text:
Jimmy Mack
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"Jimmy Mack"
Single by Martha and the Vandellas
from the album Watchout!
B-side
"Third Finger, Left Hand"
Released
February 3, 1967
Format
7" single
Recorded
March 2, 1964
Studio
Hitsville U.S.A. (Studio A)
Genre
Soul/pop
Length
2:53
Label
Gordy
G 7058
Songwriter(s)
Holland–Dozier–Holland
Producer(s)
Brian Holland
Lamont Dozier
Martha and the Vandellas singles chronology
"I'm Ready for Love"
(1966) "Jimmy Mack"
(1967) "Love Bug Leave My Heart Alone"
(1967)
"I'm Ready for Love"
(1966) "Jimmy Mack"
(1967) "Love Bug Leave My Heart Alone"
(1967)
Audio sample
file
help
"Jimmy Mack"
Single by Sheena Easton
from the album Do You
Released
1986
Genre
Pop
Length
4:12
Songwriter(s)
Holland–Dozier–Holland
Producer(s)
Nile Rodgers
"Jimmy Mack" is a pop/soul song that in 1967 became a hit single by Martha and the Vandellas for Motown's Gordy imprint. Written and produced by Motown's main creative team, Holland–Dozier–Holland, "Jimmy Mack" was the final Top 10 hit for the Vandellas in the United States, peaking at number 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1967 and at number-one on the Billboard R&B Singles chart.[1] Billboard named the song #82 on their list of 100 Greatest Girl Group Songs of All Time.[2]
Contents
1 History
2 Personnel
3 Other versions
4 Notes
5 See also
History[edit]
The song, with a lead vocal by the Vandellas' lead singer Martha Reeves in the 1967 version, is sung from the point of view of a woman who longs for the return of boyfriend "Jimmy Mack". The woman is being courted by another suitor, who she says "talks just as sweet as" her long-gone Jimmy, and she hopes for Jimmy to return before she falls for the other man.
The inspiration for the song came from a 1964 music industry awards dinner, which Lamont Dozier attended. At the ceremony the mother of songwriter Ronnie Mack accepted an award for her son, who had recently died, for his composition "He's So Fine". Under pressure to come up with a hit for Reeves and the Vandellas, Dozier and the team penned this song in part as a tribute to Mack the writer.[3]
"Jimmy Mack" was originally recorded in 1964 when Annette Beard was still a part of the group. The song was shelved because the Motown Quality Control team felt the recording was not suitable for release with the Vietnam War going on. Like Smokey Robinson & the Miracles' later hit, "The Tears of a Clown", "Jimmy Mack" was pulled from the vault two years later and released as a single in early 1967. By that time, the Vietnam War had become a highly debated issue among the American public. Thus, Reeves' sentiment that her "Jimmy Mack" return took on a different meaning for many listeners, particularly those stationed overseas.[4]
"Jimmy Mack" was a success, peaking at number 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 and becoming the second and final Vandellas single to top the Billboard R&B chart. "Jimmy Mack" was also a hit in Britain reaching number 21. The song had been included on the Vandellas' LP Watchout!, issued a month before the single release. For nearly forty years, "Jimmy Mack" was presented in either monaural sound or in a mix culled from an alternate take. A true stereo mix of the original single master was not done until 2005, for The Motown Box, then appearing in 2006 on the compilation Martha & the Vandellas: Gold.
Personnel[edit]
Lead vocals by Martha Reeves
Background vocals by Rosalind Ashford and Annette Beard
Additional (harmony) background vocals by The Andantes: Marlene Barrow, Jackie Hicks and Louvain Demps
Instrumentation by The Funk Brothers
Other versions[edit]
Sheena Easton's remake of "Jimmy Mack" was issued as the second single from her 1985 Do You album to peak at #65.[citation needed]
Animal Collective covered the song for their The Painters EP.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). Top R&B/Hip-Hop Singles: 1942–2004. Record Research. p. 378.
Jump up ^ "100 Greatest Girl Group Songs of All Time: Critics' Picks". Billboard. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Jimmy Mack by Martha & the Vandellas Songfacts". Songfacts.com. Retrieved 2016-10-01. [unreliable source?]
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2006-08-06. Retrieved 2006-07-30.
See also[edit]
R&B number-one hits of 1967 (USA)
show
v
t
e
Martha and the Vandellas
Martha Reeves and the Vandellas
Martha Reeves
Lois Reeves
Delphine Reeves
The Original Vandellas
Rosalind Ashford
Annette Beard
Roschelle Laughhunn
Gloria Williams
Betty Kelly
Sandra Tilley
Studio albums
Come and Get These Memories
Heat Wave
Dance Party
Watchout!
Ridin' High
Sugar 'n' Spice
Natural Resources
Black Magic
Live albums
Martha and the Vandellas Live!
Compilation albums
Greatest Hits
Singles
(US/UK Top 40)
"Come and Get These Memories"
"Heat Wave"
"Quicksand"
"Dancing in the Street"
"Wild One"
"Nowhere to Run"
"You've Been in Love Too Long"
"My Baby Loves Me"
"I'm Ready for Love"
"Jimmy Mack"
"Love Bug Leave My Heart Alone"
"Honey Chile"
"Forget Me Not"
"Bless You"
Related topics
Discography
Members
William "Mickey" Stevenson
Holland–Dozier–Holland
Marvin Gaye
Book:Martha and the Vandellas
show
v
t
e
Martha and the Vandellas singles discography
Gordy label
1962
"I'll Have to Let Him Go" / "My Baby Won't Come Back"
1963
"Come and Get These Memories" / "Jealous Lover"
"(Love Is Like a) Heat Wave" / "A Love Like Yours (Don't Come Knocking Everyday)"
"Quicksand" / "Darling, I Hum Our Song"
1964
"Live Wire" / "Old Love (Let's Try Again)"
"In My Lonely Room" / "A Tear for the Girl"
"Dancing in the Street" / "There He Is (At My Door)"
"Wild One" / "Dancing Slow"
1965
"Nowhere to Run" / "Motoring"
"You've Been in Love Too Long" / "Love (Makes Me Do Foolish Things)"
1966
"My Baby Loves Me" / "Never Leave Your Baby's Side"
"What Am I Going to Do Without Your Love" / "Go Ahead and Laugh"
"I'm Ready for Love" / "He Doesn't Love Her Anymore"
1967
"Jimmy Mack" / "Third Finger, Left Hand"
"Love Bug Leave My Heart Alone" / "One Way Out"
"Honey Chile" / "Show Me the Way"
1968
"I Promise to Wait My Love" / "Forget Me Not"
"I Can't Dance to That Music You're Playin'" / "I Tried"
"Sweet Darlin'" / "Without You"
1969
"(We've Got) Honey Love" / "I'm in Love (And I Know It)"
"Taking My Love (And Leaving Me)" / "Heartless"
1970
"I Should Be Proud" / "Love, Guess Who"
"I Gotta Let You Go" / "You're the Loser Now"
1971
"Bless You" / "Hope I Don't Get My Heart Broke"
"In and Out of My Life" / "Your Love Makes It All Worthwhile"
1972
"Tear It On Down" / "I Want You Back"
1973
"Baby Don't Leave Me" / "I Won't Be the Fool I've Been Again"
Book:Martha and the Vandellas
show
v
t
e
Holland–Dozier–Holland
Brian Holland
Lamont Dozier
Eddie Holland
Songs
1962
"Dearest One"
"Old Love (Let's Try It Again)"
"Darling, I Hum Our Song"
1963
"Leaving Here"
"Locking Up My Heart"
"What Goes Up Must Come Down" / "Come on Home"
"Tie a String Around Your Finger"
"Come and Get These Memories" / "Jealous Lover"
"You Lost the Sweetest Boy"
"Heat Wave" / "A Love Like Yours (Don't Come Knocking Everyday)"
"(He Won't Be True) Little Girl Blue"
"Mickey's Monkey"
"Too Hurt to Cry, Too Much in Love to Say Goodbye" / "Come on Home"
"When the Lovelight Starts Shining Through His Eyes" / "Standing at the Crossroads of Love"
"I Gotta Dance to Keep From Crying"
"Quicksand" / "Darling I Hum Our Song"
"Live Wire" / "Old Love (Let's Try It Again)"
"Run, Run, Run" / "I'm Giving You Your Freedom"
"Can I Get a Witness"
1964
"A Tear from a Woman's Eyes"
"My Lady Bug Stay Away from That Beatle"
"Like a Nightmare" / "If You Were Mine"
"In My Lonely Room"
"Just Ain't Enough Love"
"Where Did Our Love Go"
"Baby Don't You Do It"
"Guarantee for a Lifetime"
"Baby I Need Your Loving" / "Call on Me"
"Candy to Me" / "If You Don't Want My Love"
"Whisper You Love Me Boy"
"Baby Love" / "Ask Any Girl"
"Come See About Me" / (You're Gone But) Always in My Heart"
"Without the One You Love (Life's Not Worth While)" / "Love has Gone"
