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United States administrative law
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Administrative law
General principles
Administrative court
Delegated legislation
Exhaustion of remedies
Justiciability
Legitimate expectation
Ministerial act
Natural justice
Nondelegation doctrine
Ouster clause
Patently unreasonable
Polycentricity
Prerogative writ
Certiorari
Habeas corpus
Mandamus
Prohibition
Quo warranto
Rulemaking
Ultra vires
Administrative law in
common law jurisdictions
Australia
Canada
Singapore
South Africa
United Kingdom
Scotland
United States
Administrative law in
civil law jurisdictions
China
Mongolia
Ukraine
Related topics
Constitutional law
Judicial review
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United States administrative law encompasses statutes, common law, and directives issued by the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs in the Executive Office of the President, that together define the extent of powers and responsibilities held by administrative agencies of the United States Government (both executive branch agencies and independent agencies). The executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the U.S. federal government cannot always directly perform their constitutional responsibilities. Specialized powers are therefore delegated to an agency, board, or commission. These administrative governmental bodies oversee and monitor activities in complex areas, such as commercial aviation, medical device manufacturing, and securities markets.
Justice Breyer defines administrative law in four parts. Namely, the legal rules and principles that: (1) define the authority and structure of administrative agencies; (2) specify the procedural formalities employed by agencies; (3) determine the validity of agency decisions; and (4) define the role of reviewing courts and other governmental entities in relation to administrative agencies.[1]
U.S. federal agencies have the power to adjudicate, legislate, and enforce laws within their specific areas of delegated power.
Contents
[hide]
1 Jurisdiction
2 Rulemaking
2.1 Administrative law statutes governing rulemaking
2.2 Scope and extent of rulemaking power
2.3 Type of rulemaking
2.4 Number of rules
2.5 Nonlegislative rules: "statements of policy" and guidance
3 Adjudication
3.1 Right to a hearing
3.2 Conclusion
3.3 Federal tribunals
4 Determining whether rulemaking or adjudication is appropriate
5 Judicial review
6 State-level administrative law
7 Journals and publications
8 See also
9 Notes
10 External links
Jurisdiction[edit]
The authority of administrative agencies stems from their organic statute, and must be consistent with constitutional constraints and legislative intent.
Rulemaking[edit]
Federal administrative agencies, when granted the power to do so in a statutory grant of authority from Congress, may promulgate rules that have the effect of substantive law. Agencies "legislate" through rulemaking—the power to promulgate (or issue) regulations. Regulations are codified in the Code of Federal Regulations.
Administrative law statutes governing rulemaking[edit]
Section 551 of the Administrative Procedure Act gives the following definitions:
Rulemaking is "an agency process for formulating, amending, or repealing a rule."
A rule in turn is "the whole or a part of an agency statement of general or particular applicability and future effect designed to implement, interpret, or prescribe law or policy."
The primary administrative law statutes and other laws that govern agency rule making include:
The Administrative Procedure Act, 5 U.S.C. §§ 552 and 553
The Housekeeping Act, 5 U.S.C. § 301, which gives heads of agencies authority to issue rules for agency employees
The Regulatory Flexibility Act, 5 U.S.C. §§ 601 et seq., which requires agencies to consider the needs of small entities in rule making
The Paperwork Reduction Act, 44 U.S.C. §§ 3501 et seq., which limits the power of an agency to collect information from the public
The Congressional Review Act, 5 U.S.C. §§ 801-808, which gives Congress the authority to review and veto any agency regulation
The Independent Offices Appropriations Act of 1952, 31 U.S.C. §§ 9701, which limits the power of agencies to set user fees
Executive Order 12,866, which requires agencies to use cost-benefit balancing in all regulatory actions
Scope and extent of rulemaking power[edit]
Key limits on the power of agencies to promulgate regulations include:
1. The regulation must lie within a grant of power from Congress, and that delegation must in turn be constitutional (courts almost never invalidate a regulation on this ground). The power must be granted in the agency's organic statute, and extends so far as fairly inferrable from the statutory language.[2] Statutory grants of authority to agencies are generally construed more strictly than the "necessary and proper" power of Congress granted in Article I, section 8, clause 18 of the Constitution.
2. The regulation must lie within that grant of rulemaking authority (in the extreme case, Congress sometimes includes an explicit limit on the agency's authority). Some agencies have power to promulgate both substantive rules as well as procedural rules; some (like the IRS, EEOC, and Patent and Trademark Office) may promulgate only procedural rules. When Congress grants that authority retroactively, courts carefully scrutinize the case, and sometimes bless the regulation, and sometimes invalidate it.
3. The regulation must be promulgated with observance of the procedures of required by the statutes set forth in the previous section. Among these procedures, one of the most important is the requirement that an agency set forth factual findings sufficient to support a rational basis or by procedures otherwise inadequate to meet the statutes listed above.
Agencies may not promulgate retroactive rules unless expressly granted such power by the organic statute. Bowen v. Georgetown University Hospital, 488 U.S. 204 (1988)
There is no broad prohibition against an agency's regulation that does not serve the "public convenience, interest, or necessity." The law presumes that rulemaking conducted with procedural safeguards of the statutes and Executive Orders noted above reflect a rational balancing of interests by the agency, and a court will strike down a regulation only for violation of those procedures.
Agencies are permitted to rely on rules in reaching their decisions rather than adjudicate, where the promulgation of the rules is within the agency's statutory authority, and the rules themselves are not arbitrary or capricious. Heckler v. Campbell, 461 U.S. 458 (1983).
Agencies must abide by their own rules and regulations. Accardi v. Shaughnessy, 347 U.S. 260 (1954).
