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Timeline of solar cells
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In theory, solar energy has been used by humans as early as 7th century B.C. when our ancestors discovered how to light fires using glass as a magnifier.
Another early use for solar energy is in 1776, when Horace de Saussure, a swiss physicist, invented the first solar oven. The solar oven used sunlight to heat meals and no electricity was required.
Later on, in the 19th century, it is observed that the sunlight striking certain materials generates detectable electric current. This discovery has laid the foundation of solar cells. Solar cells have gone on to be used in many applications. They have historically been used in situations where electrical power from the grid was unavailable.
Contents
1 B.C.
2 1700s
3 1800s
4 1900–1929
5 1930–1959
6 1960–1979
7 1980–1999
8 2000–present
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
B.C.[edit]
[1] 700 B.C - People discovered how to light fires using glass as a magnifier.
212 B.C. - Greek scientist Archimedes was said to have used the reflective properties of bronze shields to set fire to an invading Roman fleet. These mirrors have been later documented by Chinese civilization as “burning mirrors.”
1700s[edit]
[1] 1776 - Horace de Saussure, a Swiss physicist, invented the first solar oven. The solar oven used sunlight to heat meals and no electricity was required nor generated.
A conventional silicon solar cell
Price per watt history for conventional (c-Si) solar cells since 1977
Swanson's law – the learning curve of solar PV
Growth of photovoltaics – worldwide cumulative capacity since 1992
1800s[edit]
1839 - Alexandre Edmond Becquerel observes the photovoltaic effect via an electrode in a conductive solution exposed to light.
1873 - Willoughby Smith finds that selenium shows photoconductivity.
1877 - W.G. Adams and R.E. Day observed the photovoltaic effect in solidified selenium, and published a paper on the selenium cell. 'The action of light on selenium,' in "Proceedings of the Royal Society, A25, 113.
1878 - Augustin Mouchot displays a solar power generator at the Universal Exhibition in Paris.
1883 - Charles Fritts develops a solar cell using selenium on a thin layer of gold to form a device giving less than 1% efficiency.[2]
1887 - Heinrich Hertz investigates ultraviolet light photoconductivity and discovers the photoelectric effect
1887 - James Moser reports dye sensitised photoelectrochemical cell.
1888 - Edward Weston receives patent US389124, "Solar cell," and US389125, "Solar cell."
1888-91 - Aleksandr Stoletov creates the first solar cell based on the outer photoelectric effect
1894 - Melvin Severy receives patent US527377, "Solar cell," and US527379, "Solar cell."
1897 - Harry Reagan receives patent US588177, "Solar cell."
1899 - Weston Bowser receives patent US598177, "solar storage."
1900–1929[edit]
1901 - Philipp von Lenard observes the variation in electron energy with light frequency.
1904 - Wilhelm Hallwachs makes a semiconductor-junction solar cell (copper and copper oxide).
1905 - Albert Einstein publishes a paper explaining the photoelectric effect on a quantum basis.
1913 - William Coblentz receives US1077219, "Solar cell."
1914 - Sven Ason Berglund patents "methods of increasing the capacity of photosensitive cells."
1916 - Robert Millikan conducts experiments and proves the photoelectric effect.
1918 - Jan Czochralski produces a method to grow single crystals of metal. Decades later, the method is adapted to produce single-crystal silicon.
1920s - Solar water-heating systems, utilizing "flat collectors" (or "flat-plate collectors"), relied upon in homes and apartment buildings in Florida and southern California.
1930–1959[edit]
1932 - Audobert and Stora discover the photovoltaic effect in Cadmium selenide (CdSe), a photovoltaic material still used today.
1935 - Anthony H. Lamb receives patent US2000642, "Photoelectric device."[3]
1941 - Russell Ohl files patent US2402662, "Light sensitive device."
1948 - Gordon Teal and John Little adapt the Czochralski method of crystal growth to produce single-crystalline germanium and, later, silicon.[4]
1950s - Bell Labs produce solar cells for space activities.
1953 - Gerald Pearson begins research into lithium-silicon photovoltaic cells.
1954 - On April 25, 1954, Bell Labs announces the invention of the first practical silicon solar cell.[5][6] Shortly afterwards, they are shown at the National Academy of Science Meeting. These cells have about 6% efficiency. The New York Times forecasts that solar cells will eventually lead to a source of "limitless energy of the sun."
1955 - Western Electric licences commercial solar cell technologies. Hoffman Electronics-Semiconductor Division creates a 2% efficient commercial solar cell for $25/cell or $1,785/watt.
1957 - AT&T assignors (Gerald L. Pearson, Daryl M. Chapin, and Calvin S. Fuller) receive patent US2780765, "Solar Energy Converting Apparatus." They refer to it as the "solar battery." Hoffman Electronics creates an 8% efficient solar cell.
1958 - T. Mandelkorn, U.S. Signal Corps Laboratories, creates n-on-p silicon solar cells, which are more resistant to radiation damage and are better suited for space. Hoffman Electronics creates 9% efficient solar cells. Vanguard I, the first solar powered satellite, was launched with a 0.1W, 100 cm² solar panel.
1959 - Hoffman Electronics creates a 10% efficient commercial solar cell, and introduces the use of a grid contact, reducing the cell's resistance.
1960–1979[edit]
1960 - Hoffman Electronics creates a 14% efficient solar cell.
1961 - "Solar Energy in the Developing World" conference is held by the United Nations.
