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Shangri-La
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This article is about the legendary fictional location. For the city in Yunnan, China, see Shangri-La City. For the aircraft carrier, see USS Shangri-La (CV-38). For other uses, see Shangri-La (disambiguation).
Shangri-La
Lost Horizon location
Genre
Novel
Type
Valley
Shangri-La is a fictional place described in the 1933 novel Lost Horizon by British author James Hilton. Hilton describes Shangri-La as a mystical, harmonious valley, gently guided from a lamasery, enclosed in the western end of the Kunlun Mountains. Shangri-La has become synonymous with any earthly paradise, particularly a mythical Himalayan utopia – a permanently happy land, isolated from the world. In the novel, the people who live at Shangri-La are almost immortal, living hundreds of years beyond the normal lifespan and only very slowly ageing in appearance. The name also evokes the imagery of exoticism of the Orient.
In the ancient Tibetan scriptures, the existence of seven such places is mentioned as Nghe-Beyul Khembalung.[1] Khembalung is one of several beyuls (hidden lands similar to Shangri-La) believed to have been created by Padmasambhava in the 9th century as idyllic, sacred places of refuge for Buddhists during times of strife (Reinhard, 1978).
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 Location
2.1 Ancient sources with similar descriptions
2.2 Possible sources for Hilton
2.3 Current claimants
2.4 Recent searches and documentaries
3 In popular culture
3.1 In astronomy
3.2 Gardens and resorts
3.3 In film
3.4 In television
3.5 In literature
4 Usage
5 See also
6 References
6.1 Citations
6.2 Sources
7 External links
Etymology[edit]
The phrase "Shangri-La" most probably comes from the Tibetan ཞང་,"Shang" – a district of Ü-Tsang, north of Tashilhunpo[2]" + རི, pronounced "ri", "Mountain" = "Shang Mountain" + ལ, Mountain Pass, which suggests that the area is accessed to, or is named by, "Shang Mountain Pass".
While the name Shangri-La is of relatively recent origin, the concept previously existed.
Some scholars believe that the Shangri-La story owes a literary debt to Shambhala, a mythical kingdom in Tibetan Buddhist tradition, which was sought by Eastern and Western explorers.[3]
Jewish sources describe a city named Luz, "in which the angel of death has no permission to enter: its citizens have the ability to live forever."[4] The same description is given for a location named Kushta - based on the Aramaic word for truth. In this city, the only reason for death was if a person told an untruth.[5]
Location[edit]
Academic scholars have debunked the myth of Shangri-La and argued that this has less to do with an unexplored place and is more connected to a fantasy of the Western world.[6][7]
Ancient sources with similar descriptions[edit]
Zhongdian in Yunnan
In China, the poet Tao Yuanming of the Jin Dynasty (265–420 BCE) described a kind of Shangri-La in his work The Tale of the Peach Blossom Spring (Chinese: 桃花源記; pinyin: Táohuā Yuán Jì). The story goes that there was a fisherman from Wuling[disambiguation needed], who came across a beautiful peach grove, and he discovered happy and content people who lived completely cut off from the troubles in the outside world since the Qin Dynasty (221–207 BCE).[8]
Shambhala is a core concept in Tibetan Buddhism that describes a realm of harmony between man and nature that is also connected with the Kalachakra or "wheel of time". The Shambhala ideal is described in detail in the Shambhala Sutra, a historical text written by the Sixth Panchen Lama (1737–1780) which describes some of the Shambhala locations as being in Ngari, the western prefecture of Tibet.[3][9][10]
Folklore from the Altai Mountains describe Mount Belukha as a gateway to Shambhala.[11] The Kun Lun Mountains (崑崙山) offer another possible place for valleys like the Shangri-La, since Hilton specifically described the “Kuen-Lun” mountains as its likely location in the book, however Hilton is not known to have visited or studied the area.[citation needed] Parts of the Kun Lun lie within Ngari, mentioned in the Shambhala Sutra.[3][9][10]
Possible sources for Hilton[edit]
In a New York Times interview in 1936, Hilton states that he used "Tibetan material" from the British Museum, particularly the travelogue of two French priests, Evariste Regis Huc and Joseph Gabet, to provide the Tibetan cultural and Buddhist spiritual inspiration for Shangri-La.[12][13] Huc and Gabet travelled a roundtrip between Beijing and Lhasa in 1844–1846 on a route more than 250 kilometres (160 mi) north of Yunnan. Their famous travelogue, first published in French in 1850,[14] went through many editions in many languages.[15] A popular "condensed translation" was published in England in 1928,[16] at the time that Hilton would have been gathering inspiration for – or perhaps writing – Lost Horizon.