"You're a Wonderful One"
"How Sweet It Is (To Be Loved by You)"
1965
"Where Did You Go"
"Stop! In the Name of Love" / "I'm in Love Again"
"You've Been a Long Time Coming"
"Who Could Ever Doubt My Love"
"Nowhere to Run"
"Back in My Arms Again" / "Whisper You Love Me Boy"
"I Can't Help Myself (Sugar Pie Honey Bunch)"
"The Only Time I'm Happy"
"Mother Dear" / "He Holds His Own"
"Nothing but Heartaches" / "He Holds His Own"
"Love (Makes Me Do Foolish Things)"
"It's the Same Old Song" / "Your Love Is Amazing"
"Mother Dear" / "Who Could Ever Doubt My Love"
"I Hear a Symphony" / "Who Could Ever Doubt My Love"
"Something About You"
"Take Me in Your Arms (Rock Me a Little While)"
"Darling Baby"
"There's a Ghost in My House"
1966
"(I'm a) Roadrunner"
"This Old Heart of Mine (Is Weak for You)"
"Ask any Man"
"My World Is Empty Without You"
"Put Yourself in My Place"
"There's No Love Left"
"Shake Me, Wake Me (When It's Over)" / "Just as Long as You Need Me"
"Helpless" / "A Love Like Yours (Don't Come Knocking Everyday)"
"Call on Me"
"Love Is Like an Itching in My Heart" / "He's All I Got"
"Who Could Ever Doubt My Love"
"I Like Everything About You"
"I Guess I'll Always Love You"
"Nothing but Soul"
"Love's Gone Bad" / "Put Yourself in My Place"
"You Can't Hurry Love" / "Put Yourself in My Place"
"Little Darling (I Need You)"
"Reach Out I'll Be There" / "Until You Love Someone"
"Stay in My Lonely Arms"
"You Keep Me Hangin' On" / "I Wanna Mother You, Smother You With Love"
"You Keep Me Hangin' On" / "Remove This Doubt"
"Standing in the Shadows of Love" / Since You've Been Gone"
"I'm Ready for Love"
"(Come 'Round Here) I'm the One You Need"
"Heaven Must Have Sent You"
1967
"Just One Last Look"
"Love Is Here and Now You're Gone" / There's No Stopping Us Now"
"Your Love Is Amazing"
"Jimmy Mack" / "Third Finger, Left Hand"
"Bernadette" / "I Got a Feeling"
"My World Is Empty Without You"
"The Happening" / "All I Know About You"
"Just Ain't Enough Love"
"7-Rooms of Gloom" / "I'll Turn to Stone"
"I Understand My Man"
"Your Unchanging Love" / "I'll Take Care of You"
"Reflections" / "Going Down for the Third Time"
"One Way Out"
"You Keep Me Running Away" / "If You Don't Want My Love"
"I Got a Feeling"
"In and Out of Love" / "I Guess I'll Always Love You"
1968
"Whisper You Love Me Boy"
"Forever Came Today"
"I'm in a Different World"
1969
"We've Got a Way Out Love"
"Crumbs off the Table"
1970
"Give Me Just a Little More Time"
"(You've Got Me) Dangling on a String"
"Everything's Tuesday"
"Band of Gold"
"Westbound #9"
1972
"The Day I Found Myself"
"Don't Leave Me Starvin' for Your Love"
"Why Can't We Be Lovers"
1973
"You're Gonna Need Me"
1975
"We're Almost There"
"Just a Little Bit of You"
"Early Morning Love"
"Where Do I Go from Here"
1976
"I'm Gonna Let My Heart Do the Walking"
"High Energy"
"Let Yourself Go"
1982
"We Can Never Light That Old Flame Again"
Related
topics
Motown
Hot Wax Records
Invictus Records
List of songs written by Holland, Dozier and Holland
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jimmy_Mack&oldid=847129852"
Categories:
1967 songs
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Sheena Easton songs
Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs number-one singles
Songs written by Holland–Dozier–Holland
Song recordings produced by Lamont Dozier
Song recordings produced by Brian Holland
Song recordings produced by Nile Rodgers
Gordy Records singles
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text:
El Clásico
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see El Clásico (disambiguation).
El Clásico
Team kits
Locale
Spain
Teams
Barcelona
Real Madrid
Latest meeting
Real Madrid 2–0 Barcelona
Supercopa de España
(16 August 2017)
Next meeting
Real Madrid v Barcelona
La Liga
(23 December 2017)
Stadiums
Camp Nou (Barcelona)
Santiago Bernabéu (Real Madrid)
Statistics
Meetings total
Competitive matches: 235
Exhibition matches: 34
Total matches: 269
Most wins
Competitive matches: Real Madrid (95)
Exhibition matches: Barcelona (20)
Total matches: Barcelona (111)
Most player appearances
Manolo Sanchís (43)
Top scorer
Lionel Messi (24)[note 1]
Largest victory
Real Madrid 11–1 Barcelona
Copa del Rey
(19 June 1943)
El Clásico (Spanish pronunciation: [el ˈklasiko]; Catalan: El Clàssic,[1] pronounced [əɫ ˈkɫasik]; "The Classic") is the name given in football to any match between fierce rivals Real Madrid and FC Barcelona. Originally it referred only to those competitions held in the Spanish championship, but nowadays the term has been generalized, and tends to include every single match between the two clubs: UEFA Champions League, Copa del Rey, etc. Other than the UEFA Champions League Final, it is considered one of the biggest club football games in the world, and is among the most viewed annual sporting events.[2][3][4] The match is known for its intensity.[5]
The rivalry comes about as Madrid and Barcelona are the two largest cities in Spain, and they are sometimes identified with opposing political positions, with Real Madrid viewed as representing Spanish nationalism and Barcelona viewed as representing Catalan nationalism.[6] The rivalry is regarded as one of the biggest in world sport.[7][8][9] The two clubs are among the richest and most successful football clubs in the world; in 2014 Forbes ranked them the world's two most valuable sports teams.[3] Both clubs have a global fanbase; they are the world's two most followed sports teams on social media.[10][11]
Real Madrid leads the head to head results in competitive matches with 95 wins to Barcelona's 91, while Barcelona leads in total matches with 111 wins to Real Madrid's 99. Along with Athletic Bilbao, they are the only clubs in La Liga to have never been relegated.
Contents
[hide]
1 Rivalry
1.1 History
1.2 1943 Copa del Generalísimo semi-finals
1.3 Di Stéfano transfer
1.4 Final of the bottles
1.5 Luís Figo Transfer
1.6 Recent issues
2 Results
3 Records
3.1 Biggest wins (5+ goals)
3.2 Longest runs
3.2.1 Most consecutive wins
3.2.2 Most consecutive draws
3.2.3 Most consecutive matches without a draw
3.2.4 Longest undefeated runs
3.2.5 Longest undefeated runs in the league
3.2.6 Most consecutive matches without conceding a goal
3.2.7 Most consecutive games scoring
3.3 Goalscoring
3.3.1 Top goalscorers
3.3.2 Consecutive goalscoring
3.4 Most hat-tricks
3.5 Most assists
3.6 Most appearances[citation needed]
4 Players who played for both clubs
5 Honours
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
Rivalry
History
Santiago Bernabéu, home of Real Madrid, hosted its first Clásico in 1948.
Camp Nou, home of FC Barcelona, hosted its first Clásico in 1958.
The conflict between Real Madrid and Barcelona has long surpassed the sporting dimension,[12][13] so that elections to the clubs' presidencies are strongly politicized.[14]
As early as the 1930s, Barcelona "had developed a reputation as a symbol of Catalan identity, opposed to the centralising tendencies of Madrid".[15][16] In 1936, when Francisco Franco started the Coup d'état against the democratic Second Spanish Republic, the president of Barcelona, Josep Sunyol, member of the Republican Left of Catalonia and Deputy to The Cortes, was arrested and executed without trial by Franco's troops[14] (Sunyol was exercising his political activities, visiting Republican troops north of Madrid).[15]
Barcelona was on top of the list of organizations to be purged by the National faction, just after communists, anarchists, and independentists.[14][17] During the Franco dictatorship, most citizens of Barcelona were in strong opposition to the fascist-like régime. Phil Ball, the author of Morbo: The Story of Spanish Football, says about the match; "they hate each other with an intensity that can truly shock the outsider".[18]
