text:
History of sociology
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Sociology
History
Outline
Portal
Main theories
Structural functionalism
Conflict theory
Symbolic interactionism
Methods
Quantitative
Qualitative
Historical
Comparative
Mathematical
Computational
Ethnography
Ethnomethodology
Network analysis
Positivism
Critical theory
Subfields and other major theories
Conflict
Criminology
Social constructionism
Culture
Development
Deviance
Demography
Education
Economic
Environmental
Family
Feminist sociology
Gender
Health
Industrial
Inequality
Knowledge
Law
Literature
Medical
Military
Organizational
Political
Race and ethnicity
Religion
Rural
Science
Social change
Social movements
Social psychology in sociology
Stratification
Science and technology
Technology
Urban
Utilitarianism
Browse
Bibliography
By country
Index
Journals
Organizations
People
Timeline
v
t
e
Sociology as a scholarly discipline emerged primarily out of enlightenment thought, shortly after the French Revolution, as a positivist science of society. Its genesis owed to various key movements in the philosophy of science and the philosophy of knowledge. Social analysis in a broader sense, however, has origins in the common stock of philosophy and necessarily pre-dates the field. Modern academic sociology arose as a reaction to modernity, capitalism, urbanization, rationalization, secularization, colonization and imperialism. Late 19th century sociology demonstrated a particularly strong interest in the emergence of the modern nation state; its constituent institutions, its units of socialization, and its means of surveillance. An emphasis on the concept of modernity, rather than the Enlightenment, often distinguishes sociological discourse from that of classical political philosophy.[1]
Various quantitative social research techniques have become common tools for governments, businesses, and organizations, and have also found use in the other social sciences. Divorced from theoretical explanations of social dynamics, this has given social research a degree of autonomy from the discipline of sociology. Similarly, "social science" has come to be appropriated as an umbrella term to refer to various disciplines which study humans, interaction, society or culture.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Precursors
1.1 Ancient times
1.1.1 Ibn Khaldun (14th century)
2 Classical origins
2.1 The Enlightenment and positivism
2.1.1 Henri de Saint-Simon
2.1.2 Auguste Comte
2.2 Industrial revolution and the Darwinian revolution
2.2.1 Historical materialism
2.2.2 Social Darwinism
2.3 Other precursors
3 Foundation of the academic discipline
3.1 The canon: Durkheim, Marx, Weber
4 19th century: from positivism to antipositivism
5 20th century: critical theory, postmodernism, and positivist revival
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
Precursors[edit]
Ancient times[edit]
The sociological reasoning may be traced back at least as far as the ancient Greeks (cf. Xenophanes′ remark: "If horses would adore gods, these gods would resemble horses"). Proto-sociological observations are to be found in the founding texts of Western philosophy (Herodotus, Thucydides, Plato, Polybius and so on), as well as in the non-European thought of figures such as Confucius.[3] The characteristic trends in the sociological thinking of the ancient Greeks can be traced back to their social environment. Because there was rarely any extensive or highly centralized political organization within states this allowed the tribal spirit of localism and provincialism to have free play. This tribal spirit of localism and provincialism pervaded most of the Greek thinking upon social phenomena.[4]
The origin of the survey can be traced back to the Domesday Book ordered by king William I in 1086.[5][6]
In the 13th century, Ma Tuan-Lin, a Chinese historian, first recognized patterns of social dynamics as an underlying component of historical development in his seminal encyclopedia, Wenxian Tongkao or "Comprehensive Examination of Literature".[7]
Ibn Khaldun (14th century)[edit]
There is evidence of early Muslim sociology from the 14th century. Some consider Ibn Khaldun, a 14th-century Tunisian, Arab, Islamic scholar from North Africa, to have been the first sociologist and father of sociology; his Muqaddimah was perhaps the first work to advance social-scientific reasoning on social cohesion and social conflict.[8][9][10][11][12][13] Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406), in his Muqaddimah (later translated as Prolegomena in Latin), the introduction to a seven volume analysis of universal history, was the first to advance social philosophy and social science in formulating theories of social cohesion and social conflict. He is thus considered by some to be the forerunner of sociology.[8][10][12][13][14][15]
Concerning the discipline of sociology, he conceived a dynamic theory of history that involved conceptualizations of social conflict and social change. He developed the dichotomy of sedentary life versus nomadic life as well as the concept of a "generation", and the inevitable loss of power that occurs when desert warriors conquer a city. Following a contemporary Arab scholar, Sati' al-Husri, the Muqaddimah may be read as a sociological work: six books of general sociology. Topics dealt with in this work include politics, urban life, economics, and knowledge. The work is based around Ibn Khaldun's central concept of 'asabiyyah, which has been translated as "social cohesion", "group solidarity", or "tribalism". This social cohesion arises spontaneously in tribes and other small kinship groups; it can be intensified and enlarged by a religious ideology. Ibn Khaldun's analysis looks at how this cohesion carries groups to power but contains within itself the seeds – psychological, sociological, economic, political – of the group's downfall, to be replaced by a new group, dynasty or empire bound by a stronger (or at least younger and more vigorous) cohesion.
Classical origins[edit]
The term ("sociologie") was first coined by the French essayist Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès (1748–1836),[16] from the Latin: socius, "companion"; and the suffix -ology, "the study of", from Greek λόγος, lógos, "knowledge".[17][18] In 1838, the French-thinker Auguste Comte (1798–1857) ultimately gave sociology the definition that it holds today.[17] Comte had earlier expressed his work as "social physics", but that term had been appropriated by others, such as Belgian statistician Adolphe Quetelet (1796–1874).
The Enlightenment and positivism[edit]
Auguste Comte
The Positivist temple in Porto Alegre
Henri de Saint-Simon[edit]
Saint-Simon published Physiologie sociale in 1813 and devoted much of his time to the prospect that human society could be steered toward progress if scientists would form an international assembly to influence its course. He argued that scientists could distract groups from war and strife, by focusing their attention to generally improving their societies living conditions. In turn, this would bring multiple cultures and societies together and prevent conflict. Saint-Simon took the idea that everyone had encouraged from the Enlightenment, which was the belief in science, and spun it to be more practical and hands-on for the society. Saint-Simon's main idea was that industrialism would create a new launch in history. He saw that people had been seeing progress as an approach for science, but he wanted them to see it as an approach to all aspects of life. Society was making a crucial change at the time since it was growing out of a declining feudalism. This new path could provide the basis for solving all the old problems society had previously encountered. He was more concerned with the participation of man in the workforce instead of which workforce man choose. His slogan became "All men must work[2] ” and from this, the slogan of communism was evolved "Each according to his capacity.[2] "
Auguste Comte[edit]
Writing after the original enlightenment and influenced by the work of Saint-Simon, political philosopher of social contract, Auguste Comte hoped to unify all studies of humankind through the scientific understanding of the social realm. His own sociological scheme was typical of the 19th century humanists; he believed all human life passed through distinct historical stages and that, if one could grasp this progress, one could prescribe the remedies for social ills. Sociology was to be the "queen science" in Comte's schema; all basic physical sciences had to arrive first, leading to the most fundamentally difficult science of human society itself.[17] Comte has thus come to be viewed as the "Father of Sociology".[17] Comte delineated his broader philosophy of science in The Course in Positive Philosophy [1830–1842], whereas his A General View of Positivism (1865) emphasized the particular goals of sociology.
Auguste Comte was so impressed with his theory of positivism that he referred to it as "the great discovery of the year 1822.” Comte's system is based on the principles of knowledge, as seen in 3 states. This law states any kind of knowledge always begins in theological form. Here the knowledge can be explained by a superior supernatural power such as animism, spirits, or gods. It then passes to the metaphysical form where the knowledge is explained by abstract philosophical speculation. Finally, the knowledge becomes positive after being explained scientifically through observation, experiment, and comparison. The order of the laws was created in order of increasing difficulty.[2] Comte's description of the development of society is parallel to Karl Marx's own theory historical progression from capitalism to communism. They both were influenced by various Utopian-socialist thinkers of the day and agreed that some form of communism would be the climax of societal development.[2]
In later life, Auguste Comte developed a 'religion of humanity' to give positivist societies the unity and cohesiveness found through the traditional worship people were used to. In this new "religion" he referred to society as the "Great Being." Comte promoted a universal love and harmony taught through the teachings of his industrial system theory.[2] For close associate John Stuart Mill, it was possible to distinguish between a "good Comte" (the author of the Course in Positive Philosophy) and a "bad Comte" (the author of the secular-religious system).[19] The system was unsuccessful but met with the publication of Darwin's On the Origin of Species to influence the proliferation of various Secular Humanist organizations in the 19th century, especially through the work of secularists such as George Holyoake and Richard Congreve.
Karl Marx rejected the positivist sociology of Comte but was of central influence in founding structural social science.
Industrial revolution and the Darwinian revolution[edit]
Historical materialism[edit]
