text:
Troy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Troy (disambiguation).
Troy
The walls of the acropolis belong to Troy VII, which is identified as the site of the Trojan War (c. 1200 BC).
Shown within Turkey
Troy (Europe)
Troy (Asia)
Show map of Turkey Show map of Europe Show map of Asia Show all
Location
Tevfikiye, Çanakkale Province, Turkey
Region
Troad
Coordinates
39°57′27″N 26°14′20″E / 39.95750°N 26.23889°E / 39.95750; 26.23889Coordinates: 39°57′27″N 26°14′20″E / 39.95750°N 26.23889°E / 39.95750; 26.23889
Type
Settlement
History
Founded
3000 BC
Abandoned
500 AD
Periods
Early Bronze Age to Byzantine Empire
Site notes
Website
Troia Archaeological Site
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Official name
Archaeological Site of Troy
Type
Cultural
Criteria
ii, iii, vi
Designated
1998 (22nd session)
Reference no.
849
Region
Europe and Asia
Troy (Ancient Greek: Τροία, Troia or Τροίας, Troias and Ἴλιον, Ilion or Ἴλιος, Ilios; Latin: Troia and Ilium;[note 1] Hittite: Wilusha or Truwisha;[1][2] Turkish: Truva or Troya) was a city in the far northwest of the region known in late Classical antiquity as Asia Minor, now known as Anatolia in modern Turkey, near (just south of) the southwest mouth of the Dardanelles strait and northwest of Mount Ida. The present-day location is known as Hisarlik. It was the setting of the Trojan War described in the Greek Epic Cycle, in particular in the Iliad, one of the two epic poems attributed to Homer. Metrical evidence from the Iliad and the Odyssey suggests that the name Ἴλιον (Ilion) formerly began with a digamma: Ϝίλιον (Wilion); this is also supported by the Hittite name for what is thought to be the same city, Wilusa.
A new capital called Ilium (from Greek: Ἴλιον, Ilion) was founded on the site in the reign of the Roman Emperor Augustus. It flourished until the establishment of Constantinople, became a bishopric and declined gradually in the Byzantine era, but is now a Latin Catholic titular see.
In 1865, English archaeologist Frank Calvert excavated trial trenches in a field he had bought from a local farmer at Hisarlik, and in 1868, Heinrich Schliemann, a wealthy German businessman and archaeologist, also began excavating in the area after a chance meeting with Calvert in Çanakkale.[3][4] These excavations revealed several cities built in succession. Schliemann was at first skeptical about the identification of Hisarlik with Troy, but was persuaded by Calvert[5] and took over Calvert's excavations on the eastern half of the Hisarlik site, which was on Calvert's property. Troy VII has been identified with the city called Wilusa by the Hittites, the probable origin of the Greek Ἴλιον, and is generally (but not conclusively) identified with Homeric Troy.
Today, the hill at Hisarlik has given its name to a small village near the ruins, which supports the tourist trade visiting the Troia archaeological site.[6] It lies within the province of Çanakkale, some 30 km south-west of the provincial capital, also called Çanakkale. The nearest village is Tevfikiye. The map here shows the adapted Scamander estuary with Ilium a little way inland across the Homeric plain. Due to Troy's location near the Aegean Sea, the Sea of Marmara, and the Black Sea, it was a central hub for the military and trade.[7]
Troy was added to the UNESCO World Heritage list in 1998.
Contents
[hide]
1 Homeric Troy
2 Search for Troy
2.1 Schliemann
2.2 Dörpfeld and Blegen
2.3 Korfmann
2.4 Recent developments
3 Fortifications of the city
4 Historical Troy uncovered
4.1 Troy I–V
4.1.1 Schliemann's Troy II
4.2 Troy VI and VII
4.2.1 Calvert's Thousand-Year Gap
4.3 Troy VIII
4.4 Troy IX
5 Classical Ilium (Ilion)
5.1 Ecclesiastical history
5.2 Titular see
6 Other views and voices on Troy
6.1 Alternative views on Troy's location
6.2 Hittite and Egyptian records
6.3 In later legend
6.4 Prose Edda's Troy
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
10 Sources and external links
11 Further reading
Homeric Troy[edit]
Further information: Homeric Question, Historicity of the Iliad, and Troy VII
Portion of the walls of Troy (VII)
Map of the Troad, including the site of Troy
Ancient Greek historians variously placed the Trojan War in the 12th, 13th, or 14th centuries BC: Eratosthenes to 1184 BC, Herodotus to 1250 BC, and Duris of Samos to 1334 BC. Modern archaeologists associate Homeric Troy with archaeological Troy VII.[8]
In the Iliad, the Achaeans set up their camp near the mouth of the River Scamander (presumably modern Karamenderes),[9] where they had beached their ships. The city of Troy itself stood on a hill, across the plain of Scamander, where the battles of the Trojan War took place. The site of the ancient city is some 5 km from the coast today, but 3,000 years ago the mouths of Scamander were much closer to the city,[10] discharging into a large bay that formed a natural harbor, which has since been filled with alluvial material. Recent geological findings have permitted the identification of the ancient Trojan coastline, and the results largely confirm the accuracy of the Homeric geography of Troy.[11]
In November 2001, the geologist John C. Kraft from the University of Delaware and the classicist John V. Luce from Trinity College, Dublin, presented the results of investigations, begun in 1977, into the geology of the region.[12] They compared the present geology with the landscapes and coastal features described in the Iliad and other classical sources, notably Strabo's Geographia, and concluded that there is a regular consistency between the location of Schliemann's Troy and other locations such as the Greek camp, the geological evidence, descriptions of the topography and accounts of the battle in the Iliad.[13][14][15]
Besides the Iliad, there are references to Troy in the other major work attributed to Homer, the Odyssey, as well as in other ancient Greek literature (such as Aeschylus's Oresteia). The Homeric legend of Troy was elaborated by the Roman poet Virgil in his Aeneid. The Greeks and Romans took for a fact the historicity of the Trojan War and the identity of Homeric Troy with the site in Anatolia. Alexander the Great, for example, visited the site in 334 BC and there made sacrifices at tombs associated with the Homeric heroes Achilles and Patroclus.
After the 1995 find of a Luwian biconvex seal at Troy VII, there has been a heated discussion over the language that was spoken in Homeric Troy. Frank Starke of the University of Tübingen recently demonstrated that the name of Priam, king of Troy at the time of the Trojan War, is connected to the Luwian compound Priimuua, which means "exceptionally courageous".[16] "The certainty is growing that Wilusa/Troy belonged to the greater Luwian-speaking community," although it is not entirely clear whether Luwian was primarily the official language or in daily colloquial use.[17]
Search for Troy[edit]
Priam's Treasure, which Heinrich Schliemann claimed to have found at Troy
With the rise of critical history, Troy and the Trojan War were, for a long time, consigned to the realms of legend. However, the true location of ancient Troy had from classical times remained the subject of interest and speculation.
The Troad peninsula was anticipated to be the location. Early modern travellers in the 16th and 17th centuries, including Pierre Belon and Pietro Della Valle, had identified Troy with Alexandria Troas, a ruined town approximately 20 km south of the currently accepted location.[18] In the late 18th century, Jean Baptiste LeChevalier had identified a location near the village of Pınarbaşı, Ezine as the site of Troy, a mound approximately 5 km south of the currently accepted location. LeChavalier's location, published in his Voyage de la Troade, was the most commonly accepted theory for almost a century.[19]
In 1822, the Scottish journalist Charles Maclaren was the first to identify with confidence the position of the city as it is now known.[20][21]
In 1866, Frank Calvert, the brother of the United States' consular agent in the region, made extensive surveys and published in scholarly journals his identification of the hill of New Ilium (which was on farmland owned by his family) on the same site. The hill, near the city of Çanakkale, was known as Hisarlik.[22]
Schliemann[edit]
In 1868, German archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann visited Calvert and secured permission to excavate Hisarlik. In 1871–73 and 1878–79, he excavated the hill and discovered the ruins of a series of ancient cities dating from the Bronze Age to the Roman period. Schliemann declared one of these cities—at first Troy I, later Troy II—to be the city of Troy, and this identification was widely accepted at that time. Schliemann's finds at Hisarlik have become known as Priam's Treasure. They were acquired from him by the Berlin museums, but significant doubts about their authenticity persist.
The view from Hisarlık across the plain of Ilium to the Aegean Sea
Schliemann became interested in digging at the mound of Hisarlik at the persuasion of Frank Calvert. The British diplomat, considered a pioneer for the contributions he made to the archaeology of Troy, spent more than 60 years in the Troad (modern day Biga peninsula, Turkey) conducting field work.[23] As Calvert was a principal authority on field archaeology in the region, his findings supplied evidence that Homeric Troy might exist in the hill, and played a major role in directing Heinrich Schliemann to dig at the Hisarlik.[24] However, Schliemann downplayed his collaboration with Calvert when taking credit for the findings, such that Susan Heuek Allen recently described Schliemann as a "relentlessly self-promoting amateur archaeologist".[25]