Current claimants[edit]
Today various places claim the title, such as parts of southern Kham in northwestern Yunnan province, including the tourist destinations of Lijiang[citation needed] and Zhongdian. In modern China, Zhongdian county was renamed Xiānggélǐlā (香格里拉, Shangri-La in Chinese) in 2001, to attract tourists.
Hilton visited the Hunza Valley in northern Pakistan, close to the Chinese border, a few years before Lost Horizon was published; hence it is a popularly believed inspiration for Hilton's physical description of Shangri-La.[17] Being an isolated green valley surrounded by mountains, enclosed on the western end of the Himalayas, it closely matches the description in the novel; also, in an ironic reversal on the story, due to increased exposure to ultraviolet radiation, inhabitants of the high-altitude parts of the valley appear to age quickly.[citation needed] However, because the Hunza Valley does not have Tibetan culture and lacks Buddhist religion, it could not have been the inspiration for the cultural context for Hilton's story.
Places like Sichuan and Tibet also claim the real Shangri-La was in its[where?] territory. In 2001, Tibet Autonomous Region put forward a proposal that the three regions optimise all Shangri-La tourism resources and promote them as one. After failed attempts to establish a China Shangri-la Ecological Tourism Zone in 2002 and 2003, government representatives of Sichuan and Yunnan provinces and Tibet Autonomous Region signed a declaration of co-operation in 2004. Also in 2001, Zhongdian County in northwestern Yunnan officially renamed itself Shangri-La County.
Recent searches and documentaries[edit]
American explorers Ted Vaill and Peter Klika visited the Muli area of southern Sichuan Province in 1999, and claimed that the Muli monastery in this remote region was the model for James Hilton's Shangri-La, which they thought Hilton learned about from articles on this area in several National Geographic magazine articles in the late 1920s and early 1930s written by Austrian-American explorer Joseph Rock.[18] Vaill completed a film based on their research, "Finding Shangri-La", which debuted at the Cannes Film Festival in 2007. However, Michael McRae unearthed an obscure James Hilton interview from a New York Times gossip column where he reveals his cultural inspiration for Shangri-La and, if it is any place, it is more than 250 km north of Muli on the route travelled by Huc and Gabet.[12][13]
Between 2002–2004 a series of expeditions were led by author and film maker Laurence Brahm in western China which determined that the Shangri-La mythical location in Hilton's book Lost Horizon was based on references to northern Yunnan Province from articles published by National Geographic's first resident explorer Joseph Rock.[9]
On 2 December 2010, OPB televised one of Martin Yan's Hidden China episodes, "Life in Shangri-La", in which Yan said that "Shangri-La" is the actual name of a real town in the hilly and mountainous region in northwestern Yunnan Province, frequented by both Han and Tibetan locals. Martin Yan visited arts and craft shops, local farmers as they harvest crops, and sampled their cuisine.
Television presenter and historian Michael Wood, in the "Shangri-La" episode of the BBC documentary series In Search of Myths and Heroes, suggests that the legendary Shangri-La is the abandoned city of Tsaparang in upper Satluj valley, and that its two great temples were once home to the kings of Guge in modern Tibet.
In popular culture[edit]
This article indiscriminately collects miscellaneous information. Please compress this material to remove any irrelevant or unimportant information. (February 2017)
There are a number of cultural usages of the Shangri-La idea that have developed since 1933 in the wake of the novel and the film made from it.
