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16PF Questionnaire
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16PF Questionnaire
Medical diagnostics
MeSH
D002416
[edit on Wikidata]
The Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF), is a self-report personality test developed over several decades of empirical research by Raymond B. Cattell, Maurice Tatsuoka and Herbert Eber. The 16PF provides a measure of normal personality and can also be used by psychologists, and other mental health professionals, as a clinical instrument to help diagnose psychiatric disorders, as well as help with prognosis and therapy planning. The 16PF instrument provides clinicians with a normal-range measurement of anxiety, adjustment, emotional stability and behavioral problems.[1][2] It can also be used within other areas of psychology, such as career and occupational selection.[3]
Beginning in the 1940s, Cattell used several techniques including the new statistical technique of common factor analysis applied to the English-language trait lexicon to elucidate the major underlying dimensions within the normal personality sphere. This method takes as its starting point the matrix of inter-correlations between these variables in an attempt to uncover the underlying source traits of human personality.[4] Cattell found that personality structure was hierarchical, with both primary and secondary stratum level traits.[5] At the primary level, the 16PF measures 16 primary trait constructs, with a version of the Big Five secondary traits at the secondary level.[6][7][8] These higher-level factors emerged from factor-analyzing the 16 x 16 intercorrelation matrix for the sixteen primary factors themselves. The 16PF yields scores on primary and second-order "global" traits, thereby allowing a multilevel description of each individual's unique personality profile. A listing of these trait dimensions and their description can be found below. Cattell also found a third-stratum of personality organization that comprised just two overarching factors.[9][10]
The measurement of normal personality trait constructs is an integral part of Cattell's comprehensive theory of intrapersonal psychological variables covering individual differences in cognitive abilities, normal personality traits, abnormal (psychopathological) personality traits, dynamic motivational traits, mood states, and transitory emotional states[11] which are all taken into account in his behavioral specification/prediction equation.[12] The 16PF has also been translated into over 30 languages and dialects and is widely used internationally.[13][14]
Cattell and his co-workers also constructed downward extensions of the 16PF – parallel personality questionnaires designed to measure corresponding trait constructs in younger age ranges, such as the High School Personality Questionnaire (HSPQ) – now the Adolescent Personality Questionnaire (APQ) for ages 12 to 18 years,[15] the Children's Personality Questionnaire (CPQ),[16] the Early School Personality Questionnaire (ESPQ),[17] as well as the Preschool Personality Questionnaire (PSPQ).[18]
Cattell also constructed (T-data) tests of cognitive abilities such as the Comprehensive Ability Battery (CAB) – a multidimensional measure of 20 primary cognitive abilities,[19] as well as measures of non-verbal visuo-spatial abilities, such as the three scales of the Culture-Fair Intelligence Test (CFIT),[20] In addition, Cattell and his colleagues constructed objective (T-data) measures of dynamic motivational traits including the Motivation Analysis Test (MAT),[21] the School Motivation Analysis Test (SMAT),[22] as well as the Children's Motivation Analysis Test (CMAT).[23][24] As for the mood state domain, Cattell and his colleagues constructed the Eight State Questionnaire (8SQ), a self-report (Q-data) measure of eight clinically important emotional/mood states, labeled Anxiety, Stress, Depression, Regression, Fatigue, Guilt, Extraversion, and Arousal.[25]
Contents
[hide]
1 Outline
1.1 Item format
1.2 Administration
1.3 Scoring
1.4 Interpretation
2 Raymond Cattell's 16 Personality Factors
3 Relationship to five factor models
4 Factor analytic strategy
5 16PF global and primary factors
6 History and development
6.1 Cattell physical sciences background
6.2 Lexical Hypothesis (1936)
6.3 16 Personality Factors identified (1946)
6.4 Analytic study and revisions of the factors (1949–2011)
7 The original Big Five traits
8 How to use
9 Key features
10 See also
11 References
12 Further reading
13 External links
Outline[edit]
The most recent edition of the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF), released in 1993, is the fifth edition (16PF5e) of the original instrument.[26][27] The self-report instrument was first published in 1949; the second and third editions were published in 1956 and 1962, respectively; and the five alternative forms of the fourth edition were released between 1967 and 1969.[28]
The goal of the fifth edition revision in 1993 was to
update, improve, and simplify the language used in the test items;
simplify the answer format;
develop new validity scales;
improve the psychometric properties of the test, including new reliability and validity data; and
develop a new standardization sample (of 10,000 people) to reflect the current U.S. Census population.
The 16PF Fifth Edition contains 185 multiple-choice items which are written at a fifth-grade reading level. Of these items, 76% were from the four previous 16PF editions, although many of them were re-written to simplify or update the language. The item content typically sounds non-threatening and asks simple questions about daily behavior, interests, and opinions.
Item format[edit]
A characteristic of the 16PF items is that, rather than asking respondents to self-assess their personality as some instruments do (e.g., "I am a warm and friendly person; I am not a worrier; I am an even tempered person."), they tend instead to ask about daily, concrete situations, e.g.:
When I find myself in a boring situation, I usually "tune out" and daydream about other things. True/False.
When a bit of tact and convincing is needed to get people moving, I'm usually the one who does it. True/False.
Cattell argued that self-ratings relate to self-image, and are affected by self-awareness, and defensiveness about one's actual traits. The 16PF provides scores on 16 primary personality scales and 5 global personality scales, all of which are bi-polar (both ends of each scale have a distinct, meaningful definition). The instrument also includes three validity scales:
a bi-polar Impression Management (IM) scale,
an Acquiescence (ACQ) scale, and
an Infrequency (INF) scale.
The reasoning ability (Factor B) items appear at the end of the test booklet with separate instructions, because they are the only items that have right and wrong answers
Administration[edit]
Administration of the test takes about 35–50 minutes for the paper-and-pencil version and about 30 minutes by computer. The test instructions are simple and straightforward and the test is un-timed; thus, the test is generally self-administrable and can be used in either an individual or a group setting. The 16PF test was designed for adults at least age 16 and older, but there are also parallel tests for various younger age ranges (e.g., the 16PF Adolescent Personality Questionnaire[15]).
The 16PF Questionnaire has been translated into more than 30 languages and dialects.[14] Thus the test can be administered in different languages, scored based on either local, national, or international normative samples, and computerized interpretive reports provided in about 23 different languages. The test has generally been culturally adapted (rather than just translated) in these countries, with local standardization samples plus reliability and validity information collected locally and presented in individual manuals.
Scoring[edit]
The test can be hand-scored using a set of scoring keys, or computer-scored by mailing-in or faxing-in the answer sheet to the publisher IPAT". There is also a software system that can be used to administer, score, and provide reports on the test results directly in the professional's office; and an Internet-based system which can also provide administration, scoring, and reports at any Internet-enabled computer in a range of different languages.