1962 - The Telstar communications satellite is powered by solar cells.
1963 - Sharp Corporation produces a viable photovoltaic module of silicon solar cells.
1964 - Farrington Daniels' landmark book, Direct Use of the Sun's Energy, published by Yale University Press.
1967 - Soyuz 1 is the first manned spacecraft to be powered by solar cells
1967 - Akira Fujishima discovers the Honda-Fujishima effect which is used for hydrolysis in the photoelectrochemical cell.
1968 - Roger Riehl introduces the first solar powered wristwatch.[7]
1970 - First highly effective GaAs heterostructure solar cells are created by Zhores Alferov and his team in the USSR.[8][9][10]
1971 - Salyut 1 is powered by solar cells.
1973 - Skylab is powered by solar cells.
1974 - Florida Solar Energy Center begins.[11]
1974 - J. Baldwin, at Integrated Living Systems, co-develops the world's first building (in New Mexico) heated and otherwise powered by solar and wind power exclusively.
1976 - David Carlson and Christopher Wronski of RCA Laboratories create first amorphous silicon PV cells, which have an efficiency of 2.4%.
1977 - The Solar Energy Research Institute is established at Golden, Colorado.
1977 - The world production of photovoltaic cells exceeded 500 kW
1978 - First solar-powered calculators.[12]
1979 - U.S. President Jimmy Carter installs the first White House solar panels.
Late 1970s: the "Energy Crisis"; groundswell of public interest in solar energy use: photovoltaic and active and passive solar, including in architecture and off-grid buildings and home sites.
1980–1999[edit]
1980 - John Perlin and Ken Butti's landmark book A Golden Thread [3] published, covering 2500 Years of Solar Technology from the Greeks and Romans until the modern day
1980 - The Institute of Energy Conversion at University of Delaware develops the first thin film solar cell exceeding 10% efficiency using Cu2S/CdS technology.
1981 - President Ronald Reagan orders solar panels on the White House removed.
1981 - Isofoton is the first company to mass-produce bifacial solar cells based on developments by Antonio Luque et al. at the Institute of Solar Energy in Madrid.
1982 - Kyocera Corp is the first manufacturer in the world to mass-produce Polysilicon solar cells using the casting method, today's industry standard.
1983 - Worldwide photovoltaic production exceeds 21.3 megawatts, and sales exceed $250 million.
1984 - 30,000 SF Building-Integrated Photovoltaic [BI-PV] Roof completed for the Intercultural Center of Georgetown University. Eileen M. Smith, M.Arch. took 20th Anniversary Journey by Horseback for Peace and Photovoltaics in 2004 from solar roof to Ground Zero NY World Trade Center to educate public about BI-PV Solar Architecture. Array was still generating an average of one MWh daily as it has since 1984 in the dense urban environment of Washington, DC.
1985 - 20% efficient silicon cells are created by the Centre for Photovoltaic Engineering at the University of New South Wales.
1986 - 'Solar-Voltaic DomeTM' patented by Lt. Colonel Richard T. Headrick of Irvine, CA as an efficient architectural configuration for building-integrated photovoltaics [BI-PV]; Hesperia, CA field array.
1988 - The Dye-sensitized solar cell is created by Michael Grätzel and Brian O'Regan (chemist). These photoelectrochemical cells work from an organic dye compound inside the cell and cost half as much as silicon solar cells.
1988–1991 AMOCO/Enron used Solarex patents to sue ARCO Solar out of the business of a-Si (see Solarex Corp.(Enron/Amoco) v.Arco Solar, Inc.Ddel, 805 Fsupp 252 Fed Digest.)
1989 - Reflective solar concentrators are first used with solar cells.
1990 - The Magdeburg Cathedral installs solar cells on the roof, marking the first installation on a church in East Germany.
1991 - Efficient Photoelectrochemical cells are developed
1991 - President George H. W. Bush directs the U.S. Department of Energy to establish the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (transferring the existing Solar Energy Research Institute).
1992 - The PV Pioneer Program started at Sacramento Municipal Utility District (SMUD). It was the first broad based commercialization of distributed, grid-connected PV system ("roof-top solar").[13]
1992 - University of South Florida fabricates a 15.89% efficient thin-film cell
1993 - The National Renewable Energy Laboratory's Solar Energy Research Facility is established.
1994 - NREL develops a GaInP/GaAs two-terminal concentrator cell (180 suns) which becomes the first solar cell to exceed 30% conversion efficiency.
1996 - The National Center for Photovoltaics is established. Graetzel, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland achieves 11% efficient energy conversion with dye-sensitized cells that use a photoelectrochemical effect.
1999 - Total worldwide installed photovoltaic power reaches 1,000 megawatts.
2000–present[edit]
This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (April 2016)
2003 - George Bush has a 9 kW PV system and a solar thermal systems installed on grounds keeping building at the White House[14]
2004 - California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger proposed Solar Roofs Initiative for one million solar roofs in California by 2017.
2004 - Kansas Governor Kathleen Sebelius issued a mandate for 1,000 MWp renewable electricity in Kansas by 2015 per Executive Order 04-05.
2006 - Polysilicon use in photovoltaics exceeds all other polysilicon use for the first time.
2006 - California Public Utilities Commission approved the California Solar Initiative (CSI), a comprehensive $2.8 billion program that provides incentives toward solar development over 11 years.[15]
2006 - New World Record Achieved in Solar Cell Technology - New Solar Cell Breaks the “40 Percent Efficient” Sunlight-to-Electricity Barrier.[16]
2007 - Construction of Nellis Solar Power Plant, a 15 MW PPA installation.