In astronomy[edit]
In 2006 the International Astronomical Union gave the equatorial, dark, low-lying area of Saturn's moon Titan the name Shangri-La.[19]
Gardens and resorts[edit]
In 1937 Lutcher Stark, a Texas philanthropist, started building his own Shangri-La in Orange, Texas. His Shangri-La was an azalea garden situated alongside a cypress-tupelo swamp. By 1950, thousands of people were travelling to Orange to visit Shangri-La, and many magazines published photographs of it. In 1958, a major snowstorm struck east Texas,[20] destroying thousands of azaleas and closing the garden for 40 years. The garden has recently been renovated and is now open to the public once again.[21][22][23]
The businessman Harold Nixon Porter established a nature reserve called Shangri-La in Betty's Bay in South Africa in 1955. The name was changed to Harold Porter National Botanical Garden when the reserve was bequeathed to the National Botanic Gardens of South Africa in 1959.[24]
In 1983 a tourist resort built on the banks of Kachura Lake in Skardu, northern Pakistan, was based on the idea of Hilton's novel. The resort is named Shangrila Resort. Today, the lake itself is also known as Shangrila Lake.[25]
In film[edit]
California's Ojai Valley was the location for the Frank Capra film Lost Horizon (1937). The outdoor scenes of the villagers of Shangri-La and a cavorting Ronald Colman and Jane Wyatt were in fact filmed in nearby Sherwood Forest (Westlake Village) and Palm Springs. The exterior of the grand lamasery was built and later dismantled on the Columbia Ranch in Burbank, California.[26] However, according to film historian Kendall Miller in the photodocumentary bonus feature on the Lost Horizon DVD, an aerial shot of Ojai Valley taken from an outlook on Highway 150 was used to represent the Shangri-La valley.
Remade in 1973, in film of the same name, Lost Horizon (1973), starring Peter Finch, Luv Ullman, Sir John Gielgud, Michael York,Charles Boyer.
In the Movie Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow after being knocked unconscious by a large amount of dynamite, Joe Sullivan (Jude Law), Polly Perkins (Gwyneth Paltrow) and Kaji (Omid Djalili) wake up in Shangri-La and are given new clothes by Tibetan-speaking monks as their old ones had to be burned due to radiation.
In television[edit]
Shangri-La as part of the plot
Season 7, Episode 20 of Boy Meets World: "As Time Goes By"[27]
Season 10, Episode 1 of Hallmark Hall of Fame: "Shangri-La"[28]
In literature[edit]
Eiichi Ikegami wrote a novel titled Shangri-La (2005); an anime adaptation of the novel was released in 2008.
Usage[edit]
Shangri-La is often used in a similar context to "Garden of Eden," to represent a paradise hidden from modern man. It is sometimes used as an analogy for a lifelong quest or something elusive that is much sought. For a man who spends his life obsessively looking for a cure to a disease, such a cure could be said to be that man's "Shangri-La." It also might be used to represent perfection that is sought by man in the form of love, happiness, or Utopian ideals. It may be used in this context alongside other mythical and famous examples of somewhat similar metaphors such as El Dorado, The Fountain of Youth, and The Holy Grail.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
List of mythological places
Agharta
Arcadia
Atlantis
Avalon
Camelot
Cockaigne
Hyperborea
Iram of the Pillars
Mahoroba
The Peach Blossom Spring
Prester John
Sagala
Shambhala
Skardu
Thule
Valhalla
Xanadu
Zion
References[edit]
Citations[edit]
Jump up ^ Shrestha, Dr. Tirtha Bahadur; Joshi, Rabindra Man; Sangam, Khagendra (2009). The Makalu-Barun National Park & Buffer Zone Brochure. Makalu-Barun National Park.
Jump up ^ Chandra Das – Tibetan English Dictionary
^ Jump up to: a b c LePage, Victoria (1996). Shambhala: The Fascinating Truth Behind The Myth Of Shangri-La. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "Between Luz And Beit El: The Power of Transformational Moments".
Jump up ^ Matityahu Glazerson (1996). Torah, Light and Healing: Mystical Insights into Healing. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 146163217X.
Jump up ^ Bishop, Peter (1989). The myth of Shangri-La: Tibet, travel writing, and the western creation of sacred landscape. Berkeley: University of California Press. https://www.amazon.com/Myth-Shangri-Writing-Creation-Landscape/dp/0520066863
Jump up ^ Lopez, Donald (1998). Prisoners of Shangri-La. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. http://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/P/bo3637030.html
Jump up ^ Yutang, Lin (translator). "The Peach Colony by Tao Yuanming". Retrieved 2011-11-19.
^ Jump up to: a b c Brahm, Laurence. (2004). Shambhala Sutrah (film expedition).
