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Survivor Series (2005)
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Survivor Series (2005)
Promotional poster, showcasing The Undertaker
Tagline(s)
The Beginning of the End
Theme
song(s)
"Lights Out" by P.O.D.[1]
Information
Promotion
World Wrestling Entertainment
Brand(s)
Raw
SmackDown!
Sponsor(s)
NovaLogic's Delta Force: Black Hawk Down
Date
November 27, 2005
Attendance
15,000[2]
Venue
Joe Louis Arena[3]
City
Detroit, Michigan
Pay-per-view chronology
Taboo Tuesday (2005) Survivor Series (2005) Armageddon (2005)
Survivor Series chronology
Survivor Series (2004) Survivor Series (2005) Survivor Series (2006)
Survivor Series (2005) was the 19th annual Survivor Series professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It took place on November 27, 2005, at the Joe Louis Arena in Detroit, Michigan and consisted of six professional wrestling matches involving wrestlers from the Raw and SmackDown! brands.
In the first of two main event matches, WWE Champion John Cena defeated Kurt Angle to retain his title. The second main event was an interpromotional 5-on-5 Survivor Series match, in which Team SmackDown (Batista, Rey Mysterio, John "Bradshaw" Layfield (JBL), Bobby Lashley, and Randy Orton) defeated Team Raw (Shawn Michaels, Kane, The Big Show, Carlito, and Chris Masters) after Orton last eliminated Michaels. In another match, Triple H defeated Ric Flair in a Last Man Standing match.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Event
3 Aftermath
4 Results
5 References
6 External links
Background[edit]
The event's card consisted of six professional wrestling involving wrestlers from either Raw or SmackDown, WWE's two brand divisions.
The main leading rivalry leading into the event was between the Raw and SmackDown brands as a whole, rather than individual wrestlers. The rivalry began on "WWE Homecoming, a special episode of Raw on October 3 when Raw's general manager Eric Bischoff stopped a match involving SmackDown wrestlers by turning the lights off. In return, Bischoff's SmackDown counterpart, Theodore Long, interrupted a Raw match. As a result, wrestlers from the two brands started a brawl[4] and interfered in the other's show before facing each other in a tag team match at Taboo Tuesday; SmackDown's Rey Mysterio, Jr. and Matt Hardy defeated Raw's Chris Masters and Gene Snitsky.[5][6] After Taboo Tuesday, Bischoff and Long agreed that teams from each brand would face each other in a 5-on-5 Survivor Series match, while the two managers would wrestle in a singles match at Survivor Series.[7] The teams feuded on both shows, and Batista, the captain of the SmackDown team, suffered an injury after being attacked several times.[8] Qualifying matches for Team SmackDown were held on the November 11 episode of SmackDown, with Rey Mysterio defeating Randy Orton, Bobby Lashley defeating Orlando Jordan, Eddie Guerrero defeating Mr. Kennedy and John "Bradshaw" Layfield defeating Chris Benoit.[9] Guerrero was replaced by Randy Orton due to his sudden death on November 13.
Stage setup for Survivor Series
Another rivalry heading into the event was between John Cena and Kurt Angle, over the WWE Championship. Their feud began in August, when Bischoff chose Angle as the number one contender to the WWE Championship.[10] Angle failed to win the title at Unforgiven, due to Cena being disqualified.[11] The two squared off against each other again at Taboo Tuesday in a Triple Threat match that also included Shawn Michaels, and again Cena retained the title.[12] On the November 7 edition of Raw, Angle refused to compete in a tag team match pitting him and Chris Masters against Cena and Michaels due to the "you suck" chants from the audience.[13] Angle finally agreed to compete if Bischoff silenced the crowd and let him have a special guest referee. Angle chose Daivari, who favoured Angle and Masters throughout the match and ultimately disqualified Cena and Michaels for using a chair, which he had ignored earlier when it had been used by Masters.[13]
The rivalry between Triple H and Ric Flair began at WWE Homecoming, when Triple H returned to WWE television after an absence of three months.[4] The two had been aligned since 2002, as members of Evolution, and were partners in a tag team match on the show. After they won the match, Triple H attacked Flair with a sledgehammer.[4] The week after, Triple H explained his actions, saying that he realized Flair was no longer the legend he was, and he needed to stop Flair.[14] Flair and Triple H met in a steel cage match at Taboo Tuesday, which Flair won.[6] A Last Man Standing match was made between the two for Survivor Series.[13]
Event[edit]
Other on-screen talent[8][15]
Role:
Name:
Commentator Joey Styles (Raw)
Jerry Lawler (Raw)
Jonathan Coachman (Raw)
Michael Cole (SmackDown)
Tazz (SmackDown)
Carlos Cabrera (Spanish)
Hugo Savinovich (Spanish)
Ring announcer Lilian Garcia (Raw)
Tony Chimel (SmackDown)
Referee Jim Korderas (SmackDown)
Mike Chioda (Raw)
Charles Robinson (SmackDown)
Jack Doan (Raw)
Nick Patrick (SmackDown)
Chad Patton (Raw)
Mickie Henson (Raw)
Kurt Angle with Daivari, his special guest referee
Before the event aired live on pay-per-view, a match was contested on Sunday Night Heat between Juventud (accompanied by Super Crazy and Psicosis) and Simon Dean, which Juventud won.[16]