Courts must defer to administrative agency interpretations of the authority granted to them by Congress (1) where the intent of Congress was ambiguous and (2) where the interpretation was reasonable or permissible. Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837 (1984). Chevron is probably the most frequently cited case in American administrative law.[3]
Type of rulemaking[edit]
There are five levels of rulemaking procedure:
Formal rulemaking, which is rulemaking for which the organic statute requires that rules be "made on the record after agency opportunity for hearing" (that is, a trial-type hearing that is taken down by a transcriptionist into the record) and for which the APA prescribes particular procedures. The phrase "on the record" is required to trigger requirements for formal rulemaking; simply requiring that rules be made "after a hearing" does not trigger the requirements of formal rulemaking.
Informal rulemaking, also known as "notice-and-comment rulemaking," which is rulemaking for which no procedural requirements are prescribed in the organic statute, and for which the APA requires only notice and comment.
Hybrid rulemaking, which is rulemaking for which particular procedural requirements beyond notice and comment, but not rising to the level of formal rulemaking.
Negotiated rulemaking under 5 U.S.C. §§ 561-570 of the Administrative Procedure Act.
Publication rulemaking, typically for procedural rules and interpretative rules, that an agency may promulgate by publication in the Federal Register.
Number of rules[edit]
About 2,500 to 4,000 rules are published per year, and in 2011 32% of the Federal Register pages were in the "Rules and Regulation" section.[4] However, included in the total number of rules are the repeal of rules and also minor rules.[4] The GAO maintains a Federal Rules Database and in 2012, 68% of rules were classified as Routine/Info/Other while the remainder were Significant/Substantive.[4] In addition to an overall number of rules, there are "major rules" and "significant" rules.
The Congressional Review Act passed in 1996 created a category of major rules, which are those that the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs determines result in either: (1) "an annual effect on the economy of $100,000,000," (2) "a major increase in costs or prices for consumers, individual industries, Federal, State, or local government agencies, or geographic regions," or (3) "significant adverse effects on competition, employment, investment, productivity, innovation, or on the ability of United States-based enterprises to compete with foreign-based enterprises in domestic and export markets."[4] If the rule is major, an additional report must be provided to congressional committees.[4] From 1997 to 2012, the number of major rules has ranged from 100 (2010) to 50 (2002).[4]
E.O. (Executive Order) 12866, which was issued in 1993, requires agencies (other than independent agencies) to submit proposed rules for reviews by OIRA if the rule meets certain criteria.[4] Rules that are "economically significant" (meeting the criteria of "an annual effect on the economy of $100 million or more or adversely affect in a material way the economy") require a cost-benefit analysis.[4]
Nonlegislative rules: "statements of policy" and guidance[edit]
"Nonlegislative rules" such as guidance, guidelines, agency staff manuals, staff instructions, opinion letters, and press releases are called "statements of policy" or "guidance."[5] (The two terms are not synonyms, only closely correlated: statements of policy are almost always issued in documents classified as guidance, and guidance documents to the public often include statements of policy.) Guidance and statements of policy are not legally binding on the public because they have not gone through the required procedures to become "legislative" rules binding on the public (depending on the rule, hearing, notice, comment, publication). However, when stated in mandatory language, they can bind the agency itself. They have only hortatory effect on the public, and those affected can challenge the agency's right to enforce the policy statement or guidance against the public.[6]
In the late 1990s and early 2000s, many agencies were bypassing the APA’s requirements for rulemaking by tucking rules into informal documents like agency staff manuals and the like.[7] This is simply illegal. The Executive Office of the President stepped in to stop bootleg rulemaking, and forbade this practice.[8] Some agencies, for example, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, have nonetheless continued to defy the law, and state their formal refusal to implement the President's directive.
The distinction between these types of rules has been called "one of the most confusing in administrative law".[9]
Adjudication[edit]
Section 551 of the Administrative Procedure Act gives the following definitions:* Adjudication is "an agency process for the formulation of an order;"
An order in turn is "the whole or part of a final disposition ... of an agency in a matter other than rule making but including licensing;"
Right to a hearing[edit]
There are two ways that an individual can attain the right to a hearing in an adjudicative proceeding. First, the Due Process clause of the 5th Amendment or 14th Amendment can require that a hearing be held if the interest that is being adjudicated is sufficiently important or if, without a hearing, there is a strong chance that the petitioner will be erroneously denied that interest.[10] A hearing can also be required if a statute somehow mandates the agency to hold formal hearings when adjudicating certain issues.
Conclusion[edit]
The adjudication will typically be completed with a written report containing findings of fact and conclusions of law, both at the state and federal level.[11] If the affected does not wish to contest the action, a consent order may be published allowing for the hearing to be bypassed.
Federal tribunals[edit]
Main article: Federal tribunals in the United States
Determining whether rulemaking or adjudication is appropriate[edit]
Agency actions are divided into two broad categories discussed above, rulemaking and adjudication. For agency decisions that have broad impact on a number of parties, including parties not specifically before the agency, the agency must use the procedures of rulemaking (see the bullet list in "Administrative law statutes governing rulemaking" above). Because actions by rulemaking affect many parties, rulemaking procedures are designed to ensure public participation, and are therefore more cumbersome, except that the agency is permitted to seek comment by publication of notice, without soliciting the views of specific parties. For decisions that, on first glance, affect only a small number of parties that actually appear before the agency (see the section on "Adjudication" above), the agency may use procedures that are generally simpler, but that require the agency specifically solicit input from the directly affected parties.
Adjudication decisions may become precedent that binds future parties, so the transition zone between the regime for rulemaking and the regime for adjudication is very hazy.
