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Cigarette filter
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Filters in a new and used cigarette
Filter cigarette:
Cigarette filter
Imitation cork tip paper
Cigarette paper
Tobacco
Capsule (optional, not shown)
Ink (not shown)
Glue (not shown)
A cigarette filter is a component of a cigarette, along with cigarette paper, capsules and adhesives. The filter may be made from cellulose acetate fibre, paper or activated charcoal (either as a cavity filter or embedded into the cellulose acetate). Macroporous phenol-formaldehyde resins and asbestos have also been used in cigarette filters.[1][2] The acetate and paper modify the particulate smoke phase by particle retention (filtration), and finely divided carbon modifies the gaseous phase (adsorption).[3] Filters can reduce "tar" and nicotine smoke yields up to 50%, with a greater removal rate for other classes of compounds (e.g., phenols), but are ineffective in filtering toxins such as carbon monoxide.[4] Most factory-made cigarettes are equipped with a filter; those who roll their own can buy them from a tobacconist.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Manufacture
3 Health risks
3.1 Light cigarettes
4 Safety
5 Litter
6 See also
7 References
History[edit]
In 1925, Hungarian inventor Boris Aivaz patented the process of making a cigarette filter from crepe paper.[5]
From 1935, a British company began to develop a machine that made cigarettes incorporating the tipped filter. It was considered a speciality item until 1954, when manufacturers introduced the machine more broadly, following a spate of speculative announcements from doctors and researchers concerning a possible link between lung diseases and smoking. Since filtered cigarettes were considered "safer", by the 1960s, they dominated the market. Production of filter cigarettes rose from 0.5 percent in 1950 to 87.7 percent by 1975.[6]
Between the 1930s and the 1950s, most cigarettes were 70 mm (~2 3/4 in) long. The modern cigarette market includes mainly filter cigarettes that are 80 mm (in boxes; ~3 1/8 in), 85 mm (in softpack; ~3 3/8 in), 100 mm (~3 15/16 in), or even 120 mm (~4 3/4 in) long.[7]
Manufacture[edit]
Spent cigarette filter
Cellulose acetate is made by esterifying bleached cotton or wood pulp with acetic acid. Of the three cellulose hydroxy groups available for esterification, between two and three are esterified by controlling the amount of acid (degree of substitution (DS) 2.35-2.55). The ester is spun into fibers and formed into bundles called filter tow. Flavors (menthol), sweeteners, softeners (triacetin), flame retardants (sodium tungstate), breakable capsules releasing flavors on demand, and additives colouring the tobacco smoke may be added to cigarette filters.[8][9] The five largest manufactures of filter tow are Hoechst-Celanese and Eastman Chemicals in the United States, Solvay (Rhodia Acetow) in Germany, Daicel and Mitsubishi Rayon in Japan.
Starch glues or emulsion-based adhesives are used for gluing cigarette seams. Hot-melt and emulsion-based adhesives are used for filter seams. Emulsion-based adhesives are used for bonding the filters to the cigarettes.[10] The tip paper may be coated with polyvinyl alcohol.[11]
Health risks[edit]
Main article: Health effects of tobacco
In the 1970s epidemiologic evidence relative to tobacco-related cancers and data for coronary heart disease indicated a reduced risk among filter smokers for these diseases.[12] Between 1970 and 1980 some studies showed a 20-50% reduction in risk of lung cancer for long-term smokers of filtered cigarettes as compared to smokers of non-filtered cigarettes (IARC, 1986) but later studies indicated a similar risk for lung cancer in smokers of filtered and non-filtered cigarettes.[13]
Various add-on cigarette filters ("Water Pik", "Venturi", "David Ross") are sold as stop-smoking or tar-reduction devices. The idea is that filters reduce tar-nicotine levels permitting the smoker to be weaned away from cigarettes.[14]
Light cigarettes[edit]
Main article: Lights (cigarette type)
The tobacco industry has reduced tar and nicotine yields in cigarette smoke since the 1960s. This has been achieved in a variety of ways including use of selected strains of tobacco plant, changes in agricultural and curing procedures, use of reconstituted sheets (reprocessed tobacco leaf wastes), incorporation of tobacco stalks, reduction of the amount of tobacco needed to fill a cigarette by expanding it (like puffed wheat) to increase its "filling power", and by the use of filters and high-porosity wrapping papers. However, just as a drinker tends to drink a larger volume of beer than of wine or spirits, so many smokers tend to modify their smoking pattern inversely according to the strength of the cigarette being smoked. In contrast to the standardized puffing of the smoking machines on which the tar and nicotine yields are based, when a smoker switches to a low-tar, low nicotine cigarette, they smoke more cigarettes, take more puffs and inhale more deeply. Conversely, when smoking a high-tar, high-nicotine cigarette there is a tendency to smoke and inhale less.[15]
A cigarette butt littered on the ground
In spite of the changes in cigarette design and manufacturing over the last 50 years, the use of filters and "light" cigarettes neither decreased the nicotine intake per cigarette, nor lowered the incidence of lung cancers (NCI, 2001; IARC 83, 2004; U.S. Surgeon General, 2004).[16] The shift over the years from higher- to lower-yield cigarettes may explain the change in the pathology of lung cancer. That is, the percentage of lung cancers that are adenocarcinomas has increased, while the percentage of squamous cell cancers has decreased. The change in tumor type is believed to reflect the higher nitrosamine delivery of lower-yield cigarettes and the increased depth or volume of inhalation of lower-yield cigarettes to compensate for lower level concentrations of nicotine in the smoke.[17]
Structure formula of cellulose diacetate with one of the acetate groups on the cellulose backbone shown by the red circle.
Safety[edit]
Cellulose acetate is non-toxic, odorless, tasteless, and weakly flammable. It is resistant to weak acids and is largely stable to mineral and fatty oils as well as petroleum. It is biodegradable and the raw material is a renewable natural polymer expected to find application for other uses in the future.[18] Smoked cigarette butts contain 5–7 mg (~ 0.08-0.11 gr) nicotine (about 25% of the total cigarette nicotine content), children ingesting >2 whole cigarettes, 6 cigarette butts or a total of 0.5 mg/kg (~ 0,0035 gr/lbs) of nicotine should be admitted to a hospital.[19] Cellulose acetate is hydrophilic and retains the water-soluble smoke constituents, of which many are irritating (acids, alkali, aldehydes, and phenols), while letting through the lipophilic aromatic compounds.
Smoked cigarette butts and cigarette tobacco are toxic to water organisms such as the marine topsmelt (Atherinops affinis) and the freshwater fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas).[20]
Atmospheric moisture, gastric acid, light, and enzymes hydrolyze cellulose acetate to acetic acid and cellulose. Cellulose may be further hydrolyzed to cellobiose or glucose in an acidic medium, and eventually form valuable humus. Humans cannot digest cellulose and excrete the fibers in feces, because, unlike ruminant animals, termites, and some bacteria and fungi, they lack cellulolytic enzymes such as cellulase. Like wood, paper and cotton, cigarette filters in soil rot slowly over months to years.
