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White House Visitors Office
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A June 1994 tour group exits the White House.
The White House Visitors Office is responsible for public tours of the White House, for maintaining a facility where the public can obtain information about the White House, and for other White House events such as the White House Easter Egg Roll, Holiday Open Houses, Spring and Fall Garden tours, State Arrival Ceremonies and other special events.
The White House Visitor Center, which is managed and operated by the National Park Service, is located within President's Park at the north end of the Herbert C. Hoover Building (the Department of Commerce headquarters) between 14th Street and 15th Street on Pennsylvania Avenue NW, in the Federal Triangle. Since September 11, 2001, it no longer serves as a starting point for those going on a reserved tour of the White House; however, it does provide a unique visitor experience for those who did not schedule a tour. The themes of the six permanent exhibits are "First Families", "Symbols and Images", "White House Architecture", "White House Interiors", "Working White House", and "Ceremonies and Celebrations". Other exhibits change throughout the year. It houses a small bookstore operated by the White House Historical Association.
The Visitors Office is located in the East Wing of the White House and employed seven people at the start of the 2000s.[1] Its role has been unique in that, up to 2001, the White House was the only home of a head of state that was regularly open to the public at no cost.[1] The Director of the White House Visitors Office has been termed in media accounts as "the most powerful person in Washington that you've never heard of."[2] The most recent director was Ellie Schafer.[3][2] Since January 2017, the position has been vacant.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Early history
2 Tickets and methods
3 In the wake of September 11
4 Directors of the White House Visitors Office
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Early history[edit]
Historically, the White House has offered tours to the general public. During the Calvin Coolidge, Herbert Hoover, and Franklin D. Roosevelt administrations, the general public could see the ground floor hallways and the East Room.[5] Those who had been given a special card given by a United States Senator could additionally see the three state parlors on the first floor—Green Room, Blue Room, and Red Room—as well as the State Dining Room.[5]
The White House was closed during U.S. participation in World War II.[5] Upon reopening in November 1946, the Truman administration decided to open all the aforementioned areas to all tour visitors, no Senator needed.[5] But as would always be the case, the real working areas of the White House, such as the Oval Office, were not included on tours, nor were upper floor residential areas. A schedule was established: tours took place between 10:00 and noon, Tuesday through Saturday, with desiring visitors lining up outside the East Gate.[6] About a half million people a year visited, until the operation was shut down in November 1948 for a major renovation of the entire structure.[5]
Tours were restarted in April 1952.[7] In charge of them at that time was the Chief Usher of the White House.[5]
Tours were suspended following the November 22, 1963, assassination of John F. Kennedy, but based upon the request of Jacqueline Kennedy, were resumed seven days later.[8]
Tickets and methods[edit]
The line to get same-day tour tickets stretched a long way around in June 1994, with the Washington Monument looming in the early morning distance.
In 1976 during the United States Bicentennial, long waits in line and a whole morning spent were commonplace due to large numbers in Washington, and a color-coded ticket distribution system was put in place.[9] The system was put in place for good beginning in May 1977.[9]
White House tours were often in high demand. By 1981,[10] a Director of the White House Visitor Center was in charge of the operation. During the early 1980s, as many as 6,000 visitors were accommodated each day, with just as many turned away.[10] Special pleas for tours coming from Washington officials had to be dealt with frequently.[10] In 1981, there was a dispute between First Lady Nancy Reagan and New York U.S. Representative Thomas Downey over his free tickets privileges having been suspended.[11] During the early 1980s recession, White House tours remained fully booked even when other Washington attractions saw declining attendance;[12] the Visitor Center continued to process well over one million visits a year.[12] White House Visitors Office personnel are constantly caught between trying to satisfy demands and expectations for tours and events, and preserving the dignity of the presidential office and setting.[1]
The White House Visitor Office is also in charge of assorted White House special events, such as the annual White House Easter Egg Roll, in the South Lawn, the State Arrival Ceremony for visiting heads of state, and a national Christmas celebration.[10][13]
The Egg Roll in particular is an important function of the office; as one former director of the office stated, "It's the single most high-profile event that takes place at the White House each year, and the White House and the first lady are judged on how well they put it on."[4] Carol McCain, Director of the White House Visitors Office from 1981 to 1987, added participatory activities and doubled the size of the crowds attending the Easter Egg Roll.[14] Later, director Ellie Schafer and First Lady Michelle Obama changed the Egg Roll procedure to have a lottery system for gaining access and to allow more people to participate.[2]
In April 1995 the current White House Visitor Center facility was opened in the Herbert C. Hoover Building, two blocks from the White House.[15] The daily tour ticket distribution place was moved there,[16] with exhibits meant to spend the time until one's tour slot had come about.[15] The yearly run rate for visitors was now at 1.25 million, with as always demand exceeding supply.[15] By 1997, ticket scalping was a persistent problem, with scalpers getting from $5 to $50 a throw.[16]
Early in the George W. Bush administration, White House officials cracked down on commercialized tours trying to get into the building as well as people late getting to their tour slot.[17] Comparison were made against the more lenient policies of the Clinton administration.[17]
On July 22, 2012, the main White House Visitor Center facility closed for an extensive renovation process that will include new exhibit galleries, interactive exhibits and improved visitor services. On July 28, a temporary visitor center opened near the Ellipse Visitor Pavilion at the intersection of 15th and E Street and it remained open until the main visitor center reopened on September 13, 2014.[18][19]
In the wake of September 11[edit]
Interior of the White House Visitors Center, April 2007. First Lady of the United States Laura Bush stands next to 51 State Eggs decorated by artists from each state and D.C.