The classical test for the dividing line is seen in the contrast between two cases decided a few years apart, both involving taxes levied by the city of Denver Colorado. In 1908, in Londoner v. City and County of Denver, a tax levied on residents of a particular street was held to be an adjudication, and the Supreme Court ordered the city to do a "do over," because the residents of the street were not given sufficient opportunity to be heard. Then, in 1915, in Bi-Metallic Investment Co. v. State Board of Equalization, a tax levied on the entire city of Denver was held to be rulemaking, and the city's action of imposing the tax was affirmed.
Factors tending to make an act adjudicative in nature:
Involving a small number of people
Individuals involved are specially affected by the act
Decision based on the facts of an individual case, rather than policy concerns
For most agencies, the choice of whether to promulgate rules or proceed by common law adjudicative decisions rests in the informed discretion of agencies. SEC v. Chenery Corp., 332 U.S. 194 (1947) (Dissenting opinion arguing that the decision permitted agencies to rule arbitrarily, without law). Agencies may also announce new policies in the course of such adjudications. Some agencies' organic statutes obligate the agency to use rulemaking, for example, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, 35 U.S.C. § 2(b)(2)(B).
Judicial review[edit]
A party aggrieved by an agency action (either rulemaking or adjudication) may seek judicial review (that is, sue) as provided by an agency's organic statute or by §§ 701-706 of the Administrative Procedure Act.
Studies of judicial review typically find that 70% of agency rules are upheld with the Supreme Court upholding 91% of rules; a 2011 empirical study of judicial review found that 76% were upheld,[12] although the D.C. Circuit, which hears many administrative law cases, has been found less deferential than other courts.[13]
State-level administrative law[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2008)
States may have their own administrative law; for example, a state constitution may allow the legislature to delegate rule-making authority to an executive or independent agency, and state governments may provide an administrative appeal process for people who are dissatisfied with decisions made by certain state agencies.
Many states, such as Kentucky, have been less willing than the federal government to allow their agencies to promulgate rules with the effect of substantive law.
The states have widely instituted Home Rule by which the Cities are given Broad Powers that allow them to enact any law that is not prohibited by the States Constitutions or already addressed by State Laws or State Codes. This widespread institution of Home Rule has resulted in more administrative laws being passed by the cities.
California has an extensive body of administrative law including a hearing agency that requires that its administrative law judges be lawyers. California statutory law governing the hearing agency states that non-lawyers may appear before it. However, California case law holds that former attorneys who no longer practice law may not appear before it. Most California agencies adjudicate license cases utilizing the California Attorney General's legal staff. However, others (including the Department of Corporations and Insurance) utilize their own legal staff.
Journals and publications[edit]
Administrative Law Review is the official quarterly publication of the American Bar Association's Section on Administrative Law and Regulatory Practice, published in coordination with American University Washington College of Law.
The Journal of the National Association of Administrative Law Judiciary is a publication of the National Association of Administrative Law Judiciary, published in coordination with Pepperdine University School of Law.
The Texas Tech Administrative Law Journal specializes in administrative law topics.
William Funk, J.D., Administrative Procedure and Practice: Problems and Cases, ISBN 0-314-15517-1, Thomson West, 3rd ed., 2006.
William Funk, J.D., Administrative Law: Examples and Explanations, ISBN 0-7355-5891-4, Aspen Publishers, 2nd ed., 2006.
See also[edit]
United Kingdom administrative law
Public service law in the United States
Administrative law judge
List of significant administrative law cases, e.g. Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.
Immigration Law
Refugee roulette
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Breyer, Stephen, et al., Administrative Law & Regulatory Policy, Fifth Edition, at p. 3 (Aspen Pub. 2001)
Jump up ^ National Petroleum Refiners Assn. v. FTC, 482 F.2d 672 (D.C. Cir. 1983), cert. denied, 415 U.S. 951 (1974).
Jump up ^ Barnes, Robert (March 5, 2015). "When the subject is Obamacare, never forget about Chief Justice Roberts". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2015-03-06. Roberts’s question was referring to “Chevron deference,” a doctrine mostly unknown beyond the halls of the Capitol and the corridors of the Supreme Court. It refers to a 1984 decision, Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., and it is one of the most widely cited cases in law....A decision based on Chevron deference could say to Congress: Fix the law to make it unambiguous. It says to the executive branch: Implementation of the law is up to you.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Carey MP. (2013). Counting Regulations: An Overview of Rulemaking, Types of Federal Regulations, and Pages in the Federal Register. CRS.
Jump up ^ "Agency Policy Statements | Administrative Conference of the United States". www.acus.gov. Retrieved 2016-01-18.
Jump up ^ Brock v. Cathedral Bluffs Shale Oil Co., 796 F.2d 522, 536–37 (D.C. Cir. 1986) (Scalia, J.)
Jump up ^ ""Interpretive Rules, Policy Statements, Guidances, Manuals, and the Lik" by Robert A. Anthony". scholarship.law.duke.edu. Retrieved 2016-01-18.
Jump up ^ Executive Office of the President, Office of Management and Budget, Final Bulletin for Agency Good Guidance Practices § IV, OMB Memorandum M-07-07, http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/memoranda/fy2007/m07-07.pdf (Jan. 18, 2007), 72 Fed. Reg. 3432 (Jan. 25, 2007)
Jump up ^ Gersen, Jacob E. (2007-01-01). "Legislative Rules Revisited". The University of Chicago Law Review. 74: 1705–1722. JSTOR 20141880.
Jump up ^ Mathews v. Eldridge
Jump up ^ ""Making Findings of Fact and Preparing a Decision " by Patrick J. Borchers". digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu. Retrieved 2016-01-18.
Jump up ^ Pierce RJ, Weiss J. (2011). An Empirical Study of Agency Interpretations of Agency Rules. Administrative Law Review.
Jump up ^ Pierce, RJ. (2011). What Do the Studies of Judicial Review of Agency Actions Mean?. Administrative Law Review.