Interpretation[edit]
There are about a dozen computer-generated interpretive reports which can be used to help interpret the test for different purposes, for example,
the Career Development Report,
the Karson Clinical Report,
the Cattell Comprehensive Personality Interpretation,
the Teamwork Development Report,
the Management Potential Report,
the Security Selection Report, and
the Leadership Coaching Report.
There are also many books that help with test interpretation, for example,
16PF Interpretation in Clinical Practice (Karson, Karson, & O'Dell, 1997),[29]
The 16PF: Personality in Depth (Cattell, H.B., 1989),[30] and
Essentials of the 16PF (Cattell, H.E. & Schuerger, J.M, 2003)[31]
The 16PF traits are also included in the Psychological Evaluation Questionnaire (PEQ), which combines measures of both normal and abnormal personality traits into one test (Cattell, Cattell, Cattell, Russell, & Bedwell, 2003)[32]
Raymond Cattell's 16 Personality Factors[edit]
Below is a table outlining the personality traits measured by the 16PF Questionnaire.
Descriptors of Low Range
Primary Factor
Descriptors of High Range
Impersonal, distant, cool, reserved, detached, formal, aloof Warmth
(A) Warm, outgoing, attentive to others, kindly, easy-going, participating, likes people
Concrete thinking, lower general mental capacity, less intelligent, unable to handle abstract problems Reasoning
(B) Abstract-thinking, more intelligent, bright, higher general mental capacity, fast learner
Reactive emotionally, changeable, affected by feelings, emotionally less stable, easily upset Emotional Stability
(C) Emotionally stable, adaptive, mature, faces reality calmly
Deferential, cooperative, avoids conflict, submissive, humble, obedient, easily led, docile, accommodating Dominance
(E) Dominant, forceful, assertive, aggressive, competitive, stubborn, bossy
Serious, restrained, prudent, taciturn, introspective, silent Liveliness
(F) Lively, animated, spontaneous, enthusiastic, happy go lucky, cheerful, expressive, impulsive
Expedient, nonconforming, disregards rules, self-indulgent Rule-Consciousness
(G) Rule-conscious, dutiful, conscientious, conforming, moralistic, staid, rule bound
Shy, threat-sensitive, timid, hesitant, intimidated Social Boldness
(H) Socially bold, venturesome, thick skinned, uninhibited
Utilitarian, objective, unsentimental, tough minded, self-reliant, no-nonsense, rough Sensitivity
(I) Sensitive, aesthetic, sentimental, tender minded, intuitive, refined
Trusting, unsuspecting, accepting, unconditional, easy Vigilance
(L) Vigilant, suspicious, skeptical, distrustful, oppositional
Grounded, practical, prosaic, solution oriented, steady, conventional Abstractedness
(M) Abstract, imaginative, absent minded, impractical, absorbed in ideas
Forthright, genuine, artless, open, guileless, naive, unpretentious, involved Privateness
(N) Private, discreet, nondisclosing, shrewd, polished, worldly, astute, diplomatic
Self-Assured, unworried, complacent, secure, free of guilt, confident, self-satisfied Apprehension
(O) Apprehensive, self doubting, worried, guilt prone, insecure, worrying, self blaming
Traditional, attached to familiar, conservative, respecting traditional ideas Openness to Change
(Q1) Open to change, experimental, liberal, analytical, critical, free thinking, flexibility
Group-oriented, affiliative, a joiner and follower dependent Self-Reliance
(Q2) Self-reliant, solitary, resourceful, individualistic, self-sufficient
Tolerates disorder, unexacting, flexible, undisciplined, lax, self-conflict, impulsive, careless of social rules, uncontrolled Perfectionism
(Q3) Perfectionistic, organized, compulsive, self-disciplined, socially precise, exacting will power, control, self-sentimental
Relaxed, placid, tranquil, torpid, patient, composed low drive Tension
(Q4) Tense, high energy, impatient, driven, frustrated, over wrought, time driven.
Primary Factors and Descriptors in Cattell's 16 Personality Factor Model (Adapted From Conn & Rieke, 1994).
Relationship to five factor models[edit]
In the Fourth and Fifth Editions of the 16PF, there were five global factors that seem to correspond fairly closely to the "Big Five personality traits".[33] The Big Five (BF) trait of Openness seems to be related to 16PF Openness/Tough-mindedness, The BF trait of Conscientiousness to the 16PF Self-Control, the BF Extraversion to the 16PF Extraversion, the BF Agreeableness/Dis-Agreeableness to the 16PF Independence/Accommodation, and the BF Neuroticism to the 16PF Anxiety.[34] In fact, the development of the Big-Five factors began in 1963 with W.T. Norman factor-analyzing responses to the same items as the 16PF, replicating Cattell's work and suggested that five factors would be sufficient.[35]
However, one big technical difference between Cattell's five Global Factors and popular five-factor models was Cattell's insistence on using oblique rotation in the factor analysis whereas Goldberg and Costa & McCrae used orthogonal rotation in their factor analysis. Oblique rotation allows the factors to correlate with each other, whereas orthogonal rotation restricts the factors from correlating with each other. Although personality traits are thought to be correlated, using orthogonal factor analysis makes the factors easier to understand and to work on statistically in research. This is one of the reasons the Big-Five traits have definitions that are different from the 16PF global factors. For example, as seen in the table below, in Cattell's model the primary personality trait of Dominance (Factor E) is strongly located in the Independence/Accommodation global factor which represents a quality of fearless, original thinking and forceful, independent actions. However, other popular big five models consider Dominance as a facet of several Big-Five traits, including Extraversion, Dis-Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness. Thus Dominance is spread across a range of Big-Five factors with little influence on any one (Cattell & Mead, 2008). Below is a table that shows how the 16 primary factors are related to the five global factors of the 16 Personality Factor theory. Compare with the Hierarchical Structure of the Big Five. Also, note that factor B is considered separate from the other factors because it is not a part of the hierarchical structure of personality in the same way as the other factors.[citation needed]
Factor analytic strategy[edit]
Assumptions shared by standardized personality tests, simply stated, are that humans possess characteristics or traits that are stable, vary from individual to individual, and can be measured.[36][37] Factor analysis is a statistical procedure for reducing the redundancy in a set of intercorrelated scores. One major technique of factor analysis, the principal-components method, finds the minimum number of common factors that can account for an interrelated set of scores.[36][38] Cattell's goal was to empirically determine and measure the essence of personality.[36] Cattell used factor analysis to reduce thousands of psychological traits into what he believed to be 16 of the basic dimensions, or source traits of human personality. As a result, he created the 16PF personality test.[36][37]
16PF global and primary factors[edit]
Introversion/Extraversion
Low Anxiety/High Anxiety
Receptivity/Tough-Mindedness
Accommodation/Independence
Lack of Restraint/Self-Control