Both Comte and Marx intended to develop a new scientific ideology in the wake of European secularization. Marx, in the tradition of Hegelianism, rejected the positivist method and was in turn rejected by the self-proclaimed sociologists of his day. However, in attempting to develop a comprehensive science of society Marx nevertheless became recognized as a founder of sociology by the mid 20th century. Isaiah Berlin described Marx as the "true father" of modern sociology, "in so far as anyone can claim the title."[20]
To have given clear and unified answers in familiar empirical terms to those theoretical questions which most occupied men's minds at the time, and to have deduced from them clear practical directives without creating obviously artificial links between the two, was the principal achievement of Marx's theory ... The sociological treatment of historical and moral problems, which Comte and after him, Spencer and Taine, had discussed and mapped, became a precise and concrete study only when the attack of militant Marxism made its conclusions a burning issue, and so made the search for evidence more zealous and the attention to method more intense.
—  Isaiah Berlin Karl Marx 1967, [21]
In the 1830s, Karl Marx was part of the Young Hegelians in Berlin, which discussed and wrote about the legacy of the philosopher, Hegel (1770–1831) (whose seminal tome, Science of Logic was published in 1816). Although, at first sympathetic with the groups strategy of attacking Christianity to undermine the Prussian establishment, he later formed divergent ideas and broke with the Young Hegelians, attacking their views in works such as The German Ideology. Witnessing the struggles of the laborers during the Industrial Revolution, Marx concluded that religion (or the "ideal") is not the basis of the establishment's power, but rather ownership of capital (or the "material")- processes that employ technologies, land, money and especially human labor-power to create surplus-value[22] — lie at the heart of the establishment's power. This "stood Hegel on his head" as he theorized that, at its core, the engine of history and the structure of society was fundamentally material rather than ideal. He theorized that both the realm of cultural production and political power created ideologies that perpetuated the oppression of the working class and the concentration of wealth within the capitalist class: the owners of the means of production. Marx predicted that the capitalist class would feel compelled to reduce wages or replace laborers with technology, which would ultimately increase wealth among the capitalists. However, as the workers were also the primary consumers of the goods produced, reducing their wages would result in an inevitable collapse in capitalism as a mode of economic production.[2]
Social Darwinism[edit]
Herbert Spencer (1820-1903)
Herbert Spencer (1820–1903), the English philosopher, was one of the most popular and influential 19th-century sociologists. The early sociology of Spencer came about broadly as a reaction to Comte and Marx; writing before and after the Darwinian revolution in biology, Spencer attempted to reformulate the discipline in what we might now describe as socially Darwinistic terms. In fact, his early writings show a coherent theory of general evolution several years before Darwin published anything on the subject.[23] Encouraged by his friend and follower Edward L. Youmans,[24][25] Spencer published The Study of Sociology in 1874, which was the first book with the term "sociology" in the title. In the 1900 edition of the journal International Monthly,[23] Franklin H. Giddings (1855–1931), the first professor of sociology at Columbia University, described it as the book that "first awakened in England, America, France, Italy and Russia a wide interest general interest"[24] in the then fledgling discipline of sociology. In the United States, Charles Horton Cooley, stated in a 1920 article that The Study of Sociology "probably did more to arouse interest in the subject than any other publication before or since."[24] It is estimated that he sold one million books in his lifetime, far more than any other sociologist at the time. So strong was his influence that many other 19th century thinkers, including Émile Durkheim, defined their ideas in relation to his. Durkheim’s Division of Labour in Society is to a large extent an extended debate with Spencer from whose sociology Durkheim borrowed extensively.[26] Also a notable biologist, Spencer coined the term "survival of the fittest" as a basic mechanism by which more effective socio-cultural forms progressed. Whilst many intellectuals of his day were proponents of socialism as a scientifically informed manner of steering society, Spencer was a critic of socialism and an advocate for a laissez-faire style of government. His ideas were highly observed by conservative political circles, especially in the United States and England.[27] Although Spencer's work is rarely discussed in contemporary sociological theory, his work has been adapted and changed, and resurfaces in various contemporary forms.[28]
A contemporary of Spencer, Lester Frank Ward is often described as a father of American sociology[29] and served as the first president of the American Sociological Association in 1905 and served as such until 1907. He published Dynamic Sociology in 1883; Outlines of Sociology in 1898; Pure Sociology in 1903; and Applied Sociology in 1906. Also in 1906, at the age of 65 he was appointed to professor of sociology at Brown University.[30]
Following Ward as president of the American Sociological Association was William Graham Sumner from 1908 to 1909. He also held the first professorship of sociology at Yale College, and in 1876, Sumner became the first to teach a course entitled "sociology" in the English-speaking world. His course focused predominantly on the work of Auguste Comte and Herbert Spencer. He was ideologically opposed to the sociology of Ward as he felt that society could not be steered by scientific intervention, and famously stated the alternative to "survival of the fittest" was the "survival of the unfittest." However, he also opposed the grand theorizing of Spencer. During the Progressive Era in the United States, social Darwinism became a contentious topic and Sumner and his course at Yale College was criticized for including Spencerian ideas. This almost led to Sumner's expulsion from teaching. His most famous sociological works are What Social Classes Owe to Each Other in 1883 and Folkways: a study of the sociological importance of usages, manners, customs, mores, and morals in 1906.
Other precursors[edit]
Many other philosophers and academics were influential in the development of sociology, not least the Enlightenment theorists of social contract, and historians such as Adam Ferguson (1723–1816). For his theory on social interaction, Ferguson has himself been described as "the father of modern sociology"[31] Other early works to appropriate the term 'sociology' included A Treatise on Sociology, Theoretical and Practical by the North American lawyer Henry Hughes and Sociology for the South, or the Failure of Free Society[32] by the American lawyer George Fitzhugh. Both books were published in 1854, in the context of the debate over slavery in the antebellum US. Harriet Martineau, a Whig social theorist and the English translator of many of Comte's works, has been cited as the first female sociologist.
Various other early social historians and economists have gained recognition as classical sociologists, including Robert Michels (1876–1936), Alexis de Tocqueville (1805–1859), Vilfredo Pareto (1848–1923) and Thorstein Veblen (1857–1926). The classical sociological texts broadly differ from political philosophy in the attempt to remain scientific, systematic, structural, or dialectical, rather than purely moral, normative or subjective. The new class relations associated with the development of Capitalism are also key, further distinguishing sociological texts from the political philosophy of the Renaissance and Enlightenment eras.
Foundation of the academic discipline[edit]
Formal institutionalization of sociology as an academic discipline began when Emile Durkheim founded the first French department of sociology at the University of Bordeaux in 1895. In 1896, he established the journal L'Année Sociologique.
A course entitled "sociology" was taught for the first time in the United States in 1875 by William Graham Sumner, drawing upon the thought of Comte and Herbert Spencer rather than the work of Durkheim.[33] In 1890, the oldest continuing sociology course in the United States began at the University of Kansas, lectured by Frank Blackmar. The Department of History and Sociology at the University of Kansas was established in 1891[34][35] and the first full-fledged independent university department of sociology was established in 1892 at the University of Chicago by Albion W. Small (1854–1926), who in 1895 founded the American Journal of Sociology.[36] American sociology arose on a broadly independent trajectory to European sociology. George Herbert Mead and Charles H. Cooley were influential in the development of symbolic interactionism and social psychology at the University of Chicago, while Lester Ward emphasized the central importance of the scientific method with the publication of Dynamic Sociology in 1883.
The University of Chicago developed the major sociologists at the time. It brought them together, and even gave them a hub and a network to link all the leading sociologists. In 1925, a third of all sociology graduate students attended the University of Chicago. Chicago was very good at not isolating their students from other schools. They encouraged them to blend with other sociologists, and to not spend more time in the class room than studying the society around them. This would teach them real life application of the classroom teachings. The first teachings at the University of Chicago were focused on the social problems that the world had been dealt. At this time, academia was not concerned with theory; especially not to the point that academia is today. Many people were still hesitant of sociology at this time, especially with the recent controversial theories of Weber and Marx. The University of Chicago decided to go into an entirely different direction and their sociology department directed their attention to the individual and promoted equal rights. Their concentration was small groups and discoveries of the individual’s relationship to society. The program combined with other departments to offer students well-rounded studies requiring courses in hegemony, economics, psychology, multiple social sciences and political science. Albion Small was the head of the sociology program at the University of Chicago. He played a key role in bringing German sociological advancements directly into American academic sociology. Small also created the American Journal of Sociology. Robert Park and Ernest Burgess refined the program’s methods, guidelines, and checkpoints. This made the findings more standardized, concise and easier to comprehend. The pair even wrote the sociology program’s textbook for a reference and get all students on the same page more effectively. Many remarkable sociologists such as George Hebert Mead, W.E. Du Bois, Robert Park, Charles S. Johnson, William Ogburn, Hebert Blumer and many others have significant ties to the University of Chicago.[37]