Tours were suspended in the wake of the September 11, 2001 attacks due to terrorism concerns. In September 2003 they were resumed on a limited basis for groups making prior arrangements through their congressional representatives and submitting to background checks. They were again suspended in March 2013 during the Obama administration, due to the effects of the ongoing budget sequestration, but were resumed again in November 2013.[20]
Presently, a tour of the White House must be arranged through a member of Congress. Reservations may be made a maximum of six months ahead of time, and the White House encourages tours be submitted as close to six months in advance as possible as tours are filled on a first-come, first-served basis. The approval and reservation system was modernized under the Obama administration.[2]
Anyone aged 14 or older who is offered a tour must undergo a background check. This requires providing personal information, including name, date of birth, Social Security number, and country of citizenship.
Tours are available from 7:30 a.m. to 11:30 a.m. Tuesday through Thursday, 7:30 a.m. to 1:30 p.m. Fridays and Saturdays (excluding federal holidays or unless otherwise noted).[21] Tour hours will be extended when possible based on the official White House schedule. They are self-guided and free of charge. Tours are subject to last-minute cancellation.
The process used to screen potential visitors for tours has come under fire due to concerns of identity theft that can affect potential visitors.[22] Concerns include that those who apply to be visitors must provide their personal information to congressional offices, who request this information via e-mail, and in turn, send the information via e-mail to the White House. The e-mail format that is used in this process is susceptible to interception.
Directors of the White House Visitors Office[edit]
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
?
Michael J. Farrell, 1974–77 [23]
?
Carol McCain, 1981–87 [10][14][24]
Debra Romash, 1989–92 [25]
Melinda N. Bates, 1993–2001 [4]
Clare Pritchett, 2001–04 [17][26]
Sara Armstrong, 2004-07 [27]
Amy Allman, 2007–09 [28][29]
Ellie Schafer, 2009–16 [3][4]
vacant, 2017–
See also[edit]
White House visitor logs
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Patterson, Jr., Bradley H. (2001). The White House Staff: Inside the West Wing and Beyond. Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 0-8157-6951-2. p. 400
^ Jump up to: a b c d McCormick, Kelley. "The Most Powerful Person in Washington That You've Never Heard Of". Capitol File. Retrieved September 6, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Gordon, Rachel (2009-01-28). "San Franciscan in the White House". sfgate.com. Retrieved 2009-01-30.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Davis, Julie Hirschfeld (April 11, 2017). "The Latest Test for the White House? Pulling Off Its Easter Egg Roll". The New York Times.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Furman, Bess (1952-05-11). "What a Tour of the New White House Includes". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Copeland, George H (1948-02-08). "Doing the Capitol: Visitors Flock to Washington to Watch Congress in Action and See the Sights". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ "White House Tours to Resume April 22: Public Inspection of Lower Mansion to Be Allowed After More Than Three Years". The New York Times. 1952-04-09.
Jump up ^ "White House Tours to Reopen". The New York Times. United Press International. 1963-11-28.