Schliemann's excavations were condemned by later archaeologists as having destroyed the main layers of the real Troy. Kenneth W. Harl in the Teaching Company's Great Ancient Civilizations of Asia Minor lecture series sarcastically claims that Schliemann's excavations were carried out with such rough methods that he did to Troy what the Greeks couldn't do in their times, destroying and levelling down the entire city walls to the ground.[26] Other scholars agree that the damage caused to the site is irreparable.[27] Although his work is largely rejected, his recorded findings and artifacts added knowledge regarding ancient Western history.
Dörpfeld and Blegen[edit]
After Schliemann, the site was further excavated under the direction of Wilhelm Dörpfeld (1893–94) and later Carl Blegen (1932–38). [28][29][page needed] These excavations have shown that there were at least nine cities built, one on top of the other, at this site. In his research, Blegen came to a conclusion that Troy's nine levels could be further divided into forty-six sublevels .[30]
Korfmann[edit]
In 1988, excavations were resumed by a team from the University of Tübingen and the University of Cincinnati under the direction of Professor Manfred Korfmann, with Professor Brian Rose overseeing Post-Bronze Age (Greek, Roman, Byzantine) excavation along the coast of the Aegean Sea at the Bay of Troy. Possible evidence of a battle was found in the form of bronze arrowheads and fire-damaged human remains buried in layers dated to the early 12th century BC. The question of Troy's status in the Bronze-Age world has been the subject of a sometimes acerbic debate between Korfmann and the Tübingen historian Frank Kolb in 2001–2002.
In August 1993, following a magnetic imaging survey of the fields below the fort, a deep ditch was located and excavated among the ruins of a later Greek and Roman city. Remains found in the ditch were dated to the late Bronze Age, the alleged time of Homeric Troy. It is claimed by Korfmann that the ditch may have once marked the outer defences of a much larger city than had previously been suspected. The latter city has been dated by his team to about 1250 BC, and it has been also suggested — based on recent archeological evidence uncovered by Professor Manfred Korfmann's team — that this was indeed the Homeric city of Troy.
Recent developments[edit]
The archaeological site of Troy was added to the UNESCO World Heritage list in 1998.
In summer 2006, the excavations continued under the direction of Korfmann's colleague Ernst Pernicka, with a new digging permit.[31]
In 2013, an international team made up of cross-disciplinary experts led by William Aylward, an archaeologist at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, was to carry out new excavations. This activity was to be conducted under the auspices of Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University and was to use the new technique of "molecular archaeology".[32] A few days before the Wisconsin team was to leave, Turkey cancelled about 100 excavation permits, including Wisconsin's.[33]
In March 2014, it was announced that a new excavation would take place to be sponsored by a private company and carried out by Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University. This will be the first Turkish team to excavate and is planned as a 12-month excavation led by associate professor Rüstem Aslan. The University's rector stated that "Pieces unearthed in Troy will contribute to Çanakkale’s culture and tourism. Maybe it will become one of Turkey’s most important frequented historical places.”[34]
Fortifications of the city[edit]
The walls of Troy, first erected in the Bronze Age between 3000 and 2600 BC, are its main defense. The remains of the walls have been studied through the aforementioned excavations that shed light onto the historical city itself and the mythological implications as the walls protected the citadel during the Trojan War. The fortifications display the importance of defense to the Trojans and how warfare is a prominent issue for ancient cities.
The walls surround the city, lasting for several hundred meters and at the time they were built, they were over 17 feet tall.[35] They were made of limestone with watchtowers and brick ramparts, or elevated mounds that serve as protective barriers.[35] Throughout all of the phases, the walls served as the largest fortification for the city of Troy to protect the Trojans against any enemies. Defense mechanisms like the Walls of Troy shed light onto the larger topic of warfare in ancient times. Warfare was a large issue in not only Ancient Greece, but locations nearby, such as Asia Minor.
Historical Troy uncovered[edit]
Archeological plan of the Hisarlik citadel
When Troy was destroyed each time, the citizens would build upon the previous settlement, causing the layers to pile on top of one another.[35] The layers of ruins in the citadel at Hisarlik are numbered Troy I – Troy IX, with various subdivisions:[note 2]
Troy I 3000–2600 BC (Western Anatolian EB 1)
Troy II 2600–2250 BC (Western Anatolian EB 2)
Troy III 2250–2100 BC (Western Anatolian EB 3 [early])
Troy IV 2100–1950 BC (Western Anatolian EB 3 [middle])
Troy V: 20th–18th centuries BC (Western Anatolian EB 3 [late])
Troy VI: 17th–15th centuries BC
Troy VIh: late Bronze Age, 14th century BC
Troy VIIa: c. 1300–1190 BC, most likely setting for Homer's story
Troy VIIb1: 12th century BC
Troy VIIb2: 11th century BC
Troy VIIb3: until c. 950 BC
Troy VIII: c. 700–85 BC
Troy IX: 85 BC–c. AD 500
Troy I–V[edit]
The first city on the site was founded in the 3rd millennium BC. During the Bronze Age, the site seems to have been a flourishing mercantile city, since its location allowed for complete control of the Dardanelles, through which every merchant ship from the Aegean Sea heading for the Black Sea had to pass. Around 1900 BC a mass migration was set off by the Hittites to the east. Cities to the east of Troy were destroyed, and although Troy was not burned, the next period shows a change of culture indicating a new people had taken over Troy.[36] The first phase of the city is characterized by a smaller citadel, around 300 ft in diameter, with 20 rectangular houses surrounded by massive walls, towers, and gateways.[35] Troy II doubled in size and had a lower town and the upper citadel, with the walls protecting the upper acropolis which housed the megaron-style palace for the king.[37] The second phase was destroyed by a large fire, but the Trojans rebuilt, creating a fortified citadel larger than Troy II, but which had smaller and more condensed houses, suggesting an economic decline.[35] This trend of making a larger circuit, or extent of the walls, continued with each rebuild, for Troy III, IV, and V. Therefore, even in the face of economic troubles, the walls remained as elaborate as before, indicating their focus on defense and protection.
Schliemann's Troy II[edit]
When Schliemann came across Troy II, in 1871, he believed he had found Homer's city. Schliemann and his team unearthed a large feature he dubbed the Scaean Gate, a western gate unlike the three previously found leading to the Pergamos.[38] This gate, as he describes, was the gate that Homer had featured. As Schliemann states in his publication Troja: "I have proved that in a remote antiquity there was in the plain of Troy a large city, destroyed of old by a fearful catastrophe, which had on the hill of Hisarlık only its Acropolis with its temples and a few other large edifices, southerly, and westerly direction on the site of the later Ilium; and that, consequently, this city answers perfectly to the Homeric description of the sacred site of Ilios."[39]
Troy VI and VII[edit]
Main article: Troy VII
Troy VI was destroyed around 1250 BC, probably by an earthquake. Only a single arrowhead was found in this layer, and no remains of bodies. However, the town quickly recovered and was rebuilt in a layout that was more orderly. This rebuild continued the trend of having a heavily fortified citadel to preserve the outer rim of the city in the face of earthquakes and sieges of the central city.[37]
Troy VIIa, which has been dated to the mid-to-late-13th century BC, is the most often cited candidate for the Troy of Homer. Troy VIIa appears to have been destroyed by war.[40] The evidence of fire and slaughter around 1184 BC, which brought Troy VIIa to a close, led to this phase being identified with the city besieged by the Greeks during the Trojan War. This was immortalized in the Iliad written by Homer.[41]
Calvert's Thousand-Year Gap[edit]
Initially, the layers of Troy VI and VII were overlooked entirely, because Schliemann favoured the burnt city of Troy II. It was not until the need to close "Calvert's Thousand Year Gap" arose—from Dörpfeld's discovery of Troy VI—that archaeology turned away from Schliemann's Troy and began working towards finding Homeric Troy once more.[42]
"Calvert's Thousand Year Gap" (1800–800 BC) was a period not accounted for by Schliemann's archaeology and thus constituting a hole in the Trojan timeline. In Homer's description of the city, a section of one side of the wall is said to be weaker than the rest.[43] During his excavation of more than three hundred yards of the wall, Dörpfeld came across a section very closely resembling the Homeric description of the weaker section.[44] Dörpfeld was convinced he had found the walls of Homer's city, and now he would excavate the city itself. Within the walls of this stratum (Troy VI), much Mycenaean pottery dating from Late Helladic (LH) periods III A and III B (c.1400–c.1200 BC) was uncovered, suggesting a relation between the Trojans and Mycenaeans. The great tower along the walls seemed likely to be the "Great Tower of Ilios".[45]
