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Robert Wagner
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Robert Wagner
Wagner in 1967
Born
Robert John Wagner, Jr.
(1930-02-10) February 10, 1930 (age 87)
Detroit, Michigan, U.S.
Occupation
Actor, producer
Years active
1950–present
Spouse(s)
Natalie Wood
(m. 1957; div. 1962)
(m. 1972; d. 1981)
Marion Marshall
(m. 1963; div. 1971)
Jill St. John
(m. 1990)
Children
2, including Katie Wagner
Robert John Wagner, Jr. (pronounced /ˈwæɡnər/; born February 10, 1930) is an American actor of stage, screen, and television, best known for starring in the television shows It Takes a Thief (1968–70), Switch (1975–78), and Hart to Hart (1979–84). He also had a recurring role as Teddy Leopold on the TV sitcom Two and a Half Men and has a recurring role as Anthony DiNozzo Sr. on the police procedural NCIS.
In movies, Wagner is known for his role as Number Two in the Austin Powers trilogy of films (1997, 1999, 2002), as well as for A Kiss Before Dying, The Pink Panther, Harper, The Towering Inferno and many more.
Wagner's autobiography, Pieces of My Heart: A Life, written with author Scott Eyman, was published on September 23, 2008.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 20th Century Fox
2.1 Leading man
2.2 Columbia
3 Europe
3.1 Return to Hollywood and Universal
4 Television star
4.1 Switch
4.2 Hart to Hart
5 Later career
6 Personal life
7 Filmography
7.1 Film
7.2 Selected television appearances
8 Books
9 References
10 External links
Early life[edit]
Jean Peters with Wagner in Broken Lance (1954)
Wagner was born February 10, 1930, in Detroit, Michigan. He is the son of Hazel Alvera (née Boe), a telephone operator, and Robert John Wagner, Sr., a traveling salesman who worked for the Ford Motor Company. His paternal grandparents were born in Germany[1][2] and his maternal grandparents were Norwegian. Wagner has a sister, Mary. He graduated from Saint Monica Catholic High School in 1949.[3]
Wagner became interested in acting, and after an unsuccessful screen test directed by Fred Zinnemann for his film Teresa, Wagner was represented by Albert R. Broccoli as his agent.[4]
He made his film debut in The Happy Years (1950); was signed by agent Henry Willson and put under contract with 20th Century-Fox.
20th Century Fox[edit]
Wagner's first film for Fox was Halls of Montezuma (1951) a World War Two film. Wagner had a support role, with Richard Widmark as the star. The studio then had him perform a similar function in another war movie, The Frogmen (1951), again with Widmark; the cast also included another young male under contract to the studio, Jeffrey Hunter with whom Wagner would often work. Let's Make It Legal (1951) was a comedy where Wagner again supported an older star, in this case Claudette Colbert.
Wagner first gained significant attention with a small but showy part as a shell-shocked soldier in With a Song in My Heart (1952), starring Susan Hayward as Jane Froman.
Fox started to give Wagner better roles. He was the romantic male lead in Stars and Stripes Forever (1952), a biopic about John Philip Sousa starring Clifton Webb. He supported James Cagney and Dan Dailey in John Ford's version of What Price Glory (1952) and supported Webb again in Titanic (1953). He was in a minor Western, The Silver Whip (1953) with Rory Calhoun.
Leading man[edit]
Fox gave Wagner his first starring role in Beneath the 12-Mile Reef (1953). Reviews were poor but the movie was only the third ever to be shot in CinemaScope and was a big hit.
Also popular was a Western, Broken Lance (1954), where Wagner supported Spencer Tracy for director Edward Dmytryk, appearing as Tracy's son. Fox gave Wagner the lead role in an expensive spectacular, Prince Valiant (1954). While popular, critical reception was poor and Wagner later joked his wig in the movie made him look like Jane Wyman. He was teamed with Jeffrey Hunter in a Western, White Feather (1955).
Wagner was borrowed by Paramount for The Mountain (1956), directed by Dymrtryk, where Wagner was cast as Spencer Tracy's brother, having played his son just two years earlier in the same director's Broken Lance . He received more critical acclaim for the lead in A Kiss Before Dying (1956), from the novel by Ira Levin; it was made for Crown Productions, a company of Darryl F. Zanuck's brother in law (the leads were all under contract to Fox) and released through United Artists.
Back at Fox he was Between Heaven and Hell (1956), a war movie, and The True Story of Jesse James (1957), playing the lead role for director Nicholas Ray (Jeffrey Hunter was Frank). Both movies were box office disappointments and it seemed Wagner was unable to make the transition to top level star.
This appeared confirmed when he was the lead in Stopover Tokyo (1957). In 1959, Wagner disparaged the film:
When I started at Fox in 1950 they were making sixty five pictures a year. Now they're lucky if they make thirty. There was a chance to get some training in B pictures. Then TV struck. Everything went big and they started sticking me into Cinemascope spectacles. One day, smiling Joe Juvenile with no talent was doing a role intended for John Wayne. That was in a dog called Stopover Tokyo. I've really had to work to keep up.[5]
He supported Robert Mitchum in a Korean War movie, The Hunters (1958), and appeared with a number of Fox contractees in a World War Two drama, In Love and War (1958); the latter was a hit.
After a cameo in Mardi Gras (1958), Wagner supported Bing Crosby and Debbie Reynolds in Say One for Me (1959).
Trying to kick start his career, he appeared with his then-wife Natalie Wood in All the Fine Young Cannibals (1960), made for MGM. The film was a flop.
Columbia[edit]
In 1960 Wagner signed with Columbia Pictures for three films, but only two were made; Sail a Crooked Ship (1961) with Ernie Kovacs and The War Lover (1962), opposite Steve McQueen, which was filmed in England.