A: Reserved/Warm C: Emotionally Stable/Reactive A: Warm/Reserved E: Deferential/Dominant F: Serious/Lively B: Problem-Solving
F: Serious/Lively L: Trusting/Vigilant I: Sensitive/Unsentimental H: Shy/Bold G: Expedient/Rule-Conscious
H: Shy/Bold O: Self-Assured/Apprehensive M: Abstracted/Practical L: Trusting/Vigilant M: Abstracted/Practical
N: Private/Forthright Q4: Relaxed/Tense Q1: Open-to-Change/Traditional Q1: Traditional/Open-to-Change Q3: Tolerates Disorder/Perfectionistic
Q2: Self-Reliant/Group-Oriented
History and development[edit]
Cattell physical sciences background[edit]
The 16PF Questionnaire was created from a fairly unusual perspective among personality tests. Most personality tests are developed to measure just the pre-conceived traits that are of interest to a particular theorist or researcher. The main author of the 16PF, Raymond B. Cattell, had a strong background in the physical sciences, especially chemistry and physics, at a time when the basic elements of the physical world were being discovered, placed in the periodic table, and used as the basis for understanding the fundamental nature of the physical world and for further inquiry. From this background in the physical sciences, Cattell developed the belief that all fields are best understood by first seeking to find the fundamental underlying elements in that domain, and then developing a valid way to measure and research these elements (Cattell, 1965).[39]
Personality research author Schuerger stated that:
“ Cattell's goal in creating the 16PF Questionnaire was to provide a thorough, research-based map of normal personality. ”
[40]
When Cattell moved from the physical sciences into the field of psychology in the 1920s, he described his disappointment about finding that it consisted largely of a wide array of abstract, unrelated theories and concepts that had little or no scientific bases. He found that most personality theories were based on philosophy and on personal conjecture, or were developed by medical professionals, such as Jean Charcot and Sigmund Freud, who relied on their personal intuition to reconstruct what they felt was going on inside people, based on observing individuals with serious psycho-pathological problems. Cattell (1957)[5] described the concerns he felt as a scientist:
"In psychology there is an ocean of spawning intuitions and comfortable assumptions which we share with the layman, and out of which we climb with difficulty to the plateaus of scientific objectivity....Scientific advance hinges on the introduction of measurement to the field under investigation….Psychology has bypassed the necessary descriptive, taxonomic, and metric stages through which all healthy sciences first must pass….If Aristotle and other philosophers could get no further by sheer power of reasoning in two thousand years of observation, it is unlikely that we shall do so now.... For psychology to take its place as an effective science, we must become less concerned with grandiose theory than with establishing, through research, certain basic laws of relationship." (p.3-5)
Thus, Cattell's goal in creating the 16PF Questionnaire was to discover the number and nature of the fundamental traits of human personality and to develop a way to measure these dimensions. At the University of London, Cattell worked with Charles Spearman who was developing factor analysis to aid in his quest to discover the basic factors of human ability. Cattell thought that could also be applied to the area of personality. He reasoned that human personality must have basic, underlying, universal dimensions just as the physical world had basic building blocks (like oxygen and hydrogen). He felt that if the basic building blocks of personality were discovered and measured, then human behavior (e.g., creativity, leadership, altruism, or aggression) could become increasingly understandable and predictable.
Lexical Hypothesis (1936)[edit]
In 1936 Gordon Allport and H.S. Odbert hypothesized that:
“ Those individual differences that are most salient and socially relevant in people's lives will eventually become encoded into their language; the more important such a difference, the more likely is it to become expressed as a single word. ”
This statement has become known as the Lexical Hypothesis, which posits that if there is a word for a trait, it must be a real trait. Allport and Odbert utilized this hypothesis to identify personality traits by working through two of the most comprehensive dictionaries of the English language available at the time, and extracting 18,000 personality-describing words. From this gigantic list they extracted 4500 personality-describing adjectives which they considered to describe observable and relatively permanent traits.
Cattell and his colleagues began a comprehensive program of international research aimed at identifying and mapping out the basic underlying dimensions of personality. Their goal was to systematically measure the widest possible range of personality concepts, in a belief that "all aspects of human personality which are or have been of importance, interest, or utility have already become recorded in the substance of language" (Cattell, R. B., 1943, p. 483).[41] They wanted to include every known personality dimension in their investigation, and thus began with the largest existing compilation of personality traits (Allport and Odbert, 1936).[42] Over time, they used factor analysis to reduce the massive list of traits by analyzing the underlying patterns among them. They studied personality data from different sources (e.g. objective measures of daily behavior, interpersonal ratings, and questionnaire results), and measured these traits in diverse populations, including working adults, university students, and military personnel. (Cattell, 1957, 1973).[5][43]
16 Personality Factors identified (1946)[edit]
The 16 Personality Factors were identified in 1946 by Raymond Cattell. He believed that in order to adequately map out personality, one had to utilize L-Data (life records or observation), Q data (information from questionnaires), and T-data (information from objective tests).[44] The development of the 16PF Questionnaire, although confusingly named, was an attempt to develop an adequate measure of T-data. Cattell used the emerging technology of computers to analyze the list of 4500 adjectives through the statistical technique of factor analysis, which seeks to identify constructs that underlie observed variables. He organized the list of adjectives into fewer than 200 items and asked subjects to rate people whom they knew on each of the adjectives on the list (an example of L-data because the information was gathered from observers). This allowed Cattell to narrow down to 35 terms. Ratings of the 35 terms were factor-analyzed, revealing a 12 factor solution. After the 35 terms were made into self-rating items Cattell found that there were 4 additional factors, which he believed consisted of information that could only be provided through self-rating. This process allowed the use of ratings by observers, questionnaires, and objective measurements of actual behavior.[43][45][46] Together the original 12 factors and the 4 covert factors made up the original 16 primary personality factors.[47] As the five factor theory gained traction and research on the 16 factors continued, subsequent analysis identified five factors underlying the 16 factors. Cattell called these global factors.