Litter[edit]
Cigarette butts are the most common form of anthropogenic (man-made) litter in the world, as approximately 5.6 trillion cigarettes are smoked every year worldwide.[21] Of those it is estimated that 4.5 trillion cigarette butts become litter every year.[22] The cellulose acetate fibers used as the predominant filter material do not readily biodegrade because of the acetyl groups on the cellulose backbone which in itself can quickly be degraded by various microorganisms employing cellulases.[23] A normal life span of a discarded filter is thought to be up to 15 years.[24]
Many governments have sanctioned stiff penalties for littering of cigarette filters; for example Washington state imposes a penalty of $1,025 for littering cigarette filters.[25] Another option is developing better biodegradable filters, much of this work lies heavily on the research in the secondary mechanism for photodegradation as stated above. The next option is using cigarette packs with a compartment to discard cigarette butts in, implementing monetary deposits on filters, increasing the availability of butt receptacles, and expanding public education. It may even be possible to ban the sale of filtered cigarettes altogether on the basis of their adverse environmental impact.[21] Recent research has been put into finding ways to utilizes the filter waste, to develop a desired product. One research group in South Korea have developed a simple one-step process that converts the cellulose acetate in discarded cigarette filters into a high-performing material that could be integrated into computers, handheld devices, electrical vehicle and wind turbines to store energy. These materials have demonstrated superior performance as compared to commercially available carbon, graphene and carbon nano tubes. The product is showing high promise as a green alternative for the waste problem.[26] Another group of researchers has proposed adding tablets of food grade acid inside the filters. Once wet enough the tablets will release acid that accelerates degradation to around two weeks (instead of using cellulose triacetate and besides of cigarette smoke being quite acidic).[27] A Dutch startup is training crows to recognize and pick up cigarette butts in exchange for treats.[28]
See also[edit]
Cigarette#Cigarette_filter
Cigarette#Cigarette_butt
Cigarette holder
Hookah
Bong
List of additives in cigarettes
Tobacco smoking
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Francois de Dardel; Thomas V. Arden (2007), "Ion Exchangers", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry (7th ed.), Wiley, pp. 1–74, doi:10.1002/14356007.a14_393
Jump up ^ Seymour S. Chissick (2007), "Asbestos", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry (7th ed.), Wiley, pp. 1–18, doi:10.1002/14356007.a03_151
Jump up ^ T. C. Tso (2007), "Tobacco", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry (7th ed.), Wiley, pp. 1–26, doi:10.1002/14356007.a27_123
Jump up ^ Robert Kapp (2005), "Tobacco Smoke", Encyclopedia of Toxicology, 4 (2nd ed.), Elsevier, pp. 200–202, ISBN 0-12-745354-7
Jump up ^ "The History of Filters". tobaccoasia.com. Archived from the original on August 24, 2003. Retrieved 2008-05-18.
Jump up ^ Leonard M. Schuman (1977), "Patterns of Smoking Behavior", in Murray E. Jarvik; Joseph W. Cullen; Ellen R. Gritz; Thomas M. Vogt; Louis Jolyon West, Research on Smoking Behavior (PDF), NIDA Research Monograph, 17, pp. 36–65
Jump up ^ Lynn T. Kozlowski (1983), "Physical Indicators of Actual Tar and Nicotine Yields of Cigarettes", in John Grabowski; Catherine S. Bell, Measurement in the Analysis and Treatment of Smoking Behavior (PDF), NIDA Research Monograph, 48, U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, pp. 50–61
Jump up ^ Ralf Christoph; Bernd Schmidt; Udo Steinberner; Wolfgang Dilla; Reetta Karinen (2007), "Glycerol", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry (7th ed.), Wiley, pp. 1–16, doi:10.1002/14356007.a12_477.pub2
Jump up ^ Erik Lassner; Wolf-Dieter Schubert; Eberhard Luderitz; Hans Uwe Wolf (2007), "Tungsten, Tungsten Alloys, and Tungsten Compounds", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry (7th ed.), Wiley, pp. 1–37, doi:10.1002/14356007.a27_229
Jump up ^ Werner Haller; Hermann Onusseit; Gerhard Gierenz; Werner Gruber; Richard D. Rich; Günter Henke; Lothar Thiele; Horst Hoffmann; Dieter Dausmann; Riza-Nur Özelli; Udo Windhövel; Hans-Peter Sattler; Wolfgang Dierichs; Günter Tauber; Michael Hirthammer; Christoph Matz; Matthew Holloway; David Melody; Ernst-Ulrich Rust; Ansgar van Halteren (2007), "Adhesives", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry (7th ed.), Wiley, pp. 1–70, doi:10.1002/14356007.a01_221
Jump up ^ F. L. Marten (2002), "Vinyl Alcohol Polymers", Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (5th ed.), Wiley, p. 26, doi:10.1002/0471238961.2209142513011820.a01.pub2
Jump up ^ Ernst L. Wynder (1977), "Interrelationship of Smoking to Other Variables and Preventive Approaches", in Murray E. Jarvik; Joseph W. Cullen; Ellen R. Gritz; Thomas M. Vogt; Louis Jolyon West, Research on Smoking Behavior (PDF), NIDA Research Monograph, 17, pp. 67–95
Jump up ^ K. Rothwell; et al. (1999), Health effects of interactions between tobacco use and exposure to other agents, Environmental Health Criteria (211), World Health Organization
Jump up ^ Jerome L. Schwartz (1977), "Smoking Cures: Ways to Kick an Unhealthy Habit", in Murray E. Jarvik; Joseph W. Cullen; Ellen R. Gritz; Thomas M. Vogt; Louis Jolyon West, Research on Smoking Behavior (PDF), NIDA Research Monograph, 17, pp. 308–336
Jump up ^ Michael A. H. Russell (1977), "Smoking Problems: An Overview", in Murray E. Jarvik; Joseph W. Cullen; Ellen R. Gritz; Thomas M. Vogt; Louis Jolyon West, Research on Smoking Behavior (PDF), NIDA Research Monograph, 17, pp. 13–34
Jump up ^ Anthony J. Alberg; Jonathan M. Samet (2010), "Epidemiology of Lung Cancer", in Robert J. Mason; V. Courtney Broaddus; Thomas R. Martin; Talmadge E. King, Jr.; Dean E. Schraufnagel; John F. Murray; Jay A. Nadel, Murray and Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine, 1 (5th ed.), Saunders, ISBN 978-1-4160-4710-0
Jump up ^ Neal L. Benowitz; Paul G. Brunetta (2010), "Smoking Hazards and Cessation", in Robert J. Mason; V. Courtney Broaddus; Thomas R. Martin; Talmadge E. King, Jr.; Dean E. Schraufnagel; John F. Murray; Jay A. Nadel, Murray and Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine, 1 (5th ed.), Saunders, ISBN 978-1-4160-4710-0
Jump up ^ Klaus Balser; Lutz Hoppe; Theo Eicher; Martin Wandel; Hans-Joachim Astheimer; Hans Steinmeier (2007), "Cellulose Esters", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry (7th ed.), Wiley, pp. 1–45, doi:10.1002/14356007.a05_419.pub2
Jump up ^ Jerrold B. Leikin; Frank P. Paloucek, eds. (2008), "Nicotine", Poisoning and Toxicology Handbook (4th ed.), Informa, pp. 494–496, ISBN 978-1-4200-4479-9
Jump up ^ Slaughter E, Gersberg RM, Watanabe K, Rudolph J, Stransky C, Novotny TE (2011). "Toxicity of cigarette butts, and their chemical components, to marine and freshwater fish". Tobacco Control. 20: 25–29. doi:10.1136/tc.2010.040170.
^ Jump up to: a b Novotny TE, Lum K, Smith E, et al. (2009). "Cigarettes butts and the case for an environmental policy on hazardous cigarette waste". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 6: 1691–705. doi:10.3390/ijerph6051691.
Jump up ^ "The world litters 4.5 trillion cigarette butts a year. Can we stop this?". The Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 2014-09-16.
Jump up ^ Frederic Beaudry (2017). "Are Cigarette Butts Biodegradable?".
Jump up ^ Aaron Cantú (2014). "New 'Green' Cigarette Butts Biodegrade Within Days—And Can Even Sprout Into Grass - The company Greenbutts is manufacturing a new filter to address most common litter problem". alternet.org.
Jump up ^ "Accidents, fires: Price of littering goes beyond fines". Washington: State of Washington Department of Ecology. 2004-06-01.
Jump up ^ Minzae L, Gil-Pyo K, Hyeon DS, Soomin P, Jongheop Y (2014). "Preparation of energy storage material derived from a used cigarette filter for a supercapacitor electrode". IOP Science. 25: 34.