Europe[edit]
Wagner's marriage to Wood had broken up and he relocated to Europe. He had a small role in The Longest Day (1962), produced by Daryl Zanuck for Fox. He had a larger part in The Condemned of Altona (1962), a commercial and critical disappointment despite being directed by Vittorio de Sica.
Considerably more popular was The Pink Panther (1963), a massive hit, although Wagner's part was very much in support to those of David Niven, Capucine, Peter Sellers and Claudia Cardinale. It was directed by Blake Edwards, who wanted Wagner for the lead in The Great Race (1965) but Jack L. Warner overruled him.[6]
Return to Hollywood and Universal[edit]
Back in Hollywood, Wagner had a good support role in another hit, Harper (1966), starring Paul Newman.
Wagner signed with Universal Studios in 1966 starring in the films How I Spent My Summer Vacation, a made-for-TV movie released in the United Kingdom as Deadly Roulette, and Banning (1967). He returned to Italy to make a caper film for MGM, The Biggest Bundle of Them All (1968), but it was not a success.
Television star[edit]
In 1967, Lew Wasserman of Universal convinced Wagner to make his television series debut in It Takes a Thief (1968–70). While the success of The Pink Panther and Harper began Wagner's comeback, the successful two-and-a-half seasons of his first TV series completed it. In this series, he acted with Fred Astaire, who played his father. Wagner was a longtime friend of Astaire, having gone to school with Astaire's eldest son, Peter. Wagner's performance would earn him an Emmy nomination for Best TV Actor.
During the making of the series he made a film for Universal, the comedy Don't Just Stand There! (1968) with Mary Tyler Moore. It was not a success. More popular was Winning (1969), a racing car drama where Wagner supported Paul Newman and Joanne Woodward. He also guest starred in The Name of the Game (1970).
Wagner's friend and agent Albert Broccoli suggested that he audition to play James Bond, but he decided it was not right for him.[7]
Wagner appeared in a pilot for a series that did not eventuate, City Beneath the Sea (1971). The following year he produced and cast himself opposite Bette Davis in the television movie Madame Sin, which was released in foreign markets as a feature film,[8]
He was a regular in the BBC/Universal World War II prisoner-of-war drama Colditz (1972–74) for much of its run. He reunited with McQueen, along with Paul Newman and Faye Dunaway, in the disaster film The Towering Inferno released in the same year. It was a massive hit, although Wagner's part was relatively small.
Switch[edit]
By the mid-1970s, Wagner's television career was at its peak with the television series Switch (1975–78) opposite Eddie Albert, after re-signing a contract with Universal Studios in 1974. Before Switch, Albert was a childhood hero of Wagner, after he watched the movie Brother Rat along with a few others. The friendship started in the early 1960s, where he also co-starred in a couple of Albert's movies. After the series' end, the two remained friends until Albert's death on May 26, 2005. Wagner spoke at his funeral, and gave a testimonial about his longtime friendship with him.
In partial payment for starring together in the Aaron Spelling and Leonard Goldberg production of the TV movie The Affair, Wagner and Natalie Wood were given a share in three TV series that the producers were developing for ABC.[9] Only one reached the screen, the very successful TV series Charlie's Angels, for which Wagner and Wood had a 50% share, though Wagner was to spend many years in court arguing with Spelling and Goldberg over what was defined as profit.[10]
Wagner and Wood acted with Laurence Olivier in Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1976) (as part of Olivier's UK television series Laurence Olivier Presents).
Wagner had a small role in some all-star Universal films, Midway (1976) and The Concorde ... Airport '79 (1979).
Hart to Hart[edit]
Wagner's third successful series was Hart to Hart, which co-starred Stefanie Powers and ran from 1979 to 1984. No one else was seriously considered for the role; George Hamilton had a high-profile at the time and was suggested but producer Aaron Spelling said that if he was cast "the audience will resent him as Hart for being that rich. But no one will begrudge RJ [Wagner] a nickel."[11]
During the series run Wagner reprised his old Pink Panther role in Curse of the Pink Panther (1983). He had a support part in I Am the Cheese (1983).
He played an insurance investigator in the TV series Lime Street (1985) but the show did not last long.
Later career[edit]
Wagner appeared in a TV movie with Audrey Hepburn, Love Among Thieves (1987) and in a mini series with Jacklyn Smith, Windmills of the Gods (1988). For Tom Mankiewicz he played a support part in Delirious (1991). More widely seen was Dragon: The Bruce Lee Story (1993), where Wagner played a producer.
Wagner's film career received a boost after his role in the Austin Powers series of spy spoofs starring Mike Myers. Wagner played Dr. Evil's henchman Number 2 in all three films: Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery (1997), Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me (1999) and Austin Powers in Goldmember (2002).
He also had small roles in Wild Things (1998), Crazy in Alabama (1999), Play It to the Bone (2000), Becoming Dick (2001) and Sol Goode (2001).
He also became the host of Fox Movie Channel's Hour of Stars, featuring original television episodes of The 20th Century-Fox Hour (1955), a series which Wagner had appeared on in his early days with the studio.
In 2005, Wagner became the television spokesman for the Senior Lending Network, a reverse mortgage lender and in 2010 he began serving as a spokesman for the Guardian First Funding Group, also a reverse mortgage lender. As of June 2011, Guardian First Funding was acquired by Urban Financial Group, who continue to use Mr. Wagner as their spokesperson.[12][13]
In 2007, Wagner had a role in the BBC/AMC series Hustle. In season four's premiere, Wagner played a crooked Texan being taken for half a million dollars. As Wagner is considered "a suave icon of American caper television, including It Takes a Thief and Hart to Hart", Robert Glenister (Hustle's fixer, Ash Morgan) commented that "to have one of the icons of that period involved is a great bonus for all of us".[14]
Wagner also played the pivotal role of President James Garfield in the comedy/horror film Netherbeast Incorporated (2007). The role was written with Wagner in mind. He had a recurring role of a rich suitor to the main characters' mother on the sitcom Two and a Half Men. His most recent appearances on the show were in May 2008.