During the dictatorships of Miguel Primo de Rivera and of Francisco Franco, all regional languages and identities in Spain were frowned upon and restrained. In this period, Barcelona gained their motto Més que un club (English: More than a club) because of its alleged connection to Catalan nationalist as well as to progressive beliefs.[19] During Franco's regime, however, Barcelona was granted profit due to its good relationship with the dictator at management level, even giving two awards to him.[20] The links between senior Real Madrid representatives and the Francoist regime were undeniable;[14] for most of the Catalans, Real Madrid was regarded as "the establishment club", despite the fact that presidents of both clubs like Josep Sunyol and Rafael Sánchez Guerra, suffered at the hands of Franco's supporters in the Spanish Civil War.[15][21][22]
The image for both clubs was further affected by the creation of Ultras groups, some of which became hooligans. In 1980, Ultras Sur was founded as a far-right-leaning Real Madrid ultras group, followed in 1981 by the foundation of the initially left-leaning and later on far-right, Barcelona ultras group Boixos Nois. Both groups became known for their violent acts,[14][23][24] and one of the most conflictive factions of Barcelona supporters, the Casuals, became a full-fledged criminal organisation.[25]
For many people, Barcelona is still considered as "the rebellious club", or the alternative pole to "Real Madrid's conservatism".[26][27] According to polls released by CIS (Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas), Real Madrid is the favorite team of most of the Spanish residents, while Barcelona stands in the second position. In Catalonia, forces of all the political spectrum are overwhelmingly in favour of Barcelona. Nevertheless, the support of the blaugrana club goes far beyond from that region, earning its best results among young people, sustainers of a federal structure of Spain and citizens with left-wing ideology, in contrast with Real Madrid fans which politically tend to adopt right-wing views.[28][29]
1943 Copa del Generalísimo semi-finals
On 13 June 1943, Real Madrid beat Barcelona 11–1 at home in the second leg of a semi-final of the Copa del Generalísimo, the Copa del Rey having been renamed in honour of General Franco.[30] The first leg, played at Barcelona's Les Corts stadium in Catalonia, had ended with Barcelona winning 3–0. Madrid complained about all the three goals that referee Fombona Fernández had allowed for Barcelona,[31] with the home supporters also whistling Madrid throughout, whom they accused of employing roughhouse tactics, and Fombona for allowing them to. A campaign began in Madrid. Barcelona player Josep Valle recalled: "The press officer at the DND and ABC newspaper wrote all sorts of scurrilous lies, really terrible things, winding up the Madrid fans like never before". While former Real Madrid goalkeeper Eduardo Teus, who admitted that Madrid had "above all played hard", wrote in a newspaper: "the ground itself made Madrid concede two of the three goals, goals that were totally unfair".[32]
Barcelona fans were banned from traveling to Madrid. Real Madrid released a statement after the match which former club president (1985–1995) Ramón Mendoza explained, "The message got through that those fans who wanted to could go to El Club bar on Calle de la Victoria where Madrid's social center was. There, they were given a whistle. Others had whistles handed to them with their tickets." The day of the second leg, the Barcelona team were insulted and stones were thrown at their bus as soon as they left their hotel. Barcelona's striker Mariano Gonzalvo said of the incedent, "Five minutes before the game had started, our penalty area was already full of coins." Barcelona goalkeeper Lluis Miró rarely approached his line—when he did, he was armed with stones. As Francisco Calvet told the story, "They were shouting: Reds! Separatists!... a bottle just missed Sospedra that would have killed him if it had hit him. It was all set up."[33] Down in the Barcelona dugout, Ángel Mur who watched events unfold, stated, "When I took up my place on the bench, a policeman came up to me and said 'Today you're going to lose'... another armed police lieutenant spent the whole game calling me a Catalan dog and a red separatist. When I got up to treat an injured player, he grabbed me and told me to sit back down again. At which point, Piñeyro intervened." The policeman told the Barcelona president to shut up or he would be arrested.[34] Piñeyro was assaulted by Madrid fans.[35]
Real Madrid went 2–0 up within half an hour. The third goal brought with it a sending off for Barcelona's Benito García after he made what Calvet claimed was a "completely normal tackle". Madrid's José Llopis Corona recalled, "At which point, they got a bit demoralized," while Mur countered, "at which point, we thought: 'go on then, score as many as you want'." Madrid scored in minutes 31', 33', 35', 39', 43' and 44', as well as two goals ruled out for offside, made it 8–0. Basilo de la Morena had been caught out by the speed of the goals. At half-time, Barcelona's players decided that they were not going out for the second half. According to an interview Valle and Calvet gave to La Vanguardia in May 2000, a colonel appeared in the dressing room and said, "Go back out on to the pitch or you're all going to jail." Calvet later added an important detail when he told the story to his biographer Guillem Gómez, noting that when he questioned why there were not more police on duty given the atmosphere, he was told, "Shut up, obey, go out there and play... and lose!."[34] Juan Antonio Samaranch, former Spanish minister of sports and International Olympic Committee (IOC) president, wrote, "Barcelona did not exist and the same would have happened to any team. In that atmosphere and with a referee who wanted to avoid any complications, it was humanly impossible to play... If the azulgranas had played badly, really badly, the scoreboard would still not have reached that astronomical figure. The point is that they did not play at all." Both clubs were fined 2,500 pesetas by the Royal Spanish Football Federation and, although Barcelona appealed, it made no difference. Piñeyro resigned in protest, complaining of "a campaign that the press has run against Barcelona for a week and which culminated in the shameful day at Chamartín".[35][36]
The match report in the newspaper La Prensa described Barcelona's only goal as a "reminder that there was a team there who knew how to play football and that if they did not do so that afternoon, it was not exactly their fault".[34] Another newspaper called the scoreline "as absurd as it was abnormal".[31] According to football writer Sid Lowe, "There have been relatively few mentions of the game [since] and it is not a result that has been particularly celebrated in Madrid. Indeed, the 11–1 occupies a far more prominent place in Barcelona's history. This was the game that first formed the identification of Madrid as the team of the dictatorship and Barcelona as its victims."[31] Fernando Argila, Barcelona's reserve goalkeeper from the game, said, "There was no rivalry. Not, at least, until that game."[37]
Di Stéfano transfer
Alfredo Di Stéfano's controversial 1953 transfer to Real Madrid instead of Barcelona intensified the rivalry.
The rivalry was intensified during the 1950s when the clubs disputed the signing of Alfredo Di Stéfano. Di Stéfano had impressed both Barcelona and Real Madrid while playing for Los Millionarios in Bogotá, Colombia, during a players' strike in his native Argentina.[38] Both Real Madrid and Barcelona attempted to sign him and, due to confusion that emerged from Di Stéfano moving to Millonarios from River Plate following the strike, both clubs claimed to own his registration.[38] After intervention from FIFA representative Muñoz Calero, it was decided that both Barcelona and Real Madrid had to share the player in alternate seasons. Barcelona's humiliated president was forced to resign by the Barcelona board, with the interim board cancelling Di Stéfano's contract.[38] This ended the long struggle for Di Stéfano, as he moved definitively to Real Madrid.[38]