The first pay-per-view match was Booker T (accompanied by Sharmell) against Chris Benoit in the first match of their "Best of 7 series" for the vacant WWE United States Championship. The match started with Booker T exiting the ring when Benoit gained a slight advantage. The match went back and forth for the first half before Booker took control. The match saw interference by Sharmell, distracting Benoit, who was on the top ropes. After Benoit missed a diving headbutt, Booker T pinned Benoit, using the ropes for leverage, to win the match and take a 1–0 lead in the series.[17][18]
In the following match, Trish Stratus (accompanied by Mickie James) defended her WWE Women's Championship against Melina (accompanied by WWE Tag Team Champions Joey Mercury and Johnny Nitro. Stratus immediately took control until Melina fought back. When Nitro and Mercury interfered, the referee ejected them from ringside. Melina kept control until Stratus fought back with forearm shots. Stratus pinned Melina after a diving bulldog to retain the title.[17][19]
Next, Triple H faced Intercontinental Champion Ric Flair in a Last Man Standing match. Flair was still on his way to the ring, when Triple H attacked him and gained the early advantage. After attacking Flair's head with a screwdriver, Triple H continued using foreign objects throughout the match, including a folding chair, a sledgehammer, and the steel steps. The match went back and forth between Triple H and Flair. Triple H attempted a Pedigree through a broadcast table but Flair countered the move into a back body drop through another broadcast table. Triple H later performed three Pedigrees on Flair but Flair got up each time. Triple H then hit Flair in the back with a sledgehammer, and Flair did not stand by the referee's ten count, giving Triple H the win.[17][20] After the match, Edge and Lita came to the ring, and Edge announced that he would be hosting a new show on Raw entitled "The Cutting Edge". Edge noted that Dmitri Young was in the audience, and proceeded to criticize the sports teams of Detroit. Young replied by insulting Edge and his lack of a world championship.[17]
In the fourth match, John Cena defended the WWE Championship against Kurt Angle, with Daivari as the special guest referee. Early in the match, Angle was able to apply the Ankle lock on Cena. Cena reached the ropes but Daivari kicked his hand off. An angered Cena slapped Daivari, who tried to disqualify him as a result. Angle, however, stopped him, and both men were knocked out of the ring by Cena. As Daivari was knocked down outside, a Raw referee came out to officiate. After Cena gained the advantage, Angle knocked down the referee, and executed an illegal low blow. Angle called for another referee, but failed to get the win after executing an Angle Slam and a superplex. After Angle missed a moonsault, Cena went for an FU but Angle countered by holding onto the referee, which led to Angle knocking down the referee. As the other referee was knocked out, SmackDown referee Charles Robinson came out. Cena then delivered a DDT to Daivari and executed an FU on Angle, pinning him to retain the title.[17][21]
Randy Orton, as Eddie Guerrero's replacement in the 5-on-5 Survivor Series match
In the fifth match, Raw General Manager Eric Bischoff faced Smackdown General Manager Theodore Long (with Palmer Canon). Two referees from each show officiated the match. Theodore Long, began by avoiding Eric's attacks. As Canon climbed on the apron, and distracted the referees, Bischoff used his obi to choke Long. Bischoff continued choking Long and applied the sleeper hold. Cannon distracted the referees again as Long hit Bischoff with his shoe. The Boogeyman's music played with Bischoff sending the referees up the ramp to stop him. The Boogeyman delivered a pumphandle slam to Bischoff and Long pinned Bischoff to win the match.[17][22]
In the main event, Team SmackDown (World Heavyweight Champion Batista, Rey Mysterio, John "Bradshaw" Layfield, Bobby Lashley and Randy Orton) faced Team Raw (Shawn Michaels, World Tag Team Champions Kane and Big Show, Carlito and Chris Masters) in the 5-on-5 Traditional Survivor Series Elimination Match. Michaels eliminated Lashley after a chokeslam from Kane. Batista then eliminated Kane after a 619 from Mysterio and a spinebuster from Batista. Big Show eliminated Batista after a double chokeslam by Big Show and Kane. Mysterio eliminated Big Show after a Clothesline From Hell by JBL, a 619 from Mysterio, an RKO by Orton, another Clothesline from Hell by JBL and a seated senton by Mysterio. JBL eliminated Carlito after a Clothesline From Hell. Mysterio eliminated Masters after 619 and Droppin' Da Dime. Michaels eliminated both Mysterio and JBL after Sweet Chin Music. JBL distracted Michaels, which made Michaels execute Sweet Chin Music on JBL. As Michaels turned around, Orton executed an RKO on Michaels and to eliminate him, leaving Orton as the sole survivor.[17][23] After the match, SmackDown wrestlers came to the ring to celebrate with Orton when hooded figures carrying a casket came out. Lightning struck the casket and set it on fire; The Undertaker emerged attacking many of the wrestlers while Orton and his dad "Cowboy" Bob Orton evaded Undertaker by leaving the ring.
