text:
Corpus luteum
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Corpus luteum
Section of the ovary. 1. Outer covering. 1’. Attached border. 2. Central stroma. 3. Peripheral stroma. 4. Bloodvessels. 5. Vesicular follicles in their earliest stage. 6, 7, 8. More advanced follicles. 9. An almost mature follicle. 9’. Follicle from which the ovum has escaped. 10. Corpus luteum.
Details
Identifiers
Latin
Corpus luteum
Dorlands
/Elsevier
c_55/12260569
TA
A09.1.01.015
FMA
18619
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
The corpus luteum (Latin for "yellow body"; plural corpora lutea) is a temporary endocrine structure in female ovaries that is involved in the production of relatively high levels of progesterone, moderate levels of estradiol and inhibin A.[1] It is the remains of the ovarian follicle that has released a mature ovum during a previous ovulation.[2] It is colored as a result of concentrating carotenoids (including lutein) from the diet and secretes a moderate amount of estrogen to inhibit further release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and thus secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). A new corpus luteum develops with each menstrual cycle.[citation needed]
Contents
[hide]
1 Development and structure
2 Function
2.1 When egg is not fertilized
2.2 When egg is fertilized
2.3 Content of carotenoids
3 In animals
4 Additional images
5 Pathology
6 References
7 Biography
8 External links
Development and structure[edit]
The corpus luteum develops from an ovarian follicle during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle or oestrous cycle, following the release of a secondary oocyte from the follicle during ovulation. The follicle first forms a corpus hemorrhagicum before it becomes a corpus luteum, but the term refers to the visible collection of blood, left after rupture of the follicle, that secretes progesterone. While the oocyte (later the zygote if fertilization occurs) traverses the Fallopian tube into the uterus, the corpus luteum remains in the ovary.
The corpus luteum is typically very large relative to the size of the ovary; in humans, the size of the structure ranges from under 2 cm to 5 cm in diameter.[3]
Its cells develop from the follicular cells surrounding the ovarian follicle.[4] The follicular theca cells luteinize into small luteal cells (thecal-lutein cells) and follicular granulosa cells luteinize into large luteal cells (granulosal-lutein cells) forming the corpus luteum. Progesterone is synthesized from cholesterol by both the large and small luteal cells upon luteal maturation. Cholesterol-LDL complexes bind to receptors on the plasma membrane of luteal cells and are internalized. Cholesterol is released and stored within the cell as cholesterol ester. LDL is recycled for further cholesterol transport. Large luteal cells produce more progesterone due to uninhibited/basal levels of protein kinase A (PKA) activity within the cell. Small luteal cells have LH receptors that regulate PKA activity within the cell. PKA actively phosphorylates steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) and translocator protein to transport cholesterol from the outer mitochondrial membrane to the inner mitochondrial membrane.[5]
The development of the corpus luteum is accompanied by an increase in the level of the steroidogenic enzyme P450scc that converts cholesterol to pregnenolone in the mitochondria.[6] Pregnenolone is then converted to progesterone that is secreted out of the cell and into the blood stream. During the bovine estrous cycle, plasma levels of progesterone increase in parallel to the levels of P450scc and its electron donor adrenodoxin, indicating that progesterone secretion is a result of enhanced expression of P450scc in the corpus luteum.[6]
The mitochondrial P450 system electron transport chain including adrenodoxin reductase and adrenodoxin has been shown to leak electrons leading to the formation of superoxide radical.[7][8] Apparently to cope with the radicals produced by this system and by enhanced mitochondrial metabolism, the levels of antioxidant enzymes catalase and superoxide dismutase also increase in parallel with the enhanced steroidogenesis in the corpus luteum.[6]
Follicular structure Luteal structure Secretion
Theca cells Theca lutein cells androgens,[9] progesterone[9]
Granulosa cells Granulosa lutein cells progesterone,[4] estrogen(majority),[4] and inhibin A[4][9]
Steroidogenesis, with progesterone in yellow field at upper center.[10] The androgens are shown in blue field, and aromatase at lower center - the enzyme present in granulosa lutein cells that convert androgens into estrogens (shown in pink triangle).
Like the previous theca cells, the theca lutein cells lack the aromatase enzyme that is necessary to produce estrogen, so they can only perform steroidogenesis until formation of androgens. The granulosa lutein cells do have aromatase, and use it to produce estrogens, using the androgens previously synthesized by the theca lutein cells, as the granulosa lutein cells in themselves do not have the 17α-hydroxylase or 17,20 lyase to produce androgens.[4] Once the corpus luteum regresses the remnant is known as corpus albicans.[11]
Function[edit]
The corpus luteum is essential for establishing and maintaining pregnancy in females. The corpus luteum secretes progesterone, which is a steroid hormone responsible for the decidualization of the endometrium (its development) and maintenance, respectively. It also produces relaxin, a hormone responsible for softening of the pubic symphysis which helps in parturition.
When egg is not fertilized[edit]
If the egg is not fertilized, the corpus luteum stops secreting progesterone and decays (after approximately 10 days in humans). It then degenerates into a corpus albicans, which is a mass of fibrous scar tissue.
The uterine lining (endometrium) is expelled through the vagina (in mammals that go through a menstrual cycle). In an estrous cycle, the lining degenerates back to normal size.
When egg is fertilized[edit]
Vaginal ultrasound showing a corpus luteum in a pregnant woman, with a fluid-filled cavity in its center.
If the egg is fertilized and implantation occurs, the syncytiotrophoblast (derived from trophoblast) cells of the blastocyst secrete the hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG, or a similar hormone in other species) by day 9 post-fertilization.
Human chorionic gonadotropin signals the corpus luteum to continue progesterone secretion, thereby maintaining the thick lining (endometrium) of the uterus and providing an area rich in blood vessels in which the zygote(s) can develop. From this point on, the corpus luteum is called the corpus luteum graviditatis.
The introduction of prostaglandins at this point causes the degeneration of the corpus luteum and the abortion of the fetus. However, in placental animals such as humans, the placenta eventually takes over progesterone production and the corpus luteum degrades into a corpus albicans without embryo/fetus loss.
Luteal support refers to the administration of medication (generally progestins) for the purpose of increasing the success of implantation and early embryogenesis, thereby complementing the function of the corpus luteum.
Content of carotenoids[edit]
The yellow color and name of the corpus luteum, like that of the macula lutea of the retina, is due to its concentration of certain carotenoids, especially lutein. In 1968, a report indicated that beta-carotene was synthesized in laboratory conditions in slices of corpus luteum from cows. However, attempts have been made to replicate these findings, but have not succeeded. The idea is not presently accepted by the scientific community.[12] Rather, the corpus luteum concentrates carotenoids from the diet of the mammal.
In animals[edit]
Similar structures and functions of the corpus luteum exist in some reptiles.[13] Dairy cattle also follow a similar cycle.[14]
Additional images[edit]
Order of changes in ovary
Human ovary with fully developed corpus luteum
Luteinized follicular cyst. H&E stain.
Pathology[edit]
Corpus Luteum cyst: hemorrhage into persistent corpus luteum. Commonly regresses spontaneously.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.columbia.edu/itc/hs/medical/sbpm_histology_old/lab/lab19_ovary.html
Jump up ^ Karch, p. 657.
Jump up ^ Vegetti W, Alagna F (2006). "FSH and follucogenesis: from physiology to ovarian stimulation". Reproductive biomedicine Online. Retrieved 2009-05-26.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Boron, p. 1300.
Jump up ^ Niswender GD (March 2002). "Molecular control of luteal secretion of progesterone". Reproduction. 123 (3): 333–9. PMID 11882010. doi:10.1530/rep.0.1230333.