The evidence seemed to indicate that Dörpfeld had stumbled upon Ilios, the city of Homer's epics. Schliemann himself had conceded that Troy VI was more likely to be the Homeric city, but he never published anything stating so.[46] The only counter-argument, confirmed initially by Dörpfeld (who was as passionate as Schliemann about finding Troy), was that the city appeared to have been destroyed by an earthquake, not by men.[47] There was little doubt that this was the Troy of which the Mycenaeans would have known.[48]
Troy VIII[edit]
In 480 BC, the Persian king Xerxes sacrificed 1,000 cattle at the sanctuary of Athena Ilias while marching through the Hellespontine region towards Greece.[49] Following the Persian defeat in 480–479, Ilion and its territory became part of the continental possessions of Mytilene and remained under Mytilenaean control until the unsuccessful Mytilenean revolt in 428–427. Athens liberated the so-called Actaean cities including Ilion and enrolled these communities in the Delian League. Athenian influence in the Hellespont waned following the oligarchic coup of 411, and in that year the Spartan general Mindaros emulated Xerxes by likewise sacrificing to Athena Ilias.[note 1] From c. 410–399, Ilion was within the sphere of influence of the local dynasts at Lampsacus (Zenis, his wife Mania, and the usurper Meidias) who administered the region on behalf of the Persian satrap Pharnabazus.[note 1]
In 399, the Spartan general Dercylidas expelled the Greek garrison at Ilion who were controlling the city on behalf of the Lampsacene dynasts during a campaign which rolled back Persian influence throughout the Troad. Ilion remained outside the control of the Persian satrapal administration at Dascylium until the Peace of Antalcidas in 387–386. In this period of renewed Persian control c. 387–367, a statue of Ariobarzanes, the satrap of Hellespontine Phrygia, was erected in front of the temple of Athena Ilias.[50] In 360–359 the city was briefly controlled by Charidemus of Oreus, a Euboean mercenary leader who occasionally worked for the Athenians.[51] In 359, he was expelled by the Athenian Menelaos son of Arrabaios, whom the Ilians honoured with a grant of proxeny—this is recorded in the earliest civic decree to survive from Ilion.[52] In May 334 Alexander the Great crossed the Hellespont and came to the city, where he visited the temple of Athena Ilias, made sacrifices at the tombs of the Homeric heroes, and made the city free and exempt from taxes.[53] According to the so-called 'Last Plans' of Alexander which became known after his death in June 323, he had planned to rebuild the temple of Athena Ilias on a scale that would have surpassed every other temple in the known world.[54]
Antigonus Monophthalmus took control of the Troad in 311 and created the new city of Antigoneia Troas which was a synoikism of the cities of Skepsis, Kebren, Neandreia, Hamaxitos, Larisa, and Kolonai. In c. 311–306 the koinon of Athena Ilias was founded from the remaining cities in the Troad and along the Asian coast of the Dardanelles and soon after succeeded in securing a guarantee from Antigonus that he would respect their autonomy and freedom (he had not respected the autonomy of the cities which were synoikized to create Antigoneia).[55] The koinon continued to function until at least the 1st century AD and primarily consisted of cities from the Troad, although for a time in the second half of the 3rd century it also included Myrlea and Chalcedon from the eastern Propontis.[56] The governing body of the koinon was the synedrion on which each city was represented by two delegates. The day-to-day running of the synedrion, especially in relation to its finances, was left to a college of five agonothetai, on which no city ever had more than one representative. This system of equal (rather than proportional) representation ensured that no one city could politically dominate the koinon.[57] The primary purpose of the koinon was to organize the annual Panathenaia festival which was held at the sanctuary of Athena Ilias. The festival brought huge numbers of pilgrims to Ilion for the duration of the festival as well as creating an enormous market (the panegyris) which attracted traders from across the region.[58] In addition, the koinon financed new building projects at Ilion, for example a new theatre c. 306 and the expansion of the sanctuary and temple of Athena Ilias in the 3rd century, in order to make the city a suitable venue for such a large festival.[59]
In the period 302–281, Ilion and the Troad were part of the kingdom of Lysimachus, who during this time helped Ilion synoikize several nearby communities, thus expanding the city's population and territory.[note 3] Lysimachus was defeated at the Battle of Corupedium in February 281 by Seleucus I Nikator, thus handing the Seleucid kingdom control of Asia Minor, and in August or September of 281 when Seleucus passed through the Troad on his way to Lysimachia in the nearby Thracian Chersonese Ilion passed a decree in honour of him, indicating the city's new loyalties.[60] In September Seleucus was assassinated at Lysimachia by Ptolemy Keraunos, making his successor, Antiochus I Soter, the new king. In 280 or soon after Ilion passed a long decree lavishly honouring Antiochus in order to cement their relationship with him.[note 4] During this period Ilion still lacked proper city walls except for the crumbling Troy VI fortifications around the citadel, and in 278 during the Gallic invasion the city was easily sacked.[61] Ilion enjoyed a close relationship with Antiochus for the rest of his reign: for example, in 274 Antiochus granted land to his friend Aristodikides of Assos which for tax purposes was to be attached to the territory of Ilion, and c. 275–269 Ilion passed a decree in honour of Metrodoros of Amphipolis who had successfully treated the king for a wound he received in battle.[62]
Troy IX[edit]
Silver tetradrachm from Troy with head of Athena, c. 165–150 BC
The odeon dates to the Roman Troy IX and was renovated by Hadrian in 124 AD.
The city was destroyed by Sulla's rival, the Roman general Fimbria, in 85 BC following an eleven-day siege.[63] Later that year when Sulla had defeated Fimbria he bestowed benefactions on Ilion for its loyalty which helped with the city's rebuilding. Ilion reciprocated this act of generosity by instituting a new civic calendar which took 85 BC as its first year.[64] However, the city remained in financial distress for several decades, despite its favoured status with Rome. In the 80s BC, Roman publicani illegally levied taxes on the sacred estates of Athena Ilias and the city was required to call on L. Julius Caesar for restitution; while in 80 BC, the city suffered an attack by pirates.[65] In 77 BC the costs of running the annual festival of the koinon of Athena Ilias became too pressing for both Ilion and the other members of the koinon and L. Julius Caesar was once again required to arbitrate, this time reforming the festival so that it would be less of a financial burden.[66] In 74 BC the Ilians once again demonstrated their loyalty to Rome by siding with the Roman general Lucullus against Mithridates VI.[67] Following the final defeat of Mithridates in 63–62, Pompey rewarded the city's loyalty by becoming the benefactor of Ilion and patron of Athena Ilias.[68] In 48 BC, Julius Caesar likewise bestowed benefactions on the city, recalling the city's loyalty during the Mithridatic Wars, the city's connection with his cousin L. Julius Caesar, and the family's claim that they were ultimately descended from Venus through the Trojan prince Aeneas and therefore shared kinship with the Ilians.[69]
In 20 BC, the Emperor Augustus visited Ilion and stayed in the house of a leading citizen, Melanippides son of Euthydikos.[70] As a result of his visit, he also financed the restoration and rebuilding of the sanctuary of Athena Ilias, the bouleuterion (council house) and the theatre. Soon after work on the theatre was completed in 12–11 BC, Melanippides dedicated a statue of Augustus in the theatre to record this benefaction.[71]
Classical Ilium (Ilion)[edit]
A new city called Ilium (from Greek Ilion) was founded on the site in the reign of the Roman Emperor Augustus. It flourished until the establishment of Constantinople, became a bishopric in the Roman province Hellespontus (civil Diocese of Asia but declined gradually in the Byzantine era
Ecclesiastical history[edit]
No later than the 4th century, it was a suffragan of the provincial capital's Metropolitan Archdiocese of Cyzicus, in the sway of the Patriarchate of Constantinople. Several bishops are historically documented :
Orion attended the First Ecumenical Council at Nicaea in 325
Leucadius was among the schismatic group of Arian heretical bishops abandoning the Council of Sardica and Council of Philippopolis in 344 to convene their alternative 'synod'.
Teosebius partook in the Council of Chalcedon in 451.
Johannes participated in the second Council of Constantinople in 553.
Niceta attended the Second Council of Nicaea in 787.