2007 - The Vatican announced that in order to conserve Earth's resources they would be installing solar panels on some buildings, in "a comprehensive energy project that will pay for itself in a few years."[17]
2007 - Google solar panel project begins operation.[18]
2007 - University of Delaware claims to achieve new world record in Solar Cell Technology without independent confirmation - 42.8% efficiency.[19]
2007 - Nanosolar ships the first commercial printed CIGS, claiming that they will eventually ship for less than $1/watt.[20] However, the company does not publicly disclose the technical specifications or current selling price of the modules.[21]
2008 - New record achieved in solar cell efficiency. Scientists at the U.S. Department of Energy's National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) have set a world record in solar cell efficiency with a photovoltaic device that converts 40.8% of the light that hits it into electricity. However, it was only under the concentrated energy of 326 suns that this was achieved. The inverted metamorphic triple-junction solar cell was designed, fabricated and independently measured at NREL.[22]
2010 - US President Barack Obama orders installation of additional solar panels and a solar water heater at the White House[23]
2011 - Fast-growing factories in China push manufacturing costs down to about $1.25 per watt for silicon photovoltaic modules. Installations double worldwide.[24]
2013 - After three years, the solar panels ordered by President Barack Obama were installed on the White House.[25]
2016 - University of New South Wales engineers established a new world record for unfocused sunlight conversion to electricity with an efficiency increase to 34.5% [4]. The record was set by UNSW’s Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics (ACAP) using a 28 cm² four-junction mini-module – embedded in a prism – that extracts the maximum energy from sunlight. It does this by splitting the incoming rays into four bands, using a four-junction receiver to squeeze even more electricity from each beam of sunlight.[26]
2016 - First Solar says it has converted 22.1 percent of the energy in sunlight into electricity using experimental cells made from cadmium telluride—a technology that today represents around 5 percent of the worldwide solar power market.[27]
See also[edit]
Renewable energy portal
Energy portal
Energy development
List of energy topics
List of solar energy topics
Financial incentives for photovoltaics
Timeline of materials technology
References[edit]
This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (February 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
^ Jump up to: a b "History of Solar - Infographic".
Jump up ^ "Photovoltaic Dreaming 1875–1905: First Attempts At Commercializing PV". Retrieved 8 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Issue date: May 7, 1935. [1] [2]
Jump up ^ David C. Brock (Spring 2006). "Useless No More: Gordon K. Teal, Germanium, and Single-Crystal Transistors". Chemical Heritage Magazine. Chemical Heritage Foundation. 24 (1). Archived from the original on June 15, 2010. Retrieved 2008-01-21.
Jump up ^ "April 25, 1954: Bell Labs Demonstrates the First Practical Silicon Solar Cell". APS News. American Physical Society. 18 (4). April 2009.
Jump up ^ D. M. Chapin; C. S. Fuller & G. L. Pearson (May 1954). "A New Silicon p-n Junction Photocell for Converting Solar Radiation into Electrical Power". Journal of Applied Physics. 25 (5): 676–677. Bibcode:1954JAP....25..676C. doi:10.1063/1.1721711.
Jump up ^ "Solar watches". Retrieved 8 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Alferov, Zh. I., V. M. Andreev, M. B. Kagan, I. I. Protasov, and V. G. Trofim, 1970, ‘‘Solar-energy converters based on p-n AlxGa12xAs-GaAs heterojunctions,’’ Fiz. Tekh. Poluprovodn. 4, 2378 (Sov. Phys. Semicond. 4, 2047 (1971))]
Jump up ^ Nanotechnology in energy applications Archived 2009-02-25 at the Wayback Machine., pdf, p.24
Jump up ^ Nobel Lecture by Zhores Alferov, pdf, p.6
Jump up ^ "Florida Solar Energy Center". Retrieved 8 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "Calculator Time-line". Retrieved 8 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Switching To Solar, Bob Johnstone, 2011, Prometheus Books
Jump up ^ "White House installs solar-electric system - 1/22/2003 - ENN.com". 29 February 2004. Archived from the original on 29 February 2004. Retrieved 8 April 2017. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/static/energy/solar/
Jump up ^ "New World Record Achieved in Solar Cell Technology" (Press release). United States Department of Energy. December 5, 2006. Retrieved 2008-01-16.
Jump up ^ Krauss, Leah (May 31, 2007). "Solar World: Vatican installs solar panels". United Press International. Archived from the original on April 13, 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-16.
Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20070621193224/https://www.google.com/corporate/solarpanels/home. Archived from the original on June 21, 2007. Retrieved July 25, 2007. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ "From 40.7 to 42.8 % Solar Cell Efficiency". July 30, 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-16.
Jump up ^ "Nanosolar Ships First Panels". Nanosolar Blog. Archived from the original on 2008-01-16. Retrieved 2008-01-22.
Jump up ^ "Nanosolar - Products". Nanosolar.com. Retrieved 2008-01-22.
Jump up ^ NREL Public Relations (2008-08-13). "NREL Solar Cell Sets World Efficiency Record at 40.8 Percent". National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Archived from the original on 2008-09-17. Retrieved 2008-09-29.
Jump up ^ Juliet Eilperin (October 6, 2010). "White House goes solar". Washington Post.