In 1920 a department was set up in Poland by Florian Znaniecki (1882–1958). William I. Thomas was an early graduate from the Sociology Department of the University of Chicago. He built upon his education and his work changed sociology in many ways. In 1918, William I. Thomas and Florian Znaniecki gave the world the publication of "The Polish Peasant" in Europe and America. This publication combined sociological theory with in depth experiential research and thus launching methodical sociological research as a whole. This changed sociologist’s methods and enabled them to see new patterns and connect new theories. This publication also gave sociologists a new way to found their research and prove it on a new level. All their research would be more solid, and harder for society to not pay attention to it. In 1920, Znaniecki developed a sociology department in Poland to expand research and teachings there.[2]
With the lack of sociological theory being taught at the University of Chicago paired with the new foundations of statistical methods, the student’s ability to make any real predictions was nonexistent. This was a major factor in the downfall of the Chicago school.[37]
The first sociology department in the United Kingdom was founded at the London School of Economics in 1904. In 1919 a sociology department was established in Germany at the Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich by Max Weber, who had established a new antipositivist sociology. The "Institute for Social Research" at the University of Frankfurt (later to become the "Frankfurt School" of critical theory) was founded in 1923.[29] Critical theory would take on something of a life of its own after WW2, influencing literary theory and the "Birmingham School" of cultural studies.
The University of Frankfurt’s advances along with the close proximity to the research institute for sociology made Germany a powerful force in leading sociology at that time. In 1918, Frankfurt received the funding to create sociology’s first department chair. The Germany’s groundbreaking work influenced its government to add the position of Minister of Culture to advance the country as a whole. The remarkable collection of men who were contributing to the sociology department at Frankfurt were soon getting worldwide attention and began being referred to as the “Frankfurt school.” Here they studied new perspectives of Marx theories, and went into depth of the works of Weber and Freud. Most of this men would soon be forced out of Germany by the Nazis and arrive in America, influencing social research there. This forced relocation of sociologists enabled sociology in America to bring up to the standards of European studies of sociology by planting some of Europe’s greatest sociologists in America.[38]
Felix Weil was one of the students who received their doctorate on the concept of socialization from the University of Frankfurt. He, along with Max Horkheimer and Kurt Albert Gerlach, developed the Institute of Social Research and it was established in 1923. Kurt Albert Gerlach would serve as the institute’s first director. Their goal in creating the institute was to produce a place that people could discover and be informed of social life as a whole. Weil, Horkheimer, and Gerlach wanted to focus on interactions between economics, politics, legal matters, as well as scholarly interactions in the community and society. The main research that got the institute known was its revival of scientific Marxism. Many benefactors contributed money, supplies, and buildings to keep this area of research going. When Gerlach, became ill and had to step down as director, Max Horkheimer took his place. He encouraged the students of the institute to question everything they studied. If the students studied a theory, he not only wanted them to discover its truth themselves, but also to discover how, and why it is true and the theories relation to society. The National Socialist regime exiled many of the members of the Institute of Social Research. The regime also forced many students and staff from the entire Frankfurt University, and most fled to America. Many people forced from the institute also left the war path, but unlike the university, the institute lost too many people and was forced to close. In 1950, the institute was reopened as a private establishment. From this point on the Institute of Social Research would have a close connection to sociology studies in the United States.[38]
International cooperation in sociology began in 1893 when René Worms (1869–1926) founded the small Institut International de Sociologie, eclipsed by much larger International Sociological Association from 1949. In 1905 the American Sociological Association, the world's largest association of professional sociologists, was founded, and Lester F. Ward was selected to serve as the first President of the new society.
The canon: Durkheim, Marx, Weber[edit]
Vilfredo Pareto
Durkheim, Marx, and Weber are typically cited as the three principal architects of modern social science. The sociological "canon of classics" with Durkheim and Weber at the top owes in part to Talcott Parsons, who is largely credited with introducing both to American audiences.[39] Parsons' Structure of Social Action (1937) consolidated the American sociological tradition and set the agenda for American sociology at the point of its fastest disciplinary growth. In Parsons' canon, however, Vilfredo Pareto holds greater significance than either Marx or Simmel. His canon was guided by a desire to "unify the divergent theoretical traditions in sociology behind a single theoretical scheme, one that could in fact be justified by purely scientific developments in the discipline during the previous half century."[40] While the secondary role Marx plays in early American sociology may be attributed to Parsons,[40] as well as to broader political trends,[41] the dominance of Marxism in European sociological thought had long since secured the rank of Marx alongside Durkheim and Weber as one of the three "classical" sociologists.[42]
19th century: from positivism to antipositivism[edit]
The methodological approach toward sociology by early theorists was to treat the discipline in broadly the same manner as natural science. An emphasis on empiricism and the scientific method was sought to provide an incontestable foundation for any sociological claims or findings, and to distinguish sociology from less empirical fields such as philosophy. This perspective, termed positivism, was first developed by theorist Auguste Comte. Positivism was founded on the theory that the only true, factual knowledge is scientific knowledge. Comte had very vigorous guidelines for a theory to be considered positivism. He thought that this authentic knowledge can only be derived from positive confirmation of theories through strict continuously tested methods, that are not only scientifically but also quantitatively based.[2] Émile Durkheim was a major proponent of theoretically grounded empirical research,[43] seeking correlations to reveal structural laws, or "social facts". Durkheim proved that concepts that had been attributed to the individual were actually socially determined. These occurrences are things such as suicide, crime, moral outrage, a person’s personality, time, space, and God. He brought to light that society had influence on all aspects of a person, far more than had been previously believed.[2] For him, sociology could be described as the "science of institutions, their genesis and their functioning".[44] Durkheim endeavoured to apply sociological findings in the pursuit of political reform and social solidarity. Today, scholarly accounts of Durkheim's positivism may be vulnerable to exaggeration and oversimplification: Comte was the only major sociological thinker to postulate that the social realm may be subject to scientific analysis in the same way as noble science, whereas Durkheim acknowledged in greater detail the fundamental epistemological limitations.[45][46]
Reactions against positivism began when German philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770–1831) voiced opposition to both empiricism, which he rejected as uncritical, and determinism, which he viewed as overly mechanistic.[47] Karl Marx's methodology borrowed from Hegel dialecticism but also a rejection of positivism in favour of critical analysis, seeking to supplement the empirical acquisition of "facts" with the elimination of illusions.[48] He maintained that appearances need to be critiqued rather than simply documented. Marx nonetheless endeavoured to produce a science of society grounded in the economic determinism of historical materialism.[48] Other philosophers, including Wilhelm Dilthey (1833–1911) and Heinrich Rickert (1863–1936) argued that the natural world differs from the social world because of those unique aspects of human society (meanings, signs, and so on) which inform human cultures.
At the turn of the 20th century the first generation of German sociologists formally introduced methodological antipositivism, proposing that research should concentrate on human cultural norms, values, symbols, and social processes viewed from a subjective perspective. Max Weber argued that sociology may be loosely described as a 'science' as it is able to identify causal relationships—especially among ideal types, or hypothetical simplifications of complex social phenomena.[49] As a nonpositivist however, one seeks relationships that are not as "ahistorical, invariant, or generalizable"[50] as those pursued by natural scientists. Ferdinand Tönnies presented Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft (sometimes translated as community and society) as the two normal types of human association, a distinction that was developed further by Max Weber. Tönnies drew a sharp line between the realm of conceptuality and the reality of social action: the first must be treated axiomatically and in a deductive way ('pure' sociology), whereas the second empirically and in an inductive way ('applied' sociology). Both Weber and Georg Simmel pioneered the Verstehen (or 'interpretative') approach toward social science; a systematic process in which an outside observer attempts to relate to a particular cultural group, or indigenous people, on their own terms and from their own point-of-view. Through the work of Simmel, in particular, sociology acquired a possible character beyond positivist data-collection or grand, deterministic systems of structural law. Relatively isolated from the sociological academy throughout his lifetime, Simmel presented idiosyncratic analyses of modernity more reminiscent of the phenomenological and existential writers than of Comte or Durkheim, paying particular concern to the forms of, and possibilities for, social individuality.[51] His sociology engaged in a neo-Kantian critique of the limits of perception, asking 'What is society?' in a direct allusion to Kant's question 'What is nature?'[52]