Georgius participated in the Photian Council of 869 which condemned Patriarch Photios of Constantinople in his own capital.
Titular see[edit]
The diocese was nominally restored no later than 1926 as Latin Titular bishopric of Ilium (Latin) / Ilio (Curiate Italian) / Ilien(sis) (Latin adjective).
It is vacant for decades, having had the following incumbents, so far of the fitting Episcopal (lowest) rank :
Michel-Joseph Bourguignon d’Herbigny, Jesuit Order (S.J.) (1926.02.11 – 1937.07)
James Maguire (1939.10.05 – 1944.10.10)
Eugene Joseph McGuinness (1944.11.11 – 1948.02.01)
Leo John Steck (1948.03.13 – 1950.06.19)
Francesco Maria Franco (1950.07.10 – 1968.02.07)
Other views and voices on Troy[edit]
Alternative views on Troy's location[edit]
A small minority of contemporary writers argue that Homeric Troy was not at the Hisarlik site, but elsewhere in Anatolia or outside it—e.g. in England,[72] Pergamum,[73] Scandinavia,[74] or Herzegovina.[75] These proposals have not been accepted by mainstream scholarship.
Hittite and Egyptian records[edit]
In the 1920s, the Swiss scholar Emil Forrer claimed that the placenames Wilusa and Taruisa found in Hittite texts should be identified with Ilion and Troia, respectively.[76] He further noted that the name of Alaksandu, a king of Wilusa mentioned in a Hittite treaty, is quite similar to Homer's Paris, whose birthname was Alexandros. Subsequent to this, the Tawagalawa letter (CTH 181) was found to document an unnamed Hittite king's correspondence to the king of the Ahhiyawa, referring to an earlier "Wilusa episode" involving hostility on the part of the Ahhiyawa. The Hittite king was long held to be Mursili II (c. 1321–1296), but, since the 1980s, his son Hattusili III (1265–1240) is commonly preferred, although his other son Muwatalli (c. 1296–1272) remains a possibility.
Inscriptions of the New Kingdom of Egypt also record a nation T-R-S as one of the Sea Peoples who attacked Egypt during the XIX and XX Dynasties. An inscription at Deir el-Medina records a victory of Ramesses III over the Sea Peoples, including one named "Tursha" (Egyptian: [twrš3]). It is probably the same as the earlier "Teresh" (Egyptian: [trš.w]) on the stele commemorating Merneptah's victory in a Libyan campaign around 1220 BC.
These identifications were rejected by many scholars as being improbable or at least unprovable. However, Trevor Bryce championed them in his 1998 book The Kingdom of the Hittites, citing a piece of the Manapa-Tarhunda letter referring to the kingdom of Wilusa as beyond the land of the Seha River (the classical Caicus and modern Bakırçay) and near the land of "Lazpa" (Lesbos). Recent evidence also adds weight to the theory that Wilusa is identical to archaeological Troy. Hittite texts mention a water tunnel at Wilusa, and a water tunnel excavated by Korfmann, previously thought to be Roman, has been dated to around 2600 BC. The identifications of Wilusa with Troy and of the Ahhiyawa with Homer's Achaeans remain somewhat controversial but gained enough popularity during the 1990s to be considered majority opinion. That agrees with metrical evidence in the Iliad that the name ᾽Ιλιον (Ilion) for Troy was formerly Ϝιλιον (Wilion) with a digamma.
In later legend[edit]
Such was the fame of the Epic Cycle in Roman and Medieval times that it was built upon to provide a starting point for various founding myths of national origins. The most influential, Virgil's Aeneid, traces the journeys of the Trojan prince Aeneas, supposed ancestor of the founders of Rome and the Julio-Claudian dynasty. In a later era, the heroes of Troy, both those noted in Homer and those invented for the purpose, often continued to appear in the origin stories of the nations of Early Medieval Europe.[77][78] The Roman de Troie was common cultural ground for European dynasties,[79] as a Trojan pedigree was both gloriously ancient and established an equality with the ruling class of Rome. A Trojan pedigree could justify the occupation of parts of Rome's former territories.[77]
On that basis, the Franks filled the lacunae of their legendary origins with Trojan and pseudo-Trojan names: in Fredegar's 7th-century chronicle of Frankish history, Priam appears as the first king of the Franks.[80][full citation needed] The Trojan origin of France was such an established article of faith that in 1714, the learned Nicolas Fréret was Bastilled for showing through historical criticism that the Franks had been Germanic, a sore point counter to Valois and Bourbon propaganda.[81][full citation needed]
In similar manner, Geoffrey of Monmouth reworked earlier material such as the Historia Brittonum to trace the legendary kings of the Britons from a supposed descendant of Aeneas called Brutus.
Likewise, Snorri Sturluson, in the prologue to his Icelandic Prose Edda, traced the genealogy of the ancestral figures in Norse mythology to characters appearing at Troy in Homer's epic, notably making Thor to be the son of Memnon. Sturluson referred to these figures as having made a journey across Europe towards Scandinavia, setting up kingdoms as they went.
Prose Edda's Troy[edit]
The Icelandic national bard and possibly most important source of Norse Mythology, Snorri Sturluson, identifies Troy with Åsgard. About it were 12 kingdoms and 12 chiefs. One of them, Múnón, married Priam's daughter, Tróán, and had by her a son, Trór, to be pronounced Thor in Old Norse. Similarly the Áss Vidarr is identified with Aeneas.
See also[edit]
Ancient settlements in Turkey
Cities of the ancient Near East
Dardanians (Trojan)
Historicity of the Iliad
The Golden Bough (mythology)
Trojan language
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Trōia is the typical Latin name for the city. Ilium is a more poetic term: Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles. "Ilium". A Latin Dictionary. Tufts University: The Perseus Digital Library. Retrieved 2018-04-22.
Jump up ^ For the new chronological boundaries of Troy VIII-IX which differ from those used by Blegen see C. B. Rose, ‘The 1991 Post-Bronze Age excavations at Troia’ Studia Troica 2 (1992) 44 n. 16.
Jump up ^ Strabo 13.1.26: [Λυσίμαχος] συνῴκισέ τε εἰς αὐτὴν τὰς κύκλῳ πόλεις ἀρχαίας ἤδη κεκακωμένας. These probably included Birytis, Gentinos, and Sigeion: J. M. Cook, The Troad (Oxford 1973) 364. Birytis and Gentinos are not securely located, but recent excavations at Sigeion appear to independently confirm Strabo’s account by indicating an abandonment date soon after c. 300: Th. Schäfer, Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 32.2 (2009) 410–412, 33.2 (2012) 248–249. This may have been punishment for Sigeion resisting Lysimachus in 302: Diodorus 20.107.4.
Jump up ^ Inschriften von Ilion 32. A minority of scholars instead attempt to date this inscription to the reign of Antiochus III (222–187 BC).
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Korfmann, Manfred O. (2007). Winkler, Martin M, ed. Troy: From Homer's Iliad to Hollywood Epic. Oxford, England: Blackwell Publishing Limited. p. 25. ISBN 1-4051-3183-7. Troy or Ilios (or Wilios) is most probably identical with Wilusa or Truwisa ... mentioned in the Hittite sources
Jump up ^ Burney, Charles (2004). "Wilusa". Historical dictionary of the Hittites. Metuchen, N.J: Scarecrow Press. p. 311. ISBN 0-8108-4936-4.
Jump up ^ Wood 1985, pp. 54–55.
Jump up ^ Aşkin, Mustafa (1981). Troy (2005 rev ed.). Istanbul: Keskin. p. 34. ISBN 975-7559-37-7.
Jump up ^ Bryce, Trevor (2005). The Trojans and their neighbours. Taylor & Francis. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-415-34959-8.
Jump up ^ Aşkin, Mustafa (2005). Troy: With Legends, Facts, and New Developments. Istanbul: Keskin Color. p. 72. ISBN 975-7559-37-7. Hisarlik, a village near the ruins of Troy.
Jump up ^ Kraft, John C (15 August 1980). "Geomorphic Reconstructions in the Environs of Ancient Troy". Science (PDF)|format= requires |url= (help). 209: 776–782. JSTOR 1684627.
Jump up ^ Wood 1985, p. 16.
Jump up ^ Cenker, Işil Cerem; Thys-Şenocak, Lucienne (2008). Shopes, Linda; Hamilton, Paula, eds. Oral History and Public Memories. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press. p. 76. ISBN 1-59213-141-7.
Jump up ^ Strabo, Geography XIII, I, 36, tr. H. L. Jones, Loeb Classical Library; Pliny, Natural History, V.33, tr. H. Rackham, W. S. Jones and D. E. Eichholz, Loeb Classical Library.
Jump up ^ "Geologists investigate Trojan battlefield". BBC News. 7 February 2003.
Jump up ^ Kraft, John C. (2001). "Bronze Age Paleogeographies at Ancient Troy". Geological Society of America. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Ball, Philip (29 January 2003). "Geologists show Homer got it right". Nature. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Harbor areas at ancient Troy: Sedimentology and geomorphology complement Homer's Iliad, Geoscience World (abstract)
Jump up ^ "Press Release: Geology corresponds with Homer's description of ancient Troy". University of Delaware.
Jump up ^ Starke, Frank (1997). "Troia im Kontext des historisch-politischen und sprachlichen Umfeldes Kleinasiens im 2. Jahrtausend". Studia Troica. 7: 447–87.
Jump up ^ Latacz 2004, p. 116
Jump up ^ Schliemann 1881, p. 184.
Jump up ^ Schliemann 1881, pp. 184–191.
Jump up ^ Maclaren, Charles (2010). A Dissertation On the Topography of the Plain of Troy: Including an Examination of the Opinions of Demetrius, Chevalier, Dr. Clarke, and Major Rennell. Bibliobazaar. ISBN 1-146-73161-2. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
Jump up ^ Schliemann 1881, p. 189.