^ Jump up to: a b "White House Tours to Require a Ticket". The New York Times. Associated Press. 1977-05-29.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Gamarekian, Barbara (1981-08-30). "White House Tour Leader Courted and Criticized". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Weisman, Steven R (1981-06-20). "Truce, Of Sorts, On White House Tours". The New York Times.
^ Jump up to: a b "White House Remains Ever Popular". The New York Times. 1982-09-02.
Jump up ^ Naedele, Walter F (1986-11-18). "O'Neill is Weighing an Invitation For Post as Bicentennial Spokesman". The Philadelphia Inquirer.
^ Jump up to: a b Radcliffe, Donnie (1986-12-30). "Christmas Card Presidents". The Washington Post.
^ Jump up to: a b c Molotsky, Irvin (1995-04-02). "A Visitors' Center For White House Tours". The New York Times.
^ Jump up to: a b "White House Access, for Just $5". The New York Times. 1997-08-03.
^ Jump up to: a b c Sciolino, Elaine (2001-05-13). "Rules on Visitors Recast By Bush's White House". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ "White House Visitor Center Renovation". July 18, 2012. Retrieved August 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ "White House Visitor Center Reopens Saturday, September 13, 2014". Retrieved September 11, 2014.
Jump up ^ Eilperin, Julie (November 5, 2013). "As White House tours resume, the Obamas surprise visitors with a personal welcome". The Washington Post.
Jump up ^ whitehouse.gov
Jump up ^ "White House Tours Could Lead To Identity Theft". WBAL-TV. 2007-11-20. Retrieved 2016-10-11.
Jump up ^ https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/guides/findingaid/farrellfiles.asp
Jump up ^ Naedele, Walter F (February 19, 1987). "Bicentennial Group Adds, Loses Staff". The Philadelphia Inquirer.
Jump up ^ https://news.lafayette.edu/2012/05/18/alumni-who-have-served-in-the-office-of-president-or-vice-president/
Jump up ^ https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/administration/whbriefing/stafflista.html
Jump up ^ https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/government/sarmstrong-bio.html
Jump up ^ "Amy Allman, Director, White House Visitors Office". The White House. Retrieved 2008-06-16.
Jump up ^ https://www.opensecrets.org/revolving/rev_summary.php?id=76600
External links[edit]
Historical tour of the White House
Visiting the White House
FAQs about White House tours
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text:
Executive Order 6102
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Executive Order 6102 is a United States presidential executive order signed on April 5, 1933, by President Franklin D. Roosevelt "forbidding the Hoarding of gold coin, gold bullion, and gold certificates within the continental United States". The limitation on gold ownership in the U.S. was repealed after President Gerald Ford signed a bill legalizing private ownership of gold coins, bars and certificates by an act of Congress codified in Pub.L. 93–373[1] which went into effect December 31, 1974. The order was made under the authority of the Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917, as amended by the Emergency Banking Act the previous month.
Contents
1 Rationale
2 Effect
3 Prosecutions related to Executive Order 6102
4 Subsequent events and Abrogation
5 Hoax of safe deposit box seizures
6 Similar laws in other countries
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Rationale[edit]
The stated reason for the order was that hard times had caused "hoarding" of gold, stalling economic growth and making the depression worse.[2][full citation needed] The New York Times, on April 6, 1933, p. 16, wrote under the headline "Hoarding of Gold", "The Executive Order issued by the President yesterday amplifies and particularizes his earlier warnings against hoarding. On March 6, taking advantage of a wartime statute that had not been repealed, he issued Presidential Proclamation 2039 that forbade the hoarding 'of gold or silver coin or bullion or currency', under penalty of $10,000 and/or up to five to ten years imprisonment."[3]
The main rationale behind the order was actually to remove the constraint on the Federal Reserve which prevented it from increasing the money supply during the depression; the Federal Reserve Act (1913) required 40% gold backing of Federal Reserve Notes issued. By the late 1920s, the Federal Reserve had almost hit the limit of allowable credit (in the form of Federal Reserve demand notes) that could be backed by the gold in its possession (see Great Depression).
Effect[edit]
Executive Order 6102
Executive Order 6102 required all persons to deliver on or before May 1, 1933, all but a small amount of gold coin, gold bullion, and gold certificates owned by them to the Federal Reserve, in exchange for $20.67 (consumer price index, adjusted value of $391 today[4]) per troy ounce. Under the Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917, as amended by the recently passed Emergency Banking Act of March 9, 1933, violation of the order was punishable by fine up to $10,000 (equivalent to $189,049 today[4]) or up to ten years in prison, or both.
