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I Dream of Jeannie
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Not to be confused with I Dream of Jeanie (film).
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I Dream of Jeannie
Created by
Sidney Sheldon
Directed by
Gene Nelson
Hal Cooper
Claudio Guzmán
Starring
Barbara Eden
Larry Hagman
Bill Daily
Hayden Rorke
Theme music composer
Richard Wess (season 1)
Hugo Montenegro (seasons 2–5)
Buddy Kaye (seasons 2–5)
Opening theme
"Jeannie"
Composer(s)
Hugo Montenegro
Richard Wess
Nelson Riddle
Van Alexander
Sonny Burke
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
5
No. of episodes
139 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Sidney Sheldon (1967–70)
Producer(s)
Sidney Sheldon (1965–67)
Claudio Guzmán (1967–70)
Cinematography
Lothrop Worth
Editor(s)
William Martin
Camera setup
Single-camera
Running time
25 minutes
Production company(s)
Sidney Sheldon Productions
Screen Gems
Distributor
Screen Gems
(1970-1971)
Sony Pictures Television
Release
Original network
NBC
Picture format
35 mm film
Black-and-White (1965–66) (30 episodes)
Color (1966–70) (109 episodes)
Audio format
Monaural
Original release
September 18, 1965 (1965-09-18) – May 26, 1970 (1970-05-26)
Chronology
Followed by
I Dream of Jeannie... Fifteen Years Later
I Still Dream of Jeannie
Related shows
Jeannie
I Dream of Jeannie is an American fantasy sitcom starring Barbara Eden as a 2,000-year-old genie and Larry Hagman as an astronaut who becomes her master, with whom she falls in love and eventually marries. Produced by Screen Gems, the show originally aired from September 18, 1965 to May 26, 1970 with new episodes, and through September 1970 with season repeats, on NBC. The show ran for five seasons and produced 139 episodes.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast and characters
2.1 Main
2.2 Recurring
3 Production
3.1 Background
3.2 Opening sequence
3.3 Setting
3.4 Jeannie's origin
3.5 Theme music
3.6 The bottle
4 Broadcast
4.1 Multi-part story arcs
5 Reception
5.1 Nielsen ratings
5.2 Syndication
6 Reunion movies
7 Animated series
8 Factual and geographic errors
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
Plot[edit]
Main article: List of I Dream of Jeannie episodes
Jeannie, free from her bottle, is excited to meet Tony.
In the pilot episode, "The Lady in the Bottle", astronaut Captain Tony Nelson, United States Air Force, is on a space flight when his one-man capsule Stardust One comes down far from the planned recovery area, near a deserted island in the South Pacific. On the beach, Tony notices a strange bottle that rolls by itself. When he rubs it after removing the stopper, smoke starts shooting out and a Persian-speaking female genie materializes and kisses Tony on the lips, shocking him.
They cannot understand each other until Tony expresses his wish that Jeannie (a homophone of genie) could speak English, which she then does. Then, per his instructions, she "blinks" and causes a recovery helicopter to show up to rescue Tony, who is so grateful, he tells her she is free, but Jeannie, who has fallen in love with Tony at first sight after being trapped for 2,000 years, re-enters her bottle and rolls it into Tony's duffel bag so she can accompany him back home. One of the first things Jeannie does, in a subsequent episode, is break up Tony's engagement to his commanding general's daughter Melissa, who, along with that particular general, is never seen again. This event reflects producer Sidney Sheldon's decision that the engagement depicted in the pilot episode would not be part of the series continuity; he realized the romantic triangle he created between Jeannie, "Master", and Melissa would not pan out in the long run.
Tony at first keeps Jeannie in her bottle most of the time, but he finally relents and allows her to enjoy a life of her own. However, her life is devoted mostly to his, and most of their problems stem from her love and affection towards Tony, and her desire to please him and fulfill her ancient heritage as a genie, especially when he does not want her to do so. His efforts to cover up Jeannie's antics, because of his fear that he would be dismissed from the space program if her existence were known, brings him to the attention of NASA's resident psychiatrist, U.S. Air Force Colonel Dr. Alfred Bellows. In a running gag, Dr. Bellows tries over and over to prove to his superiors that Tony is either crazy or hiding something, but he is always foiled ("He's done it to me, again!") and Tony's job remains secure. A frequently used plot device is that Jeannie loses her powers when she is confined in a closed space. She is unable to leave her bottle when it is corked, and under certain circumstances, the person who removed the cork would become her new master. A multiple-episode story arc involves Jeannie (in miniature) becoming trapped in a safe when it is accidentally locked.
Eden with husband Michael Ansara as The Blue Djinn (1966)
Tony's best friend and fellow astronaut, United States Army Corps of Engineers Captain Roger Healey, does not know about Jeannie for several episodes; when he finds out (in the episode "The Richest Astronaut in the Whole Wide World" [January 15, 1966]), he steals her so he can live in luxury, but not for long before Tony reclaims his status as Jeannie's master. Roger is often shown as girl-crazy or scheming to make a quick buck. He occasionally has hopes to claim Jeannie so he can use her to live a princely life or gain beautiful girlfriends, but overall he is respectful that Tony is Jeannie's master, and later her husband. Both Tony and Roger are promoted to the rank of major late in the first season. In later seasons, Roger's role is retconned to portray him knowing about Jeannie from the beginning (i.e., to him having been with Tony on the space flight that touched down, and thus having seen Jeannie introduce herself to Tony).
Jeannie's evil fraternal twin sister, mentioned in a second-season episode (also named Jeannie - since, as Barbara Eden's character explains it, all female genies are named Jeannie—and also portrayed by Barbara Eden in a brunette wig), proves to have a mean streak starting in the third season (demonstrated in her initial appearance in "Jeannie or the Tiger?" [September 19, 1967]), repeatedly trying to steal Tony for herself, with her as the real "master". Her final attempt in the series comes right after Tony and Jeannie get married, with a ploy involving a man played by Barbara Eden's real-life husband at the time, Michael Ansara (in a kind of in-joke, while Jeannie's sister pretends to be attracted to him, she privately scoffs at him). The evil sister wears a green costume, with a skirt rather than pantaloons.
Early in the fifth season (September 30, 1969), Jeannie is called upon by her Uncle Sully (Jackie Coogan) to become queen of their family's native country, Basenji. Tony inadvertently gives grave offense to Basenji national pride in their feud with neighboring Kasja. To regain favor, Tony is required by Sully to marry Jeannie and avenge Basenji's honor, by killing the ambassador from Kasja when he visits NASA. After Sully puts Tony through an ordeal of nearly killing the ambassador, Tony responds in a fit of anger that he is fed up with Sully and his cohorts and he would not marry Jeannie if she were "the last genie on earth". Hearing this, Jeannie bitterly leaves Tony and returns to Basenji. With Jeannie gone, Tony realizes how deeply he loves her. That outweighs all concerns he has had about Jeannie's threat to his career. He flies to Basenji to win Jeannie back. Upon their return to NASA, Tony introduces Jeannie as his fiancée, in which she attires herself as a modern American woman in public and it is easily accepted Tony found a girlfriend. This changed the show's premise in that instead of the avoidance of Jeannie's exposure, it was to hide her magical abilities. This is contrary to the mythology created by Sidney Sheldon's own season-two script for "The Birds and Bees Bit", in which it was claimed that, upon marriage, a genie loses all of her magical powers.