^ Jump up to: a b Stein, R. A. (1972). Tibetan Civilization, pp. 88–89. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-0806-1 (cloth); ISBN 0-8047-0901-7 (pbk)
Jump up ^ aprilholloway. "Mysteries of the Kingdom of Shambhala".
^ Jump up to: a b Michael McRae. (2002). The Siege of Shangri-La: The Quest for Tibet's Sacred Hidden Paradise. New York: Broadway Books.
^ Jump up to: a b B.R. Crisler. (1936). Film gossip of the week. The New York Times, 26 July 1936, section 9, page 3.
Jump up ^ Evariste Regis Huc. (1850). Souvenirs d'un voyage dans la Tartarie, le Thibet et la Chine pendant les annees 1844, 1845, et 1846. Paris.
Jump up ^ Beatrice Mille. (1953). A selective survey of literature on Tibet. American Political Science Review, 47 (4): 1135–1151.
Jump up ^ Evariste Regis Huc & Joseph Gabet. (1928). Travels in Tartary, Thibet and China, 1844–1846. Edited and translated by William Hazlitt. London: Routledge.
Jump up ^ "Shangri-la Valley". Adventure Tours Pakistan. 20 June 2006. Archived from the original on 15 June 2006. Retrieved 2006-07-29.
Jump up ^ "Could This Be the Way to Shangri-La?" by Timothy Carroll (29 July 2002). Electronic Telegraph. London.
Jump up ^ "Planetary Names: Albedo Feature: Shangri-La on Titan". Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Retrieved 2014-09-18.
Jump up ^ "About LCM, Orange, Texas". Little Cypress – Mauriceville CISD. Archived from the original on 2012-04-25. Retrieved 2011-11-19.
Jump up ^ "Shangri La Botanical Gardens & Nature Centre, Orange Texas". Retrieved 2011-11-19.
Jump up ^ "Beauty, Peace and Enlightenment at Shangri La Gardens in Orange, Texas (Part 1)". Blue Eyes and Bluebonnets. 15 April 2009. Archived from the original on 22 August 2011. Retrieved 2011-11-19.
Jump up ^ "MESA /Jeffrey Carbo Landscape Architects, Joint Venture Announce Opening of Shangri La" (PDF). MESA Design Group. 15 April 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 2011-11-19.
Jump up ^ McCracken, Donal P. McCracken & McCracken, Eileen M. (1988). The Way to Kirstenbosch National Botanic Gardens: Cape Town. p. 108. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Shangri La, Lake. "Shangri La a Mythical Place from James Hilton Novel to Lake Resort in Skardu". www.skardu.pk. Skardu.pk. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Marooned". uchicago.edu. April 23, 2002. Archived from the original on 2005-04-19.
Jump up ^ Topanga accidentally discovers the existence of a time continuum vortex in the back of the apartment closet. She is transported, with no memory of her real identity, to a 1940s-era black and white universe containing a café called Rory's Shangri-La, where people go to forget their troubles.
Jump up ^ A 1960 musical version of Lost Horizon, starring Claude Rains and Richard Basehart http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0335407/?ref_=nm_flmg_act_25
Sources[edit]
Allen, Charles. (1999). The Search for Shangri-La: A Journey into Tibetan History. Little, Brown and Company (UK). ISBN 0-316-64810-8. Reprinted by Abacus, London. 2000. ISBN 0-349-11142-1.
Reinhard, Johan (1978) Khembalung: The Hidden Valley. Kailash, A Journal of Himalayan Studies 6(1): 5–35, Kathmandu.
