text:
Borders of the oceans
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Maps exhibiting the world's oceanic waters. A continuous body of water encircling the Earth, the world (global) ocean is divided into a number of principal areas. Five oceanic divisions are usually recognized: Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic, and Southern; the last two listed are sometimes consolidated into the first three.
The borders of the oceans are the limits of the Earth's oceanic waters. The definition and number of oceans can vary depending on the adopted criteria.
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 Arctic Ocean
2.1 Notes
3 Atlantic Ocean
3.1 North Atlantic
3.2 South Atlantic
3.3 Notes
4 Indian Ocean
4.1 Notes
5 Pacific Ocean
5.1 North Pacific
5.2 South Pacific
5.3 Notes
6 Southern or Antarctic Ocean
7 See also
8 References
Overview[edit]
Though generally described as several separate oceans, the world's oceanic waters constitute one global, interconnected body of salt water sometimes referred to as the World Ocean or global ocean.[1][2] This concept of a continuous body of water with relatively free interchange among its parts is of fundamental importance to oceanography.[3]
The major oceanic divisions are defined in part by the continents, various archipelagos, and other criteria. The principal divisions (in descending order of area) are the: Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Arctic Ocean, and Southern (Antarctic) Ocean. Smaller regions of the oceans are called seas, gulfs, bays, straits, and other names.
Geologically, an ocean is an area of oceanic crust covered by water. Oceanic crust is the thin layer of solidified volcanic basalt that covers the Earth's mantle. Continental crust is thicker but less dense. From this perspective, the Earth has three oceans: the World Ocean, the Caspian Sea,[citation needed] and the Black Sea. The latter two were formed by the collision of Cimmeria with Laurasia. The Mediterranean Sea is at times a discrete ocean, because tectonic plate movement has repeatedly broken its connection to the World Ocean through the Strait of Gibraltar. The Black Sea is connected to the Mediterranean through the Bosporus, but the Bosporus is a natural canal cut through continental rock some 7,000 years ago, rather than a piece of oceanic sea floor like the Strait of Gibraltar.
Despite their names, some smaller landlocked "seas" are not connected with the World Ocean, such as the Caspian Sea (which is nevertheless, geologically, itself a full-fledged ocean—see above) and numerous salt lakes such as the Aral Sea.
A complete hierarchy showing which seas belong to which oceans, according to the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) and for the whole planet, is available at the European Marine Gazetteer website.[4] See also the list of seas article for the seas included in each ocean area. Also note there are many varying definitions of the world's seas and no single authority.
The borders of the Arctic Ocean, according to the CIA The World Factbook[5] (blue area), and as defined by the IHO (black outline - excluding marginal waterbodies).
Arctic Ocean[edit]
The Arctic Ocean covers much of the Arctic and washes upon northern North America and Eurasia and is sometimes considered a sea or estuary of the Atlantic.[6][7]
The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) defines the limits of the Arctic Ocean (excluding the seas it contains) as follows:[8]
Between Greenland and West Spitzbergen [sic] — The Northern limit of Greenland Sea.[Ar 1]
Between West Spitzbergen and North East Land — the parallel of lat. 80°N.
From Cape Leigh Smith to Cape Kohlsaat — the Northern limit of Barentsz Sea [sic].[Ar 2]
From Cape Kohlsaat to Cape Molotov — the Northern limit of Kara Sea.[Ar 3]
From Cape Molotov to the Northern extremity of Kotelni Island — the Northern limit of Laptev Sea.[Ar 4]
From the Northern extremity of Kotelni Island to the Northern point of Wrangel Island — the Northern limit of East Siberian Sea.[Ar 5]
From the Northern point of Wrangel Island to Point Barrow — the Northern limit of Chuckchi Sea [sic].[Ar 6]
From Point Barrow to Cape Land's End on Prince Patrick Island — the Northern limit of Beaufort Sea,[Ar 7] through the Northwest coast of Prince Patrick Island to Cape Leopold M'Clintock, thence to Cape Murray (Brook Island) and along the Northwest coast to the extreme Northerly point; to Cape Mackay (Borden Island); through the Northwesterly coast of Borden Island to Cape Malloch, to Cape Isachsen (Ellef Ringnes Island); to the Northwest point of Meighen Island to Cape Stallworthy (Axel Heiberg Island) to Cape Colgate the extreme West point of Ellesmere Island; through the North shore of Ellesmere Island to Cape Columbia thence a line to Cape Morris Jesup (Greenland).
Note that these definitions exclude any marginal waterbodies that are separately defined by the IHO (such as the Kara Sea and East Siberian Sea), though these are usually considered to be part of the Arctic Ocean.
The CIA defines the limits of the Arctic Ocean differently, as depicted in the map comparing its definition to the IHO's definition.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as "A line joining the Northernmost point of Spitzbergen [sic] [Svalbard] to the Northernmost point of Greenland".
Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as "Cape Leigh Smith across the Islands Bolshoy Ostrov (Great Island) [Storøya], Gilles [Kvitøya] and Victoria; Cape Mary Harmsworth (Southwestern extremity of Alexandra Land) along the northern coasts of Franz-Josef Land as far as Cape Kohlsaat (81°14′N 65°10′E / 81.233°N 65.167°E / 81.233; 65.167)".
Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as "Cape Kohlsaat to Cape Molotov (81°16′N 93°43′E / 81.267°N 93.717°E / 81.267; 93.717) (Northern extremity of Severnaya Zemlya on Komsomolets Island)".
Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as "A line joining Cape Molotov to the Northern extremity of Kotelni Island (76°10′N 138°50′E / 76.167°N 138.833°E / 76.167; 138.833)".
Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as "A line from the Northernmost point of Wrangel Island (179°30'W) to the Northern sides of the De Long Islands (including Henrietta and Jeannette Islands) and Bennett Island, thence to the Northern extremity of Kotelni Island".
Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as "A line from Point Barrow, Alaska (71°20′N 156°20′W / 71.333°N 156.333°W / 71.333; -156.333) to the Northernmost point of Wrangel Island (179°30'W)".
Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as "A line from Point Barrow, Alaska, to Lands End, Prince Patrick Island (76°16′N 124°08′W / 76.267°N 124.133°W / 76.267; -124.133)".
Atlantic Ocean[edit]
The Atlantic Ocean, according to the CIA The World Factbook[9] (blue area), and as defined by the IHO (black outline - excluding marginal waterbodies).
The Atlantic Ocean separates the Americas from Europe and Africa. It may be further subdivided by the equator into northern and southern portions.
North Atlantic[edit]
The 3rd edition, currently in force, of the International Hydrographic Organization's (IHO) Limits of Oceans and Seas defines the limits of the North Atlantic Ocean (excluding the seas it contains) as follows:[8]
On the West. The Eastern limits of the Caribbean Sea,[At 1] the Southeastern limits of the Gulf of Mexico[At 2] from the North coast of Cuba to Key West, the Southwestern limit of the Bay of Fundy[At 3] and the Southeastern and Northeastern limits of the Gulf of St. Lawrence.[At 4]
On the North. The Southern limit of Davis Strait[At 5] from the coast of Labrador to Greenland and the Southwestern limit of the Greenland Sea[At 6] and Norwegian Sea[At 7] from Greenland to the Shetland Islands.
On the East. The Northwestern limit of the North Sea,[At 8] the Northern and Western limits of the Scottish Seas,[At 9] the Southern limit of the Irish Sea,[At 10] the Western limits of the Bristol[At 11] and English Channels,[At 12] of the Bay of Biscay[At 13] and of the Mediterranean Sea.[At 14]
On the South. The equator, from the coast of Brazil to the Southwestern limit of the Gulf of Guinea.[At 15]
South Atlantic[edit]
The 3rd edition (currently in force) of the International Hydrographic Organization's (IHO) Limits of Oceans and Seas defines the limits of the South Atlantic Ocean (excluding the seas it contains) as follows:[8]
On the Southwest. The meridian of Cape Horn, Chile (67°16'W) from Tierra del Fuego to the Antarctic Continent; a line from Cape Virgins (52°21′S 68°21′W / 52.350°S 68.350°W / -52.350; -68.350) to Cape Espiritu Santo, Tierra del Fuego, the Eastern entrance to Magellan Strait, Chile
On the West. The limit of the Rio de La Plata.[At 16]
On the North. The Southern limit of the North Atlantic Ocean.
On the Northeast. The limit of the Gulf of Guinea.[At 15]
On the Southeast. From Cape Agulhas along the meridian of 20° East to the Antarctic continent.
On the South. The Antarctic Continent.