20th century: critical theory, postmodernism, and positivist revival[edit]
In the early 20th century, sociology expanded in the U.S., including developments in both macrosociology, concerned with the evolution of societies, and microsociology, concerned with everyday human social interactions. Based on the pragmatic social psychology of George Herbert Mead (1863–1931), Herbert Blumer (1900–1987) and, later, the Chicago school, sociologists developed symbolic interactionism.[53] In the 1920s, György Lukács released History and Class Consciousness (1923), while a number of works by Durkheim and Weber were published posthumously. In the 1930s, Talcott Parsons (1902–1979) developed action theory, integrating the study of social order with the structural and voluntaristic aspects of macro and micro factors, while placing the discussion within a higher explanatory context of system theory and cybernetics. In Austria and later the U.S., Alfred Schütz (1899–1959) developed social phenomenology, which would later inform social constructionism. During the same period members of the Frankfurt school, such as Theodor W. Adorno (1903–1969) and Max Horkheimer (1895–1973), developed critical theory, integrating the historical materialistic elements of Marxism with the insights of Weber, Freud and Gramsci—in theory, if not always in name—often characterizing capitalist modernity as a move away from the central tenets of enlightenment.
During the Interwar period, sociology was undermined by totalitarian governments for reasons of ostensible political control. After the Russian Revolution, sociology was gradually "politicized, Bolshevisized and eventually, Stalinized" until it virtually ceased to exist in the Soviet Union.[54] In China, the discipline was banned with semiotics, comparative linguistics and cybernetics as "Bourgeois pseudoscience" in 1952, not to return until 1979.[55] During the same period, however, sociology was also undermined by conservative universities in the West. This was due, in part, to perceptions of the subject as possessing an inherent tendency, through its own aims and remit, toward liberal or left wing thought. Given that the subject was founded by structural functionalists; concerned with organic cohesion and social solidarity, this view was somewhat groundless (though it was Parsons who had introduced Durkheim to American audiences, and his interpretation has been criticized for a latent conservatism).[46]
In the mid-20th century there was a general—but not universal—trend for U.S.-American sociology to be more scientific in nature, due to the prominence at that time of action theory and other system-theoretical approaches. Robert K. Merton released his Social Theory and Social Structure (1949). By the turn of the 1960s, sociological research was increasingly employed as a tool by governments and businesses worldwide. Sociologists developed new types of quantitative and qualitative research methods. Paul Lazarsfeld founded Columbia University's Bureau of Applied Social Research, where he exerted a tremendous influence over the techniques and the organization of social research. His many contributions to sociological method have earned him the title of the "founder of modern empirical sociology".[56] Lazarsfeld made great strides in statistical survey analysis, panel methods, latent structure analysis, and contextual analysis.[56] He is also considered a co-founder of mathematical sociology. Many of his ideas have been so influential as to now be considered self-evident.[56]
In 1959, Erving Goffman published The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life and introduced the theory of dramaturgical analysis which asserts that all individuals aim to create a specific impression of themselves in the minds of other people. C. Wright Mills presented The Sociological Imagination, encouraging humanistic discourse and a rejection of abstracted empiricism and grand theory. Parallel with the rise of various social movements in the 1960s, particularly in Britain, the cultural turn saw a rise in conflict theories emphasizing social struggle, such as neo-Marxism and second-wave feminism.[57] Ralf Dahrendorf and Ralph Miliband presented pioneering theory on class conflict and industrialized nation states. The sociology of religion saw a renaissance in the decade with new debates on secularisation thesis, globalization, and the very definition of religious practise. Theorists such as Lenski and Yinger formulated 'functional' definitions of religion; enquiring as to what a religion does rather than what it is in familiar terms. Thus, various new social institutions and movements could be examined for their religious role. Marxist theorists continued to scrutinize consumerism and capitalist ideology in analogous terms. Antonio Gramsci's Selections from the Prison Notebooks [1929–1935] was finally published in English during the early 1970s.[58]
Zygmunt Bauman
In the 1960s and 1970s so-called post-structuralist and postmodernist theory, drawing upon structuralism and phenomenology as much as classical social science, made a considerable impact on frames of sociological enquiry.[citation needed] Often understood simply as a cultural style 'after-Modernism' marked by intertextuality, pastiche and irony, sociological analyses of postmodernity have presented a distinct era relating to (1) the dissolution of metanarratives (particularly in the work of Lyotard), and (2) commodity fetishism and the 'mirroring' of identity with consumption in late capitalist society (Debord; Baudrillard; Jameson).[59] Postmodernism has also been associated with the rejection of enlightenment conceptions of the human subject by thinkers such as Michel Foucault, Claude Lévi-Strauss and, to a lesser extent, in Louis Althusser's attempt to reconcile Marxism with anti-humanism. Most theorists associated with the movement actively refused the label, preferring to accept postmodernity as a historical phenomenon rather than a method of analysis, if at all. Nevertheless, self-consciously postmodern pieces continue to emerge within the social and political sciences in general.
In the 1980s, theorists outside France tended to focus on globalization, communication, and reflexivity in terms of a 'second' phase of modernity, rather than a distinct new era per se. Jürgen Habermas established communicative action as a reaction to postmodern challenges to the discourse of modernity, informed both by critical theory and American pragmatism. Fellow German sociologist, Ulrich Beck, presented The Risk Society (1992) as an account of the manner in which the modern nation state has become organized. In Britain, Anthony Giddens set out to reconcile recurrent theoretical dichotomies through structuration theory. During the 1990s, Giddens developed work on the challenges of "high modernity", as well as a new 'third way' politics that would greatly influence New Labour in U.K. and the Clinton administration in the U.S. Leading Polish sociologist, Zygmunt Bauman, wrote extensively on the concepts of modernity and postmodernity, particularly with regard to the Holocaust and consumerism as historical phenomena.[60] While Pierre Bourdieu gained significant critical acclaim for his continued work on cultural capital,[61] certain French sociologists, particularly Jean Baudrillard and Michel Maffesoli, were criticised for perceived obfuscation and relativism.[62][63]
Social network diagram
Functionalist systems theorists such as Niklas Luhmann remained dominant forces in sociology up to the end of the century. In 1994, Robert K. Merton won the National Medal of Science for his contributions to the sociology of science.[64] The positivist tradition is popular to this day, particularly in the United States.[65] The discipline's two most widely cited American journals, the American Journal of Sociology and the American Sociological Review, primarily publish research in the positivist tradition, with ASR exhibiting greater diversity (the British Journal of Sociology, on the other hand, publishes primarily non-positivist articles).[65] The twentieth century saw improvements to the quantitative methodologies employed in sociology. The development of longitudinal studies that follow the same population over the course of years or decades enabled researchers to study long-term phenomena and increased the researchers' ability to infer causality. The increase in the size of data sets produced by the new survey methods was followed by the invention of new statistical techniques for analyzing this data. Analysis of this sort is usually performed with statistical software packages such as SAS, Stata, or SPSS.
Social network analysis is an example of a new paradigm in the positivist tradition. The influence of social network analysis is pervasive in many sociological sub fields such as economic sociology (see the work of J. Clyde Mitchell, Harrison White, or Mark Granovetter, for example), organizational behavior, historical sociology, political sociology, or the sociology of education. There is also a minor revival of a more independent, empirical sociology in the spirit of C. Wright Mills, and his studies of the Power Elite in the United States of America, according to Stanley Aronowitz.[66]
See also[edit]
Sociology portal
Bibliography of sociology
List of sociologists
Outline of sociology
Subfields of sociology
Timeline of sociology
Philosophy of social science
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Harriss, John. The Second Great Transformation? Capitalism at the End of the Twentieth Century in Allen, T. and Thomas, Alan (eds) Poverty and Development in the 21st Century', Oxford University Press, Oxford. p325.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Collins, Randall (2010). The Discovery of Society. United States: McGraw-Hill. p. 343. ISBN 9780070118836.
Jump up ^ Macionis, John J.; Plummer, Ken (2005). Sociology. A Global Introduction (3rd ed.). Harlow: Pearson Education. p. 12. ISBN 0-13-128746-X.
Jump up ^ Barnes, Harry E. (1948). An Introduction to the History of Sociology. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. p. 5.
Jump up ^ A. H. Halsey(2004),A history of sociology in Britain: science, literature, and society,p.34
Jump up ^ Geoffrey Duncan Mitchell(1970),A new dictionary of sociology,p.201
Jump up ^ http://cnx.org/content/m42794/latest/?collection=col11407/1.7
^ Jump up to: a b Dr; Akhtar, S. W. (1997). "The Islamic Concept of Knowledge". Al-Tawhid: A Quarterly Journal of Islamic Thought & Culture. 12: 3.
Jump up ^ Haque, Amber (2004). "Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists". Journal of Religion and Health. 43 (4): 357–377 [375]. doi:10.1007/s10943-004-4302-z.
^ Jump up to: a b Enan, Muhammed Abdullah (2007). Ibn Khaldun: His Life and Works. The Other Press. p. v. ISBN 983-9541-53-6.