^ Jump up to: a b c Rapoport R, Sklan D, Wolfenson D, Shaham-Albalancy A, Hanukoglu I (March 1998). "Antioxidant capacity is correlated with steroidogenic status of the corpus luteum during the bovine estrous cycle". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1380 (1): 133–40. PMID 9545562. doi:10.1016/S0304-4165(97)00136-0.
Jump up ^ Hanukoglu I, Rapoport R, Weiner L, Sklan D (September 1993). "Electron leakage from the mitochondrial NADPH-adrenodoxin reductase-adrenodoxin-P450scc (cholesterol side chain cleavage) system". Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 305 (2): 489–98. PMID 8396893. doi:10.1006/abbi.1993.1452.
Jump up ^ Rapoport R, Sklan D, Hanukoglu I (March 1995). "Electron leakage from the adrenal cortex mitochondrial P450scc and P450c11 systems: NADPH and steroid dependence". Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 317 (2): 412–6. PMID 7893157. doi:10.1006/abbi.1995.1182.
^ Jump up to: a b c The IUPS Physiome Project --> Female Reproductive System – Cells Retrieved on Nov 9, 2009
Jump up ^ Häggström, Mikael; Richfield, David (2014). "Diagram of the pathways of human steroidogenesis". WikiJournal of Medicine. 1 (1). ISSN 2002-4436. doi:10.15347/wjm/2014.005.
Jump up ^ Marieb, Elaine (2013). Anatomy & physiology. Benjamin-Cummings. p. 915. ISBN 9780321887603.
Jump up ^ Brian Davis. Carotenoid metabolism as a preparation for function. Pure & Applied Chemistry, Vol. 63, No. 1, pp. 131–140, 1991. available online. Accessed April 30, 2010.
Jump up ^ Trauth, Stanley E. (1978). "Ovarian Cycle of Crotaphytus collaris (Reptilia, Lacertilia, Iguanidae) from Arkansas with Emphasis on Corpora Albicantia, Follicular Atresia, and Reproductive Potential". Journal of Herpetology. 12 (4): 461. ISSN 0022-1511. JSTOR 1563350. doi:10.2307/1563350.
Jump up ^ Dairy cattle fertility & sterility. Hoard's Dairyman. Fort Atkinson, Wis: W.D. Hoard & Sons. 1996. ISBN 978-0932147271.
Biography[edit]
Karch, Amy (2017). Focus on nursing pharmacology. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer. ISBN 9781496318213.
Boron, Walter (2005). Medical physiology : a cellular and molecular approach. Philadelphia, Penns: Elsevier Saunders. ISBN 1-4160-2328-3.
External links[edit]
Histology image: 18201loa – Histology Learning System at Boston University
Anatomy photo:43:05-0106 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center – "The Female Pelvis: The Ovary"
CT of the abdomen showing a ruptured hemorrhagic copus luteal cyst
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Declaration of war by Canada
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A declaration of war by Canada is a formal declaration issued by the Government of Canada (the federal Crown-in-Council) indicating that a state of war exists between Canada and another nation. It is an exercise of the Royal Prerogative on the constitutional advice of the ministers of the Crown in Cabinet and does not require the direct approval of the Parliament of Canada, though such can be sought by the government. Since gaining the authority to declare war under the Statute of Westminster 1931, Canada has declared war only during the Second World War.[1][2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Second World War
1.1 Germany
1.2 Fascist Italy
1.3 Finland, Hungary, Romania, and Imperial Japan
2 See also
3 References
Second World War[edit]
Germany[edit]
Prime Minister Mackenzie King's request to King George VI for approval that war be declared against Germany, 10 September 1939.
After Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939, the United Kingdom and France declared war on September 3.[2][3] To assert Canada's independence from the UK, as already established by the Statute of Westminster 1931, Canada's political leaders unnecessarily decided to seek the approval of the federal parliament to declare war.[1][2][4][5] Parliament was not scheduled to return until October 2, but returned to session early on September 7 to consider the declaration of war.[2][3][4][5][6]
On September 9, the House of Commons and Senate approved authorization for a declaration of war. The Cabinet then drafted an Order in Council to that effect. On September 10, Vincent Massey, Canada's High Commissioner to the United Kingdom, brought the document to King George VI, at the Royal Lodge, Windsor Great Park, for his signature,[7][8] whereupon Canada had officially declared war on Germany.[2][3][4][5][6][9] In his capacity as the government's official recorder for the war effort, Leonard Brockington noted: "King George VI of England did not ask us to declare war for him—we asked King George VI of Canada to declare war for us."[10][11][12]
Fascist Italy[edit]
On June 10, 1940, Italy declared war on France and the United Kingdom.[2][3][9] National Defence Minister Norman Rogers had been killed in a plane crash that day.[9] Both houses of parliament approved a declaration of war and the Cabinet issued the Order in Council the same day. It was submitted to the King and the proclamation was read by the Prime Minister to parliament the following day.[2][3][9]
Finland, Hungary, Romania, and Imperial Japan[edit]
Parliament adjourned on November 14, 1941, and was not scheduled to return until January 21, 1942.[2] At the urging of the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom declared war on Finland on December 6, 1941.[13] At the UK's urging, the Canadian Cabinet the next day issued a proclamation declaring war on Finland,[13] Hungary, and Romania.[2]
On December 7, 1941 (December 8 in Japan), the Empire of Japan began an undeclared war upon the United Kingdom (invading Hong Kong and Malaya), Canada, and the United States (attacking Pearl Harbor).[3] Mackenzie King and the Cabinet decided to go to war with Japan that evening and issued a proclamation the following day declaring that, as of December 7, a state of war existed between Japan and Canada.[2][3][14] One day later, the US and UK also declared war on the Japanese Empire.[3] These proclamations were presented by Mackenzie King to the House of Commons when parliament returned on January 21, 1942.[2]
See also[edit]
Military history of Canada
List of conflicts in Canada
Military history of Canada during World War II
Declarations of war by Great Britain and the United Kingdom
Declaration of war by the United States
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Fortin, Steve (6 February 2008). "Is "declaration of war" an antiquated expression?". The Maple Leaf. Department of National Defence of Canada/Canadian Forces. 11 (5): 6.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Rossignol, Michel (August 1992). "Parliament, the National Defence Act, and the Decision to Participate". Public Works and Government Services Canada. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "1939: King prepares Canada for war with Germany". CBC Digital Archives. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c Granatstein, J. L. (September 9, 2009). "Going to war? 'Parliament will decide'". The Globe and Mail.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Canada and the World: A History — 1939 - 1945: The World at War". Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade of Canada. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Partners for Victory: Canada and the United Kingdom in World War II (PDF). High Commission of Canada to the United Kingdom. p. 2. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
Jump up ^ Donald Creighton, The Forked Road: Canada 1939-1957, McClelland and Stewart, 1976, p.2.
Jump up ^ Brode, Patrick (1 May 2006), "War power and the Royal Prerogative", Law Times, Thomson Reuters Canada Ltd., retrieved 2 August 2012
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Allies take Sicily". CBC Digital Archives. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
Jump up ^ Canada at War. Office of Director of Public Information of Canada (9-20): 7. 1941. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ Railway carmen's journal. Brotherhood Railway Carmen of the United States and Canada, Brotherhood Railway Carmen of America. 47-48. 1942. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ Debates. House of Commons of Canada. 3: 2537. 1942. Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b Lindström, Varpu. "History of Finland-Canada Relations". Embassy of Finland, Ottawa. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Canada Declares War on Japan". Inter-Allied Review via ibiblio. December 15, 1941. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Declaration_of_war_by_Canada&oldid=797341149"
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Conventional memory
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Memory areas of the IBM PC family.