Cast and characters[edit]
Main[edit]
Barbara Eden as Jeannie
Larry Hagman as Captain/Major Anthony "Tony" Nelson
Bill Daily as Captain/Major Roger Healey
Hayden Rorke as Dr. Alfred Bellows
Recurring[edit]
Philip Ober as Brig. Gen. Wingard Stone (season 1, episodes 1 and 4)
Karen Sharpe as Melissa Stone (season 1, episodes 1 and 4)
Florence Sundstrom as Jeannie's mother (season 1, episode 2)
Lurene Tuttle as Jeannie's mother (season 1, episode 14)
Barton MacLane as Maj. Gen. Martin Peterson (seasons 1–4)
Emmaline Henry as Amanda Bellows (seasons 2–5)
Abraham Sofaer as Haji, the "master of all the genies" (seasons 2–3)
Barbara Eden as Jeannie's evil fraternal twin sister, Jeannie II (seasons 3–5)
Vinton Hayworth as Maj. Gen. Winfield Schaeffer (seasons 4–5)
Barbara Eden as Jeannie's mother (season 4, episode 2 and 18)
Michael Ansara as The Blue Djinn
Production[edit]
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Tony and Jeannie.
Background[edit]
The series was created and produced by Sidney Sheldon in response to the great success of rival network ABC's Bewitched series, which had debuted in 1964 as the second-most watched program in the United States. Sheldon, inspired by the movie The Brass Bottle, which had starred Tony Randall, Barbara Eden, and Burl Ives as the jinn Fakrash, conceived of the idea for a beautiful female genie. Both I Dream of Jeannie and Bewitched were Screen Gems productions. The show debuted at 8 pm, Saturday, September 18, 1965, on NBC.
When casting was opened for the role of Jeannie, producer Sidney Sheldon could not find an actress who could play the role the way that he had written it. He did have one specific rule: He did not want a blonde genie, because the similarity with the blonde witch on Bewitched would be too much. However, after many unsuccessful auditions, he called Barbara Eden's agent. When NBC began broadcasting most of its prime-time television programs in color in the fall of 1965, Jeannie was one of two regular programs on NBC that remained in black and white, in this case because of the special photographic effects employed to achieve Jeannie's magic. By the second season, however, further work had been done on techniques to create the visual effects in color, necessary because by 1966 all prime-time series in the United States were being made in color.
According to Dreaming of Jeannie, a book by Stephen Cox and Howard Frank, Sheldon originally wanted to film season one in color, but NBC did not want to pay for the extra expenses, as the network (and Screen Gems) believed the series would not make it to a second season. According to Sheldon in his autobiography The Other Side of Me, he offered to pay the extra US$400 an episode needed for color filming at the beginning of the series, but Screen Gems executive Jerry Hyams advised him: "Sidney, don't throw your money away."[1]
Opening sequence[edit]
The first few episodes after the pilot (episodes two through eight) used a nonanimated, expository opening narrated by Paul Frees; the narration mentions that Nelson lived in "a mythical town" named Cocoa Beach in "a mythical state called Florida". The remaining episodes of that first season featured an animated sequence that was redone and expanded in season two, when the show switched from black and white to color. This new sequence, used from season 2–5, featured a retelling of the initial meeting in the pilot episode, with Captain Nelson's space capsule splashing down on the beach, and Jeannie dancing out of her bottle (modified to reflect its new decoration) and then kissing Nelson before the bottle sucks her back in at the end. Both original versions of the show's animated opening sequence were done by famed animator Friz Freleng.
Setting[edit]
Although the series was set in and around Cape Kennedy, Florida, and Nelson lived at 1020 Palm Drive[2][3] in nearby Cocoa Beach, locales in California were used in place of those in Florida. The exterior of the building where Healey and he had offices was actually the main building at the Dryden Flight Research Center at Edwards Air Force Base, north of Los Angeles.[4] "If you look at some of those old [episodes], it's supposed to be shot in Cocoa Beach, but in the background you have mountains — the Hollywood Hills," Bill Daily said.[5] In actuality, the home of Major Nelson was filmed at the Warner Ranch, in Burbank (on Blondie Street). Many exteriors were filmed at this facility. Interior filming was done at the Sunset Gower Studios (the original Columbia Pictures studio lot) in Hollywood.
The cast and crew only made two visits to Florida's Space Coast, both in 1969. On June 27, a parade in Cocoa Beach escorted Eden and the rest of the cast to Cocoa Beach City Hall, where she was greeted by fans and city officials. They were then taken to LC-43 at Cape Canaveral where she pressed a button to launch a Loki-Dart weather rocket. They had dinner at Bernard's Surf, where Eden was given the state of Florida's Commodore Award for outstanding acting. Later, the entourage went to Lee Caron's Carnival Club, where Eden was showered with gifts and kissed astronaut Buzz Aldrin on the cheek, just two weeks before the Apollo 11 launch.[6]
I Dream of Jeannie Lane sign in Cocoa Beach, Florida
The cast and crew returned on November 25, 1969, for three days for a mock wedding of Eden and Hagman staged for television writers from around the nation (timed to the airing of the nuptials episode on December 2) at the Patrick Air Force Base Officers Club.[5] Then-Florida Governor Claude R. Kirk, Jr., attended and cut the cake for the couple.[6]
Eden returned 27 years later, in July 1996, as a featured speaker for Space Days at the Kennedy Space Center. Cocoa Beach Mayor Joe Morgan presented her an "I Dream of Jeannie Lane" street sign, later installed on a short street off Florida State Road A1A near Lori Wilson Park.[6]
On September 15, 2005, the area held a "We Dream of Jeannie" festival, including a Jeannie lookalike contest. Plans for one in 2004 were interrupted by Hurricane Frances and Hurricane Jeanne. However, a Jeannie lookalike contest was held in 2004, with Bill Daily attending.
On August 24, 2012, Cocoa Beach City leaders honored the show with a roadside plaque outside Lori Wilson Park.[7]
Jeannie's origin[edit]
In the first season, Jeannie clearly was originally a human who was turned into a genie by (as later revealed [Season 1, Episode 2: My Hero?]) the Blue Djinn when she refused to marry him (the term "djinn" is synonymous with "genie"). Several members of Jeannie's family, including her parents, are rather eccentric, but none is a genie. Her mother describes the family as "just peasants from the old country" (Season 1, Episode 14, What House Across the Street?). The Blue Djinn was played by Barbara Eden's first husband, Michael Ansara. In later seasons, he also played King Kamehameha (Season 3, Episode 15 The Battle of Waikiki), and Biff Jellico (Season 5, Episode 12 My Sister, the Homewrecker).
The topic of Jeannie originally being human is restated in season two during the episode, "How to be a Genie in 10 Easy Lessons". Jeannie mentions that she has a sister who is a genie, but the phrasing – "she was a genie when I left Baghdad" – does bring up the question of whether she, too, was born a genie. One small subplot that lasted over multiple episodes was WHEN Jeanie was born. In Season 2, Episode 10, "The Girl Who Never Had a Birthday" it was revealed that Jeanie was born in 46 BC and in Season 2, Episode 13 "My Master, the Great Caruso" it was revealed that she was born on April 1.