Order 6102 specifically exempted "customary use in industry, profession or art", a provision that covered artists, jewelers, dentists, and sign makers among others. The order further permitted any person to own up to $100 in gold coins (a face value equivalent to 5 troy ounces (160 g) of gold valued at about $6,339 in 2016). The same paragraph also exempted "gold coins having recognized special value to collectors of rare and unusual coins". That protected recognized gold coin collections from legal seizure and likely melting.
The price of gold from the Treasury for international transactions was then raised by the Gold Reserve Act to $35 an ounce ($662 today[4]). The resulting profit that the government realized funded the Exchange Stabilization Fund established by the Gold Reserve Act in 1934.
The regulations prescribed within Executive Order 6102 were modified by Executive Order 6111 of April 20, 1933, both of which were ultimately revoked and superseded by Executive Orders 6260 and 6261 of August 28 and 29, 1933, respectively.[5]
Executive Order 6102 also led to the extreme rarity of the 1933 Double Eagle gold coin. The order caused all gold coin production to cease and all 1933 minted coins to be destroyed. About 20 illegal coins were stolen, leading to a standing United States Secret Service warrant for arrest and confiscation of the coin.[citation needed] A legalized surviving coin sold for over $7.5 million in 2002, making it one of the most valuable coins in the world.[6]
Prosecutions related to Executive Order 6102[edit]
Numerous individuals and companies were prosecuted related to President Roosevelt's Executive Order 6102. The prosecutions took place under subsequent Executive Orders 6111,[7] 6260,[8] 6261[9] and the Gold Reserve Act of 1934.
There was a need to strengthen Executive Order 6102, as the one prosecution under the order was ruled invalid by federal judge John M. Woolsey, on the grounds that the order was signed by the President, not the Secretary of the Treasury as required.[10]
The circumstances of the case were that a New York attorney named Frederick Barber Campbell had one deposit at Chase National Bank of over 5,000 troy ounces (160 kg) of gold. When Campbell attempted to withdraw the gold, Chase refused, and Campbell sued Chase. A federal prosecutor then indicted Campbell on the following day (September 27, 1933) for failing to surrender his gold.[11] Ultimately, the prosecution of Campbell failed, but the authority of the federal government to seize gold was upheld, and Campbell's gold was confiscated.
The case was cause for the Roosevelt administration to issue a new order under the signature of the Secretary of the Treasury, Henry Morgenthau, Jr., Executive Orders 6260, 6261, related to the seizure of gold and the prosecution of gold hoarders. A few months later, Congress passed the Gold Reserve Act of 1934 which ratified President Roosevelt's orders. A new set of Treasury regulations was issued providing civil penalties of confiscation of all gold and imposition of fines equal to double the value of the gold seized.
Prosecutions of U.S. citizens and non-citizens followed the new orders, with a few notable cases:
Gus Farber, a diamond and jewelry merchant from San Francisco, was prosecuted for the sale of thirteen $20 gold coins without a license. Secret Service agents discovered the sale with the help of the buyer. Farber, his father, and 12 others were arrested in four American cities after a sting operation conducted by the United States Secret Service. The arrests took place simultaneously in New York and three California cities, San Francisco, San Jose, and Oakland. Morris Anolik was arrested in New York with $5,000 in U.S. and foreign gold coins; Dan Levin and Edward Friedman of San Jose were arrested with $15,000 in gold; Sam Nankin was arrested in Oakland; in San Francisco, nine men were arrested on charges of hoarding gold. In all, $24,000 in gold was seized by Secret Service Agents during the operation.[12]
David Baraban and his son Jacob Baraban owned a refining company. The Barabans' license to deal in unmelted scrap gold was revoked, so the Barabans operated their refining business under a license issued to a Minnie Sarch. The Barabans admitted that Minnie Sarch had nothing to do with the business, and that she had obtained the license so that the Barabans could continue to deal in gold. The Barabans had a cigar box full of gold-filled scrap jewelry visible in one of the showcases. Government agents raided the Barabans' business and found another hidden box of U.S. and foreign gold coins. The coins were seized and Baraban was charged with conspiracy to defraud the United States.[13]