Wagner has guest-starred in ten episodes of NCIS[15] as Anthony DiNozzo, Sr., the father of Anthony DiNozzo, Jr., played by Michael Weatherly. Weatherly had previously appeared as Wagner in the TV movie The Mystery of Natalie Wood.
Wagner was set to star as Charlie in the 2011 reboot of Charlie's Angels, but due to scheduling conflicts, had to exit the project.[16]
Personal life[edit]
This section of a biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (October 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Wagner with Natalie Wood in 1960
In his memoirs, Wagner revealed he has had affairs with Yvonne De Carlo, Joan Crawford, Elizabeth Taylor, Anita Ekberg, Shirley Anne Field, Lori Nelson and Joan Collins.[17] He had a four-year romantic relationship with Barbara Stanwyck after they acted together in the movie Titanic (1953).[18] Because of the age difference – he was 22, she was 45 – they kept the affair secret in order to avoid damage to their careers.[19]
On December 28, 1957, Wagner married 19-year-old actress Natalie Wood. They separated in June 1961 and divorced on April 27, 1962.
While working on location in Europe, Wagner reconnected with an old friend, actress Marion Marshall. In the spring of 1963, after a brief courtship, Wagner, Marshall, and her two children from her marriage to Stanley Donen moved back to America.[7] Wagner and Marshall married on July 22, 1963, in the Bronx Courthouse. Soon after, they had a daughter, Katie Wagner (born May 11, 1964). They divorced on October 14, 1971,[20] after eight years of marriage.
In 1971, Wagner was engaged to Tina Sinatra.[7] In early 1972, Wagner reconnected with Natalie Wood and remarried her on July 16, 1972 after a six-month courtship. Their only child together, Courtney Wagner, was born on March 9, 1974. On November 29, 1981, Natalie Wood drowned near their yacht Splendour while it was moored near Catalina Island; also on board were Wagner, Christopher Walken, who was co-starring with her in the motion picture Brainstorm, and Dennis Davern, a captain. Wagner subsequently became the legal guardian of Wood's daughter Natasha Gregson, then eleven. He is estranged from his former sister-in-law, Lana Wood.[21][22]
Wagner and actress Jill St. John became an item in February 1982.[23] After eight years together, they married on May 26, 1990. In 1999, an altercation occurred between Wagner's former sister-in-law Lana Wood and St. John, who had both appeared in the 1971 James Bond film Diamonds Are Forever, at a Vanity Fair shoot in Los Angeles. When photographer Annie Leibovitz asked for a picture of St. John and Wood together, St. John was so adamantly opposed to the idea that it reduced Wood to tears. Her publicist, however, said it was he who vetoed the photo: "I know [the Wagner family] would rather not have the current Mrs. Wagner shot with Natalie's sister."[24]
On September 21, 2006, he became a first-time grandfather when Katie Wagner, his daughter with Marion Marshall, gave birth to her son Riley John Wagner-Lewis.
In November 2011, the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department reopened its investigation into Natalie Wood's death after the captain of the boat, Dennis Davern, told NBC News that he lied to police during the initial investigation and that a fight between Wood and Wagner had led to her drowning.[25] After nine months of further investigation, Los Angeles County Chief Medical Examiner Dr. Lakshmanan Sathyavagiswaran amended Wood's death certificate and changed the cause of her death from accidental drowning to "drowning and other undetermined factors".[26] The amended document also states that the circumstances of how Wood ended up in the water are "not clearly established."[26] The police however have stated that Wagner is not a suspect in the case.