The 16PF factorial structure resembles that of Szondi test and the Berufsbilder test (BTT), despite being based on different theories.[48]
Analytic study and revisions of the factors (1949–2011)[edit]
Over several decades of factor-analytic study, Cattell and his colleagues gradually refined and validated their list of underlying source traits. The search resulted in the sixteen unitary traits of the 16PF Questionnaire. These traits have remained the same over the last 50 years of research. In addition, the 16PF Questionnaire traits are part of a multi-variate personality model that provides a broader framework including developmental, environmental, and hereditary patterns of the traits and how they change across the life span (Cattell, 1973, 1979, 1980).[49][50]
The validity of the factor structure of the 16PF Questionnaire (the 16 primary factors and 5 global factors) has been supported by more than 60 published studies (Cattell & Krug, 1986; Conn & Rieke, 1994; Hofer and Eber, 2002).[51][52][53] Research has also supported the comprehensiveness of the 16PF traits: all dimensions on other major personality tests (e.g., the NEO Personality Inventory, the California Psychological Inventory, the Personality Research Form, and the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator) have been found to be contained within the 16PF scales in regression and factor-analytic studies (Conn & Rieke, 1994; Cattell, 1996).[33]
Since its release in 1949, the 16PF Questionnaire has been revised four times: once in 1956, once in 1962, once in 1968, and the current version was developed in 1993. The US version of the test was also re-standardized in 2002, along with the development of forms for children and teenagers; versions for the UK, Ireland, France and the Netherlands were re-standardised in 2011. Additionally, there is a shortened form available primarily for employee selection and the questionnaire has been adapted into more than 35 languages. The questionnaire has also been validated in a range of international cultures over time.[54]
The original Big Five traits[edit]
From the beginning of his research, Cattell found personality traits to have a multi-level, hierarchical structure (Cattell, 1946).[5] The first goal of these researchers was to find the most fundamental primary traits of personality. Next they factor-analyzed these numerous primary traits to see if these traits had a structure of their own—i.e. if some of them naturally went together in self-defining, meaningful groupings.
They consistently found that the primary traits themselves came together in particular, meaningful groupings to form broader secondary or global traits, each with its own particular focus and function within personality (Cattell & Schuerger, 2003). For example, the first global trait they found was Extraversion-Introversion. It resulted from the natural affinity of five primary traits that defined different reasons for an individual to move toward versus away from other people (see below). They found that there was a natural tendency for these traits to go together in the real world, and to define an important domain of human behavior—social behavior. This global factor Global Extraversion/Introversion (the tendency to move toward versus away from interaction with others) is composed from the following primary traits:
Warmth (Factor A): the tendency to move toward others seeking closeness and connection because of genuine feelings of caring, sympathy, and concern (versus the tendency to be reserved and detached, and thus be independent and unemotional).
Liveliness (Factor F): the tendency to be high-energy, fun-loving, and carefree, and to spontaneously move towards others in an animated, stimulating manner. Low-scorers tend to be more serious and self-restrained, and to be cautious, unrushed, and judicious.
Social Boldness (Factor H): the tendency to seek social interaction in a confident, fearless manner, enjoying challenges, risks, and being the center of attention. Low-scorers tend to be shy and timid, and to be more modest and risk-avoidant.
Forthrightness (Factor N): the tendency to want to be known by others—to be open, forthright, and genuine in social situations, and thus to be self-revealing and unguarded. Low-scorers tend to be more private and unself-revealing, and to be harder to get to know.
Affiliative (Factor Q2): the tendency to seek companionship and enjoy belonging to and functioning in a group (inclusive, cooperative, good follower, willing to compromise). Low-scorers tend to be more individualistic and self-reliant and to value their autonomy.
In a similar manner, these researchers found that four other primary traits consistently merged to define another global factor which they called Receptivity or Openness (versus Tough-Mindedness). This factor was made up of four primary traits that describe different kinds of openness to the world:
Openness to sensitive feelings, emotions, intuition, and aesthetic dimensions (Sensitivity – Factor I)
Openness to abstract, theoretical ideas, conceptual thinking, and imagination (Abstractedness – Factor M)
Openness to free thinking, inquiry, exploration of new approaches, and innovative solutions (Openness-to-Change – Factor Q1) and
Openness to people and their feelings (Warmth – Factor A).
Another global factor, Self-Controlled (or conscientious) versus Unrestrained, resulted from the natural coming together of four primary factors that define the different ways that human beings manage to control their behavior:
Rule-Consciousness (Factor G) involves adopting and conscientiously following society's accepted standards of behavior
Perfectionism (Factor Q3) describes a tendency to be self-disciplined, organized, thorough, attentive to detail, and goal-oriented
Seriousness (Factor F) involves a tendency to be cautious, reflective, self-restrained, and deliberate in making decisions; and
Groundedness (Factor M) involves a tendency to stay focused on concrete, pragmatic, realistic solutions.
Because the global factors were developed by factor-analyzing the primary traits, the meanings of the global traits were determined by the primary traits which made them up. In addition, then the global factors provide the overarching, conceptual framework for understanding the meaning and function of each of the primary traits. Thus, the two levels of personality are essentially inter-connected and inter-related.
However it is the primary traits that provide a clear definition of the individual's unique personality. Two people might have exactly the same level of Extraversion, but still be quite different from each other. For example, they may both be at the 80% on Extraversion, and both tend to move toward others to the same degree, but they may be doing it for quite different reasons. One person might achieve an 80% on Extraversion by being high on Social Boldness (Factor H: confident, bold, talkative, adventurous, fearless attention-seeking) and on Liveliness (Factor F: high-energy, enthusiastic, fun-loving, impulsive), but Reserved (low on Factor A: detached, cool, unfeeling, objective). This individual would be talkative, bold, and impulsive but not very sensitive to others people's needs or feelings. The second Extravert might be high on Warmth (Factor A: kind, soft-heated, caring and nurturing), and Group-Oriented (low Factor Q2: companionable, cooperative, and participating), but Shy (low on Factor H: timid, modest, and easily embarrassed). This second Extravert would tend to show quite different social behavior and be caring, considerate, and attentive to others but not forward, bold or loud—and thus have quite a different effect on his/her social environment.
Today, the global traits of personality are commonly known as the Big Five. The Big Five traits are most important for getting an abstract, theoretical understanding of the big, overarching domains of personality, and in understanding how different traits of personality relate to each other and how different research findings relate to each other. The big-five are important for understanding and interpreting an individual's personality profile mainly in getting a broad overview of their personality make-up at the highest level of personality organization. However, it is still the scores on the more specific primary traits that define the rich, unique personality make-up of any individual. These more-numerous primary traits have repeatedly been found to be the most powerful in predicting and understanding the complexity of actual daily behavior (Ashton, 1998; Goldberg, 1999; Mershon & Gorsuch, 1988; Paunonen & Ashton, 2001).[55][56][57][58]
How to use[edit]
Psychologists and counselors can use the 16PF assessment to:
Provide vocational guidance to identify occupations for which the individual is best suited.[59]
Assist with personnel selection and career development through measurement of five primary management dimensions frequently identified to forecast management potential and style.
Assist with clinical diagnosis, prognosis and therapy planning, The 16PF instrument helps provide clinicians with a normal-range measurement of anxiety, adjustment, and behavioral problems.
Help identify personality factors that may predict marital compatibility and satisfaction. Results also highlight existing or potential problem areas.
Help identify students with potential academic, emotional, and social problems.[37]
Key features[edit]
The 16PF assessment is easy to administer, requiring only 35 to 50 minutes to complete.