Jump up ^ Wood 1985, pp. 42–44.
Jump up ^ Allen 1995, p. 379.
Jump up ^ Allen 1995, p. 380.
Jump up ^ Allen 1999, p. From introductory blurb –not in book itself.
Jump up ^ Kenneth W. Harl. "Great Ancient Civilizations of Asia Minor". Retrieved March 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ Stefan Lovgren. "Is Troy True". Retrieved March 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ Wilhelm Dörpfeld, Troja und Ilion, Beck & Barth, 1902
Jump up ^ Carl W. Blegen, Troy; excavations conducted by the University of Cincinnati, 1932–1938, Princeton University Press, 1950
Jump up ^ Allen 1995, p. 259.
Jump up ^ "Project Troia". University of Tübingen, University of Cincinnati. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "UW-Madison archaeologists to mount new expedition to Troy".
Jump up ^ Simmons, Dan (July 22, 2013). "UW-Madison archaeology trip to Troy postponed until next summer". Wisconsin State Journal. Retrieved 6 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Çanakkale – Dogan News Agency (13 March 2014). "New term excavations start at city of Troy with Turkish team". hurriyetdailynews.com. Hurriyet daily News. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e the Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica (November 22, 2016). "Troy".
Jump up ^ Mellaart, James (January 1958). "The end of the early Bronze Age in Anatolia and the Aegean". American Journal of Archaeology. 62 (1): 9–33. doi:10.2307/500459. JSTOR 500459.
^ Jump up to: a b Neer, Richard T. (2012). Greek Art and Archaeology. New York: Thames & Hudson. p. 21. ISBN 9780500288771.
Jump up ^ Schliemann 1881, p. 75
Jump up ^ Schliemann 1881, p. 277
Jump up ^ Bauer 2007, pp. 253–58.
Jump up ^ "Archaeological Site of Troy – UNESCO World Heritage Centre". Whc.unesco.org. 1998-12-02. Retrieved 2012-08-15.
Jump up ^ Allen 1995, p. 142.
Jump up ^ Homer. "Iliad". XVI,
Jump up ^ Wood 1985, p. 89.
Jump up ^ Homer. "Iliad". VI, 386
Jump up ^ Allen 1995, p. 143.
Jump up ^ Wood 1985, p. 228.
Jump up ^ Wood 1985, p. 223.
Jump up ^ Herodotus 7.43.
Jump up ^ Diodorus 17.17.6.
Jump up ^ Demosthenes 23.154–157; Aeneas Tacticus 24.3–14.
Jump up ^ Inschriften von Ilion 23.
Jump up ^ Arrian, Anabasis 1.11–12, Diodorus Siculus 17.17–18, Plutarch, Life of Alexander 15, Justin 9.5.12, Strabo 13.1.26, 32.
Jump up ^ Diodorus 18.4.5.
Jump up ^ Inschriften von Ilion 1.
Jump up ^ Myrlea and Calchedon: Inschriften von Ilion 5–6.
Jump up ^ D. Knoepfler, ‘Les agonothètes de la Confédération d’Athéna Ilias: une interpretation nouvelle des données épigraphiques et ses conséquences pour la chronologie des émissions monétaires du Koinon’ Studi Ellenistici 24 (2010) 33–62.
Jump up ^ Panegyris: L. Robert, Monnaies antiques en Troade (Paris 1966) 18–46.
Jump up ^ Theatre: Inschriften von Ilion 1. Temple: C. B. Rose, ‘The Temple of Athena at Ilion’ Studia Troica 13 (2003) 27–88 and contra D. Hertel, ‘Zum Heiligtum der Athena Ilias von Troia IX und zur frühhellenistischen Stadtanlage von Ilion’ ArchAnz (2004) 177–205.
Jump up ^ Inschriften von Ilion 31.
Jump up ^ Strabo 13.1.27.
Jump up ^ Inschriften von Ilion 33 (Aristodikides), 34 (Metrodoros).
Jump up ^ Strabo 13.1.27, Livy, Periochae 83.
Jump up ^ Inschriften von Ilion 10.2–3.
Jump up ^ Inchriften von Ilion 71 (publicani), 73 (pirates).
Jump up ^ Inschriften von Ilion 10.
Jump up ^ Plutarch, Lucullus 10.3, 12.2.
Jump up ^ Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum 46.1565.
Jump up ^ Lucan, Pharsalia 9.964–999, Suetonius, Divus Julius 79.3.
Jump up ^ Dio Cassius 54.7, Inschriften von Ilion 83.
Jump up ^ Inschriften von Ilion 83.
Jump up ^ Wilkens, Iman Jacobs (1990). Where Troy Once Stood: The Mystery of Homer's Iliad and Odyssey revealed. Groningen: Rider & Co. p. 68. ISBN 0-7126-2463-5.
Jump up ^ Lascelles, John (2005). Troy: The World Deceived. Homer's Guide to Pergamum. Victoria, B.C.: Trafford Publishing (self-published). p. 34. ISBN 1-4120-5829-5.
Jump up ^ Vinci, Felice (2005). The Baltic Origins of Homer's Epic Tales: The Iliad, the Odyssey, and the Migration of Myth. Rochester, Vt.: Inner Traditions – Bear & Company. ISBN 1-5947-7052-2.
Jump up ^ Price, Roberto Salinas (2006). Homeric Whispers: Intimations of Orthodoxy in the Iliad and Odyssey. San Antonio, Texas: Scylax Press. p. 19. ISBN 0-9108-6511-6.
Jump up ^ Carter & Morris 1995, pp. 34–35
^ Jump up to: a b Huppert, George (1965). "The Trojan Franks and their Critics". Studies in the Renaissance. 12: 227–41. doi:10.2307/2857076.
Jump up ^ Hay, Denys (1968). Europe: The Emergence of an Idea. Edinburgh: Edinburgh U.P. pp. 49–50.
Jump up ^ A. Joly first traced the career of the Roman de Troie in Benoit de Sainte-More et le Roman de Troie (Paris 1871).
Jump up ^ Exinde origo Francorum fuit. Priamo primo rege habuerant.
Jump up ^ Larousse du XIXe siècle sub "Fréret", noted by Huppert 1965.
Sources and external links[edit]
Find more aboutTroyat Wikipedia's sister projects
Definitions from Wiktionary
Media from Wikimedia Commons
Texts from Wikisource
Travel guide from Wikivoyage
Data from Wikidata
Official website
General
Troia Projekt and CERHAS (2013). "Welcome to Troy". Troy. University of Cincinnati. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
Archaeology
Institut für Ur- und Frühgeschichte und Archäologie des Mittelalters, Universität Tübingen, and Department of Classics, University of Cincinnati, Ohio (2010). "Troia and the Troad – Archaeology of a Region: The new excavations at Troy". Project Troia. Institut für Ur- u. Frühgeschichte. Retrieved 8 August 2013. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Troia Project (2004). "Reconstructions". Troia VR. University of Tübingen. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
Heath, Sebastian; Tekkök, Billur, eds. (2007–2009). "Greek, Roman and Byzantine Pottery at Ilion (Troia)". Classics Department, University of Cincinnati. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
Heath, Sebastian; Mannsperger, Dietrich; Rose, C. Brian; Wallrodt, John (2013). "Coins from Ilion (Troia)". Classics Department, University of Cincinnati. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
Rutter, Jeremy B. (2013). "Welcome". Aegean Prehistoric Archaeology. Dartmouth College. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
"Lesson 23: Troy VI".
"Lesson 27: Troy VII and the Historicity of the Trojan War".
Geography
Thomas, Neil (2003). "Geology corresponds with Homer's description of ancient Troy". UDaily Archive. University of Delaware. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
Ecclesiastical history
Pius Bonifacius Gams, Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae, Leipzig 1931, p. 445
Michel Lequien, Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus, Paris 1740, vol. I, coll. 775–778
Bibliography – Works cited
Allen, Susan (July 1995). "'Finding the Walls of Troy': Frank Calvert, Excavator". American Journal of Archaeology. 99 (3): 379–407. doi:10.2307/506941. Retrieved 30 January 2013.
Allen, Susan Heuck (1999). Finding the Walls of Troy: Frank Calvert and Heinrich Schliemann at Hisarlik. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-20868-1.
Bauer, Susan Wise (2007). "The Battle for Troy". The History of the Ancient World: From the Earliest Accounts to the Fall of Rome. Norton. pp. 253–58. ISBN 9780393070897.
Carter, Jane Burr; Morris, Sarah P., eds. (1995). The Ages of Homer. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-71208-1.
Latacz, Joachim (2004). Troy and Homer: Towards a Solution of an Old Mystery. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-926308-6
Schliemann, Henry (1881). Ilios. The city and country of the Trojans: the results of researches and discoveries on the site of Troy and through the Troad in the years 1871–72–73–78–79. New York: Harper & Brothers.
Wood, Michael (1985). In Search of the Trojan War. BBC Books; First Thus edition. ISBN 978-0563201618.
Further reading[edit]
Easton, D.F.; Hawkins, J.D.; Sherratt, A.G.; Sherratt, E.S. (2002). "Troy in Recent Perspective". Anatolian Studies. 52: 75–109. doi:10.2307/3643078.
Shepard, Alan; Powell, Stephen D., eds. (2004). Fantasies of Troy: Classical Tales and the Social Imaginary in Medieval and Early Modern Europe. Toronto: Centre for Reformation and Renaissance Studies.
[show]
v
t
e
History of Turkey
[show]
v
t
e
Timeline of the Ancient Near East
[show]
v
t
e
Epic Cycle
Cypria
Iliad
Aethiopis
Little Iliad
Iliupersis
Nostoi
Odyssey
Telegony
‹ The template below (Ancient Greece topics) is being considered for merging. See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus. ›
[show]
v
t
e
Ancient Greece
Outline
Timeline
[show]
History
Geography
Periods
Cycladic civilization
Minoan civilization
Mycenaean civilization
Greek Dark Ages
Archaic period
Classical Greece
Hellenistic Greece
Roman Greece
Geography
Aegean Sea
Aeolis
Alexandria
Antioch
Cappadocia
Crete
Cyprus
Doris
Ephesus
Epirus
Hellespont
Ionia
Ionian Sea
Macedonia
Magna Graecia
Miletus
Peloponnesus
Pergamon
Pontus
Taurica
Ancient Greek colonies
[show]
City states
Politics
Military
City states
Argos
Athens
Byzantion
Chalcis
Corinth
Eretria
Kerkyra
Larissa
Megalopolis
Megara
Rhodes
Samos
Sparta
Syracuse
Thebes
Politics
Boeotarch
Boule
Koinon
Proxeny
Strategos
Tagus
Tyrant
Amphictyonic League
Athenian
Agora
Areopagus
Ecclesia
Graphē paranómōn
Heliaia
Ostracism
Spartan
Apella
Ephor
Gerousia
Harmost
Macedon
Synedrion
Koinon
Military
Wars
Athenian military
Antigonid Macedonian army
Army of Macedon
Ballista
Cretan archers
Hellenistic armies
Hippeis
Hoplite
Hetairoi