Wood, Michael (2005) "Michael Wood: In search of Myths and Heroes: Shangri-La" PBS Educational Broadcasting Company
Mother Love Bone single "This is Shangri-La" of debut album "Apple" (1990)
External links[edit]
Look up Shangri-La in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
www.LostHorizon.org - information about the book, movie, and real life Shangri-Las
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Jasola Apollo metro station
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Jasola Apollo
Delhi Metro station
Location
Jasola, New Delhi 110025
Coordinates
28°32′18″N 77°17′00″E / 28.538284°N 77.2832552°E / 28.538284; 77.2832552
Owned by
Delhi Metro
Line(s)
Violet Line
Platforms
Side platform
Platform-1 → Escorts Mujesar
Platform-2 →Kashmere Gate via Lal Qila
Tracks
2
Construction
Structure type
Elevated, Double-track
Platform levels
2
Parking
Available [1]
Disabled access
Yes
Other information
Status
Staffed, Operational
Station code
JLA
History
Opened
October 3, 2010; 7 years ago (2010-10-03)
Electrified
25 kV 50 Hz AC through overhead catenary
Traffic
Passengers (Jan 2015)
9,530/day
295,416/ Month average [2]
Services
Preceding station
Delhi Metro
Following station
Harkesh Nagar Okhla
toward Kashmere Gate
Violet Line
Sarita Vihar
toward Escorts Mujesar
Location
Jasola Apollo metro station
Location in Delhi
Jasola Apollo is a Delhi Metro station in Delhi. It is located between Harkesh Nagar Okhla and Sarita Vihar stations on the Violet Line.
Contents
1 History
2 The station
2.1 Station layout
2.2 Facilities
3 Entry/Exit
4 Connections
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
The station was opened with the first section of the Line on 3 October 2010 in time for the Commonwealth Games opening ceremony on the same day.
This station is named to denote its vicinity to the nearby Jasola area and Indraprastha Apollo hospital.The station is spread in a relatively big area and is connected to the Apollo hospital via a huge foot-over-bridge.
The station[edit]
Station layout[edit]
G Street Level Exit/Entrance
L1 Mezzanine Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover
L2 Side platform No- 1, doors will open on the left
Southbound Towards →Escorts Mujesar
Northbound →Towards ←Kashmere Gate
Side platform No- 2, doors will open on the left
L2
Facilities[edit]
The station also houses several ATMs, food kiosks and a book store run by WHSmith. List of available ATM at Jasola Apollo metro station are IndusInd Bank, Ratnakar Bank [3]
Entry/Exit[edit]
Jasola Apollo metro station Entry/exits
Gate No-1
Gate No-2

Connections[edit]
It is located on Mathura road. A nearby "kos-minar" (kos is an Indian unit of distance) belonging to Sher-shah suri sultanate is visible from the balcony of this station.[4]
See also[edit]
Delhi
Govindpuri
List of Delhi Metro stations
Transport in Delhi
Delhi Metro Rail Corporation
Delhi Suburban Railway
Delhi Monorail
Delhi Transport Corporation
South East Delhi
New Delhi
National Capital Region (India)
List of rapid transit systems
List of metro systems
Delhi portal
Trains portal
Railways in India portal
Transport portal
Infrastructure portal
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Parking_Details". Delhi Metro Rail.
Jump up ^ "Ridership_Details" (PDF). Delhi Metro Rail.
Jump up ^ "ATM Details". Delhi Metro Rail.
Jump up ^ http://www.delhimetrorail.com/press_reldetails.aspx?id=OZixKt2MNIslld
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Delhi Metro.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Delhi.
Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (Official site)
Delhi Metro Annual Reports
"Station Information". Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (DMRC). Archived from the original on 19 June 2010.
UrbanRail.Net – Descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.
Google. "Jasola Apollo metro station" (Map). Google Maps. Google.
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Membrane protein
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Crystal structure of Potassium channel Kv1.2/2.1 Chimera. Calculated hydrocarbon boundaries of the lipid bilayer are indicated by red and blue dots.
Membrane proteins are proteins that interact with, or are part of, biological membranes. They include integral membrane proteins that are permanently anchored or part of the membrane and peripheral membrane proteins that are only temporarily attached to the lipid bilayer or to other integral proteins.[1][2] The integral membrane proteins are classified as transmembrane proteins that span across the membrane and integral monotopic proteins that are attached to only one side of the membrane. Membrane proteins are a common type of proteins along with soluble globular proteins, fibrous proteins, and disordered proteins.[3] They are targets of over 50% of all modern medicinal drugs.[4] It is estimated that 20–30% of all genes in most genomes encode membrane proteins.[5][6]
Compared to other classes of proteins, the determination of membrane protein structures has remained a challenge in large part due to the difficulty in establishing experimental conditions where the correct conformation of the protein in isolation from its native environment is preserved.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Function
1.1 Integral membrane proteins
1.2 Peripheral membrane proteins
1.3 Polypeptide toxins
2 In genomes
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
5.1 Organizations
5.2 Membrane protein databases
Function[edit]
Membrane proteins perform a variety of functions vital to the survival of organisms:[7]
Membrane receptor proteins relay signals between the cell's internal and external environments.