Aftermath[edit]
The five-on-five Survivor Series match ended the rivalry between the brands. Eric Bischoff was fired as general manager of Raw by Vince McMahon,[24] who took control of the Raw brand as temporary general manager of Raw.[25] McMahon soon started to feud with Shawn Michaels, whom he lauded for his part in the Montreal Screwjob, when Michaels told McMahon to move on.[26]
After Survivor Series, John Cena and Kurt Angle continued their feud. Before being fired, Bischoff had proposed that Cena should defend his WWE championship in an Elimination Chamber match at New Year's Revolution.[27] On the December 12 episode of Raw, Kurt Angle, Carlito, Shawn Michaels, Chris Masters, and Kane won matches qualifying them for the Elimination Chamber match.[27] After the qualifying matches, Cena faced Angle's associate, Daivari in a "You Can't See Me" match, as it would see Cena blindfolded during the match. Cena won as he made Daivari submit to the STFU.[27] At New Year's Revolution, Cena also won the Elimination Chamber match, last eliminating Carlito.
Randy Orton and The Undertaker fought each other at Armageddon in a Hell in a Cell match,[28] which the Undertaker won, ending their feud.[29] Triple H moved on to feud with The Big Show,[30] and Ric Flair feuded with Edge over the WWE Intercontinental Championship.[27] Chris Benoit continued to feud with Booker T throughout the rest of the year and into 2006; their "Best of Seven series" concluded in January. Randy Orton, who was Booker's replacement due to a kayfabe injury, defeated Benoit in the seventh and final match,[31] giving Booker the WWE United States Championship. However, Booker would lose the title to Benoit the following month at No Way Out.[32]
Results[edit]
No.
Results[17]
Stipulations
Times
1H
Juventud (with Psicosis and Super Crazy) defeated Simon Dean[16] Singles match 04:10
2
Booker T (with Sharmell) defeated Chris Benoit[18] Singles match for the vacant WWE United States Championship
First in the best of seven series 14:39
3
Trish Stratus (c) (with Mickie James) defeated Melina (with Joey Mercury and Johnny Nitro)[19] Singles match for the WWE Women's Championship 06:30
4
Triple H defeated Ric Flair[20] Last Man Standing match 27:01
5
John Cena (c) defeated Kurt Angle[21] Singles match for the WWE Championship with Daivari as special guest referee 13:56
6
Theodore Long (with Palmer Canon) defeated Eric Bischoff[22] Singles match 05:23
7
Team SmackDown! (Batista, Bobby Lashley, John "Bradshaw" Layfield, Randy Orton and Rey Mysterio) defeated Team Raw (Big Show, Carlito, Chris Masters, Kane and Shawn Michaels)[23] 5-on-5 Survivor Series elimination match1 24:01
(c) – refers to the champion(s) heading into the match
H – indicates the match was broadcast prior to the pay-per-view on Sunday Night Heat
Survivor Series eliminations ^
Elimination No.