Jump up ^ "No more butts: biodegradable filters a step to boot litter problem". Environmental Health News. 2012-08-14.
Jump up ^ Cecile Borkhataria; Cheyenne MacDonald (13 October 2017), "The bizarre project to teach CROWS to clean up city streets by collecting cigarette butts in exchange for treats", Daily Mail
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Jago Grahak Jago
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This article is an orphan, as no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from related articles; try the Find link tool for suggestions. (January 2015)
Jago Grahak Jago is a consumer awareness programme from Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Government of India.[1][2]
As part of this initiative, the government has used multiple channels to create consumer awareness through Print media advertisements, Audio Campaigns, Video Campaigns,etc., are being used for consumer information and education about initiatives like Insurance Ombudsman channel.[3]
National Consumer Helpline[edit]
National Consumer Helpline has been set up by Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Government of India. Complaints can be registered online through the official website http://consumerhelpline.gov.in/. Complaints can also be registered through National toll-free number - 1800 11 4000 or SMS can be sent to +91 8130009809 (charges apply) mentioning the name and city.[4]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Jago Grahak Jago - Government of India
Jump up ^ "INGRAM | Home". consumerhelpline.gov.in. Retrieved 2017-10-29.
Jump up ^ Jago Grahak Jago - Government Policy Holder
Jump up ^ "INGRAM | Home". consumerhelpline.gov.in. Retrieved 2017-10-29.

This article about government in India is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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Big Brother Naija (season 3)
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Big Brother Naija
◄
Season 3 (2018)
Name Entry Exit
Alex Day 0 Day 84
Cee-C Day 0 Day 84
Miracle Day 0 Day 84
Nina Day 0 Day 84
Tobi Day 0 Day 84
Lolu Day 0 Day 77
Anto Day 0
Day 56 Day 49
Day 77
Khloe Day 0
Day 56 Day 21
Day 77
Rico Swavey Day 0 Day 70
Teddy-A Day 0 Day 63
BamBam Day 0 Day 62
Ifu Day 0 Day 42
Leo Day 0 Day 42
Ahneeka Day 0 Day 35
Angel Day 0 Day 35
Bitto Day 0 Day 21
Princess Day 0 Day 21
Dee-One Day 0 Day 21
Vandora Day 0 Day 21
K.Brule Day 0 Day 21
Legend
Evicted
Ejected
Finalist
Big Brother Naija 2018, also known as Big Brother Naija: Double Wahala is the third season of the Nigerian version of the reality show Big Brother. It was launched on 28 January 2018 on DStv channel 198.[1] Ex-housemate Ebuka Obi-Uchendu from season one as the host.[2] This season will run for 12 weeks (84 days).
Contents
[hide]
1 Housemates
2 Pairs
3 Nominations table
3.1 Notes
4 References
5 External links
Housemates[edit]
Housemates
Age on Entry
Occupation
Residence/Birthplace
Adedayo "Dee-One" adewunmi, Comedian Minna
Iwuchukwu "Ahneeka" Marianne Onyii 25 TV presenter
Asogwa Alexandra "Alex" Amuche Sandra 23 Advertiser, Model. Lagos/Nsukka
Angel Awotarigha 31 Filmmaker Bayelsa
Munirat Antoinette "Anto" Lecky 28 United States
Oluwabamike "Bambam" Olawunmi 28 Freelancer Lagos
Bitto Bryan Arumun 26 TV Host, Entrepreneur Calabar
Cynthia "Cee-C" Nwadiora 25 Self employed
"Ifu Ennada" - Iheme Faith Uloma 26 Actress, Business broker Lagos
Kelvin "K.Brule" Brouillette 25 Rapper, Producer, Songwriter Lagos
Abiri Oluwabusayo "Khloe" 23 Fashion designer Lagos
Leo Babarinde Akinola Dasilva 25 Managing Director Lagos/London
Miracle Ikechukwu Igbokwe 23 Pilot and model Lagos/Owerri
Nina Ivy 21 Model & Student Owerri
Omololù "Lolu" Adetokunbo 29
Princess Linda Onyejekwe 25 New York City
"Rico Swavey" - Patrick Fakoya 25 Singer, Rapper
"Teddy A" - Tope Badman Teddy 29 Singer, Songwriter Lagos/United States
Oluwatobi "Tobi" Bakre 23 Photographer, Investment banker Ogun State/South Africa
Vanessa "Vandora" Williams Makeup artist, Vlogger Lagos
[3]
Pairs[edit]
Week 1 - Week 3
Week 4 - Week 6
Pairs
Housemates
Pairs
Housemates
Prito Princess & Bitto Ceelo Cee-C & Lolu
Bamteddy Bambam & Teddy A Mito Miracle & Anto
K_Square K.Brule & Khloe Bamco Bambam & Rico
Ceebi Cee-C & Tobi Gelah Angel & Ahneeka
Mina Miracle & Nina Tolex Tobi & Alex
Rineeka Rico & Ahneeka Lifu Leo & Ifu
Leolex Leo & Alex Tena Teddy A & Nina
Angelifu Angel & Ifu
Loto Anto & Lolu
Vandee Vandora & Dee-one
Nominations table[edit]
Housemates nominate in Pairs. From Week 7 onwards, Housemates will play and nominate individually.
Week 1
Week 2
Week 3
Week 4
Week 5
Week 6
Week 7
Week 8
Week 9
Week 10
Week 11
Week 12
Final
Total
Nominations
Received
Number
of
Public
Elections
Faced
Day 0
Day 1
Day 21
Day 26
Alex
Arena Games
Room No
Nominations Angel & Ifu
Princess & Bitto Angel & Ifu
Miracle & Nina No
Nominations Miracle & Anto
Teddy A & Nina Bambam & Rico
Angel & Ahneeka Miracle & Anto
Teddy A & Nina Bambam
Cee-C Bambam
Teddy A Bambam
Teddy A Rico
Cee-C Head of House Finalist
(Day 84) 17 4
Cee-C
Main
House No
Nominations Princess & Bitto
Anto & Lolu Vandora & Dee-One
Anto & Lolu No
Nominations Miracle & Anto
Bambam & Rico Angel & Ahneeka
Leo & Ifu Miracle & Anto
Tobi & Alex Alex
Anto Alex
Bambam Bambam
Teddy A Alex
Anto No
Nominations Finalist
(Day 84) 31 8
Miracle
Main
House No
Nominations K.Brule & Khloe
Angel & Ifu Bambam & Teddy A
Anto & Lolu Head of
House Bambam & Rico
Angel & Ahneeka Leo & Ifu
Bambam & Rico Tobi & Alex
Leo & Ifu Cee-C
Lolu Cee-C
Lolu Cee-C
Lolu Cee-C
Lolu No
Nominations Finalist
(Day 84) 43 6
Nina
Main
House No
Nominations K.Brule & Khloe