Louis Ruffino was one individual who was indicted on three counts purporting to violations of the Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917, which restricted trade with countries hostile to the United States. Eventually, Ruffino appealed[14] the conviction to the Circuit Court of Appeals 9th District in 1940; however, the judgment of the lower courts was upheld based on the President's executive orders and the Gold Reserve Act of 1934. Ruffino, a resident of Sutter Creek in California-gold country, was convicted of possessing 78 ounces of gold and was sentenced to 6 months in jail, paid a $500 fine, and had his gold seized.[15]
Foreigners also had gold confiscated, and were forced to accept paper money for their gold. The Uebersee Finanz-Korporation, a Swiss banking company, had $1,250,000 in gold coins for business use. The Uebersee Finanz-Korporation entrusted the gold to an American firm for safekeeping, and the Swiss were shocked to find that their gold was confiscated. The Swiss made appeals, but those appeals were denied; they were entitled to paper money, but not their gold. The Swiss company would have lost 40% of their gold's value if they had tried to buy the same amount of gold with the paper money they received in exchange for their confiscated gold.[16]
Another type of de facto gold seizure occurred as a result of the various Executive Orders involving bonds, gold certificates and private contracts. Private contracts or bonds which were written in terms of gold were to be paid in paper currency instead of gold. This was in spite of the fact that these contracts and bonds all proclaimed that they were payable in gold, and at least one, the fourth Liberty Bond, was a federal instrument. The plaintiffs in all cases received paper money instead of (the contract terms') gold. The contracts and bonds were written precisely to avoid currency debasement by requiring payment in gold coin. The paper money which was redeemable in gold was instead irredeemable based on Nortz v. United States, 294 U.S. 317 (1935). The consolidated Gold Clause Cases were:
Perry v. United States, 294 U.S. 330 (1935)
U.S. v. Bankers' Trust Co., 294 U.S. 240 (1935)[17]
Norman v. Baltimore & Ohio R. Co., 294 U.S. 240 (1935)
Nortz v. United States, 294 U.S. 317 (1935)
The Supreme Court upheld all seizures as constitutional, with Justices James Clark McReynolds, Willis Van Devanter, George Sutherland, and Pierce Butler dissenting.[18] The four justices were nicknamed the "Four Horsemen" by the press, as their conservative views were in opposition to President Roosevelt's New Deal agenda.
Subsequent events and Abrogation[edit]
The Gold Reserve Act of 1934 made gold clauses unenforceable, and changed the value of gold from $20.67 to $35 per ounce, thereby devaluing the U.S. dollar, as the dollar was gold-based. This price remained in effect until August 15, 1971, when President Richard Nixon announced that the United States would no longer convert dollars to gold at a fixed value, thus abandoning the gold standard for foreign exchange (see Nixon Shock).
The private ownership of gold certificates was legalized in 1964, and they can be openly owned by collectors but are not redeemable in gold. The limitation on gold ownership in the U.S. was repealed after President Gerald Ford signed a bill to "permit United States citizens to purchase, hold, sell, or otherwise deal with gold in the United States or abroad" with an act of Congress codified in Pub.L. 93–373,[19][20][21] which went into effect December 31, 1974. P.L. 93-373 did not repeal the Gold Repeal Joint Resolution,[22][23] which made unlawful any contracts that specified payment in a fixed amount of money as gold or a fixed amount of gold. That is, contracts remained unenforceable if they used gold monetarily rather than as a commodity of trade. However, an Act enacted on Oct. 28, 1977, Pub. L. No. 95-147, § 4(c), 91 Stat. 1227, 1229 (originally codified at 31 U.S.C. § 463 note, re-codified as amended at 31 U.S.C. § 5118(d)(2)) amended the 1933 Joint Resolution and made it clear that parties could again include so-called gold clauses in contracts formed after 1977.[24]
Hoax of safe deposit box seizures[edit]
According to a hoax,[which?] Roosevelt ordered all the safe deposit boxes in the country seized and searched for gold by an official of the Internal Revenue Service. A typical example of the text of the alleged order reads:
By Executive Order Of The President of The United States, March 9, 1933.
By virtue of the authority vested in me by Section 5 (b) of the Act of October 6, 1917, as amended by Section 2 of the Act of March 9, 1933, in which Congress declared that a serious emergency exists, I as President, do declare that the national emergency still exists; that the continued private hoarding of gold and silver by subjects of the United States poses a grave threat to the peace, equal justice, and well-being of the United States; and that appropriate measures must be taken immediately to protect the interests of our people.