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1951 The Frogmen Lt. (jg) Franklin
1951 Halls of Montezuma Pvt. Coffman
1951 Let's Make It Legal Jerry Denham
1952 With a Song in My Heart GI Paratrooper
1952 Stars and Stripes Forever Willie Little
1952 What Price Glory? Private Lewisohn
1953 Beneath the 12-Mile Reef Tony Petrakis
1953 Titanic Gifford "Giff" Rogers
1953 The Silver Whip Jess Harker
1954 Broken Lance Joe Devereaux
1954 Prince Valiant Prince Valiant
1955 White Feather Josh Tanner
1956 A Kiss Before Dying Bud Corliss
1956 Between Heaven and Hell Sam Gifford
1956 The Mountain Christopher Teller
1957 The True Story of Jesse James Jesse James
1957 Stopover Tokyo Mark Fannon
1958 The Hunters Lt. Pell
1958 In Love and War Frank "Frankie" O'Neill
1958 Mardi Gras Cameo appearance
1959 Say One for Me Tony Vincent
1960 All the Fine Young Cannibals Chad Bixby (based on Chet Baker)
1961 Sail a Crooked Ship Gilbert Barrows
1962 The Longest Day US Army Ranger
1962 The War Lover Lt Ed Boland
1962 The Condemned of Altona Werner von Gerlach
1963 The Pink Panther George Lytton
1966 Harper Allan Taggert
1967 Banning Mike Banning
1968 The Biggest Bundle of Them All Harry Price
1968 Don't Just Stand There! Lawrence Colby
1969 Winning Luther Erding
1972 Madame Sin Anthony Lawrence
1974 The Towering Inferno Dan Bigelow
1976 Laurence Olivier Presents: Cat on a Hot Tin Roof Brick Pollitt
1976 Midway Lieutenant Commander Ernest L. Blake
1979 The Concorde ... Airport '79 Kevin Harrison
1983 Curse of the Pink Panther George Lytton Role reprisal from first film in series (1963)
1983 I Am the Cheese Dr. Brint
1987 Love Among Thieves Mike Chambers
1991 Delirious Jack Gates (uncredited)
1993 Dragon: The Bruce Lee Story Bill Krieger
1997 Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery Number Two
1998 Wild Things Tom Baxter
1999 Crazy in Alabama Harry Hall
1999 Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me Number Two Role reprisal from first film in series (1997)
2000 Play It to the Bone Hank Goody
2000 Becoming Dick Edward
2001 Sol Goode Sol's Dad
2002 Austin Powers in Goldmember Number Two Role reprisal from first two films in series
2006 Everyone's Hero Mr. Robinson Voice only
2006 Hoot Mayor Grandy
2007 Netherbeast Incorporated President James Garfield
2007 Man in the Chair Taylor Moss
2007 A Dennis the Menace Christmas Mr. Wilson Direct-to-video release
2009 The Wild Stallion Novak Direct-to-video
2014 The Hungover Games Liam Direct-to-video
2016 Lend a Hand for Love Narrator Short film
2017 What Happened to Monday? TBA Post-production
Selected television appearances[edit]
1953: Jukebox Jury as himself
1963: The Eleventh Hour, episode: "And God Created Vanity"
1968–70: It Takes a Thief as Alexander Mundy
1970–71: The Name of the Game as David Corey
1971: City Beneath the Sea (movie)
1972–74: Colditz as Flight Lieutenant Phil Carrington
1975–78: Switch as Pete T. Ryan
1978: Pearl (mini series)
1979–84: Hart to Hart as Jonathan Hart
1980: The Jacques Cousteau Odyssey narrator (2 episodes)
1981: The Fall Guy as Himself (1 episode)
1984: To Catch a King as Joe Jackson (TV miniseries)
1984: There Must Be a Pony as Ben Nichols
1985: Lime Street (as James Greyson Culver)
1988: Windmills of the Gods (miniseries)
1994: Parallel Lives as the sheriff
1997: Seinfeld, episode: "The Yada Yada" as Dr. Abbot
1999: Fatal Error, as Albert Teal (movie)
2003: Hope & Faith as Jack Fairfield (7 episodes)
2005: The Simpsons, episode: "Goo Goo Gai Pan" as himself
2006: Las Vegas, episode: "Cash Springs Eternal" as Alex Avery
2006: Boston Legal as Barry Goal (2 episodes)
2007: Hustle, season 4 premiere: "As One Flew Out, One Flew In"
2007: Two and a Half Men as Teddy Leopold (5 episodes)
2010–: NCIS as Anthony DiNozzo Sr. (9 episodes)
2012: The League as "Gumpa" Duke, episode: "Bro-Lo El Cordero"
2013: Futurama as himself
2014: Hot in Cleveland as Jim in episode "Bossy Cups"
Books[edit]
Wagner, Robert J. (with Scott Eyman) (2008). Pieces of My Heart: A Life. New York: Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-06-137331-2.
Wagner, Robert J. (with Scott Eyman) (2014). You Must Remember This: The Life and Style of Hollywood's Golden Age. New York: Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-02609-8.
Wagner, Robert J. (with Scott Eyman) (2016). I Loved Her in the Movies: Memories of Hollywood's Legendary Actresses. New York: Viking. ISBN 978-0-525-42911-1.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Pieces of My Heart". NPR.org. July 15, 2011. Retrieved August 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Robert Wagner Biography (1930-)". filmreference.com. Retrieved August 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Robert Wagner- Biography". Yahoo!.
Jump up ^ p.34 Wagner, Robert & Eyman, Scott Pieces of My Heart Random House, 2010
Jump up ^ PRESENTING A HAPPY 'ACT': WAGNER AND WOOD By THOMAS McDONALDHOLLYWOOD.. New York Times (1923-Current file) [New York, N.Y] 14 June 1959: X7.
Jump up ^ p. 249 Curtis, Tony & Golenbock, Peter American Prince: My Autobiography Random House, 30 Mar 2010
^ Jump up to: a b c Wagner, Robert (February 19, 2009). "I blamed myself for Natalie Wood's death: Robert Wagner on the night his wife disappeared". Daily Mail. Retrieved 2010-03-02.
Jump up ^ Wagner. p.216.
Jump up ^ Wagner. Page 205.
Jump up ^ Wagner. Page 208.
Jump up ^ Tom Mankiewicz, My Life as a Mankiewicz: An Insider's Journey Through Hollywood (with Robert Crane) University Press of Kentucky 2012 p 222
Jump up ^ Biography for Robert Wagner on IMDb
Jump up ^ "Robert Wagner Becomes Spokesman for Senior Lending Network; Senior Lending Network To Embark on Nationwide Marketing Campaign". Business Wire. February 14, 2005. Archived from the original on July 8, 2012.
Jump up ^ "'Hustle' cons way onto American soil". Archived from the original on April 22, 2007. Retrieved 1 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Flesh and Blood" (2010), "Broken Arrow" (2010), "Sins of the Father" (2011), "You Better Watch Out" (2012), "Dressed to Kill" (2014), "The Artful Dodger" (2015), "No Good Deed" (2015), "Family First" (2016), "Reasonable Doubts" (2016) and "Nonstop" (2017)
Jump up ^ "Wanted: New Charlie for 'Charlie's Angels'". Retrieved May 20, 2011.