Angel & Ifu Bambam & Teddy A
Anto & Lolu No
Nominations Tobi & Alex
Angel & Ahneeka Leo & Ifu
Angel & Ahneeka Tobi & Alex
Cee-C & Lolu Bambam
Lolu Bambam
Rico Cee-C
Lolu Lolu
Cee-C No
Nominations Finalist
(Day 84) 37 4
Tobi
Arena Games
Room Head of
House Princess & Bitto
Anto & Lolu Vandora & Dee-One
Anto & Lolu No
Nominations Miracle & Anto
Teddy A & Nina Bambam & Rico
Angel & Ahneeka Miracle & Anto
Teddy A & Nina Teddy A
Bambam Teddy A
Bambam Teddy A
Bambam Lolu
Nina No
Nominations Finalist
(Day 84) 22 4
Lolu
Main
House No
Nominations Angel & Ifu
K.Brule & Khloe Cee-C & Tobi
Miracle & Nina No
Nominations Miracle & Anto
Bambam & Rico Angel & Ahneeka
Leo & Ifu Miracle & Anto
Tobi & Alex Rico
Bambam Cee-C
Rico MIracle
Nina Cee-C
Miracle No
Nominations Evicted
(Day 77) 26 6
Anto
Main
House No
Nominations Angel & Ifu
K.Brule & Khloe Cee-C & Tobi
Miracle & Nina No
Nominations Bambam & Rico
Angel & Ahneeka Leo & Ifu
Bambam & Rico Tobi & Alex
Leo & Ifu Teddy A
Alex Evicted
(Day 49) Cee-C
Bambam Cee-C
Rico No
Nominations Re-Evicted
(Day 77) 33 4
Khloe
Main
House No
Nominations Miracle & Nina
Princess & Bitto Vandora & Dee-One
Cee-C & Tobi Ejected
(Day 21) Cee-C
Alex Nina
Alex
No
Nominations
Evicted
(Day 77) 10 1
Rico Swavey
Main
House No
Nominations Princess & Bitto
Miracle & Nina Miracle & Nina
Anto & Lolu No
Nominations Angel & Ahneeka
Teddy A & Nina Cee-C & Lolu
Leo & Ifu Miracle & Anto
Leo & Ifu Cee-C
Miracle Lolu
Bambam Cee-C
Teddy A Cee-C
Lolu Evicted
(Day 70) 18 2
Teddy A
Main
House No
Nominations K.Brule & Khloe
Miracle & Nina Miracle & Nina
Anto & Lolu No
Nominations Tobi & Alex
Angel & Ahneeka Leo & Ifu
Angel & Ahneeka Tobi & Alex
Cee-C & Lolu Tobi
Miracle Tobi
Rico Swavey Miracle
Nina Evicted
(Day 63) 24 3
Bambam
Main
House No
Nominations K.Brule & Khloe
Miracle & Nina Miracle & Nina
Anto & Lolu No
Nominations Angel & Ahneeka
Teddy A & Nina Cee-C & Lolu
Leo & Ifu Miracle & Anto
Leo & Ifu Tobi
Anto Tobi
Alex Cee-C
Nina Evicted
(Day 62) 29 3
Ifu
Main
House No
Nominations K.Brule & Khloe
Leo & Alex Cee-C & Tobi
Miracle & Nina No
Nominations Bambam & Rico
Teddy A & Nina Miracle & Anto
Bambam & Rico Miracle & Anto
Teddy A & Nina Evicted
(Day 42) 24 3
Leo
Arena Games
Room No
Nominations Angel & Ifu
Princess & Bitto Angel & Ifu
Miracle & Nina 16 2
Angel
Main
House No
Nominations K.Brule & Khloe
Leo & Alex Cee-C & Tobi
Miracle & Nina No
Nominations Teddy A & Nina
Miracle & Anto Miracle & Anto
Leo & Ifu Evicted
(Day 35) 22 2
Ahneeka
Arena Games
Room No
Nominations Princess & Bitto
Miracle & Nina Miracle & Nina
Anto & Lolu 12
Dee-One
Arena Games
Room No
Nominations Angel & Ifu
Anto & Lolu Miracle & Nina
Cee-C & Tobi Evicted
(Day 21) 4 1
Vandora
Arena Games
Room
Bitto
Main
House No
Nominations Bambam & Teddy A
K.Brule & Khloe Cee-C & Tobi
Miracle & Nina Evicted
(Day 21) 8 1
Princess
Main
House
K.Brule
Main
House No
Nominations Miracle & Nina
Princess & Bitto Vandora & Dee-One
Cee-C & Tobi Ejected
(Day 21) 10 0
Notes
1 2 3 4, 5, 6 6 7 8, 9 10 11
Head of
House
none Tobi Tobi Khloe Miracle Tobi Bambam Nina Miracle Tobi Khloe Alex Nina
Nominated
(pre-save and replace)
none Angel & Ifu
K.Brule & Khloe
Anto & Lolu
Miracle & Nina
Princess & Bitto Nominations
Void none Leo & Ifu
Angel & Ahneeka
Bambam & Rico Tobi & Alex
Leo & Ifu
Miracle & Anto
Teddy A & Nina Anto
Cee-C
Lolu
Bambam
Tobi
Alex
Teddy A
Miracle Alex
Bambam
Cee-C
Lolu
Rico
Teddy A
Tobi
Bambam
Cee-C
Nina
Teddy A
Alex
Cee-C
Lolu
Nina
Rico Anto
Cee-C
Khloe
Lolu
Miracle
Tobi
none
Saved
Miracle & Nina Leo & Alex Bambam & Rico Teddy A & Nina none Tobi none Miracle 10 Tobi
Against
public vote
Angel & Ifu
K.Brule & Khloe
Anto & Lolu
Bambam & Teddy A
Princess & Bitto Princess & Bitto
Bambam & Teddy A
Cee-C & Tobi
Miracle & Nina
Rico & Ahneeka
Angel & Ifu
Anto & Lolu
Vandora & Dee-One Leo & Ifu
Angel & Ahneeka
Cee-C & Lolu Tobi & Alex
Cee-C & Lolu
Leo & Ifu
Miracle & Anto Anto
Cee-C
Lolu
Bambam
Tobi
Alex
Teddy A
Miracle Alex
Bambam
Cee-C
Lolu
Rico
Teddy A
Bambam
Cee-C
Nina
Teddy A
Alex
Cee-C
Lolu
Nina
Rico
Miracle Anto
Cee-C
Khloe
Lolu
Miracle
Alex
Cee-C
Miracle
Nina
Tobi
Saved
none none No
Eviction Miracle & Nina
28.05%
Bambam & Teddy A
21.60%
Anto & Lolu
15.18%
Cee-C & Tobi
13.49%
Rico & Ahneeka
11.65%
Angel & Ifu
3.99% none Cee-C & Lolu
44.67%
Leo & Ifu
28.37% Miracle & Anto
34.16%
Cee-C & Lolu
30.38%
Tobi & Alex
24.56% Miracle
27.98%
Tobi
16.69%
Cee-C
14.19%
Lolu
12.85%
Teddy A
8.41%
Alex
8.19%
Bambam
6.40%
none Nina
45.44%
Cee-C
24.38% Miracle
25.76%
Cee-C
19.80%
Lolu
16.29%
Nina
15.81%
Alex
14.63% Miracle
44.33%
Cee-C
27.88%
Evicted
Ahneeka,
Alex,
Dee-One,
Leo,
Tobi
& Vandora
Fake evicted
by twist Princess & Bitto
3.05%
Vandora & Dee-One
2.98% Angel & Ahneeka
26.97% Leo & Ifu
10.90% Anto
5.28% Teddy A
16.81%
Bambam
13.37% Rico
7.71%
Lolu
22.23%
Anto
3.67%
Khloe
1.89%
Ejected
none K.Brule & Khloe none
Evicted Housemates placed on public votes
none Anto
20.67%
Khloe
18.46%
Ifu
16.19%
Ahneeka
13.94%
Dee-One
7.13%
Leo
6.85%
Vandora
5.44%
Princess
3.95%
K.Brule
3.80%
Bitto
2.26%
Angel
1.31%
none
Formerly Evicted Housemates returned by public votes
Anto
20.67%

Khloe
18.46%
Notes[edit]
^Note 1 : On Launch night, Biggie was set a fake eviction after all housemates entered the house. The housemates who couldn't find beds that corresponded with the numbers they received on stage must leave the house immediately. Ahneeka, Alex, Dee-One, Leo, Tobi & Vandora were fake evicted to the Arena Games Room.
^Note 2 : There were no nominations in the first week.
^Note 3 : Housemates' nominations were fake, and no eviction this week.
^Note 4 : K.Brule & Khloe were ejected from the house for received three strikes.
