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I'll Stand by You
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Not to be confused with Stand by You.
"I'll Stand by You"
Single by The Pretenders
from the album Last of the Independents
B-side
"Rebel Rock Me"
Released
July 21, 1994
Recorded
1994
Genre
Rock
Label
Sire
Warner Bros.
WEA
Songwriter(s)
Chrissie Hynde
Tom Kelly
Billy Steinberg
Producer(s)
Ian Stanley
The Pretenders singles chronology
"Night in My Veins"
(1994) "I'll Stand by You"
(1994) "977"
(1994)
"Night in My Veins"
(1994) "I'll Stand by You"
(1994) "977"
(1994)
"I'll Stand by You" is a song recorded by The Pretenders from their sixth studio album, Last of the Independents (1994). Written by Chrissie Hynde and the songwriting team of Tom Kelly and Billy Steinberg; it was the Pretenders' last successful single in North America.
The song pledges love and faithful assistance in times of personal darkness. Since its initial release, "I'll Stand by You" has also become a major hit for British girl group Girls Aloud in 2004 and American country singer Carrie Underwood in 2007, both times recorded as a charity single. Shakira performed the song for the live charity telethon Hope for Haiti Now in 2010; her cover version was released on the charity benefit album of the same name.
Contents
[hide]
1 The Pretenders original
1.1 Chart positions
1.1.1 Peak positions
1.1.2 End of year charts
1.1.3 Personnel
2 Girls Aloud version
2.1 Background and release
2.2 Critical reception
2.3 Chart performance
2.4 Music video
2.5 Live performances
2.6 Track listings and formats
2.7 Personnel
2.8 Chart positions
2.8.1 Year-end chart
2.8.2 Certification
3 Carrie Underwood version
3.1 Music video
3.2 Chart positions
4 Shakira version
4.1 Track listing
4.2 Chart positions
5 Other versions
6 References
7 External links
The Pretenders original[edit]
"I'll Stand by You" was released as the second single from the album Last of the Independents (1994), and it reached number 16 on the US Billboard Hot 100, number 21 on Billboard's Modern Rock Tracks chart, and number 10 in the United Kingdom. It charted higher in the UK and the U.S. than "Night in My Veins", the album's first single. The music video for "I'll Stand by You" was released in 1994 and features Chrissie Hynde caring for an ill man.[citation needed]. It was later featured in the pilot episode of Dawson's Creek.[1] Since 2010 the song has been used in an appeal advert for the NSPCC.[2]
Chart positions[edit]
Peak positions[edit]
Chart (1994)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[3] 8
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[4] 7
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[5] 12
Canada Adult Contemporary (RPM)[6] 20
Europe (Eurochart Hot 100)[7] 32
France (SNEP)[8] 29
Germany (Official German Charts)[9] 58
Iceland (Íslenski Listinn Topp 40)[10] 19
Ireland (IRMA)[11] 22
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[12] 25
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[13] 29
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[14] 14
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[15] 21
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[16] 10
US Billboard Hot 100[17] 16
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[18] 21
US Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[19] 23
US Alternative Songs (Billboard)[20] 21
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[21] 11
US Radio Songs (Billboard)[22] 11
End of year charts[edit]
Chart (1994)
Position
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[23] 88
End of year chart (1995)
Position
U.S. Billboard Hot 100[24] 95
Personnel[edit]
Chrissie Hynde – guitar, vocals
Adam Seymour – guitar
Additional musicians
J.F.T. Hood – drums
David Paton – bass guitar
Tom Kelly – piano, guitar
London Gospel Choir – choir
David Lord – string arrangement
Bob Clearmountain – mixing
Tony Philips – mixing
Steve Williams – engineer
Girls Aloud version[edit]
"I'll Stand by You"
Single by Girls Aloud
from the album What Will the Neighbours Say?
B-side
"Real Life"
Released
15 November 2004
Format
CD single
digital download
Recorded
2004
Length
3:44
Label
Polydor
Songwriter(s)
Chrissie Hynde
Tom Kelly
Billy Steinberg
Producer(s)
Xenomania
Girls Aloud singles chronology
"Love Machine"
(2004) "I'll Stand by You"
(2004) "Wake Me Up"
(2005)
"Love Machine"
(2004) "I'll Stand by You"
(2004) "Wake Me Up"
(2005)
Audio sample
file
help
Music video
"I'll Stand by You" on YouTube
In 2004, the British all-female pop group Girls Aloud recorded a cover of "I'll Stand by You" as the official Children in Need charity single. Their version was produced by Brian Higgins and his production team Xenomania. The track was announced a single just ten days before its 15 November 2004 release. It became Girls Aloud's second number one on the UK Singles Chart, spending two weeks at the top position and receiving a silver certification from the British Phonographic Industry. The song appears on Girls Aloud's second studio album What Will the Neighbours Say? (2004).