Wrestler
Team
Eliminated by
Elimination move
Time
1 Bobby Lashley Team SmackDown Shawn Michaels Pinfall after a chokeslam from Kane 7:17
2 Kane Team Raw Batista Pinfall after a spinebuster 11:41
3 Batista Team SmackDown Big Show Pinfall after a double chokeslam with Kane 12:27
4 Big Show Team Raw Rey Mysterio Pinfall after a seated senton 14:28
5 Carlito Team Raw John "Bradshaw" Layfield Pinfall after a Clothesline From Hell 17:35
6 Chris Masters Team Raw Rey Mysterio Pinfall after Droppin' The Dime 19:12
7 Rey Mysterio Team SmackDown Shawn Michaels Pinfall after Sweet Chin Music 20:30
8 John "Bradshaw" Layfield Team SmackDown Shawn Michaels Pinfall after Sweet Chin Music 20:44
9 Shawn Michaels Team Raw Randy Orton Pinfall after an RKO 24:01
Sole Survivor:
Randy Orton (Team SmackDown)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Survivor Series 2005". WWE. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
Jump up ^ "Survivor Series 2005 results". Pro Wrestling History. Retrieved 2008-05-19.
Jump up ^ Schiff, Steven (2006-07-28). "Arena Report-Joe Louis Arena". WWE. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
^ Jump up to: a b c "A Stunning Homecoming". WWE. 2005-10-03. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
Jump up ^ Taboo Tuesday 2005 (Media notes). Stamford, Connecticut: WWE Home Video. 2005 [2005]. WWE56091.
^ Jump up to: a b "Taboo Tuesday 2005 Results". WWE. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
Jump up ^ "Hollywood Blockbuster". WWE. 2005-11-04. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
^ Jump up to: a b Survivor Series 2005 [DVD] (Media notes). Stamford, Connecticut: WWE Home Video. 2005 [2005]. WWE56088.
Jump up ^ "Raw ambushes SmackDown". WWE. 2005-11-11. Retrieved 2007-11-11.
Jump up ^ "Jericho Fired; Angle No. 1 Contender". WWE. 2005-08-22. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
Jump up ^ "Unforgiven 2005 Main Event". WWE. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
Jump up ^ "Taboo Tuesday 2005 Main Event". WWE. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
^ Jump up to: a b c "A Chance to Shine". WWE. 2005-11-07. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
Jump up ^ "You're fired". WWE. 2005-10-10. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
Jump up ^ "WWE Survivor Series 2005". CompleteWWE. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
^ Jump up to: a b Martin, Adam (2005-11-27). "Survivor Series (Raw/SmackDown) PPV Results – 11/27/05; Detroit". WrestleView. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Plummer, Dale; Tylwalk, Nick. "Smackdown wins, but Undertaker the real survivor". Slam! Sports. Canadian Online Explorer. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
^ Jump up to: a b "Booker T def. Chris Benoit in Match No. 1 of a Best-of-7 Series". WWE. 2005-11-27. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
^ Jump up to: a b "Women's Champion Trish Stratus def. Melina". WWE. 2005-11-27. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
^ Jump up to: a b "Triple H def. Ric Flair in a Last Man Standing Match". WWE. 2005-11-27. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
^ Jump up to: a b "WWE Champion John Cena def. Kurt Angle". WWE. 2005-11-27. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
^ Jump up to: a b "SmackDown GM Theodore Long def. Raw GM Eric Bischoff". WWE. 2005-11-27. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
^ Jump up to: a b "Team SmackDown def. Team Raw in a Classic Survivor Series Match". WWE. 2005-11-27. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
Jump up ^ Martin, Derek (2005-12-05). "411's WWE Raw Report 12.05.05". 411mania.com. Retrieved 2008-04-18.
Jump up ^ Martin, Derek (2005-12-12). "411's WWE Raw Report 12.12.05". 411mania.com. Retrieved 2008-04-18.
Jump up ^ "Advantage Kane". WWE. 2005-12-26. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "McMahon to Bischoff: "You're fired!"". WWE. 2005-12-05. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
Jump up ^ "Hell to pay". WWE. 2005-12-02. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
Jump up ^ "Undertaker vs. Randy Orton in a Hell in a Cell Match". WWE. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
Jump up ^ "Time to take out the trash". WWE. 2005-11-28. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
Jump up ^ "January 13, 2006 SmackDown! results". Online World of Wrestling. 2006-01-13. Retrieved 2008-05-19.
Jump up ^ "Chris Benoit def. Booker T to win the United States Championship". WWE. 2006-02-19. Retrieved 2008-05-19.
External links[edit]
Professional wrestling portal
Official 2005 Survivor Series website
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text:
Network socket
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
It has been suggested that Datagram socket be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since January 2016.
A network socket is an internal endpoint for sending or receiving data at a single node in a computer network. Concretely, it is a representation of this endpoint in networking software (protocol stack), such as an entry in a table (listing communication protocol, destination, status, etc.), and is a form of system resource.