^Note 5 : There were no nominations and eviction this week.
^Note 6 : On Day 26, housemates nominated pairs of their choice. Teddy A and Nina received the most votes therefore immune from next round of nominations.
^Note 7 : On Day 43, housemates nominated individually. The head of house was not allowed to save and replace nominated housemates.
^Note 8 : On Day 49, the Host, Ebuka Obi-Uchendu, announced that two of the eleven evicted housemates will have the opportunity to return to the house (the following week) by having the majority of public votes.
^Note 9 : On Day 50, the Host, Ebuka Obi-Uchendu, announced that no housemate will be put up for public vote.
^Note 10 : On Day 64, the Head of House was made to add another housemate for possible eviction. The Head of House added Miracle.
^Note 11 : On Day 71, Housemates were subjected to a challenge and then ranked according to their performance. Alex ranked 1st place, making her the Head of House and putting other housemates up for possible eviction. Thereafter, Alex randomly picked a chance card empowering her to save one housemate of her choice, as well as the housemate that ranked 4th place in the day's challenge. Nina was automatically saved because she ranked 4th in the challenge, and Alex chose to save Tobi
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Big Brother Naija starts 28 January 2018!". africamagic.dstv.com. Retrieved 2017-12-21.
Jump up ^ "Ebuka returns to host BBNaija 3!". africamagic.dstv.com. Retrieved 2017-12-18.
Jump up ^ "Meet Big Brother Naija 2018 Housemates". 042expressng.com. Retrieved 2018-01-28.
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Justin Theroux
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Justin Theroux
Theroux at the 2008 Tribeca Film Festival
Born
Justin Paul Theroux
(1971-08-10) August 10, 1971 (age 46)
Washington, D.C., U.S.
Occupation
Actor
producer
screenwriter
Years active
1995–present
Spouse(s)
Jennifer Aniston (m. 2015; sep. 2017)
Relatives
Alexander Theroux (paternal uncle)
Paul Theroux (paternal uncle)
Peter Theroux (paternal uncle)
Marcel Theroux (paternal first cousin)
Louis Theroux (paternal first cousin)
Justin Paul Theroux (/θəˈroʊ/; born August 10, 1971)[1] is an American actor, film producer, comedian, and screenwriter. He is known for his work with film director David Lynch in Mulholland Drive (2001) and Inland Empire (2006), his starring role as Kevin Garvey in the HBO series The Leftovers (2014–2017) and as Tom in The Girl on the Train (2016).
He is also known as a screenwriter for films such as Tropic Thunder (2008) and Iron Man 2 (2010).
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Personal life
4 Filmography
4.1 Film
4.2 Television
4.3 Video games
5 Awards and nominations
6 References
7 External links
Early life[edit]
Theroux was born in Washington, D.C. His mother, Phyllis Grissim Theroux, is an essayist and author and his father, Eugene Albert Theroux, is a lawyer at Baker & McKenzie in Washington.[2][3] Theroux is the nephew of the travel writer and novelist Paul Theroux,[4][5] novelist and poet Alexander Theroux, author Peter Theroux, and novelist and educator Joseph Theroux; he is the cousin of British journalists and documentary filmmakers Louis and Marcel Theroux. His father is of half French-Canadian and half Italian descent. Through his mother, Theroux is a great-great-grandson of financier, banker and railroad magnate H. B. Hollins,[6][7] and of music critic and author Gustav Kobbé.[8][9][10]
Theroux attended Lafayette Elementary School, Annunciation School, and the Field School.[11] He first started acting while in high school at the Buxton School, in Williamstown, Massachusetts. He graduated from Bennington College in 1993 with a B.A. in visual arts and drama.[12]
Career[edit]
Theroux made his film debut in 1996 in Mary Harron's I Shot Andy Warhol. Since then, he has performed both on Broadway, starring in Observe the Sons of Ulster Marching Towards the Somme; in numerous off-Broadway productions; and in comedy films such as Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle, The Baxter, Romy and Michelle's High School Reunion, Broken Hearts Club, and Zoolander.
The stars and director of the film Mulholland Drive at the 2001 Cannes Film Festival. Left to right: actor Naomi Watts, director David Lynch, and actors Laura Harring and Justin Theroux
He has also performed in more serious films such as American Psycho. He appeared in the film versions of the cult television shows Strangers With Candy and Michael Mann's Miami Vice. He starred in David Lynch's films Mulholland Drive and Inland Empire.
In 2003, he was featured in a music video for the British band Muse for their song "Hysteria". Theroux also has appeared on television, having starred in The District and appeared on episodes of shows such as Alias, Ally McBeal, Sex and the City (in which he guest starred in two episodes as different characters), and Six Feet Under (in which he played a recurring character in the third and fourth seasons).
In 2006, he directed his first film, Dedication, which premiered at the 2007 Sundance Film Festival. A fan of the band Deerhoof, Theroux chose them to score Dedication.[13] Theroux also had roles in two other films at the festival, Broken English and The Ten, in which he played Jesus Christ alongside Gretchen Mol. Theroux co-wrote the Ben Stiller-directed Oscar-nominated film Tropic Thunder, and also appeared in the behind-the-scenes mockumentary Tropic Thunder: Rain of Madness.
In 2008, Theroux played John Hancock in the HBO miniseries John Adams. In 2009, Theroux made up part of the voice cast for Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2. He also played Justin in Parks and Recreation. Theroux wrote the screenplay for the 2010 film Iron Man 2. Following Theroux's work on Tropic Thunder, actor Robert Downey Jr. recommended Theroux as a screenwriter to the film's director, Jon Favreau.
Theroux returned to acting in the film Your Highness (2011), as Leezar, an evil wizard who kidnaps a princess. He starred in the 2012 comedy Wanderlust, playing the leader of a hippie commune. By August 2012, Theroux was hired to direct and rewrite the script for the comedy film Swear to God.[14]
In June 2013, Theroux was cast as the lead character in HBO's TV pilot The Leftovers,[15] which HBO ordered as a 10-episode season In September 2013.[16] The series, which premiered June 29, 2014, is based on a book of the same name by Tom Perrotta, which follows a group of people left behind in the suburban community of Mapleton after mysterious disappearances worldwide.[17]
Theroux co-wrote the sequel Zoolander 2 (2016), and reprised his role, Evil DJ, in the film.[18]
Theroux also gave a voice to the character The Evil Lord Garmadon in the 2017 film The Lego Ninjago Movie.
Theroux made a cameo as The Master Codebreaker in the casino scenes in the 2017 film Star Wars: The Last Jedi.
