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Gangsta rap
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"G Rap" redirects here. For the rapper, see Kool G Rap.
For the Ice-T album, see Gangsta Rap (album). For other uses, see Gangsta (disambiguation).
Gangsta rap
Stylistic origins
Hip hop
hardcore hip hop
Cultural origins
Mid-1980s
Typical instruments
Vocals (rapping, beatboxing)
drum machine
sampler
Derivative forms
Dirty rap
mafioso rap
Subgenres
Drill
Fusion genres
G-funk
Mobb music
Regional scenes
West Coast hip hop
East Coast hip hop
Southern hip hop
Midwest hip hop
Chicano rap
Other topics
Horrorcore
Gangsta rap or gangster rap is a style of hip hop characterized by themes and lyrics that generally emphasize the "gangsta" lifestyle. The genre evolved from hardcore rap into a distinct form, pioneered in the mid-1980s by rappers such as Schoolly D and Ice-T, and was popularized in the later part of the 1980s by groups like N.W.A.[1] After the national attention that Ice-T and N.W.A attracted in the late 1980s and early 1990s, gangsta rap became the most commercially lucrative subgenre of hip hop. Many (if not most) gangsta rap artists openly boast of their associations with various active street gangs as part of their artistic image, with the Crips and Bloods being the most commonly represented. Gangsta rap parallels other indigenous gang and crime-oriented forms of music, such as the narcocorrido genre of northern Mexico.[2]
The subject matter inherent in gangsta rap has caused a great deal of controversy. Criticism has come from both left-wing and right-wing commentators, as well as religious leaders, who have accused the genre of promoting crime, serial killing, murder, violence, profanity, sex addiction, homophobia, racism, promiscuity, misogyny, rape, street gangs, disorderly conduct, drive-by shootings, vandalism, theft, driving under the influence, drug dealing, alcohol abuse, substance abuse, disregarding law enforcement, materialism, and narcissism. The White House administrations of both George H. W. Bush and Bill Clinton criticized the genre.[3] "Many black rappers—including Ice-T and Sister Souljah—contend that they are being unfairly singled out because their music reflects deep changes in society not being addressed anywhere else in the public forum. The white politicians, the artists complain, neither understand the music nor desire to hear what's going on in the devastated communities that gave birth to the art form," wrote journalist Chuck Philips in a review of the battle between "the Establishment" and defenders of rap music.[3] "The reason why rap is under attack is because it exposes all the contradictions of American culture ... What started out as an underground art form has become a vehicle to expose a lot of critical issues that are not usually discussed in American politics. The problem here is that the White House and wanna-bes like Bill Clinton represent a political system that never intends to deal with inner city urban chaos," Sister Souljah told Philips.[3]
On the other hand, some commentators (for example, Spike Lee in his satirical film Bamboozled) have criticized gangsta rap as analogous to black minstrel shows and blackface performance, in which performers – both black and white – were made to look African American, and acted in a stereotypical uncultured and ignorant manner for entertainment. Gangsta rappers often defend themselves by arguing they are describing the reality of inner-city life, and that they are only adopting a character which behaves in ways they do not necessarily endorse. Gangsta rappers are also famous (or infamous) for appearing more hardcore compared to early concepts and themes of hip-hop artists, and are known for saying things that are often considered taboo; for instance, the gangsta rap group N.W.A produced the famous "Fuck tha Police" protest song about police brutality and racial profiling.
In high-crime areas, putting on these made up personas is life-threatening, but the fact that gangsta rappers told the stories of others is often seen as having earned them respect for raising awareness of the severity of inner-city crime. Many gangsta rappers argue that in the world of their genre exists the emotions and perspectives of a people whose suffering is too often overlooked and belittled by society. Gangsta rap, some argue, was an effect of the various wrongdoings perpetrated against African-Americans in underprivileged neighborhoods. The various riots sparked by the Rodney King beating and the acquittal of the police officers responsible for the beating sparked anger and outrage in an area that was already at risk. Gangsta rap acted as an outlet so such people could express themselves angrily and not in fear that they were going to be silenced for telling the truth. They often used gangsta rap to tell the stories of their lives, which sometimes included strong violence, hypersexuality, and drug abuse.[4]
Contents
1 Early gangster themes
2 Origins: 1984–1990
2.1 Beginnings: Ice-T and Schoolly D
2.2 Boogie Down Productions and N.W.A
2.3 Others
3 1990–present
3.1 Ice-T
3.2 G-funk and Death Row Records
3.3 Mafioso rap
3.4 East Coast hardcore hip hop and the East Coast–West Coast feud
3.5 Southern and Midwestern gangsta rap
3.6 Narco-rap
3.7 Mainstream rap
4 Criticism and debate
4.1 2Pacalypse Now controversy
4.2 C. Delores Tucker
5 German gangsta-rap
5.1 History
5.2 Musical style
6 References
7 Sources
Early gangster themes[edit]
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The 1973 album Hustler's Convention by Lightnin' Rod and Jaren Clark featured lyrics that deal with street life, including pimping and the hustling of drugs. The Last Poets member Jalal Mansur Nuriddin delivers rhyming vocals in the urban slang of his time, and together with the other Last Poets members, was quite influential on later hip hop groups, such as Public Enemy. Many rappers, such as Ice-T and Mac Dre, have credited pimp and writer Iceberg Slim with influencing their rhymes.