The music video, directed by Trudy Bellinger, saw Girls Aloud stranded in a desert as they "stand by" each other. "I'll Stand by You" was promoted through various live appearances and has since been performed on a number of the group's concert tours. Despite its success, Girls Aloud's cover of the song was largely panned by contemporary music critics.
Background and release[edit]
The first version of "I'll Stand by You" that Xenomania created was described as a "weird, modernist breakbeat version", which was scrapped upon deciding an updated version of the original song would be better suited for Children in Need.[25] The track's release was announced a single just ten days before its release date.[26] Nicola Roberts said, "Hopefully if our single does well it's a lot of money going to the charity."[26]
The single was released on 15 November 2004 in the UK, the week of the Children in Need 2004 telethon. It was available on two different CD singles. The first disc includes "Real Life", a song taken from Girls Aloud's second album What Will the Neighbours Say?. The second CD format featured a medley of songs taken from the album, as well as the Tony Lamezma's Club Romp remix of the track. The Gravitas Vocal Dub Mix Edit of "I'll Stand by You" appears on the "Wake Me Up" single.
In order to promote the release, Girls Aloud toured radio stations across the United Kingdom and performed an acoustic arrangement of "I'll Stand by You" that they arranged themselves.[25] They also visited children's hospitals.[26]
Critical reception[edit]
Girls Aloud's version of "I'll Stand By You" was not well received by most contemporary music critics. It was called "a particular soggy area" on Girls Aloud's album.[27] Alexis Petridis of The Guardian, who praised Girls Aloud's album, said that "I'll Stand by You" was "a thing of death-dealing tedium."[28] BBC Music felt it was "arguable whether this cover adds much to the Pretenders' original."[29] Sam Shepherd of musicOMH bluntly stated "perhaps the children most in need, are those that part with their pocket money for this drivel [...] This is a sub-karaoke version, limp, tired, and uninspired."[30]
However, Stylus Magazine actually commended the song, comparing it to Shakespears Sister and calling it "far, far better than anyone gives it credit for."[31]
Chart performance[edit]
"I'll Stand by You" debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart on 21 November 2004, becoming Girls Aloud's second single to do so.[32] Despite competition from four new top ten entries, the song also remained at the top for a second week.[33] It slipped to number four in its third week, making way for Band Aid 20's take on "Do They Know It's Christmas?".[34] Girls Aloud spent a fourth week in the top five.[35] The single spent two further weeks in the top ten, holding on at number nine.[36] Overall, "I'll Stand by You" spent fourteen weeks in the top 75, including nine weeks in the top forty.[36][37] The single was ranked thirty-fourth on the year-end chart (see 2004 in British music). It was certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry.[38]
The song entered the Irish Singles Chart at number four.[39] It spent a second week at number four,[40] before rising to number three.[41] It spent three more consecutive weeks at number three.[42][43][44] It then slipped back down to number four,[45] and spent two more weeks in the top five.[46][47]
Music video[edit]
The video for Girls Aloud's version of "I'll Stand by You" was directed by Trudy Bellinger.[48] It begins with each member of the group lying or sitting motionless in a parched desert. At the song's climax, a thunderstorm begins, and the members of Girls Aloud come together and stand in a circle. A special Children in Need version of the video depicts the group members holding "Pudsey" teddy bears, the mascot of the organisation, towards the end of the video.
Live performances[edit]
Girls Aloud toured radio stations across the United Kingdom and performed an acoustic arrangement of "I'll Stand by You" that they arranged themselves.[25] As the charity's official single of the year, the song was showcased as the Children in Need 2004 telethon. They also performed the song on television programmes such as Blue Peter, CD:UK, Countdown, Diggin' It, GMTV, Ministry of Mayhem, Popbusters, Top of the Pops, and Xchange. In 2005, Girls Aloud performed "I'll Stand by You" at Dublin's ChildLine Concert and on the TV show All Time Greatest Love Songs. In 2006, they performed the song on Australia's Sunrise. The group also performed the cover version on their 2005 MTV special (as seen on the Girls on Film DVD) and ITV1's The Girls Aloud Party (2008).