Jump up ^ Alatas, S. H. (2006). "The Autonomous, the Universal and the Future of Sociology". Current Sociology. 54: 7–23 [15]. doi:10.1177/0011392106058831.
^ Jump up to: a b Warren E. Gates (July–September 1967). "The Spread of Ibn Khaldun's Ideas on Climate and Culture". Journal of the History of Ideas. University of Pennsylvania Press. 28 (3): 415–422 [415]. doi:10.2307/2708627. JSTOR 2708627 – via JSTOR. (Registration required (help)).
^ Jump up to: a b H. Mowlana (2001). "Information in the Arab World", Cooperation South Journal 1.
Jump up ^ Haque, Amber (2004). "Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists". Journal of Religion and Health. 43 (4): 357–377 [375]. doi:10.1007/s10943-004-4302-z.
Jump up ^ Alatas, S. H. (2006). "The Autonomous, the Universal and the Future of Sociology". Current Sociology. 54: 7–23 [15]. doi:10.1177/0011392106058831.
Jump up ^ Des Manuscrits de Sieyès. 1773-1799, Volumes I and II, published by Christine Fauré, Jacques Guilhaumou, Jacques Vallier et Françoise Weil, Paris, Champion, 1999 and 2007 See also and Jacques Guilhaumou, Sieyès et le non-dit de la sociologie : du mot à la chose, in Revue d’histoire des sciences humaines, Numéro 15, novembre 2006 : Naissances de la science sociale.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Comte, Auguste" A Dictionary of Sociology (3rd Ed), John Scott & Gordon Marshall (eds), Oxford University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-19-860986-8, ISBN 978-0-19-860986-5
Jump up ^ "Sociology" in Dictionary of the Social Sciences, Craig Calhoun (ed), Oxford University Press, 2002, ISBN 0-19-512371-9, ISBN 978-0-19-512371-5
Jump up ^ Bourdeau, Michel (2011). Edward N. Zalta (ed.), ed. "Auguste Comte". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. CS1 maint: Extra text: editors list (link)
Jump up ^ Berlin, Isaiah. 1967. Karl Marx. Time Inc Book Division, New York. pp130
Jump up ^ Berlin, Isaiah (1967). Karl Marx. New York: Time Inc Book Division. pp. 13–14, 130.
Jump up ^ Marx, K. 1967. Capital: A critical analysis of capitalist production. ed. F. Engels. New York.
^ Jump up to: a b "Back Matter". The Philosophical Review. Duke University Press. 9 (6): [unnumbered]. 1900. ISSN 1558-1470. JSTOR 2177017 – via JSTOR. (Registration required (help)).
^ Jump up to: a b c Carneiro, Robert L. (1974). "Herbert Spencer's "The Study of Sociology" and the Rise of Social Science in America". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. American Philosophical Society. 118 (6): 540–54. ISSN 0003-049X. JSTOR 986404 – via JSTOR. (Registration required (help)).
Jump up ^ http://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/1335
Jump up ^ Perrin, Robert G. (1995). "Émile Durkheim's Division of Labor and the Shadow of Herbert Spencer". Sociological Quarterly. 36 (4): 791–808. doi:10.1111/j.1533-8525.1995.tb00465.x.
Jump up ^ Commager, Henry Steele (1959-09-10). The American mind: an interpretation of American thought and character since 1880s. ISBN 978-0-300-00046-7.
Jump up ^ Collins, Randall (1988). Theoretical Sociology. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-15-591474-2.
Jump up ^ http://www.brown.edu/Administration/News_Bureau/Databases/Encyclopedia/search.php?serial=W0050
Jump up ^ http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/635784/Lester-Frank-Ward
Jump up ^ Willcox, William Bradford; Arnstein, Walter L. (1966). The Age of Aristocracy, 1688 to 1830. Volume III of A History of England, edited by Lacey Baldwin Smith (Sixth Edition, 1992 ed.). Lexington, MA. p. 133. ISBN 0-669-24459-7.
Jump up ^ Sociology For The South Or The Failure of Free Society
Jump up ^ Search Results
Jump up ^ About Us - Sociology department,
Jump up ^ KU News Release,
Jump up ^ University of Chicago Press - Cookie absent
^ Jump up to: a b Cortese, Anthony (July 1995). "The rise, hegemony, and decline of the Chicago School of Sociology, 1892-1945". The Social Science Journal. 32 (3): 235–254. doi:10.1016/0362-3319(95)90009-8. Retrieved March 4, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Friedeburg, Ludwig. "History of the Institute of Social Research". Archived from the original on September 2, 2012. Retrieved March 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ Camic, Charles. 1992. "Reputation and Predecessor Selection: Parsons and the Institutionalists", American Sociological Review, Vol. 57, No. 4 (Aug., 1992), pp. 421–445
^ Jump up to: a b Levine, Donald. 1991. "Simmel and Parsons Reconsidered". The American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 96, No. 5 (Mar., 1991), pp. 1097–1116
Jump up ^ Burawoy, Michael (1982). "Introduction: The Resurgence of Marxism in American Sociology". American Journal of Sociology. University of Chicago Press. 88 (Supplement: Marxist Inquiries: Studies of Labor, Class, and States): S1–S30. doi:10.1086/649250. ISSN 1537-5390. JSTOR 3083237 – via JSTOR. (Registration required (help)).
Jump up ^ Morrison, Ken. 2006 (2nd ed.) "Marx, Durkheim, Weber", Sage, pp. 1–7
Jump up ^ Ashley D, Orenstein DM (2005). Sociological theory: Classical statements (6th ed.). Boston, MA, US: Pearson Education. p. 94.
Jump up ^ Durkheim, Émile [1895] "The Rules of Sociological Method" 8th edition, trans. Sarah A. Solovay and John M. Mueller, ed. George E. G. Catlin (1938, 1964 edition), pp. 45
Jump up ^ Ashley D, Orenstein DM (2005). Sociological theory: Classical statements (6th ed.). Boston, MA, US: Pearson Education. pp. 94–98, 100–104.
^ Jump up to: a b Fish, Jonathan S. 2005. 'Defending the Durkheimian Tradition. Religion, Emotion and Morality' Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing.
Jump up ^ Ashley D, Orenstein DM (2005). Sociological theory: Classical statements (6th ed.). Boston, MA, US: Pearson Education. p. 169.
^ Jump up to: a b Ashley D, Orenstein DM (2005). Sociological theory: Classical statements (6th ed.). Boston, MA, US: Pearson Education. pp. 202–203.
Jump up ^ Ashley D, Orenstein DM (2005). Sociological theory: Classical statements (6th ed.). Boston, MA, US: Pearson Education. pp. 239–240.
Jump up ^ Ashley D, Orenstein DM (2005). Sociological theory: Classical statements (6th ed.). Boston, MA, US: Pearson Education. p. 241.
Jump up ^ Levine, Donald (ed) 'Simmel: On individuality and social forms' Chicago University Press, 1971. pxix.
Jump up ^ Levine, Donald (ed) 'Simmel: On individuality and social forms' Chicago University Press, 1971. p6.
Jump up ^ Mead Project 2.0
Jump up ^ Elizabeth Ann Weinberg, The Development of Sociology in the Soviet Union, Taylor & Francis, 1974, ISBN 0-7100-7876-5, Google Print, p.8-9
Jump up ^ Xiaogang Wu, Between Public and Professional: Chinese Sociology and the Construction of a Harmonious Society Archived 2015-04-02 at the Wayback Machine., ASA Footnotes, May–June 2009 Issue • Volume 37 • Issue 5
^ Jump up to: a b c Jeábek, Hynek. Paul Lazarsfeld — The Founder of Modern Empirical Sociology: A Research Biography. International Journal of Public Opinion Research 13:229-244 (2001)
Jump up ^ Haralambos & Holborn. 'Sociology: Themes and perspectives' (2004) 6th ed, Collins Educational. ISBN 978-0-00-715447-0.
Jump up ^ Lawrence & Wishart
Jump up ^ 'Cultural Studies: Theory and Practise'. By: Barker, Chris. Sage Publications, 2005. p446.
Jump up ^ Bauman, Zygmunt. Postmodernity and its discontents. New York: New York University Press. 1997. ISBN 0-7456-1791-3
Jump up ^ Bourdieu The Guardian obituary, Douglas Johnson 28 January 2002
Jump up ^ Norris, Christopher. Uncritical Theory: Postmodernism, Intellectuals and the Gulf War Lawrence and Wishart. 1992.
Jump up ^ Serge Paugam, La pratique de la sociologie, Paris, PUF, 2008, p. 117 ; cf. Gérald Houdeville, Le métier de sociologue en France depuis 1945. Renaissance d'une discipline, Rennes, Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2007, p. 261-302 (ch. 7, "La sociologie mise en cause"), and Bernard Lahire, "Une astrologue sur la planète des sociologues ou comment devenir docteur en sociologie sans posséder le métier de sociologue ?", in L'esprit sociologique, Paris, La Découverte, 2007, p. 351-387.
Jump up ^ Columbia News ::: Renowned Columbia Sociologist and National Medal of Science Winner Robert K. Merton Dies at 92
^ Jump up to: a b Positivism in sociological research: USA and UK (1966–1990). By: Gartrell, C. David, Gartrell, John W., British Journal of Sociology, 00071315, Dec2002, Vol. 53, Issue 4
Jump up ^ "Stanley Aronowitz". Logosjournal.com. Retrieved 2009-04-20.
Further reading[edit]
Gerhard Lensky. 1982. Human societies: An introduction to macrosociology, McGraw Hill Company.
Nash, Kate. 2010. Contemporary Political Sociology: Globalization, Politics, and Power. Wiley-Blackwell Publishers.
Samuel William Bloom, The Word as Scalpel: A History of Medical Sociology, Oxford University Press 2002
Raymond Boudon A Critical Dictionary of Sociology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989
Craig Calhoun, ed. Sociology in America. The ASA Centennial History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007.
Deegan, Mary Jo, ed. Women in Sociology: A Bio-Bibliographical Sourcebook, New York: Greenwood Press, 1991.
A. H. Halsey, A History of Sociology in Britain: Science, Literature, and Society, Oxford University Press 2004
Barbara Laslett (editor), Barrie Thorne (editor), Feminist Sociology: Life Histories of a Movement, Rutgers University Press 1997
Levine, Donald N. (1995). Visions of the Sociological Tradition. University Of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-47547-6.
T.N. Madan, Pathways : approaches to the study of society in India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1994
Sorokin, Pitirim. Contemporary Sociological Theories (1928) online free guide to major scholars
Sorokin, Pitirim and Carle C Zimmerman. Principles of Rural-Urban Sociology (3 vol 1927) online free
Steinmetz, George. 'Neo-Bourdieusian Theory and the Question of Scientific Autonomy: German Sociologists and Empire, 1890s-1940s', Political Power and Social Theory Volume 20 (2009): 71-131.
Wiggershaus, Rolf (1994). The Frankfurt School : its history, theories and political significance. Polity Press. ISBN 0-7456-0534-6.
Translated by H. Campbell Creighton, M.A. (Oxon), translator (1989). Kon, Igor, ed. A History of Classical Sociology (DOC, DjVu, etc.). Moscow: Progress Publishers. ISBN 5-01-001102-6. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_sociology&oldid=808793847"
Categories:
History of social sciences
History of sociology
History of science by discipline
Hidden categories:
Pages with login required references or sources
CS1 maint: Extra text: editors list
Webarchive template wayback links
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011
CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Asturianu
বাংলা
Bosanski
Català
Čeština
Deutsch
Español
Euskara
فارسی
Français
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
עברית
ქართული
Lietuvių
Nederlands
日本語
Polski
Português
Русский
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 5 November 2017, at 05:45.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href title