Rudy Ray Moore's stand-up comedy and films based on his Dolemite hustler-pimp alter ego also influenced gangsta rap and are still a popular source for samples. Finally, blaxploitation films of the 1970s, with their vivid depictions of black underworld figures, were a major inspiration as well. For example, the opening skit on Snoop Dogg's Doggystyle is a homage to the famous bathtub scene in the 1972 film Super Fly, while the rapper Notorious B.I.G. took his alias "Biggie Smalls" from a character in the 1975 film Let's Do It Again.
Origins: 1984–1990[edit]
Beginnings: Ice-T and Schoolly D[edit]
Tracy "Ice-T" Morrow, was born in Newark, New Jersey, in 1958. As a teenager, he moved to Los Angeles where he rose to prominence in the West Coast hip hop scene. In 1986, Ice-T released "6 in the Mornin'", which is often regarded as among the first gangsta rap songs. Ice-T had been MCing since the early '80s, but first turned to gangsta rap themes after being influenced by Philadelphia rapper Schoolly D and his 1985 album Schoolly D, often considered to be the originator of gangsta rap. In an interview with PROPS magazine, Ice-T said:
Here's the exact chronological order of what really went down: The first record that came out along those lines was Schoolly D's "P.S.K." Then the syncopation of that rap was used by me when I made "6 in the Mornin'". The vocal delivery was the same: ' ... P.S.K. is makin' that green', ' ... six in the morning, police at my door'. When I heard that record I was like "Oh @#!*% !" and call it a bite or what you will but I dug that record. My record didn't sound like P.S.K., but I liked the way he was flowing with it. P.S.K. was talking about Park Side Killers but it was very vague. That was the only difference, when Schoolly did it, it was "... one by one, I'm knockin' em out." All he did was represent a gang on his record. I took that and wrote a record about guns, beating people down, and all that with "6 in the Mornin'". At the same time my single came out, Boogie Down Productions hit with Criminal Minded, which was a gangster-based album. It wasn't about messages or "You Must Learn", it was about gangsterism.[5]
In 2011, Ice-T repeated in his autobiography that Schoolly D was his inspiration for gangsta rap.[6] Ice-T continued to release gangsta albums for the remainder of the 1980s: Rhyme Pays in 1987, Power in 1988, and The Iceberg/Freedom of Speech ... Just Watch What You Say in 1989. Ice-T's lyrics also contained strong political commentary, and often played the line between glorifying the gangsta lifestyle and criticizing it as a no-win situation.
Schoolly D's debut album, Schoolly D, and especially the song "P.S.K. What Does It Mean?", would heavily influence not only Ice-T, but also Eazy-E and N.W.A (most notably in the song "Boyz-n-the-Hood") as well as the Beastie Boys on their seminal hardcore hip hop-influenced album Licensed to Ill (1986).[7]
Boogie Down Productions and N.W.A[edit]
Boogie Down Productions released their first single, "Say No Brother (Crack Attack Don't Do It)", in 1986. It was followed by "South-Bronx/P is Free" and "9mm Goes Bang" in the same year. The latter is the most gangsta-themed song of the three; in it, KRS-One boasts about shooting a crack dealer and his posse to death (in self-defense).[8] The album Criminal Minded followed in 1987, and was the first rap album to have firearms on its cover. Shortly after the release of this album, BDP's DJ, Scott LaRock was shot and killed. After this, BDP's subsequent records were more focused with the inadequate rationale removed.
The first blockbuster gangsta rap album was N.W.A's Straight Outta Compton, released in 1988. Straight Outta Compton would establish West Coast hip hop as a vital genre, and establish Los Angeles as a legitimate rival to hip hop's long-time capital, New York City. Straight Outta Compton sparked the first major controversy regarding hip hop lyrics when their song "Fuck tha Police" earned a letter from FBI Assistant Director, Milt Ahlerich, strongly expressing law enforcement's resentment of the song.[9][10] Due to the influence of Ice-T, N.W.A, and Ice Cube's early solo career, gangsta rap is often somewhat erroneously credited as being a mostly West Coast phenomenon, despite the contributions of East Coast acts like Boogie Down Productions in shaping the genre and despite Philadelphia rapper Schoolly D being generally regarded as the first gangsta rapper.
In the early 1990s, former N.W.A member Ice Cube would further influence gangsta rap with his hardcore, socio-political solo albums, which suggested the potential of gangsta rap as a political medium to give voice to inner-city youth. N.W.A's second album, Efil4zaggin (1991) (released after Ice Cube's departure from the group), broke ground as the first gangsta rap album to reach #1 on the Billboard pop charts.