Di Stéfano became integral in the subsequent success achieved by Real Madrid, scoring twice in his first game against Barcelona. With him, Real Madrid won the initial five European Champions Cup competitions. The 1960s saw the rivalry reach the European stage when they met twice at the European Cup, Real Madrid winning in 1960 and Barcelona winning in 1961.
Final of the bottles
On 5 July 1968, Barcelona beat Real Madrid 1–0 in the Copa del Generalísimo final at the Santiago Bernabéu. Angry about the refereeing, Real Madrid supporters began throwing glass bottles at the referee and at Barcelona players in the last minutes of the match.[39] Antonio Rigo, referee of the final, was accused of being favourable towards Barcelona. He said of the incident, "After the final of 1968, I became more 'antimadridista', rather than a fan of Barcelona. But for a reason, I noticed that Madrid's 'hand' reached far and harmed me... Barça never offered me anything, not even a badge. However, Antonio Calderón, I think he was Real Madrid's manager, came to my room in the dugout before the game, and said 'I want to give you a good gift'. It was Madrid's custom of giving a golden watch. I guess it was conditioned on the victory of his team because I am still waiting for that gift."[39] Regarding the moments of two not-given penalties, he said, "I didn't see a penalty in Amancio, and Serena stumbled. Serena wanted to deceive me falling when he entered 7mm in the area." General Franco handed Barcelona the cup with the pitch full of bottles, hence the name.[40][41]
Luís Figo Transfer
Luís Figo's transfer from Barcelona to Real Madrid in 2000 resulted in a hate campaign by some of his former club's fans.
In 2000, Real Madrid's then-presidential candidate, Florentino Pérez, offered Barcelona's vice-captain Luís Figo $2.4 million just to sign an agreement binding him to Madrid if he won the elections. If the player broke the deal, he would have to pay Pérez $30 million in compensation. When his agent confirmed the deal, Figo denied everything, insisting, "I'll stay at Barcelona whether Pérez wins or loses." He accused the presidential candidate of "lying" and "fantasizing". He told Barcelona teammates Luis Enrique and Pep Guardiola he was not leaving and they conveyed the message to the Barcelona squad.[42]
On 9 July, Sport ran an interview in which he said, "I want to send a message of calm to Barcelona's fans, for whom I always have and always will feel great affection. I want to assure them that Luís Figo will, with absolute certainty, be at the Camp Nou on the 24th to start the new season... I’ve not signed a pre-contract with a presidential candidate at Real Madrid. No. I'm not so mad as to do a thing like that."[42]
The only way Barcelona could prevent Figo's transfer to Real Madrid was to pay the penalty clause, $30 million. That would have effectively meant paying the fifth highest transfer fee in history to sign their own player. Barcelona's new president, Joan Gaspart, called the media and told them, "Today, Figo gave me the impression that he wanted to do two things: get richer and stay at Barça." Only one of them happened. The following day, 24 July, Figo was presented in Madrid and handed his new shirt by Alfredo Di Stéfano. His buyout clause was set at $180 million. Gaspart later admitted, "Figo's move destroyed us."[43]
On his return to Barcelona in a Real Madrid shirt, banners with "Judas", "Scum" and "Mercenary" were hung around the stadium. Thousands of fake 10,000 peseta notes had been printed and emblazoned with his image, were among the missiles of oranges, bottles, cigarette lighters, even a couple of mobile phones were thrown at him.[44] In his third season with Real Madrid, the 2002 Clásico at Camp Nou produced one of the defining images of the rivalry. Figo was mercilessly taunted throughout; missiles of coins, a knife, a whisky bottle, were raining down from the stands, mostly from areas populated by the Boixos Nois where he had been taking a corner. Among the debris was a pig's head.[45][46]
Recent issues
During the last three decades, the rivalry has been augmented by the modern Spanish tradition of the Pasillo, where one team is given the guard of honor by the other team, once the former clinches the La Liga trophy before El Clásico takes place. This has happened in three occasions. First, during El Clásico that took place on 30 April 1988, where Real Madrid won the championship on the previous round. Then, three years later, when Barcelona won the championship two rounds before El Clásico on 8 June 1991.[47] The last pasillo, and most recent, took place on 7 May 2008, and this time Real Madrid had won the championship.[48]
The two teams met again in the UEFA Champions League semi-final in 2002, with Real Madrid winning 2–0 in Barcelona and a 1–1 draw in Madrid. The match was dubbed by Spanish media as the "Match of the Century".[49]
In 2005, Ronaldinho became the second Barcelona player, after Diego Maradona in 1983, to receive a standing ovation from Real Madrid fans at the Santiago Bernabéu.
While El Clásico is regarded as one of the fiercest rivalries in world football, there have been rare moments when fans have shown praise for a player on the opposing team. In 1980, Laurie Cunningham was the first Real Madrid player to receive applause from Barcelona fans at Camp Nou; after excelling during the match, and with Madrid winning 2–0, Cunningham left the field to a standing ovation from the locals.[50][51] On 26 June 1983, during the second leg of the Copa de la Liga final at the Santiago Bernabéu in Madrid, having dribbled past the Real Madrid goalkeeper, Barcelona star Diego Maradona ran towards an empty goal before stopping just as the Madrid defender came sliding in an attempt to block the shot and crashed into the post, before Maradona slotted the ball into the net.[50] The manner of Maradona's goal led to many Madrid fans inside the stadium start applauding.[50][52] In November 2005, Ronaldinho became the second Barcelona player to receive a standing ovation from Madrid fans at the Santiago Bernabéu.[50] After dribbling through the Madrid defence twice to score two goals in a 3–0 win, Madrid fans paid homage to his performance with applause.[53][54] On 21 November 2015, Andrés Iniesta became the third Barcelona player to receive applause from Real Madrid fans while he was substituted during a 4–0 away win, with Iniesta scoring Barça's third.[55]
A 2007 survey by the Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas showed that 32% of the Spanish population supported Real Madrid, while 25% supported Barcelona. In third place came Valencia, with 5%.[56] According to a poll performed by Ikerfel in 2011, Barcelona is the most popular team in Spain with 44% of preferences, while Real Madrid is second with 37%. Atlético Madrid, Valencia and Athletic Bilbao complete the top five.[57] Both clubs have a global fanbase and are the world's two most followed sports teams on social media—on Facebook, as of March 2016, Barcelona has 91 million fans, Real Madrid has 87 million fans.[10][58]
Barcelona's Lionel Messi and Real Madrid midfielder Lassana Diarra in a 2011 Clásico.
The rivalry intensified in 2011 where, due to the final of the Copa Del Rey and the meeting of the two in the UEFA Champions League, Barcelona and Real Madrid were scheduled to meet each other four times in 18 days. Several accusations of unsportsmanlike behaviour from both teams and a war of words erupted throughout the fixtures which included four red cards. Spain national team coach Vicente del Bosque stated that he was "concerned" that due to the rising hatred between the two clubs, that this could cause friction in the Spain team.[59]
In recent years, the rivalry has been "encapsulated" by the rivalry between Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi.[60] Following the star signings of Neymar and Luis Suárez to Barcelona, and Gareth Bale and Karim Benzema to Madrid, the rivalry has been expanded to a battle of the clubs attacking trios, "BBC" (Bale, Benzema, Cristiano) against "MSN" (Messi, Suárez, Neymar).[61]