In DOS memory management, conventional memory, also called base memory, is the first 640 kilobytes (640 × 1024 bytes) of the memory on IBM PC or compatible systems. It is the read-write memory directly addressable by the processor for use by the operating system and application programs. As memory prices rapidly declined, this design decision became a limitation in the use of large memory capacities until the introduction of operating systems and processors that made it irrelevant.
Contents
[hide]
1 640 KB barrier
1.1 Additional memory
2 DOS driver software and TSRs
2.1 Upper memory blocks and loading high
2.2 Driver/TSR optimization
3 DOS extenders
4 See also
5 References
640 KB barrier[edit]
IBM PC, PC/XT, 3270 PC and PCjr Memory Blocks[1][2]
0-block 1st 64 KB Ordinary user memory to 64 KB (low memory area)
1-block 2nd 64 KB Ordinary user memory to 128 KB
2-block 3rd 64 KB Ordinary user memory to 192 KB
3-block 4th 64 KB Ordinary user memory to 256 KB
4-block 5th 64 KB Ordinary user memory to 320 KB
5-block 6th 64 KB Ordinary user memory to 384 KB
6-block 7th 64 KB Ordinary user memory to 448 KB
7-block 8th 64 KB Ordinary user memory to 512 KB
8-block 9th 64 KB Ordinary user memory to 576 KB
9-block 10th 64 KB Ordinary user memory to 640 KB
A-block 11th 64 KB Extended video memory (EGA)
B-block 12th 64 KB Standard video memory (MDA/CGA)
C-block 13th 64 KB ROM expansion (XT, EGA, 3270 PC)
D-block 14th 64 KB other use (PCjr cartridges, LIM EMS)
E-block 15th 64 KB other use (PCjr cartridges, LIM EMS)
F-block 16th 64 KB System ROM-BIOS and ROM-BASIC
The 640 KB barrier is an architectural limitation of IBM and IBM PC compatible PCs. The Intel 8088 CPU, used in the original IBM PC, was able to address 1 MB (220 bytes), since the chip offered 20 address lines.
The first memory segment (64 KB) of the conventional memory area is named lower memory or low memory area.
In the design of the PC, the memory below 640 KB was for random-access memory on the motherboard or on expansion boards. The 384 KB above was reserved for system use and optional devices. This upper portion of the 8088 address space was used for the ROM BIOS, additional read-only memory, BIOS extensions for fixed disk drives and video adapters, video adapter memory, and other memory-mapped input and output devices.
The design of the original IBM PC placed the Color Graphics Adapter (CGA) memory map and other hardware in the 384 KB upper memory area (UMA). The need for more RAM grew faster than the needs of hardware to utilize the reserved addresses, which resulted in RAM eventually being mapped into these unused upper areas to utilize all available addressable space. This introduced a reserved "hole" (or several holes) into the set of addresses occupied by hardware that could be used for arbitrary data. Avoiding such a hole was difficult and ugly and not supported by DOS or most programs that could run on it. Later, space between the holes would be used as upper memory blocks (UMBs).
To maintain compatibility with older operating systems and applications, the 640 KB barrier remained part of the PC design even after the 8086/8088 had been replaced with the Intel 286 processor, which could address up to 16 MB of memory in Protected mode. The 1 MB barrier also remained as long as the 286 was running in Real mode, since DOS required Real mode which uses the segment and offset registers in an overlapped manner such that addresses with more than 20 bits are not possible. It is still present in IBM PC compatibles today if they are running in Real mode such as used by DOS. Even the most modern Intel PCs still have the area between 640 and 1024 KB reserved.[3][4] This however is invisible to programs (or even most of the operating system) on newer operating systems (such as Windows, Linux, or Mac OS X) that use virtual memory, because they have no awareness of physical memory addresses at all. Instead they operate within a virtual address space, which is defined independently of available RAM addresses.[5]
Some motherboards feature a "Memory Hole at 15 Megabytes" option required for certain VGA video cards that require exclusive access to one particular megabyte for video memory. Newer video cards on AGP (PCI memory space) bus can have 256 MB memory with 1 GB aperture size.
Additional memory[edit]
One technique used on early IBM XT computers was to install additional RAM into the video memory address range and push the limit up to the start of the Monochrome Display Adapter (MDA). Sometimes software or a custom address decoder was required for this to work. This moved the barrier to 704 KB (with MDA/HGC) or 736 KB (with CGA).[6][7]
Memory managers on 386-based systems (such as QEMM or MEMMAX (+V) in DR-DOS) could achieve the same effect, adding conventional memory at 640 KB and moving the barrier to 704 KB (up to segment B000, the start of MDA/HGC) or 736 KB (up to segment B800, the start of the CGA).[7] Only CGA could be used in this situation, because Enhanced Graphics Adapter (EGA) video memory was immediately adjacent to the conventional memory area below the 640 KB line; the same memory area could not be used both for the frame buffer of the video card and for transient programs.
The AllCard, an add-on memory management unit for XT-class computers, allowed normal memory to be mapped into the A0000-EFFFF (hex) address range, giving up to 952 KB for DOS programs. Programs such as Lotus 1-2-3, which accessed video memory directly, needed to be patched to handle this memory layout. Therefore, the 640 KB barrier was removed at the cost of hardware compatibility.
It was also possible to use console redirection (either by specifying an alternative console device like AUX: when initially invoking COMMAND.COM or by using CTTY later on) to direct output to and receive input from a dumb terminal or another computer running a terminal emulator. Assuming the System BIOS still permitted the machine to boot (which is often the case at least with BIOSes for embedded PCs), the video card could then be removed completely, and the system could provide a total of 960 KB of continuous DOS memory for programs to load.
Similar was possible on many DOS- but not IBM-compatible computers with a non-fragmented memory layout, like f.e. the Victor 9000/Sirius 1 which supported up to 896 KB continuous DOS memory to be used under its custom version of MS-DOS.
DOS driver software and TSRs[edit]
Most standard programs written for DOS did not necessarily need 640 KB or more of memory. Instead, driver software and utilities referred to as Terminate and Stay Resident (TSR) programs could be used in addition to the standard DOS software. These drivers and utilities typically permanently used some conventional memory, reducing the total available for standard DOS programs.
Some very common DOS drivers and TSRs using conventional memory included:
ANSI.SYS - support for color text and different text resolutions
ASPIxDOS.SYS, ASPIDISK.SYS, ASPICD.SYS - all must be loaded for Adaptec SCSI drives and CDROMs to work
DOSKEY.EXE - permits recall of previously typed DOS commands using up-arrow
LSL.EXE, E100BODI.EXE (or other network driver), IPXODI.EXE, NETX.EXE - all must be loaded for NetWare file server drive letter access
MOUSE.EXE - support for mouse device in DOS programs
MSCDEX.EXE - support for CDROM drive access and drive letter, used in combination with a separate manufacturer-specific driver. Needed in addition to above SCSI drivers for access to a SCSI CDROM device.
SBCONFIG.EXE - support for Sound Blaster 16 audio device; a differently-named driver was used for various other sound cards, also occupying conventional memory.
SMARTDRV.EXE - install drive cache to speed up disk reads and writes; although it could allocate several megabytes of memory beyond 640kb for the drive caching, it still needed a small portion of conventional memory to function.
As can be seen above, many of these drivers and TSRs could be considered practically essential to the full-featured operation of the system. But in many cases a choice had to be made by the computer user, to decide whether to be able to run certain standard DOS programs or have all their favorite drivers and TSRs loaded. Loading the entire list shown above is likely either impractical or impossible, if the user also wants to run a standard DOS program as well.