Others[edit]
Aside from N.W.A and Ice T, Too Short (from Oakland, California), Kid Frost, and the South Gate-based Latino group Cypress Hill were pioneering West Coast rappers with gangsta rap songs and themes. Above the Law also played an important role in the gangsta rap movement, as their 1990 debut album Livin' Like Hustlers, as well as their guest appearance on N.W.A's 1991 Efil4zaggin, foreshadowing the dominance of the genre in 1990s starting with Dr. Dre's The Chronic.
The Beastie Boys were one of the first groups to identify themselves as "gangsters", and one of the first popular rap groups to talk about violence and drug and alcohol use, though largely in a more humorous manner. They had started out as a hardcore punk band, but after introduction to producer Rick Rubin and the exit of Kate Schellenbach they became a rap group.[11] According to Rolling Stone Magazine, their 1986 album Licensed to Ill is "filled with enough references to guns, drugs, and empty sex (including the pornographic deployment of a Wiffleball bat in "Paul Revere") to qualify as a gangsta-rap cornerstone."[12]
The Beasties' 1989 album Paul's Boutique included the similarly themed tracks "Car Thief," "Looking Down the Barrel of a Gun," and "High-Plains Drifter." In 1986, the Los Angeles-based group C.I.A. rapped over Beastie Boy tracks for songs such as "My Posse" and "Ill-Legal", and the Beastie Boys' influence can be seen significantly in N.W.A's early albums.[13]
The New York rap group Run DMC is often credited with popularizing hardcore and confrontational attitudes and lyrics in hip hop culture, and were one of the first rap groups to dress in gang-like street clothing. Their stripped-down, rock-inspired beats were also important in establishing the early gangsta rap production style. The seminal Long Island-based group Public Enemy featured aggressive, politically charged lyrics, which had an especially strong influence on gangsta rappers such as Ice Cube. East Coast hardcore rappers like Rakim, Kool G Rap, Big Daddy Kane, Slick Rick, LL Cool J, and EPMD also reflected the trend in hip-hop music in the late 1980s towards hard-hitting, angry, aggressive, and politically conscious lyrics, revolving around crime, violence, poverty, war and gunplay.
The Houston-based group known as the Geto Boys came out around the late 1980s and made songs containing both gangsta themes of crime and violence and sociopolitical commentary. The group notably released proto-mafioso rap music with the song "Scarface", a track centered on selling cocaine and killing rival gang members. The Geto Boys are also known for being the first rap group to sample from the movie Scarface, a film which became the basis for various mafioso rap samples in the 1990s. Furthermore, the Geto Boys, along with Jam Master J's and Erick Sermon's group Flatlinerz and Prince Paul's and RZA's group Gravediggaz, are often cited as pioneers of "horrorcore" rap, a transgressive and abrasive subgenre of hardcore rap or gangsta rap which focuses on common horror themes, such as the supernatural and the occult, often with gothic or macabre lyrics, satanic imagery, and slasher film or splatter film-like violence.
1990–present[edit]
Ice-T[edit]
Ice-T released one of the seminal albums of the genre, OG: Original Gangster in 1991. It also contained a song by his new thrash metal group Body Count, who released a self titled album in 1992. Particular controversy surrounded one of its songs "Cop Killer". The rock song was intended to speak from the viewpoint of a police target seeking revenge on racist, brutal cops. Ice-T's rock song infuriated government officials, the National Rifle Association and various police advocacy groups.[14] Consequently, Time Warner Music refused to release Ice-T's upcoming album Home Invasion and dropped Ice-T from the label. Ice-T suggested that the furor over the song was an overreaction, telling journalist Chuck Philips "... they've done movies about nurse killers and teacher killers and student killers. Arnold Schwarzenegger blew away dozens of cops as the Terminator. But I don't hear anybody complaining about that." In the same interview, Ice-T suggested to Philips that the misunderstanding of Cop Killer, the misclassification of it as a rap song (not a rock song), and the attempts to censor it had racial overtones: "The Supreme Court says it's OK for a white man to burn a cross in public. But nobody wants a black man to write a record about a cop killer."[14]
Ice-T's next album, Home Invasion was postponed as a result of the controversy, and was finally released in 1993. While it contained gangsta elements, it was his most political album to date. After a proposed censoring of the Home Invasion album cover art, he left Warner Bros. Records. Ice-T's subsequent releases went back to straight gangsta-ism, but were never as popular as his earlier releases. He had alienated his core audience with his involvement in metal, his emphasis on politics and with his uptempo Bomb-Squad style beats during a time when G-funk was popular. He published a book "The Ice Opinion: Who Gives a @#!*% ?" in 1994.