Five distinct report options give the 16PF test utility in a wide variety of settings.
Because the relationship between the test items and the traits measured by the 16PF instrument is not obvious, it is difficult for the test-taker to deliberately tailor responses to achieve a desired outcome.
The Couple's Counseling Report includes an easy-to-understand narrative summary of results to share with the couple.[37]
See also[edit]
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
Neuroticism Extraversion Openness Personality Inventory (NEO-PI)
Trait theory
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ Boyle, G. J. (2008). Simplifying the Cattellian psychometric model. In G. J. Boyle, G. Matthews, & D. H. Saklofske. (Eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Personality Theory and Assessment: Vol. 1 - Personality Theories and Models. Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publishers. ISBN 1-4129-2365-4
Jump up ^ Cattell, R. B., Boyle, G. J., & Chant, D. (2002). The enriched behavioral prediction equation and its impact on structured learning and the dynamic calculus. Psychological Review, 109, 202-205.
Jump up ^ Cattell, H. E. P. & Mead, A. D. (2008). The Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF). In G.J. Boyle, G. Matthews, & D.H. Saklofske. (Eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Personality Theory and Assessment: Vol. 2 – Personality Measurement and Testing. Los Angeles, CA: Sage. ISBN 1-4129-2364-6
^ Jump up to: a b "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-02-01. Retrieved 2014-01-31.
^ Jump up to: a b Schuerger, J.M. (2001). 16PF Adolescent Personality Questionnaire. Champaign, IL: IPAT.
Jump up ^ Porter, R. B. & Cattell, R. B. (1985). Handbook for the Children's Personality Questionnaire (CPQ), Champaign, IL: IPAT.
Jump up ^ Coan, R. W. & Cattell, R. B. (1959). The development of the Early School Personality Questionnaire, Journal of Experimental Education, 28(3), 143-152.
Jump up ^ Lichtenstein, D., Dreger, R. M., & Cattell, R. B. (1986). Factor structure and standardization of the Preschool Personality Questionnaire. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 1(2), 165-182.
Jump up ^ Hakstian, A. R. & Cattell, R. B. (1982). Manual for the Comprehensive Ability Battery. Champaign, IL: IPAT.
Jump up ^ Cattell, R. B. & Cattell, A. K. S. (1973). Measuring intelligence with the Culture Fair Tests. Champaign, IL: IPAT.
Jump up ^ Cattell, R. B., Horn, J. L., Sweney, A. B., & Radcliffe, J. (1964). Handbook for the Motivation Analysis Test (MAT), Champaign IL: IPAT.
Jump up ^ Krug, S. E., Cattell, R. B., & Sweney, A. B. (1976). Handbook for the School Motivation Analysis Test (SMAT). Champaign, IL: IPAT.
Jump up ^ Cattell, R. B. et al. (1982). The Children's Motivation Analysis Test (CMAT). Champaign, IL: IPAT.
Jump up ^ Boyle, G. J., Richards, L. M., & Baglioni Jr., A. J. (1993). Children's Motivation Analysis Test (CMAT): An experimental manipulation of curiosity and boredom. Personality and Individual Differences, 15(6), 637-643.
Jump up ^ Curran, J. P. & Cattell, R. B. (1976). Manual for the Eight State Questionnaire (8SQ). Champaign, IL: IPAT.
Jump up ^ Cattell, R. B., Cattell, A. K., & Cattell, H. E. P. (1993). 16PF Fifth Edition Questionnaire. Champaign, IL: IPAT.
Jump up ^ Russell, M. T., & Karol, D. (2002). The 16PF Fifth Edition Administrator's Manual. Champaign, IL: IPAT.
Jump up ^ Cattell, R. B., Eber, H. W., & Tatsuoka, M. M. (1970). Handbook for the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF). Champaign, IL: IPAT.
Jump up ^ Karson, M., Karson, S., & O'Dell, J.W. (1997).
16PF Interpretation in Clinical Practice: A guide to the Fifth Edition. Champaign, IL: Institute for Personality and Ability Testing.
Jump up ^ Cattell, H.B. (1989) The 16PF:Personality in Depth. Champaign, IL: Institute for Personality and Ability Testing.
Jump up ^ Cattell, H.E. & Schuerger, J.M. (2003) Essentials of the 16PF. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Jump up ^ Cattell, R.B., Cattell, A.K., Cattell, H.E.P., Russell, M.T., & Bedwell, S. (2003). The Psychological Evaluation Questionnaire. Champaign, IL: Institute for Personality and Ability Testing.
^ Jump up to: a b Cattell, H.E.P. (1996). The original big-five: A historical perspective. European Review of Psychology, 46(1), 5-14.
Jump up ^ Conn, S.R., & Rieke, M.L. (1994). The 16PF Fifth Edition technical manual. Champaign, IL: Institute for Personality and Ability Testing, Inc.
Jump up ^ Costa, P.T., Jr., McCrae, R.R. (1985). The NEO Personality Inventory Manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Kaplan, R. M., & Saccuzzo, D. P. (2013). "Psychological testing: Principles, applications, and issues" (8th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth
^ Jump up to: a b c d Pearson Education, Inc. (n.d.). '16pf fifth edition: Clinical assessment'. Retrieved December 8, 2013 from http://www.pearsonassessments.com/HAIWEB/Cultures/en-us/Productdetail.htm?Pid=PAg101&Mode=summary
Jump up ^ Cattell, R. B. (1952). "Factor analysis." New York: Wiley
Jump up ^ Cattell, R.B. (1965). The Scientific Analysis of Personality. NYC, NY: Penguin Group.
Jump up ^ Schuerger, J. M. (2009). The 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire: 16PF. In C. E. Watkins, Jr., and V. L. Campbell (Eds.), "Testing and Assessment in Counseling Practice" (pp. 67–99). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Jump up ^ Cattell, (R.B. 1943). The description of personality: Basic traits resolved into clusters. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 38, 476-506.
Jump up ^ Allport, G.W., & Odbert, H.S. (1936). Trait-names: A psycho-lexical study. Psychological Monographs, 47, 171.
^ Jump up to: a b Cattell, R.B. (1973). Personality and mood by questionnaire. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Jump up ^ Cattell, H. E. P., and Schuerger, J. M. (2003). "Essentials of 16PF Assessment." Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Jump up ^ Cattell, R.B. (1946). The description and measurement of personality. New York: World Book.
Jump up ^ Cattell, R.B. (1957). Personality and motivation structure and measurement. New York: World Book.
Jump up ^ Cattell, H. B. (1989). "The 16PF: Personality In Depth." Champaign, IL: Institute for Personality and Ability Testing, Inc.