Note that these definitions exclude any marginal waterbodies that are separately defined by the IHO (such as the Bay of Biscay and Gulf of Guinea), though these are usually considered to be part of the Atlantic Ocean.
In its 2002 draft, the IHO redefined the Atlantic Ocean, moving its southern limit to 60°S, with the waters south of that line identified as the Southern Ocean. This new definition has not yet been ratified (and, in addition, a reservation was lodged in 2003 by Australia.)[10] While the name "Southern Ocean" is frequently used, some geographic authorities such as the 10th edition of the World Atlas from the U.S. National Geographic Society generally show the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans continuing to Antarctica. If and when adopted, the 2002 definition would be published in the 4th edition of Limits of Oceans and Seas, re-instituting the 2nd edition's "Southern Ocean", omitted from the 3rd edition.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as "From Point San Diego (Puerto Rico) Northward along the meridian thereof (65°39'W) to the 100 fathom line, thence Eastward and Southward, in such a manner that all islands, shoals and narrow waters of the Lesser Antilles are included in the Caribbean Sea as far as Galera Point (Northeast extremity of the island of Trinidad). From Galera Point through Trinidad to Galeota Point (Southeast extreme) and thence to Baja Point (9°32′N 61°0′W / 9.533°N 61.000°W / 9.533; -61.000) in Venezuela".
Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as "A line joining Cape Catoche Light (21°37′N 87°04′W / 21.617°N 87.067°W / 21.617; -87.067) with the Light on Cape San Antonio in Cuba, through this island to the meridian of 83°W and to the Northward along this meridian to the latitude of the South point of the Dry Tortugas (24°35'N), along this parallel Eastward to Rebecca Shoal (82°35'W) thence through the shoals and Florida Keys to the mainland at eastern end of Florida Bay, all the narrow waters between the Dry Tortugas and the mainland being considered to be within the Gulf".
Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as "A line running northwesterly from Cape St. Mary (44°05'N) Nova Scotia, through Machias Seal Island (67°06'W) and on to Little River Head (44°39'N) in the State of Maine".
Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as "A line from Cape Canso (45°20′N 61°0′W / 45.333°N 61.000°W / 45.333; -61.000) to Red Point (45°35′N 60°45′W / 45.583°N 60.750°W / 45.583; -60.750) in Cape Breton Island, through this Island to Cape Breton and on to Pointe Blanche (46°45′N 56°11′W / 46.750°N 56.183°W / 46.750; -56.183) in the Island of St. Pierre, and thence to the Southwest point of Morgan Island (46°51′N 55°49′W / 46.850°N 55.817°W / 46.850; -55.817)" and "A line running from Cape Bauld (North point of Kirpon Island, 51°40′N 55°25′W / 51.667°N 55.417°W / 51.667; -55.417) to the East extreme of Belle Isle and on to the Northeast Ledge (52°02′N 55°15′W / 52.033°N 55.250°W / 52.033; -55.250). Thence a line joining this ledge with the East extreme of Cape St. Charles (52°13'N) in Labrador".
Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as "The parallel of 60° North between Greenland and Labrador".
Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as "A line joining Straumness (NW extreme of Iceland) to Cape Nansen (68°15′N 29°30′W / 68.250°N 29.500°W / 68.250; -29.500) in Greenland".
Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as "From a point on the West coast of Norway in Latitude 61°00' North along this parallel to Longitude 0°53' West thence a line to the NE extreme of Fuglö (62°21′N 6°15′W / 62.350°N 6.250°W / 62.350; -6.250 (Fuglö)) and on to the East extreme of Gerpir (65°05′N 13°30′W / 65.083°N 13.500°W / 65.083; -13.500 (Gerpir)) in Iceland".
Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as "From Dunnet Head (3°22'W) in Scotland to Tor Ness (58°47'N) in the Island of Hoy, thence through this island to the Kame of Hoy (58°55'N) on to Breck Ness on Mainland (58°58'N) through this island to Costa Head (3°14'W) and to Inga Ness (59'17'N) in Westray through Westray, to Bow Head, across to Mull Head (North point of Papa Westray) and on to Seal Skerry (North point of North Ronaldsay) and thence to Horse Island (South point of the Shetland Islands)".
Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as "A line running from Bloody Foreland (55°10′N 8°17′W / 55.167°N 8.283°W / 55.167; -8.283) in Ireland to the West point of Tory Island, on to Barra Head, the Southwest point of the Hebrides, thence through these islands, in such a manner that the West coasts of the main islands appertain to the Atlantic Ocean and all the narrow waters appertain to the Inner Seas, as far as the Butt of Lewis (North Point), and thence to Cape Wrath (58°37'N) in Scotland".
Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as "A line joining St. David's Head (51°54′N 5°19′W / 51.900°N 5.317°W / 51.900; -5.317) to Carnsore Point (52°10′N 6°22′W / 52.167°N 6.367°W / 52.167; -6.367)".
Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as "a line joining Hartland Point [in Devon] (51°01′N 4°32′W / 51.017°N 4.533°W / 51.017; -4.533) to St. Govan's Head [in Pembrokeshire] (51°36′N 4°55′W / 51.600°N 4.917°W / 51.600; -4.917)".
Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as "A line joining Isle Vierge (48°38′23″N 4°34′13″W / 48.63972°N 4.57028°W / 48.63972; -4.57028) to Lands End (50°04′N 5°43′W / 50.067°N 5.717°W / 50.067; -5.717)".
Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as "A line joining Cap Ortegal (43°46′N 7°52′W / 43.767°N 7.867°W / 43.767; -7.867) to Penmarch Point (47°48′N 4°22′W / 47.800°N 4.367°W / 47.800; -4.367)".
Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as "A line joining the extremities of Cape Trafalgar (Spain) and Cape Spartel (Africa)".
^ Jump up to: a b Defined by IHO as "A line running Southeastward from Cape Palmas in Liberia to Cape Lopez (0°38′S 8°42′E / 0.633°S 8.700°E / -0.633; 8.700)".
Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as "A line joining Punta del Este, Uruguay (34°58.5′S 54°57.5′W / 34.9750°S 54.9583°W / -34.9750; -54.9583) and Cabo San Antonio, Argentina (36°18′S 56°46′W / 36.300°S 56.767°W / -36.300; -56.767)".
Indian Ocean[edit]
The Indian Ocean, according to the CIA The World Factbook[11] (blue area), and as defined by the IHO (black outline - excluding marginal waterbodies).
The Indian Ocean washes upon southern Asia and separates Africa and Australia.
The 3rd edition, currently in force, of the International Hydrographic Organization's (IHO) Limits of Oceans and Seas defines the limits of the Indian Ocean (excluding the seas it contains) as follows:[8]
On the North. The Southern limits of the Arabian Sea[I 1] and the Lakshadweep Sea,[I 2] the Southern limit of the Bay of Bengal,[I 3] the Southern limits of the East Indian Archipelago,[I 4] and the Southern limit of the Great Australian Bight.[I 5]
On the West. From Cape Agulhas in 20° long. East, Southward along this meridian to the Antarctic Continent.
On the East. From South East Cape, the Southern point of Tasmania down the meridian 146°55'E to the Antarctic Continent.
On the South. The Antarctic Continent.
Note that this definition excludes any marginal waterbodies that are separately defined by the IHO (such as the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea), though these are usually considered to be part of the Indian Ocean.
In its 2002 draft, the IHO redefined the Indian Ocean, moving its southern limit to 60°S, with the waters south of that line identified as the Southern Ocean. This new definition has not yet been ratified (and, in addition, a reservation was lodged in 2003 by Australia.)[10] While the name "Southern Ocean" is frequently used, some geographic authorities such as the 10th edition of the World Atlas from the U.S. National Geographic Society generally show the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans continuing to Antarctica. If and when adopted, the 2002 definition would be published in the 4th edition of Limits of Oceans and Seas, re-instituting the 2nd edition's "Southern Ocean", omitted from the 3rd edition.
The boundary of the Indian Ocean is a constitutional issue for Australia. The Imperial South Australia Colonisation Act, 1834, which established and defined the Colony of South Australia defined South Australia’s southern limit as being the “Southern Ocean.” This definition was carried through to Australian constitutional law upon the Federation of Australia in 1901.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as "A line running from the South extremity of Addu Atoll (Maldives), to the Eastern extreme of Ràs Hafun (Africa, 10°26'N)".
Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as "A line running from Dondra Head in Ceylon [Sri Lanka] to the most Southerly point of Addu Atoll".
Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as "Adam's Bridge (between India and Ceylon and from the Southern extreme of Dondra Head (South point of Ceylon) to the North point of Poeloe Bras (5°44′N 95°04′E / 5.733°N 95.067°E / 5.733; 95.067)".
Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as the southern limits of the Java Sea ("the North and West coasts of Java to Java Hoofd (6°46′S 105°12′E / 6.767°S 105.200°E / -6.767; 105.200) its Western point, and thence a line to Vlakke Hoek (5°55′S 104°35′E / 5.917°S 104.583°E / -5.917; 104.583) the Southern extreme of Sumatra"), the Bali Sea ("A line from Tanjong Banenan through the Southern points of Balt [sic] and Noesa Islands to Tanjong Bt Gendang, the Southwest extreme of Lombok, and its South coast to Tanjong Ringgit the Southeast extreme, thence a line to Tanjong Mangkoen (9°01′S 116°43′E / 9.017°S 116.717°E / -9.017; 116.717) the Southwest extreme of Soembawa"), the Savu Sea ("By a line from the Southwest point of Timor to the Northeast point of Roti, through this island to its Southwest point, thence a line to Poeloe Dana (10°49′S 121°17′E / 10.817°S 121.283°E / -10.817; 121.283) and to Tanjong Ngoendjoe, the Southern extreme of Soemba and through this island to Tanjong Karosso, its Western point"), and the western limit of the Timor Sea ("A line from Cape Londonderry to the Southwest point of Roti Island (10°56′S 122°48′E / 10.933°S 122.800°E / -10.933; 122.800)".
Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as "A line joining West Cape Howe (35°08′S 117°37′E / 35.133°S 117.617°E / -35.133; 117.617) Australia to South West Cape, Tasmania".
Pacific Ocean[edit]
The Pacific Ocean according to the CIA The World Factbook[12] (blue area), and as defined by the IHO (black outline — excluding marginal waterbodies)
The Pacific is the ocean that separates Asia and Australia from the Americas. It may be further subdivided by the equator into northern and southern portions.
North Pacific[edit]
The 3rd edition, currently in force, of the International Hydrographic Organization's (IHO) Limits of Oceans and Seas defines the limits of the North Pacific Ocean (excluding the seas it contains) as follows:[8]
On the Southwest. The Northeastern limit of the East Indian Archipelago from the Equator to Luzon Island.
On the West and Northwest. The Eastern limits of the Philippine Sea[P 1] and Japan Sea[P 2] and the Southeastern limit of the Sea of Okhotsk.[P 3]
On the North. The Southern limits of the Bering Sea[P 4] and the Gulf of Alaska.[P 5]
On the East. The Western limit of Coastal waters of Southeast Alaska and Br. Columbia,[P 6] and the Southern limit of the Gulf of California.[P 7]
On the South. The Equator, but excluding those islands of the Gilbert and Galàpagos Groups which lie to the Northward thereof.
South Pacific[edit]
The 3rd edition, currently in force, of the International Hydrographic Organization's (IHO) Limits of Oceans and Seas defines the limits of the South Pacific Ocean (excluding the seas it contains) as follows:[8]
On the West. From Southeast Cape, the Southern point of Tasmania, down the meridian of 146°55'E to the Antarctic continent.
On the Southwest and Northwest. The Southern, Eastern and Northeastern limits of the Tasman Sea,[P 8][P 9][P 10] the Southeastern and Northeastern limits of the Coral Sea,[P 11][P 12] the Southern, Eastern and Northern limits of the Solomon[P 13][P 14] and Bismark [sic][P 15] seas, and the Northeastern limit of the East Indian Archipelago from New Guinea to the Equator.
On the North. The Equator, but including those islands of the Gilbert and Galàpagos Groups which lie to the Northward thereof.
On the East. The meridian of Cape Horn (67°16'W) from Tierra del Fuego to the Antarctic continent; a line from Cape Virgins (52°21′S 68°21′W / 52.350°S 68.350°W / -52.350; -68.350) to Cape Espititu Santo, Tierra del Fuego, the Eastern entrance to Magellan Strait. (These limits have not yet been officially accepted by Argentina and Chile.)
On the South. The Antarctic continent.
Note that these definitions exclude any marginal waterbodies that are separately defined by the IHO (such as the Gulf of Alaska and Coral Sea), though these are usually considered to be part of the Pacific Ocean.
In its 2002 draft, the IHO redefined the Pacific Ocean, moving its southern limit to 60°S, with the waters south of that line identified as the Southern Ocean. This new definition has not yet been ratified (and, in addition, a reservation was lodged in 2003 by Australia.)[10] While the name "Southern Ocean" is frequently used, some geographic authorities such as the 10th edition of the World Atlas from the U.S. National Geographic Society generally show the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans continuing to Antarctica. If and when adopted, the 2002 definition would be published in the 4th edition of Limits of Oceans and Seas, re-instituting the 2nd edition's "Southern Ocean", omitted from the 3rd edition.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as "By the ridge joining Japan to the Bonin, Volcano and Ladrone (Mariana) Islands, all these being included in the Philippine Sea".
Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as "In the Tsugaru Kaikô. From the extremity of Siriya Saki (141°28'E) to the extremity of Esan Saki (41°48'N)".
Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as "A line running from Nosyappu Saki (Cape Noshap, 43°23'N) in the Islanad of Hokusyû (Yezo) through the Kuril or Tisima Islands to Cape Lopatka (South point of Kamchatka) in such a way that all the narrow waters between Hokusyû and Kamchatka are included in the Sea of Okhotsk".
Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as "A line running from Kabuch Point (54°48′N 163°21′W / 54.800°N 163.350°W / 54.800; -163.350) in the Alaskan Peninsula, through the Aleutian Islands to the South extremes of the Komandorski Islands and on to Cape Kamchatka in such a way that all the narrow waters between Alaska and Kamchatka are included in the Bering Sea".
Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as "A line drawn from Cape Spencer, the Northern limit of [the Coastal Waters of Southeast Alaska and British Columbia] to Kabuch Point, the Southeast limit of [the Bering Sea], in such a way that all the adjacent islands are included in the Gulf of Alaska".
Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as "A line running westerly from Black Rock Point (50°44',5N) in Vancouver Island through the Scott Islands in such a way that all the narrow waters between these islands are included in the Coastal Waters, thence to Cape St. James (Southern extremity of Queen Charlotte Islands), through this group in the same way, then from Cape Knox (54°10′N 133°06′W / 54.167°N 133.100°W / 54.167; -133.100) Northward to the Western extreme of Langara Island and on to Point Cornwallis (132°52'W) in the Prince of Wales group, thence along the Western shores of this group, of Baranof, Kruzof, Chicagof, and Yakobi Islands, so that all the narrow waters between them are included in the coastal waters, and, finally, from Cape Bingham (58°04'N) in Yakobi Island to Cape Spencer (58°12′N 136°39′W / 58.200°N 136.650°W / 58.200; -136.650)".
Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as "A line joining Piastla Point (23°38'N) in Mexico, and the Southern extreme of Lower California".
Jump up ^ Southern limit defined by IHO as "A line joining the Southern point of Auckland Island (50°55′S 166°0′E / 50.917°S 166.000°E / -50.917; 166.000) to South East Cape, the Southern point of Tasmania"
Jump up ^ Eastern limit defined by IHO as "In Cook Strait. A line joining the South extreme of the foul ground off Cape Palliser (Ngawi) and the Lighthouse on Cape Campbell (Te Karaka)" and "In Foveaux Strait (46°45'S). A line joining the Light on Waipapapa Point [sic] (168°33'E) with East Head (47'02'S) of Stewart Island (Rakiura)."
Jump up ^ Northeastern limit defined by IHO as "From the South East Rock to the North point of Three Kings Islands (34°10′S 172°10′E / 34.167°S 172.167°E / -34.167; 172.167) thence to North Cape in New Zealand".
Jump up ^ Southeastern limit defined by IHO as "A line from the Southeastern extreme of Aneityum Island to Southeast (Nokanhui) Islets (22°46′S 167°34′E / 22.767°S 167.567°E / -22.767; 167.567) off the Southeast extreme of New Caledonia, thence through the East point of Middleton Reef to the Eastern extreme of Elizabeth Reef (29°55′S 159°02′E / 29.917°S 159.033°E / -29.917; 159.033) and down this meridian to Latitude 30° South".
Jump up ^ Northeastern limit defined by IHO as "From the Northernmost island of the Duff or Wilson Group through these islands to their Southeastern extreme, thence a line to Mera Lava, New Hebrides Islands [Vanuatu] (14°25′S 163°03′E / 14.417°S 163.050°E / -14.417; 163.050) and down the Eastern coasts of the islands of this Group to Aneityum Island (20°11′S 169°51′E / 20.183°S 169.850°E / -20.183; 169.850) in such a way that all the islands of these Groups, and the straits separating them, are included in the Coral Sea".
Jump up ^ Southern limit defined by IHO as "The Northern limit of the Coral Sea between San Cristobal Island [Makira], Solomons, and Gado-Gadoa Island, off the Southeast extreme of New Guinea, thence a line to the Southern extreme of Rennell Island and from its Eastern point to Cape Surville, the Eastern extreme of San Cristobal Island".