In the third season, this continuity was changed retroactively and Jeannie was assumed to have always been a genie. All her relatives are then also genies, including, by the fourth season, her mother (also played by Barbara Eden beginning in Season 4, Episode 2 Jeannie and the Wild Pipchicks). This may have been done to increase the similarity with Bewitched, or simply to increase the number of possible plotlines. Whatever the reason, this new concept was retained for the rest of the series.
The TV movie I Dream of Jeannie... Fifteen Years Later (1985) reiterates most of Jeannie's first-season origin when she tells her son, Tony Jr., that she was trapped in her bottle by an evil djinn after she refused to marry him. (No specific statement is given, however, about whether he turned her into a genie at that time or if she had been born one.)
In a 1966 paperback novel I Dream of Jeannie, by Al Hine, writing pseudonymously as "Dennis Brewster", published by Pocket Books, very loosely based on the series, Jeannie (in the book, her real name is revealed as "Fawzia") and her immediate family were established in the story as genies living in Tehran hundreds of years before Tony found her bottle on an island in the Persian Gulf (instead of the South Pacific, as depicted on TV).
Theme music[edit]
The first-season theme music was an instrumental jazz waltz written by Richard Wess. Eventually, Sidney Sheldon became dissatisfied with Wess's theme and musical score.[citation needed] From the second season on, it was replaced by a new theme entitled "Jeannie", composed by Hugo Montenegro with lyrics by Buddy Kaye. Episodes 20 and 25 used a rerecorded ending of "Jeannie" for the closing credits with new, longer drum breaks and a different closing riff. The lyrics were never used in the show.
Songwriters Gerry Goffin and Carole King wrote a theme, called "Jeannie", for Sidney Sheldon before the series started, but it was not used.[8]
In the third and fourth seasons of the show, another instrumental theme by Hugo Montenegro was introduced that was played during the show's campy scenes. Simply titled "Mischief", the theme was heard mainly on outdoor locations, showing the characters attempting to do something such as Jeannie learning to drive, Major Nelson arriving up the driveway, a monkey walking around, or reactions to Doctor Bellows. This theme featured the accompaniment of a sideshow organ, a trombone, and electric bass. It was introduced in the first episode of season 3, "Fly Me to the Moon".[citation needed]
The I Dream of Jeannie theme music was sampled by Dutch dance music DJ Ben Liebrand for the 1990 re-release of American hip-hop artist Dimples D.'s single, "Sucker DJ".
The bottle[edit]
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Jeannie's iconic bottle was not created for the show. The actual bottle was a special Christmas 1964 Jim Beam liquor decanter containing "Beam's Choice" bourbon whiskey. It was designed by Roy Kramer for the Wheaton Bottle Company. For years, Sidney Sheldon was said to have received one as a gift and thought it would be a perfect design for the series. Several people in the Screen Gems art department also take credit for finding the bottle. Strong evidence, however, indicates first season director Gene Nelson saw one in a liquor store and bought it, bringing it to Sheldon.[citation needed]
Jeannie's bottle was left in its original dark, smoke-green color, with a painted gold-leaf pattern (to make it look like an antique), during the first season. The plot description of the pilot episode in TV Guide in September 1965 referred to it as a "green bottle". In that first episode, it also looked quite rough and weathered. Since the show was originally filmed in black and white, a lot of colors and patterns were not necessary. When the show switched to color, the show's art director came up with a brightly colored purple bottle to replace the original. The later colorized version of the show's first season tried to make out that the smoked glass look of the original gold-leaf design is in fact purple, to match the consistent look of the bottle used in the second through fifth seasons.
The first season bottle had a clear glass stopper that Tony took from a 1956 Old Grand-Dad Bourbon bottle in his home, as the original stopper was left behind on the beach where Tony found Jeannie. In the first color episode, Jeannie returns to the beach, and her bottle is seen to have its original stopper (painted to match the bottle), presumably retrieved by her upon her return there. The rest of the TV series (and the movies) used the original bottle stopper. (During some close-ups, one can still see the plastic rings that hold the cork part of the stopper in place.)
During the first season, in black and white, the smoke effect was usually a screen overlay of billowing smoke, sometimes combined with animation. Early color episodes used a purely animated smoke effect. Sometime later, a live smoke pack, lifted out of the bottle on a wire, was used.
Jeannie's color-episodes bottle was painted mainly in pinks and purples, while the bottle for the Blue Djinn was a first-season design with a heavy green wash, and Jeannie's sister's bottle was simply a plain, unpainted Jim Beam bottle.
No one knows exactly how many bottles were used during the show, but members of the production have estimated that around 12 bottles were painted and used during the run of the series. The stunt bottle used mostly for the smoke effect was broken frequently by the heat and chemicals used to produce Jeannie's smoke. In the pilot episode, several bottles were used for the opening scene on the beach; one was drilled through the bottom for smoke, and another was used to walk across the sand and slip into Tony's pack. Two bottles were used from promotional tours to kick off the first season, and one bottle was used for the first-season production.
Barbara Eden got to keep the color stunt bottle used on the last day of filming the final episode of the series. It was given to her by her make-up woman after the show was canceled while the show was on hiatus. According to the DVD release of the first season, Bill Daily owns an original bottle, and according to the Donny & Marie talk show, Larry Hagman also owned an original bottle.
In the penultimate episode, "Hurricane Jeannie", Nelson dreams that Dr. Bellows discovers Jeannie's secret, and that Jeannie's bottle is broken when dropped. A broken bottle is shown on camera. This was intended to be the series' final episode and is often shown that way in syndication.
Broadcast[edit]
Barbara Eden and Larry Hagman (1969)
Main article: List of I Dream of Jeannie episodes
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
First aired
Last aired
1 30 September 18, 1965 (1965-09-18) May 7, 1966 (1966-05-07)
2 31 September 12, 1966 (1966-09-12) April 24, 1967 (1967-04-24)
3 26 September 12, 1967 (1967-09-12) March 26, 1968 (1968-03-26)
4 26 September 16, 1968 (1968-09-16) May 12, 1969 (1969-05-12)
5 26 September 16, 1969 (1969-09-16) May 26, 1970 (1970-05-26)
TV movies 2 October 20, 1985 (1985-10-20) October 20, 1991 (1991-10-20)
Multi-part story arcs[edit]
On several occasions, multipart story arcs were created to serve as backgrounds for national contests. During the second season, in a story that is the focus of a two-part episode and a peripheral plot of two further episodes (the "Guess Jeannie's Birthday" contest began with the opening two-part episode on November 14, 1966, concluding with the name of the winner revealed after the end of the fourth episode, "My Master, the Great Caruso", on December 5), it was established that Jeannie did not know her birthday, and her family members could not agree when it was, either. Tony and Roger use NASA's powerful new computer and horoscopic guidance based on Jeannie's traits to calculate it. The year is quickly established as 64 BC, but only Roger is privy to the exact date and he decides to make a game out of revealing it. This date became the basis of the contest. Jeannie finally forces it out of him at the end of the fourth episode: April 1. This date conflicts with the birthday given to her in the season 1 episode "G.I. Jeannie": July 1.