The term "socket" is analogous to physical female connectors, communication between two nodes through a channel being visualized as a cable with two male connectors plugging into sockets at each node. Similarly, the term "port" (another term for a female connector) is used for external endpoints at a node, and the term "socket" is also used for an internal endpoint of local inter-process communication (IPC) (not over a network). However, the analogy is strained, as network communication need not be one-to-one or have a channel.
Contents
[hide]
1 Use
2 Socket addresses
3 Implementation
4 Definition
5 Tools
6 Example
7 Types
8 Socket states in the client-server model
9 Socket pairs
10 History
11 Sockets in network equipment
12 See also
13 References
14 External links
Use[edit]
A socket can be referred to by a process (a running computer program) by using a socket descriptor, a type of handle (abstract reference, often represented internally as an integer). A process first requests that the protocol stack create a socket, and the stack returns a descriptor to the process so it can identify the socket. The process then passes the descriptor back to the protocol stack when it wishes to send or receive data using this socket.
Sockets are local (specific to one node): they are local resources and cannot be referred to directly by other nodes, unlike ports. Further, sockets are not necessarily associated with a persistent connection (channel) for communication between two nodes, nor is there necessarily some single other endpoint. For example, a datagram socket can be used for connectionless communication, and a multicast socket can be used to send to multiple nodes, or an address range where there may or may not be any nodes to receive data. However, in practice for internet communication, sockets generally have associated addresses and often have a connection.
Socket addresses[edit]
In practice "socket" usually refers to a socket in an Internet Protocol (IP) network (where sockets may be called Internet sockets), in particular for the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), which is a protocol for one-to-one connections. In this context, sockets are assumed to be associated with a specific socket address, namely the IP address and a port number for the local node, and there is a corresponding socket address at the foreign node (other node), which itself has an associated socket, used by the foreign process. Associating a socket with a socket address is called binding.
Note that while a local process can communicate with a foreign process by sending or receiving data to or from a foreign socket address, it does not have access to the foreign socket itself, nor can it use the foreign socket descriptor, as these are both internal to the foreign node. For example, in a connection between 10.20.30.40:4444 and 50.60.70.80:8888 (local IP address:local port, foreign IP address:foreign port), there will also be an associated socket at each end, corresponding to the internal representation of the connection by the protocol stack on that node, which are referred to locally by numerical socket descriptors, say 317 at one side and 922 at the other. A process on node 10.20.30.40 can request to communicate with node 50.60.70.80 on port 8888 (request that the protocol stack create a socket to communicate with that destination), and once it has created a socket and received a socket descriptor (317), it can communicate via this socket by using the descriptor (317). The protocol stack will then forward data to and from node 50.60.70.80 on port 8888. However, a process on node 10.20.30.40 cannot request to communicate with "socket 922" or "socket 922 on node 50.60.70.80": these are meaningless numbers to the protocol stack on node 10.20.30.40.
Implementation[edit]
A protocol stack, today usually provided by the operating system (rather than as a separate library, for instance), is a set of programs that allow processes to communicate over a network using the protocols that the stack implements. The application programming interface (API) that programs use to communicate with the protocol stack, using network sockets, is called a socket API. Development of application programs that utilize this API is called socket programming or network programming.
Internet socket APIs are usually based on the Berkeley sockets standard. In the Berkeley sockets standard, sockets are a form of file descriptor (a file handle), due to the Unix philosophy that "everything is a file", and the analogies between sockets and files. Both have functions to read, write, open, and close. In practice the differences mean the analogy is strained, and one instead uses different interfaces (send and receive) on a socket. In inter-process communication, each end generally has its own socket, but these may use different APIs: they are abstracted by the network protocol.
In the standard Internet protocols TCP and UDP, a socket address is the combination of an IP address and a port number, much like one end of a telephone connection is the combination of a phone number and a particular extension. Sockets need not have an address, for example, for only sending data, but if a program binds a socket to an address, the socket can be used to receive data sent to that address. Based on this address, Internet sockets deliver incoming data packets to the appropriate application process.
Definition[edit]
The distinctions between a socket (internal representation), socket descriptor (abstract identifier), and socket address (public address) are subtle, and these are not carefully distinguished in everyday usage. Further, specific definitions of a "socket" differ between authors and often refers specifically to an internet socket or TCP socket.
An Internet socket is characterized by at least the following:
local socket address, consisting of the local IP address and (for TCP and UDP, but not IP) a port number
protocol: A transport protocol, e.g., TCP, UDP, raw IP. This means that (local or remote) endpoints with TCP port 53 and UDP port 53 are distinct sockets, while IP does not have ports.