Jump up ^ Eastern limit definied by IHO as "By a line from the Southern point of New Ireland to the North point of Buka Island, through this island to the Northwest point of Bougainville Island, along the Southern coasts of Bougainville, Choisel [Choiseul], Ysabel [Santa Isabel], Malaita and San Cristobal Islands".
Jump up ^ North and Eastern limit defined by IHO as "By the Northern and Northeastern coasts of the islands of New Ireland, New Hanover, the Admiralty Islands, Hermit Island, and the Ninigo Group, through Manu and Aua Islands to Wuvulu Island and thence a line to Baudissin Point in New Guinea (142°02'E)".
Southern or Antarctic Ocean[edit]
The Southern Ocean according to the CIA The World Factbook[13]
The Southern Ocean contains the waters that surround Antarctica and sometimes is considered an extension of Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans.[8]
In 1928, the first edition of the International Hydrographic Organization's (IHO) Limits of Oceans and Seas publication included the Southern Ocean around Antarctica. The Southern Ocean was delineated by land-based limits - the continent of Antarctica to the south, and the continents of South America, Africa, and Australia plus Broughton Island, New Zealand in the north. The detailed land-limits used were Cape Horn in South America, Cape Agulhas in Africa, the southern coast of Australia from Cape Leeuwin, Western Australia, to South East Cape, Tasmania, via the western edge of the water body of Bass Strait, and then Broughton Island before returning to Cape Horn.[14]
The northern limits of the Southern Ocean were moved southwards in the IHO's 1937 second edition of the Limits of Oceans and Seas. The Southern Ocean then extended from Antarctica northwards to latitude 40° south between Cape Agulhas in Africa (long. 20° east) and Cape Leeuwin in Western Australia (long. 115° east), and extended to latitude 55° south between Auckland Island of New Zealand (long. 165° or 166° east) and Cape Horn in South America (long. 67° west).[15]
The Southern Ocean did not appear in the 1953 third edition because "...the northern limits ... are difficult to lay down owing to their seasonal change ... Hydrographic Offices who issue separate publications dealing with this area are therefore left to decide their own northern limits. (Great Britain uses the Latitude of 55° South)". Instead, in the IHO 1953 publication, the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans were extended southward, the Indian and Pacific Oceans (which had not previously touched pre 1953, as per the first and second editions) now abutted at the meridian of South East Cape, and the southern limits of the Great Australian Bight and the Tasman Sea were moved northwards.[16]
The IHO readdressed the question of the Southern Ocean in a survey in 2000. Of its 68 member nations, 28 responded, and all responding members except Argentina agreed to redefine the ocean, reflecting the importance placed by oceanographers on ocean currents. The proposal for the name Southern Ocean won 18 votes, beating the alternative Antarctic Ocean. Half of the votes supported a definition of the ocean's northern limit at 60°S (with no land interruptions at this latitude), with the other 14 votes cast for other definitions, mostly 50°S, but a few for as far north as 35°S.
The 4th edition of Limits of Oceans and Seas has yet to be published due to 'areas of concern' by several countries relating to various naming issues around the world. The IHB circulated a new draft of the 4th edition of the publication in August 2002, however there were still various changes, 60 seas were added or renamed from the 3rd edition, and even the name of the publication was changed.[17] A reservation had also been lodged by Australia regarding the Southern Ocean limits.[10] Effectively, the 3rd edition (which did not delineate the Southern Ocean leaving delineation to local hydrographic offices) has yet to be superseded and IHO documents declare that it remains "currently in force."
Despite this, the 4th edition definition has de facto usage by many organisations, scientists and nations - even at times by IHO committees.[18] Some nations' hydrographic offices have defined their own boundaries; the United Kingdom used the 55°S parallel for example.[16]
Other sources, such as the National Geographic Society, show the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans as extending to Antarctica, although articles on the National Geographic web site have begun to reference the Southern Ocean.[19]
In Australia, cartographic authorities defined the Southern Ocean as including the entire body of water between Antarctica and the south coasts of Australia and New Zealand. This delineation is basically the same as the original (first) edition of the IHO publication and effectively the same as the second edition. In the second edition, the Great Australian Bight was defined as the only geographical entity between the Australian coast and the Southern Ocean. Coastal maps of Tasmania and South Australia label the sea areas as Southern Ocean,[20] while Cape Leeuwin in Western Australia is described as the point where the Indian and Southern Oceans meet.[21]
See also[edit]
Environment portal
Ecology portal
Geography portal
Weather portal
List of seas
International Maritime Organization
Marginal sea
Oceanography
Polar seas
Sea
Seven Seas
World Ocean Atlas
References[edit]
Jump up ^ " "Ocean", The Columbia Encyclopedia, New York: Columbia University Press, 2002, archived from the original on 26 January 2011
Jump up ^ "Distribution of land and water on the planet", UN Atlas of the Oceans, archived from the original on 31 May 2008
Jump up ^ Spilhaus, Athelstan F. (July 1942). "Maps of the whole world ocean". 32 (3). American Geographical Society).: 431–5.
Jump up ^ European Marine Gazetteer browser, MarBEF Data System - European Marine Gazetteer
Jump up ^ "Arctic Ocean". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 27 November 2010.
Jump up ^ The Ocean, The MarineBio Conservation Society
Jump up ^ Arctic Ocean, Encyclopædia Britannica
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition" (PDF). International Hydrographic Organization. 1953. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Atlantic Ocean". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 27 November 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Darby, Andrew (22 December 2003). "Canberra all at sea over position of Southern Ocean". The Age. Retrieved 21 December 2009.
Jump up ^ "Indian Ocean". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 27 November 2010.
Jump up ^ "Pacific Ocean". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 27 November 2010.
Jump up ^ "Southern Ocean". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 27 November 2010.
Jump up ^ "Map accompanying first edition of IHO Publication Limits of Oceans and Seas, Special Publication 23". NOAA Photo Library. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Retrieved 19 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Map accompanying second edition of IHO Publication Limits of Oceans and Seas, Special Publication 23". NOAA Photo Library. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Retrieved 18 January 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition" (PDF). International Hydrographic Organization. 1953. Retrieved 7 February 2010.
Jump up ^ "IHO Special Publication 23". Korean Hydrographic and Oceanographic Administration. Retrieved 2017-05-24.
Jump up ^ Schenke, Hans Werner (September 2003). "Proposal for the preparation of a new International Bathymetric Chart of the Southern Ocean" (PDF). IHO International Hydrographic Committee on Antarctica (HCA). Third HCA Meeting, 8–10 September 2003. Monaco: International Hydrographic Organization (IHO). Retrieved 17 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Southern Ocean - News Watch". National Geographic. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
Jump up ^ For example: Chart Aus343: Australia South Coast - South Australia - Whidbey Isles to Cape Du Couedic, Australian Hydrographic Service, 10 April 2015, retrieved 2017-05-24 , Chart Aus792: Australia - Tasmania - Trial Harbour to Low Rocky Point, Australian Hydrographic Service, 18 July 2008, retrieved 11 October 2010
Jump up ^ "- Assessment Documentation for Cape Leeuwin Lighthouse" (PDF). Register of Heritage Places. 13 May 2005. p. 11. Retrieved 13 October 2010.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Borders_of_the_oceans&oldid=797676745"
Categories:
Oceans
Oceanography
Coastal geography
Borders
Hidden categories:
Use dmy dates from July 2013
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Polski
Português
Türkçe
Edit links
This page was last edited on 28 August 2017, at 15:28.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values: Rotating series of maps showing alternate divisions of the oceans