Jump up ^ WELTER, Giselle Müller-Roger and CAPITAO, Claudio Garcia. Professional tendency and personality: research on the correlation among measures of these constructs. Psicol. cienc. prof. [online]. 2009, vol.29, n.3, pp. 588-601. http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1414-98932009000300012&script=sci_abstract
Jump up ^ Cattell, R.B. (1979). "Personality and learning theory: The structure of personality in its environment, vol 1." New York: Springer
Jump up ^ Cattell, R.B. (1980). Personality and learning theory: A systems theory of maturation and structured learning, vol. 2. New York: Springer
Jump up ^ Conn, S.R., & Rieke, M.L. (1994). The 16PF Fifth Edition technical manual. Champaign, IL: Institute for Personality and Ability Testing.
Jump up ^ Cattell, R.B. & Krug, S.E. (1986). The number of factors in the 16PF: A review of the evidence with special emphasis on the methodological problems. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 46, 509-522.
Jump up ^ Hofer, S.M. & Eber, H.W. (2002). Second-order factor structure of the Cattell Sixteen Personality Factor Inventory (16PF). In B. De Raad & M. Perugini (Eds.),Big-Five Assessment (pp. 397-404). Cambridge, MA: Hogrefe & Huber publishers.
Jump up ^ Cattell, H.E.P. & Mead, A.D. (2008). The Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF). In G.J. Boyle, G. Matthews, & D.H. Saklofske (Eds), The Sage Handbook of Personality Theory and Assessment: Vol. 2, Personality Measurement and Testing., Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publications.
Jump up ^ Ashton, M.C. (1998). Personality and job performance: The importance of narrow traits. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 19,(3), 289-303.
Jump up ^ Goldberg. L.R. (1999). A broad-bandwidth, public-domain, personality inventory measuring the lower-level facets of several five-factor models. In I. Mervielde, I. Deary, F. De Fruyt, & F. Ostendorf (Eds), Personality psychology in Europe: Vol. 7, 7-28. Tilburg, The Netherlands: Tilburg University Press.
Jump up ^ Mershon, B. & Gorsuch, R.L. (1988). Number of factors in the personality sphere: Does increase in factors increase predictability of real-life criteria? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 5, 675-680.
Jump up ^ Paunonen, S.V. & Ashton, M.C. (2001). Big-five factors and facets and the prediction of behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81,524-539.
Jump up ^ http://www.careerclover.com/career-path-test
Further reading[edit]
Gregory, Robert J. (2011). Psychological Testing: History, Principles, and Applications (Sixth ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon. ISBN 978-0-205-78214-7. Lay summary (7 November 2010).
External links[edit]
16PF l 16PF for Corporate Industry
[1] Personality Assessment Network, Inc. (PAN) which owns the IPAT Institute founded by Raymond B. Cattell
The International Personality Item Pool contains scales designed to mimic the 16PFQ: an interactive implementation can be found here.
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Fruit of the Holy Spirit
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Not to be confused with Seven gifts of the Holy Spirit.
Stained glass window at Christ Church Cathedral in Dublin, depicting the Fruit of the Holy Spirit along with role models representing them, i.e. the Good Shepherd representing love, an angel holding a scroll of Gloria in excelsis Deo representing joy and Jesus Christ, Job representing longsuffering, Jonathan faith, Ruth gentleness and goodness, Moses meekness, and John the Baptist temperance. Executed by Hardman & Co. in the 1870s.[1]
The Fruit of the Holy Spirit is a biblical term that sums up nine attributes of a person or community living in accord with the Holy Spirit, according to chapter 5 of the Epistle to the Galatians: "But the fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness, and self-control."[2] The fruit is contrasted with the works of the flesh which immediately precede it in this chapter.
Catholic tradition follows the Vulgate version of Galatians in listing 12 fruits: charity, joy, peace, patience, benignity (kindness), goodness, longanimity (generosity), mildness (gentleness), faith, modesty, continency (self-control), and chastity.[3] This tradition was defended by Thomas Aquinas in his work Summa Theologica.[4]
Contents
1 Early Commentary
2 Love (Greek: agape, Latin: caritas)
3 Joy (Greek: chara, Latin: gaudium)
4 Peace (Greek: eirene, Latin: pax)
5 Patience (Greek: makrothumia, Latin: longanimitas)
6 Kindness (Greek: chrestotes, Latin: benignitas)
7 Goodness (Greek: agathosune, Latin: bonitas)
8 Faithfulness (Greek: pistis, Latin: fides)
9 Gentleness (Greek: prautes, Latin: modestia)
10 Self-control (Greek: egkrateia, Latin: continentia)
11 See also
12 Bibliography
12.1 Citations
12.2 Sources
Early Commentary[edit]
Aquinas pointed out that numbered among the fruits of the Holy Spirit are certain virtues, such as charity, meekness, faith, and chastity.[5] Augustine defined virtue as "a good habit consonant with our nature." [6]
Though traditionally discussed as nine attributes of the Fruit of the Spirit, the original Greek term translated as "fruit" is singular. Aquinas explained, "Consequently fruit is mentioned there in the singular, on account of its being generically one, though divided into many species which are spoken of as so many fruits."[5] Augustine's commentary on Galatians 5:25-26, says, "the Apostle had no intention of teaching us how many [either works of the flesh, or fruits of the Spirit] there are; but to show how the former should be avoided, and the latter sought after."[5]
Love (Greek: agape, Latin: caritas)[edit]
Main article: Agape
Agape (love) denotes an undefeatable benevolence and unconquerable goodwill that always seeks the highest in others, no matter their behavior. It is a love that gives freely without asking anything in return, and does not consider the worth of its object. Agape is more a love by choice than philos, which is love by chance; and it refers to the will rather than the emotion. Agape describes the unconditional love God has for the world. Paul describes love in 1 Corinthians 13:4–8:[7]
Love is patient, love is kind. It does not envy, it does not boast, it is not proud. 5 It does not dishonor others, it is not self-seeking, it is not easily angered, it keeps no record of wrongs. Love does not delight in evil but rejoices with the truth. It always protects, always trusts, always hopes, always perseveres. Love never fails. But where there are prophecies, they will cease; where there are tongues, they will be stilled; where there is knowledge, it will pass away.
According to Strong's Greek Lexicon, the word ἀγάπη [G26] (Transliteration: agapē) means love, i.e. affection or benevolence; specially (plural) a love-feast:—(feast of) charity(-ably), dear, love.[8]
Pronunciation: ag-ah'-pay
Part of Speech: feminine noun
Root Word (Etymology): From ἀγαπάω (G25)
Outline of Biblical Usage:
affection, good will, love, benevolence, brotherly love
love feasts
The Greek word ἀγάπη (agapē) occurs 117 times in 106 verses in the Greek concordance of the NASB.