In a third-season four-part episode ("Genie, Genie, Who's Got the Genie?" January 16 – February 6, 1968), Jeannie is locked in a safe bound for the moon. Any attempt to force the safe or use the wrong combination will destroy it with an explosive. Jeannie is in there so long that whoever opens the safe will become her master. The episodes spread out over four weeks, during which a contest was held to guess the safe's combination. This explains why Larry Hagman is never seen saying the combination out loud: His mouth is hidden behind the safe or the shot is on Jeannie when he says it. The combination was not decided until just before the episode aired, with Hagman's voice dubbed in. Over the closing credits, Barbara Eden announced and congratulated the contest winner, with 4–9–7 as the winning combination.
In the fourth season, a two-part episode, "The Case Of My Vanishing Master" (January 6–13, 1969), concerned Tony being taken to a secret location somewhere in the world, while a perfect double took his place at home. A contest was held to guess the location where Tony had been taken. Unlike earlier contests, the answer was not revealed within the story. At the end of "Invisible House For Sale" (February 3, 1969), a special "contest epilogue" had Jeannie and Tony reveal to the audience the "secret location", Puerto Rico, followed by the name of the "Grand Prize Winner".
Reception[edit]
Nielsen ratings[edit]
Season
Time
Rank
Rating
1965–66 Saturday at 8:00-8:30 PM #27 21.8 (tie)[9]
1966–67 Monday at 8:00-8:30 PM Not in the Top 30[10][11]
1967–68 Tuesday at 7:30-8:00 PM
1968–69 Monday at 7:30-8:00 PM #26 20.7[12]
1969–70 Tuesday at 7:30-8:00 PM Not in the Top 30[13]
Syndication[edit]
When reruns debuted on New York's WPIX, Jeannie won its time period with a 13 rating and a 23 share of the audience.[14] The series averaged a 14 share and 32 share of the audience when WTTG in Washington, DC began airing the series.[15] It was the first off-network series to best network competition in the ratings: "The big switch no doubt representing the first time in rating history that indies (local stations) have knocked over the network stations in a primetime slot was promoted by WPIX's premiere of the off-web Jeannie reruns back to back from 7 to 8 pm."[16]
Reunion movies[edit]
Barbara Eden starred in two made-for-television reunion movies which followed the further exploits of Jeannie and Tony in the successive years. For various reasons, Larry Hagman did not reprise his role as Tony Nelson in either of these reunion movies. Bill Daily returned as Roger Healey for both films, while Hayden Rorke made a brief appearance in the first film. In 1985, Wayne Rogers played the role of retiring Colonel Anthony Nelson in I Dream of Jeannie... Fifteen Years Later. In 1991, I Still Dream of Jeannie was broadcast with Hagman's Dallas co-star Ken Kercheval essentially playing the role of Jeannie's "master". A third film was planned, but never finalized.
Animated series[edit]
Hanna-Barbera Productions produced an animated series Jeannie. This animated series is completely separate from the Eden live-action series. Jeannie the animated series was originally broadcast from September 1973 to 1975, which featured Jeannie (voiced by Julie McWhirter) and genie-in-training Babu (voiced by former Three Stooges star Joe Besser) as the servants of Corey Anders, a high-school student and surfer (voiced by Mark Hamill).
Factual and geographic errors[edit]
NASA is depicted in the series as being a US military organization when in reality, it is a government agency but primarily civilian and scientifically oriented. NASA astronauts did not live in Florida at the time of the series. Since 1962, they had lived and trained at the Manned Spacecraft Center (now Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center) in Houston.
Many of the exterior shots of Tony's home or other areas show mountains or hills in the background. The actual respective terrains of Florida and southeast Texas – where the real-life astronauts of that time lived and trained – are flat (especially the areas around Cape Canaveral and Cocoa Beach where the Nelsons were shown to have lived in the sitcom).
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Sheldon, Sidney (Aug 1, 2006). The Other Side of Me. Hachette Digital, Inc.
Jump up ^ James Henerson (writer) & Claudio Guzman (director) (January 27, 1969). "Ride 'Em Astronaut". I Dream of Jeannie. Season 4. Episode 15. NBC.
Jump up ^ James Henerson (writer) & Hal Cooper (director) (February 3, 1969). "Invisible House For Sale". I Dream of Jeannie. Season 4. Episode 16. NBC.
Jump up ^ Creech, Gray (November 3, 2005). "NASA on Classic TV". nasa.gov.
^ Jump up to: a b "Cocoa Beach celebrates 40 years of I Dream of Jeannie". Associated Press. 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b c Osborne, Ray I Dream of Jeannie Days
Jump up ^ "'I Dream of Jeannie' gets historical marker in Cocoa Beach". Central Florida News 13. Retrieved 2012-08-25.
Jump up ^ Cox, Stephen; Howard Frank (2000-03-18). Dreaming of Jeannie: TV's Prime Time in a Bottle. St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN 0-312-20417-5.
Jump up ^ "TV Ratings > 1965–1966". ClassicTVHits.com. Retrieved 2017-09-22.
Jump up ^ "ClassicTCHits.com: TV Ratings > 1966–1967". Classictvhits.com. Retrieved 2017-09-22.
Jump up ^ "TV Ratings > 1967–1968". ClassicTVHits.com. Retrieved 2017-09-22.
Jump up ^ "TV Ratings > 1968–1969". ClassicTVHits.com. Retrieved 2017-09-22.
Jump up ^ "TV Ratings > 1969–1970". ClassicTVHits.com. Retrieved 2017-09-22.
Jump up ^ Variety, October 6, 1971.
Jump up ^ Variety, September 22, 1971.
Jump up ^ Variety, October 6, 1971.
Further reading[edit]
Cox, Stephen; Howard Frank (2000). Dreaming of Jeannie: TV's Prime Time in a Bottle. St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN 0-312-20417-5.
Sheldon, Sidney (2005). The Other Side Of Me. Warner Books. ISBN 0-446-53267-3.
Brewster, Dennis (1966). I Dream Of Jeannie (novel). Pocket Books.
Kluger, Jeffery (1994). Apollo 13: Lost Moon. Pocket Books. ISBN 978-0-618-61958-0.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: I Dream of Jeannie
Wikimedia Commons has media related to I Dream of Jeannie.
Television in the United States portal
1960s portal
Barbara "Jeannie" Eden's Official Website
TV Land buys back the rights to I Dream of Jeannie
I Dream of Jeannie on IMDb
I Dream of Jeannie at TV.com
Anthony (Tony) Nelson, fictitious astronaut – Encyclopedia Astronautica
Roger Healey, fictitious astronaut – Encyclopedia Astronautica
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I Dream of Jeannie
Episodes
"The Lady in the Bottle"
TV movies
I Dream of Jeannie... Fifteen Years Later (1985)
I Still Dream of Jeannie (1991)
Animated series
Jeannie (1973–75)
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Works by Sidney Sheldon
Novels
The Naked Face
The Other Side of Midnight
A Stranger in the Mirror
Bloodline
Rage of Angels
Master of the Game
If Tomorrow Comes
Windmills of the Gods
The Sands of Time
Memories of Midnight
The Doomsday Conspiracy
The Stars Shine Down
Nothing Lasts Forever
Morning, Noon and Night
The Best Laid Plans
Tell Me Your Dreams
The Sky is Falling
Are You Afraid of the Dark?