Jump up ^ Robert Wagner with Scott Eyman, Pieces of My Heart: A Life (HarperCollins, 2009)
Jump up ^ Wagner Page 58
Jump up ^ Friedman, Roger (August 2, 2002). "Robert Wagner on Natalie Wood, 'Tadpoling' and Survival". Fox News.
Jump up ^ https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1314&dat=19711015&id=QyxOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=v-wDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5206,5511337&hl=en
Jump up ^ Wallace, David (October 18, 1983). "A Sister Remembers". People. Retrieved November 19, 2011.
Jump up ^ Graham, Caroline (December 6, 2009). "LANA WOOD: Ever since my sister Natalie's death, Robert Wagner has never given me a straight answer". Daily Mail. Retrieved March 2, 2010.
Jump up ^ http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20082987,00.html
Jump up ^ http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20129439,00.html
Jump up ^ "Natalie Wood's death certificate amended". BBC News. August 22, 2012. Retrieved August 22, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b McCartney, Anthony (August 21, 2012). "Authorities amend Natalie Wood's death certificate". Associated Press. Retrieved August 22, 2012.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Robert Wagner.
Official website
Robert Wagner on IMDb
Robert Wagner on Yahoo! Movies
Robert Wagner on Charlie Rose
Works by or about Robert Wagner in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
Articles about Robert Wagner, a Malibu resident, can be found at The Malibu Times
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 59275376
LCCN: n85265741
ISNI: 0000 0000 7139 8352
GND: 123540658
SUDOC: 110030923
BNF: cb139541937 (data)
BNE: XX1414843
IATH: w61n9xdn
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Wagner&oldid=811032644"
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Garden of Eden
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Not to be confused with Eden Gardens or Eden Garden.
For other uses, see Garden of Eden (disambiguation).
The Garden of Eden as depicted in the first or left panel of Bosch's The Garden of Earthly Delights triptych. The panel includes many imagined and exotic African animals.[1]
The Garden of Eden (Hebrew גַּן עֵדֶן, Gan ʿEḏen) or (often) Paradise, is the biblical "garden of God", described most notably in the Book of Genesis chapters 2 and 3, and also in the Book of Ezekiel.[2][3] Genesis 13:10 refers to the "garden of God" (not called Eden by name),[4] and the "trees of the garden" are mentioned in Ezekiel 31.[5] The Book of Zechariah and the Book of Psalms also refer to trees and water in relation to the temple without explicitly mentioning Eden.[6]
Traditionally, scholars favored deriving the name "Eden" from the Akkadian edinnu, derived from a Sumerian word edin meaning "plain" or "steppe". Eden is now believed[by whom?] to be more closely related to an Aramaic root word meaning "fruitful, well-watered."[3] Another interpretation associates the name "Eden" with a Hebrew word for "pleasure"; thus the Douay-Rheims Bible in Genesis 2:8 has the wording "And the Lord God had planted a paradise of pleasure" (rather than "a garden in Eden"). The Hebrew term is translated "pleasure" in Sarah's secret saying in Genesis 18:12.[7]
Much like records of the great flood, the creation story and the account of the confusion of languages, the story of Eden echoes the Mesopotamian myth of a king, as a primordial man, who is placed in a divine garden to guard the Tree of life.[8] The Hebrew Bible depicts Adam and Eve as walking around the Garden of Eden naked due to their innocence.[9] Eden and its rivers may signify the real Jerusalem, the Temple of Solomon, or the Promised Land. It may also represent the divine garden on Zion, and the mountain of God, which was also Jerusalem. The imagery of the Garden, with its serpent and cherubim, has been compared[by whom?] to the images of the Solomonic Temple with its copper serpent (the nehushtan) and guardian cherubs.[10][need quotation to verify]
Contents
[hide]
1 Biblical narratives
1.1 Genesis
1.2 Ezekiel
2 Proposed locations
3 Parallel concepts
4 Other views
4.1 Jewish eschatology
4.2 Islamic view
4.3 Latter-day Saints
5 Art
6 See also
7 References
8 Bibliography
9 External links
Biblical narratives[edit]
Expulsion from Paradise, painting by James Jacques Joseph Tissot
The Expulsion illustrated in the English Caedmon manuscript, c. 1000 CE
Genesis[edit]
Main articles: Genesis creation narrative and Adam and Eve
The second part of the Genesis creation narrative, Genesis, opens with Adonai Elohim (the LORD God, lit. YHWH Elohim, see Names of God in Judaism) creating the first man (Adam), whom he placed in a garden that he planted "eastward in Eden".[11]
And out of the ground made the Lord God to grow every tree that is pleasant to the sight, and good for food; the tree of life also in the midst of the garden, and the tree of knowledge of good and evil.
— Genesis 2:9
The man was free to eat from any tree in the garden except the tree of the knowledge of good and evil. Last of all, the God made a woman (Eve) from a rib of the man to be a companion the man. In chapter three, the man and the woman were seduced by the serpent into eating the forbidden fruit, and they were expelled from the garden to prevent them from eating of the tree of life, and thus living forever. Cherubim were placed east of the garden, "and a flaming sword which turned every way, to keep him away from the tree of life" (Genesis 3:24).