Joy (Greek: chara, Latin: gaudium)[edit]
The joy referred to here is deeper than mere happiness, is rooted in God and comes from Him. Since it comes from God, it is more serene and stable than worldly happiness, which is merely emotional and lasts only for a time.
According to Strong's Greek Lexicon, the Greek word listed in the verse is χαρά (G5479), meaning 'joy', 'gladness', or 'a source of joy'. The Greek χαρά (chara) occurs 59 times in 57 verses in the Greek concordance of the NASB.
Original Word: χαρά, ᾶς, ἡ From χαίρω (G5463)
Part of Speech: Noun, Feminine
Transliteration: chara
Phonetic Spelling: (khar-ah')
Joy (Noun and Verb), Joyfulness, Joyfully, Joyous:
"joy, delight" (akin to chairo, "to rejoice"), is found frequently in Matthew and Luke, and especially in John, once in Mark (Mar 4:16, RV, "joy," AV, "gladness"); it is absent from 1 Cor. (though the verb is used three times), but is frequent in 2 Cor., where the noun is used five times (for 2Cr 7:4, RV, see Note below), and the verb eight times, suggestive of the Apostle's relief in comparison with the circumstances of the 1st Epistle; in Col 1:11, AV, "joyfulness," RV, "joy." The word is sometimes used, by metonymy, of the occasion or cause of "joy," Luk 2:10 (lit., "I announce to you a great joy"); in 2Cr 1:15, in some mss., for charis, "benefit;" Phl 4:1, where the readers are called the Apostle's "joy;" so 1Th 2:19, 20; Hbr 12:2, of the object of Christ's "joy;" Jam 1:2, where it is connected with falling into trials; perhaps also in Mat 25:21, 23, where some regard it as signifying, concretely, the circumstances attending cooperation in the authority of the Lord.

Note: In Hbr 12:11, "joyous" represents the phrase meta, "with," followed by chara, lit., "with joy." So in Hbr 10:34, "joyfully;" in 2Cr 7:4 the noun is used with the Middle Voice of huperperisseuo, "to abound more exceedingly," and translated "(I overflow) with joy," RV (AV, "I am exceeding joyful").[9]
Peace (Greek: eirene, Latin: pax)[edit]
The Greek word εἰρήνη (Strong's G1515)(eirēnē)(transliteration: i-ray'-nay), probably derived from a primary verb εἴρω eírō (to join), means peace (literally or figuratively); by implication, prosperity:—one, peace, quietness, rest, + set at one again. [10]
The word "peace" comes from the Greek word eirene, the Greek equivalent for the Hebrew word shalom, which expresses the idea of wholeness, completeness, or tranquility in the soul that is unaffected by the outward circumstances or pressures. The word eirene strongly suggests the rule of order in place of chaos.[11]
The Greek εἰρήνη (eirēnē) occurs 92 times in 86 verses in the Greek concordance of the KJV. The KJV translates Strong's G1515 in the following manner: peace (89x), one (1x), rest (1x), quietness (1x). The outline of Biblical usage is as follows:
a state of national tranquillity
exemption from the rage and havoc of war
peace between individuals, i.e. harmony, concord
security, safety, prosperity, felicity, (because peace and harmony make and keep things safe and prosperous)
of the Messiah's peace
the way that leads to peace (salvation)
of Christianity, the tranquil state of a soul assured of its salvation through Christ, and so fearing nothing from God and content with its earthly lot, of whatsoever sort that is
the blessed state of devout and upright men after death
Jesus is described as the Prince of Peace, who brings peace to the hearts of those who desire it. He says in John 14:27:[12] "Peace I leave with you, My peace I give to you; not as the world gives do I give to you. Let not your heart be troubled, neither let it be afraid". In Matthew 5:9 he says, "Blessed are the peacemakers, for they will be called sons of God."[13]
Patience (Greek: makrothumia, Latin: longanimitas)[edit]
Generally the Greek world applied this word to a man who could avenge himself but did not. This word is often used in the Greek Scriptures in reference to God and his attitude to man.[14] Exodus 34:6 describes the Lord as "slow to anger and rich in kindness and fidelity."
Patience, which in some translations is "longsuffering" or "endurance", is defined in Strong's by two Greek words, makrothumia and hupomone.
The first, pronounced (mak-roth-oo-mee-ah) comes from makros, "long", and thumos, "temper". The word denotes lenience, forbearance, fortitude, patient endurance, longsuffering. Also included in makrothumia is the ability to endure persecution and ill-treatment. It describes a person who has the power to exercise revenge but instead exercises restraint. (Strong's #3115)
The latter, hupomone, (hoop-om-on-ay) is translated "endurance": Constancy, perseverance, continuance, bearing up, steadfastness, holding out, patient endurance. The word combines hupo, "under", and mone, "to remain". It describes the capacity to continue to bear up under difficult circumstances, not with a passive complacency, but with a hopeful fortitude that actively resists weariness and defeat, (Strong's #5281) with hupomone (Greek ὑπομονή) being further understood as that which would be "as opposed to cowardice or despondency"[15]
"With lowliness and meekness, with longsuffering, forbearing one another in love".[16]
Kindness (Greek: chrestotes, Latin: benignitas)[edit]
In Greek, old wine was called "chrestos" which meant that it was mellow or smooth.[14] Christ used this word in Matthew 11:30, "For my yoke is easy, and my burden light."
In contrast, kindness is acting for the good of people regardless of what they do, properly, "useable, i.e. well-fit for use (for what is really needed); kindness that is also serviceable".[17]
Strong's #5544: Kindness is goodness in action, sweetness of disposition, gentleness in dealing with others, benevolence, kindness, affability. The word describes the ability to act for the welfare of those taxing your patience. The Holy Spirit removes abrasive qualities from the character of one under His control. (emphasis added)
The word kindness comes from the Greek word chrestotes (khray-stot-ace), which meant to show kindness or to be friendly to others and often depicted rulers, governors, or people who were kind, mild, and benevolent to their subjects. Anyone who demonstrated this quality of chrestotes was considered to be compassionate, considerate, sympathetic, humane, kind, or gentle. The apostle Paul uses this word to depict God's incomprehensible kindness for people who are unsaved (see Romans 11:22;[18] Ephesians 2:7;[19] Titus 3:4[20]).
One scholar has noted that when the word chrestotes is applied to interpersonal relationships, it conveys the idea of being adaptable to others. Rather than harshly require everyone else to adapt to his own needs and desires, when chrestotes is working in a believer, he seeks to become adaptable to the needs of those who are around him. (Sparkling Gems from the Greek, Rick Renner)
Kindness is doing something and not expecting anything in return. Kindness is respect and helping others without waiting for someone to help one back. It implies kindness no matter what. We should live "in purity, understanding, patience and kindness; in the Holy Spirit and in sincere love; in truthful speech and in the power of God; with weapons of righteousness in the right hand and in the left".[21]
Goodness (Greek: agathosune, Latin: bonitas)[edit]
The state or quality of being good
Moral excellence; virtue;
Kindly feeling, kindness, generosity,joy in being good
The best part of anything; Essence; Strength;
General character recognized in quality or conduct.