Personal life[edit]
Theroux was in a relationship with stylist Heidi Bivens for 14 years until 2011.[19] Theroux began dating actress Jennifer Aniston in 2011, after working together on the film Wanderlust.[20] They became engaged in August 2012,[20] and wed on August 5, 2015.[21] On February 15, 2018, Theroux and Aniston announced in a statement to the Associated Press their decision to separate at the end of 2017.[22]
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1996 I Shot Andy Warhol Mark
1997 Romy and Michele's High School Reunion Cowboy
Below Utopia Daniel Beckett
Dream House Mark Brooks
1998 Frogs for Snakes Flav Santana
Dead Broke James
2000 American Psycho Timothy Bryce
The Broken Hearts Club: A Romantic Comedy Marshall
2001 The Sleepy Time Gal Rebecca's Boyfriend
Mulholland Drive Adam
Zoolander Evil DJ
2002 Peel Narrator Voice
Short film
2003 Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle Seamus O'Grady
Duplex Coop
Happy Ending Jack
2005 Strangers with Candy Carlo Honklin
The Baxter Bradley Lake
The Legend of Lucky Keyes Guy Cooley
2006 Return to Rajapur Jeremy Reardon
Miami Vice Detective Larry Zito
Inland Empire Devon Berk/Billy Side
2007 Broken English Nick Gable
The Ten Jesus H. Christ
Dedication Director and executive producer
2008 Tropic Thunder Executive producer and writer
2010 Megamind Megamind's Father Voice
Also creative consultant
Iron Man 2 Writer
Ultimate Iron Man Himself Documentary
2011 Your Highness Leezar
2012 Wanderlust Seth
Rock of Ages Writer
2016 Zoolander 2 Evil DJ Also writer
The Girl on the Train Tom
The Master Narrator Voice
Short Film
2017 The Lego Ninjago Movie Garmadon Voice
Star Wars: The Last Jedi Master Codebreaker Cameo
2018 Mute Duck Teddington
On the Basis of Sex Mel Wulf Post-production
The Spy Who Dumped Me
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1995 C.P.W. Gary Andrews Episode: "Stephanie and the Wolves"
1998 New York Undercover Frankie Stone 3 episodes
Ally McBeal Raymond Brown Episode: "Just Looking"
Spin City Pete Episode: "Local Hero"
Bronx County Pilot
1998–1999 Sex and the City Vaughn Wysel / Jared 2 episodes
1999 Sirens Officer David Bontempo Television film
2000–2001 The District Nick Pierce 27 episodes
2003 Alias Simon Walker 2 episodes
2003–2004 Six Feet Under Joe 8 episodes
2005 Confessions of a Dog Pilot
2008 John Adams John Hancock 2 episodes
2010 Parks and Recreation Justin Anderson 4 episodes
2011 Documental Jan Jurgen Pilot; also director and writer
2014–2017 The Leftovers Kevin Garvey 25 episodes
2016 Zoolander: Super Model Television film; executive producer
2017 At Home with Amy Sedaris Colonel Gary Commander Episode: "Out of This World"
2018 Maniac James Mantleray Episode: "Pilot"
Video games[edit]
Year
Title
Voice role
2009 Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 Additional Voice Talent
Awards and nominations[edit]
List of awards and nominations received by Theroux.[23]
Critics Choice Television awards
Year
Category
Title
Results
Lost to
Ref
2016 Best Lead Actor in a Drama Series The Leftovers Nominated Rami Malek (Mr. Robot) [24]
Gay and Lesbian Entertainment Critics Association awards
Year
Category
Title
Results
Lost to
Ref
2016 TV Performance of the Year - Actor The Leftovers Nominated Jeffrey Tambour (Transparent) [25]
Gold Derby awards
Year
Category
Title
Results
Lost to
Ref
2016 Best Lead Actor in a Drama Series The Leftovers Nominated Rami Malek (Mr. Robot) [26]
2017 Nominated Sterling K. Brown (This Is Us) [27]
Best Ensemble in a Drama Series Nominated Cast of (Big Little Lies)
Online Film & Television Association awards
Year
Category
Title
Results
Lost to
Ref
2017 Best Lead Actor in a Drama Series The Leftovers Won
[28]
People's Choice awards
Year
Category
Title
Results
Lost to
Ref
2016 Favorite Premium Cable Television Actor The Leftovers Nominated Dwayne Johnson (Ballers) [29]
Screen Actors Guild awards
Year
Category
Title
Results
Lost to
Ref
2005 Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Six Feet Under Nominated Cast of (CSI: Crime Scene Investigation) [30]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Justin Theroux Biography: Screenwriter, Actor, Director (1971–)". Biography.com (FYI / A&E Networks). Retrieved August 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ Marchand, Philip (November 21, 1998). "Odd Authors? It Takes One to Know One" (abstract). Toronto Star (via ProQuest Archiver). Retrieved August 13, 2012.
Jump up ^ Arnold, Gary (October 12, 2001). "Smoke and Mirrors". The Washington Post (via Davidlynch.de). Retrieved August 13, 2012.
Jump up ^ Hines, Barbara (September 14, 1980). "Letters – Lowells and Sitwells Questions of Gender The Wrong Theroux Cats" (title abstract only). The New York Times. Retrieved August 13, 2012.
Jump up ^ Staff (n.d.). "Biography". Paultheroux.com. Retrieved August 13, 2012.
Jump up ^ Staff (n.d.). "HollinsGrissim" (title abstract only). The New York Times. Retrieved August 13, 2012.
Jump up ^ [page needed] Staff (2011). Contemporary Authors New Revision Series – A Bio-Bibliographical Guide to Current Writers in Fiction, General Non-Fiction, Poetry, Journalism, Drama, Motion Pictures, Television, & Other Fields. Gale Group (via Google Books). ISBN 978-1-414-46106-9. Retrieved August 13, 2012.
Jump up ^ Staff (November 5, 1937). "Mrs.Hollins Web in Reno – Daughter of Mrs. Gustav Kobbe Is Bride of Henry Morgan" (abstract). The New York Times. Retrieved August 13, 2012.
Jump up ^ Staff (October 23, 1909). "Hewlett – Schoonmacher Wedding" (abstract (click "preview" for full article in PDF format)). The New York Times. Retrieved August 14, 2012.
Jump up ^ Staff (November 19, 1909). "Marriage Announcement 1 – No Title" (abstract (click "preview" for full article in PDF format)). The New York Times. Retrieved August 14, 2012.
Jump up ^ Chaney, Jen (May 5, 2010). "Talking with Justin Theroux, Writer of 'Iron Man 2'". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 14, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Meet Justin Theroux, Jennifer Aniston's new man". USA Today. June 6, 2011. Retrieved December 31, 2015.
Jump up ^ Staff (August 21, 2007). "Excl: Justin Theroux Has Dedication". ComingSoon.net. Retrieved August 14, 2012.
Jump up ^ Fleming, Mike (August 9, 2012). "Justin Theroux To Helm 'Swear To God' With Will Ferrell And Steve Carell". Deadline Hollywood. PMC Digital Media. Retrieved July 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ West, Kelly (June 4, 2013). "Damon Lindelof's HBO Pilot The Leftovers Casts Justin Theroux". cinemablend.com. Retrieved June 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (September 16, 2013). "Damon Lindelof's 'The Leftovers' Gets Series Order At HBO". Deadline Hollywood. PMC Digital Media. Retrieved July 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Leftovers Episode List". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved July 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Justin Theroux to Co-Write and Direct 'Zoolander 2'". Collider.com. February 24, 2010. Retrieved September 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Five Things to Know About Justin Theroux's Ex-Girlfriend, Heidi Bivens". eonline.com.
^ Jump up to: a b Jordan, Julie (August 12, 2012). "Jennifer Aniston Is Engaged to Justin Theroux!". People. Time Inc. Retrieved August 12, 2012.
Jump up ^ Zauzmer, Emily (August 6, 2015). "Jennifer Aniston and Justin Theroux Are Married!". People. Retrieved August 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kohen, Sandy (February 15, 2018). "Jennifer Aniston and Justin Theroux announce seperation". Associated Press. Retrieved February 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Justin Theroux". IMDb. Retrieved 2018-04-07.
Jump up ^ "6th Critics' Choice Television Awards". Wikipedia. 2018-03-16.
Jump up ^ "Gay and Lesbian Entertainment Critics Association (GALECA) (2016)". IMDb. Retrieved 2018-04-07.
Jump up ^ "Gold Derby Awards (2016)". IMDb. Retrieved 2018-04-07.
Jump up ^ "Gold Derby Awards (2017)". IMDb. Retrieved 2018-04-07.
Jump up ^ "21st Annual TV Awards (2016-17) - Online Film & Television Association". www.oftaawards.com. Retrieved 2018-04-07.
Jump up ^ "42nd People's Choice Awards". Wikipedia. 2017-12-16.
Jump up ^ "11th Screen Actors Guild Awards". Wikipedia. 2018-02-01.