Jump up ^ Mike Koshmrl & Seth Masia (Nov–Dec 2010). "Solyndra and the shakeout: the recent solar bankruptcies in context". Solar Today.
Jump up ^ "White House solar panels being installed this week". The Washington Post.
Jump up ^ "ARENA supports another solar world record". Australian Government - Australian Renewable Energy Agency. Retrieved 14 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Martin, Richard. "Why the future of solar may not be silicon-based". Retrieved 8 April 2017.
External links[edit]
"Solar Resources". SunPower Corporation, 2004.
"History: Photovoltaics Timeline". About, Inc., 2005.
"Bell Labs Celebrates 50th Anniversary of the Solar Cell - Timeline". Lucent Technologies, 2004.
Lenardic, Denis, "Photovoltaics - Historical Development". PVResources.com, 2015.
Perlin, John, "Making Electricity Directly from Sunlight". Rahus Institute, 2002.
Trinkaus, George, "The Lost Inventions of Nikola Tesla". Free Energy Receiver, Chapter 9.
"Solar Energy Timeline", Charles E. Brown Middle School.
"Centre for Photovolatic Engineering Timeline". University of New South Wales
History of Photovoltaics
Firm ups solar cell forecast for 2006, 2007
Solar Photovoltaic History Timeline in Slider, 2015
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text:
Carmen Lowell
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Carmen Lucille Lowell
The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants character
First appearance
Novel:
The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants
Film:
The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants (2005)
Last appearance
Novel:
Sisterhood Everlasting
Film:
The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants 2 (2008)
Created by
Ann Brashares
Portrayed by
America Ferrera
Tiara Santana (Young Carmen)
Information
Nickname(s)
Carma, Carmabelle (Instant Messaging username and letter name), Carmeena(book), Bun(book)
Gender
Female
Occupation
actress
Family
Christina Lowell-Breckman (mother)
Albert Lowell (father)
David Breckman (step-father)
Lydia Lowell (step-mother)
Paul (step-brother from Lydia)
Krista (step-sister from Lydia)
Ryan Breckman (half-brother from David)
Spouse(s)
Porter (fling)
Winthrop "Win" Sawyer (ex-boyfriend)
Jones (ex-fiancée)
Carmen Lucille Lowell is a main character in the book and film The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants (film). She is sometimes called Carma and Carmabelle (her Instant Messaging username) or Carmeena in the book, and is a sensitive and caring half-Puerto Rican with a bad temper. Her parents are divorced, and she lives with her mother, Christina. She is the organized one, but sometimes she thinks too much. She is the one most insistent on keeping the sisters together through the Traveling Pants, which she first found. She is the "glue" keeping the Sisterhood together. She is portrayed by America Ferrera in the 2005 film adaptation of the first book, and the 2008 sequel, The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants 2.
Contents
1 Family
2 Friends
3 Romantic Relationships
4 The Second Summer of the Sisterhood
5 Girls in Pants: The Third Summer of the Sisterhood
6 Forever in Blue: The Fourth Summer of the Sisterhood
7 Sisterhood Everlasting
8 Other References
Family[edit]
Christina: Carmen has a close relationship with her mother, Christina, whom she has lived with since her parents' divorce. Carmen admits that she can be bratty with her mother, though Christina suggests this may be because she knows it is easier to get mad at people you love because you can trust them to still love you. Carmen can also be possessive of her mother and is worried both when Christina begins dating and when she gets pregnant. She does not want her mother to leave her.
Albert: Carmen looks up to her father; she wanted to follow in his footsteps and go to Williams College. However, her parents' divorce hit her hard and she is initially concerned that his marrying Lydia was an attempt to replace her and Christina with a perfect, beautiful family. She resolves most of these issues in the first book and afterwards often calls her father for advice or guidance.
David: Carmen's stepfather. She was originally hostile toward David when he began dating Christina because she thought her mother was making a fool of herself and rushing into the relationship too quickly. Though she doesn't develop a very close relationship with him, she admits that he makes her mother happy; her only complaint about him is that he is a workaholic.
Lydia: Carmen's stepmother. Carmen does not know of her until she goes to stay with her dad during the first novel. She gets off on the wrong foot with her stepmother due to their many differences. Lydia is blonde, and a "Southern belle" who has a perfectly neat house and is very religious. Because of how different Lydia's lifestyle is from her mother's, Carmen is at first angry with Lydia and her father and feels she is being replaced. Later, she achieves a more civil relationship with her stepmother, especially after realizing that Lydia and Christina actually get along.
Paul: Carmen's older stepbrother. Carmen gets along very well with Paul and admires his honesty and lack of egotism. She e-mails and phones him regularly. The books mention that Paul regards Carmen and her temper with a sort of awe, and never understands the motivations behind her insane outbursts. Carmen is originally nervous that if Paul falls in love with Lena, he will forget about her. However, after noticing how the two look at each other and how alike they are, she eventually encourages their relationship. She also keeps on talking to Lena about Paul.
Krista: Carmen's younger stepsister. They originally talked very little as Krista's preppy, flaky, superficial attitude was very different from Carmen's explosive, colorful personality. She felt that since Krista was the direct opposite of her that her father was "upgrading." After confronting her father about the issue, she and Krista get along much better. Krista grows to admire Carmen's independent attitude; in the second book, she runs away from home and seeks sanctuary with Carmen and Christina.
Ryan: Carmen's younger half-brother. She is slightly bad-tempered about his birth and jealous of her mother's attention to him. Later, she gets over this, enjoys being a big sister and role model to him.