Popular English Bibles (e.g. NIV, NASB, NLT) translate the single Greek word chrestotes into two English words: kindness and goodness. "Wherefore also we pray always for you, that our God would count you worthy of this calling, and fulfill all the good pleasure of his goodness, and the work of faith with power".[22] "For the fruit of the Spirit is in all goodness and righteousness and truth",[23] with agathosune being "found only in Biblical and ecclesiastical writings, uprightness of heart and life"[24]
Faithfulness (Greek: pistis, Latin: fides)[edit]
The root of pistis[25] ("faith") is peithô[26] that is to persuade or be persuaded which supplies the core-meaning of faith as being "divine persuasion", received from God, and never generated by man. It is defined as the following: objectively, trustworthy; subjectively, trustful:—believe(-ing, -r), faithful(-ly), sure, true.[27]
Greek: πιστός
Transliteration: pistos
Pronunciation: pē-sto's
Part of Speech: adjective
Root Word (Etymology): From πείθω
The Greek πιστός (pistos) occurs 67 times in 62 verses in the Greek concordance of the KJV: faithful (53x), believe (6x), believing (2x), true (2x), faithfully (1x), believer (1x), sure (1x).
Outline of Biblical Usage[28]
trusty, faithful
of persons who show themselves faithful in the transaction of business, the execution of commands, or the discharge of official duties
one who kept his plighted faith, worthy of trust
that can be relied on
easily persuaded
believing, confiding, trusting
in the NT one who trusts in God's promises
one who is convinced that Jesus has been raised from the dead
one who has become convinced that Jesus is the Messiah and author of salvation
Examples:
"O Lord, thou art my God; I will exalt thee, I will praise thy name; for thou hast done wonderful things; thy counsels of old are faithfulness and truth".[29] "I pray that out of his glorious riches he may strengthen you with power through his Spirit in your inner being, so that Christ may dwell in your hearts through faith".[Eph 3:16-17]
The writer of the Letter to the Hebrews describes it this way: "Let us fix our eyes on Jesus, the author and perfecter of our faith, who for the joy set before him endured the cross, scorning its shame, and sat down at the right hand of the throne of God".[30]
Gentleness (Greek: prautes, Latin: modestia)[edit]
Gentleness, in the Greek, prautes, commonly known as meekness, which is "a divinely-balanced virtue that can only operate through faith (cf. [1 Tim 6:11]; [2 Tim 2:22-25]).[31]
. The New Spirit Filled Life Bible defines gentleness as
"a disposition that is even-tempered, tranquil, balanced in spirit, unpretentious, and that has the passions under control. The word is best translated 'meekness,' not as an indication of weakness, but of power and strength under control. The person who possesses this quality pardons injuries, corrects faults, and rules his own spirit well".
"Brothers and sisters, if someone is caught in a sin, you who live by the Spirit should restore that person gently. But watch yourselves, or you also may be tempted".[Gal 6:1]
"Be completely humble and gentle; be patient, bearing with one another in love".[Eph 4:2]
Self-control (Greek: egkrateia, Latin: continentia)[edit]
The Greek word used in Galatians 5:23 is "egkrateia", meaning "strong, having mastery, able to control one's thoughts and actions."[32]
"...make every effort to add to your faith goodness; and to goodness, knowledge; and to knowledge, self-control; and to self-control, perseverance; and to perseverance, godliness; and to godliness, mutual affection; and to mutual affection, love".[2 Pet 1:5-7]
See also[edit]
Gifts of the Holy Spirit
seven virtues
Related Bible parts: Galatians 5, Philippians 4
Bibliography[edit]
Citations[edit]
Jump up ^ "CO. DUBLIN, DUBLIN, CHRISTCHURCH PLACE, CHRIST CHURCH CATHEDRAL (CI)". Dictionary of Irish Architects 1720–1940. Irish Architectural Archive. Retrieved 13 February 2013.
Jump up ^ Galatians 5:22-23
Jump up ^ Galatians 5:22-23: Fructus autem Spiritus est caritas, gaudium, pax, patientia, benignitas, bonitas, longanimitas, mansuetudo, fides, modestia, continentia, castitas. Adversus hujusmodi non est lex.
Jump up ^ Cross, F. L.; Livingstone, E. A., eds. (1998). The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 644. ISBN 0-19-211655-X.
^ Jump up to: a b c Thomas Aquinas. Summa Theologica, Second and Revised Edition, Fathers of the English Dominican Province, 1920
Jump up ^ Waldron, Martin Augustine. "Virtue." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 5 May 2015
Jump up ^ Quoted from the New International Version: 1 Corinthians 13:4–8
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ [2]
Jump up ^ (Strong G1515)
Jump up ^ Renner, Rick. Sparkling Gems from the Greek., Teach All Nations, 2007. ISBN 978-0-9725454-7-1
Jump up ^ John 14:27
Jump up ^ Matthew 5:7
^ Jump up to: a b Pope, Charles. "A Brief Treatise on the Fruits of the Holy Spirit", Archdiocese of Washington, January 27, 2013
Jump up ^ [3] Thayer's Greek Lexicon - STRONGS NT 3115: μακροθυμία
Jump up ^ Eph4:2
Jump up ^ [4] Strong's Greek Concordance 5544. chréstotés
Jump up ^ Romans 11:22
Jump up ^ Ephesians 2:7
Jump up ^ Titus 3:4
Jump up ^ 2Cor 6:6-7
Jump up ^ 2 Thessalonians 1:11
Jump up ^ Ephesians 5:9
Jump up ^ [5] Strong's Greek Concordance 19. agathosune
Jump up ^ [6] Strong's Greek Concordance 4102. pistis
Jump up ^ [7] Strong's Greek Concordance 3982. peithó
Jump up ^ [8]
Jump up ^ [9]
Jump up ^ Isaiah 25:1
Jump up ^ Heb 12:2
Jump up ^ [10] Strong's Greek Concordance 4240. prautés: gentleness
Jump up ^ Graham, Billy. "The Holy Spirit: Activating God's Power in Your Life", Thomas Nelson Inc, 2011 ISBN 9781418515690
Sources[edit]
George A. Kennedy, New Testament Interpretation Through Rhetorical Criticism, George A. Kennedy (University of North Carolina Press: 1984)
Longman, Robert Jr. "Self-Control". Web: 19 Oct 2010. Spirit Home
Classic Sermons on the Fruit of the Spirit, (Warren Wiersbe ed.), Kregel Academic, 2002. ISBN 9780825496387
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