A socket that has been connected to another socket, e.g., during the establishment of a TCP connection, also has a remote socket address.
Within the operating system and the application that created a socket, a socket is referred to by a unique integer value called a socket descriptor. The operating system forwards the payload of incoming IP packets to the corresponding application by extracting the socket address information from the IP and transport protocol headers and stripping the headers from the application data.
In IETF Request for Comments, Internet Standards, in many textbooks, as well as in this article, the term socket refers to an entity that is uniquely identified by the socket number. In other textbooks,[1] the term socket refers to a local socket address, i.e. a "combination of an IP address and a port number". In the original definition of socket given in RFC 147, as it was related to the ARPA network in 1971, "the socket is specified as a 32 bit number with even sockets identifying receiving sockets and odd sockets identifying sending sockets." Today, however, socket communications are bidirectional.
Tools[edit]
On Unix-like operating systems and Microsoft Windows, the command line tools netstat and ss are used to list established sockets and related information.
Example[edit]
This example, modeled according to the Berkeley socket interface, sends the string "Hello, world!" via TCP to port 80 of the host with address 1.2.3.4. It illustrates the creation of a socket (getSocket), connecting it to the remote host, sending the string, and finally closing the socket:
Socket socket = getSocket(type = "TCP")
connect(socket, address = "1.2.3.4", port = "80")
send(socket, "Hello, world!")
close(socket)

Types[edit]
Several types of Internet socket are available:
Datagram sockets, also known as connectionless sockets, which use User Datagram Protocol (UDP).
Stream sockets, also known as connection-oriented sockets, which use Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) or Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP).
Raw sockets (or Raw IP sockets), typically available in routers and other network equipment. Here the transport layer is bypassed, and the packet headers are made accessible to the application, and there is no port number in the address, just the IP address.
Other socket types are implemented over other transport protocols, such as Systems Network Architecture (SNA).[2] See also Unix domain sockets (UDS), for internal inter-process communication.
Socket states in the client-server model[edit]
Computer processes that provide application services are referred to as servers, and create sockets on start up that are in listening state. These sockets are waiting for initiatives from client programs.
A TCP server may serve several clients concurrently, by creating a child process for each client and establishing a TCP connection between the child process and the client. Unique dedicated sockets are created for each connection. These are in established state when a socket-to-socket virtual connection or virtual circuit (VC), also known as a TCP session, is established with the remote socket, providing a duplex byte stream.
A server may create several concurrently established TCP sockets with the same local port number and local IP address, each mapped to its own server-child process, serving its own client process. They are treated as different sockets by the operating system, since the remote socket address (the client IP address and/or port number) are different; i.e. since they have different socket pair tuples.
A UDP socket cannot be in an established state, since UDP is connectionless. Therefore, netstat does not show the state of a UDP socket. A UDP server does not create new child processes for every concurrently served client, but the same process handles incoming data packets from all remote clients sequentially through the same socket. It implies that UDP sockets are not identified by the remote address, but only by the local address, although each message has an associated remote address.
Socket pairs[edit]
Communicating local and remote sockets are called socket pairs. Each socket pair is described by a unique 4-tuple consisting of source and destination IP addresses and port numbers, i.e. of local and remote socket addresses.[3][4] As seen in the discussion above, in the TCP case, each unique socket pair 4-tuple is assigned a socket number, while in the UDP case, each unique local socket address is assigned a socket number.
History[edit]
The term socket dates to RFC 147 (1971), where it was used in ARPANET. Today most implementations of sockets are based on Berkeley sockets (1983), for the internet, such as Winsock (1991). Other API implementations exist, such as the STREAMS-based Transport Layer Interface (TLI).
In 1983, Berkeley sockets, also known as the BSD socket API, originated with the 4.2BSD Unix operating system (released in 1983) as an API. Only in 1989, however, could UC Berkeley release versions of its operating system and networking library free from the licensing constraints of AT&T's copyright-protected Unix.[5]
In 1987, the Transport Layer Interface (TLI) was the networking application programming interface provided by AT&T UNIX System V Release 3 (SVR3).[6] and continued into Release 4 (SVR4).[7][8]
Other early implementations were written for TOPS-20,[9] MVS,[9] VM,[9] IBM-DOS (PCIP).[9][10]
Sockets in network equipment[edit]
The socket is primarily a concept used in the transport layer of the Internet model. Networking equipment such as routers and switches do not require implementations of the Transport Layer, as they operate on the link layer level (switches) or at the internet layer (routers). However, stateful network firewalls, network address translators, and proxy servers keep track of active socket pairs. Also in fair queuing, layer 3 switching and quality of service (QoS) support in routers, packet flows may be identified by extracting information about the socket pairs. Raw sockets are typically available in network equipment and are used for routing protocols such as IGRP and OSPF, and in Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP).