attrs: href class title

attrs: class style

value: b

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2010)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Cimmerian_plate
mw-redirect
Cimmerian plate

values:
/wiki/Kotelny/Faddeyevsky_Island
mw-redirect
Kotelny/Faddeyevsky Island

values:
/wiki/Victoria_Island_(Russian_Arctic)
mw-redirect
Victoria Island (Russian Arctic)

values: Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location

values: Inner Seas off the West Coast of Scotland

values:
/wiki/Magellan_Strait
mw-redirect
Magellan Strait

values:
/wiki/Cape_Catoche
mw-redirect
Cape Catoche

values:
/wiki/Isle_Vierge
mw-redirect
Isle Vierge

values:
/wiki/Cape_Spartel
mw-redirect
Cape Spartel

values:
/wiki/Lakshadweep_Sea
mw-redirect
Lakshadweep Sea

values:
/wiki/Queen_Charlotte_Islands
mw-redirect
Queen Charlotte Islands

values:
/wiki/Baja_California_peninsula
mw-redirect
Baja California peninsula

values:
/wiki/Stewart_Island/Rakiura
mw-redirect
Stewart Island/Rakiura

values:
/wiki/North_Cape,_New_Zealand
mw-redirect
North Cape, New Zealand

values: Edit section: Southern or Antarctic Ocean

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
/wiki/Marginal_sea
mw-redirect
Marginal sea

values: -moz-column-width: 20em; -webkit-column-width: 20em; column-width: 20em;

values:
nofollow
http://marinebio.org/oceans/
external text

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Borders_of_the_oceans
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Borders_of_the_oceans rootpage-Borders_of_the_oceans skin-vector action-view