In some cases drivers or TSRs would have to be unloaded from memory to run certain programs, and then reloaded after running the program. For drivers that could not be unloaded, later versions of DOS included a startup menu capability to allow the computer user to select various groups of drivers and TSRs to load before running certain high-memory-usage standard DOS programs.
Upper memory blocks and loading high[edit]
As DOS applications grew larger and more complex in the late 1980s and eary 1990s, it became common practice to free up conventional memory by moving the device drivers and TSR programs into upper memory blocks (UMBs) in the upper memory area (UMA) at boot, in order to maximize the conventional memory available for applications. This had the advantage of not requiring hardware changes, and preserved application compatibility.
This feature was first provided by third-party products such as QEMM, before being built into DR DOS 5.0 in 1990 then MS-DOS 5.0 in 1991. Most users used the accompanying EMM386 driver provided in MS-DOS 5, but third-party products from companies such as QEMM also proved popular.
At startup, drivers could be loaded high using the "DEVICEHIGH=" directive, while TSRs could be loaded high using the "LOADHIGH", "LH" or "HILOAD" directives. If the operation failed, the driver or TSR would automatically load into the regular conventional memory instead.
CONFIG.SYS, loading ANSI.SYS into UMBs, no EMS support enabled:
DEVICE=C:\DOS\HIMEM.SYS
DEVICE=C:\DOS\EMM386.EXE NOEMS
DEVICEHIGH=C:\DOS\ANSI.SYS

AUTOEXEC.BAT, loading MOUSE, DOSKEY, and SMARTDRV into UMBs if possible:
LH C:\DOS\MOUSE.EXE
LH C:\DOS\DOSKEY.EXE
LH C:\DOS\SMARTDRV.EXE

The ability of DOS versions 5.0 and later to move their own system core code into the high memory area (HMA) through the DOS=HIGH command gave another boost to free memory.
Driver/TSR optimization[edit]
Hardware expansion boards could use any of the upper memory area for ROM addressing, so the upper memory blocks were of variable size and in different locations for each computer, depending on the hardware installed. Some windows of upper memory could be large and others small. Loading drivers and TSRs high would pick a block and try to fit the program into it, until a block was found where it fit, or it would go into conventional memory.
An unusual aspect of drivers and TSRs, is that they would use different amounts of conventional and/or upper memory, based on the order they were loaded. This could be used to advantage if the programs were repeatedly loaded in different orders, and checking to see how much memory was free after each permutation. For example, if there was a 50 KB UMB and a 10 KB UMB, and programs needing 8 KB and 45 KB were loaded, the 8 KB might go into the 50 KB UMB, preventing the second from loading. Later versions of DOS allowed the use of a specific load address for a driver or TSR, to fit drivers/TSRs more tightly together.
In MS-DOS 6.0, Microsoft introduced MEMMAKER, which automated this process of block matching, matching the functionality third-party memory managers offered. This automatic optimization often still did not provide the same result as doing it by hand, in the sense of providing the greatest free conventional memory.
Also in some cases third-party companies wrote special multi-function drivers that would combine the capabilities of several standard DOS drivers and TSRs into a single very compact program that used just a few kilobytes of memory. For example, the functions of mouse driver, CDROM driver, ANSI support, DOSKEY command recall, and disk caching would all be combined together in one program, consuming just 1 - 2 kilobytes of conventional memory for normal driver/interrupt access, and storing the rest of the multi-function program code in EMS or XMS memory.
DOS extenders[edit]
The barrier was only overcome with the arrival of DOS extenders, which allowed DOS applications to run in 16-bits or 32-bits protected mode, but these were not very widely used outside the computer game area. With a 32-bits DOS extender, a game could benefit from a 32-bits flat address space and the full 32-bits instruction set without the 66h/67h operand/address override prefixes. 32-bits DOS extenders required compiler support (32-bits compilers) while XMS and EMS worked with an old compiler targeting 16-bits real mode DOS applications. The two most common specifications for DOS extenders were VCPI and later DPMI compatible with Windows 3.x.
The most notable DPMI compliant DOS extender may be DOS/4GW, shipping with Watcom. It was very common in games for DOS. Such a game would consist of either a DOS/4GW 32-bit kernel, or a stub which loaded a DOS/4GW kernel located in the path or in the same directory and a 32-bit "linear executable". Utilities are available which can strip DOS/4GW out of such a program and allow the user to experiment with any of the several, and perhaps improved, DOS/4GW clones.
Prior to DOS extenders, if a user installed additional memory and wished to use it under DOS, they would first have to install and configure drivers to support either expanded memory specification (EMS) or extended memory specification (XMS) and run programs supporting one of these specifications.
EMS was a specification available on all PCs, including the Intel 8086 and Intel 8088 which allowed add-on hardware to page small chunks of memory in and out (bank switching) of the "real mode" addressing space (0x0400–0xFFFF). This allowed 16-bits real-mode DOS program to access several megabytes of RAM through a hole in real memory, typically (0xE000–0xEFFF). A program would then have to explicitly request the page to be accessed before using it. These memory locations could then be used arbitrarily until replaced by another page. This is very similar to modern paged virtual memory. However, in a virtual memory system, the operating system handles all paging operations, while paging was explicit with EMS.
XMS provided a basic protocol which allowed a 16-bits DOS programs to load chunks of 80286 or 80386 extended memory in low memory (address 0x0400-0xFFFF). A typical XMS driver had to switch to protected mode in order to load this memory. The problem with this approach is that while in 286 protected mode, direct DOS calls could not be made. The workaround was to implement a callback mechanism, requiring a reset of the 286. On the 286, this was a major problem. The Intel 80386, which introduced "Virtual 86 mode", allowed the guest kernel to emulate the 8086 and run the host operating system without having to actually force the processor back into "real mode". HIMEM.SYS 2.03 and higher used unreal mode on the 80386 and higher CPUs while HIMEM.SYS 2.06 and higher used LOADALL to change undocumented internal registers on the 80286, significantly improving interrupt latency by avoiding repeated real mode/protected mode switches[8].
Windows installs its own version of Himem.sys[9] on DOS 3.3 and higher. Windows HIMEM.SYS launches 32-bit protected mode XMS (n).0 services provider for the Windows Virtual Machine Manager, which then provides XMS (n-1).0 services to DOS boxes and the 16-bit Windows machine (e.g. DOS 7 HIMEM.SYS is XMS 3.0 but running 'MEM' command in a Windows 95 DOS Window shows XMS 2.0 information).
See also[edit]
Expanded memory (EMS)
Extended memory (XMS)
High memory area (HMA)
DOS Protected Mode Services (DPMS)
LOADHIGH
Long mode
Protected mode
Real mode
3 GB barrier
Unreal mode
Upper memory area (UMA)
x86 memory segmentation
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Norton, Peter (1986). Inside the IBM PC, Revised and Enlarged, Brady. ISBN 0-89303-583-1, p.108.
Jump up ^ U.S. Patent 4,926,322 - Software emulation of bank-switched memory using a virtual DOS monitor and paged memory management, Fig. 1
Jump up ^ Yao, Jiewen; Zimmer, Vincent J. (February 2015). "White Paper: A Tour beyond BIOS Memory Map Design in UEFI BIOS" (PDF). Intel Corporation.
Jump up ^ Russinovich, Mark; Solomon, David A.; Ionescu, Alex (2012). Windows Internals. Part 2 (6th ed.). Microsoft Press. p. 322. Note the gap in the memory address range from page 9F000 to page 100000...
Jump up ^ Richter, Jeffrey. Programming Applications for Microsoft Windows. p. 435 ff.