G-funk and Death Row Records[edit]
Main article: G-Funk
In 1992, former N.W.A member Dr. Dre released The Chronic, a massive seller (eventually going triple platinum) which showed that explicit gangsta rap could hold mass commercial appeal just like more pop-oriented rappers such as MC Hammer, The Fresh Prince, and Tone Lōc. The album established the dominance of West Coast gangsta rap and Dre's new post-N.W.A label, Death Row Records (owned by Dr. Dre along with Marion "Suge" Knight), as Dre's album showcased a stable of promising new Death Row rappers. The album also began the subgenre of G-funk, a slow, drawled form of hip hop that dominated the rap charts for some time.
Extensively sampling P-Funk bands, especially Parliament and Funkadelic, G-funk was multi-layered, yet simple and easy to dance to. The simple message of its lyrics, that life's problems could be overcome by guns, alcohol, and marijuana, endeared it to a teenage audience. The single "Nuthin' but a "G" Thang" became a crossover hit, with its humorous, House Party-influenced video becoming an MTV staple despite that network's historic orientation towards rock music.
Another success was Ice Cube's Predator album, released at about the same time as The Chronic in 1992. It sold over 5 million copies and was #1 in the charts, propelled by the hit single "It Was a Good Day", despite the fact that Ice Cube was not a Death Row artist. One of the genre's biggest crossover stars was Dre's protégé Snoop Doggy Dogg (Doggystyle), whose exuberant, party-oriented themes made songs such as "Gin and Juice" club anthems and top hits nationwide. In 1996, 2Pac signed with Death Row and released the multi-platinum double album All Eyez on Me. Not long afterward, his shocking murder brought gangsta rap into the national headlines and propelled his posthumous The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory album (released under the alias "Makaveli") (which eerily featured an image of 2Pac being crucified on the front cover) to the top of the charts. Warren G was another G-funk musician along with the now deceased Nate Dogg. Other successful G-Funk influenced artists included Spice 1, MC Eiht and MC Ren, all of them reaching decent positions on the Billboard 100, in spite of not being associated with Death Row.
Mafioso rap[edit]
Mafioso rap is a hardcore hip hop subgenre founded by Kool G Rap in the late 1980s.[15] It is the pseudo-Mafia extension of East Coast hardcore rap, and is considered[by whom?] the counterpart of West Coast G-Funk rap. Mafioso rap is characterized by references to famous mobsters and mafiosi, racketeering, and organized crime in general (but especially the Italian-American Mafia, the Sicilian Mafia, African-American organized crime, and Latin American organized crime or drug cartels). Though some mafioso rap was more gritty and street-oriented, many other mafioso rap artists frequently focused on lavish, self-indulgent, materialistic, and luxurious subject matter, such as expensive drugs, cars, and expensive champagne. Though the genre died down for several years, it re-emerged in 1995 when Wu-Tang Clan member Raekwon released his critically acclaimed solo album, Only Built 4 Cuban Linx.... 1995 also saw the release of Doe or Die by Nas' protégé AZ and the release of the album 4,5,6 by subgenre originator Kool G Rap. This album featured other mafioso rap artists MF Grimm, Nas and B-1. These three albums brought the genre to mainstream recognition, and inspired other East Coast artists, such as Jay-Z, Notorious B.I.G. and Nas, to adopt the same themes as well with their albums Reasonable Doubt, Life After Death and It Was Written (respectively). Though Mafioso rap declined in the mainstream by the late 1990s, it saw somewhat of a revival in the mid 2000s[citation needed] with Ghostface Killah's Fishscale, Jay-Z's American Gangster, and Raekwon's Only Built 4 Cuban Linx... Pt. II. Similarly, in recent years,[when?] many rappers, such as T.I., Rick Ross, Fabolous, Jadakiss, Jim Jones, and Cassidy have maintained popularity with lyrics about self-centered urban criminal lifestyles or "hustling". Lil' Kim's mafioso album La Bella Mafia, released in 2003, was a commercial success, receiving platinum certification.[16]
East Coast hardcore hip hop and the East Coast–West Coast feud[edit]
Meanwhile, rappers from New York City, such as Wu-Tang Clan, Onyx, Big L, Mobb Deep, Nas, The Notorious B.I.G., Lil' Kim, and The L.O.X, among others, pioneered a grittier sound known as East Coast hardcore hip hop. In 1994, both Nas and The Notorious B.I.G. released their debut albums Illmatic and Ready to Die respectively, which paved the way for New York City to take back dominance from the West Coast. In an interview for The Independent in 1994, the Wu-Tang Clan's GZA commented on the term "gangsta rap" and its association with his group's music and hip hop at the time:
Our music is not 'gangsta rap'. There's no such thing. The label was created by the media to limit what we can say. We just deliver the truth in a brutal fashion. The young black male is a target. Snoop (Doggy Dogg) has gone four times platinum and makes more money than the president. They don't like that, so you hear 'ban this, ban that'. We attack people's emotions. It's a real live show that brings out the inside in people. Like I said, intense.[17]
—  GZA
It is widely speculated that the ensuing "East Coast/West Coast" battle between Death Row Records and Bad Boy Records resulted in the deaths of Death Row Records' 2Pac and Bad Boy Records' The Notorious B.I.G. Even before the murders, Death Row had begun to unravel, as co-founder Dr. Dre had left earlier in 1996; in the aftermath of 2Pac's death, label owner Suge Knight was sentenced to prison for a parole violation, and Death Row proceeded to sink quickly as most of its remaining artists, including Snoop Dogg, left. Dr. Dre, at the MTV Video Music Awards, claimed that "gangsta rap was dead". While Puff Daddy's Bad Boy Entertainment fared better than its West Coast rival, it eventually began to lose popularity and support by the end of the decade, due to its pursuit of a more mainstream sound, as well as challenges from Atlanta and New Orleans-based labels, especially, Master P's No Limit stable of popular rappers.