text:
Carlotta (The Phantom of the Opera)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Carlotta is a fictional character from Gaston Leroux's 1909 novel The Phantom of the Opera.
In the novel, she is a minor character hailing from Spain. The first time that she is mentioned in the novel is during the chapter "The New Marguerite", where it is revealed that she could not perform at the ceremony for the former managers. Later in the novel, she is threatened by Erik that if she performs at the Opera House "a great misfortune will strike". She shrugs the warning off and performs anyway. When she does, however, croaking noises come out of her mouth and the chandelier comes crashing down. Ashamed, she hides from the public view for a few weeks, before making a return to the opera house.
Carlotta is portrayed by Virginia Pearson in the original 1925 silent film with Lon Chaney. In 1929, new sound scenes were filmed and Mary Fabian was recast as Carlotta, due to the fact that she could sing. Virginia Pearson still appeared in new scenes, now playing Carlotta's mother. These changes are also the same in the 1929 silent, foreign cut of the film (which is most commonly viewed).
In the 1943 film version, she is Mme. Biancarolli who has been drugged by the Phantom and murdered along with her maid when she tries to force him to take off his prop mask.
In Andrew Lloyd Webber's production, Carlotta (last name Giudicelli) is from Italy and is one of the major singing parts. The opera company's prima donna, she despises Christine Daaé and sees the younger woman as a threat to her job and Phantom´s courtesan, when Christine achieves prominence due to the Phantom's dirty tricks. Carlotta and tenor Ubaldo Piangi are lovers; she often turns to him for consolation when things go wrong, and she breaks down crying when his murdered body is discovered onstage. The film reveals that she likes poodles.
In the Lloyd Webber-Joel Schumacher 2004 film version, she was played by Minnie Driver.[1] Due to Driver's lack of experience in opera, her singing voice was dubbed by opera singer Margaret Preece, although she lent her actual voice to the song "Learn to Be Lonely" during the end credits.
In Nicholas Meyer's novel The Canary Trainer, the characters of Carlotta and La Sorelli are combined into one, despite being mentioned as separate characters in the original novel. In Kim Newman's short story "Angels of Music" from the Tales of the Shadowmen anthology series, Carlotta is implied to be the ancestor of Bianca Castafiore from The Adventures of Tintin comic series.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Thomas S. Hischak (2 June 2008). The Oxford Companion to the American Musical: Theatre, Film, and Television. Oxford University Press. p. 579. ISBN 978-0-19-533533-0.
[hide]
v
t
e
The Phantom of the Opera by Gaston Leroux
Books
The Phantom of the Opera (1909–1910)
Phantom (1990)
The Canary Trainer (1993)
The Phantom of Manhattan (1999)
Stage adaptations
Phantom of the Opera (1976)
The Phantom of the Opera (1986)
Phantom (1991)
Love Never Dies (2010)
Film and television
The Phantom of the Opera (1925)
Song at Midnight (1937)
Phantom of the Opera (1943)
The Phantom of the Opera (1962)
The Phantom of Hollywood (1974)
Phantom of the Paradise (1974)
Opera (1987)
The Phantom of the Opera (1989)
Phantom of the Mall: Eric's Revenge (1989)
The Phantom of the Opera (1990)
The Phantom Lover (1995)
The Phantom of the Opera (1998)
The Phantom of the Opera (2004)
The Phantom of the Opera at the Royal Albert Hall (2011)
Characters
Erik
Christine Daaé
Viscount Raoul de Chagny
The Persian
Carlotta
Madame Giry
Meg Giry
Joseph Buquet
Songs
"The Phantom of the Opera"
"The Music of the Night"
"All I Ask of You"
"Learn to Be Lonely"
"'Til I Hear You Sing"
Other
Don Juan Triumphant
Punjab lasso
Adaptations
Return of the Phantom
Palais Garnier

This article about a fictional character from a novel is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
v
t
e

See guidelines for writing about novels. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carlotta_(The_Phantom_of_the_Opera)&oldid=817541192"
Categories:
Characters in The Phantom of the Opera
Fictional singers
Fictional Spanish people
Fictional characters introduced in 1909
Novel character stubs
Hidden categories:
Articles needing additional references from December 2009
All articles needing additional references
All stub articles
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Italiano
Edit links
This page was last edited on 29 December 2017, at 01:53.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

value: i

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

value: td

attrs: href title

attrs: class href

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

value: span

value: small

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values:
/wiki/Fictional_character
mw-redirect
Fictional character

values:
/wiki/End_credits
mw-redirect
End credits

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values: The Phantom of the Opera (Andrew Lloyd Webber song)

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: position: absolute; right: 15px; display: none;

values: Talk:Carlotta (The Phantom of the Opera)

values:
metadata plainlinks stub
presentation
background:transparent

values: Category:Characters in The Phantom of the Opera

values: Category:Fictional characters introduced in 1909

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from December 2009

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Carlotta_The_Phantom_of_the_Opera rootpage-Carlotta_The_Phantom_of_the_Opera skin-vector action-view