Jump up ^ Atkinson, Cy (2001). "What is High Memory, why do i care, and how can I use it?". San Jose, CA, USA. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2017-03-13.
^ Jump up to: a b Paul, Matthias (1997-07-30). NWDOS-TIPs — Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details, Bugs und Workarounds [NWDOSTIPs — Tips & tricks for Novell DOS 7, with special focus on undocumented details, bugs and workarounds]. MPDOSTIP (e-book) (in German) (edition 3, release 157 ed.). Archived from the original on 2016-06-06. Retrieved 2016-06-06. (NB. NWDOSTIP.TXT is a comprehensive work on Novell DOS 7 and OpenDOS 7.01, including the description of many undocumented features and internals. It is part of the author's yet larger MPDOSTIP.ZIP collection maintained up to 2001 and distributed on many sites at the time. The provided link points to a HTML-converted older version of the NWDOSTIP.TXT file.)
Jump up ^ http://www.os2museum.com/wp/himem-sys-unreal-mode-and-loadall/
Jump up ^ "Overview of Memory-Management Functionality in MS-DOS". Support.microsoft.com. 2003-05-12. Retrieved 2012-08-13.
Atkinson, C. (unknown date). "What is high memory, why do I care, how do I use it?". Retrieved 2006-05-02.
http://www.pcguide.com/ref/ram/logicHMA-c.html
AllCard review, Personal Computer World September 1986, pg 138
This article is based on material taken from the Free On-line Dictionary of Computing prior to 1 November 2008 and incorporated under the "relicensing" terms of the GFDL, version 1.3 or later.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conventional_memory&oldid=846174930"
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The Bad Beginning
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Bad Beginning
Author
Lemony Snicket (pen name of Daniel Handler)
Illustrator
Brett Helquist
Cover artist
Brett Helquist
Country
United States
Language
English
Series
A Series of Unfortunate Events
Genre
Gothic fiction
Absurdist fiction
Steampunk
Mystery
Publisher
HarperCollins
Publication date
September 30, 1999
Media type
Print (hardback & paperback)
Pages
162
ISBN
0-06-440766-7
OCLC
41070636
Dewey Decimal
Fic 21
LC Class
PZ7.S6795 Bad 1999
Followed by
The Reptile Room
The Bad Beginning is the first novel of the children's novel series A Series of Unfortunate Events by Lemony Snicket. The novel tells the story of three children, Violet, Klaus, and Sunny Baudelaire, who become orphans following a fire and are sent to live with Count Olaf, who attempts to steal their inheritance.
The book was published on September 30, 1999, by Scholastic Inc. and illustrated by Brett Helquist. An audiobook was released in 2003, several special editions of the book have been made and the book has been translated into many different languages.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Critical reception
3 Special editions
3.1 The Bad Beginning: Rare Edition
3.2 The Bad Beginning; or, Orphans!
3.3 Other special editions
4 Audiobook
5 Adaptations
5.1 Television
5.2 Film
6 Translations
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
Violet Baudelaire is age fourteen and has a love for inventions; Klaus Baudelaire is twelve and an avid reader; Sunny Baudelaire is a baby who uses words only her siblings and parents understand, and has several surprisingly large and sharp teeth, which will come in handy. The children are told by a family friend, Mr. Poe, that their parents have died in a fire that destroyed their home. They are placed in the care of Count Olaf, said to be a distant relative although the children had never heard of him before. Olaf's house is a ramshackle with filthy living conditions covered in disconcerting eye images; it has a tower which the Baudelaires are forbidden from entering. Count Olaf is unpleasant, easily angered and forces the children to perform laborious chores. It becomes clear that Count Olaf is scheming to collect the Baudelaire's fortune. However, Violet will inherit when she turns eighteen, so he must be creative.
One day, the Baudelaires are set the task of making dinner for Olaf and his theater troupe. They make puttanesca, but when Olaf arrives he demands roast beef. The children reminded him that he never asked them to make roast beef and Olaf becomes angry, lifting Sunny into the air and striking Klaus across the face after the children tell everyone he has only given them one bed.
Olaf gives the children roles in his new play, in which Violet will marry Olaf. The children realize something is amiss and use the library of their friendly but credulous and slightly inept neighbor, Justice Strauss, to research law. Klaus learns that the marriage in the play will be legally binding and that Olaf can inherit their fortune from it. He confronts Olaf, who gets one of his associates to put Sunny in a bird cage, dangling from outside the window of his tower. He threatens to kill her if Klaus and Violet do not follow his plan. Violet constructs a makeshift grappling hook and uses it to climb up the tower. She finds the hook-handed man (a member of Olaf's theater troupe) waiting to capture her. Klaus is brought up to the tower and they are locked together in the room until the play begins.
After Violet signs the marriage document, Olaf interrupts to tell the audience that their wedding was legally binding. Justice Strauss and Mr. Poe both object, but concede that the law requires them to hand over the Baudelaire fortune to Olaf. Violet interrupts to proclaim that the marriage was not legally binding, as she signed with her left hand despite being right-handed. Justice Strauss agrees that this invalidates the marriage. Before Olaf can be arrested, one of his associates turns the lights in the theatre off and he is able to escape. Justice Strauss tells the Baudelaires that she is willing to adopt them; however, Mr. Poe says that this would go against their parents' will and takes them back to his household until he can find another guardian for them.
Critical reception[edit]
In 2012, School Library Journal named The Bad Beginning the 48th best children's novel.[1] Publishers Weekly praised Snicket's prose, observing, "The author uses formal, Latinate language and intrusive commentary to hilarious effect, even for readers unfamiliar with the literary conventions he parodies."[2] The review went on to laud Helquist for his "exquisitely detailed" and "elegantly designed" artwork.[2] The trade publication Library Journal praised both Snicket's narrative and prose: "While the misfortunes hover on the edge of being ridiculous, Snicket's energetic blend of humor, dramatic irony, and literary flair makes it all perfectly believable."[3] Kirkus Reviews noted the uncomfortably macabre tone of the novel, warning that because "the Baudelaire children are truly sympathetic characters", the novel is "not for the squeamish".[4] Catherine Pelosi of Kids' Book Review responded positively to The Bad Beginning, describing it as "exciting, humorous and appropriately dark".[5]
Special editions[edit]
The Bad Beginning: Rare Edition[edit]
The Bad Beginning: Rare Edition (ISBN 0-06-051828-6) was published by HarperCollins on September 23, 2003. In addition to a box, new cover, and additional illustrations, this edition contains a fourteenth chapter filled with author's notes, many of which foreshadow later events in the series or provide excessively detailed information about the events in The Bad Beginning itself.
The Bad Beginning; or, Orphans![edit]
The Bad Beginning: or, Orphans! is a paperback edition of The Bad Beginning designed to mimic a Victorian penny dreadful.[6] It was released on May 8, 2007.[6] The book features a new full-color cover, seven new illustrations, and the first part of a serial supplement entitled The Cornucopian Cavalcade, which in this edition includes the first of 13-part comic entitled The Spoily Brats along with a page of Victorian-era false advertisements, both produced by Michael Kupperman; an advice column written by Lemony Snicket along with a page listing every entry in A Series of Unfortunate Events (some of which are fictional); the first part of a story entitled Q: A Psychic pstory of the psupernatural by Stephen Leacock;[7]
Other special editions[edit]
Two more editions of The Bad Beginning were published by Egmont Publishing on October 1, 2003—The Bad Beginning: Special Edition (ISBN 1-4052-0725-6) and The Bad Beginning: Limited Edition (ISBN 1-4052-0726-4). They come in a larger format and contain three plates of color artwork that are redrawn from the original edition of the book and two plates of new color artwork. The Limited Edition is bound in leather and contained within a box, similar to the Rare Edition, and each copy was signed by Daniel Handler. There is also a new "Short-Lived Edition", released for general sale on June 14, 2012.