Therefore ... I hereby proclaim that such gold and silver holdings are prohibited, and that all such coin, bullion or other possessions of gold and silver be tendered within fourteen days to agents of the Government ... for compensation at the official price, in the legal tender of the Government.
All safe deposit boxes in banks or financial institutions have been sealed ... All sales or purchases or movements of such gold and silver ... are hereby prohibited.
Your possession ... and/or safe deposit box to store them is known by the government from bank and insurance records. Therefore ... your vault box must remain sealed, and may only be opened in the presence of an agent of the Internal Revenue Service.
By lawful order ..., the President of the United States.
The first known reference to this hoax was in the book After the Crash: Life In the New Great Depression.[25] The fake text refers only to gold, not to silver, which was added by 1998 to Internet references. It claims to be an Executive Order, yet whoever wrote the text wrote it to apply to specific individuals (e.g. "Your possession"), so if the text did originate from the government, it would have been sent to individuals, not published as an Executive Order. The first paragraph starts with the actual text of Executive Order 6102, then edits it slightly (e.g. changing "said national emergency" to "a national emergency" and "still continues to exist" to "still exists"), and then adds apparently made-up text. Due to the minor edits and how the real text and fake text are combined mid-sentence, it is almost certainly an intentionally designed hoax rather than an accident.
Most of this text does not appear in the actual Executive Order.[26] In fact, safe deposit boxes held by individuals were not forcibly searched or seized under the order and the few prosecutions that occurred in the 1930s for gold "hoarding" were executed under different statutes. One of the few such cases occurred in 1936, when a safe deposit box containing over 10,000 troy ounces (310 kg) of gold belonging to Zelik Josefowitz, who was not a U.S. citizen, was seized with a search warrant as part of a tax evasion prosecution.[27]
The U.S. Treasury also came into possession of a large number of safe deposit boxes due to bank failures. During the 1930s, over 3,000 banks failed and the contents of their safe deposit boxes were remanded to the custody of the Treasury. If no one claimed the box, it remained in the possession of the Treasury. In October 1981, there were 1,605 cardboard cartons in the basement of the Treasury, each carton containing the contents of one unclaimed safe deposit box.[28]
Similar laws in other countries[edit]
In Australia, Part IV of the Banking Act 1959 allows the Commonwealth government to seize private citizens' gold in return for paper money where the Governor-General "is satisfied that it is expedient so to do, for the protection of the currency or of the public credit of the Commonwealth".[29] On January 30, 1976, this part's operation was "suspended".[30]
See also[edit]
Fiat money
Gold
Gold Clause Cases
Emergency Banking Act March 9, 1933
Executive Order 6814, a similar Order pertaining to silver, signed in 1934
References[edit]
Jump up ^ [1], [2]
Jump up ^ Christian Science Monitor. April 5, 1933. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ "Hoarding of Gold". The New York Times. April 6, 1933. p. 16.
^ Jump up to: a b c Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ Roosevelt, Franklin D. (1938). Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Volume II, The Year of Crisis, 1933. New York: Random House. p. 352. OCLC 690922370.
Jump up ^ Suzan, Clarke (2013-01-29). "Rare silver dollar coin sets world record auction price". ABC News. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Wikisource:Executive Order 6111
Jump up ^ Wikisource:Executive Order 6260
Jump up ^ Wikisource:Executive Order 6261
Jump up ^ "Sequels". Time. November 27, 1933.
Jump up ^ "Gold Indictment No. 1". Time. October 9, 1933.
Jump up ^ "Bootleg Gold Ring Smashed in California: 13 Men Are Accused Of Violating Federal Restrictions". The Evening Independent. April 13, 1939.
Jump up ^ "FindACase: United States v. Scrap". Ny.findacase.com. 1938-01-10. Retrieved 2013-12-30.
Jump up ^ https://law.resource.org/pub/us/case/ca9/pdf/govuscourtsca9briefs2201.pdf
Jump up ^ "Ruffino V. United States". Leagle.com. Retrieved 2013-12-30.
Jump up ^ "Uebersee Finanz-Korporation, Etc. V. Rosen". Leagle.com. Retrieved 2013-12-30.
Jump up ^ "FindLaw | Cases and Codes". Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com. Retrieved 2013-12-30.
Jump up ^ "Perry v. United States - 294 U.S. 330 (1935) :: Justia US Supreme Court Center". Supreme.justia.com. Retrieved 2013-12-30.