External links[edit]
Justin Theroux at the Internet Broadway Database
Justin Theroux on IMDb
Justin Theroux at the Internet Off-Broadway Database
[hide]
v
t
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Documentaries
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Louis and the Nazis
Gambling in Las Vegas
The Most Hated Family in America
Under the Knife
Behind Bars
African Hunting Holiday
Law and Disorder in Philadelphia
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A Place for Paedophiles
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America's Medicated Kids
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America's Most Hated Family in Crisis
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Extreme Love: Autism
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Twilight of the Porn Stars
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By Reason of Insanity
Transgender Kids
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Savile
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My Scientology Movie
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TV Nation
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When Louis Met...
BBC Two specials
Family
Paul Theroux (father)
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Authority control
WorldCat Identities
BNE: XX1607773
BNF: cb14232651q (data)
GND: 142534579
ISNI: 0000 0001 2133 6871
LCCN: no2001067022
SNAC: w6tv2k14
SUDOC: 074032496
VIAF: 54359173
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Justin_Theroux&oldid=843454798"
Categories:
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Free Soil Party
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Free Soil" redirects here. For the township in Michigan, see Free Soil Township, Michigan.
Free Soil Party
Van Buren / Adams campaign banner
Leader
Martin Van Buren
Salmon P. Chase
John P. Hale
Founded
1848 (1848)
Dissolved
1854 (1854)
Merger of
Liberty Party, Barnburner Democrats, Conscience Whigs
Merged into
Republican Party
Ideology
Anti-slavery expansion[1][2]
Political position
Center
Slogan
"Free Soil, Free Speech, Free Labor, Free Men"[3][4]
Politics of the United States
Political parties
Elections
The Free Soil Party was a short-lived political party in the United States active in the 1848 and 1852 presidential elections, and in some state elections. A single-issue party, its main purpose was to oppose the expansion of slavery into the western territories, arguing that free men on free soil constituted a morally and economically superior system to slavery. It also sometimes worked to remove existing laws that discriminated against freed African Americans in states such as Ohio.
The party originated in New York after the state Democratic convention refused to endorse the Wilmot Proviso, a proposed law that would have banned slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico in the Mexican–American War. A faction of New York Democrats known as the Barnburners objected to slavery in the territories and opposed the 1848 Democratic nominee, Lewis Cass. The Barnburners and other anti-slavery Democrats joined with some anti-slavery Whigs and the Liberty Party to form the Free Soil Party. Salmon P. Chase, John P. Hale, and other party leaders organized the 1848 Free Soil Convention, which nominated a ticket consisting of former President Martin Van Buren and Charles Francis Adams Sr. In the 1848 presidential election, Van Buren won 10.1% of the popular vote and Whig nominee Zachary Taylor defeated Cass.
The Compromise of 1850 reduced tensions regarding slavery, but some remained in the party. In the 1852 presidential election, Hale won 4.9% of the popular vote as the party's nominee. Passage of the Kansas–Nebraska Act in 1854 revitalized the anti-slavery movement, and the party membership (including leaders such as Hale and Chase) was largely absorbed by the Republican Party between 1854 and 1856, by way of the Anti-Nebraska movement.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Legacy
3 Positions
4 Noted Free Soilers
5 Electoral history
5.1 Presidential elections
5.2 Congressional election
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
History[edit]
1848 cartoon for Van Buren
In 1848, the New York State Democratic convention did not endorse the Wilmot Proviso, an act that would have banned slavery in any territory conquered by the United States in the Mexican War. Almost half the members, known as "Barnburners", walked out after denouncing the national platform. Lewis Cass, the Democratic Party's 1848 presidential nominee, supported popular sovereignty (local control) for determining the status of slavery in the U.S. territories. This stance repulsed the New York State Democrats and encouraged them to join with anti-slavery Conscience Whigs and the majority of the Liberty Party to form the Free Soil Party,[5] which was formalized in the summer of 1848 at conventions in Utica and Buffalo. The Free Soilers nominated former Democratic President Martin Van Buren for president, along with Charles Francis Adams for vice president, at Lafayette Square in Buffalo, then known as Court House Park.[6] The main party leaders were Salmon P. Chase of Ohio and John P. Hale of New Hampshire. The Free Soil candidates won 10% of the popular vote in 1848 but no electoral votes, in part because the nomination of Van Buren discouraged many anti-slavery Whigs from supporting them.
The party distanced itself from abolitionism and avoided the moral problems implicit in slavery. Members emphasized instead the threat slavery would pose to free white labor and northern businessmen in the new western territories. Although abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison derided the party philosophy as "white manism,"[7] the approach appealed to many moderate opponents of slavery. The 1848 platform pledged to promote limited internal improvements, work for a homestead law, work towards paying off the public debt, and introduce a moderate tariff for revenue only.
The Compromise of 1850 temporarily neutralized the issue of slavery and undercut the party's no-compromise position. Most Barnburners returned to the Democratic Party while most of the Conscience Whigs returned to the Whig Party. This resulted in the Free Soil Party becoming dominated by ardent anti-slavery leaders.
The party ran John P. Hale in the 1852 presidential election, but its share of the popular vote shrank to less than 5%. However two years later, after enormous outrage over the Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854, the remains of the Free Soil Party helped form the Republican Party.[8]
Legacy[edit]
The Free Soil Party sent two Senators and fourteen Representatives to the thirty-first Congress, which convened from March 4, 1849 to March 3, 1851. Since there were party members on the floor of Congress, they could carry far more weight in the government and in the debates that took place. The Free Soil Party presidential nominee in 1848, Martin Van Buren, received 291,616 votes against Zachary Taylor of the Whigs and Lewis Cass of the Democrats, but Van Buren received no electoral votes. The party's "spoiler effect" in 1848 may have helped Taylor into office in a narrowly contested election.
The strength of the party, however, was its representation in Congress. The sixteen elected officials had influence far beyond their numerical strength.[citation needed] The party's most important legacy was as a route for anti-slavery Democrats to join the new Republican coalition.
In August 1854 an alliance was brokered at Ottawa, Illinois between the Free Soil Party and the Whigs (in part based on the efforts of local newspaper publisher Jonathan F. Linton) that gave rise to the new Republican Party which had been founded in March of that year.[9]
Free Soil Township, Michigan was named after the Free Soil party in 1848.[10]
Positions[edit]
In this 1850 political cartoon, the artist attacks abolitionist, Free Soil, and other sectionalist interests of 1850 as dangers to the Union.
Free Soil candidates ran on a platform that declared: "...we inscribe on our banner, 'Free Soil, Free Speech, Free Labor, and Free Men,' and under it we will fight on, and fight forever, until a triumphant victory shall reward our exertions."[11] The party also called for a tariff for revenue only (i.e. import taxes sufficient to meet federal government expenses without creating protectionist trade barriers), and for a homestead act. The Free Soil Party's main support came from areas of Ohio, upstate New York and western Massachusetts, although other northern states also had representatives. The party contended that slavery undermined the dignity of labor and inhibited social mobility, and was therefore fundamentally undemocratic. Viewing slavery as an economically inefficient, obsolete institution, Free Soilers believed that slavery should be contained, and that if contained it would ultimately disappear.[citation needed]
Noted Free Soilers[edit]
Jonathan Blanchard, president of Knox College[12]
Walter Booth, U.S. Congressman from Connecticut
David C. Broderick, U.S. Senator from California
William Cullen Bryant
Salmon P. Chase, U.S. Senator from Ohio
Oren B. Cheney, legislator from Maine, founder of Bates College
Richard Henry Dana, Jr.