Friends[edit]
Carmen is the youngest member of the sisterhood. Lena Kaligaris, Tibby Rollins, and Bridget Vreeland are the other members of the sisterhood. She considers herself "the Puerto Rican with the bad temper" in the group. She also sees herself as "the glue" that keeps the friends together. Ann Brashares says that she believes Carmen gets the bigger picture of their friendship, whereas the other girls are more "in the moment."
Romantic Relationships[edit]
Winthrop "Win" Sawyer: Carmen meets Win at the hospital with Lena's grandmother. She is initially attracted to him, and the two have several other chance meetings. Win is a volunteer at the hospital and is two years older. Carmen is initially worried that she is deceiving him, as he keeps catching her doing charitable things and is scared that he won't like her as much when he learns about her bad temper. She tells him about her worries, but he resolves that he likes her anyway and the two kiss in the hospital. She lets the relationship drop off on purpose due to confidence issues.
Carmen also briefly dates a boy in the second book who had a massive crush on her, Porter, but she was too distracted by issues with her mother; Porter eventually decided that he was tired of being led on. She also maintained a flirtatious relationship with one of the actors she worked with in the fourth book. Their relationship is not focused on in this book, though it mentions that he often played with her hair, flirted with her, and kissed her before the play's opening night. This relationship is more prominent in the second movie.
The Second Summer of the Sisterhood[edit]
Christina starts to date a young attractive man named David. Carmen is jealous of the time she spends with him and also embarrassed because Christina's relationship is so passionate. She believes her mother is humiliating herself and falling in love too quickly. Carmen sabotages the relationship out of spite, but once she realizes how happy David makes her mother, she helps the two get together. A subplot during this book is Carmen's relationship with a boy, Porter, from her school. She goes on several dates with him but neglects him during each date due to her worries about her mother. Carmen is originally optimistic about the relationship because she has the Traveling Pants for their first date, but Porter becomes tired of Carmen "stringing him along" and stops dating her. On her final date with him, she brings Paul and a heartbroken Lena along. She notices how attracted Paul is to Lena and gives Lena the pants, encouraging her to go after Paul and Paul to see Lena.
Girls in Pants: The Third Summer of the Sisterhood[edit]
Carmen learns that Christina is pregnant with David's child. Carmen is originally hostile, believing that since the baby will be born just after she leaves for college that she is being replaced. Carmen also gets a job looking after Valia, Lena's grandmother, and meets a guy named Win 'Winthrop' at the hospital. She and Win maintain a flirtatious relationship, but she believes that she is deceiving him because he keeps catching her doing charitable things, and that he will be disappointed when he learns about her arguments with her mother. Carmen eventually realizes that since David works so much, she will have to be there for the child and makes amends with her mom. At the end of the book, Christina goes into labor four weeks early while David is away on business. Carmen and Win go hunting for David to bring him home. Meanwhile, Tibby helps Christina give birth. Carmen returns to the hospital where she meets her baby brother and tells Win that she doesn't think she deserves him. Win announces that it doesn't matter, and the two share a kiss.
Forever in Blue: The Fourth Summer of the Sisterhood[edit]
Carmen arrives at college where she falls into a sort of depression. She has let the relationship with Win drop off due to confidence issues. She gains weight and shrinks away from making new friends and from the sisterhood. She befriends a beautiful and sophisticated actress named Julia Beckwith; together, they go to a special acting camp. Carmen mistakenly auditions for the main play, although she originally tagged along only to be with Julia and work on sets. She wins the sought-after lead role in a play with several professional actors, and Julia becomes bad-tempered and surly. Julia tries to "help" Carmen with the part but really gives her bad advice in an attempt to sabotage an inexperienced Carmen. As a result, Carmen becomes depressed again, but finally realizes that Julia was not a friend to her because she fed off of Carmen's insecurities to boost her own confidence. Carmen stars in the play brilliantly and confronts Julia.
Sisterhood Everlasting[edit]
Carmen is a semi-successful actress in New York who is engaged (to a sometimes pretentious man her friends dislike.) She is now obsessed with her work, worries about her wedding and her busy schedule. On her long trip to an audition, she meets a man named Roberto Moyo who is traveling with his two young children. Carmen befriends Roberto and is struck by his sad story, she also grows very fond of his kids. At the end of the book, Carmen breaks off her engagement. She is the only one of her friends who is not romantically involved with anyone; however, she is very satisfied with her life. She is very sad when Tibby died.
Other References[edit]
In the novel 3 Willows, Jo mentions babysiting a toddler named Ryan; this is Carmen's little brother.