Jump up ^ Public Law 93-373 (PDF), Government Printing Office, August 14, 1974
Jump up ^ United State Congress (August 14, 1974). "An Act to provide for increased participation by the United States in the International Development Association and to permit United States citizens to purchase, hold, sell, or otherwise deal with gold in the United States or abroad". Pub.L. 93–373.
Jump up ^ "Statements of Policy: Gold". FDIC Law, Regulations, Related Acts. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.
Jump up ^ Wikisource:Gold Repeal Joint Resolution
Jump up ^ Norman v. Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Co. , 294 U.S. 240 (1935).
Jump up ^ 216 Jamaica Avenue, LLC v. S & R Playhouse Realty Co. , 540 F.3d 433 (United States Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit 2008).
Jump up ^ Michael Haga. After the Crash: Life In the New Great Depression, Acclaim Publishing Co., 1996, pp. 193-194.
Jump up ^ Roosevelt, Franklin D. (April 5, 1933). "Executive Order 6102: Requiring Gold Coin, Gold Bullion and Gold Certificates to Be Delivered to the Government".
Jump up ^ "Josefowitz Gold". Time. March 2, 1936.
Jump up ^ Apcar, Leonard M. (October 15, 1981). "Treasury's Vaults Disgorge Treasures from the Depression: Memorabilia, Valuables Taken When Banks Were Closed May Be Opened For Claims". Wall Street Journal.
Jump up ^ Parliament of Australia (1959). "Banking Act 1959". Commonwealth Consolidated Acts. Commonwealth of Australia.
Jump up ^ Suchecki, Bron (August 4, 2008). "A History of Gold Controls in Australia". Gold Chat. Self-published.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Executive Order 6102
Text of Executive Order 6102 from The American Presidency Project.
1933 Audio of FDR's Banking Crisis Fireside Chat
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Early American Industries Association
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article relies too much on references to primary sources. Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources. (May 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Early American Industries Association
Founded
August 31, 1933; 84 years ago (1933-08-31)[1]
Tax ID no.
15-6024410[2]
Legal status
501(c)(3) nonprofit organization[3]
Headquarters
Hebron, Maryland[2]
President
Pat Lasswell[4]
Executive Director
John Verrill[4]
Revenue (2014)
$140,239[2]
Expenses (2014)
$140,170[2]
Endowment
$454,393[2]
Employees (2014)
1[2]
Volunteers (2014)
35[2]
Website
earlyamericanindustries.org
The Early American Industries Association (EAIA) was founded in 1933 by a group of people interested in the traditional trades and crafts of early America. They met to discuss the rapidly disappearing practitioners of these trades, including those of the shop, farm, sea, and home. They were concerned about the loss of the skills and knowledge of the tools and practices of those trades and wanted to do something to preserve them. Their solution was the formation of the EAIA, subsequently incorporated on March 16, 1942,[5] as a nonprofit educational organization interested in all aspects of the mechanical arts in America.
The work of the EAIA is funded through support from over 2,000 members across the USA and abroad and revenue earned through sales of publications, merchandise, and programs. These resources enable the EAIA to preserve and present historic trades, crafts, and tools and to interpret their impact on our lives.
Contents
[hide]
1 Activities
2 Books inspired by the EAIA
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Activities[edit]
The association immediately commenced publication of a quarterly journal, The Chronicle, which publishes articles on a broad variety of subjects within their fields of interest. Over the years they have issued occasional publications, reprinting important texts and disseminating historical documents and images. Recent publications include the Directory of American Toolmakers, A Pattern Book of Tools and Household Goods, and a CD-ROM comprising the first 60 volumes of The Chronicle.
The EAIA holds an annual meeting, usually held at a major museum with related interests, at which there are programs by members including talks, demonstrations, displays and tool exchanges. There are also regional meetings around the country providing smaller, more accessible versions of the annual meeting.
Since 1978 the EAIA has made over 100 research grants to support original research, publication, and exhibitions related to their mission. For more than a decade a week-long program of workshops have taken place in cooperation with Eastfield Village, East Nassau, NY, at which participants are introduced to a number of traditional trades. There is also an annual "Tool Tour" to Europe focused on museums, sites, and collections related to the history of the mechanical arts.