External links[edit]
ABA Section of Administrative Law & Regulatory Practice
LII Law about administrative law
Administrative Law and Procedure, legal definitions
Federal Administrative Law: A Brief Overview, Law Librarians' Society of Washington, D.C.
Digital Commons Network: Administrative Law
[hide]
v
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United States administrative law
Concepts
Adjudication
Rulemaking
Notice
Nondelegation doctrine
Federal legislation
Administrative Procedure Act (1946)
Freedom of Information Act (1966)
Government in the Sunshine Act (1976)
Regulatory Flexibility Act (1980)
Regulations
Code of Federal Regulations
Federal Register
Emergency Federal Register
Regulations.gov
Policies and manuals
United States Attorneys' Manual
Foreign Affairs Manual
Supreme Court decisions
Londoner v. Denver (1908)
Bi-Metallic Investment Co. v. State Board of Equalization (1915)
NLRB v. Hearst Publications (1944)
Skidmore v. Swift & Co. (1944)
Universal Camera Corp. v. NLRB (1951)
Goldberg v. Kelly (1970)
Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v. Volpe (1971)
Mathews v. Eldridge (1976)
Vermont Yankee v. NRDC (1978)
MVMA v. State Farm (1983)
Chevron v. NRDC (1984)
United States v. Mead Corp. (2001)
Whitman v. ATA (2001)
NCTA v. Brand X (2005)
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List of longest-running scripted U.S. primetime television series
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This is a list of the longest-running scripted prime time television series in the United States. Only shows that have aired on a major broadcast network for seven or more seasons are included. Those that moved to a cable network or syndication are noted below.
Series shaded in blue are currently in production.
Number of
seasons
Series
Network
First air date
Last air date
Number of
episodes
29 The Simpsons FOX 1989-12-17 Present 619
21 South Park Comedy Central 1997-08-13 Present 278
20 Gunsmoke CBS 1955-09-10 1975-03-31 635
20 Law & Order NBC 1990-09-13 2010-05-24 456
19 Law & Order: Special Victims Unit NBC 1999-09-20 Present 412
17[1] Lassie CBS 1954-09-12 1971-03-21 547
16 Family Guy FOX 1999-01-31 Present 291[2]
15 NCIS CBS 2003-09-23 Present 333
15[3] CSI: Crime Scene Investigation CBS 2000-10-06 2015-02-15[3] 335[3]
15 ER NBC 1994-09-19 2009-04-02 331
15 The Jack Benny Program CBS (1950–1964)
NBC (1964–1965) 1950-10-28[4] 1965-04-16 260
14 The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet ABC 1952-10-03 1966-04-23 435
14 Bonanza NBC 1959-09-12 1973-01-16 431
14 Armstrong Circle Theatre NBC (1950–1957)
CBS (1957–1963) 1950-06-06 1963-06-05 370
14 Dallas CBS 1978-04-02 1991-05-03 357
14 Knots Landing CBS 1979-12-27 1993-05-13 344
14 Grey's Anatomy ABC 2005-03-27 Present 293
14 American Dad! FOX (2005–2014)
TBS (2014–)[5] 2005-02-06 Present 234
13 Criminal Minds CBS 2005-09-22 Present 279
13 King of the Hill FOX 1997-01-12 2009-09-13 259[6]
13 Supernatural WB (2005–2006)
CW (2006–) 2005-09-13 Present 264
12 My Three Sons ABC (1960–1965)
CBS (1965–1972) 1960-09-29 1972-04-13 380
12 Hawaii Five-O CBS 1968-09-26 1980-04-26 279
12 Murder, She Wrote CBS 1984-09-01 1996-05-07 264
12 Two and a Half Men CBS 2003-09-22 2015-02-19 262
12 NYPD Blue ABC 1993-09-21 2005-03-01 261
12 Bones FOX 2005-09-13 2017-03-28 246
11 The Big Bang Theory CBS 2007-09-24 Present 231
11 Kraft Television Theatre NBC 1947-05-07 1958-10-01 525
11 The Danny Thomas Show[7] ABC (1953–1957)
CBS (1957–1964) 1953-09-29 1964-04-27 343
11 Cheers NBC 1982-09-30 1993-05-20 275
11 Frasier NBC 1993-09-16 2004-05-13 264
11 Married... with Children FOX 1987-04-05 1997-06-09[8] 258[8]
11 M*A*S*H CBS 1972-09-17 1983-02-28 256
11 The Jeffersons CBS 1975-01-18 1985-06-25 253
11 7th Heaven WB (1996–2006)
CW (2006–2007) 1996-08-26 2007-05-13 243
11 Happy Days ABC 1974-01-15 1984-09-24 255
10 General Electric Theater NBC 1953-02-01 1962-06-03 302
10 Beverly Hills, 90210 FOX 1990-10-04 2000-05-17 293
10 The United States Steel Hour ABC (1953–1955)
CBS (1955–1963) 1953-10-27 1963-06-12 253
10 Murphy Brown CBS 1988-11-14 1998-05-18 247
10 Friends NBC 1994-09-22 2004-05-06 236
10 CSI: Miami CBS 2002-09-23 2012-04-08 232
10 JAG NBC (1995–1996)
CBS (1997–2005) 1995-09-01 2005-04-29 226[9]
10[10] The X-Files FOX 1993-09-10 Present 208