Southern and Midwestern gangsta rap[edit]
After the deaths of Tupac Shakur and Biggie Smalls and the media attention the murders generated,[18] gangsta rap became an even greater commercial force. However, most of the industry's major labels were in turmoil, bankrupt, or creatively stagnant, and new labels representing the rap scenes in new locations sprang up.
Master P's No Limit Records label, based out of New Orleans, became quite popular in the late 1990s, though critical success was very scarce, with the exceptions of some later additions like Mystikal (Ghetto Fabulous, 1998). No Limit had begun its rise to national popularity with Master P's The Ghetto Is Trying to Kill Me! (1994), and had major hits with Silkk the Shocker (Charge It 2 Da Game, 1998) and C-Murder (Life or Death, 1998). Cash Money Records, also based out of New Orleans, had enormous commercial success beginning in the late 1990s with a similar musical style but utilized a quality-over-quantity business approach unlike No Limit.
Memphis collective Hypnotize Minds, led by Three 6 Mafia and Project Pat, have taken gangsta rap to some of its darker extremes. Led by in-house producers DJ Paul and Juicy J, the label became known for its pulsating, menacing beats and uncompromisingly thuggish lyrics. However, in the mid-2000s, the group began attaining more mainstream popularity, eventually culminating in the Three 6 Mafia winning an Academy Award for the song "It's Hard Out Here for a Pimp" from Hustle and Flow.
Midwest gangsta rap originated in the mid-1990s and rose to major prominence in the 2000s. However, in the 2010s a new form of gangsta rap known as drill emerged from the Midwest. Drill gained popularity by rappers such as Lil Durk, Chief Keef, Lil Reese, and Lil Herb. Midwest Hip Hop was originally distinctive for its faster-paced flow. This is evident in the styles of the earliest Midwestern rappers to release albums, Chicago's Twista and Cleveland's Bone Thugs-n-Harmony. Bone Thugs, known for their fast, harmonizing vocals coupled with an ultra-quick rap delivery, would achieve major success with their critically acclaimed 1995 album E 1999 Eternal, which featured a major hit in the Grammy-winning "Tha Crossroads".
Houston first came on to the national scene in the late 1980s with the violent and disturbing stories told by the Geto Boys, with member Scarface achieving major solo success in the mid-90s.
The Chopped and Screwed genre was developed in Houston, Texas which remains the location most associated with the style. The late DJ Screw, a South Houston DJ, is credited with the creation of and early experimentation with the genre.[19] DJ Screw began making mixtapes of the slowed-down music in the early 1990s and began the Screwed Up Click. This provided a significant outlet for MCs in the South-Houston area, and helped local rappers such as Big Moe, Lil' Flip, E.S.G., UGK, Lil' Keke, South Park Mexican, Spice 1 and Z-Ro gain regional and sometimes national prominence.
Narco-rap[edit]
Narco-rap is a music scene, similar to the early underground gangsta-rap scene, that emerged in northeastern Mexico and southern Texas. Its lyrical content, popular among Latino youth, is violent and focuses on the power of drug cartels and the gruesomeness of the drug war in the border region. Narco-rap emerged in the urban area of Tamaulipas, a turf currently under armed dispute between the Zetas and the Gulf Cartel. Narco-rappers sing about the life of mobsters and the reality of the cities under the cartel's rule. Some of the key players of the genre are Cano y Blunt, DemenT and Big Los.[20][21][22][23][24][25][26]
Mainstream rap[edit]
Before the late 1990s, gangsta rap, while a huge-selling genre, had been regarded as well outside of the pop mainstream, committed to representing the experience of the inner-city and not "selling out" to the pop charts. However, the rise of Bad Boy Records, propelled by the massive crossover success of Bad Boy head Sean "Puffy" Combs's 1997 ensemble album, No Way Out, on the heels of the media attention generated by the murders of 2Pac and The Notorious B.I.G., signaled a major stylistic change in gangsta rap (or as it is referred to on the East Coast, hardcore rap), as it morphed into a new subgenre of hip hop which would become even more commercially successful and popularly accepted.