See also[edit]
List of TCP and UDP port numbers
WebSocket
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Cisco Networking Academy Program, CCNA 1 and 2 Companion Guide Revised Third Edition, P.480, ISBN 1-58713-150-1
Jump up ^ www-306.ibm.com - AnyNet Guide to Sockets over SNA
Jump up ^ books.google.com - UNIX Network Programming: The sockets networking API
Jump up ^ books.google.com - Designing BSD Rootkits: An Introduction to Kernel Hacking
Jump up ^ Wikipedia: Berkeley sockets 2011-02-18
Jump up ^ (Goodheart 1994, p. 11)
Jump up ^ (Goodheart 1994, p. 17)
Jump up ^ Wikipedia: Transport Layer Interface 2011-02-18
^ Jump up to: a b c d historyofcomputercommunications.info - Book: 9.8 TCP/IP and XNS 1981 - 1983
Jump up ^ mit.edu - The Desktop Computer as a Network Participant.pdf 1985
External links[edit]
How sockets work - IBM information center
Server Programming with TCP/IP Sockets
Beej's Guide to Network Programming
Java Tutorials: Networking basics
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Critical micelle concentration
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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In colloidal and surface chemistry, the critical micelle concentration (CMC) is defined as the concentration of surfactants above which micelles form and all additional surfactants added to the system go to micelles.[1]
The CMC is an important characteristic of a surfactant. Before reaching the CMC, the surface tension changes strongly with the concentration of the surfactant. After reaching the CMC, the surface tension remains relatively constant or changes with a lower slope. The value of the CMC for a given dispersant in a given medium depends on temperature, pressure, and (sometimes strongly) on the presence and concentration of other surface active substances and electrolytes. Micelles only form above critical micelle temperature.
For example, the value of CMC for sodium dodecyl sulfate in water (no other additives or salts) at 25 °C, atmospheric pressure, is 8x10−3 mol/L.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Description
2 See also
3 References
4 Further reading
5 External links
Description[edit]
Top to Bottom: Increasing concentration of surfactant in water slowly forming a layer on the surface and eventually forming micelles at or above the CMC. Notice that the existence of micelles does not preclude the existence of individual surfactant molecules in solution.
Upon introduction of surfactants (or any surface active materials) into the system, they will initially partition into the interface, reducing the system free energy by:
lowering the energy of the interface (calculated as area times surface tension), and
removing the hydrophobic parts of the surfactant from contact with water.
Subsequently, when the surface coverage by the surfactants increases, the surface free energy (surface tension) decreases and the surfactants start aggregating into micelles, thus again decreasing the system's free energy by decreasing the contact area of hydrophobic parts of the surfactant with water.[3] Upon reaching CMC, any further addition of surfactants will just increase the number of micelles (in the ideal case).
There are several theoretical definitions of CMC. One well-known definition is that CMC is the total concentration of surfactants under the conditions:[4]
if C = CMC, (d3F/dCt3) = 0
F = a[micelle] + b[monomer]: function of surfactant solution
Ct: total concentration
a, b: proportional constants
The CMC generally depends on the method of measuring the samples, since a and b depend on the properties of the solution such as conductance and photochemical characteristics. When the degree of aggregation is monodisperse, then the CMC is not related to the method of measurement. On the other hand, when the degree of aggregation is polydisperse, then CMC is related to both the method of measurement and the dispersion.
The common procedure to determine the CMC from experimental data is to look for the intersection of two straight lines traced through plots of the measured property versus the surfactant concentration. This visual data analysis method is highly subjective and can lead to very different CMC values depending on the type of representation, the quality of the data and the chosen interval around the CMC.[5] A preferred method is the fit of the experimental data with a model of the measured property. Fit functions for properties such as electrical conductivity, surface tension, NMR chemical shifts, absorption, self-diffusion coefficients, fluorescence intensity and mean translational diffusion coefficient of fluorescent dyes in surfactant solutions have been presented.[6][7][8] These fit functions are based on a model for the concentrations of monomeric and micellised surfactants in solution, which establishes a well-defined analytical definition of the CMC, independent from the technique.