"I'll Stand by You" has been performed by Girls Aloud on most of their concert tours. For 2005's What Will the Neighbours Say? Live, Girls Aloud's first tour, they sang the song in colourful, simple evening gowns. It was also included on 2006's Chemistry Tour and 2007's The Sound of Girls Aloud: The Greatest Hits Tour. "I'll Stand by You" was included on a ballad section on 2008's Tangled Up Tour, in which Girls Aloud walk along a catwalk which reaches the middle of the crowd.
Track listings and formats[edit]
These are the formats and track listings of major single releases of "I'll Stand by You".
UK CD1 (Polydor / 9869129)
"I'll Stand by You" — 3:44
"Real Life" — 3:41
UK CD2 (Polydor / 9869130)
"I'll Stand by You" — 3:44
"I'll Stand by You" (Tony Lamezma's Club Romp) — 5:05
"What Will the Neighbours Say? Album Medley" — 3:14
"I'll Stand by You" (video) — 3:44
"I'll Stand by You" (karaoke video) — 3:44
"I'll Stand by You" (game)
The Singles Boxset (CD7)
"I'll Stand by You" — 3:44
"Real Life" — 3:41
"I'll Stand by You" (Tony Lamezma's Club Romp) — 5:05
"What Will the Neighbours Say? Album Medley" — 3:14
"I'll Stand by You" (Gravitas Vocal Dub Mix) — 7:27
"I'll Stand by You" (video) — 3:44
"I'll Stand by You" (karaoke video) — 3:44
"I'll Stand by You" (game)
Personnel[edit]
Nadine Coyle – co-lead vocals
Cheryl Tweedy – co-lead vocals
Sarah Harding – co-lead vocals
Nicola Roberts – co-lead vocals
Kimberley Walsh – co-lead vocals
Chart positions[edit]
Chart (2004)
Peak
position
Ireland (IRMA)[49] 3
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[50] 85
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[51] 1
Year-end chart[edit]
Chart (2004)
Peak
position
United Kingdom (2004) 34
Certification[edit]
Country
Certification
(sales thresholds)
United Kingdom[38] Silver
Carrie Underwood version[edit]
"I'll Stand by You"
Single by Carrie Underwood
from the album Idol Gives Back
Released
April 24, 2007
Genre
Country
Length
3:31
Songwriter(s)
Chrissie Hynde
Tom Kelly
Billy Steinberg
Producer(s)
Nigel Lythgoe
Ken Warwick
Richard Curtis[52]
Carrie Underwood singles chronology
"Wasted"
(2007) "I'll Stand by You"
(2007) "So Small"
(2007)
"Wasted"
(2007) "I'll Stand by You"
(2007) "So Small"
(2007)
"I'll Stand by You" was covered in 2007 by Carrie Underwood as a charity single, recorded for the show Idol Gives Back which aired on April 25, 2007.
Carrie Underwood performed the song during her visit to Africa, which was used as soundtrack for a video vignette, where Underwood is seen singing to children and doing different activities with them. The single and the video were released on the U.S. iTunes Store on April 26, 2007. Ryan Seacrest announced that all money made on digital downloads would be donated to charity to help millions of poor children at the time.
On its first few days of release, the song sold 124,496 digital downloads,[53] prompting a debut on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 at number six,[54] Underwood's highest Hot 100 position since her 2005 debut single "Inside Your Heaven", which debuted at number one.
It was eventually removed from iTunes, leading the single to have one of the biggest falls in Hot 100 history. The single collected over 300,000 digital downloads in the time period it was available for download. As announced, all profits from the sale of the single were donated to charity. The single also received unsolicited airplay on U.S. country music radio stations, despite not being officially released to country radio.
Underwood performed the song on the American Idol Season Six Finale on May 23, 2007.
Music video[edit]
Underwood in the music video.
The music video was filmed in Africa. Underwood is seen singing to young children and helping them with different art projects, such as painting. At one point in the video, she is seen walking into a cemetery with a girl on her arms, and a boy by her hand who is carrying flowers. Underwood is also seen crying towards the end of the video, when she is helping an ill person. This music video was made available for download on the U.S. iTunes Store.