Non-fiction
The Other Side of Me
Television
The Patty Duke Show
I Dream of Jeannie
Nancy
Hart to Hart
Adaptations
The Other Side of Midnight (1977)
Bloodline (1979)
Rage of Angels (1983)
Master of the Game (1984)
If Tomorrow Comes (1986)
Windmills of the Gods (1988)
Memories of Midnight (1991)
Kshana Kshana (2007)
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text:
Smoke on the Water
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
"Smoke On The Water" redirects here. For the song by Red Foley, see Smoke on the Water (Red Foley song).
"Some stupid with a flare gun" redirects here. For the Ass Ponys album, see Some Stupid with a Flare Gun.
"Smoke on the Water"
Cover of the 1973 German single
Single by Deep Purple
from the album Machine Head
B-side
"Smoke on the Water" (live)
Released
May 1973
Format
7-inch record
Recorded
December 1971
Genre
Hard rock[1][2]
heavy metal[3]
blues rock
Length
5:41 (album version)
3:54 (single version)
6:15 (Roger Glover remix)
Label
EMI (UK)
Warner. Bros (US)
Songwriter(s)
Ritchie Blackmore
Ian Gillan
Roger Glover
Jon Lord
Ian Paice
Producer(s)
Deep Purple
Deep Purple singles chronology
"Never Before"
(1972) "Smoke on the Water"
(1973) "Woman from Tokyo"
(1973)
Machine Head track listing
show
8 tracks
"Highway Star"
"Maybe I'm a Leo"
"Pictures of Home"
"Never Before"
"Smoke on the Water"
"Lazy"
"Space Truckin'"
"When a Blind Man Cries"
Audio sample
file
help
"Smoke on the Water" is a song by the English rock band Deep Purple. It was first released on their 1972 album Machine Head. In 2004, the song was ranked number 434 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest songs of all time,[4] ranked number 4 in Total Guitar magazine's Greatest Guitar Riffs Ever,[5] and in March 2005, Q magazine placed "Smoke on the Water" at number 12 in its list of the 100 greatest guitar tracks.[6]
Contents
1 Composition
2 History
3 Impact
4 Charts
4.1 Certifications
5 Alternative versions
6 Credits and personnel
7 Rock Aid Armenia version
8 In popular culture
8.1 In events
8.2 In games
8.3 In television
9 In world records
10 Further reading
11 References
12 External links
Composition[edit]
The Smoke on the Water riff
"Smoke on the Water" is known for and recognizable by its central theme, developed by guitarist Ritchie Blackmore. It is a four-note blues scale melody in G minor, harmonised in parallel fourths. The riff, played on a Fender Stratocaster electric guitar by Blackmore, is later joined by hi-hat and distorted organ, then the rest of the drums, then electric bass parts before the start of Ian Gillan's vocal. The opening lyrics are:
We all came out to Montreux, on the Lake Geneva shoreline
To make records with a mobile, we didn't have much time
Jon Lord doubles the guitar part on a Hammond C3 organ played through a distorted Marshall amp, creating a tone very similar to that of the guitar. Blackmore usually plays the main riff using a finger pluck[7] or occasionally a plectrum upstroke (to accentuate the tonic).[8]
During an August 1972 show in Tokyo, Japan, Blackmore played the intro as follows:
-------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------
------8-10_----8-11-10__------8-10_-8-----
---10-8-10_-10-8-11-10__---10-8-10_-8-10__
---10-------10-------------10---------10__
There are two solos in the song; the first was performed on guitar by Ritchie Blackmore, and the second was performed on an organ by Jon Lord until the song fades out.
History[edit]
The lyrics tell a true story: on 4 December 1971, Purple were in Montreux, Switzerland, to record an album using a mobile recording studio (rented from the Rolling Stones and known as the Rolling Stones Mobile Studio—referred to as the "Rolling truck Stones thing" and "a mobile" in the lyrics) at the entertainment complex that was part of the Montreux Casino (referred to as "the gambling house" in the song lyric). On the eve of the recording session, a Frank Zappa and The Mothers of Invention concert was held in the casino's theatre. This was to be the theatre's final concert before the casino complex closed down for its annual winter renovations, which would allow Deep Purple to record there. At the beginning of Don Preston's synthesizer solo on "King Kong", the place suddenly caught fire when somebody in the audience fired a flare gun toward the rattan covered ceiling, as mentioned in the "some stupid with a flare gun" line.[9][10] Although there were no major injuries, the resulting fire destroyed the entire casino complex, along with all the Mothers' equipment. The "smoke on the water" that became the title of the song (credited to bass guitarist Roger Glover, who related how the title occurred to him when he woke from a dream a few days later) referred to the smoke from the fire spreading over Lake Geneva from the burning casino as the members of Purple watched from their hotel. "It was probably the biggest fire I'd ever seen up to that point and probably ever seen in my life" said Glover, "It was a huge building. I remember there was very little panic getting out, because it didn't seem like much of a fire at first. But, when it caught, it went up like a fireworks display". The "Funky Claude" running in and out is referring to Claude Nobs, the director of the Montreux Jazz Festival who helped some of the audience escape the fire.
Claude Nobs (2006), the "Funky Claude" mentioned in the song
Left with an expensive mobile recording unit and no place to record, the band was forced to scout the town for another place to set up. One promising venue (found by Nobs) was a local theatre called The Pavilion, but soon after the band loaded in and started working/recording, neighbours took offence at the noise. The band was only able to lay down backing tracks for one song (based on Blackmore's riff and temporarily named "Title No.1"), before local police shut them down.
After about a week of searching, the band rented the nearly-empty Montreux Grand Hotel and converted its hallways and stairwells into a makeshift studio, where they laid down most of the tracks for what would become their most commercially successful album, Machine Head (which is dedicated to Claude Nobs).
The only song from Machine Head not recorded entirely in the Grand Hotel was "Smoke on the Water" itself, which had been partly recorded during the abortive Pavilion session. Its lyrics were composed later, primarily by Gillan and based around Glover's title, and the vocals were recorded in the Grand Hotel.
Because of the incident and the exposure Montreux received when "Smoke on the Water" became an international hit, Purple formed a lasting bond with the town. The song is honoured in Montreux by a sculpture along the lake shore (right next to the statue of Queen frontman Freddie Mercury) with the band's name, the song title, and the riff in musical notes. The new casino in Montreux displays notes from the riff as decoration on its balustrade facing the gambling hall.
On the Classic Albums episode about Machine Head, Ritchie Blackmore claimed friends of the band were not fans of the "Smoke on the Water" riff, which they thought too simplistic. Blackmore retorted by making comparisons to the first movement of Beethoven's 5th Symphony, which revolves around a similar four note arrangement.[11]
"The amazing thing with that song, and Ritchie's riff in particular," observed Ian Paice, "is that somebody hadn't done it before, because it's so gloriously simple and wonderfully satisfying."[12]
Impact[edit]
"Smoke on the Water" was included on Machine Head, which was released in early 1972, but was not released as a single until a year later, in May 1973. ("Never Before" and "Highway Star" were the first singles issued from the album.) The band members have said that they did not expect the song to be a hit, but the single reached number 4 on the Billboard pop singles chart in the United States during the summer of 1973, number 2 on the Canadian RPM charts, and it propelled the album to the top 10. Live performances of the tune, featuring extended interplay between Blackmore's guitar and Jon Lord's Hammond organ would become a centrepiece of Deep Purple's live shows, and a version of the song from the live album Made in Japan became a minor hit on its own later on in 1973.