Sidney Edgerton, U.S. Congressman from Ohio, Chief Justice of the Idaho Territorial Supreme Court and Territorial Governor of Montana
John C. Frémont, U.S. Senator from California
Leander F. Frisby, Wisconsin Attorney General
Joshua Reed Giddings, U.S. Congressman from Ohio
Francis Gillette, U.S. Senator from Connecticut
James Harlan, U.S. Senator from Iowa
Thomas Hoyne, future Mayor of Chicago[12]
Horace Mann, U.S. Congressman from Massachusetts and educational reformer
J. Young Scammon, Chicago pioneer and state Whig leader, who in 1848 ran on a "Free Soil plank" in the 4th Congressional District[13]
William B. Ogden, former Mayor of Chicago and president of the Galena and Chicago Union Railroad[12]
Charles Sumner, U.S. Senator from Massachusetts
Walt Whitman, member of the Free Soil Committee for Brooklyn and editor of the Brooklyn Freeman, a Free Soil newspaper
John Greenleaf Whittier
Henry Wilson
Asa Walker
Victor Willard, Wisconsin State Senator, 17th District, 1849–50; and Wisconsin Constitutional Convention Delegate, 1846 (Dem.)[14]
Willard Woodard, educator, publisher, Free Soil club co-founder and president
Electoral history[edit]
Presidential elections[edit]
Election
Candidate
Running mate
Votes
Vote %
Electoral votes
+/-
Outcome of election
1848 Martin Van Buren Charles F. Adams 291,501 10.1
0 / 290
New Lost
1852 John P. Hale George W. Julian 155,210 4.9
0 / 296
0 Lost
Congressional election[edit]
United States
House of Representatives
Election year
# of
overall seats won
+/–
House Speaker
1848
9 / 233
New Howell Cobb
1850
4 / 233
5 Linn Boyd
1852
4 / 234
0
1854a[›]
37 / 234
33 Nathaniel P. Banks
United States
Senate
Election year
# of
overall seats won
+/–
Senate President
1848/1849
2 / 62
New Millard Fillmore
1850/1851
3 / 62
1 Vacantb[›]
1852/1853
4 / 62
1 William R. King
1854/1855
2 / 62
2 Vacantc[›]
^ a: Free Soilers ran under "Anti-Nebraska" label.
^ b: Office left vacant when Fillmore assumed the presidency on July 9, 1850.
^ c: Office left vacant after King's death on April 18, 1853.
See also[edit]
Second Party System
Origins of the American Civil War
Appeal of the Independent Democrats
Anti-Nebraska movement
References[edit]
Jump up ^ The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica (July 20, 1998). "Free-Soil Party". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved August 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ AMR Editors. "Anti-slavery "Free Soil Party" showed strength during hard times". African American Registry. Retrieved August 3, 2017. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Foner, Eric (April 20, 1995). Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195094978.
Jump up ^ Ohio History Central. "Free Soil Party". Ohio History Connection. Retrieved August 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Free-Soil Party | The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History". www.gilderlehrman.org. Retrieved 2017-10-19.
Jump up ^ "Old Court House". History of Buffalo. Chuck LaChiusa. Archived from the original on August 8, 2007. Retrieved March 8, 2008.
Jump up ^ Alcott, L.M.; Elbert, S. (1997). Louisa May Alcott on Race, Sex, and Slavery. Northeastern University Press. ISBN 9781555533076.
Jump up ^ Mayfield, John; Rehearsal for Republicanism: Free Soil and the Politics of Anti-Slavery; Port Washington. NY; Kennikat, 1980
Jump up ^ Taylor, William Alexander (1909). "Centennial history of Columbus and Franklin County, Ohio; Vol. 2". S. J. Clarke Publishing Co. pp. 161–162. Archived from the original on January 20, 2009.
Jump up ^ Boughner, Eliane Durnin (Jun 25, 1981). "Free Soil Gets History Write-up". Ludington Daily News. Ludington, MI. Retrieved Sep 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ The National Conventions and Platforms of All Political Parties 1789-1905 by Thomas Hudson McKee ISBN 0-403-00356-3 p. 52
^ Jump up to: a b c The Past and Present of Kane County, Illinois. Chicago, IL: William Le Baron, Jr. & Co. 1878. p. 258.
Jump up ^ Harris, Norman Dwight (1904). The History of Negro Servitude in Illinois. pp. 173–174. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
Jump up ^ The Blue Book of the State of Wisconsin for 1879; Waukesha Democrat (newspaper), December 5, 1848; Watertown Chronicle, December 5, 1849
Further reading[edit]
Frederick J. Blue, Salmon P. Chase: A Life in Politics (1987)
Frederick J. Blue, The Free Soilers: Third Party Politics, 1848-54 (1973)
Corey M. Brooks, Liberty Power: Antislavery Third Parties and the Transformation of American Politics (University of Chicago Press, 2016). 302 pp.
Martin Duberman, Charles Francis Adams, 1807–1886 (1968)
Jonathan Halperin Earle, Jacksonian Antislavery and the Politics of Free Soil, 1824–1854 (2004)
Foner, Eric (1995) [Originally published 1970]. Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509497-2.
T. C. Smith, Liberty and Free Soil Parties in the Northwest (New York, 1897)
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Free Soil Party.
Free Soil Banner - Indianapolis Marion County Public Library
American Abolitionists and Antislavery Activists, comprehensive list of abolitionist and anti-slavery activists and organizations in the United States, including the Free Soil Party; website includes historic biographies and anti-slavery timelines, bibliographies, etc.
Texts on Wikisource:
"Free-Soil Party". Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.
"Free Soil Party". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
"Free-Soil Party, The". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
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List of Chief Justices of the Bombay High Court
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This is a list of chief justices of the Bombay High Court. See List of Chief Justices of the Supreme Court of Bombay for previous chief justices.
Chief Justice
Term
Notes
Sir Mathew Richard Sausse 1862-1866
Sir Richard Couch 1866-1870
Sir Michael Roberts Westropp 1870-1882
Sir Charles Sargent 1882-1895
Sir Charles Frederick Farran 1895-1898
Sir Louis Addin Kershaw 1898-1899
Sir Lawrence Hugh Jenkins 1899-1908
Sir Basil Scott 1908-1919
Sir Norman Cranstoun Macleod 1919-1926
Sir Amberson Barrington Marten 1926-1930
Sir John William Fisher Beaumont 1930-1943
Sir Leonard Stone 1943-1948
Mahommedali Currim Chagla 1948-1958
Hashmatrai Khubchand Chainani 1958-1965
Yeshwant Shripad Tambe 1965-1966
Sohrab Peshotan Kotval 1966-1972
K. Kalyandas Desai 1972
Ramanlal Maneklal Kantawala 1972-1978
B. N. Deshmukh 1978-1980
Venkat Shrinivas Deshpande 1980-1982
Dinshah Pirosha Madon 1982-1983
Madhukar Narhar Chandurkar 1983-1984
Konda Madhava Reddy 1984-1985
Madhukar Hiralal Kania 1985-1987
Chittatosh Mookerjee 1987-1991
Prabodh Dinkarrao Desai 1991-1992
Manoj Kumar Mukherjee 1993
Sujata Vasant Manohar 1994
Anandamoy Bhattacharjee 1994-1995
Manharlal Bhikhalal Shah 1995-1998
Yogesh Kumar Sabharwal 1999-2000
Bisheshwar Prasad Singh 2000-2001
Chunilal Karsandas Thakker 2001-2004
Dalveer Bhandari 24 July 2004 - 27 October 2005 Elevated to the Supreme Court of India
Kshitij R. Vyas 2006-2006
Harjit Singh Bedi 2006-2007
Swatanter Kumar 2007-2009
Anil R. Dave 11 February 2010 - 29 April 2010 Elevated to the Supreme Court of India
Mohit Shantilal Shah 2010 - 8 September 2015
Vijaya Kamlesh Tahilramani 2015-2016
Dhirendra Hiralal Waghela 15 February 2016 - 10 August 2016
Manjula Chellur 22 August 2016 -5 December 2017 Vijaya Kamlesh Tahilramani Acting CJ 6 December 2017
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Chief_Justices_of_the_Bombay_High_Court&oldid=817717847"
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