The CMC is the concentration of surfactants in the bulk at which micelles start forming. The word bulk is important because surfactants partition between the bulk and interface and CMC is independent of interface and is therefore a characteristic of the surfactant molecule. In most situations, such as surface tension measurements or conductivity measurements, the amount of surfactant at the interface is negligible compared to that in the bulk and CMC can be approximated by the total concentration.
There are important situations where interfacial areas are large and the amount of surfactant at the interface cannot be neglected. For example, if we take a solution of a surfactant above CMC and start introducing air bubbles at the bottom of the solution, these bubbles, as they rise to the surface, pull out the surfactants from the bulk to the top of the solution creating a foam column thus bringing down the concentration in bulk to below CMC. This is one of the easiest methods to remove surfactants from effluents (foam flotation). Thus in foams with sufficient interfacial area there will not be any micelles. Similar reasoning holds for emulsions.
The other situation arises in detergency. One initially starts off with concentrations greater than CMC in water and on adding fabric with large interfacial area and waiting for equilibrium, the surfactant concentration goes below CMC and no micelles are left. Therefore, the solubilization plays a minor role in detergency. Removal of oily soil occurs by modification of the contact angles and release of oil in the form of emulsion.
In petroleum industry, CMC is considered prior to injecting surfactant in reservoir regarding enhanced oil recovery (EOR) application. Below the CMC point, interfacial tension between oil and water phase is no longer effectively reduced. So, it is redundant to add more surfactant since it does not work well.[9] Hence, it is better to use surfactant a little bit higher than CMC. This little additional value is to cover the dissolution with existing brine in reservoir. It is desired that the surfactant will work at the lowest interfacial tension (IFT).
See also[edit]
Detergent
References[edit]
Jump up ^ IUPAC. Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book"). Compiled by A. D. McNaught and A. Wilkinson. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford (1997). XML on-line corrected version: http://goldbook.iupac.org (2006-) created by M. Nic, J. Jirat, B. Kosata; updates compiled by A. Jenkins. ISBN 0-9678550-9-8. doi:10.1351/goldbook. Entry " critical micelle concentration, cmc".
Jump up ^ Ana Domínguez, Aurora Fernández, Noemí González, Emilia Iglesias, and Luis Montenegro "Determination of Critical Micelle Concentration of Some Surfactants by Three Techniques", Journal of Chemical Education, Vol. 74 No. 10 October 1997, p. 1227-1231 (pdf)
Jump up ^ Hakiki, F., Maharsi, D.A. and Marhaendrajana, T. (2016). Surfactant-Polymer Coreflood Simulation and Uncertainty Analysis Derived from Laboratory Study. Journal of Engineering and Technological Sciences. 47(6):706-724. doi: 10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2015.47.6.9
Jump up ^ Phillips J. The energetics of micelle formation. Transactions of the Faraday Society 1955;51:561-9
Jump up ^ Mukerjee, P.; Mysels, K. J. In Critical Micelle Concentrations of Aqueous Surfactant Systems; NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology: Washington D.C. USA, 1971; Vol. NSRDS-NBS 36
Jump up ^ Al-Soufi W, Piñeiro L, Novo M. A model for monomer and micellar concentrations in surfactant solutions: Application to conductivity, NMR, diffusion, and surface tension data. J.Colloid Interface Sci. 2012;370:102-10,DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2011.12.037
Jump up ^ Lucas Piñeiro, Sonia Freire, Jorge Bordello, Mercedes Novo, and Wajih Al-Soufi, Dye Exchange in Micellar Solutions. Quantitative Analysis of Bulk and Single Molecule Fluorescence Titrations. Soft Matter, 2013,9, 10779-10790, DOI: 10.1039/c3sm52092g
Jump up ^ www.usc.es/fotofqm/en/units/single-molecule-fluorescence/concentration-model-surfactants-near-cmc
Jump up ^ Hakiki, Farizal. A Critical Review of Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery Using Artificial Sandstone Core: A Mathematical Mode l. Paper IPA14-SE-119. Proceeding of The 38th IPA Conference and Exhibition, Jakarta, Indonesia, May 2014.
Further reading[edit]
S.A. Baeurle, J. Kroener, "Modeling effective interactions of micellar aggregates of ionic surfactants with the Gauss-Core potential", Journal of Mathematical Chemistry. 36, 409-421 (2004).
External links[edit]
Theory of CMC and surface tension measurements
CMCs and molecular weights of several detergents on OpenWetWare
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values: Kritische Mizellbildungskonzentration – German

values: Concentration micellaire critique – French

values: Concentrazione micellare critica – Italian

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values: Concentração micelar crítica – Portuguese

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