Results
Main article: List of El Clásico matches
As of 16 August 2017[62]
Matches
Wins
Draws
Goals
Home Wins
Home Draws
Away Wins
M
B
M
B
M
B
M
B
M
B
La Liga
174 72 69 33 284 277 52 49 15 18 20 20
Copa del Rey
33 12 14 7 64 63 5 7 5 2 3 5
Copa de la Liga
6 0 2 4 8 13 0 1 2 2 0 1
Supercopa de España
14 8 4 2 30 18 6 4 1 1 2 0
Champions League
8 3 2 3 13 10 1 1 2 1 2 1
All competitions
235
95
91
49
399
381
64
61
25
24
27
27
Friendly / Other
34 4 20 10 44 86 3 11 4 6 1 8
All matches
269
99
111
59
443
467
67
72
29
30
28
35
Records
Biggest wins (5+ goals)
10 Real Madrid 11–1 Barcelona 19 June 1943 Copa del Rey
7 Barcelona 7–0 Real Madrid 1 November 1913 Exhibition
6 Real Madrid 8–2 Barcelona 3 February 1935 La Liga
Barcelona 7–1 Real Madrid 18 February 1920 Exhibition
5 Barcelona 7–2 Real Madrid 24 September 1950 La Liga
Barcelona 6–1 Real Madrid 19 May 1957 Copa del Rey
Real Madrid 6–1 Barcelona 18 September 1949 La Liga
Barcelona 5–0 Real Madrid 21 April 1935
Barcelona 5–0 Real Madrid 25 March 1945
Real Madrid 5–0 Barcelona 5 October 1953
Real Madrid 0–5 Barcelona 17 February 1974
Barcelona 5–0 Real Madrid 8 January 1994
Real Madrid 5–0 Barcelona 7 January 1995
Barcelona 5–0 Real Madrid 29 November 2010
Longest runs
Most consecutive wins
Games
Club
Period
6 Barcelona 25 January 1948 – 15 January 1949
6 Real Madrid 30 September 1962 – 28 February 1965
5 Real Madrid 5 March 1933 – 3 February 1935
5 Barcelona 13 December 2008 – 29 November 2010
Most consecutive draws
Games
Period
3 11 September 1991 – 7 March 1992
3 1 May 2002 – 20 April 2003
Most consecutive matches without a draw
Games
Period
18 25 January 1948 – 21 November 1954
17 23 November 1960 – 19 March 1967
14 4 December 1977 – 4 June 1983
12 19 May 1957 – 27 April 1960
10 5 March 1933 – 28 January 1940
Longest undefeated runs
Games
Club
Period
14 Real Madrid 31 January 1931 – 3 February 1935
13 Barcelona 1 November 1917 – 3 June 1928
Longest undefeated runs in the league
Games
Club
Period
7 (6 Wins) Barcelona 13 December 2008 – 10 December 2011
7 (5 Wins) Real Madrid 31 January 1932 – 3 February 1935
6 (6 Wins) Real Madrid 30 September 1962 – 28 February 1965
6 (4 Wins) Barcelona 11 May 1997 – 13 October 1999
6 (3 Wins) Barcelona 28 November 1971 – 17 February 1974
5 (4 Wins) Barcelona 30 March 1947 – 15 January 1949
5 (3 Wins) Barcelona 11 May 1975 – 30 January 1977
Most consecutive matches without conceding a goal
Games
Club
Period
5 Barcelona 3 April 1972 – 17 February 1974
3 Barcelona 10 January 1914 – 7 March 1916
3 Real Madrid 29 June 1974 – 11 May 1975
3 Barcelona 29 November 2009 – 29 November 2010
Most consecutive games scoring
Games
Club
Period
23 Barcelona 27 April 2011 – 13 August 2017
18 Real Madrid 3 May 2011 – 22 March 2015
17 Barcelona 27 November 1982 – 31 January 1987
14 Real Madrid 15 February 1959 – 21 January 1962
14 Real Madrid 5 December 1990 – 16 December 1993
13 Real Madrid 1 December 1946 – 23 November 1952
13 Real Madrid 22 April 1962 – 9 April 1968
12 Barcelona 26 March 1916 – 26 April 1926
11 Barcelona 11 September 1991 – 7 May 1994
10 Barcelona 30 January 1997 – 13 October 1999
Goalscoring
Top goalscorers
Players in bold players are still active
Player
Club
La Liga
Copa
Super Cup
League Cup
Europe
Total
Lionel Messi Barcelona 16 — 6 — 2 24[note 1]
Alfredo Di Stéfano Real Madrid 14 2 2 — — 18
Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 8 5 4 — — 17
Raúl Real Madrid 11 — 3 — 1 15
César Barcelona 12 2 — — — 14
Francisco Gento Real Madrid 10 2 — — 2 14
Ferenc Puskás Real Madrid 9 2 — — 3 14
Santillana Real Madrid 9 2 — 1 — 12
Hugo Sánchez Real Madrid 8 — 2 — — 10
Juanito Real Madrid 8 — — 2 — 10
Josep Samitier Barca / Real 4 6 — — — 10
Estanislao Basora Barcelona 8 1 — — — 9
Jaime Lazcano Real Madrid 8 — — — — 8
Karim Benzema Real Madrid 6 1 1 — — 8
Iván Zamorano Real Madrid 4 2 2 — — 8
Eulogio Martínez Barcelona 2 5 — — 1 8
Luis Suárez Barcelona 2 4 — — 2 8
Santiago Bernabéu Real Madrid — 8 — — — 8
Consecutive goalscoring
Player
Club
Consecutive matches
Total goals in the run
Start
End
Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 6 7 2011–12 Copa del Rey (1st leg) 2012–13 La Liga (7th round)
Iván Zamorano Real Madrid 5 5 1992–93 La Liga (20th Round) 1993 Supercopa de España (2nd leg)
Simón Lecue Real Madrid 4 5 1935–36 La Liga (7th Round) 1939–40 La Liga (9th Round)
Ronaldinho Barcelona 4 5 2004–05 La Liga (12th Round) 2005–06 La Liga (31st Round)
Giovanni Barcelona 4 4 1997 Supercopa de España (1st leg) 1997–98 La Liga (28th Round)
Lionel Messi is the all-time top scorer in El Clásico history with 25 goals.
Most hat-tricks
Five players have been able to score more than one hat trick: Jaime Lazcano, Santiago Bernabéu, Paulino Alcántara, Lionel Messi and Ferenc Puskás have all scored two hat-tricks in El Clásico history (2).
Most assists
Lionel Messi has delivered the most assists in El Clásico history (13).[citation needed]
Most appearances[citation needed]
Players in bold are still active
Appearances
Player
Club
43 Manuel Sanchís Real Madrid
42 Francisco Gento Real Madrid
42 Xavi Barcelona
37 Fernando Hierro Real Madrid
37 Raúl Real Madrid
37 Iker Casillas Real Madrid
35 Andrés Iniesta Barcelona
34 Lionel Messi Barcelona
34 Sergio Ramos Real Madrid
Players who played for both clubs
Javier Saviola was the most recent player to transfer between the two rivals, in 2007.
Barcelona then Madrid
1902: Alfonso Albéniz
1906: José Quirante
1911: Alfonso Albéniz
1911: Arsenio Comamala
1913: Walter Rozitsky
1930: Ricardo Zamora (via Espanyol)
1932: Josep Samitier
1950: Alfonso Navarro
1961: Justo Tejada
1962: Evaristo
1965: Fernand Goyvaerts
1988: Bernd Schuster
1990: Luis Milla
1992: Nando
1994: Michael Laudrup
1995: Miquel Soler (via Sevilla)
2000: Luís Figo
2000: Albert Celades (via Celta Vigo)
2002: Ronaldo (via Inter Milan)
2007: Javier Saviola
Madrid then Barcelona
1905: Luciano Lizarraga
1939: Hilario (via Valencia)
1961: Jesús María Pereda (via Real Valladolid, then Sevilla)
1965: Lucien Muller
1980: Lorenzo Amador (via Hércules)
1994: Gheorghe Hagi (via Brescia)
1994: Julen Lopetegui (via Logroñés)
1995: Robert Prosinečki (via Real Oviedo)
1996: Luis Enrique
1999: Dani García (via Mallorca)
2000: Alfonso Pérez (via Real Betis)
2004: Samuel Eto'o (via Mallorca)
From Barcelona to Madrid 17
From Barcelona to another club before Madrid 4
Total 21
From Madrid to Barcelona 3
From Madrid to another club before Barcelona 9
Total 12
Total Switches 33
Honours
The rivalry reflected in El Clásico matches comes about as Real Madrid and Barcelona are the most successful football clubs in Spain. As seen below, Barcelona leads Real Madrid 90–89 in terms of official overall trophies.[63] While the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup is recognised as the predecessor to the UEFA Cup, it was not organised by UEFA. Consequently, UEFA does not consider clubs' records in the Fairs Cup to be part of their European record.[64] However, FIFA does view the competition as a major honour.[65] In 2015, CONMEBOL recognised the Copa Iberoamericana as an official tournament, played by Real Madrid in 1994.[66]
Real Madrid
Competition
Barcelona
Domestic
33 La Liga (Primera División) 24
19 Copa del Rey 29
10 Supercopa de España 12
1 Copa Eva Duarte (defunct) 3
1 Copa de la Liga (defunct) 2
64 Aggregate 70
European and Worldwide
12 UEFA Champions League/European Cup 5
— UEFA Cup Winners' Cup (defunct) 4
2 UEFA Europa League/UEFA Cup —
4 UEFA Super Cup 5
— Inter-Cities Fairs Cup (defunct) 3
3 UEFA / CONMEBOL Intercontinental Cup (defunct) —
3 FIFA Club World Cup 3
1 CONMEBOL Ibero-American Cup (defunct) —
25 Aggregate 20
89 Total Aggregate 90
Note: FC Barcelona won the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup three times and the UEFA Cup Winners’ Cup four times, but it doesn't count towards their UEFA European Record.