Audiobook[edit]
Two audiobook versions of this novel were released. The first version was released in September 2003. It was read by Tim Curry and featured Daniel Handler, under the pseudonym Lemony Snicket, who read a portion, A Conversation Between the Author and Leonard S. Marcus, which won an "Earphones Award" on AudioFile, which described the audiobook as "fabulously funny" and complimented the conversation involving Handler.[8]
The second version was released in October 2004, after the release of the film, Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events. This multi-voice cast audio book was narrated by Tim Curry and featured Jim Carrey, Meryl Streep, and Jude Law. This version also included sound effects and a soundtrack. This edition of The Bad Beginning was an Audie Awards finalist for Children's Titles for Ages 8+ in 2005,[9] and a Grammy Award Nominee for Best Spoken Word Album for Children in 2005.[10] AudioFile gave the audiobook a positive review, although stated that "the cast of seven at first sound self-consciously formal until one realizes that the acting is supposed to be as mannered as the clever writing".[11]
Adaptations[edit]
Television[edit]
The book was adapted into the first two episodes of the first season of the television series adaptation produced by Netflix.
Film[edit]
Elements of The Bad Beginning were featured in the 2004 film adaptation of the first three books in the series, Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events.
Translations[edit]
Most foreign editions have borne titles which are direct translations of the phrase "the bad beginning", including:
Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian Loš početak (Algoritam, 2001: ISBN 953-6450-77-1);
Brazilian Portuguese Mau Começo, translated by Carlos Sussekind (Companhia das Letras, 1999: ISBN 85-359-0094-2);
Czech Zlý začátek, translated by Eva Brdičková (Egmont ČR, 2001: ISBN 80-7186-600-8);
Dutch Het Bittere Begin, translated by Huberte Vriesendorp (Ploegsma, 2006: ISBN 978-90-216-1520-2);
Finnish Ankea alku, translated by Mika Ojakangas (WSOY, 2001: ISBN 952-5418-00-6);
Greek: "Η Κακή Αρχή", translated by Χαρά Γιαννακοπούλου (Ελληνικά Γράμματα, 2002:960-406-186-0);
Italian Un infausto inizio, translated by Valentina Daniele (Salani, 2003: ISBN 88-7782-951-6);
Norwegian En grufull begynnelse, translated by Alexander Melli (Cappelen Damm, 2000: ISBN 9788202189471);
Polish Przykry początek (The Unpleasant Beginning), translated by Jolanta Kozak (Wydawnictwo Egmont Polska, 2008: ISBN 83-237-1449-5);
Romanian Început îndoliat (Egmont, 2002: ISBN 973-583-363-8); Înneguratul început (Arthur, 2017)
Russian Скверное начало (Azbuka-Klassika, 2003: ISBN 5-352-00360-4);
Spanish Un mal principio, translated by Néstor Busquets (Montena, 2004: ISBN 0-307-20934-2);
Swedish En olustig början (Richters, 2002: ISBN 91-7711-334-9);
Turkish Kötü Günler Başlarken (Doğan Egmont, 2002: ISBN 978-975-323-582-2).
However, the Indonesian version, Mula Malapetaka, translates to "The First Catastrophe" (ISBN 979-22-0301-X); the French Tout commence mal…, "All Begins Badly", translated by Rose-Marie Vassallo (Éditions Nathan, 2002: ISBN 2-09-282353-1); and the Quebec French Nés sous une mauvaise étoile, "Born Under a Bad Star", apparently also translated by Rose-Marie Vassallo (Éditions Heritage, 2007: ISBN 2-7625-2942-5), the Korean version 눈동자의 집 translates to "The House of the Eye" (ISBN 89-546-0834-5), and the Japanese version 最悪のはじまり translates to "The Worst Beginning" (Soshisha, 2001: ISBN 4-7942-1070-1).
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Bird, Elizabeth (May 28, 2012). "Top 100 Children's Novels #48: The Bad Beginning by Lemony Snicket". School Library Journal. Retrieved July 27, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Review from Publishers Weekly". Amazon.com. Retrieved November 7, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Review from Library Journal". Amazon.com. Retrieved November 7, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Review from Kirkus Reviews". Kirkus Reviews. July 15, 1999. Retrieved November 7, 2009.
Jump up ^ Pelosi, Catherine (August 9, 2011). "Review: A Series of Unfortunate Events: The Bad Beginning". Kids' Book Review. Retrieved July 18, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b A Series of Unfortunate Events #1: The Bad Beginning, By Lemony Snicket, Illustrated by Brett Helquist: Harper-Collins Children's Books
Jump up ^ Mitchell-Marell, Gabrielle. "Now for the Unfortunate Paperbacks..." Publishers Weekly. Archived from the original on November 11, 2007.
Jump up ^ "A Series of Unfortunate Events #1". AudioFile. Retrieved July 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Audies Gala 2005 Winners and Nominees". www.audiopub.org. Retrieved 2010-04-28.
Jump up ^ "Complete list of Grammy Award nominations". usatoday.com. February 8, 2006. Retrieved 2010-04-28.
Jump up ^ "A Series of Unfortunate Events #1". AudioFile. December 2004. Retrieved July 18, 2015.
External links[edit]
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List of governors-general of India
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Regulating Act of 1773 created the office with the title of Governor-General of the Presidency of Fort William, or Governor-General of Bengal to be appointed by the Court of Directors of the East India Company (EIC). The Court of Directors assigned a Council of Four (based in India) to assist The Governor General, and decision of council was binding on Governor General during 1773-1784.
The Saint Helena Act 1833 (or Government of India Act 1833) re-designated the office with the title of Governor-General of India.
After the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the company rule was brought to an end, and the British India along with princely states came under the direct rule of the Crown. The Government of India Act 1858 created the office of Secretary of State for India in 1858 to oversee the affairs of India, which was advised by a new Council of India with 15 members (based in London). The existing Council of Four was formally renamed as the Council of Governor General of India or Executive Council of India. The Council of India was later abolished by Government of India Act 1935.
Following the adoption of the Government of India Act of 1858, the Governor-General as representing the Crown became known as the Viceroy. The designation 'Viceroy', although it was most frequently used in ordinary parlance, had no statutory authority, and was never employed by Parliament. Although the Proclamation of 1858 announcing the assumption of the government of India by the Crown referred to Lord Canning as "first Viceroy and Governor-General", none of the Warrants appointing his successors referred to them as 'Viceroys', and the title, which was frequently used in Warrants dealing with precedence and in public notifications, was basically one of ceremony used in connection with the state and social functions of the Sovereign's representative. The Governor-General continued to be the sole representative of the Crown, and the Government of India continued to be vested in the Governor-General-in-Council.[1]
From the year 1858 onwards, the appointments of Governor-General of India were made by British Crown at the advice of Secretary of State for India. The office of Governor-General continued to exist as a ceremonial post in each of the new dominions until they adopted republican constitutions in 1950 and 1956 respectively..