Chart positions[edit]
Chart (2007)
Peak
position
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[55] 10
US Billboard Hot 100[56] 6
US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[57] 41A
A Charted from unsolicited airplay.
Shakira version[edit]
"I'll Stand by You"
Promotional single by Shakira featuring The Roots
from the album Hope for Haiti Now
Released
January 23, 2010
Format
Digital download
Recorded
Kaufman Astoria Studios
(Queens, New York)
Length
3:55
Label
MTV
Songwriter(s)
Chrissie Hynde
Tom Kelly
Billy Steinberg
"I'll Stand by You" is a cover in 2010 by the Colombian singer Shakira as a promotional charity single for the Hope for Haiti Now campaign[58] and was released on 23 January 2010, in the wake of the devastating 2010 Haiti earthquake. Recorded live on the charity telethon Hope for Haiti Now: A Global Benefit for Earthquake Relief on January 22, 2010 in New York City. She performed the song during the program, exactly before Wyclef Jean's speech and after Reese Witherspoon's call on the phone bank. The song is found on the charity benefit album, Hope for Haiti Now.
Track listing[edit]
Album version[59]
" I'll Stand by You" (with The Roots)- 3:55
Chart positions[edit]
Chart (2010)
Peak
position
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[60] 53
Other versions[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The song was also recorded by the popular Chicago area band ALTER EGO in May 2015 and released online for digital download.
The song was also recorded by Patti Labelle on her 2005 album Classic Moments. She performed the song as a tribute to Destiny's Child when they won an award for being the best selling female group of all time. She also performed the song on the NBC show 'Clash of the Choirs, where she had one of her choir members sing the lead vocals.
Rod Stewart covered the song for his album Still the Same... Great Rock Classics of Our Time (2006).
In 2007, Marcia Hines recorded a version for her album Life.
In 2008, Kate Ceberano recorded a version for her album So Much Beauty.
American Idol Season 6 contestant Gina Glocksen performed the song in the Top 10 round.
In 2009, the cast of Glee covered the song for the episode "Ballad" for Finn's unborn child. The song can be heard on the compilation Glee: The Music, Volume 2.
The girl group "Belle Amie" performed the song in the 2010 X Factor finals.
Xenia and Sara Oromchi performed and recorded a cover duet of the song during the Battle Rounds of the first season of The Voice.
One of American Idol Season 10 Top 24 Girls, Pia Toscano, performed this song, in which the judges made their first standing ovation of the season.
Kim Wilde released a version of the song in 2011 as a bonus track on her covers album Snapshots".
Girl group Fifth Harmony performed the song on the second season of The X Factor USA during Thanksgiving week.
During the 12th season of American Idol, contestant Angela Miller performed the song.
In a 2013 commercial for Progressive Insurance, characters Flo and Rob perform snippets of the song to promote Progressive's loyalty program.
In 2013 Amber Riley covered the song for the Glee episode "The Quarterback" as a tribute to the character Finn who died prior to the episode and in recognition of the death of Cory Monteith earlier in 2013.
Yunita Nursetia performed the song on the eighth season of Indonesian Idol during Top 15 Show.
Intan Rahayuning and Gloria Jessica performed duet of the song during the Battle Rounds of the second season of The Voice Indonesia.
French contestant Aude Henneville performed the song on the first season of The Voice: la plus belle voix during Blind Audition.
