived from the original on 8 December 2008.
Jump up ^ "Jammu & Kashmir profile" (PDF). Censusinfo India 2011. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Karim, Kashmir The Troubled Frontiers 2013, p. 31.
Jump up ^ Karim, Kashmir The Troubled Frontiers 2013, p. 29–32.
Jump up ^ Behera, Demystifying Kashmir 2007, p. 15.
^ Jump up to: a b Snedden, Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris 2015, p. 167.
Jump up ^ Behera, Demystifying Kashmir 2007, p. 28.
Jump up ^ Jammu and Kashmir to have eight new districts, Indo-Asian News Service, 6 July 2006.
Jump up ^ 2011 census J&K
Jump up ^ "Department of Jammu & Kashmir Affairs". Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
Jump up ^ http://kishtwar.nic.in/districtstats.html
Bibliography[edit]
Behera, Navnita Chadha (2007), Demystifying Kashmir, Pearson Education India, ISBN 8131708462
Karim, Maj Gen Afsir (2013), Kashmir The Troubled Frontiers, Lancer Publishers LLC, pp. 30–, ISBN 978-1-935501-76-3
Snedden, Christopher (2015), Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-1-84904-342-7
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Districts of Jammu and Kashmir.
Districts of Pakistan administered Kashmir
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Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice, often referred to as the Beijing Rules, is a resolution of the United Nations General Assembly regarding the treatment of juvenile prisoners and offenders in member nations.
History[edit]
In September 1980, the United Nations held its Sixth United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders in Caracas, Venezuela. The UN had previously declared 1980 the "Year of the Child."
Dahn Batchelor, who holds a certificate in criminology and participant at that Congress, presented a paper about the need for a bill of rights for young offenders. The United States delegation supported the paper. Much drafting of the policy took place at a conference in Beijing, China. It was originally proposed as a Bill of Rights for Young Offenders, but was eventually renamed the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules on the Administration of Juvenile Justice.
The proposed draft was then discussed at length at the United Nations Seventh Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders in Milan, Italy, in September 1985.
It was adopted on 29 November 1985 by the United Nations General Assembly.
See also[edit]
United Nations Standard Minimum Rules
Convention on the Rights of the Child
Defense of infancy
External links[edit]
Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice
This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standard_Minimum_Rules_for_the_Administration_of_Juvenile_Justice&oldid=770778616"
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