10 Stargate SG-1 Showtime and SyFy 1997 2007 214
10 Smallville WB (2001–2006)
CW (2006–2011) 2001-10-16 2011-05-13 218
10 Law & Order: Criminal Intent NBC (2001–2007)
USA (2007–2011) 2001-09-30 2011-06-26 195
09 NCIS: Los Angeles CBS 2009-09-22 Present 192
09 The Middle ABC 2009-09-30 Present 191
09 Modern Family ABC 2009-09-23 Present 188
09 The Beverly Hillbillies CBS 1962-09-26 1971-03-23 274
09 Perry Mason CBS 1957-09-21 1966-05-22 271
09 The Virginian[11] NBC 1962-09-19 1971-03-24 249
09 The Love Boat ABC 1977-09-24[12] 1986-05-24 244
09 The F.B.I. ABC 1965-09-19 1974-04-28 240
09 The Drew Carey Show ABC 1995-09-13 2004-09-08 233
09 Falcon Crest CBS 1981-12-04 1990-05-17 227
09 Roseanne ABC 1988-10-18 1997-05-20 222
09 Dynasty ABC 1981-01-12 1989-05-11 220
09 Family Matters ABC (1989–1997)
CBS (1997–1998) 1989-09-22 1998-07-17 220
09 Touched by an Angel CBS 1994-09-21 2003-04-27 211
09 The Waltons CBS 1972-09-14 1981-06-04 210
09 Everybody Loves Raymond CBS 1996-09-13 2005-05-16 210
09 One Day at a Time CBS 1975-12-16 1984-05-28 209
09 How I Met Your Mother CBS 2005-09-19 2014-03-31 208
09 The King of Queens CBS 1998-09-21 2007-05-14 207
09 All in the Family CBS 1971-01-12 1981-05-21 216
09 Little House on the Prairie[13] NBC 1974-09-11 1983-03-21 204
09 Alice CBS 1976-08-31 1985-03-19 202
09 The Facts of Life NBC 1979-08-24 1988-05-07 201
09 The Office NBC 2005-03-24 2013-05-16 201
09 Coach ABC 1989-02-28 1997-05-14 197
09 CSI: NY CBS 2004-09-22 2013-02-22 197
09 Matlock NBC (1986–1992)
ABC (1992–1995) 1986-09-23 1995-05-07 195
09 Night Court NBC 1984-01-04 1992-05-31 222
09 One Tree Hill WB (2003–2006)
CW (2006–2012) 2003-09-23 2012-04-04 187
09 Scrubs NBC (2001–2008)
ABC (2009–2010) 2001-10-02 2010-03-17 182
09 Seinfeld NBC 1988-09-05 1998-05-14 219
08 [14] Will & Grace NBC 1998-09-21 2006-05-18 206 [14]
08 Bob's Burgers FOX 2011-01-09 Present 129
08 Blue Bloods CBS 2010-09-24 Present 155
08 Hawaii Five-0 CBS 2010-09-20 Present 168
08 The Vampire Diaries CW 2009-09-10 2017-03-10 171
08 Schlitz Playhouse of Stars CBS 1951-10-05 1959-03-27 347
08[15] The Big Story NBC[15] 1949-09-16 1957-06-28[15] 310[15]
08 The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show CBS 1950-10-12 1958-09-15 291
08 Wagon Train NBC (1957–1962)
ABC (1962–1965) 1957-09-18 1965-05-02 284
08 Robert Montgomery Presents NBC 1950-01-30 1957-06-24 276
08 Dragnet NBC 1951-12-16 1959-08-23 276
08 The Donna Reed Show ABC 1958-09-24 1966-03-19 275
08[16] Mama CBS 1949-07-01 1956-07-27[16] 261[16]
08 Bewitched ABC 1964-09-17 1972-03-25 254
08 The Andy Griffith Show CBS 1960-10-03 1968-04-01 249
08 Ford Theatre CBS (1948–1951)
NBC (1952–1956)
ABC (1956–1957) 1948-10-17 1957-06-26 245
08 Rawhide CBS 1959-01-09 1965-12-07 217
08 Home Improvement ABC 1991-09-17 1999-05-25 224
08 The Cosby Show NBC 1984-09-20 1992-04-30 225
08 Walker, Texas Ranger CBS 1993-04-21 2001-05-19 201
08 That '70s Show FOX 1998-08-23 2006-05-18 200
08 Ironside NBC 1967-09-14[17] 1975-01-16[18] 196[18]
08 Who's the Boss? ABC 1984-09-20 1992-04-25 225
08 Mannix CBS 1967-09-16 1975-04-13 194
08 Full House ABC 1987-09-22 1995-05-23 214
08[19] 24 FOX 2001-11-06 2010-05-24[19] 192[19]
08 Diff'rent Strokes NBC (1978–1985)
ABC (1985–1986) 1978-11-03 1986-05-07 222
08 According to Jim ABC 2001-10-03 2009-06-02 182
08 Desperate Housewives ABC 2004-10-03 2012-05-13 180
08 Barnaby Jones CBS 1973-01-28 1980-04-03 178
08 Laverne & Shirley ABC 1976-01-27 1983-05-10 216
08 Diagnosis: Murder CBS 1993-10-29 2001-05-11 178
08 The Practice ABC 1997-03-04 2004-05-16 178
08 Charmed WB 1998-10-07 2006-05-21 178
08 House FOX 2004-11-16 2012-05-21 177
08 Castle ABC 2009-03-09 2016-05-16 173
08 Three's Company ABC 1977-03-15 1984-09-18 172
08 Wings NBC 1990-04-19 1997-05-21 172
08 Girlfriends UPN (2000–2006)
CW (2006–2008) 2000-09-11 2008-02-11 172
08 L.A. Law NBC 1986-10-03[20] 1994-05-19 171
08 Barney Miller ABC 1975-01-23 1982-05-20 168
08 The Loretta Young Show NBC 1953-09-02 1961-06-04 165
08 Magnum, P.I. CBS 1980-12-11 1988-05-08 162
08 Simon & Simon CBS 1981-11-24 1989-01-21 219
08 Perfect Strangers ABC 1986-03-25 1993-08-06 150
08 Quincy, M.E. NBC 1976-10-03 1983-09-04 148
08 Dexter Showtime
CBS 2006-10-01 2013-09-22 96
07 Lux Video Theatre CBS (1950–1954)
NBC (1954–1957) 1950-10-02 1957-09-12 336