The song was also covered by Idina Menzel for the TV Movie "Beaches"
A version of the song is featured in a MassMutual advertisement that aired during the 2018 NHL Winter Classic highlighting the good deeds performed by ordinary citizens during 2017.[61]
References[edit]
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External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
Girls Aloud version
Preceded by
"Vertigo" by U2 UK Singles Chart number-one single
21 November 2004 – 28 November 2004 Succeeded by
"Do They Know It's Christmas?" by Band Aid 20
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Leaning Tower of Pisa
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Leaning Tower of Pisa
Torre pendente di Pisa
Leaning Tower of Pisa
Basic information
Location
Pisa, Italy
Geographic coordinates
43°43′23″N 10°23′47″E / 43.72306°N 10.39639°E / 43.72306; 10.39639Coordinates: 43°43′23″N 10°23′47″E / 43.72306°N 10.39639°E / 43.72306; 10.39639
Affiliation
Roman Catholic
Country
Italy
Website
www.opapisa.it
Architectural description
Architect(s)
Bonanno Pisano
Architectural style
Romanesque
Groundbreaking
1173
Completed
1372
Specifications
Height (max)
55.86 metres (183.3 ft)
Materials
marble
stone
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Criteria
Cultural: (i), (ii), (iv), (vi)
Reference
395
Inscription
1987 (11th Session)
[edit on Wikidata]
The Leaning Tower of Pisa (Italian: Torre pendente di Pisa) or simply the Tower of Pisa (Torre di Pisa [ˈtorre di ˈpiːza]) is the campanile, or freestanding bell tower, of the cathedral of the Italian city of Pisa, known worldwide for its unintended tilt. The tower is situated behind the Pisa Cathedral and is the third oldest structure in the city's Cathedral Square (Piazza del Duomo), after the cathedral and the Pisa Baptistry.
The tower's tilt began during construction in the 12th century, caused by an inadequate foundation on ground too soft on one side to properly support the structure's weight. The tilt increased in the decades before the structure was completed in the 14th century. It gradually increased until the structure was stabilized (and the tilt partially corrected) by efforts in the late 20th and early 21st centuries.
The height of the tower is 55.86 metres (183.27 feet) from the ground on the low side and 56.67 metres (185.93 feet) on the high side. The width of the walls at the base is 2.44 m (8 ft 0.06 in). Its weight is estimated at 14,500 metric tons (16,000 short tons).[1] The tower has 296 or 294 steps; the seventh floor has two fewer steps on the north-facing staircase. Prior to restoration work performed between 1990 and 2001, the tower leaned at an angle of 5.5 degrees,[2][3][4] but the tower now leans at about 3.99 degrees.[5] This means the top of the tower is displaced horizontally 3.9 metres (12 ft 10 in) from the centre.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Architect
2 Construction
2.1 Timeline
2.2 Builders
3 History following construction
4 Alternative candidates
5 Technical information
6 Gallery
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Architect
There has been controversy about the real identity of the architect of the Leaning Tower of Pisa. For many years, the design was attributed to Guglielmo and Bonanno Pisano,[7] a well-known 12th-century resident artist of Pisa, famous for his bronze casting, particularly in the Pisa Duomo. Pisano left Pisa in 1185 for Monreale, Sicily, only to come back and die in his home town. A piece of cast bearing his name was discovered at the foot of the tower in 1820, but this may be related to the bronze door in the façade of the cathedral that was destroyed in 1595. A 2001 study[8] seems to indicate Diotisalvi was the original architect, due to the time of construction and affinity with other Diotisalvi works, notably the bell tower of San Nicola and the Baptistery, both in Pisa.
Construction
The Pisa Baptistery (in the foreground), the Pisa Cathedral (in the middleground), and the Leaning Tower of Pisa (in the background)
Leaning Tower of Pisa in 2004
Leaning Tower of Pisa
Construction of the tower occurred in three stages over 199 years. Work on the ground floor of the white marble campanile began on August 14, 1173 during a period of military success and prosperity. This ground floor is a blind arcade articulated by engaged columns with classical Corinthian capitals.[citation needed]
The tower began to sink after construction had progressed to the second floor in 1178. This was due to a mere three-metre foundation, set in weak, unstable subsoil, a design that was flawed from the beginning. Construction was subsequently halted for almost a century, because the Republic of Pisa was almost continually engaged in battles with Genoa, Lucca, and Florence. This allowed time for the underlying soil to settle. Otherwise, the tower would almost certainly have toppled.[citation needed] In 1198, clocks were temporarily installed on the third floor of the unfinished construction.[citation needed]
In 1272, construction resumed under Giovanni di Simone, architect of the Camposanto. In an effort to compensate for the tilt, the engineers built upper floors with one side taller than the other. Because of this, the tower is curved.[9] Construction was halted again in 1284 when the Pisans were defeated by the Genoans in the Battle of Meloria.[citation needed]
The seventh floor was completed in 1319. The bell-chamber was finally added in 1372. It was built by Tommaso di Andrea Pisano, who succeeded in harmonizing the Gothic elements of the bell-chamber with the Romanesque style of the tower.[10] There are seven bells, one for each note of the musical major scale. The largest one was installed in 1655.[citation needed]
After a phase (1990–2001) of structural strengthening,[11] the tower is currently undergoing gradual surface restoration, in order to repair visible damage, mostly corrosion and blackening. These are particularly pronounced due to the tower's age and its exposure to wind and rain.[12]
Timeline
On January 5, 1172, Donna Berta di Bernardo, a widow and resident of the house of dell'Opera di Santa Maria, bequeathed sixty soldi to the Opera Campanilis petrarum Sancte Marie. The sum was then used toward the purchase of a few stones which still form the base of the bell tower.[13]
On August 9, 1173, the foundations of the tower were laid.