hide
v
t
e
The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants series by Ann Brashares
Books
The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants
The Second Summer of the Sisterhood
Girls in Pants
Forever in Blue
Sisterhood Everlasting
Characters
Lena Kaligaris
Bridget Vreeland
Tibby Rollins
Carmen Lowell
Films
The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants (2005)
The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants 2 (2008)
Spin–off
3 Willows: The Sisterhood Grows
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carmen_Lowell&oldid=839210808"
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text:
Killer (Adamski song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Killer"
Single by Adamski with Seal
from the album Doctor Adamski's Musical Pharmacy
B-side
"Bassline Changed My Life"
"I Dream of You"
Released
21 March 1990[1]
Format
7"
12"
CD
Recorded
1989–90[2]
Genre
Acid house
soul
IDM
experimental rock
Length
4:10
Label
MCA
Songwriter(s)
Adamski
Seal
Producer(s)
Adamski
Adamski singles chronology
"N-R-G"
(1990) "Killer"
(1990) "The Space Jungle"
(1990)
"N-R-G"
(1990) "Killer"
(1990) "The Space Jungle"
(1990)
Seal singles chronology
"Killer"
(1990) Killer1990 Crazy
(1990) String Module Error: Match not found1990
"Killer" is a song by British acid house producer Adamski. Written by Adamski and Seal and produced by Adamski, "Killer" was Adamski's breakthrough single, but is now more notable for featuring Seal as a vocalist. A major hit in the UK, it reached number one, spending four weeks at the top of the UK Singles Chart in May and June 1990.[3] In total, the single sold over 400,000 copies in the UK, earning it a BPI Gold certification.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Release
3 Content
4 Chart performance
5 Seal version
5.1 Chart performance
5.2 Track listings
5.2.1 U.S. maxi-single (1991)
5.2.2 U.S. maxi-single (2005)
6 George Michael version
6.1 Track listing
6.2 Charts
7 ATB version
7.1 Track listings
7.2 Chart performance
8 Other versions
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Background[edit]
Journalist Dave Simpson conducted a pair of interviews for The Guardian in 2013 with Seal and Adamski, concerning the origins of "Killer". Adamski recounted that Seal had seen him perform in 1989 at an illegal rave called 'Sunrise 5000' at the Santa Pod Raceway. Seal had afterwards handed a demo tape to Adamski's MC, Daddy Chester, with which both were impressed. Seal had previously been singing in blues bands but a year spent travelling in Asia had recently changed his view of life and he had since become involved in the rave scene.
Adamski and Seal later happened to meet on New Year's Eve 1989 at a club named Solaris in London, and Seal was invited to work on one of a number of pieces that Adamski was performing at that time. Adamski had an instrumental track he called "The Killer" because he felt that it sounded 'like the soundtrack to a movie murder scene'. According to Adamski, Seal's vocals were recorded against this track on 27 January 1990: coincidentally the same day that 10,000 people gathered in Trafalgar Square (not far from the studio where they were working) for the 'Freedom to Party' demonstration against a government crackdown on rave culture, which Adamski himself attended. The track featured only two instruments – keyboard and a Roland TR-909 drum machine – and occupied only eight tracks of a 48-track mixing console.[4]
Release[edit]
In the Simpson interviews, both Adamski and Seal recalled that they were in financial trouble at the time of recording. Seal was almost penniless and was living in a squat. Although Adamski had his own following as a DJ and was enjoying success with his previous single "N-R-G", he was on a government scheme which paid his rent and allowed him £40 a week. Both Adamski and Seal were struck by the popularity of "Killer" following its release on 21 March 1990. The song went to the top of the UK charts, reached the top ten in many European countries, and sold strongly across the world. Adamski recounted his surprise at people singing the memorable bassline to him in the street and, in particular, at hearing the track played at a wedding in a hotel at which he stayed following a performance in Cambridge. Seal told Simpson, 'within a week, I went from being a relative nobody – this weird guy at raves, with silver bits in my hair – to a household name.'[4]
Content[edit]
Seal explained to Dave Simpson that the words he provided for "Killer" were intended as an exhortation to freedom and overcoming; that 'the lyrics are about transcending whatever holds you back'.[4]
Lyrically, the song features the line "It's the loneliness that's the killer," which occurs only once in the introduction to the Seal version and not at all in the Adamski version. The distinctive opening bassline and keyboard melody during the chorus, however, are preserved in almost every version of the song in some form.
The song also contains the lyrics "Racism in amongst future kings can only lead to no good, and besides, all our sons and daughters already know how that feels", which were reused in Seal's song "Future Love Paradise" featured on his debut album. "Killer" was featured in the film Miami Twice based on the TV series Only Fools and Horses.
Chart performance[edit]
Chart (1990)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[5] 112
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[6] 11
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[7] 1
Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[8] 14
Germany (Media Control Charts)[9] 2
Ireland (IRMA)[10] 5
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[11] 2
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[12] 29
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[13] 5
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[14] 15
UK Singles (The Official Charts Company)[3] 1
US Billboard Hot Dance Club Play[15] 23
Preceded by
"Vogue" by Madonna UK number one single
12 May 1990 (1990-05-12) Succeeded by
"World in Motion" by Englandneworder
Seal version[edit]
"Killer"
1991 7" UK single
Single by Seal
from the album Seal
B-side
"Hey Joe" (live)
"Come See What Love Has Done" (live)
Released
4 November 1991
Format
7"
12"
CD
Recorded
1991
Length
4:17 (radio version)
6:33 (single version)
6:21 (album version)
Label
ZTT (1991)
Warner Bros. (2005)
Songwriter(s)
Adamski
Seal
Producer(s)
Trevor Horn
Seal singles chronology
"The Beginning"
(1991) "Killer"
(1991) "Violet"
(1992)
"The Beginning"
(1991) "Killer"
(1991) "Violet"
(1992)
"Walk On By"
(2004) Walk On By2004
"Killer 2005"
(2005) Killer 20052005
"A Father's Way"
(2006) A Father's Way2006
In 1991, Seal re-recorded "Killer" for his eponymous debut album, produced by Trevor Horn. The single release of Seal's version peaked at number eight in the UK,[16] squeezed onto the US Billboard Hot 100 at number 100[17] and peaked at number nine on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart with a remix by William Orbit.[18]
The music video for this version used computer-generated science-fiction themed imagery, largely built around a partial re-creation of the M. C. Escher print Another World. The video was produced and directed by Don Searll. The song won Best British Video at the 1992 Brit Awards.