07 Captain Video and His Video Rangers DuMont 1949-06-27 1955-04-01 273
07 Fireside Theater NBC 1949-04-05 1958-05-22 268
07[21] Alfred Hitchcock Presents[21] CBS (1955–1960)
NBC (1960–1962) 1955-10-02 1962-06-26[21] 267[21]
07 The Philco Television Playhouse NBC 1948-10-03 1955-10-02 251
07 Melrose Place FOX 1992-07-08 1999-05-24 226
07 Petticoat Junction CBS 1963-09-24 1970-04-04 222
07 The Golden Girls NBC 1985-09-14 1992-05-21 225
07 Family Ties NBC 1982-09-22 1989-05-14 176
07 Adam-12 NBC 1968-09-21 1975-05-20 174
07 Star Trek: The Next Generation CBS (Paramount) 1987-01-01 1994-12-31 176
07 Star Trek: Deep Space Nine UPN 1993-01-03 1999-06-02 176
07 Star Trek: Voyager UPN 1995-01-16 2001-05-23 172
07 Mission: Impossible CBS 1966-09-17 1973-03-30 171
07 Medical Center CBS 1969-09-24[22] 1976-09-06 171
07 Empty Nest NBC 1988-10-08 1995-04-29 170
07 Marcus Welby, M.D. ABC 1969-09-23[23] 1976-05-04 169
07 The Mary Tyler Moore Show CBS 1970-09-19 1977-03-19 168
07 Growing Pains ABC 1985-09-24 1992-04-25 166
07 Mad About You NBC 1992-09-23 1999-05-24 164
07 Designing Women CBS 1986-09-29 1993-05-24 163
07 Once Upon a Time ABC 2011-10-23 Present 133
07 Sabrina, the Teenage Witch ABC (1996–2000)
WB (2000–2003) 1996-09-27 2003-04-24 163
07 Step by Step ABC (1991–1997)
CBS (1997–1998) 1991-09-20 1998-06-26 215
07 Without a Trace CBS 2002-09-26 2009-05-19 160
07 Benson ABC 1979-09-13 1986-04-19 158
07 Boy Meets World ABC 1993-09-24 2000-05-05 180
07 The West Wing NBC 1999-09-22 2006-05-14 156
07 Cold Case CBS 2003-09-28 2010-05-02 156
07 The Good Wife CBS 2009-09-22 2016-05-08 156
07 Hunter NBC 1984-09-18 1991-04-26 153
07 Gilmore Girls WB (2000–2006)
CW (2006–2007) 2000-10-05 2007-05-15 153
07 Fantasy Island ABC 1978-01-28[24] 1984-05-19 152
07 Trapper John, M.D. CBS 1979-09-23 1986-09-04 151
07 Malcolm in the Middle FOX 2000-01-09 2006-05-14 151
07 The Mentalist CBS 2008-09-23 2015-02-18 151
07 Just Shoot Me! NBC 1997-03-04 2003-08-16 148
07 The Dukes of Hazzard CBS 1979-01-26 1985-02-08 146
07 Hill Street Blues NBC 1981-01-15 1987-05-12 146
07 Buffy the Vampire Slayer WB (1997–2001)
UPN (2001–2003) 1997-03-10 2003-05-20 144
07 In the Heat of the Night NBC (1988–1992)
CBS (1992–1994) 1988-03-06 1994-05-11 142
07 Futurama FOX (1999–2003)
Comedy Central (2008–2013) 1999-03-28 2013-09-04 140
07 MacGyver ABC 1985-09-29 1992-05-21 139
07 30 Rock NBC 2006-10-11 2013-01-31 138
07 Medium NBC (2005–2009)
CBS (2009–2011) 2005-01-03 2011-01-21 130
07 Cagney & Lacey CBS 1982-03-25[25] 1988-05-16 125
07 Parks and Recreation NBC 2009-04-09 2015-02-24 125
07 Homicide: Life on the Street NBC 1993-01-31 1999-05-21 122
07 Cheyenne ABC 1955-09-20[26] 1962-12-17 108
07 Rules of Engagement CBS 2007-02-05 2013-05-20 100
07 The Walking Dead AMC 2010-10-31 Present 99
See also[edit]
Lists of longest-running U.S. shows by broadcast type:
List of longest-running United States television series
List of longest-running U.S. broadcast network television series
List of longest-running U.S. cable television series
List of longest-running U.S. first-run syndicated television series
List of longest-running U.S. primetime television series
List of longest-running U.S. primetime television series with continuing characters
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Lassie ran for a total of 19 seasons and 591 episodes. The final two seasons aired in syndication.
Jump up ^ Family Guy has two episodes that did not originally air on FOX. "When You Wish Upon a Weinstein" originally aired on Adult Swim and "Partial Terms of Endearment" originally aired in the UK.
^ Jump up to: a b c CSI: Crime Scene Investigation officially ended its run with Immortality on September 27, 2015. The TV movie is considered the two-episode 16th season, bringing the episode total to 337.
Jump up ^ The Jack Benny Program began with a pilot episode on May 8, 1949.
Jump up ^ American Dad! moved to TBS in 2014 for additional seasons.
Jump up ^ Four more episodes of King of the Hill aired after its official final broadcast, bringing the total to 259.
Jump up ^ For its first three seasons, The Danny Thomas Show aired as Make Room for Daddy.
^ Jump up to: a b Married... with Children has one episode that did not originally air on FOX—"I'll See You in Court"—bringing the total to 259.