Nearly four centuries later Giorgio Vasari wrote: "Guglielmo, according to what is being said, in [this] year 1174 with Bonanno as sculptor, laid the foundations of the bell tower of the cathedral in Pisa."
On December 27, 1233, the worker Benenato, son of Gerardo Bottici, oversaw the continuation of the construction of the bell tower.[14]
On February 23, 1260, Guido Speziale, son of Giovanni, a worker on the cathedral Santa Maria Maggiore, was elected to oversee the building of the tower.[15]
On April 12, 1264, the master builder Giovanni di Simone and 23 workers went to the mountains close to Pisa to cut marble. The cut stones were given to Rainaldo Speziale, worker of St. Francesco.[16]
Giorgio Vasari indicated that Tommaso di Andrea Pisano was the designer of the belfry[17] between 1360 and 1370.
Builders
One possible known builder of Pisa Tower was Gerardo di Gerardo. His name appears as a witness to the above legacy of Berta di Bernardo as "Master Gerardo", and as a worker whose name was Gerardo.[citation needed]
A more probable builder was Diotisalvi, because of the construction period and the structure's affinities with other buildings in Pisa, but he usually signed his works, and there is no signature by him in the bell tower.[citation needed]
Giovanni di Simone was known to be heavily involved in the completion of the tower, under the direction of Giovanni Pisano, who at the time was master builder of the Opera di Santa Maria Maggiore. Di Simone could be the same Giovanni Pisano who completed the belfry tower.[citation needed]
History following construction
Plaque in memory of Galileo Galilei's experiments
Galileo Galilei is said to have dropped two cannonballs of different masses from the tower to demonstrate that their speed of descent was independent of their mass. However, the only primary source for this is the biography Racconto istorico della vita di Galileo Galilei (Historical Account of the Life of Galileo Galilei), written by Galileo's secretary Vincenzo Viviani and published in 1717, long after Viviani's death.[18][19]
During World War II, the Allies discovered that the Germans were using the tower as an observation post. A U.S. Army sergeant sent to confirm the presence of German troops in the tower was impressed by the beauty of the cathedral and its campanile, and thus refrained from ordering an artillery strike, sparing it from destruction.[20][21]
Lead counterweights, 1998
Numerous efforts have been made to restore the tower to a vertical orientation or at least keep it from falling over. Most of these efforts failed; some worsened the tilt. On February 27, 1964, the government of Italy requested aid in preventing the tower from toppling. It was, however, considered important to retain the current tilt, due to the role that this element played in promoting the tourism industry of Pisa.[22]
A multinational task force of engineers, mathematicians, and historians gathered on the Azores islands to discuss stabilisation methods. It was found that the tilt was increasing in combination with the softer foundations on the lower side. Many methods were proposed to stabilise the tower, including the addition of 800 tonnes of lead counterweights to the raised end of the base.[23]
The tower and the neighbouring cathedral, baptistery, and cemetery are included in the Piazza del Duomo UNESCO World Heritage Site, which was declared in 1987.[24]
The tower was closed to the public on January 7, 1990, after more than two decades of stabilisation studies and spurred by the abrupt collapse of the Civic Tower of Pavia in 1989. The bells were removed to relieve some weight, and cables were cinched around the third level and anchored several hundred meters away. Apartments and houses in the path of the tower were vacated for safety. The solution chosen to prevent the collapse of the tower was to slightly straighten it to a safer angle by removing 38 cubic metres (1,342 cubic feet) of soil from underneath the raised end. The tower was straightened by 45 centimetres (17.7 inches), returning to its 1838 position. After a decade of corrective reconstruction and stabilization efforts, the tower was reopened to the public on December 15, 2001 and was declared stable for at least another 300 years.[23] In total, 70 metric tons (77 short tons) of earth were removed.[25]