value: th

attrs: class style

value: tr

value: img

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

value: td

value: b

value: ul

values:
/wiki/Subfields_of_sociology
mw-redirect
Subfields of sociology

values:
/wiki/Science_and_technology_studies
mw-redirect
Science and technology studies

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

values: Enlightenment in Western secular tradition

values:
/wiki/Philosophy_of_knowledge
mw-redirect
Philosophy of knowledge

values:
/wiki/The_Enlightenment
mw-redirect
The Enlightenment

values:
/wiki/Ancient_Greeks
mw-redirect
Ancient Greeks

values:
/wiki/Statistical_survey
mw-redirect
Statistical survey

values:
/wiki/William_I_of_England
mw-redirect
William I of England

values:
/wiki/Ma_Tuan-Lin
mw-redirect
Ma Tuan-Lin

values: Edit section: Ibn Khaldun (14th century)

values:
/wiki/Early_Muslim_sociology
mw-redirect
Early Muslim sociology

values:
/wiki/Social_cohesion
mw-redirect
Social cohesion

values: Edit section: The Enlightenment and positivism

values:
/wiki/Secular_Humanist
mw-redirect
Secular Humanist

values: Edit section: Industrial revolution and the Darwinian revolution

values:
/wiki/Darwinian_revolution
mw-redirect
Darwinian revolution

values: International Monthly (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Franklin_H._Giddings
mw-redirect
Franklin H. Giddings

values:
/wiki/Charles_Horton_Cooley
mw-redirect
Charles Horton Cooley

values:
/wiki/Division_of_Labour_in_Society
mw-redirect
Division of Labour in Society

values:
/wiki/Social_interaction
mw-redirect
Social interaction

values:
/wiki/Antebellum_era
mw-redirect
Antebellum era

values:
/wiki/Whig_(British_political_party)
mw-redirect
Whig (British political party)

values: Edit section: Foundation of the academic discipline

values:
/wiki/Frank_Blackmar
mw-redirect
Frank Blackmar

values:
/wiki/Albion_W._Small
mw-redirect
Albion W. Small

values:
/wiki/Charles_H._Cooley
mw-redirect
Charles H. Cooley

values:
/wiki/Lester_Ward
mw-redirect
Lester Ward

values: Edit section: The canon: Durkheim, Marx, Weber

values: Edit section: 19th century: from positivism to antipositivism

values:
/wiki/Norm_(sociology)
mw-redirect
Norm (sociology)

values:
/wiki/Value_(personal_and_cultural)
mw-redirect
Value (personal and cultural)

values:
/wiki/Social_action
mw-redirect
Social action

values: Edit section: 20th century: critical theory, postmodernism, and positivist revival

values:
/wiki/Evolution_of_societies
mw-redirect
Evolution of societies

values:
/wiki/Frankfurt_school
mw-redirect
Frankfurt school

values:
/wiki/Russian_Revolution_(1917)
mw-redirect
Russian Revolution (1917)

values:
/wiki/Sociology_in_the_Soviet_Union
mw-redirect
Sociology in the Soviet Union

values: The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2011)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/American_pragmatism
mw-redirect
American pragmatism

values:
/wiki/Risk_Society
mw-redirect
Risk Society

values:
/wiki/Third_Way_(centrism)
mw-redirect
Third Way (centrism)

values:
/wiki/Clinton_administration
mw-redirect
Clinton administration

values:
/wiki/Power_Elite
mw-redirect
Power Elite

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10943-004-4302-z

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307%2F2708627

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/2708627

values: The site requires registration to access this page.

values: Category:CS1 maint: Extra text: editors list

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1558-1470

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/2177017

values: Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0003-049X

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/986404

values:
nofollow
external free
http://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/1335

values:
/wiki/Lexington,_MA
mw-redirect
Lexington, MA

values:
nofollow
http://www.ku.edu/%7Esocdept/about/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1086%2F649250

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1537-5390

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/3083237

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.brocku.ca/MeadProject

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/Gerhard_Lensky
mw-redirect
Gerhard Lensky

values: Category:CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list

values: Category:History of science by discipline

values: Category:Pages with login required references or sources

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/History_of_sociology
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: تاريخ علم الاجتماع – Arabic

values: সমাজতত্ত্বের ইতিহাস – Bangla

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values: تاریخ جامعه‌شناسی – Persian

values: समाजशास्त्र का इतिहास – Hindi

values: היסטוריה של הסוציולוגיה – Hebrew

values: სოციოლოგიის ისტორია – Georgian

values: История социологии – Russian

values: Историја социологије – Serbian

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-History_of_sociology rootpage-History_of_sociology skin-vector action-view