text:
List of Cricket World Cup finals
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Cricket World Cup is an international cricket competition established in 1975.[1] It is contested by the men's national teams of the members of the International Cricket Council (ICC), the sport's global governing body.[2] The tournament generally takes place every four years. Most recently, the 2015 Cricket World Cup, jointly hosted by Australia and New Zealand, was won by Australia, who beat their co-hosts New Zealand. The current trophy was instituted in 1999. It always remains with the ICC, and a replica is awarded to the winning team.[3][4]
Nations with Test status automatically qualify for the World Cup, while associate and affiliate ICC members must qualify through a qualification tournament, the World Cup Qualifier. Though an associate member is yet to reach the final, Kenya did reach the semi-finals in 2003.[5] Australia is the most successful team in the competition's history, winning five tournaments and finishing as runner-up twice.[6] Twice, teams have won successive tournaments: the West Indies won the first two editions (1975 and 1979) and Australia won three in a row (1999, 2003 and 2007). Australia has played in the most finals (seven out of eleven: 1975, 1987, 1996, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2015). England is the team to reach the final and not win the World Cup most often, ending as runner-up in all three final appearances.[7][8]
Of the twenty teams that have qualified for at least one Cricket World Cup, seven have contested a tournament final.[9] Seven venues have hosted the final; only two of those – Lord's, in London, and the Melbourne Cricket Ground – have hosted multiple finals.[10] India is the only country that has hosted a World Cup final at more than one venue, with Eden Gardens, Kolkata, hosting in 1987 and Mumbai's Wankhede Stadium hosting in 2011.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 List of finals
3 Results by country
4 References
5 External links
History[edit]
Lord's has hosted the final four times.
The inaugural ICC Cricket World Cup final was held on 21 June 1975 at Lord's, contested by Australia and the West Indies. A man of the match performance,[11] including a century from West Indian captain Clive Lloyd coming in to bat at number five with his team 50/3,[12] formed the basis of a 149-run fourth-wicket partnership with Rohan Kanhai.[13] Keith Boyce added a quick 34 and the Australians were set a target of 292 to win in a 60-over encounter. In reply, Alan Turner hit 40 from 54 deliveries and Australian captain Ian Chappell scored 62 from 93 balls. Australia "contributed to their own destruction" in an innings with five run outs, and the West Indies were crowned the first cricket world champions, winning by 17 runs.[14] Four years later, the West Indies qualified for the final, this time facing England, hosted at Lord's for the second consecutive tournament. An unbeaten 138 from Viv Richards, and support from Collis King in a 139-run partnership for the fifth wicket,[15] saw the West Indies set England a target of 287 runs to win in 60 overs.[16] A profitable yet slow opening partnership between Mike Brearley and Geoffrey Boycott (the latter taking 17 overs to reach double figures)[17] saw England to 129. However, following Brearley's dismissal, only Graham Gooch and Derek Randall made a "brief assault" on the West Indian bowling,[17] before a batting collapse, Joel Garner taking five wickets in eleven balls.[18] England ended 194 all out, and presented the West Indies with their second consecutive title, winning by 92 runs.[17]
Lord's re-hosted the third World Cup final in June 1983, and was West Indies' third consecutive final. On this occasion, they faced India in front of 24,609 spectators.[19] Sunil Gavaskar was dismissed early in the innings for two runs, and only Kris Srikkanth scored more than thirty;[20] Andy Roberts took three wickets for the West Indies leaving India all out for 183.[20] Following the dismissals of Viv Richards, Desmond Haynes and Larry Gomes by Madan Lal for six runs between them, the West Indies collapsed to 140 all out, handing the title to India by 43 runs.[19] India and Pakistan co-hosted the 1987 tournament; the final was held at Eden Gardens in Kolkata between Australia and England, both appearing for the second time and vying for their first title. Australia won the toss and elected to bat first; David Boon scored 75 runs from 125 deliveries, while Mike Veletta made a rapid 45 from 31 deliveries taking Australia to a total of 253/5 by the close of play, this time after 50 overs.[21] In front of around 70,000 spectators, England's middle order of Bill Athey, Mike Gatting and Allan Lamb provided some resistance, but with 17 runs required in the final over to win, England fell short and lost by 7 runs.[22]
The 1992 tournament was co-hosted by Australia and New Zealand, with the first ever day/night final being held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in Australia between England and Pakistan. In their first final appearance, Pakistan won the toss and elected to bat first. Despite two early wickets from Derek Pringle, Pakistani batsmen Imran Khan and Javed Miandad shared a third-wicket partnership of 139. Both Inzamam-ul-Haq and Wasim Akram added over thirty runs each at more than a run-a-ball, leading Pakistan to a total of 249/6 in 50 overs.[23] A crowd of over 87,000 saw man-of-the-match Wasim Akram take three of England's wickets, including that of all-rounder Ian Botham for a duck, after Graeme Hick was "baffled by the googly".[24] England were bowled out for 227, and Pakistan won by 22 runs.[23] India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka hosted the tournament in 1996. Sri Lanka was making their first appearance in the final, and faced 1987 champions Australia in another day/night contest. After winning the toss, Arjuna Ranatunga sent Australia in to bat at the Gaddafi Stadium in Lahore. Captain Mark Taylor and Ricky Ponting added 101 in their second-wicket partnership as Australia completed their 50 overs 241/7.[25] Man of the match Aravinda de Silva's century, assisted by partnerships with Asanka Gurusinha and Ranatunga led Sri Lanka to the total with 22 balls and 7 wickets to spare, and their first win in the final. This was the first time a host won the title, though the final was played in Pakistan. It was also the first time that the team batting second emerged victorious.[25]
Australia's Adam Gilchrist made sizeable contributions with the bat in three consecutive finals.
Australia's "12-year era of World Cup dominance" began with the 1999 tournament,[26] hosted for the fourth time by England. In a "one-sided" final,[27] Shane Warne's four wickets helped to restrict Pakistan to 132 runs, all out with 11 overs yet to bat.[28] A rapid fifty from Adam Gilchrist, and support from Mark Waugh, Ponting and Darren Lehmann, saw Australia reach the total in just over 20 overs, winning by eight wickets.[28] The 2003 tournament had three co-hosts: South Africa, Kenya and Zimbabwe, the final being a day/night match contested between Australia and India at the Wanderers Stadium in Johannesburg. Gilchrist and Matthew Hayden opened the batting, making a century partnership before Ponting and Damien Martin went on to score the highest partnership in any World Cup final with an unbeaten 234.[29] Australia batted out their fifty overs, and ended on the highest score in World Cup final history: 359/2.[30] Player of the tournament Sachin Tendulkar was dismissed in the first over of India's reply but Virender Sehwag and Rahul Dravid combined to score 88 in their fourth wicket partnership. However, following Dravid's dismissal, India's batting collapsed, and they finished on 234 all out with nearly eleven overs remaining, handing Australia a 125-run victory.[30]
The 2007 final, held at the Kensington Oval in Barbados, was reduced to 38 overs a side following a two-hour rain delay.[31] Australia's Gilchrist hit the fastest century in a World Cup final at a strike rate of over 143 and his opening stand with Hayden became the largest first-wicket partnership in World Cup history.[29] Australia ended on 281/4, an average of 7.39 runs per over.[32] In reply, Sanath Jayasuriya and Kumar Sangakkara accumulated 116 runs for the second wicket, but with Chamara Silva the only other batsman to score over 20, Sri Lanka capitulated. Despite a revised target, due to a further rain break, calculated using the Duckworth–Lewis method, Sri Lanka scored 215–8 from their allotted overs. With a 53-run victory, Australia won their third consecutive World Cup.[32] Bangladesh, India and Sri Lanka co-hosted the 2011 tournament,[33] with the latter pair meeting in the final in the Wankhede Stadium in Mumbai. Scoring 91 runs in their final 10 overs,[34] Sri Lanka's innings ended on 274/6, Mahela Jayawardene top-scoring with an unbeaten 103.[35] Sehwag was out leg before wicket to Lasith Malinga in the second ball of the Indian innings, Tendulkar soon followed him, but 97 from Gautam Gambhir and an unbeaten 91 from MS Dhoni saw India home with 10 balls to spare. By winning the match, India became the first team to win the finals on home soil.[35]
List of finals[edit]
Key to list of finals
The final was played as a day/night game.
The final was decided by the Duckworth–Lewis method.
The "Year" column refers to the year the World Cup was held, and links to the article about that tournament.
The links in the "Result" column point to the article about that tournament's final game.
Links in the "Winners" and "Runners-up" columns point to the articles for the national cricket teams of the countries, not the articles for the countries.
List of finals, along with the host nation and location and result of the final
Year
Winner
Result
Runner-up
Final venue
Host nation(s)[2]
Crowd
1975
West Indies
291/8 (60 overs) West Indies won by 17 runs[11] Australia
274 all out (58.4 overs) Lord's, London England 24,000
1979
West Indies
286/9 (60 overs) West Indies won by 92 runs[16] England
194 all out (51 overs) Lord's, London England 32,000
1983
India
183 all out (54.4 overs) India won by 43 runs[20] West Indies
140 all out (52 overs) Lord's, London England 30,000
1987
Australia
253/5 (50 overs) Australia won by 7 runs[21] England
246/8 (50 overs) Eden Gardens, Kolkata, India India, Pakistan 95,000
1992
Pakistan
249/6 (50 overs) Pakistan won by 22 runs[23] England
227 all out (49.2 overs) MCG, Melbourne, Australia Australia, New Zealand 87,182
1996
Sri Lanka
245/3 (46.2 overs) Sri Lanka won by 7 wickets[25] Australia
241/7 (50 overs) Gaddafi Stadium, Lahore, Pakistan India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka 62,645
1999
Australia
133/2 (20.1 overs) Australia won by 8 wickets[28] Pakistan
132 all out (39 overs) Lord's, London England, Wales, Ireland, Scotland, Netherlands 30,000
2003
Australia
359/2 (50 overs) Australia won by 125 runs[30] India
234 all out (39.2 overs) Wanderers, Johannesburg, South Africa Kenya, South Africa, Zimbabwe 32,827
2007
Australia
281/4 (38 overs) Australia won by 53 runs [32] Sri Lanka
215/8 (36 overs) Kensington Oval, Bridgetown West Indies 28,108
2011
India
277/4 (48.2 overs) India won by 6 wickets[35] Sri Lanka
274/6 (50 overs) Wankhede Stadium, Mumbai, India Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka 65,000
2015
Australia
186/3 (33.1 overs) Australia won by 7 wickets New Zealand
183 all out (45 overs) MCG, Melbourne, Australia Australia, New Zealand 93,013
Results by country[edit]
Map of winning countries
National team
Final appearances
Winners
Runners-up
Years won
Years runners-up
Australia
7 5 2 1987, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2015 1975, 1996
India
3 2 1 1983, 2011 2003
West Indies
3 2 1 1975, 1979 1983
Sri Lanka
3 1 2 1996 2007, 2011
Pakistan
2 1 1 1992 1999
England
3 0 3 – 1979, 1987, 1992
New Zealand
1 0 1 – 2015
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "ICC CWC History". International Cricket Council. Archived from the original on 21 November 2011. Retrieved 30 November 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "ICC Cricket World Cup". ESPN. Retrieved 10 January 2012.
Jump up ^ Rodrigopulle, Elmo (11 April 2007). "Big money for winner of World Cup 2007". Daily News (Sri Lanka). Cabinet of Sri Lanka. Archived from the original on 19 October 2012. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
Jump up ^ Wijesiri, Lionel (28 April 2011). "Battle for World cricket supremacy". Daily News (Sri Lanka). Cabinet of Sri Lanka. Archived from the original on 19 October 2012. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
Jump up ^ "Outsiders seek to prove their worth". The Hindu. Chennai: The Hindu Group. 4 March 2007. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
Jump up ^ "World Cup / Records / Series results". ESPNcricinfo. ESPN. Archived from the original on 27 February 2011. Retrieved 4 April 2011.
Jump up ^ Williamson, Martin. "The World Cup – A brief history". ESPNcricinfo. ESPN. Retrieved 4 April 2011.
Jump up ^ Vatsyayana, Manoj (14 February 2011). "A history of the Cricket World Cup from 1975 to 2007". Fox Sports. Retrieved 4 April 2011.
Jump up ^ "Records / World Cup / Result summary". ESPNcricinfo. ESPN. Archived from the original on 27 February 2011. Retrieved 4 April 2011.
Jump up ^ "Mumbai now also becomes cricket capital". Hindustan Times. New Delhi: HT Media Ltd. 2 April 2011. Archived from the original on 29 August 2011. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Prudential World Cup –1975". ESPNcricinfo. ESPN. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
Jump up ^ "Clive Lloyd – 1975". BBC Sport. British Broadcasting Corporation. 3 January 2003. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
Jump up ^ "Prudential World Cup, 1975 – Fall of wickets and partnerships". ESPNcricinfo. ESPN. Archived from the original on 4 February 2011. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
Jump up ^ Preston, Norman. "The Prudential World Cup Final, 1975". Wisden Cricketers' Almanack. ESPN. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
Jump up ^ "Prudential World Cup, 1979 – Fall of wickets and partnerships". ESPNcricinfo. ESPN. Archived from the original on 4 February 2011. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Prudential World Cup – 1979". ESPNcricinfo. ESPN. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c Preston, Norman. "Prudential World Cup final, 1979". Wisden Cricketers' Almanack. ESPN. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
Jump up ^ "Clive Lloyd –1979". BBC Sport. British Broadcasting Corporation. 3 January 2003. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "India defy the odds". Wisden Cricketers' Almanack. ESPN. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Prudential World Cup – 1983". ESPNcricinfo. ESPN. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Reliance World Cup – 1987/88". ESPNcricinfo. ESPN. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
Jump up ^ "1987–88 World Cup – Final". Wisden Cricketers' Almanack. ESPN. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Benson & Hedges World Cup – 1991/92". ESPNcricinfo. ESPN. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
Jump up ^ "Benson & Hedges World Cup 1991–92 final". Wisden Cricketers' Almanack. ESPN. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Wills World Cup – Final – Australia v Sri Lanka". ESPNcricinfo. ESPN. Retrieved 10 January 2012.
Jump up ^ Coverdale, Brydon. "Rollercoaster riders". ESPNcricinfo. ESPN. Retrieved 10 January 2012.
Jump up ^ "Paul Reiffel – 1999". BBC Sport. British Broadcasting Corporation. 13 January 2003. Retrieved 10 January 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c "ICC World Cup – Final – Australia v Pakistan". ESPNcricinfo. ESPN. Retrieved 10 January 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Statistics / Statsguru / One-Day Internationals / Partnership records". ESPNcricinfo. ESPN. Archived from the original on 12 September 2015. Retrieved 10 January 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c "ICC World Cup – Final – Australia v India". ESPNcricinfo. ESPN. Retrieved 10 January 2012.
Jump up ^ Brett, Oliver (28 April 2007). "Final: Australia v Sri Lanka". BBC Sport. British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 10 January 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c "ICC World Cup Final 2006/07". ESPNcricinfo. ESPN. Retrieved 10 January 2012.
Jump up ^ "ICC Cricket World Cup 2011". Cricket News. Retrieved 6 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Sheringham, Sam (2 April 2011). "India power past Sri Lanka to Cricket World Cup triumph". BBC Sport. British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 10 January 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c "ICC World Cup Final 2010/11". ESPNcricinfo. ESPN. Retrieved 10 January 2012.
External links[edit]
Official ICC website
Winning Squads
[hide]
v
t
e
Cricket World Cup
Tournaments
England 1975
England 1979
England 1983
India/Pakistan 1987
Australia/New Zealand 1992
Pakistan/India/Sri Lanka 1996
England 1999
South Africa/Zimbabwe 2003
West Indies 2007
India/Sri Lanka/Bangladesh 2011
Australia/New Zealand 2015
England 2019
India 2023
Finals
1975
1979
1983
1987
1992
1996
1999
2003
2007
2011
2015
Squads
1975
1979
1983
1987
1992
1996
1999
2003
2007
2011
2015
Statistics
1975
1979
1983
1987
1992
1996
1999
2003
2007
2011
2015
Qualification
1975
1979
1983
1987
1992
1996
1999
2003
2007
2011
2015
2019
2023
Awards
Format
History
Hosts
Qualification
Records
Centuries
Five-wicket hauls
Teams
Trophy
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Cricket_World_Cup_finals&oldid=832014739"
Categories:
Cricket World Cup
Lists of Cricket World Cup matches
Cricket World Cup Finals
Cricket World Cup-related lists
Hidden categories:
Featured lists
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
বাংলা
हिन्दी
ଓଡ଼ିଆ
اردو
Edit links
This page was last edited on 23 March 2018, at 09:27.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: This is a featured list. Click here for more information.