Macedonian phalanx
Phalanx
Peltast
Pezhetairos
Sarissa
Sacred Band of Thebes
Sciritae
Seleucid army
Spartan army
Toxotai
Xiphos
Xyston
[show]
People
List of ancient Greeks
Rulers
Kings of Argos
Archons of Athens
Kings of Athens
Kings of Commagene
Diadochi
Kings of Lydia
Kings of Macedonia
Kings of Paionia
Attalid kings of Pergamon
Kings of Pontus
Kings of Sparta
Tyrants of Syracuse
Philosophers
Anaxagoras
Anaximander
Anaximenes
Antisthenes
Aristotle
Democritus
Diogenes of Sinope
Empedocles
Epicurus
Gorgias
Heraclitus
Hypatia
Leucippus
Parmenides
Plato
Protagoras
Pythagoras
Socrates
Thales
Zeno
Authors
Aeschylus
Aesop
Alcaeus
Archilochus
Aristophanes
Bacchylides
Euripides
Herodotus
Hesiod
Hipponax
Homer
Ibycus
Lucian
Menander
Mimnermus
Panyassis
Philocles
Pindar
Plutarch
Polybius
Sappho
Simonides
Sophocles
Stesichorus
Theognis
Thucydides
Timocreon
Tyrtaeus
Xenophon
Others
Agesilaus II
Agis II
Alcibiades
Alexander the Great
Aratus
Archimedes
Aspasia
Demosthenes
Epaminondas
Euclid
Hipparchus
Hippocrates
Leonidas
Lycurgus
Lysander
Milo of Croton
Miltiades
Pausanias
Pericles
Philip of Macedon
Philopoemen
Praxiteles
Ptolemy
Pyrrhus
Solon
Themistocles
Groups
Philosophers
Playwrights
Poets
Tyrants
By culture
Ancient Greek tribes
Thracian Greeks
Ancient Macedonians
[show]
Society
Culture
Society
Agriculture
Calendar
Clothing
Coinage
Cuisine
Economy
Education
Festivals
Funeral and burial practices
Homosexuality
Law
Olympic Games
Pederasty
Philosophy
Prostitution
Religion
Slavery
Warfare
Wedding customs
Wine
Arts and science
Architecture
Greek Revival architecture
Astronomy
Literature
Mathematics
Medicine
Music
Musical system
Pottery
Sculpture
Technology
Theatre
Religion
Funeral and burial practices
Mythology
mythological figures
Temple
Twelve Olympians
Underworld
Sacred places
Eleusis
Delphi
Delos
Dodona
Mount Olympus
Olympia
Structures
Athenian Treasury
Lion Gate
Long Walls
Philippeion
Theatre of Dionysus
Tunnel of Eupalinos
Temples
Aphaea
Artemis
Athena Nike
Erechtheion
Hephaestus
Hera, Olympia
Parthenon
Samothrace
Zeus, Olympia
Language
Proto-Greek
Mycenaean
Homeric
Dialects
Aeolic
Arcadocypriot
Attic
Doric
Ionic
Locrian
Macedonian
Pamphylian
Koine
Writing
Linear A
Linear B
Cypriot syllabary
Greek alphabet
Greek numerals
Attic numerals
[show]
Lists
Cities
in Epirus
People
Place names
Stoae
Temples
Theatres
Category
Portal
[show]
v
t
e
UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Turkey
Aegean
Aphrodisias
Ephesus
Hierapolis / Pamukkale
Pergamon
Xanthos / Letoon1
Black Sea
Hittite Capital of Hattusa
Safranbolu
Central Anatolia
Göreme and Rock Sites of Cappadocia
Neolithic Site of Çatalhöyük
Divriği Great Mosque and Hospital
East Anatolia
Historic city of Ani
Marmara
Archaeological Site of Troy
Bursa and Cumalıkızık
Historic Areas of Istanbul
Selimiye Mosque and its Social Complex
Mediterranean
Xanthos / Letoon1
Southeastern Anatolia
Mount Nemrut in Commagene
Diyarbakır Fortress and Hevsel Gardens
1 Shared with other regions
[show]
v
t
e
National parks of Turkey
Aegean Region
Başkomutan
Dilek Peninsula-Büyük Menderes Delta
Karagöl
Mount Honaz
Marmaris
Mount Spil
Black Sea Region
Boğazköy-Alacahöyük
Altındere Valley
Hatila Valley
Kaçkar Mountains
Karagöl-Sahara
Küre Mountains
Mount Ilgaz
Yedigöller
Central Anatolia Region
Aladağlar
Battle of Sakarya
Göreme
Lake Beyşehir
Soğuksu
Yozgat Pine Grove
Eastern Anatolia Region
Mount Ararat
Munzur Valley
Nenehatun
Sarıkamış-Allahuekber Mountains
Marmara Region
İğneada Floodplain Forests
Kazdağı
Kuş Cenneti
Lake Gala
Troy
Uludağ
Mediterranean Region, Turkey
Altınbeşik Cave
Beydağları Coastal
Mount Güllük-Termessos
Karatepe-Aslantaş
Kızıldağ
Köprülü Canyon
Lake Kovada
Saklıkent
Sultan Reedy
Southeastern Anatolia Region
Mount Nemrut
Tek Tek Mountains
[show]
v
t
e
Ancient Kingdoms of Anatolia
Bronze Age
Ahhiyawa
Arzawa
Assuwa league
Carchemish
Colchis
Hatti
Hayasa-Azzi
Hittite Empire
Isuwa
Kaskia
Kizzuwatna
Lukka
Luwia
Mitanni
Pala
Wilusa/Troy
Iron Age
Aeolia
Caria
Cimmerians
Diauehi
Doris
Ionia
Lycia
Lydia
Neo-Hittites (Atuna, Carchemish, Gurgum, Hilakku, Kammanu, Kummuh, Quwê, Tabal)
Phrygia
Urartu
Classical Age
Antigonids
Armenia
Bithynia
Cappadocia
Cilicia
Commagene
Galatia
Paphlagonia
Pergamon
Pontus
[show]
v
t
e
Ancient settlements in Turkey
Aegean
Aegae
Aizanoi
Alabanda
Alinda
Allianoi
Amorium
Amyzon
Antioch on the Maeander
Apamea in Phrygia
Aphrodisias
Apollonia in Mysia
Apollonos Hieron
Atarneus
Aulai
Bargylia
Beycesultan
Blaundus
Caloe
Caryanda
Celaenae
Ceramus
Colophon
Claros
Cyme
Didyma
Dios Hieron
Docimium
Ephesus
Erythrae
Eucarpia
Euromus
Gambrion
Gryneion
Halicarnassus
Hierapolis
Iasos
Karmylissos
Kaunos
Klazomenai
Knidos
Labraunda
Laodicea on the Lycus
Latmus
Lebedus
Leucae
Limantepe
Magnesia ad Sipylus
Magnesia on the Maeander
Metropolis
Miletus
Myndus
Myriandrus
Myrina
Myus
Notion
Nysa on the Maeander
Oenoanda
Pepuza
Pergamon
Perperene
Phocaea
Pinara
Pitane
Priene
Sardis
Smyrna
Stratonicea in Lydia
Stratonicea in Caria
Temnos
Teos
Tymion
Black Sea
Alaca Höyük
Comana in the Pontus
Euchaita
Hattusa
Heraclea Pontica
Hüseyindede Tepe
Ibora
Laodicea Pontica
Nerik
Nicopolis
Pompeiopolis
Salatiwara
Samuha
Sapinuwa
Tripolis
Yazılıkaya
Zaliche
Central Anatolia
Alişar Hüyük
Binbirkilise
Çatalhöyük
Cotenna
Derbe
Dorylaeum
Eudocia (Cappadocia)
Eudocia (Phrygia)
Gordium
Heraclea Cybistra
Irenopolis
Kaman-Kalehöyük
Kerkenes
Kültepe (Kanesh)
Laodicea Combusta
Meloë
Mokissos
Nyssa
Pessinus
Purushanda
Tavium
Tyana
Eastern Anatolia
Altıntepe
Ani
Cafer Höyük
Melid
Sugunia
Tushpa
Marmara
Achilleion
Aegospotami
Ainos
Alexandria Troas
Apamea Myrlea
Apollonia on the Rhyndax
Apros
Assos
Byzantium
Cardia
Cebrene
Chalcedon
Charax
Cius
Cyzicus
Drizipara/Drusipara
Faustinopolis
Germanicopolis
Lamponeia
Lampsacus
Lygos
Lysimachia
Marpessos
Neandreia
Nicomedia
Orestias
Perinthos
Sestos
Sigeion
Skepsis
Troy (Hisarlik)
Mediterranean
Acalissus
Acarassus
Alalakh
Amelas
Anazarbus
Andriaca
Antigonia
Antioch on the Orontes
Antioch of Pisidia
Antiochia Lamotis
Antioch on the Cragus
Antioch on the Pyramis
Antiphellus
Aperlae
Aphrodisias of Cilicia
Araxa
Ariassos
Arneae
Arsinoe
Arycanda
Aspendos
Bab al-Hawa Border Crossing
Balbura
Bubon
Calynda
Carallia
Carmylessus
Casae
Castabala
Cestrus
Choma
Cibyra Mikra
Comama
Comana in Cappadocia
Comba
Coracesium
Corycus (Kızkalesi)
Corydala
Cremna
Cyaneae
Cyrrhus
Dalisandus in Isauria
Dalisandus in Pamphylia
Dias
Domuztepe
Elaiussa Sebaste
Emirzeli
Epiphania
Erymna
Etenna
Eudocia (Lycia)
Eudocias (Pamphylia)
Gagae
Gözlükule
Hacilar
Idebessos
Irenopolis
Isba
Issus
Kandyba
Karakabaklı
Karatepe
Kibyra
Lebessus
Limyra
Lyrbe
Magydus
Mallus
Mamure Castle
Mastaura
Meloë
Mezgitkale
Mopsuestia
Myra
Nisa
Olba
Olympos
Öküzlü
Orokenda
Patara
Perga
Phaselis
Phellus
Podalia
Rhodiapolis
Rhosus
Sagalassos
Seleucia in Pamphylia
Seleucia Pieria
Seleucia Sidera
Selge
Side
Sidyma
Sillyon
Simena
Sinda
Soli
Sozopolis
Syedra
Tapureli
Tell Tayinat
Telmessos
Telmessos (Caria)
Termessos
Tlos
Trebenna
Xanthos
Yanıkhan
Yumuktepe
Southeastern
Anatolia
Antioch in the Taurus
Antioch in Mesopotamia
Apamea on the Euphrates
Carchemish
Urshu
Khashshum
Çayönü
Dara
Edessa
Göbekli Tepe
Harran
Kussara
Nevalı Çori
Sakçagözü
Sam'al
Samosata
Sareisa
Seleucia at the Zeugma
Sultantepe
Tille
Tushhan
Zeugma
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
GND: 4060974-1
LCCN: sh85138100
VIAF: 11145376336783721248
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Troy&oldid=842103011"
Categories:
World Heritage Sites in Turkey
Troy
Ancient Greek geography
Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Turkey
Archaeological sites in the Marmara Region
Destroyed cities
Former populated places in Turkey
Geography of Çanakkale Province
History of Çanakkale Province
Locations in Greek mythology
National parks of Turkey
Populated places established in the 3rd millennium BC
Tourist attractions in Çanakkale Province
30th-century BC establishments
Hidden categories:
Pages using citations with format and no URL
Coordinates on Wikidata
Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows
Articles containing Ancient Greek-language text
Articles containing Latin-language text
Articles containing Turkish-language text
Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2013
Articles needing more detailed references
CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikivoyage
Languages
Afrikaans
Ænglisc
العربية
Aragonés
Asturianu
Azərbaycanca
বাংলা
Bân-lâm-gú
Башҡортса
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
Български
Bosanski
Brezhoneg
Català
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Frysk
Gaeilge
Gàidhlig
Galego
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Ido
Bahasa Indonesia
Interlingua
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
ქართული
Kiswahili
Latina
Latviešu
Lëtzebuergesch
Lietuvių
Limburgs
Magyar
Македонски
മലയാളം
Malti
मराठी
მარგალური
مصرى
Bahasa Melayu
မြန်မာဘာသာ
Nederlands
नेपाली
日本語
Нохчийн
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Nouormand
Occitan
Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
Pälzisch
پنجابی
Polski
Português
Română
Rumantsch
Runa Simi
Русский
Scots
Shqip
Sicilianu
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
தமிழ்
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
Vèneto
Tiếng Việt
Volapük
Winaray
粵語
Zazaki
中文
Lingua Franca Nova
88 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 20 May 2018, at 07:12.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Troy_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Troy (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: caption