4 January 2005, saw a new single release of "Killer", containing new remixes of both "Killer" and "Crazy". This brought the single back to the Hot Dance Club Play chart, where it reached number one.[18]
Chart performance[edit]
Chart (1991)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[19] 95
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[20] 75
Irish Singles Chart[21] 6
UK Singles Chart[16] 8
Chart (1992)
Peak
position
US Billboard Hot 100[22] 100
US Dance Club Songs (Billboard)[23] 9
US Billboard Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales[24] 14
Chart (2005)
Peak
position
US Dance Club Songs (Billboard)[23]
P. Rauhofer/Morel/DJ Monk/J. Albert Mixes 1
US Billboard Hot Dance Singles Sales[24] 3
Track listings[edit]
U.S. maxi-single (1991)[edit]
"Killer" (single version)
"Killer" (William Orbit remix)
"Whirlpool" (live)
"Killer" (live)
"Come See What Love Has Done" (live)
"Hey Joe" (live) ("Billy Roberts" cover)
"Killer" (William Orbit dub)
U.S. maxi-single (2005)[edit]
"Killer" (Peter Rauhofer remix part one)
"Killer" (Peter Rauhofer remix part two)
"Killer" (Morel's Pink Noise vocal mix)
"Killer" (DJ Monk remix)
"Killer" (Jim Albert's Loneliness is the Killer mix)
"Crazy" (Ananda Project vocal mix)
"Crazy" (Orange Factory mix)
George Michael version[edit]
"Killer" / "Papa Was a Rollin' Stone"
Single by George Michael
from the album Five Live
Released
10 April 1993
Format
12"
CD
Recorded
22 March 1991
Wembley Arena
Genre
Acid house
Length
5:58 (full)
4:15 (single)
Label
Hollywood (US)
Parlophone (Rest of the world)
Songwriter(s)
Adamski
Seal
Norman Whitfield
Barrett Strong
Producer(s)
George Michael
George Michael singles chronology
"Somebody to Love"
(1993) "Killer" / "Papa Was a Rollin' Stone"
(1993) "Jesus to a Child"
(1996)
"Somebody to Love"
(1993) "Killer" / "Papa Was a Rollin' Stone"
(1993) "Jesus to a Child"
(1996)
In 1991, George Michael performed "Killer" live at the Wembley Arena in a version that was released on the 1993 EP Five Live. "Papa Was a Rollin' Stone" was also recorded and released on the same album. The two songs were blended together in the live performance, then remixed several times. The P.M. Dawn extended and radio remix for the "Killer"/"Papa" combination was released in 1993. Michael shot a video for the release, in which he did not appear personally. It was during the time when Michael refused to exploit his outward look, which he thought would distract the audience from the music, his main concern. The video was directed by Marcus Nispel.
Track listing[edit]
"Killer/Papa Was a Rollin' Stone" (English edit)
"Killer/Papa Was a Rollin' Stone" (Ligosa Mix)
"Killer/Papa Was a Rollin' Stone" (P.M. Dawn Remix)
Charts[edit]
Chart (1993)
Peak
position
Canadian RPM Top Singles[25] 19
US Billboard Hot 100[26] 69
US Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs[26] 5
ATB version[edit]
"Killer 2000"
Single by ATB
from the album Movin' Melodies
Released
31 May 1999 (1999-05-31)
Format
12"
CD
Genre
Dance
hard house
Length
4:01
Label
Kontor (Germany)
Radikal (US)
Songwriter(s)
Adamski
Seal
Producer(s)
André Tanneberger
Woody van Eyden
ATB singles chronology
"Don't Stop!"
(1999) "Killer 2000"
(1999) "The Summer"
(2000)
"Don't Stop!"
(1999) "Killer 2000"
(1999) "The Summer"
(2000)
Trance act ATB recorded a version in 1999, released as a single on 31 May 1999 in Germany and on 19 September 2000 in the United States. The ATB version peaked at number four on the UK Singles Chart and number 36 on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart. Featuring vocals by Drue Williams, it was the producer's first fully vocal-based song under the ATB name.
The song uses elements from both Adamski and Seal's versions, updated with more contemporary production techniques. The UK radio edit differs from others in that it includes ATB's signature guitar sound.
The song featured on the acclaimed[27] 2000 mix album CreamLive.