Jump up ^ JAG has one episode that did not originally air on NBC—"Skeleton Crew"—bringing the total to 227.
Jump up ^ In 2016, The X-Files returned to television as a six-episode event series, bringing the season total to ten and the episode total to 208.
Jump up ^ In its final season, the title of The Virginian was changed to The Men from Shiloh.
Jump up ^ The Love Boat had two pilot movies that aired on September 18, 1976 and January 21, 1977.
Jump up ^ In its final season, the title of Little House on the Prairie was changed to Little House: A New Beginning.
^ Jump up to: a b http://deadline.com/2017/01/will-grace-return-nbc-season-9-1201888523/
^ Jump up to: a b c d An additional season of The Big Story aired in syndication, bringing the series up to nine and the episode total to 349.
^ Jump up to: a b c An additional season of Mama aired on Sunday afternoons, bringing the episode total to 283.
Jump up ^ Ironside began with the pilot movie A Man Called Ironside on March 28, 1967.
^ Jump up to: a b Ironside had three additional episodes after its official final broadcast, bringing the total to 199.
^ Jump up to: a b c In 2014, 24 returned to television with the 12-episode event series 24: Live Another Day, bringing the season total to nine and the episode total to 204.
Jump up ^ L.A. Law began with a two-hour pilot on September 15, 1986.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Alfred Hitchcock Presents was expanded to an hour in 1962 and ran for three additional seasons as The Alfred Hitchcock Hour. It also had an episode that never aired—"The Sorcerer's Apprentice"—bringing the total to 268.
Jump up ^ Medical Center began with the pilot movie U.M.C. on April 17, 1969.
Jump up ^ Marcus Welby, M.D. began with a pilot movie on March 26, 1969.
Jump up ^ Fantasy Island had two premiere movies that aired on January 14, 1977 and January 20, 1978.
Jump up ^ Cagney & Lacey began with a pilot movie on October 8, 1981.
Jump up ^ Cheyenne began as a rotating element of Warner Bros. Presents.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_longest-running_scripted_U.S._primetime_television_series&oldid=804972441"
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Kenyan passport
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Kenyan passport
The front cover a contemporary Kenyan passport.
Issued by
Kenya
Type of document
Passport
Purpose
Identification
Eligibility requirements
Kenyan citizenship
The Kenyan passport is issued by the Department of Immigration to citizens of Kenya for international travel. The department is under the Ministry of Interior and Coordination of National Government.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Types of passports
2 Appearance
3 Application process
4 Visa requirements
5 See also
6 References
Types of passports[edit]
Cover of a diplomatic passport
There are three types of passports:
Diplomatic (maroon cover): Issuable to Kenyan diplomats accredited overseas and their eligible dependents and to citizens who reside in the Republic of Kenya and travel abroad for diplomatic work. Period of validity: generally 10 years from the date of issue.[citation needed]
Ordinary (navy blue cover): Issuable to Kenyan citizens while travelling abroad, valid for 10 years.[citation needed]
East African passport (light blue cover): Issuable to Kenyans for international travel within the East African Community, valid for six months and usable for multiple entry into Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi.[2]
Appearance[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Kenyan passports have the Kenyan coat of arms emblazoned in gold in the centre of the front cover. "REPUBLIC OF KENYA" is inscribed in gold text above the coat of arms, while "PASSPORT" is inscribed in gold text below it. The back cover is left blank.
The passport note occupies the first page of the passport, and the particulars page occupies the last. The identity information page is printed on the inside of the passport's back cover, while the person's particulars and signature are on the next-to-last page. The pages of Kenyan passports are watermarked with the Kenyan coat of arms. The pages feature designs with the 'big five game' animals commonly found in Kenyan national parks and reserves: the lion, elephant, leopard, rhino and buffalo.
The inside front cover of the passport reads first in Swahili:
Hati hii ni ya kuwaomba na kuwasihi kwa jina la Rais wa Jamhuri ya Kenya, wote wanaohusika, kwa kusudi wamruhusu mwenye hati hii kuendelea bila shida ama kizuizi, tena kumsaidia na kumhifadhi kwa kadiri anavyohitaji.
And in English:
These are to request and require in the Name of the President of Kenya all those whom it may concern to allow the bearer to pass freely without let or hindrance, and to afford him or her every assistance and protection of which he or she may stand in need.
Application process[edit]
Application for all passport services is done online.[3] For a new applicant, the process starts with creation of an account on the online portal. An applicant cannot use someone else's account because the account creation details are the official first name and national ID number. Additionally, an applicant must print the online application, and copies of the payment invoice, then present these and other documents in person.[4] Issuance of new passports usually takes place at least 10 working days after the application is received.[5] In order to apply for a passport, one would need:
Documentary evidence of Kenyan citizenship in the form of a birth certificate and national identity card, plus details and identity card of parent(s).
In case of previous citizenship to another country, a Certificate of Naturalization or Registration.
Passport size photographs.
A recommendation from a Kenyan of sound mind, personally acquainted with the applicant, but not by immediate relatives. The recommender is required to produce an identification document.
Parents' or legal guardians' written consent, in the case of an applicant who is below the age of eighteen years.
Visa requirements[edit]
Main article: Visa requirements for Kenyan citizens
Kenya
Visa free access
Visa on arrival
Electronic visa
Visa required
As of 1 January 2017, Kenyan citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 69 countries and territories, ranking the Kenyan passport 68th in terms of travel freedom (tied with Georgian and Omani passports) according to the Henley visa restrictions index.[6]
See also[edit]
List of passports
Visa requirements for Kenyan citizens
References[edit]
Jump up ^ . Ministry of Interior and Coordination of National Government, Kenya http://www.immigration.go.ke/Information.html. Retrieved 1 December 2014. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ "The East African Passport". www.eac.int. East African Community. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "Online Application for a New Kenyan Passport". Embassy of Kenya in the United States. Retrieved 12 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Online Application for a Kenyan Passport". Explore East Africa. Retrieved 9 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Passport Application". eCitizen Portal. eCitizen. Retrieved 12 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Global Ranking - Visa Restriction Index 2017" (PDF). Henley & Partners. Retrieved 14 March 2017.