In May 2008, engineers announced that the tower had been stabilized such that it had stopped moving for the first time in its history. They stated that it would be stable for at least 200 years.[25]
Alternative candidates
Two German churches have challenged the tower's status as the world's most lop-sided building: the 15th-century square Leaning Tower of Suurhusen and the 14th-century bell tower in the town of Bad Frankenhausen.[26] Guinness World Records measured the Pisa and Suurhusen towers, finding the former's tilt to be 3.97 degrees.[27] In June 2010, Guinness World Records certified the Capital Gate building in Abu Dhabi, UAE as the "World's Furthest Leaning Man-made Tower".[28] The Capital Gate tower has an 18-degree slope, almost five times more than the Pisa Tower; however the Capital Gate tower has been deliberately engineered to slant. The Leaning Tower of Wanaka in New Zealand, also deliberately built, leans at 53 degrees to the ground.[29]
Technical information
An elevation image of the Leaning Tower of Pisa cut with laser scan data from a University of Ferrara/CyArk research partnership, with source image accurate down to 5 mm (0.2 in). This elevation shows the interesting quandary facing the campanile. The circular shape and great height (currently 55.86 m (183 ft 3.21 in) on the lowest side and 56.67 m (185 ft 11.10 in) m on the highest) of the campanile were unusual for their time, and the crowning belfry is stylistically distinct from the rest of the construction. This belfry incorporates a 14 cm (5.5 in) correction for the inclined axis below. The siting of the campanile within the Piazza del Duomo diverges from the axial alignment of the cathedral and baptistery of the Piazza del Duomo
Elevation of Piazza del Duomo: about 2 metres (6 feet, DMS)
Height from the ground floor: 55.863 metres (183 ft 3 in), 8 stories
Height from the foundation floor: 58.36 m (191 ft 5.64 in)
Outer diameter of base: 15.484 metres (50 ft 9.6 in)
Inner diameter of base: 7.368 metres (24 ft 2.1 in)
Angle of slant: 3.97 degrees[27] or 3.9 metres (12 ft 10 in) from the vertical[30]
Weight: 14,700 metric tons (16,200 short tons)
Thickness of walls at the base: 2.44 metres (8 ft 0 in)
Total number of bells: 7, tuned to musical scale, clockwise
1st bell: L'Assunta, cast in 1654 by Giovanni Pietro Orlandi, weight 3,620 kg (7,981 lb)
2nd bell: Il Crocifisso, cast in 1572 by Vincenzo Possenti, weight 2,462 kg (5,428 lb)
3rd bell: San Ranieri, cast in 1719–1721 by Giovanni Andrea Moreni, weight 1,448 kg (3,192 lb)
4th bell: La Terza (1st small one), cast in 1473, weight 300 kg (661 lb)
5th bell: La Pasquereccia or La Giustizia, cast in 1262 by Lotteringo, weight 1,014 kg (2,235 lb)
6th bell: Il Vespruccio (2nd small one), cast in the 14th century and again in 1501 by Nicola di Jacopo, weight 1,000 kg (2,205 lb)
7th bell: Dal Pozzo, cast in 1606 and again in 2004, weight 652 kg (1,437 lb)[31]
Number of steps to the top: 296[32]
About the 5th bell: The name Pasquareccia comes from Easter, because it used to ring on Easter day. However, this bell is older than the bell-chamber itself, and comes from the tower Vergata in Palazzo Pretorio in Pisa, where it was called La Giustizia (The Justice). The bell was tolled to announce executions of criminals and traitors, including Count Ugolino in 1289.[33] A new bell was installed in the bell tower at the end of the 18th century to replace the broken Pasquareccia.