attrs: class id

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: sup

values: List of International Cricket Council members

values:
/wiki/Cricket_World_Cup_Qualifier
mw-redirect
Cricket World Cup Qualifier

values:
/wiki/Kenya_cricket_team
mw-redirect
Kenya cricket team

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: A view of a cricket ground with blue sky and some clouds, the stands surrounding the pitch are mainly unoccupied, to the left in the background is a large building

values:
/wiki/Man_of_the_match
mw-redirect
Man of the match

values:
/wiki/Kris_Srikkanth
mw-redirect
Kris Srikkanth

values:
/wiki/Pakistan_cricket_team
mw-redirect
Pakistan cricket team

values:
/wiki/Coin_tossing
mw-redirect
Coin tossing

values: Adam Gilchrist, in white cricket uniform and baggy green hat, holds his left hand to his chin

attrs: alt src width height data-file-width data-file-height

values:
col
5%
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
col
10%
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
col
17%
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values: font-size:90%; width: 100%; text-align: center;

values: A map of the world, showing the locations of winning nations of the Cricket World Cup

values:
col
130
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
col
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values: sortable wikitable plainrowheaders jquery-tablesorter

values:
/wiki/British_Broadcasting_Corporation
mw-redirect
British Broadcasting Corporation

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
http://www.icc-cricket.com/
external text

values:
navbox-image
5
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/History_of_the_Cricket_World_Cup
mw-redirect
History of the Cricket World Cup

values: List of Cricket World Cup five-wicket hauls

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Lists of Cricket World Cup matches

values: Category:Cricket World Cup-related lists

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values:
/wiki/List_of_Cricket_World_Cup_finals
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: ক্রিকেট বিশ্বকাপ ফাইনালের তালিকা – Bangla

values: क्रिकेट विश्व कप के फाइनल मैचों की सूची – Hindi

values: କ୍ରିକେଟ ବିଶ୍ଵକପ ଫାଇନାଲ ପହଞ୍ଚି ଥିବା ରେ ଦେଶ ସମୂହ – Odia

values: کرکٹ عالمی کپ فائنل کی فہرست – Urdu

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-List_of_Cricket_World_Cup_finals rootpage-List_of_Cricket_World_Cup_finals skin-vector action-view