Genesis 2:10–14 lists four rivers in association with the garden of Eden: Pishon, Gihon, the Tigris, and the Euphrates. It also refers to the land of Cush—translated/interpreted as Ethiopia, but thought by some to equate to Cossaea, a Greek name for the land of the Kassites.[12] These lands lie north of Elam, immediately to the east of ancient Babylon, which, unlike Ethiopia, does lie within the region being described.[13] In Antiquities of the Jews, the first-century Jewish historian Josephus identifies the Pishon as what "the Greeks called Ganges" and the Geon (Gehon) as the Nile.[14]
Ezekiel[edit]
Main article: Ezekiel's cherub in Eden
In Ezekiel 28:12–19 the prophet Ezekiel the "son of man" sets down God's word against the king of Tyre: the king was the "seal of perfection", adorned with precious stones from the day of his creation, placed by God in the garden of Eden on the holy mountain as a guardian cherub. But the king sinned through wickedness and violence, and so he was driven out of the garden and thrown to the earth, where now he is consumed by God's fire: "All the nations who knew you are appalled at you, you have come to a horrible end and will be no more." (v.19).
According to Terje Stordalen, the Eden in Ezekiel appears to be located in Lebanon.[15] "[I]t appears that the Lebanon is an alternative placement in Phoenician myth (as in Ez 28,13, III.48) of the Garden of Eden",[16] and there are connections between paradise, the garden of Eden and the forests of Lebanon (possibly used symbolically) within prophetic writings.[17] Edward Lipinski and Peter Kyle McCarter have suggested that the Garden of the gods (Sumerian paradise), the oldest Sumerian version of the Garden of Eden, relates to a mountain sanctuary in the Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon ranges.[18]
Proposed locations[edit]
Map showing the rivers in the Middle East known in English as the Tigris and Euphrates.
Map by Pierre Mortier, 1700, based on theories of Pierre Daniel Huet, Bishop of Avranches. A caption in French and Dutch reads: Map of the location of the terrestrial paradise, and of the country inhabited by the patriarchs, laid out for the good understanding of sacred history, by M. Pierre Daniel Huet.
Although the Garden of Eden is considered to be mythological by most scholars,[19][20][21][22][23][24] there have been other suggestions for its location:[25] for example, at the head of the Persian Gulf, in southern Mesopotamia (now Iraq) where the Tigris and Euphrates rivers run into the sea;[26] in Iranian Azerbaijan, and in the vicinity of Tabriz,[27] and in the Armenian Highlands or Armenian Plateau.[28][29][30][31]
According to the Bible, the location of Eden is described in the Book of Genesis, chapter 2, verses 10–14:
A river flowed from Eden to water the garden, and from there it divided to make four streams.
The first is named the Pishon, and this winds all through the land of Havilah where there is gold. The gold of this country is pure; bdellium and cornelian stone are found there. The second river is named the Gihon, and this winds all through the land of Cush. The third river is named the Tigris, and this flows to the east of Ashur. The fourth river is the Euphrates.
Parallel concepts[edit]
The city of Dilmun in the Sumerian mythological story of Enki and Ninhursag is a paradisaical abode[32] of the immortals, where sickness and death were unknown.[33]
The garden of the Hesperides in Greek mythology was somewhat similar to the Christian concept of the Garden of Eden, and by the 16th century a larger intellectual association was made in the Cranach painting (see illustration at top). In this painting, only the action that takes place there identifies the setting as distinct from the Garden of the Hesperides, with its golden fruit.
The Persian term "paradise" (Hebrew פרדס, pardes), meaning a royal garden or hunting-park, gradually became a synonym for Eden after c. 500 BCE. The word "pardes" occurs three times in the Old Testament, but always in contexts other than a connection with Eden: in the Song of Solomon iv. 13: "Thy plants are an orchard (pardes) of pomegranates, with pleasant fruits; camphire, with spikenard"; Ecclesiastes 2. 5: "I made me gardens and orchards (pardes), and I planted trees in them of all kind of fruits"; and in Nehemiah ii. 8: "And a letter unto Asaph the keeper of the king's orchard (pardes), that he may give me timber to make beams for the gates of the palace which appertained to the house, and for the wall of the city." In these examples pardes clearly means "orchard" or "park", but in the apocalyptic literature and in the Talmud "paradise" gains its associations with the Garden of Eden and its heavenly prototype, and in the New Testament "paradise" becomes the realm of the blessed (as opposed to the realm of the cursed) among those who have already died, with literary Hellenistic influences.