List of Viceroys and Governor-Generals[edit]
Portrait
Name
(Birth–Death)
Term of office
Notable events
Appointer
Governors of the Presidency of Fort William (Bengal), 1773–1833
Warren Hastings
(1732-1818) 20 October
1773
[nb 1] 1 February
1785
Regulating Act of 1773
Supreme Council Of Bengal
Asiatic Society of Bengal
Stopped Mughal pension to Shah Alam II
Stopped Diarchy in Bengal
New Sanskrit School by Jonathan Deccan
Moved Treasury from Murshidabad to Calcutta
Bengal Gazette- First Indian newspaper published
First Anglo-Maratha War (1775–82)
Second Anglo-Mysore war (1780–84)
First Rohilla War of 1773–1774
Second Rohilla War 1779
Experimentation on land settlements. (1772-five years settlement, changed to 1 year in 1776)
English Translation of Bhagwat Gita[2]
East India
Company

(1773–1858)
John Macpherson
(acting)
(1745–1821) 1 February
1785 12 September
1786
Charles Cornwallis
The Marquess Cornwallis [nb 2]
(1738–1805) 12 September
1786 28 October
1793
Established lower courts and appellate courts
Permanent Settlement in Bihar and Bengal in 1793
3rd Mysore war
Introduction of Cornwallis Code
Introduction of Civil Services in India
John Shore
(1751–1834) 28 October
1793 18 March
1798
Policy of Non-intervention
Charter Act of 1793
Battle of Kharda between Nizam and Marathas (1795)
Alured Clarke
(acting)
(1744–1832) 18 March
1793 18 May
1798
Richard Wellesley, Earl of Mornington [nb 3]
(1760–1842) 18 May
1798 30 July
1805
Introduction of Subsidiary Alliance
Fourth Anglo Mysore War 1799
Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803–05)
Fort William College at Calcutta
Formation of Madras Presidency in 1801
The Marquess Cornwallis
(1738–1805) 30 July
1805 5 October
1805
Sir George Barlow, Bt
(acting)
(1762–1847) 10 October
1805 31 July
1807
Sepoy mutiny at Vellore
The Lord Minto
(1751–1814) 31 July
1807 4 October
1813
Charter Act of 1813
Treaty of Amritsar, 1809 with Ranjit Singh
Francis Rawdon-Hastings, The Earl of Moira [nb 4]
(1754–1826) 4 October
1813 9 January
1823
Ended the policy of Non-intervention
Third Anglo-Maratha War (1816-1818)
1816,Treaty of Sagauli with Nepal
Creation of Bombay Presidency in 1818
Establishment of Ryotwari System in Madras and
Mahalwari System in Central India,Punjab And Western UP.
John Adam
(acting)
(1779–1825) 9 January
1823 1 August
1823
Licensing Regulations
The Lord Amherst[nb 5]
(1773–1857) 1 August
1823 13 March
1828
First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–26)
Treaty of Yandabo, 1826
William Butterworth Bayley
(acting)
(1782–1860) 13 March
1828 4 July
1828
Governors-General of India, 1833–1858
Lord William Bentinck
(1774–1839) 4 July
1828 20 March
1835
First Governor General of India
Bengal Sati Regulation, 1829
Charter Act, 1833
Saint Helena Act 1833
English Education Act 1835
Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata
East India
Company

(1773–1858)
Charles Metcalfe, Bt
(acting)
(1785–1846) 20 March
1835 4 March
1836
Repealed 1823 Licensing Regulations
The Lord Auckland[nb 6]
(1784–1849) 4 March
1836 28 February
1842
The Lord Ellenborough
(1790–1871) 28 February
1842 June
1844
William Wilberforce Bird
(acting)
(1784–1857) June
1844 23 July
1844
Henry Hardinge[nb 7]
(1785–1856) 23 July
1844 12 January
1848
The First Anglo-Sikh War (1845–46)
The Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848–49)
Treaty of Lahore
The Earl of Dalhousie[nb 8]
(1812–1860) 12 January
1848 28 February
1856
Doctrine of Lapse
Charles Wood Despatch
Second Anglo-Burmese War (1852)
First Railway line connecting Bombay and Thane
First telegraph Line was laid between Diamond Harbour to Calcutta.
Post Office Act, 1854
Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act, 1856
Established Public Works Department
Engineering College was established at Roorkee
Governors-General and Viceroys of India, 1858–1947
The Viscount Canning[nb 9]
(1812–1862) 28 February
1856 21 March
1862
University of Bombay, Calcutta and Madras were set up in 1858
The revolt of 1857
The Government of India Act, 1858
Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act, 1856
Victoria

(1837–1901)
The Earl of Elgin
(1811–1863) 21 March
1862 20 November
1863
Robert Napier
(acting)
(1810–1890) 21 November
1863 2 December
1863
William Denison
(acting)
(1804–1871) 2 December
1863 12 January
1864
Sir John Lawrence, Bt
(1811–1879) 12 January
1864 12 January
1869
Bhutan War
Establishment of Shimla as India's summer capital in 1863
The Earl of Mayo
(1822–1872) 12 January
1869 8 February
1872
Assassinated by a Pathan Sher Ali Afridi
Started the Census.
Sir John Strachey
(acting)
(1823–1907) 9 February
1872 23 February
1872
The Lord Napier
(acting)
(1819–1898) 24 February
1872 3 May
1872
The Lord Northbrook
(1826–1904) 3 May
1872 12 April
1876
The Lord Lytton
(1831–1891) 12 April
1876 8 June
1880
Vernacular Press Act
Second Anglo-Afghan War
The Indians Act (1878)[3]
The Marquess of Ripon
(1827–1909) 8 June
1880 13 December
1884
First Factory Act (1881)
Repeal of the Vernacular Press Act (1882)
Ilbert Bill
The Earl of Dufferin
(1826–1902) 13 December
1884 10 December
1888
Formation of Indian National Congress
Third Anglo-Burmese War
The Marquess of Lansdowne
(1845–1927) 10 December
1888 11 October
1894
The Earl of Elgin
(1849–1917) 11 October
1894 6 January
1899
The Lord Curzon of Kedleston[nb 10]
(1859–1925) 6 January
1899 18 November
1905
Partition of Bengal (1905)
Second Delhi Darbar (1903)
The Earl of Minto
(1845–1914) 18 November
1905 23 November
1911 Edward VII

(1901–1910)
The Lord Hardinge of Penshurst
(1858–1944) 23 November
1911 4 April
1916 George V

(1910–1936)
The Lord Chelmsford
(1868–1933) 4 April
1916 2 April
1921
The Earl of Reading
(1860–1935) 2 April
1921 3 April
1926
The Lord Irwin
(1881–1959) 3 April
1926 18 April
1931
The Earl of Willingdon
(1866–1941) 18 April
1931 18 April
1936
The Marquess of Linlithgow
(1887–1952) 18 April
1936 1 October
1943 Edward VIII

(1936)
The Viscount Wavell
(1883–1950) 1 October
1943 21 February
1947 George VI

(1936–1952)
The Viscount Mountbatten of Burma
(1900–1979) 21 February
1947 15 August
1947
Governors-General of the Dominion of India, 1947–1950
The Viscount Mountbatten of Burma[nb 11]
(1900–1979) 15 August
1947 21 June
1948 George VI

(1936–1952)
C. Rajagopalachari
(1878–1972) 21 June
1948 26 January
1950
Notes
Jump up ^ Originally joined on 28 April 1772
Jump up ^ Earl Cornwallis from 1762; created Marquess Cornwallis in 1792.
Jump up ^ Created Marquess Wellesley in 1799.
Jump up ^ Created Marquess of Hastings in 1816
Jump up ^ Created Earl Amherst in 1826.
Jump up ^ Created Earl of Auckland in 1839.
Jump up ^ Created Viscount Hardinge in 1846.
Jump up ^ Created Marquess of Dalhousie in 1849.
Jump up ^ Created Earl Canning in 1859.
Jump up ^ The Lord Ampthill was acting Governor-General in 1904
Jump up ^ Created Earl Mountbatten of Burma on 28 October 1947.