text:
Setting (narrative)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The setting is both the time and geographic location within a narrative or within a work of fiction. A literary element, the setting helps initiate the main backdrop and mood for a story. Setting has been referred to as story world [1] or milieu to include a context (especially society) beyond the immediate surroundings of the story. Elements of setting may include culture, historical period, geography, and hour. Along with the plot, character, theme, and style, setting is considered one of the fundamental components of fiction.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Role
2 Types
3 See also
4 Notes
5 References
Role[edit]
Setting is an important element in a narrative and in some works the setting becomes a character itself. The term setting is often used to refer to the social milieu in which the events of a novel occur[3] and novelist Donna Levin has described how this social milieu shapes the characters’ values.[4] The elements of the story setting include the passage of time, which may be static in some stories or dynamic in others with, for example, changing seasons.
Types[edit]
Setting may take various forms:
Alternate history
Campaign setting
Constructed world
Dystopia
Fantasy world
Fictional city
Fictional country
Fictional crossover
Fictional location
Fictional universe
Future history
Imaginary world
Mythical place
Parallel universe
Planets in science fiction
Simulated reality
Virtual reality
Utopia
See also[edit]
British regional literature
Index of fictional places
Landscape
List of fictional universes
Setting
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Truby, 2007, p. 145
Jump up ^ Obstfeld, 2002, pp.1,65,115,171.
Jump up ^ Lodge, 1992, pp.58-60.
Jump up ^ Levin, 1992, pp.110-112.
References[edit]
Levin, Donna (1992). Get That Novel Started. Cincinnati, OH: Writer's Digest Books. ISBN 0-89879-517-6.
Lodge, David (1992). The Art of Fiction. London: Martin, Secker & Warburg Ltd. ISBN 0-14-017492-3.
Obstfeld, Raymond (2002). Fiction First Aid: Instant Remedies for Novels, Stories and Scripts. Cincinnati, OH: Writer's Digest Books. ISBN 1-58297-117-X.
Rozelle, Ron (2005). Write Great Fiction: Description & Setting. Cincinnati, OH: Writer's Digest Books. ISBN 1-58297-327-X.
Truby, John (2007). Anatomy of a Story: 22 Steps to Becoming a Master Storyteller. New York, NY: Faber and Faber, Inc. ISBN 978-0-86547-951-7.
[hide]
v
t
e
Narrative
Character
Antagonist
Antihero
Archenemy
Character arc
Characterization
Deuteragonist
False protagonist
Focal character
Foil
Protagonist
Stock character
Supporting character
Tritagonist
Narrator
Tragic hero
Plot
Action
Backstory
Cliché
Climax
Cliffhanger
Conflict
Deus ex machina
Dialogue
Dramatic structure
Exposition
Eucatastrophe
Foreshadowing
Flashback
Flashforward
Frame story
In medias res
Pace
Plot device
Plot twist
Poetic justice
Reveal
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Subplot
Trope
Kishōtenketsu
Setting
Backstory
Utopia
Dystopia
Alternate history
Fictional location
city
country
universe
Theme
Leitmotif
Metaphor
Moral
Motif
Irony
Style
Allegory
Bathos
Diction
Figure of speech
Imagery
Narrative techniques
Narration
Stylistic device
Suspension of disbelief
Symbolism
Tone
Mode
Mood
Structure
Linear narrative
Nonlinear narrative
films
television series
Types of fiction with multiple endings
Form
Epic
Fable
Fabliau
Fairy tale
Folktale
Flash fiction
Legend
Novella
Novel
Parable
Play
Poem
Screenplay
Short story
Genre
Action fiction
Adventure
Comic
Crime
Docufiction
Epistolary
Erotic
Fiction
Fantasy
Gothic
Historical
Horror
Magic realism
Mystery
Nautical
Paranoid
Philosophical
Picaresque
Political
Psychological
Romance
Saga
Satire
Science
Speculative
Superhero
Thriller
Urban
Western
List of writing genres
Narration
First-person
Multiple narrators
Stream of consciousness
Stream of unconsciousness
Unreliable
Tense
Past
Present
Future
Related
Audience
Author
Creative nonfiction
Fiction writing
Literary theory
Literary science
Narratology
Monomyth
Rhetoric
Screenwriting
Storytelling
Literature portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Setting_(narrative)&oldid=807225413"
Categories:
Setting
Fiction
Narratology
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Afrikaans
Deutsch
Español
فارسی
한국어
Italiano
עברית
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
日本語
Русский
Simple English
Українська
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 26 October 2017, at 18:07.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: sup

value: i

values:
/wiki/Historical_period
mw-redirect
Historical period

values:
/wiki/Theme_(literature)
mw-redirect
Theme (literature)

values:
/wiki/Style_(fiction)
mw-redirect
Style (fiction)

values:
/wiki/Alternate_history_(fiction)
mw-redirect
Alternate history (fiction)

values:
/wiki/Constructed_world
mw-redirect
Constructed world

values:
/wiki/Fictional_crossover
mw-redirect
Fictional crossover

values:
/wiki/Imaginary_world
mw-redirect
Imaginary world

values:
/wiki/Mythical_place
mw-redirect
Mythical place

values:
/wiki/Index_of_fictional_places
mw-redirect
Index of fictional places

values:
/wiki/List_of_fictional_universes
mw-redirect
List of fictional universes

values:
/wiki/Setting_(disambiguation)
mw-redirect mw-disambig
Setting (disambiguation)

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
navbox-image
11
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: List of nonlinear narrative television series

values: Stream of consciousness (narrative mode)

values: Stream of unconsciousness (narrative mode)

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
interface

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Setting_(narrative)
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values: صحنه (داستان) – Persian

values:
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latar
Latar – Malay
ms
ms
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setting
Setting – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values: Сеттинг – Russian