Other views[edit]
Jewish eschatology[edit]
In the Talmud and the Jewish Kabbalah,[34] the scholars agree that there are two types of spiritual places called "Garden in Eden". The first is rather terrestrial, of abundant fertility and luxuriant vegetation, known as the "lower Gan Eden". The second is envisioned as being celestial, the habitation of righteous, Jewish and non-Jewish, immortal souls, known as the "higher Gan Eden". The Rabbanim differentiate between Gan and Eden. Adam is said to have dwelt only in the Gan, whereas Eden is said never to be witnessed by any mortal eye.[34]
According to Jewish eschatology,[35][36] the higher Gan Eden is called the "Garden of Righteousness". It has been created since the beginning of the world, and will appear gloriously at the end of time. The righteous dwelling there will enjoy the sight of the heavenly chayot carrying the throne of God. Each of the righteous will walk with God, who will lead them in a dance. Its Jewish and non-Jewish inhabitants are "clothed with garments of light and eternal life, and eat of the tree of life" (Enoch 58,3) near to God and His anointed ones.[36] This Jewish rabbinical concept of a higher Gan Eden is opposed by the Hebrew terms gehinnom[37] and sheol, figurative names for the place of spiritual purification for the wicked dead in Judaism, a place envisioned as being at the greatest possible distance from heaven.[38]
In modern Jewish eschatology it is believed that history will complete itself and the ultimate destination will be when all mankind returns to the Garden of Eden.[39]
Islamic view[edit]
Spanish-Arabic world map from 1109 CE with Eden in east (at top)
Events taking place in the Garden of Eden are spoken about prominently in the Quran and the tafsir (interpretation). The term "Jannāt `Adni" ("Gardens of Eden" or "Gardens of Perpetual Residence") is used in the Qur'an for the destination of the righteous. There are several mentions of "the Garden" in the Qur'an (2:35, 7:19, 20:117), meaning the Garden of Eden, but without the word "`Adn".[40] There are other places that talk about events there, without mentioning the location. This includes surat Sad, which features 18 verses on the subject (38:71–88), surat al-Baqarah, surat al-A'raf, and surat al-Hijr. The narrative mainly surrounds the resulting expulsion of Iblis from the garden and his subsequent tempting of Adam and Eve. After Iblis refuses to follow God's command to bow down to Adam for being his greatest creation, Allah transforms him into Satan as a punishment. Despite the Biblical account, the Quran mentions only one tree in Eden, the tree of immortality, which Allah specifically claimed it was forbidden to Adam and Eve. Despite this, however, Satan, disguised as a serpent, repeatedly told Adam to eat from the tree, and eventually both Adam and Eve did so, resulting in disobeying Allah.[41] These stories are also featured in the Islamic hadith collections, including al-Tabari.[42]
Latter-day Saints[edit]
See also: Adam and Eve (LDS Church)
Members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (also known as Mormons or Latter-day Saints) believe that after Adam and Eve were expelled from the Garden of Eden they resided in a place known as Adam-ondi-Ahman, located in present-day Daviess County, Missouri. It is recorded in the Doctrine and Covenants that Adam blessed his posterity there and that he will return to that place at the time of the final judgement[43][44] in fulfillment of biblical prophecy.[45]
Numerous early leaders of the Church, including Brigham Young, Heber C. Kimball, and George Q. Cannon, taught that the Garden of Eden itself was located in nearby Jackson County, Missouri,[46] but there are no surviving first-hand accounts of that doctrine being taught by Joseph Smith himself. LDS doctrine is unclear as to the exact location of the Garden of Eden, but tradition among Latter-Day Saints places it somewhere in the vicinity of Adam-ondi-Ahman, or in Jackson County.[47][48]
Art[edit]
Garden of Eden motifs most frequently portrayed in illuminated manuscripts and paintings are the "Sleep of Adam" ("Creation of Eve"), the "Temptation of Eve" by the Serpent, the "Fall of Man" where Adam takes the fruit, and the "Expulsion". The idyll of "Naming Day in Eden" was less often depicted. Much of Milton's Paradise Lost occurs in the Garden of Eden. Michelangelo depicted a scene at the Garden of Eden in the Sistine Chapel ceiling. In the Divine Comedy, Dante places the Garden at the top of Mt. Purgatory. For many medieval writers, the image of the Garden of Eden also creates a location for human love and sexuality, often associated with the classic and medieval trope of the locus amoenus.[49] One of oldest depictions of Garden of Eden is made in Byzantine style in Ravenna, while the city was still under Byzantine control. A preserved blue mosaic is part of the mausoleum of Galla Placidia. Circular motifs represent flowers of the garden of Eden.
The Garden of Eden by Lucas Cranach der Ältere, a 16th-century German depiction of Eden
The Garden of Eden with the Fall of Man by Jan Brueghel the Elder and Pieter Paul Rubens, depicting both domestic and exotic wild animals such as tigers, parrots and ostriches co-existing in the garden
5th century "Garden of Eden" mosaic in mausoleum of Galla Placidia in Ravenna, Italy. UNESCO World heritage site.
"The Garden of Eden" by Thomas Cole (c. 1828)
"The Garden of Eden" by Adi Holzer made in the year 2012.
See also[edit]
Antelapsarianism
Christian naturism
Epic of Gilgamesh
Eridu
Fertile Crescent
Golden Age
Heaven in Judaism
Jannah
Nondualism
Persian gardens
Tamoanchan
The Summerland
Utopia
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Gibson, Walter S. Hieronymus Bosch. New York:Hudson, 1973. p. 26. ISBN 0-500-20134-X
Jump up ^ Metzger, Bruce Manning; Coogan, Michael D (2004). The Oxford Guide To People And Places Of The Bible. Oxford University Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-19-517610-0. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Cohen 2011, pp. 228–229
Jump up ^ http://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis+13
Jump up ^ http://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ezekiel+31
Jump up ^ Luttikhuizen 1999, p. 37
Jump up ^ H5731 Eden – The same as H5730 (masculine); Eden= "pleasure" ... the first habitat of man after the creation; site unknown
Jump up ^ Davidson 1973, p. 33.
Jump up ^ Donald Miller (2007) Miller 3-in-1: Blue Like Jazz, Through Painted Deserts, Searching for God, Thomas Nelson Inc, ISBN 978-1418551179, p. PT207
Jump up ^ Stordalen 2000, p. 307–310.
Jump up ^ Levenson 2004, p. 13 "The root of Eden denotes fertility. Where the wondrously fertile gard was thought to have been located (if a realistic location was ever conceived) is unclear. The Tigris and Euphrates are the two great rivers of the Mesopotamia (now found in modern Iraq). But the Piston is unidentified, and the only Gihon in the Bible is a spring in Jerusalem (1 Kings 1.33, 38)."
Jump up ^ "The Jewish Quarterly Review". The Jewish Quarterly Review. University of Pennsylvania Press. 64-65: 132. 1973. ISSN 1553-0604. Retrieved 2014-02-19. ...as Cossaea, the country of the Kassites in Mesopotamia [...]
Jump up ^ Speiser 1994, p. 38
Jump up ^ Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews. Book I, Chapter 1, Section 3.