The principal songwriters included the song within their subsequent solo ventures after Deep Purple had split up. Ian Gillan in particular performed a jazz-influenced version in early solo concerts. The band Gillan adopted a feedback-soaked approach, courtesy of Gillan guitarist Bernie Torme. This song was also featured live by Ritchie Blackmore's post-Deep Purple band Rainbow during their tours 1981–83, and again after Rainbow was resurrected briefly in the mid-1990s and for three European concerts in June 2016.
During Ian Gillan's stint with Black Sabbath in 1983, they performed "Smoke on the Water" as a regular repertoire number on encores during their only tour together. It remains one of the few cover songs that Black Sabbath has ever played live.
The song is popular among beginner guitarists, but Blackmore himself has demonstrated that most who attempt to play it do so improperly.[13] Actually played using "all fourths" (or double stops) as specified by Blackmore, a power chord-driven variation on the main recognizable riff is not difficult, and is consequently often played by learners.
"Smoke on the Water" has received the following rankings:
434 on Rolling Stone magazine's The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time (2004)[4]
37 in VH1's 40 Greatest Metal Songs[14]
12 in Q magazine's 100 Greatest Guitar Tracks (March 2005)[6]
11 in VH1's "100 Greatest Hard Rock Songs" (January 2009)[15]
4 in Total Guitar magazine's "Top 20 Greatest Guitar Riffs Ever"[5]
Charts[edit]
Chart (1973)
Peak
position
Australia (Kent Music Report) 54
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[16] 11
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[17] 27
Canadian RPM Top Singles[18] 2
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[19] 11
France (SNEP)[20] 64
Germany (Official German Charts)[21] 20
South African Chart[22] 7
US Billboard Hot 100[23] 4
Chart (1977)
Peak
position
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[24] 21
Chart (2012)
Peak
position
France (SNEP)[25] 134
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
United States (RIAA)[26]
Gold 1,000,000^
^shipments figures based on certification alone
Alternative versions[edit]
The 1997 Roger Glover Remix version which appears on the 25th Anniversary Edition reissue of Machine Head features a version of the song with an alternate Blackmore guitar solo recorded at the time, and includes Ian Gillan uttering the phrase "Break a leg, Frank", among other comments. This is a reference to injuries that Frank Zappa had sustained as a result of being attacked onstage by an audience member at a concert in London, six days after the Montreux fire. A broken leg was among those injuries.
The version that appears on Deep Purple in Concert also includes Gillan's "Break a leg" comment.
Credits and personnel[edit]
Ritchie Blackmore – guitars
Ian Gillan – lead vocals
Roger Glover – bass guitar
Jon Lord – Hammond organ
Ian Paice – drums
Rock Aid Armenia version[edit]
"Smoke on the Water"
Cover for the "Rock Aid Armenia" charity release
Single by Rock Aid Armenia
Released
1989
Format
7- & 12-inch records
Recorded
8–15 July 1989
Songwriter(s)
Ritchie Blackmore
Ian Gillan
Roger Glover
Jon Lord
Ian Paice
Producer(s)
Gary Langan
Geoff Downes
Music video
"Smoke on the Water" (Rock Aid Armenia) on YouTube
1990 reissue cover
Cover of the 7" reissue of the Rock Aid Armenia single
Rock Aid Armenia, a charity project to help victims of 1988 Armenian earthquake made a charity re-recording of Deep Purple's "Smoke on the Water", with different vocalists singing various verses. The single made it to the UK Top 40 Singles Chart.
The track was recorded by an elite group of contemporary prog rock, hard rock and heavy metal musicians who gathered at the historic Metropolis Studios in Chiswick, London. Recording began on 8 July 1989 and was completed over 5 different sessions.
The rock musicians involved in the recording included Bryan Adams, Ritchie Blackmore, Bruce Dickinson, Geoff Downes, Keith Emerson, Ian Gillan, David Gilmour, Tony Iommi, Alex Lifeson, Brian May, Paul Rodgers, Chris Squire and Roger Taylor. John Paul Jones and Jon Lord were credited as "helping" behind the scenes with the track. The track's producers were Gary Langan and Geoff Downes. Talent co-ordination for the record was overseen by Jon Dee, with David Gilmour being the first to join up after a call from Dee. Ian Gillan's manager Phil Banfield also helped out with talent recruitment.
In popular culture[edit]
This section indiscriminately collects miscellaneous information. Please compress this material to remove any irrelevant or unimportant information. (July 2018)
In events[edit]
Leicester Tigers use this song to run out to at the start of every home game.[citation needed]
In March 2011, "Smoke on the Water" was selected by departing German Defence Minister Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg for performance as part of his official military farewell ceremony.[27]
On 16 September 2012, at the Sunflower Jam charity concert at the Royal Albert Hall, Deep Purple drummer Ian Paice performed the song alongside guitarist Brian May of Queen, bassist John Paul Jones of Led Zeppelin, and vocalists Bruce Dickinson of Iron Maiden and Alice Cooper.[28]
In games[edit]
The iconic nature of the song has led to its inclusion in several music-related video games.
A chiptune version is featured in the battle-racing video game Rock n' Roll Racing.
It is a playable song in the Japan-only Nintendo DS rhythm game Daigasso! Band Brothers.
The song appears in Konami Guitar Freaks 4th Mix.
A cover version of "Smoke on the Water" is one of the playable songs for the PlayStation 2 game Guitar Hero.
The same cover version is a downloadable track in Guitar Hero II for the Xbox 360.
It is featured in Guitar Hero Smash Hits as a master track.
It is available on Wii's Rayman Raving Rabbids 2 as a minigame, without Verse 3.
It is also featured in Rock Band 3 as a master track.
The song is available as a downloadable track for the guitar game Rocksmith.[29]
It is a playable song in the PlayStation 2 game SingStar Rocks!.
The song is playable in the online game Stick Dudes Gone Wild: Rock Band.[30]
In television[edit]
The song features prominently in the Better Call Saul season 1 finale episode, "Marco" (airdate 6 April 2015). First, Marco hums it while waiting in the alley for Slippin' Jimmy and his mark. Next, Jimmy drums it on his steering wheel, when leaving the courthouse in Albuquerque, after standing up his interview for a partnership-track job. Finally, the song plays just before the closing credits.[31] In Better Call Saul season 2 episode 1, Jimmy bellowed the song intro after quiting office and refusing new job.
The song has featured in several episodes[which?] of The Sopranos, including "Join the Club".[32][33]
On CBS Two and a Half Men, Jake Harper plays this song a couple of times throughout the series.[when?]
It is featured episode 2 of season 6 in the show Supernatural.
The song features prominently in the Simpsons season 13 episode, "Weekend at Burnsie's."
Beavis and Butt-Head prominently features the titular characters vocalizing the guitar riff.
The song is featured in the Season 2 finale of Scream Queens.