Books inspired by the EAIA[edit]
Testimony to the effectiveness of the EAIA may be found in many publications, including:
American Woodworking Tools, by Paul B. Kebabian & Dudley Whitney, New York Graphic Society (1979) ISBN 0-8212-0731-8
Collecting Antique Tools, by Herbert P. Kean & Emil S. Pollak, Astragal Press (1990) ISBN 0-9618088-5-3
Tools: A Guide for Collectors, by Jane & Mark Rees, Astragal Press (1999) ISBN 0-904638-12-X
The Wooden Plane, by John M. Whelan, Astragal Press (1993) ISBN 1-8793353-2-8
A Treasury of American Scrimshaw, by Michael McManus, Studio (1997) ISBN 0-670-86234-7
Before Photocopying: The Art and History of Mechanical Copying 1780-1938, by Barbara J. Rhodes & William W. Streeter, Oak Knoll (1999) ISBN 1-8847186-1-2
With Hammer in Hand, by Charles F. Hummel, University Press of Virginia (1976) ISBN 0-8139-0124-3
See also[edit]
Historic preservation
Tools and Trades History Society
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "About EAIA". Early American Industries Association. Accessed on May 22, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "Form 990: Return of Organization Exempt from Income Tax". Early American Industries Association. Guidestar. December 31, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Early American Industries Association". Exempt Organizations Select Check. Internal Revenue Service. Accessed on May 22, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "EAIA Standing Committees 2015-2016". Early American Industries Association. Accessed on May 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Early American Industries Association". Division of Corporations. New York State Department of State. Accessed on May 22, 2016.
External links[edit]
Official website
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Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History
Historians of American Communism
Historic Districts Council
Leo Baeck Institute New York
Morgan Library & Museum
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Veteran Corps of Artillery of the State of New York
World Monuments Fund
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Staten Island
Staten Island Historical Society
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Adirondack Architectural Heritage (Keeseville)
American Society for Eighteenth-Century Studies (Buffalo)
Brunswick Historical Society (Brunswick)
Chemung County Historical Society (Elmira)
Clinton Historical Society (Clinton)
Columbia County Historical Society (Hudson)
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Jay Heritage Center (Rye)
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Schenectady County Historical Society (Schenectady)
Social Science History Association (Ithaca)
St. Lawrence County Historical Association (Canton)
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Thomas Paine National Historical Association (New Rochelle)
Ulster & Delaware Railroad Historical Society (Roxbury)
Yates County Genealogical and Historical Society (Penn Yan)
Pennsylvania
Philadelphia
German Society of Pennsylvania
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Historical Society of Frankford
Historical Society of Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania German Society
Presbyterian Historical Society
Society for Classical Studies
Society for Historians of the Early American Republic
Pittsburgh
Historical Society of Western Pennsylvania
Pittsburgh History and Landmarks Foundation
Waynesboro
Antietam Historical Association
Waynesboro Historical Society
Others
Bellefonte Historical Railroad Society (Bellefonte)
Carbondale Historical Society and Museum (Carbondale)
Chester County Historical Society (West Chester)
Friends of the East Broad Top (Huntingdon County)
Gettysburg Battlefield Memorial Association (Gettysburg)
Historical Society of Berks County (Reading)
Johnny Reb Gaming Society (York)
Lehigh County Historical Society (Allentown)
Luzerne County Historical Society (Wilkes-Barre)
Moravian Historical Society (Nazareth)
Peace History Society (Gwynedd Valley)
Pennsylvania Federation of Historical Societies
Pennsylvania Historical Association (Mansfield)
Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission (Harrisburg)
Pennsylvania Railroad Technical and Historical Society
Rough and Tumble Engineers Historical Association (Kinzers)
Washington County History & Landmarks Foundation (Washington)
Washington, D.C.
Advisory Council on Historic Preservation
American Historical Association
American Institute for Conservation
American Studies Association
Association for the Study of African American Life and History
Atomic Heritage Foundation
Civil War Trust
Florida House on Capitol Hill
German Historical Institute
Historic Preservation Fund
Historical Society of Washington, D.C.
The National Society of the Colonial Dames of America
National Trust for Historic Preservation
Naval Historical Foundation
Naval History and Heritage Command
Records of the Past Exploration Society
Society for History in the Federal Government
Society for Industrial Archeology
Supreme Court Historical Society
United States Capitol Historical Society
United States Committee of the International Council on Monuments and Sites
White House Historical Association
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Early_American_Industries_Association&oldid=831568845"
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