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Setting_narrative rootpage-Setting_narrative vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
Compare the Meerkat
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Compare the Meerkat
Aleksandr Orlov, the anthropomorphic Russian meerkat featured in the adverts based on William Melvyn Alt (Oldham, UK)
Agency
VCCP
Client
comparethemarket.com
Product
Insurance
Release date(s)
5 January 2009–present
Compare the Meerkat is an advertising campaign on British and Australian commercial television for comparethemarket.com, a price comparison website, part of BGL Group. The adverts feature Aleksandr Orlov, a CGI fictional anthropomorphic Russian meerkat and his family and friends. Orlov is portrayed as being of aristocratic stock and the founder of comparethemeerkat.com: the campaign centres on his frustration over the confusion between his website and comparethemarket.com, playing on the similarity between the words market and meerkat. Orlov's catchphrase is "Simples". Aleksandr Orlov was an alias of Lev Lazarevich Nikolsky, the acting NKVD (Soviet security & intelligence organisation) chief in Madrid in 1936 during the Spanish Civil War.
The campaign, launched on 5 January 2009, was created by advertising agency, VCCP and production company Passion Pictures. The adverts proved popular and became a commercial success for comparethemarket.com, which became the fourth most visited insurance website in the UK as a result. A book featuring Orlov was published in 2010, and other merchandise has been created in tandem with the ongoing campaign.
Contents
1 Campaign
2 Characters
3 Commercial success
4 Criticism
5 Merchandise
5.1 Book
5.2 Downloads
5.3 Cuddly toys
6 See also
7 References
8 Bibliography
9 External links
Campaign[edit]
The campaign, designed by ad-agency VCCP, was launched on 5 January 2009, involving a TV spot, companion website and social media links. The advert featured Aleksandr Orlov, a CGI animated fictional anthropomorphic Russian meerkat, who complains at the confusion between his site, comparethemeerkat.com, and comparethemarket.com. The character explains that he has launched a TV advertising campaign to make visitors aware of the difference.[1] The companion website, comparethemeerkat.com, was created alongside the TV advert and in 2010 was receiving more than 2 million hits per month.[2]
The TV spots, and the characters, were directed by Darren Walsh at Passion Pictures. Walsh has directed all of the meerkat television and cinema commercials to date, and has won several awards for the work. In the adverts, Orlov is voiced by Simon Greenall.[3]
On 12 November 2012, Compare the Market began sponsoring the ITV1's long-running soap opera Coronation Street as part of a three-year deal with producers of the series.
The campaign was launched in Australia on 1 February 2013.[4]
On 3 April 2015, comparethemarket.com launched Meerkat Movies, offering customers two-for-one cinema tickets. They partnered with films such as Terminator Genisys and Ant-Man. The advertisements featured the movie trailer, sometimes an interview between Orlov and the cast, and a comment that the movie tickets are two-for-one with Meerkat Movies.
On 3 July 2018 the newly renamed comparethemarket (formerly comparethemarket.com) revealed Meerkat Meals which offers customers two-for-one meals at restaurants around the UK. Restaurants can sign up via Tastecard. The service launched on 16 July 2018 and is granted for free to customers which have purchased a qualifying product less than one year ago and new customers.
Characters[edit]
The adverts are fronted by Aleksandr Orlov, a meerkat. According to an interview with the character's designer and director, Darren Walsh at Passion Pictures, Orlov became a billionaire in the 1970s. He is described as living in Moscow, while owning a large mansion in South London, and spends his time on vanity projects such as his website, numerous self-portraits, petitions and film production.[5]
The campaign has also featured secondary characters from amongst Orlov's friends, family and employees. Most notably Sergei, Orlov's IT technician, tea-maker and sidekick, who has also featured in his own adverts. Before working for Aleksandr, he used to be head of the principal design group for the Soviet space programme during the 1980s. He designed the Meer(kat) Space Station, and now works with Orlov and 'Compare the Meerkat'. Sergei is first seen in the ad "Sergei", and later guests in "Jacuzzi", "Art Class" and all three of the 'Orlov Family Trilogy' advertisements. Sergei had been frequently mentioned on Orlov's Twitter and Facebook accounts, one time was prior to being included in an advert, and Aleksandr even started a petition to add the word 'Simples' to the dictionary because Sergei didn't approve of the word in a game of Scrabble.[6] Sergei has also starred in his own adverts without Orlov.
The 2011 campaign focused on a fictional Russian village named Meerkovo. The adverts featured new characters complaining about the danger caused to the town by confusion over Comparethemeerkat.com and Comparethemarket.com. The new characters were Maiya, Yakov, Vassily and Bogdan. A companion website was set up for the campaign containing a map of the town.
Oleg is a baby meerkat who first appeared in an advert broadcast on 25 December 2013, where Sergei and Aleksandr find him on their doorstep and take him in. On 25 December 2014, whilst on a trip to Africa with Aleksandr and Sergei, Oleg decides to stay there after befriending the meerkats there.
Ayana is another young meerkat, appearing on a Frozen themed advert in late 2016, whom Oleg appears to have made friends with in Africa. The advert also sees Oleg himself reappear after almost two years. Ayana speaks in an English accent.
The April 2015 campaign sees the launch of Meerkat Movies. After suffering from empty nest syndrome, Aleksandr and Sergei travel to Hollywood for a holiday, and whilst on a set tour Aleksandr realises that the best way to reward customers is with cinema tickets. In October 2015, an advert was shown were Sergei goes on a date to a cinema with Nicole Kidman.
Since the launch of Meerkat Movies, only Aleksandr and Sergei regularly appear in the main television advertisements, though the Meerkovo characters continue to feature in the Coronation Street sponsorship bumpers.
Commercial success[edit]
Following the campaign, comparethemarket.com was ranked as the 4th most visited insurance website in the UK, up from 16th in January 2008 and the site's overall sales doubled.[7][8] By 2010 the site had increased its market share by 76%, where competitors' share had fallen by up to 30% over the same period.[1] As of August 2009[update], Aleksandr had more than 700,000 Facebook fans and 22,000 followers on Twitter, while on photo-sharing site Flickr there is a popular gallery of Aleksandr's family.[9] According to entrepreneur David Soskin, the wordplay of "meerkat" vs. "market" overcomes the high cost of the latter keyword in sponsored search engine listings.[1]
The character remains extremely popular and a record company has expressed an interest in releasing a single featuring Aleksandr.[10]
In 2014 Aleksandr and Sergei featured on the Neighbourhood Watch logo to mark the charity's 50th anniversary.[11]
Criticism[edit]
On 11 August 2009, an opinion piece in The Guardian newspaper accused the advert series of racism for mocking Eastern European accents. However, the Advertising Standards Authority, following a complaint by the author of the article, stated that it had not received any similar complaints, and ultimately decided to take no action.[12]
Merchandise[edit]
Book[edit]
Orlov's "autobiography" was released on 28 October 2010, entitled A Simples Life: The Life and Times of Aleksandr Orlov.[13] The book generated more pre-orders than that of other books released at the same time including Tony Blair's memoirs and more than double the pre-orders of Cheryl Cole's, David Jason's, Russell Brand's, Jon Snow's, Melanie Chisholm's and Dannii Minogue's autobiographies.[14] The book was published by Ebury Publishing and the autobiography reached No. 2 on the Amazon UK website on its first week of sale in October 2010.[15]
Downloads[edit]
The Australian website hosts downloads such as wallpapers, ringtones, text alerts, voicemail messages and some commercial videos. There is also an iPhone application containing background information, a database of English phrases in "meerkat" pronunciation (created from audio clips from the TV adverts), a mongoose "detector", and some videos. The British site previously had these features, however it no longer has them and the app is no longer available, however there is a 'Meerkat Movies' app to redeem your voucher code.[citation needed]
Cuddly toys[edit]
From 1 July 2011, a cuddly toy representing one of the characters has been given away with each policy sold via the website.[16]
So popular are these toys, that the marketing campaign involving them has doubled the company owner's personal fortune.[17]
In December 2013 a baby meerkat called Oleg was introduced and subsequently released a toy. In December 2014 Oleg was removed from adverts, but despite this the toy is currently still available.
In addition to the seven main characters, there have been limited releases of the school teacher Maiya in a spy outfit, and baby Oleg in a safari outfit.[18][19]
To mark the launch of Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice two new meerkat toys were released featuring Sergei in a Superman outfit and Aleksandr in a Batman outfit.
In December 2016 two more toys were released as limited editions featuring Oleg as Olaf and a new character Ayana as Elsa from Disney's Frozen.
To celebrate the 40th anniversary of Star Wars in April 2017, another two new meerkat toys were released featuring Aleksandr in a Luke Skywalker outfit and Sergei in an Obi-Wan Kenobi outfit.
See also[edit]
Monkey, another popular anthropomorphic animal used in British advertising on products such as PG Tips and ITV Digital since 2001.
GEICO gecko, Cockney-accented character in a similar campaign for GEICO insurance in the United States since 1999.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Soskin (2010), pp. 172–173
Jump up ^ Hickman, Martin (29 October 2010). "The 'Simples!' idea that became a £10m empire". The Independent. London.
Jump up ^ "How Passion created Aleks the billionaire meerkat". Digitalartsonline.co.uk. Archived from the original on 25 June 2009. Retrieved 1 August 2009.
Jump up ^ "Compare the Meerkat (Australia)".
Jump up ^ Tyzack, Anna (22 January 2010). "Aleksandr Orlov of Compare the Meerkat answers some simples questions". The Daily Telegraph. London.
Jump up ^ The word "simples" is valid in English language Scrabble because it is plural of "simple" used as a noun to mean a type of herbal medicine: see wikt:simple#Noun.[citation needed]
Jump up ^ "VCCP Website 2009". Vccp.com. Retrieved 1 August 2009.
Jump up ^ "Marketing Magazine Website 2009". Haymarket Media PLC. 11 August 2009. Retrieved 11 August 2009.
Jump up ^ Leach, Ben (13 August 2009). "Meerkat star Compare the Market animal becomes Facebook and Twitter hit". Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 13 August 2009.
Jump up ^ Beanland, Chris (13 August 2009). "How make TVs funniest ad Its seemples". Daily Mail. London. Retrieved 13 August 2009.
Jump up ^ http://goodnewsshared.com/meerkats-aleksandr-sergei-join-neighbourhood-watch/ Meerkats Aleksandr and Sergei Join Neighbourhood Watch
Jump up ^ Jones, Peter (22 August 2009). "Meerkat forces? Not good enough - Peter Jones" – via www.theguardian.com.
Jump up ^ Orlov, Aleksandr (28 October 2010). "A Simples Life: The Life and Times of Aleksandr Orlov". Ebury Press – via Amazon.
Jump up ^ "The 'Simples!' idea that became a £10m empire". The Independent. 29 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "It's simples: How Orlov the fictional meerkat wrote a secretly-ghosted best-seller". Daily Mail. 31 October 2010. Retrieved 28 July 2011.
Jump up ^ "Car insurance giant throws in a free meerkat for every policy sold in 'simples' marketing ploy". Daily Mail. 1 July 2011.
Jump up ^ "SIMPLES! Aleksandr the meerkat makes £220million fortune for insurance tycoon on the back of popular advertising campaign for comparison website". Daily Mail. 11 November 2012.
Jump up ^ "Compare the Meerkat Oleg". Compare the Market. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Compare the Meerkat Maiya". Compare the Market. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
Bibliography[edit]
Soskin, David (1 November 2010). Net Profit: How to Succeed in Digital Business. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0470660813.
External links[edit]
Official website
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Compare_the_Meerkat&oldid=852996481"
Categories:
Fictional anthropomorphic characters
Advertising characters
Fictional mongooses
2009 in British television
Fictional characters introduced in 2009
British television commercials
Hidden categories:
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012
Use British English from November 2013
Pages using deprecated image syntax
Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2009
All articles containing potentially dated statements
Use dmy dates from November 2013
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 1 August 2018, at 18:48 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: p

value: caption

attrs: alt src width height data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class title

attrs: colspan style

attrs: scope style

values: row white-space:nowrap;

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values: plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update

values:
/wiki/Search_engine
mw-redirect
Search engine

values: Advertising Standards Authority (United Kingdom)

values:
/wiki/Cheryl_Cole
mw-redirect
Cheryl Cole

values:
/wiki/Wallpaper_(computer)
mw-redirect
Wallpaper (computer)

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2012)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Olaf_(Disney)
mw-redirect
Olaf (Disney)

values:
/wiki/Elsa_(Disney)
mw-redirect
Elsa (Disney)

values:
/wiki/Monkey_(advertising_character)
mw-redirect
Monkey (advertising character)

values:
/wiki/GEICO_gecko
mw-redirect
GEICO gecko

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.comparethemeerkat.com.au

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Category:Fictional characters introduced in 2009

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012

values: Category:Use British English from November 2013

values: Category:Pages using deprecated image syntax

values: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2009

values: Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements

values: Category:Use dmy dates from November 2013

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Compare_the_Meerkat
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Compare_the_Meerkat rootpage-Compare_the_Meerkat skin-vector action-view