Transport proteins move molecules and ions across the membrane. They can be categorized according to the Transporter Classification database.
Membrane enzymes may have many activities, such as oxidoreductase, transferase or hydrolase.[8]
Cell adhesion molecules allow cells to identify each other and interact. For example, proteins involved in immune response.
Integral membrane proteins[edit]
Schematic representation of transmembrane proteins: 1. a single transmembrane α-helix (bitopic membrane protein) 2. a polytopic transmembrane α-helical protein 3. a polytopic transmembrane β-sheet protein
The membrane is represented in light-brown.
Main articles: Integral membrane protein and Transmembrane protein
Integral membrane proteins are permanently attached to the membrane. Such proteins can be separated from the biological membranes only using detergents, nonpolar solvents, or sometimes denaturing agents. One such example of this type of protein which has not been functionally characterized yet is SMIM23. They can be classified according to their relationship with the bilayer:
Integral polytopic proteins, also known as "transmembrane proteins", are integral membrane proteins that span across the membrane at least once. These proteins may have different transmembrane topology.[9][10] These proteins have one of two structural architectures:
helix bundle proteins, which are present in all types of biological membranes;
beta barrel proteins, which are found only in outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria, and outer membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts.[11]
Integral monotopic proteins are integral membrane proteins that are attached to only one side of the membrane and do not span the whole way across.
Peripheral membrane proteins[edit]
Schematic representation of the different types of interaction between monotopic membrane proteins and the cell membrane: 1. interaction by an amphipathic α-helix parallel to the membrane plane (in-plane membrane helix) 2. interaction by a hydrophobic loop 3. interaction by a covalently bound membrane lipid (lipidation) 4. electrostatic or ionic interactions with membrane lipids (e.g. through a calcium ion)
Main article: Peripheral membrane protein
Peripheral membrane proteins are temporarily attached either to the lipid bilayer or to integral proteins by a combination of hydrophobic, electrostatic, and other non-covalent interactions. Peripheral proteins dissociate following treatment with a polar reagent, such as a solution with an elevated pH or high salt concentrations.
Integral and peripheral proteins may be post-translationally modified, with added fatty acid or prenyl chains, or GPI (glycosylphosphatidylinositol), which may be anchored in the lipid bilayer.
Polypeptide toxins[edit]
Main article: Pore-forming toxin
Polypeptide toxins and many antibacterial peptides, such as colicins or hemolysins, and certain proteins involved in apoptosis, are sometimes considered a separate category. These proteins are water-soluble but can aggregate and associate irreversibly with the lipid bilayer and become reversibly or irreversibly membrane-associated.
In genomes[edit]
A large fraction of all proteins are thought to be membrane proteins. For instance, about 1000 of the ~4200 proteins of E. coli are thought to be membrane proteins.[12] The membrane localization has been confirmed for more than 600 of them experimentally.[12] The localization of proteins in membranes can be predicted very reliably using hydrophobicity analyses of protein sequences, i.e. the localization of hydrophobic amino acid sequences.
See also[edit]
Annular lipid shell
Carrier protein
Inner nuclear membrane proteins
Ion channel
Ion pump (biology)
List of MeSH codes (D12.776)
Receptor (biochemistry)
Transmembrane proteins
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Johnson JE, Cornell RB (1999). "Amphitropic proteins: regulation by reversible membrane interactions (review)". Mol. Membr. Biol. 16 (3): 217–235. doi:10.1080/096876899294544. PMID 10503244.
Jump up ^ Alenghat, Francis J.; Golan, David E. (2013). "Membrane Protein Dynamics and Functional Implications in Mammalian Cells". Current Topics in Membranes: 89–120. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-417027-8.00003-9. PMID 24210428.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, A (2014). "SCOP2 prototype: a new approach to protein structure mining". Nucleic Acids Res. 42: D310–4. doi:10.1093/nar/gkt1242. PMC 3964979  . PMID 24293656.
Jump up ^ Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL (December 2006). "How many drug targets are there?". Nat Rev Drug Discov. 5 (12): 993–6. doi:10.1038/nrd2199. PMID 17139284.