In world records[edit]
In 1994, in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, 1,322 guitarists gathered to play the world-famous riff all at the same time for a place in the Guinness Book of World Records.[34]
On Sunday 3 June 2007, in Kansas City this record was topped with 1,721 guitarists.[34] Just 20 days later, in the German city of Leinfelden-Echterdingen by the group 'Party Blues In Bb' with over 1,800 other people involved.[35]
The record was again topped on 1 May 2009, in Wrocław, Poland, when 6,346 guitar players, joined by current Deep Purple guitarist Steve Morse, performed the song during the Thanks Jimi Festival.[36][37]
Further reading[edit]
Christe, Ian (2003). Sound of the Beast: The Complete Headbanging History of Heavy Metal. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-380-81127-8.
"Smoke On The Water - the story". Deep-Purple.net.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Andrew Winistorfer. "VH1's 100 Greatest Hard Rock Songs list only slightly less annoying than their hip-hop list". Prefix. Archived from the original on 7 July 2013. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
11 Deep Purple - "Smoke On The Water"
Jump up ^ Gary Graff (1996). Visible Ink Press, ed. MusicHound rock: the essential album guide. ISBN 978-0787610371. "Purple's heyday came during the early 70s- when "Smoke on the Water" entered the pantheon of hard rock classics"
Jump up ^ Christe (2003), pg. 13, " Though Deep Purple's "Smoke on the Water" was a bona fide metal anthem and the first basic riff of a longhairded guitarist's repertoire, the band did not consider itself heavy metal."
^ Jump up to: a b 500 Greatest Songs of All Time: Deep Purple, 'Smoke on the Water' Archived 3 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Rolling Stone. Retrieved 18 December 2011
^ Jump up to: a b Guns N' Roses top rock riff poll, BBC News, 2 May 2004, archived from the original on 14 August 2009, retrieved 4 January 2010
^ Jump up to: a b Tracks 100 Greatest Guitar Tracks Ever! Archived 26 January 2013 at WebCite Q Magazine. Retrieved 18 December 2011
Jump up ^ Classic Albums - Machine Head. BBC. Archived from the original on 1 January 2011. Retrieved 30 October 2009.
Jump up ^ Deep Purple - New York 1973 (Full Concert). YouTube. Archived from the original on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 19 August 2012.
Jump up ^ The Real Frank Zappa Book by Frank Zappa with Peter Occhiogrosso, pg. 112, ISBN 0-671-63870-X
Jump up ^ Bang Your Head by David Konow, page 26, ISBN 0-609-80732-3
Jump up ^ In an interview with CNN Ritchie Blackmore told Richard Quest: "It's interpretation of an inversion, in tone back and play back and forth. It's actually Beethoven's 5th. So I owe him a lot of money."Quest for rock 'n' roll - Ritchie Blackmore Archived 7 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Rees, Paul (April 2017). "To Infinity… and Beyond?". Classic Rock #234. p. 39.
Jump up ^ Video of Ritchie talking about the riff on YouTube
Jump up ^ "VH1 40 Greatest Metal Songs", 1–4 May 2006, VH1 Channel, reported by VH1.com Archived 2 March 2012 at WebCite; last accessed 10 September 2006.
Jump up ^ "spreadit.org music". Archived from the original on 21 March 2012. Retrieved 7 February 2009.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Deep Purple – Smoke On The Water" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Deep Purple – Smoke On The Water" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50.
Jump up ^ "Smoke on the water in Canadian Top Singles Chart". Library and Archives Canada. Archived from the original on 21 April 2016. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Deep Purple – Smoke On The Water" (in Dutch). Single Top 100.
Jump up ^ "Smoke on the water in French Chart" (in French). Dominic DURAND / InfoDisc. 1 July 2013. Archived from the original on 31 December 2013. Retrieved 1 July 2013. You have to use the index at the top of the page and search "Deep Purple"
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Deep Purple – Smoke On The Water". GfK Entertainment Charts.
Jump up ^ John Samson. "Smoke on the water in South African Chart". Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Machine Head awards on Allmusic". Allmusic. Archived from the original on 16 November 2013. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "1977 Top 40 Official UK Singles Archive - 7th May 1977". Official Charts Company. Archived from the original on 15 March 2013. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – Deep Purple – Smoke On The Water" (in French). Les classement single.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – Deep Purple – Smoke on the Water". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
Jump up ^ "Guttenberg departs Defense Ministry with full military honors". Archived from the original on 14 March 2011. Retrieved 23 March 2011.
Jump up ^ "Led Zeppelin, Iron Maiden and Queen band members perform at charity rock show" Archived 2 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine.. NME. Retrieved 4 November 2012
Jump up ^ "Rocksmith - Deep Purple - Smoke on the Water on Steam". store.steampowered.com. Archived from the original on 31 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Stick Dudes Gone Wild: Rock Band FAQ". YoYo Games Forums. 31 January 2018. Archived from the original on 1 February 2018. Retrieved 31 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Neumyer, Scott (6 April 2015). "'Better Call Saul' Season One Finale Recap: 'Marco'". WSJ Speakeasy. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Original TV Soundtrack - Fuhgeddaboudit! Music You Heard on the Sopranos Lyrics - SongMeanings!". songmeanings.com. Archived from the original on 12 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "Episode 67: Join the Club". walletbiopsy.net. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Spread Firefox, Crazy Records". spreadfirefox.com. Archived from the original on 30 May 2008.
Jump up ^ "Die Geschichte des Gitarrenweltrekords". Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
Jump up ^ "Official Steve Morse Blog". Archived from the original on 30 April 2009. Retrieved 4 May 2009.
Jump up ^ ""Thanks Jimi Festival" 2009 and Guitar Guinness Record". Archived from the original on 22 April 2009. Retrieved 4 May 2009.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
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Bay leaf
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Bay laurel leaves (Laurus nobilis)
Indian bay leaf Cinnamomum tamala
Indonesian bay leaf Syzygium polyanthum
An example of an aromatic leaf (plural bay leaves) which is commonly used in cooking. It can be whole or ground dried pieces of the plant.
It comes from several plants such as:
Bay laurel (Laurus nobilis, Lauraceae). Fresh or dried bay leaves are used in cooking for their distinctive flavour and fragrance. The leaves should be removed from the cooked food before eating (see Safety section below). The leaves are often used to flavour soups, stews, braises and pâtés in Mediterranean cuisine and beans in Brazilian cuisine. The fresh leaves are very mild and do not develop their full flavour until several weeks after picking and drying.[1]
California bay leaf – the leaf of the California bay tree (Umbellularia californica, Lauraceae), also known as California laurel, Oregon myrtle, and pepperwood, is similar to the Mediterranean bay laurel, but has a stronger flavour.
Indian bay leaf or malabathrum (Cinnamomum tamala, Lauraceae) differs in that bay laurel leaves are shorter and light to medium green in colour, with one large vein down the length of the leaf, while tejpat (Cinnamonum tamala) leaves are about twice as long and wider, usually olive green in colour, and with three veins down the length of the leaf and is culinarily quite different, having a fragrance and taste similar to cinnamon (cassia) bark, but milder.
Indonesian bay leaf or Indonesian laurel (salam leaf, Syzygium polyanthum, Myrtaceae) is not commonly found outside Indonesia; this herb is applied to meat and, less often, to vegetables.[2]
West Indian bay leaf, the leaf of the West Indian bay tree (Pimenta racemosa, Myrtaceae), used culinarily and to produce the cologne called bay rum.