Note: FIFA recognized the winner of the Intercontinental Cup as a World Champion.
See also
Association football portal
Madrid derby
Derbi barceloní
Major football rivalries
Nationalism and sport
Sports rivalry
Notes
^ Jump up to: a b Does not include one goal scored in the 2017 International Champions Cup.
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Jump up ^ "Top 100 Facebook fan pages". FanPageList.com. Retrieved 31 March 2016
Jump up ^ Sapa-DPA (29 April 2011). "Del Bosque concerned over Real-Barca conflict - SuperSport - Football". SuperSport. Archived from the original on 7 November 2012. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Bate, Adam (25 October 2013). "Fear and Loathing". Sky Sports. Retrieved 12 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "El club de los 100: MSN 91-88 BBC". Marca. 24 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "Real Madrid vs Barcelona: El Clasico Stats and Head to Head Record". Bleacher Report. Retrieved 6 January 2015
Jump up ^ Copa Eva Duarte (Defunct) is not listed as an official title by the UEFA, but it is considered as such by the RFEF, as it is the direct predecessor of the Supercopa de España
Jump up ^ "UEFA Europa League: History: New format provides fresh impetus". UEFA. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Classic Football: Clubs: FC Barcelona". FIFA. Retrieved 14 August 2014.
"Classic Football: Clubs: AS Roma". FIFA. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "CONMEBOL official competitions" (in Spanish). CONMEBOL. Retrieved 20 december 2017. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Real Madrid-FC Barcelona rivalry.
Ball, Phill (2003). Morbo: The Story of Spanish Football. WSC Books Limited. ISBN 0-9540134-6-8.
Farred, Grant (2008). Long distance love: a passion for football. Temple University Press. ISBN 1-59213-374-6.
Lowe, Sid (2013). Fear and Loathing in La Liga: Barcelona vs Real Madrid. Random House. ISBN 9780224091800.
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Vacuole
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Not to be confused with vesicle (biology and chemistry).
Cell biology
The animal cell
Components of a typical animal cell:
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Ribosome (little dots)
Vesicle
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus (or "Golgi body")
Cytoskeleton
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Mitochondrion
Vacuole
Cytosol (fluid that contains organelles, comprising the cytoplasm)
Lysosome
Centrosome
Cell membrane
Plant cell structure
Animal cell structure
A vacuole (/ˈvækjuːoʊl/) is a membrane-bound organelle which is present in all plant and fungal cells and some protist, animal[1] and bacterial cells.[2] Vacuoles are essentially enclosed compartments which are filled with water containing inorganic and organic molecules including enzymes in solution, though in certain cases they may contain solids which have been engulfed. Vacuoles are formed by the fusion of multiple membrane vesicles and are effectively just larger forms of these.[3] The organelle has no basic shape or size; its structure varies according to the needs of the cell.
The function and significance of vacuoles varies greatly according to the type of cell in which they are present, having much greater prominence in the cells of plants, fungi and certain protists than those of animals and bacteria. In general, the functions of the vacuole include:
Isolating materials that might be harmful or a threat to the cell
Containing waste products
Containing water in plant cells
Maintaining internal hydrostatic pressure or turgor within the cell
Maintaining an acidic internal pH
Containing small molecules
Exporting unwanted substances from the cell
Allows plants to support structures such as leaves and flowers due to the pressure of the central vacuole
By increasing in size, allows the germinating plant or its organs (such as leaves) to grow very quickly and using up mostly just water.[4]
In seeds, stored proteins needed for germination are kept in 'protein bodies', which are modified vacuoles.[5]
Vacuoles also play a major role in autophagy, maintaining a balance between biogenesis (production) and degradation (or turnover), of many substances and cell structures in certain organisms. They also aid in the lysis and recycling of misfolded proteins that have begun to build up within the cell. Thomas Boller [6] and others proposed that the vacuole participates in the destruction of invading bacteria and Robert B Mellor proposed organ-specific forms have a role in 'housing' symbiotic bacteria. In protists,[7] vacuoles have the additional function of storing food which has been absorbed by the organism and assisting in the digestive and waste management process for the cell.[8]
The vacuole probably evolved several times independently, even within the Viridiplantae.[9]
Contents
[hide]
1 Discovery
2 Bacteria
3 Plants
4 Fungi
5 Animals
6 References
Discovery
Contractile vacuoles ("stars") were first observed by Spallanzani (1776) in protozoa, although mistaken for respiratory organs. Dujardin (1841) named these "stars" as vacuoles. In 1842, Schleiden applied the term for plant cells, to distinguish the structure with cell sap from the rest of the protoplasm.[10][11][12][13]
In 1885, de Vries named the vacuoule membrane as tonoplast.[14]
Bacteria
Large vacuoles are found in three genera of filamentous sulfur bacteria, the Thioploca, Beggiatoa and Thiomargarita. The cytosol is extremely reduced in these genera and the vacuole can occupy between 40–98% of the cell.[15] The vacuole contains high concentrations of nitrate ions and is therefore thought to be a storage organelle.[2]
Gas vacuoles, which are freely permeable to gas,[16] are present in some species of Cyanobacteria. They allow the bacteria to control their buoyancy.
Plants
The anthocyanin-storing vacuoles of Rhoeo spathacea, a spiderwort, in cells that have plasmolyzed
Most mature plant cells have one large vacuole that typically occupies more than 30% of the cell's volume, and that can occupy as much as 80% of the volume for certain cell types and conditions.[17] Strands of cytoplasm often run through the vacuole.
A vacuole is surrounded by a membrane called the tonoplast (word origin: Gk tón(os) + -o-, meaning “stretching”, “tension”, “tone” + comb. form repr. Gk plastós formed, molded) and filled with cell sap. Also called the vacuolar membrane, the tonoplast is the cytoplasmic membrane surrounding a vacuole, separating the vacuolar contents from the cell's cytoplasm. As a membrane, it is mainly involved in regulating the movements of ions around the cell, and isolating materials that might be harmful or a threat to the cell.[18]
Transport of protons from the cytosol to the vacuole stabilizes cytoplasmic pH, while making the vacuolar interior more acidic creating a proton motive force which the cell can use to transport nutrients into or out of the vacuole. The low pH of the vacuole also allows degradative enzymes to act. Although single large vacuoles are most common, the size and number of vacuoles may vary in different tissues and stages of development. For example, developing cells in the meristems contain small provacuoles and cells of the vascular cambium have many small vacuoles in the winter and one large one in the summer.