[show]
v
t
e
Passports
[show]
Africa
Central
CEMAC
Cameroon
Central African Republic
Chad
Congo, Republic of the
Equatorial Guinea
Gabon
Angola
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
São Tomé and Príncipe
Eastern
Burundi
Comoros
Djibouti
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Kenya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mauritius
Mozambique
Rwanda
Seychelles
Somalia
Somaliland10
South Sudan
Tanzania
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Northern
Algeria
Egypt8
Libya
Morocco
Sudan
Tunisia
Western Sahara9
Southern
Botswana
Lesotho
Namibia
South Africa
Swaziland
Western
Mauritania
Saint Helena1
ECOWAS
Benin
Burkina Faso
Cape Verde
Côte d'Ivoire
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Liberia
Mali
Niger
Nigeria
Senegal
Sierra Leone
Togo
[show]
Americas
Caribbean
Anguilla1
British Virgin Islands1
Cayman Islands1
Cuba
Dominican Republic
Montserrat1
Turks and Caicos Islands1
CARICOM
Antigua and Barbuda
Bahamas
Barbados
Dominica
Grenada
Haiti
Jamaica
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Trinidad and Tobago
Central
Costa Rica
Panama
CARICOM
Belize
Central America-4
El Salvador
Guatemala
Honduras
Nicaragua
North
Bermuda1
Canada
Greenland
France (Saint Pierre and Miquelon)
Mexico
United States
Iroquois League10
South
Chile
Venezuela
Andean
Bolivia
Colombia
Ecuador
Peru
CARICOM
Guyana
Suriname
Mercosur
Argentina
Brazil
Paraguay
Uruguay
[show]
Asia
Central & North
Afghanistan
Kazakhstan6
Kyrgyzstan
Russia3
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
East
People's Republic of China
Hong Kong11
Macao11
Japan
Korea, North
Korea, South
Mongolia
Republic of China (Taiwan)9
South
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Pakistan
Sri Lanka
Southeast
Brunei
Burma
Cambodia
East Timor
Indonesia
Laos
Malaysia
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Vietnam
West
Abkhazia5 9
Armenia7
Artsakh7 9
Azerbaijan5
Bahrain
Cyprus7
Egypt8
Georgia5
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Northern Cyprus7 9
Oman
Palestine9
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
South Ossetia5 9
Syria
Turkey4
United Arab Emirates
Yemen
[show]
Europe
Other Europe
Abkhazia5 9
Albania
Andorra
Armenia7
Artsakh7 9
Azerbaijan5
Belarus
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Faroe Islands
Georgia5
Guernsey1
Iceland2
Isle of Man1
Jersey1
Kazakhstan6
Kosovo9
Liechtenstein2
Macedonia
Malta, Sovereign Military Order of
Moldova
Monaco2
Montenegro
Northern Cyprus7 9
Norway2
Russia3
San Marino2
Serbia
South Ossetia5 9
Switzerland2
Transnistria9
Turkey4
Ukraine
Vatican City2
European Union
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus7
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Gibraltar1
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Italy
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Netherlands
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom1
[show]
Oceania
Australia
Aboriginal
Fiji
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Federated States of
Nauru
New Zealand
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Pitcairn Islands1
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
[show]
International organizations
Defunct passports
Passport types
International organizations
European Union laissez-passer
International Committee of the Red Cross
Interpol
United Nations laissez-passer
Defunct
British Indian Empire1
Czechoslovakia
East Germany
Korean Empire
Nansen (refugee)
Mandatory Palestine
Rhodesia
Soviet Union12
UNMIK Travel Document
Yugoslavia
Types
Biometric
Camouflage
Diplomatic
Fake
Fantasy passport
Hajj
Horse
Internal
International
Machine-readable
Pet
Travel document
alien
refugee
stateless person
World
[show]
Notes
1 A) Includes Crown dependencies, British Overseas Territories, and former British plantations, crown colonies, colonies, protectorates, protected states, mandates, trust territories and other British possessions.
1 B) The Isle of Man, Jersey and Guernsey are not part of the European Union, but Manxmen and Channel Islanders are citizens of the European Union; the Isle of Man, Jersey and Guernsey, and Manxmen and Channel Islanders themselves (unless they qualify and apply for recognition of a change in status), are however excluded from the benefits of the Four Freedoms of the European Union.
1 C) The Government of the United Kingdom also issue passports to British nationals who are not British citizens with the right of abode in the United Kingdom and who are also not otherwise citizens of the European Union.
2 Non-EU country that has open border with Schengen Area.
3 Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. The vast majority of its population (80%) lives in European Russia, therefore Russia as a whole is included as a European country here.
4 Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe. Turkey has a small part of its territory (3%) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace.
5 Azerbaijan and Georgia (Abkhazia; South Ossetia) are transcontinental countries. Both have a small part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus.
6 Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country. Kazakhstan has a small part of its territories located west of the Urals in Eastern Europe.
7 Armenia (Nagorno-Karabakh) and Cyprus (Northern Cyprus) are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio-political connections with Europe.
8 Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and Western Asia. Egypt has a small part of its territory in Western Asia called Sinai Peninsula.
9 Partially recognized.
10 Not recognized by any other state.
11 Special administrative regions of China
12 The Soviet Union was a transcontinental country located in Eurasia
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