Jump up ^ Stordalen 2000, p. 164
Jump up ^ Brown 2001, p. 138
Jump up ^ Swarup 2006, p. 185
Jump up ^ Smith 2009, p. 61
Jump up ^ Levenson 2004, p. 11 "How much history lies behind the story of Genesis? Because the action of the primeval story is not represented as taking place on the plane of ordinary human history and has so many affinities with ancient mythology, it is very far-fetched to speak of its narratives as historical at all."
Jump up ^ Schwartz, Howard; Loebel-Fried, Caren; Ginsburg, Elliot K. (2007). Tree of Souls: The Mythology of Judaism. Oxford University Press. p. 704.
Jump up ^ George, Arthur; George, Elena (2014). The Mythology of Eden. Hamilton Books. p. 458.
Jump up ^ Delumeau, Jean; O'Connell, Matthew (2000). History of Paradise: The Garden of Eden in Myth and Tradition. University of Illinois Press. p. 276.
Jump up ^ Graves, Robert; Patai, Raphael (1986). Hebrew Myths: The Book of Genesis. Random House. p. 315.
Jump up ^ Albright, W. F. (October 1922). "The Location of the Garden of Eden". The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures. The University of Chicago Press. 39 (1): 15–31. JSTOR 528684. doi:10.1086/369964.
Jump up ^ Wilensky-Lanford, Brook (2012). Paradise Lust: Searching for the Garden of Eden. Grove Press.
Jump up ^ Hamblin, Dora Jane (May 1987). "Has the Garden of Eden been located at last? (Dead Link)" (PDF). Smithsonian. 18 (2). Retrieved 8 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Cline, Eric H. (2007). From Eden to Exile: Unraveling Mysteries of the Bible. National Geographic. p. 10. ISBN 978-1-4262-0084-7.
Jump up ^ Zevit, Ziony. What Really Happened in the Garden of Eden? 2013. Yale University Press, p. 111.
Jump up ^ Day, John. Yahweh and the Gods and Goddesses of Canaan. 2002. Sheffield Academic Press, p. 30.
Jump up ^ Duncan, Joseph E. Milton's Earthly Paradise: A Historical Study of Eden. 1972. University Of Minnesota Press, pp. 96, 212.
Jump up ^ Scafi, Alessandro. Return to the Sources: Paradise in Armenia, in: Mapping Paradise: A History of Heaven on Earth. 2006. London-Chicago: British Library-University of Chicago Press, pp. 317-322
Jump up ^ Mathews 1996, pp. 96.
Jump up ^ Cohen 2011, pp. 229.
^ Jump up to: a b Gan Eden – JewishEncyclopedia; 02-22-2010.
Jump up ^ Olam Ha-Ba – The Afterlife - JewFAQ.org; 02-22-2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Eshatology – JewishEncyclopedia; 02-22-2010.
Jump up ^ "Gehinnom is the Hebrew name; Gehenna is Yiddish." Gehinnom – Judaism 101 websourced 02-10-2010.
Jump up ^ "Gan Eden and Gehinnom". Jewfaq.org. Retrieved 2011-06-30.
Jump up ^ "End of Days". End of Days. Aish. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
Jump up ^ See list of occurrences.
Jump up ^ Leaman, Oliver The Quran, an encyclopedia, p. 11, 2006
Jump up ^ Wheeler, Brannon Mecca and Eden: ritual, relics, and territory in Islam p. 16, 2006
Jump up ^ "Doctrine and Covenants 107:53".
Jump up ^ "Doctrine and Covenants 116:1".
Jump up ^ "Daniel 7:13-14,22".
Jump up ^ "Joseph Smith/Garden of Eden in Missouri", FairMormon Answers
Jump up ^ Bruce A. Van Orden, "I Have a Question: What do we know about the location of the Garden of Eden?", Ensign, January 1994, pp. 54–55.
Jump up ^ http://www.mormonnewsroom.org/article/mormonism-101#C18 "Mormonism 101: FAQ"
Jump up ^ Curtius 1953, p. 200, n.31
Bibliography[edit]
Brown, John Pairman (2001). Israel and Hellas, Volume 3. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110168822.
Cohen, Chaim (2011). "Eden". In Berlin, Adele; Grossman, Maxine. The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199730049.
Curtius, Ernst Robert (1953). European Literature and the Latin Middle Ages. Princeton UP. ISBN 978-0-691-01899-7. Translated by Willard R. Trask.
Davidson, Robert (1973). Genesis 1-11 (commentary by Davidson, R. 1987 [Reprint] ed.). Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521097604.
Levenson, Jon D. (2004). "Genesis: introduction and annotations". In Berlin, Adele; Brettler, Marc Zvi. The Jewish study Bible. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195297515.
Mathews, Kenneth A. (1996). Genesis. Nashville, Tenn.: Broadman & Holman Publishers. ISBN 9780805401011.
Smith, Mark S. (2009). "Introduction". In Pitard, Wayne T. The Ugaritic Baal Cycle, volume II. BRILL. ISBN 9004153489.
Speiser, E.A. (1994). "The Rivers of Paradise". In Tsumura, D.T.; Hess, R.S. I Studied Inscriptions from Before the Flood. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 9780931464881.
Stordalen, Terje (2000). Echoes of Eden. Peeters. ISBN 9789042908543.
Swarup, Paul (2006). The self-understanding of the Dead Sea Scrolls Community. Continuum.
Willcocks, Sir William, Hormuzd Rassam. Mesopotamian Trade. Noah's Flood: The Garden of Eden, in: The Geographical Journal 35, No. 4 (April 1910). DOI: 10.2307/1777041[dead link]
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Garden of Eden.
Look up Garden of Eden in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Smithsonian article on the geography of the Tigris-Euphrates region
Many translations of II Kings 19:12
"Eden". The American Cyclopædia. 1879.
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