See also[edit]
Council of India
Secretary of State for India
List of Presidents of India
Citations[edit]
Jump up ^ Imperial Gazetteer of India, Clarendon Press, Oxford, New Edition 1909, vol 4, p. 16.
Jump up ^ Clarke, John James (1 January 1997). Oriental Enlightenment: The Encounter Between Asian and Western Thought. Psychology Press. ISBN 9780415133753.
Jump up ^ "What was the Arms Act 1878? - Quora". www.quora.com. Retrieved 2017-01-13.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_governors-general_of_India&oldid=805497846"
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Have I the Right?
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Have I the Right?"
Single by The Honeycombs
B-side
"Please Don't Pretend Again" (Meek/Lawrence)
Released
June 1964 (UK)
Format
7"
Recorded
RGM Sound: 1964
Genre
Pop
Length
2:57
Label
Pye Records 7N15664 (UK)[1]
Interphon Records IN-7705 (USA)
Songwriter(s)
Ken Howard, Alan Blaikley[1]
Producer(s)
Joe Meek[1] (R.G.M. Sound)
The Honeycombs singles chronology
"Have I the Right?"
(1964) "Is It Because"
(1964)
"Have I the Right?"
(1964) "Is It Because"
(1964)
"Have I the Right?" was the début single and biggest hit of British band The Honeycombs. It was composed by Ken Howard and Alan Blaikley, who had made contact with The Honeycombs, a London-based group, then playing under the name of The Sheratons,[2] in the Mildmay Tavern in the Balls Pond Road in Islington, where they played a date. Howard and Blaikley were impressed by the group's lead vocalist, Dennis D'Ell, and the fact that they had a female drummer, Ann (‘Honey’) Lantree. The group were looking for material to play for an audition with record producer Joe Meek,[3] and they played the songs Howard and Blaikley had just given them. Meek decided to record one of them, "Have I the Right?", there and then. Meek himself provided the B-side, "Please Don’t Pretend Again".[4]
Music critic Tom Ewing, writing for Freaky Trigger, commented that the song "invents" post-punk, "which is to say, when I listen to the instrumental break on this record, bright guitar and sharp keyboard slicing tuneless chunks out of each other, it’s not 1964 I’m hearing."[5] It was used as the opening theme for Hold the Sunset.
Contents
[hide]
1 Recording of the song
2 Chart success
3 Lawsuit
4 German version
5 Cover versions
6 Charts
7 Notes and references
8 External links
Recording of the song[edit]
Meek used his apartment at 304 Holloway Road, Islington (north London) as a recording studio. Three U.K. No.1 hits were produced there: "Johnny Remember Me" by John Leyton in 1961, "Telstar" by The Tornados in 1962, and the last of them, "Have I the Right?" in 1964.[6]
Conspicuous in "Have I the Right?" is the prominent part of the drums that carry the song. Their effect was enhanced by having the members of the group stamp their feet on the wooden stairs to the studio. Meek recorded the sound with five microphones he had fixed to the banisters with bicycle clips. For the finishing touch someone beat a tambourine directly onto a microphone. The recording was somewhat speeded up, reportedly to the disappointment of Dennis D'Ell, who regretted that he could not reproduce this sound on stage.[3]
Chart success[edit]
"Have I the Right?" was presented by Meek to several major labels, who turned it down. It was released in June 1964 on the Pye record label (Pye 7N 15664). Louis Benjamin (1922–1994), Pye’s later chairman, rechristened the group The Honeycombs, a pun on the drummer’s name and her job as a hairdresser's assistant.[7] The single’s sales started slowly, but by the end of July the record started to climb in the UK Singles Chart. At the end of August the record reached No. 1.[1] Outside the UK "Have I the Right?" was a big success too. The song became #1 in Australia, Canada[8] and Sweden.[9] In the US the record reached #5[8] and in the Netherlands #2.[10] "Have I the Right?" sold worldwide about two million copies within a year.
Lawsuit[edit]
In July 1965, the British music magazine NME reported that it had been agreed in the London High Court that "Have I the Right?" was the work of Howard and Blaikley. Composer Geoff Goddard agreed to drop allegations that he, and not they, had written the song.[11] Goddard had been Meek's principal songwriter, but the two had fallen out. He claimed that the song was adapted from his earlier song "Give Me The Chance", but was too shy to testify in court.[11]
German version[edit]
The Honeycombs also recorded a German version of the song: "Hab ich das Recht?" (Deutsche Vogue, DV 14210). Both the English and the German version reached #21 in the German charts: the English one in October, the German one in November 1964.[12] The German version was recorded without the group’s stamping their feet on the stairs and without speeding up. One line was left out, so the German version is still shorter than the English one.
Cover versions[edit]
The song was covered in 1977 by Scottish boy band The Dead End Kids. Their version peaked at number six in the UK pop charts, and topped the Irish pop charts for two weeks.[citation needed] Dead Kennedys covered the song during their concerts in the 1970s. A version is featured on their live album Live at the Deaf Club. Off Broadway covered the song on their 1997 album Fallin' In.
Charts[edit]
Chart (1964)
Peak
position
German Singles Chart 21
Irish Singles Chart 3
UK Singles Chart 1
US Billboard Hot 100 5
Notes and references[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Rice, Jo (1982). The Guinness Book of 500 Number One Hits (1st ed.). Enfield, Middlesex: Guinness Superlatives Ltd. pp. 82–4. ISBN 0-85112-250-7.
Jump up ^ Richie Unterberger. "The Honeycombs | Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved 2014-04-05.
^ Jump up to: a b "The JOE MEEK Page | Joe Meek: A portrait – 5. Hits and musicians". Joemeekpage.info. 2012-07-27. Retrieved 2014-04-05.
Jump up ^ "Please don’t pretend again" is credited to ‘Meek & Lawrence’. Lawrence was one of Meek’s aliases Archived 2010-08-22 at the Wayback Machine..
Jump up ^ Ewing, Tom (16 January 2005). "THE HONEYCOMBS – "Have I The Right?"". Freaky Trigger. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Roberts, David (2001). British Hit Singles (14th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 36. ISBN 0-85156-156-X.
Jump up ^ New Musical Express, "Lifelines of the Chart Toppers: The Honeycombs", August 28, 1964, p. 9.
^ Jump up to: a b "Songs from the Year 1964". Tsort.info. Retrieved 2014-04-05.
Jump up ^ Steffen Hung. "Forum – Swedish Number Ones 1962–75 (Allmänt)". swedishcharts.com. Retrieved 2014-04-05.
Jump up ^ "SIXTIES – 1964". Web.archive.org. 2012-07-29. Archived from the original on July 29, 2012. Retrieved 2014-04-05.
^ Jump up to: a b Tobler, John (1992). NME Rock 'N' Roll Years (1st ed.). London: Reed International Books Ltd. p. 148. CN 5585.
Jump up ^ "The JOE MEEK Page | Joe Meek records in Germany: 3. Recordings in German language". Joemeekpage.info. Retrieved 2014-04-05.
External links[edit]
Lyrics and additional information for "Have I the Right?"
Preceded by
"Do Wah Diddy Diddy" by Manfred Mann UK number-one single
27 August 1964 Succeeded by
"You Really Got Me" by The Kinks
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Have_I_the_Right%3F&oldid=829236089"
Categories:
1964 singles
UK Singles Chart number-one singles
Song recordings produced by Joe Meek
Songs written by Ken Howard (composer)
Songs written by Alan Blaikley
RPM Top Singles number-one singles
1964 songs
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Pye Records singles
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This page was last edited on 7 March 2018, at 12:37.
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