Aside from storage, the main role of the central vacuole is to maintain turgor pressure against the cell wall. Proteins found in the tonoplast (aquaporins) control the flow of water into and out of the vacuole through active transport, pumping potassium (K+) ions into and out of the vacuolar interior. Due to osmosis, water will diffuse into the vacuole, placing pressure on the cell wall. If water loss leads to a significant decline in turgor pressure, the cell will plasmolyze. Turgor pressure exerted by vacuoles is also required for cellular elongation: as the cell wall is partially degraded by the action of expansins, the less rigid wall is expanded by the pressure coming from within the vacuole. Turgor pressure exerted by the vacuole is also essential in supporting plants in an upright position. Another function of a central vacuole is that it pushes all contents of the cell's cytoplasm against the cellular membrane, and thus keeps the chloroplasts closer to light.[19] Most plants store chemicals in the vacuole that react with chemicals in the cytosol. If the cell is broken, for example by a herbivore, then the two chemicals can react forming toxic chemicals. In garlic, alliin and the enzyme alliinase are normally separated but form allicin if the vacuole is broken. A similar reaction is responsible for the production of syn-propanethial-S-oxide when onions are cut.[citation needed]
Fungi
Vacuoles in fungal cells perform similar functions to those in plants and there can be more than one vacuole per cell. In yeast cells the vacuole is a dynamic structure that can rapidly modify its morphology. They are involved in many processes including the homeostasis of cell pH and the concentration of ions, osmoregulation, storing amino acids and polyphosphate and degradative processes. Toxic ions, such as strontium (Sr2+
), cobalt(II) (Co2+
), and lead(II) (Pb2+
) are transported into the vacuole to isolate them from the rest of the cell.[20]
Animals
In animal cells, vacuoles perform mostly subordinate roles, assisting in larger processes of exocytosis and endocytosis.
Animal vacuoles are smaller than their plant counterparts but also usually greater in number.[9] There are also animal cells that do not have any vacuoles.[21]
Exocytosis is the extrusion process of proteins and lipids from the cell. These materials are absorbed into secretory granules within the Golgi apparatus before being transported to the cell membrane and secreted into the extracellular environment. In this capacity, vacuoles are simply storage vesicles which allow for the containment, transport and disposal of selected proteins and lipids to the extracellular environment of the cell.
Endocytosis is the reverse of exocytosis and can occur in a variety of forms. Phagocytosis ("cell eating") is the process by which bacteria, dead tissue, or other bits of material visible under the microscope are engulfed by cells. The material makes contact with the cell membrane, which then invaginates. The invagination is pinched off, leaving the engulfed material in the membrane-enclosed vacuole and the cell membrane intact. Pinocytosis ("cell drinking") is essentially the same process, the difference being that the substances ingested are in solution and not visible under the microscope.[22] Phagocytosis and pinocytosis are both undertaken in association with lysosomes which complete the breakdown of the material which has been engulfed.[23]
Salmonella is able to survive and reproduce in the vacuoles of several mammal species after being engulfed.[24]
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vacuole.
Jump up ^ Venes, Donald (2001). Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary (Twentieth Edition), (F.A. Davis Company, Philadelphia), p. 2287 ISBN 0-9762548-3-2.
^ Jump up to: a b Heide N. Schulz-Vogt (2006). Vacuoles. Microbiology Monographs. 1. ISBN 3-540-26205-9. doi:10.1007/3-540-33774-1_10.
Jump up ^ Brooker, Robert J, et al. (2007). Biology (First Edition), (McGraw-Hill, New York), p. 79 ISBN 0-07-326807-0.
Jump up ^ http://pcp.oxfordjournals.org/content/50/1/151.full.pdf
Jump up ^ Matile, Phillipe (1993) Chapter 18: Vacuoles, discovery of lysosomal origin in Discoveries in Plant Biology: v. 1 (World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd)
Jump up ^ Thomas Boller. Plantbiology.unibas.ch. Retrieved on 2011-09-02.
Jump up ^ For example the food vacuole in Plasmodium.
Jump up ^ Jezbera Jan; Karel Hornak; Karel Simek (2005). "Food selection by bacterivorous protists: insight from the analysis of the food vacuole by means of fluorescence in situ hybridization". FEMS Microbiology Ecology. 52 (3): 351–363. PMID 16329920. doi:10.1016/j.femsec.2004.12.001.
^ Jump up to: a b Becker B (2007). "Function and evolution of the vacuolar compartment in green algae and land plants (Viridiplantae)." (PDF). International Review of Cytology. 264: 1–24. PMID 17964920. doi:10.1016/S0074-7696(07)64001-7.
Jump up ^ Spallanzani, L. [1776]. 1920. Observations et expériences faites sur les Animalicules des Infusions. L’ École Polytechnique, Paris
Jump up ^ Dujardin, F. 1841. Histoire naturelle des zoophytes: Infusoires. Librairie Encyclopédique de Roret, Paris.
Jump up ^ Schleiden, M. J. 1842. Grundzüge der wissenschaftlichen Botanik. W. Engelmann, Leipzig
Jump up ^ Wayne, R. 2009. Plant Cell Biology: From Astronomy to Zoology. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press, p. 101.
Jump up ^ de Vries, H. 1885. Plasmolytische Studien über die Wand der Vakuolen. Jahrb. wiss. Bot. 16, 465–598
Jump up ^ Kalanetra KM, Huston SL, Nelson DC (December 2004). "Novel, attached, sulfur-oxidizing bacteria at shallow hydrothermal vents possess vacuoles not involved in respiratory nitrate accumulation". Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70 (12): 7487–96. PMC 535177  . PMID 15574952. doi:10.1128/AEM.70.12.7487-7496.2004.
Jump up ^ Walsby AE (1969). "The Permeability of Blue-Green Algal Gas-Vacuole Membranes to Gas". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 173 (1031): 235–255. ISSN 0080-4649. OCLC 479422015. doi:10.1098/rspb.1969.0049.
Jump up ^ Alberts, Bruce, Johnson, Alexander, Lewis, Julian, Raff, Martin, Roberts, Keith, and Walter, Peter (2008). Molecular Biology of the Cell (Fifth Edition), (Garland Science, New York), p. 781 ISBN 978-0-8153-4111-6.
Jump up ^ Li, WING-YEN; FUK-LING WONG; SAU-NA TSAI; TSUI-HUNG PHANG; GUIHUA SHAO; HON-MING LAM (June 2006). "Tonoplast-located GmCLC1 and GmNHX1 from soybean enhance NaCl tolerance in transgenic bright yellow (BY)-2 cells". Plant, Cell and Environment. 29 (6): 1122–1137. PMID 17080938. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040.2005.01487.x. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
Jump up ^ Lincoln Taiz and Eduardo Zeiger Plant Physiology 3rd Edition SINAUER 2002 p.13 and 14 ISBN 0-87893-856-7
Jump up ^ D J Klionsky; P K Herman & S D Emr (1990). "The fungal vacuole: composition, function, and biogenesis". Microbiol Rev. 54 (3): 266–292. PMC 372777  . PMID 2215422.
Jump up ^ Plant cells vs. Animal cells. Biology-Online.org
Jump up ^ William F. Ganong, MD (2003). Review of medical physiology (21st ed.).
Jump up ^ Reggiori F (2006). "Membrane Origin for Autophagy". Current Topics in Developmental Biology. 74: 1–30. PMID 16860663. doi:10.1016/S0070-2153(06)74001-7.
Jump up ^ Leigh A. Knodler; Olivia Steele-Mortimer (2003). "Taking Possession: Biogenesis of the Salmonella-Containing Vacuole". Traffic. 4 (9): 587–599. PMID 12911813. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0854.2003.00118.x.
[hide]
v
t
e
Structures of the cell / organelles (TH H1.00.01.2-3)
Endomembrane system
Cell membrane
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Parenthesome
Autophagosome
Vesicles
Exosome
Lysosome
Endosome
Phagosome
Vacuole
Acrosome
Cytoplasmic granules
Melanosome
Microbody
Glyoxysome
Peroxisome
Weibel–Palade body
Cytoskeleton
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules
Prokaryotic cytoskeleton
MTOCs
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Centriole
Basal body
Spindle pole body
Myofibril
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Plastids
Chloroplast
Chromoplast
Gerontoplast
Leucoplast
Amyloplast
Elaioplast
Proteinoplast
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RNA
Ribosome
Spliceosome
Vault
Cytoplasm
Proteasome
External
Undulipodium
Cilium
Flagellum
Axoneme
Radial spoke
Extracellular matrix
Cell wall
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values:
https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuool
Vakuool – Afrikaans
af
af
interlanguage-link-target