Jump up ^ Krogh, A.; Larsson, B. R.; Von Heijne, G.; Sonnhammer, E. L. L. (2001). "Predicting transmembrane protein topology with a hidden markov model: Application to complete genomes". Journal of Molecular Biology. 305 (3): 567–580. doi:10.1006/jmbi.2000.4315. PMID 11152613.
^ Jump up to: a b Liszewski, Kathy (1 October 2015). "Dissecting the Structure of Membrane Proteins". Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News (paper). 35 (17): 1, 14, 16–17. (subscription required)
Jump up ^ Almén, M.; Nordström, K. J.; Fredriksson, R.; Schiöth, H. B. (2009). "Mapping the human membrane proteome: A majority of the human membrane proteins can be classified according to function and evolutionary origin". BMC Biology. 7: 50. doi:10.1186/1741-7007-7-50. PMC 2739160  . PMID 19678920.
Jump up ^ Yibin, Lin (2013). "The substitution of Arg149 with Cys fixes the melibiose transporter in an inward-open conformation". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1828 (8): 1690. doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.03.003.
Jump up ^ Von Heijne, G. (2006). "Membrane-protein topology". Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. 7 (12): 909–918. doi:10.1038/nrm2063. PMID 17139331.
Jump up ^ Gerald Karp (2009). Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 128–. ISBN 978-0-470-48337-4. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
Jump up ^ Selkrig J, Leyton DL, Webb CT, Lithgow T (2014). "Assembly of β-barrel proteins into bacterial outer membranes". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1843 (8): 1542–50. doi:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.10.009. PMID 24135059.
^ Jump up to: a b Daley, D. O.; Rapp, M; Granseth, E; Melén, K; Drew, D; von Heijne, G (2005). "Global topology analysis of the Escherichia coli inner membrane proteome". Science. 308 (5726): 1321–3. doi:10.1126/science.1109730. PMID 15919996.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Membrane proteins.
Look up membrane protein in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Organizations[edit]
Membrane Protein Structural Dynamics Consortium
Membrane protein databases[edit]
TCDB - Transporter Classification database, a comprehensive classification of transmembrane transporter proteins
Orientations of Proteins in Membranes (OPM) database 3D structures of integral and peripheral membrane proteins arranged in the lipid bilayer
Protein Data Bank of Transmembrane Proteins 3D models of all transmembrane proteins currently in PDB. Approximate positions of membrane boundary planes were calculated for each PDB entry.
TransportDB Genomics-oriented database of transporters from TIGR
Membrane PDB Database of 3D structures of integral membrane proteins and hydrophobic peptides with an emphasis on crystallization conditions
Mpstruc database List of transmembrane proteins of known 3D structure. A curated list of transmembrane proteins from the Protein Data Bank
MemProtMD is a database of around 3000 intrinsic membrane protein structures
[show]
v
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e
Proteins
Processes
Protein biosynthesis
Post-translational modification
Protein folding
Protein targeting
Proteome
Protein methods
Structures
Protein structure
Protein structural domains
Proteasome
Types
List of types of proteins
List of proteins
Membrane protein
Globular protein
Globulin
Edestin
Albumin
Fibrous protein
[show]
v
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Proteins: key methods of study
Experimental
Protein purification
Green fluorescent protein
Western blot
Protein immunostaining
Protein sequencing
Gel electrophoresis/Protein electrophoresis
Protein immunoprecipitation
Peptide mass fingerprinting/Protein mass spectrometry
Dual-polarization interferometry
Microscale thermophoresis
Chromatin immunoprecipitation
Surface plasmon resonance
Isothermal titration calorimetry
X-ray crystallography
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Freeze-fracture electron microscopy
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Assay
Enzyme assay
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Structures of the cell membrane
Membrane lipids
Lipid bilayer
Phospholipids
Proteolipids
Sphingolipids
Sterols
Membrane proteins
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Integral membrane proteins/transmembrane protein
Peripheral membrane protein/Lipid-anchored protein
Other
Caveolae/Coated pits
Cell junctions
Glycocalyx
Lipid raft/microdomains
Membrane contact sites
Membrane nanotubes
Myelin sheath
Nodes of Ranvier
Nuclear envelope
Phycobilisomes
Porosomes
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