Mexican bay leaf (Litsea glaucescens, Lauraceae).
Contents
1 Chemical constituents
2 Taste and aroma
3 Uses
4 Safety
4.1 Canadian Food and Drug Regulations
5 References
Chemical constituents[edit]
The leaves contain about 1.3% essential oils (ol. lauri folii), consisting of 45% eucalyptol, 12% other terpenes, 8-12% terpinyl acetate, 3–4% sesquiterpenes, 3% methyleugenol, and other α- and β-pinenes, phellandrene, linalool, geraniol, and terpineol, contains lauric acid also.
Taste and aroma[edit]
If eaten whole, bay leaves (Laurus nobilis) are pungent and have a sharp, bitter taste. As with many spices and flavourings, the fragrance of the bay leaf is more noticeable than its taste. When dried, the fragrance is herbal, slightly floral, and somewhat similar to oregano and thyme. Myrcene, which is a component of many essential oils used in perfumery, can be extracted from the bay leaf. They also contain eugenol.[3]
Uses[edit]
In Indian and Pakistani cuisine, bay laurel leaves are sometimes used in place of Indian bay leaf, although they have a different flavour. They are most often used in rice dishes like biryani and as an ingredient in garam masala. Bay (laurel) leaves are frequently packaged as tejpatta (the Hindi term for Indian bay leaf), creating confusion between the two herbs.
In the Philippines, dried bay laurel leaves are used in several Filipino dishes such as menudo, beef pares, and adobo, to name a few.
Bay leaves were used for flavouring by the ancient Greeks.[4] They are a fixture in the cooking of many European cuisines (particularly those of the Mediterranean), as well as in the Americas. They are used in soups, stews, meat, seafood, vegetable dishes, and sauces. The leaves also flavour many classic French dishes. The leaves are most often used whole (sometimes in a bouquet garni) and removed before serving (they can be abrasive in the digestive tract). Thai and Laotian cuisine employs bay leaf (Thai name bai kra wan) in a few Arab-influenced dishes, notably massaman curry.[5]
Bay leaves can also be crushed or ground before cooking. Crushed bay leaves impart more fragrance than whole leaves, but are more difficult to remove, and thus they are often used in a muslin bag or tea infuser. Ground bay laurel may be substituted for whole leaves, and does not need to be removed, but it is much stronger.
Bay leaves are also used in the making of jerk chicken in the Caribbean Islands. The bay leaves are soaked and placed on the cool side of the grill. Pimento sticks are placed on top of the leaves and the chicken is placed on top and smoked.
Bay leaves can also be used scattered in a pantry to repel meal moths,[6] flies,[7] cockroaches,[8] mice,[citation needed] and silverfish.[citation needed]
Bay leaves have been used in entomology as the active ingredient in killing jars. The crushed, fresh, young leaves are put into the jar under a layer of paper. The vapors they release kill insects slowly but effectively, and keep the specimens relaxed and easy to mount. The leaves discourage the growth of molds. They are not effective for killing large beetles and similar specimens, but insects that have been killed in a cyanide killing jar can be transferred to a laurel jar to await mounting.[9] There is confusion in the literature about whether Laurus nobilis is a source of cyanide to any practical extent, but there is no evidence that cyanide is relevant to its value in killing jars. It certainly is rich in various essential oil components that could incapacitate insects in high concentrations; such compounds include 1,8-cineole, alpha-terpinyl acetate, and methyl eugenol.[10] It also is unclear to what extent the alleged effect of cyanide released by the crushed leaves has been mis-attributed to Laurus nobilis in confusion with the unrelated Prunus laurocerasus, the so-called cherry laurel, which certainly does contain dangerous concentrations of cyanogenic glycocides[11] together with the enzymes to generate the hydrogen cyanide from the glycocides if the leaf is physically damaged.[12]
Safety[edit]
Some members of the laurel family, as well as the unrelated but visually similar mountain laurel and cherry laurel, have leaves that are poisonous to humans and livestock.[11] While these plants are not sold anywhere for culinary use, their visual similarity to bay leaves has led to the oft-repeated belief that bay leaves should be removed from food after cooking because they are poisonous. This is not true; bay leaves may be eaten without toxic effect. However, they remain unpleasantly stiff even after thorough cooking, and if swallowed whole or in large pieces, they may pose a risk of harming the digestive tract or causing choking.[13] Thus, most recipes that use bay leaves will recommend their removal after the cooking process has finished.[14]
Canadian Food and Drug Regulations[edit]
The Canadian Government requires that the bay leaves contain no more than 4.5% total ash material with a maximum of 0.5% of which is insoluble in hydrochloric acid. To be considered dried it has to contain 7% moisture or less. The oil content cannot be less than 1 milliliter per 100 grams of the spice.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Spice Trade: Bay Leaf". Archived from the original on 12 April 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-11.
Jump up ^ "Spice Pages: Indonesian Bay-Leaf". Retrieved 2012-12-01.
Jump up ^ "Encyclopedia of Spices: Bay Leaf". Retrieved 11 April 2009.
Jump up ^ "Ancient Egyptian Plants: Trees" www.reshafim.org.il Retrieved October 29, 2013
Jump up ^ Tan, Hugh T. W. (2005). Herbs & Spices of Thailand. Marshall Cavendish. p. 71.
Jump up ^ "How to Repel Grain Moths with Bay Leaves". Retrieved 2009-04-11.
Jump up ^ Palacios, S; Bertoni, A; Rossi, Y; Santander, R; Urzua, A (2009). "Efficacy of Essential Oils from Edible Plants as Insecticides Against the House Fly, Musca domestica L." Molecules. 14 (5): 1938–1947. doi:10.3390/molecules14051938. PMID 19471213.
Jump up ^ Hedin, Paul Arthur; Hedin, Paul A. (1991). Naturally Occurring Pest Bioregulators - ACS Symposium Series (ACS Publications). ACS Symposium Series. 449. doi:10.1021/bk-1991-0449. ISBN 978-0-8412-1897-0.
Jump up ^ Smart, John (1963). British Museum (Natural History) Instructions for Collectors NO. 4A. Insects. London: Trustees of the British Museum.
Jump up ^ Marzouki, H; Piras, A; Salah, KB; Medini, H; Pivetta, T; Bouzid, S; Marongiu, B; Falconieri, D (2009). "Essential oil composition and variability of Laurus nobilis L. growing in Tunisia, comparison and chemometric investigation of different plant organs". Nat Prod Res. 23 (4): 343–54. doi:10.1080/14786410802076200. PMID 19296375.
^ Jump up to: a b van Wyk, Ben-Erik; van Heerden, Fanie; van Oudtshoorn, Bosch (2002). Poisonous Plants of South Africa. Pretoria: Briza. ISBN 978-1875093304.
Jump up ^ Dietmar Schomburg; Margit Salzmann (11 November 2013). Enzyme Handbook: Volume 1: Class 4: Lyases. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 270–. ISBN 978-3-642-86605-0.
Jump up ^ Benwick, Bonnie S. (30 September 2014). "Bay leaf: Should it stay or should it go?". Washington Post. Retrieved 5 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Straight Dope: Are Bay Leaves Poisonous?". Retrieved 2009-04-11.
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