value: img

attrs: href class

value: td

attrs: colspan style

value: tr

values:
/wiki/File:Turkey_adm_location_map.svg
image
Troy is located in Turkey

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: display: none; width:280px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto width:280px;padding:0

values:
/wiki/File:Asia_laea_location_map.svg
image
Troy is located in Asia

values: Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.muze.gov.tr/troia-en

values:
/wiki/World_Heritage_Site
mw-redirect
World Heritage Site

values: border:4px solid #FFE153; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/849

values:
/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language
mw-redirect
Ancient Greek language

values:
/wiki/Latin_language
mw-redirect
Latin language

values:
/wiki/Mount_Ida,_Turkey
mw-redirect
Mount Ida, Turkey

values:
/wiki/Roman_Emperor
mw-redirect
Roman Emperor

values:
/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Iliad
mw-redirect
Historicity of the Iliad

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/The_Oresteia
mw-redirect
The Oresteia

values: This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2013)

values:
/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage
mw-redirect
UNESCO World Heritage

values: Edit section: Fortifications of the city

values:
/wiki/Early_Bronze_Age
mw-redirect
Early Bronze Age

values:
/wiki/1900_BCE_Near_East_mass_migration
mw-redirect
1900 BCE Near East mass migration

values: Edit section: Calvert's Thousand-Year Gap

values:
/wiki/Late_Helladic
mw-redirect
Late Helladic

values:
/wiki/Xerxes_I_of_Persia
mw-redirect
Xerxes I of Persia

values:
/wiki/Pharnabazos_II,_Satrap_of_Phrygia
mw-redirect
Pharnabazos II, Satrap of Phrygia

values:
/wiki/Antigonus_Monophthalmus
mw-redirect
Antigonus Monophthalmus

values:
/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nikator
mw-redirect
Seleucus I Nikator

values:
/wiki/Gallic_invasion_of_the_Balkans
mw-redirect
Gallic invasion of the Balkans

values:
/wiki/Hellespontus_(province)
mw-redirect
Hellespontus (province)

values:
/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Cyzicus
mw-redirect
Archdiocese of Cyzicus

values:
/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Constantinople
mw-redirect
Patriarchate of Constantinople

values:
/wiki/First_Ecumenical_Council
mw-redirect
First Ecumenical Council

values:
/wiki/Council_of_Sardica
mw-redirect
Council of Sardica

values:
/wiki/Photian_Council
mw-redirect
Photian Council

values:
/wiki/Titular_bishopric
mw-redirect
Titular bishopric

values:
/wiki/Jesuit_Order
mw-redirect
Jesuit Order

values: Edit section: Other views and voices on Troy

values: Edit section: Alternative views on Troy's location

values: Edit section: Hittite and Egyptian records

values:
/wiki/Catalogue_des_Textes_Hittites
mw-redirect
Catalogue des Textes Hittites