The earlier, somewhat controversial crossover success enjoyed by popular gangsta rap songs like "Gin and Juice" gave way to gangsta rap's becoming a widely accepted staple on the pop charts in the late 1990s. For example, between the release of The Notorious B.I.G.'s debut album Ready to Die in 1994 and his follow-up, the posthumous Life After Death in 1997, his sound changed from a darker, tense production, with lyrics projecting desperation and paranoia, to a cleaner, more laid-back sound, fashioned for popular consumption (though the references to guns, drug dealing and life as a thug on the street remained).
R&B-styled hooks and instantly recognizable samples of well-known soul and pop songs from the 1970s and 1980s were the staples of this sound, which was showcased primarily in Sean "Puffy" Combs's latter-day production work for The Notorious B.I.G. ("Mo Money, Mo Problems"), Mase ("Feels So Good"), and non-Bad Boy artists such as Jay-Z ("Can I Get A ...") and Nas ("Street Dreams"). Also achieving similar levels of success with a similar sound at the same time as Bad Boy was Master P and his No Limit label in New Orleans, as well as the New Orleans upstart Cash Money label.[27]
Many of the artists who achieved such mainstream success in the 2000s, such as Jay-Z, DMX, then 50 Cent and G-Unit, originated from the gritty 1990s East Coast rap scene and were influenced by hardcore artists such as The Notorious B.I.G., Wu-Tang Clan, and Nas. Mase and Cam'ron were typical of a more relaxed, casual flow that became the pop-gangsta norm. By contrast, other rappers like Eminem and DMX enjoyed commercial success in the late 1990s by rapping about ever-more macabre tales of death and violence, maintaining commercial relevance by attempting to be controversial and subversive, growing on the Horrorcore rap style born in the late 1980s.
Gangsta rap's pioneers have met success in other forms of pop culture as well. In 2016, N.W.A. was inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.[28] They were followed up by the late Tupac Shakur in 2017 who was inducted as the first solo Hip-Hop act, under his first year of eligibility as a nominee.[29][30] Other Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Hip-Hop Acts include the 2007 induction of Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five, who are considered pioneers of expanding the sound of Hip-Hop from disco inspired partying, to street reality that inspired social change.[31][32] The 2009 induction of Run-D.M.C to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame opened the door for more Hip-Hop inductions, as they were followed up by the 2012 induction of The Beastie Boys, and the 2013 induction of Public Enemy.[33][34][35]
Criticism and debate[edit]
The explicit nature of gangsta rap's lyrics has made it heavily controversial. There is also debate about the causation between gangsta rap and real-world crime.
Critics of gangsta rap hold that it glorifies and encourages criminal behavior, and may be at least partially to blame for the problem of street gangs.[36] Although this view is often stereotyped as that of white conservatives, it has been shared by members of the black community, most notably Bill Cosby.[37]
Those who are supportive or at least less critical of gangsta rap hold that crime on the street level is for the most part a reaction to poverty and that gangsta rap reflects the reality of lower class life. Many believe that the blaming of crime on gangsta rap is a form of unwarranted moral panic; The World Development Report 2011, for instance, confirmed that most street gang members maintain that poverty and unemployment is what drove them to crime; none made reference to music.[38] Ice Cube famously satirized the blame placed on gangsta rap for social ills in his song "Gangsta Rap Made Me Do It".
Moreover, English scholar Ronald A.T. Judy has argued that gangsta rap reflects the experience of blackness at the end of political economy, when capital is no longer wholly produced by human labor but in a globalized system of commodities.[39] In this economy, gangsta rap traffics blackness as a commodifiable affect of "being a nigga".[40] In other words, gangsta rap defines the experience of blackness, in which he locates in gangsta rap's deployment of the word "nigga", in this new global economic system as "adaptation to the force of commodification".[41] For Judy, nigga (and gangsta rap) becomes an epistemologically authentic category for describing the condition of being black in the modern "realm of things".