Gallery
View looking up
Entrance door to the bell tower
External loggia
Inner staircase from sixth to seventh floor
Inner staircase from seventh to eighth (the top) floor
View from the top
Assunta bell
Pasquareccia bell
View, looking down from the top
A popular photo opportunity with tourists is to pose as if one was either holding up or pushing over the tower
See also
Leaning Temple of Huma – Only leaning temple in the world
List of leaning towers
Leaning Tower of Niles, a replica of the Tower of Pisa
Leaning Tower of Zaragoza, was a famous European leaning tower
Great Mosque of al-Nuri (Mosul), an ancient leaning tower that stood until 2017
Machang, Kelantan – home to another leaning tower
Round tower (disambiguation), for other types of round towers
The Greyfriars Tower – the remains of a Franciscan monastery in King's Lynn, nicknamed "The Leaning Tower of Lynn"
Torre delle Milizie, a tilting medieval tower in Rome
Tour de Pise, a rock dome in Antarctica, was named after this tower
References
Jump up ^ "Leaning Tower of Pisa Facts". Leaning Tower of Pisa. Retrieved 5 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Europe | Saving the Leaning Tower". BBC News. December 15, 2001. Retrieved May 9, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Tower of Pisa". Archidose.org. June 17, 2001. Retrieved May 9, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Leaning Tower of Pisa (tower, Pisa, Italy) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia". Britannica.com. Retrieved May 9, 2009.
Jump up ^ "E la Torre di Pisa non oscilla più". Scienze.TV. May 28, 2008. Retrieved May 9, 2009.
Jump up ^ tan(3.99 degrees) * (55.86 m + 56.70 m)/2 = 3.9 m
Jump up ^ Controversy about the identity of the architect
Jump up ^ Pierotti, Piero. (2001). Deotisalvi – L'architetto pisano del secolo d'oro. Pisa: Pacini Editore
Jump up ^ McLain, Bill (1999). Do Fish Drink Water?. New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc. pp. 291–292. ISBN 0-688-16512-5.
Jump up ^ G. Barsali (1999), Pisa. History and masterpieces, Bonechi, p. 18, ISBN 8872041880
Jump up ^ A profile of an engineer employed to straighten the tower Ingenia, March 2005
Jump up ^ Restoration work is mentioned at the official website of the square
Jump up ^ Capitular Record Offices of Pisa, parchment n. 248
Jump up ^ Public Record Offices of Pisa, Opera della Primaziale, December 27, 1234
Jump up ^ Public Record Offices of Pisa, Opera della Primaziale, February 23, 1260
Jump up ^ Public Record Offices of Pisa, Roncioni, April 12, 1265.
Jump up ^ Giorgio Vasari, Jean Paul Richter (1855), Lives of the Most Eminent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects, H. G. Bohn, p. 153
Jump up ^ "Sci Tech : Science history: setting the record straight". The Hindu. June 30, 2005. Retrieved May 5, 2009.
Jump up ^ Vincenzo Viviani on museo galileo
Jump up ^ Shrady, Nicholas (2003): Tilt: a skewed history of the Tower of Pisa
Jump up ^ "Why I spared the Leaning Tower of Pisa". The Guardian. January 12, 2000. Retrieved July 19, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Securing the Lean In Tower of Pisa". The New York Times. November 1, 1987.
^ Jump up to: a b "Tipping the Balance". TIME Magazine. June 25, 2001.
Jump up ^ "Piazza del Duomo, Pisa". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved August 8, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Duff, Mark (May 28, 2008). "Europe | Pisa's leaning tower 'stabilised'". BBC News. Retrieved May 5, 2009.
Jump up ^ Sunday Telegraph no 2,406- July 22, 2007
^ Jump up to: a b "German steeple beats Leaning Tower of Pisa into Guinness book". The Raw Story. Archived from the original on May 4, 2009. Retrieved May 9, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Not so fast, Pisa! UAE lays claim to world's furthest leaning tower". CNN news. June 7, 2010. Retrieved June 6, 2010.
Jump up ^ 'Leaning and tumbling towers' on Puzzling World website, viewed 2011-07-30
Jump up ^ tan(3.97 degrees) * (55.86m + 56.70m)/2 = 3.9m
Jump up ^ "Leaning Tower of Pisa: 1920's Photo of Dal Pozzo". www.endex.com. Archived from the original on April 18, 2010. Retrieved August 9, 2010.
Jump up ^ Davies, Andrew (2005). The Children's Visual World Atlas. Sydney, Australia: The Fog Press. ISBN 1-74089-317-4.
Jump up ^ "Torre pendente" (in Italian). Lucca turismo. Retrieved March 19, 2008.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Leaning Tower (Pisa).
Opera della Primaziale Pisana — official site
Piazza dei Miracoli digital media archive (Creative Commons-licensed photos, laser scans, panoramas), data from a University of Ferrara/CyArk research partnership, includes 3D scan data from Leaning Tower.
Leaning Tower of Pisa at Structurae
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