values:
/wiki/Hattusili_III
mw-redirect
Hattusili III

values:
/wiki/Nineteenth_dynasty_of_Egypt
mw-redirect
Nineteenth dynasty of Egypt

values:
/wiki/Twentieth_dynasty_of_Egypt
mw-redirect
Twentieth dynasty of Egypt

values:
/wiki/Trevor_Bryce
mw-redirect
Trevor Bryce

values:
/wiki/Manapa-Tarhunda_letter
mw-redirect
Manapa-Tarhunda letter

values:
/wiki/Metrical_foot
mw-redirect
Metrical foot

values:
/wiki/Founding_myth
mw-redirect
Founding myth

values: A more detailed citation is required. (April 2013)

values:
/wiki/Valois_dynasty
mw-redirect
Valois dynasty

values:
/wiki/Bourbon_dynasty
mw-redirect
Bourbon dynasty

values:
/wiki/Norse_Mythology
mw-redirect
Norse Mythology

values:
/wiki/Ancient_settlements_in_Turkey
mw-redirect
Ancient settlements in Turkey

values:
/wiki/Cities_of_the_ancient_Near_East
mw-redirect
Cities of the ancient Near East

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/1684627

values:
nofollow
http://www.uni-tuebingen.de//uni/aft/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.news.wisc.edu/21160

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307%2F500459

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/500459

values: The Baltic Origins of Homer's Epic Tales

values:
/wiki/San_Antonio,_Texas
mw-redirect
San Antonio, Texas

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307%2F2857076

values: Edit section: Sources and external links

values: padding-bottom: 0.75em; text-align: center;

attrs: alt src width height style srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;

values: display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;

values: border-top:1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 0.75em;

values: metadata plainlinks plainlist mbox-small

values: border:1px solid #aaa; padding:0.75em; background:#f9f9f9;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.muze.gov.tr/en

values:
nofollow
http://www.cerhas.uc.edu/troy/
external text

values: Category:CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list

values:
nofollow
http://classics.uc.edu/troy/grbpottery/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://classics.uc.edu/troy/coins/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.jstor.org/pss/506941

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307%2F506941

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307%2F3643078

values: Template talk:History of Turkey timeline

values: Rise of Nationalism under the Ottoman Empire

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2018 May 28

values: background-color: transparent; padding: 0; font-size:xx-small; color:#000000; text-align: center; border-bottom:1px solid #AAAAAA;

values:
HistoryGeography
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em
hlist hlist-separated

values:
/wiki/Roman_Greece
mw-redirect
Roman Greece

values:
/wiki/Doric_hexapolis
mw-redirect
Doric hexapolis

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup

values:
City_statesPoliticsMilitary
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em
hlist hlist-separated

values:
/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Macedonia
mw-redirect
List of kings of Macedonia

values:
/wiki/Diogenes_of_Sinope
mw-redirect
Diogenes of Sinope

values:
SocietyCulture
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em
hlist hlist-separated

values:
/wiki/Hellenic_calendars
mw-redirect
Hellenic calendars

values: Ancient Greek funeral and burial practices

values:
/wiki/Ancient_Greek_wedding_customs
mw-redirect
Ancient Greek wedding customs

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Template talk:World Heritage Sites in Turkey

values:
/wiki/Aegean_Region_(geographical)
mw-redirect
Aegean Region (geographical)

values:
/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Turkey
mw-redirect
List of regions of Turkey

values: Commander-in-Chief National Historic Park

values: Dilek Peninsula-Büyük Menderes Delta National Park

values:
/wiki/Mount_Honaz_National_Park
mw-redirect
Mount Honaz National Park

values: Mount Spil National Parklus (page does not exist)

values: Boğazköy-Alacahöyük National Park (page does not exist)

values: Battle of Sakarya National Historic Park

values: Göreme National Historic Park (page does not exist)

values: Mount Ararat National Park (page does not exist)

values: Nenehatun National Historic Park (page does not exist)

values: Sarıkamış-Allahuekber Mountains National Park

values: İğneada Floodplain Forests National Park

values:
/wiki/Kazda%C4%9F%C4%B1_National_Park
mw-redirect
Kazdağı National Park

values: Kuş Cenneti National Park (page does not exist)

values: Troy National Historic Park (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Uluda%C4%9F_National_Park
mw-redirect
Uludağ National Park

values:
/wiki/Mount_Nemrut_National_Park
mw-redirect
Mount Nemrut National Park

values: Template talk:Ancient kingdoms in Anatolia

values:
/wiki/Ancient_kingdoms_of_Anatolia
mw-redirect
Ancient kingdoms of Anatolia

values:
/wiki/Assuwa_league
mw-redirect
Assuwa league

values:
/wiki/Doris_(Asia_Minor)
mw-redirect
Doris (Asia Minor)

values: Template talk:Ancient settlements in Turkey

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/4060974-1

values: Category:Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Turkey

values: Category:Archaeological sites in the Marmara Region

values: Category:Former populated places in Turkey

values: Category:Geography of Çanakkale Province

values: Category:Populated places established in the 3rd millennium BC

values: Category:Tourist attractions in Çanakkale Province

values: Category:Pages using citations with format and no URL

values: Category:Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows

values: Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Latin-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Turkish-language text

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2013

values: Category:Articles needing more detailed references

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values:
/wiki/Troy
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values:
/w/index.php?title=Troy&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troje
Troje – Afrikaans
af
af
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-af
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ang
display: none;

values: طروادة – Arabic

values:
https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troya
Troya – Aragonese
an
an
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-an
display: none;

values:
https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troya
Troya – Asturian
ast
ast
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values:
https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troya
Troya – Azerbaijani
az
az
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values: ট্রয় – Bangla

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ba
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: Троя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troja
Troja – Bosnian
bs
bs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values:
https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troia
Troia – Breton
br
br
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-br
display: none;

values:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troia
Troia – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caerdroea
Caerdroea – Welsh
cy
cy
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cy
display: none;

values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troja
Troja – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troja
Troja – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

values:
https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trooja
Trooja – Estonian
et
et
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Τροία – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troya
Troya – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trojo
Trojo – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troia
Troia – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troie
Troie – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fr
display: none;

values:
https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troaje
Troaje – Western Frisian
fy
fy
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gd
display: none;

values:
https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troia
Troia – Galician
gl
gl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values: त्राय – Hindi

values:
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troja
Troja – Croatian
hr
hr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troya
Troya – Ido
io
io
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-io
display: none;

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troya
Troya – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troia
Troia – Interlingua
ia
ia
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ia
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troia
Troia – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: טרויה – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values:
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troia
Troia – Swahili
sw
sw
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sw
display: none;

values:
https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilium
Ilium – Latin
la
la
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troja
Troja – Latvian
lv
lv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troja
Troja – Luxembourgish
lb
lb
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lb
display: none;

values:
https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troja
Troja – Lithuanian
lt
lt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troje
Troje – Limburgish
li
li
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-li
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values:
https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trojja
Trojja – Maltese
mt
mt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-arz
display: none;

values:
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy
Troy – Malay
ms
ms
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ms
display: none;

values: ထရွိုင်းမြို့ – Burmese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-my
display: none;

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troje
Troje – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: ट्रोयको पुरातात्विक क्षेत्र – Nepali

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ne
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ce
display: none;

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troja
Troja – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troja
Troja – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values:
https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trouaie
Trouaie – Norman
nrm
nrm
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

values:
https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troya
Troya – Uzbek
uz
uz
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uz
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pa
display: none;

values:
https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troja
Troja – Palatine German
pfl
pfl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb
display: none;

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troja
Troja – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troia
Troia – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pt
display: none;

values:
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troia
Troia – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values:
https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troja
Troja – Romansh
rm
rm
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-rm
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-qu
display: none;

values:
https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy
Troy – Scots
sco
sco
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troja
Troja – Albanian
sq
sq
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sq
display: none;

values:
https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troia
Troia – Sicilian
scn
scn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-scn
display: none;

values:
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy
Troy – Simple English
simple
simple
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troja
Troja – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troja
Troja – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troija
Troija – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troja
Troja – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values:
https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troya
Troya – Tagalog
tl
tl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
display: none;

values: திராய் – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troya
Troya – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: ٹرائے – Urdu

values:
https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troia
Troia – Venetian
vec
vec
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vec
display: none;

values:
https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troia
Troia – Vietnamese
vi
vi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilio
Ilio – Volapük
vo
vo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vo
display: none;

values:
https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troya
Troya – Waray
war
war
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-war
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values:
https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troya
Troya – Zazaki
diq
diq
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-diq
display: none;

values:
https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troia
Troia – Lingua Franca Nova
lfn
lfn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Troy rootpage-Troy skin-vector action-view