Despite this, many who hold that gangsta rap is not responsible for social ills are critical of the way many gangsta rappers intentionally exaggerate their criminal pasts for the sake of street credibility. Rick Ross[42] and Slim Jesus[43] among others have been heavily criticized for this and the gangster rap music has declined in sales and waned in popularity due to piracy.[citation needed]
2Pacalypse Now controversy[edit]
In 1992, then-U.S. Vice President Dan Quayle blasted the recording industry for producing rap music he believed led to violence. Quayle called on Time Warner Inc. subsidiary, Interscope Records, to withdraw Tupac Shakur's 1991 debut album 2Pacalypse Now from stores. Quayle stated, "There is absolutely no reason for a record like this to be published—It has no place in our society." Quayle's motivation came in light of the murder of a Texas state trooper Bill Davidson, who had been shot by Ronald Ray Howard after he had been pulled over. Howard was driving a stolen vehicle while songs from 2Pacalypse Now were playing on the tape deck when he was stopped by the officer. The family of Davidson filed a civil suit against Shakur and Interscope Records, claiming the record's violent lyrics incite "imminent lawless action".[44] District Judge John D. Rainey held that Shakur and the record companies did not have the duty to prevent distributing his music when they could not reasonably foresee violence arising from the distribution, nor was there any intent for the usage of the music as a "product for purposes of recovery under a products liability theory." Judge Rainey concluded the suit by ruling the Davidsons' argument that the music was unprotected speech under the First Amendment was irrelevant.[45]
C. Delores Tucker[edit]
Politicians such as C. Delores Tucker have cited concerns with sexually explicit and misogynistic lyrics featured in hip-hop tracks. Tucker claimed the explicit lyrics used in hip-hop songs were threatening to the African-American community. Tucker, who once was the highest-ranking African American woman in the Pennsylvania state government, focused on rap music in 1993, labeling it as "pornographic filth" and claiming it was offensive and demeaning to black women. Tucker stated, "You can't listen to all that language and filth without it affecting you." Tucker also handed out leaflets containing lyrics from rap music and urged people to read them aloud. She picketed stores that sold the music and handed out petitions. She then proceeded to buy stock in Time Warner, Sony, and other companies for the sole purpose to protest rap music at shareholders meetings. In 1994, Tucker protested when the NAACP nominated rapper Tupac Shakur for one of its image awards as Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture from his role in Poetic Justice. Some rappers labeled her "narrow-minded", and some ridiculed her in their lyrics, notably Shakur, who mentions her multiple times in his diamond certified 1996 album All Eyez On Me. Shakur mentions Tucker in the tracks "Wonda Why They Call U Bitch", and "How Do U Want It", where Shakur sings "Delores Tucker, you's a motherfucker/Instead of trying to help a nigga you destroy a brother." Tucker filed a $10 million lawsuit against Shakur's estate for the comments made in both songs. In her lawsuit, she claimed that the comments were slanderous, caused her emotional distress and invaded her personal privacy. The case was eventually dismissed. Shakur wasn't the only rap artist to mention her in his songs, as Jay-Z, Eminem, Lil' Kim, The Game and Lil Wayne have all previously criticized Tucker for her opposition of the genre.[46][47][48][49]
German gangsta-rap[edit]
The gangster-rap movement in Germany derived its roots from the '90s and since 2003/2004 has become a successful subgenre of German hip hop. Contextually and musically, it borrows its influences from the French and US-based gangsta rap and battle rap. Although there is a certain correlation between street-rap and gangster-rap, gangster-rap is not considered as a derivative genre since it is only partially related to street-rap and has contextually little to do with the other subgenre.[50]
History[edit]
Pioneers of the subgenre gangsta-rap, who have since the '90s still been active, are Kool Savas and Azad. Within the genre, they implemented an incredibly explicit, broken and aggressive text, that originally still had a lot of influence from English text elements.[51] This style of rap, after the turn of the century, was implemented by the majority of gangsta-rappers in Germany and is, therefore, a very well respected form on the approach of German gangsta-rap. On the other hand, Savas distanced himself from these vulgar and explicit texts.[52] One of the founding fathers of German gangsta-rap, Charnell, the little-known rapper and martial-arts artist, thematized growing up in the midst of a social renaissance.[53] Gangsta-rap in other countries, that resembled the music of the Rödelheim Hartreim Projekt in Germany, was commercially successful in the 2000s. Germany at the time, however, did not have a lot of rappers active in this subgenre; allowing certain artists in the Berlin underground-hip-hop scene an opportunity to establish themselves with their lyrics representing a certain hardship acquired through the criminal lifestyle which had previously been popularized. Recognizable names from the underground scene are Bass Sultan Hengzt, Fler, MC Bogy or MOK. Another notable rapper and pioneer of gangsta-rap in Germany is Azad. Although he came from the rural Frankfurt am Main, he was a big reason this subgenre became popular in Germany. In his lyrical text, he thematized the rigid and rough lifestyle of living in the northwest district of Frankfurt.[54]
At the beginning of the year 2003 the process of commercialization of this subgenre began. Contrary to popular belief, a variable of the German gangsta-rap became popular before the actual subgenre itself did. When Sido, a notoriously known rapper from Berlin, released his album Maske which thematized gangs, drugs, and violence, this album became the first of its genre to sell 100,000 copies. Following that album Sido released another two named Ich and Ich und meine Maske which both had over 100,000 sold copies and emphasized the success of his first album.[55][56][57]
Following the success of Sido and his albums, Bushido became the next artist to emerge from the German gangsta-rap scene. He established himself a career and became the most important representative of German gangsta-rap of his time. Aggro Berlin, the label those two artists were both represented by, stated that this version of rap was the second, more aggressive evolution of German hip-hop.[58] Bushido's albums Carlo, Cokxxx, Nutten with Fler and Bushido's debut album Vom Bordstein bis zur Skyline had relatively little success although the prominent topics on his album reflected directly with the themes that made Sido popular.[59][60]
Following the continuous success of Sido and Bushido came a wave of rappers who were trying, with the help of major-labels, to establish themselves and be recognized by the populace. Eventually came Massiv, who was signed with Sony BMG, and was crowned by his label to be the German 50 Cent. This artist did not reach the success of 50 Cent.[61] Further artists such as Baba Saad or Kollegah have since then established themselves as relatively successful in the German charts. As of recently, names such as Farid Bang, Nate57, Majoe & Jasko and Haftbefehl have appeared on the charts regularly.