Track listings[edit]
"Killer" (Germany release)
"Killer" (Video Edit) 4:08
"Killer" (Radio Edit) 4:01
"Killer" (Killer Mix) 5:56
"Killer" (Original Mix) 6:15
"Killer" (US release)
"Killer" (UK Radio Edit) 3:25
"Killer" (Radio Edit) 4:00
"Killer" (2000) 5:52
"Killer" (Trevor & Simon Remix) 6:50
"Killer" (Lost Witness Remix) 7:45
"Killer" (Joe Fandango Remix) 7:11
"Killer" (Video Edit) 4:06
"Killer" CD 1 (UK release)
"Killer" (UK Radio Edit) 3:28
"Killer" (Lost Witness Remix) 7:48
"Killer" (Lock 'n Load Remix) 8:25
"Killer" CD 2 (UK release)
"Killer" (Killer 2000 Mix) 5:55
"Killer" (Trevor Reilly & Simon Foy Remix) 6:52
"Killer" (Joe Fandango Remix) 7:11
"Killer" (The remixes) (Canada release)
"Killer" (UK Radio Edit) 4:02
"Killer" (Joe Fandango Remix) 7:16
"Killer" (Lost Witness Remix) 7:49
"Killer" (Lock N' Load Remix) 8:29
"Killer" (Joe Fandango Dub) 5:27
"Killer" (Lost Witness Dub) 7:45
"Killer" (Trevor & Simon Remix) 8:57
"Killer" (Gareth Jones Radio) 3:20
"Killer 2000" (Australia release)
"Killer 2000" (UK Radio Edit) 3:26
"Killer 2000" (Killer 2000 Mix) 5:51
"Killer 2000" (Lost Witness Vocal Remix) 7:45
"Killer 2000" (Lock 'n Load Vocal Remix) 8:23
"Killer 2000" (Trevor & Simon Remix) 6:50
"Killer 2000" (Joe Fandango Mix) 7:11
Chart performance[edit]
Chart (1999)
Peak
position
Dutch GfK chart[28] 25
Dutch Top 40[29] 22
Finnish Singles Chart[30] 16
Germany (Media Control Charts) 31
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan) 24
Chart (2000)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[31] 33
Europe (European Hot 100 Singles) 20
Europe (Eurochart Hot 100) 36
UK Singles Chart[32] 4
US Billboard Hot Dance Music/Club Play[33] 36
US Billboard Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales[33] 32
Other versions[edit]
Other versions of "Killer" were performed by Northern Kings on the 2008 album Rethroned, Nina Hagen on her 2011 album Volksbeat, power metal band Angel Dust on the 2002 album Of Human Bondage, girl group Sugababes as a B-side to the 2003 single "Shape", Scottish garage rock band Sons and Daughters as a B-side to their 2007 single "Gilt Complex", UK alternative rock band 2:54 as a B-side to the 2012 vinyl single "Sugar"[34][35] and Rhythm Police on the 2009 remix release "Killer". In 2010, Tiësto contributed a remix of the song for the game DJ Hero 2. In 2013, British rock band Bastille also made a more electronic heavy cover of "Killer" on their second mixtape Other People's Heartache Part 2.
See also[edit]
List of number-one dance singles of 2005 (U.S.)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "BPI > Certified Awards > Search results for 'Adamski'". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Simpson, Interviews by Dave (11 March 2013). "How we made Killer, by Seal and Adamski". Retrieved 26 August 2017 – via The Guardian.
^ Jump up to: a b "Official Charts > Adamski". The Official UK Charts Company. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "How we made Killer, by Seal and Adamski". www.guardian.com. The Guardian. March 11, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Response from ARIA re: chart inquiry, received 5 June 2015". imgur.com. Archived from the original on 5 June 2015. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Adamski – Killer" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Adamski – Killer" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50.
Jump up ^ Pennanen, Timo (2006). Sisältää hitin - levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 (in Finnish) (1st ed.). Helsinki: Tammi. ISBN 978-951-1-21053-5.
Jump up ^ "Offizielle Deutsche Charts > Adamski - Killer (song)" (in German). GfK Entertainment. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Irish Charts - All there is to know > Search results for 'Adamski'". Fireball Media. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "dutchcharts.nl > Adamski - Killer" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Adamski – Killer". Top 40 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Adamski – Killer". Singles Top 100.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Adamski – Killer". Swiss Singles Chart.
Jump up ^ "Billboard > Artists / Adamski > Chart History > Dance Club Songs". Billboard. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Official Charts > Seal". The Official UK Charts Company. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Billboard > Artists / Seal > Chart History > The Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Billboard > Artists / Seal > Chart History > Dance Club Songs". Billboard. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988-2010. Mt. Martha, VIC, Australia: Moonlight Publishing.
Jump up ^ "dutchcharts.nl > Seal - Killer... On The Loose" (in Dutch). Retrieved 19 April 2009.
Jump up ^ "The Irish Charts - All there is to know > Search results for 'Seal' (page 1)". Fireball Media. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Seal Chart History (Hot 100)" Billboard.
^ Jump up to: a b "Seal Chart History (Dance Club Songs)" Billboard.
^ Jump up to: a b "allmusic > Seal > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles". Rovi Corporation. Archived from the original on 22 December 2010. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Top Singles - Volume 58, No. 5, August 14 1993. Retrieved 22 May 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Killer/Papa Was a Rollin' Stone - George Michael. Retrieved 22 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Rated 4.5/5 stars by Allmusic http://www.allmusic.com/album/release/cream-live-mr0002978718
Jump up ^ "dutchcharts.nl - atb - Killer (Dutch)". Retrieved 19 April 2009.
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40, 7 Augustus 1999/Week 32 (Dutch)". Retrieved 19 April 2009.
Jump up ^ "Atb: Killer". Retrieved 28 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "australian-charts.com > ATB - Killer 2000". Hung Medien. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Chart Stats - ATB - Killer". Retrieved 19 April 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "allmusic ((( ATB > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles )))". Retrieved 19 April 2009.
Jump up ^ "It's All Indie: 2:54 cover Seal's 90's classic 'Killer'". Retrieved 31 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "2:54 - Sugar/Killer (Vinyl) at Discogs". Retrieved 31 May 2014.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
[show]
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Seal
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DVD releases
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