values: فجوة عصارية – Arabic

values:
https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuol
Vakuol – Azerbaijani
az
az
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuola
Vakuola – Bosnian
bs
bs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuole
Vacuole – Cebuano
ceb
ceb
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuola
Vakuola – Czech
cs
cs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuole
Vakuole – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuole
Vakuole – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuool
Vakuool – Estonian
et
et
interlanguage-link-target

values: Κενοτόπια – Greek

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuola
Vacuola – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuolo
Vakuolo – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakuolo
Bakuolo – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

values: واکوئل – Persian

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuole
Vacuole – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values: Վակուոլ – Armenian

values: रसधानी – Hindi

values:
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuole
Vakuole – Croatian
hr
hr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuolo
Vakuolo – Ido
io
io
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuola
Vakuola – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuolo
Vacuolo – Interlingua
ia
ia
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuolo
Vacuolo – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values: חלולית – Hebrew

values:
https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuola
Vakuola – Javanese
jv
jv
interlanguage-link-target

values: ვაკუოლი – Georgian

values: Вакуольдер – Kazakh

values:
https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuol
Vakuol – Kurdish
ku
ku
interlanguage-link-target

values: Вакуолдор – Kyrgyz

values:
https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuolum
Vacuolum – Latin
la
la
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuola
Vakuola – Latvian
lv
lv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuol
Vakuol – Malay
ms
ms
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuole
Vacuole – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuole
Vakuole – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuol
Vakuol – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
interlanguage-link-target

values: ਵੈਕਿਊਲ – Punjabi

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakuola
Wakuola – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values: Вакуоль – Russian

values:
https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuole
Vacuole – Scots
sco
sco
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuola
Vakuola – Slovak
sk
sk
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuola
Vakuola – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

values: Вакуола – Serbian

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuola
Vakuola – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuol
Vakuol – Sundanese
su
su
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuoli
Vakuoli – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuol
Vakuol – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values: புன்வெற்றிடம் – Tamil

values: แวคิวโอล – Thai

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koful
Koful – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values: ویکیول – Urdu

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

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