Musical style[edit]
Gangsta-rap in Germany originated from Queensbridge-rap in the 1990s as well as French gansta-rap. Characteristically the necessary ambiance and melody for this type of hip-hop needs to be melancholic, dark, and often threatening. Often, the songs incorporate piano, choir, synthesizers, but also samples from classical and neo-classical arrangements. All complexities such as minimalistic arrangements to vast orchestral symphonic arrangements are used and sampled in this subgenre.
References[edit]
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Gangs and Gang Crime (2008) Michael Newton
Gangsters Encyclopedia page 59, (2007) Michael Newton
Encyclopedia of gangs page 44, Louis Kontos, David Brotherton
Bloods and Crips: The Genesis of a Genocide: page 42 (2009) Donovan Simmons, Terry Moses
The Killing of Tupac Shakur Cathy Scott
^ Jump up to: a b c Philips, Chuck (July 19, 1992). "COVER STORY : The Uncivil War : The battle between the Establishment and supporters of rap music reopens old wounds of race and class". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2014-01-02.
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Jump up ^ Deflem, Mathieu (1993). Rap, Rock, and Censorship: Popular Culture and the Technologies of Justice. Retrieved 2012-10-06.
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Jump up ^ Chang, Jeff. Can't Stop, Won't Stop: The History of the Hip Hop Generation
^ Jump up to: a b Philips, Chuck (July 19, 1992). "COVER STORY : 'Arnold Schwarzenegger blew away dozens of cops as the Terminator. But I don't hear anybody complaining.' : A Q & A with Ice-T about rock, race and the 'Cop Killer' furor". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2014-01-02.
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Jump up ^ "Biggie Smalls and Tupac Shakur Cold Cases Heat Up," Women in Crime Ink 2011-01-11
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Jump up ^ "En Tamaulipas los narcos disparan a ritmo de rap - VICE - México".
Jump up ^ "El narco-rap, la banda sonora del horror en Reynosa". Archived from the original on January 31, 2016.
Jump up ^ Luis Chaparro. "Se suman los raperos norteamericanos a la 'ola narco'".
Jump up ^ "McALLEN: 'Reynosa la Maldosa'".
Jump up ^ "Borderland Beat: US Rappers Dedicate Their Songs to Mexican Drug Lords".
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Jump up ^ "Voy a morir porque creen que soy un Zeta".
Jump up ^ Lilah, Rose (August 1, 2016). "Rockstar Souljah Boy mixtape". Hotnewhiphop. Retrieved August 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ "N.W.A". Rock & Roll Hall of Fame.
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Jump up ^ "Tupac Shakur to Be Inducted Into 2017 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame - XXL". XXL Mag.
Jump up ^ "Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five". Rock & Roll Hall of Fame.
Jump up ^ "'The Message' is the Most 'New York' Song of All Time". June 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Run-D.M.C." Rock & Roll Hall of Fame.
Jump up ^ "Beastie Boys". Rock & Roll Hall of Fame.
Jump up ^ "Public Enemy". Rock & Roll Hall of Fame.
Jump up ^ "Is Gangsta Rap Hurting America's Children? - Fox News". November 14, 2003.
Jump up ^ "Video: Bill Cosby Speaks On Gangster Rap & The Youth". October 15, 2007. Archived from the original on December 8, 2015. Retrieved November 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Conflict, Security, and Development" (PDF). Siteresources.worldbank.org. 2011. Retrieved November 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ Judy, 1994, p. 211-230.
Jump up ^ Judy, 1994, 227.
Jump up ^ Judy, 1994, 229.
Jump up ^ http://hiphopdx.com, HipHopDX -. "Rick Ross Admits Correctional Officer Past".
Jump up ^ Mic. "Slim Jesus' New Video "Drill Time" Is Being Hilariously Destroyed by the Internet".
Jump up ^ BRODER, JOHN (September 23, 1992). "Quayle Calls for Pulling Rap Album Tied to Murder Case" – via LA Times.
Jump up ^ Small, Andrew (October 3, 2010). "Andrew Small: Did Tupac's Lyrics Incite A Cop Killer?".
Jump up ^ Lamb, Yvonne Shinhoster (October 13, 2005). "C. Delores Tucker Dies at 78; Rights and Anti-Rap Activist" – via www.washingtonpost.com.
Jump up ^ "Gold & Platinum - RIAA".
Jump up ^ "Rap Villains: 12 People Hip-Hop Fans HateC. Delores Tucker". Complex.
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Jump up ^ "Von Messerstechern Zu Moral Aposteln Der Wandel Des Strassenraps Teil IV". 2009-06-20. Retrieved 2017-12-04.
Jump up ^ Dietrich, Marc; Seeliger, Martin ( (2014-03-01). Deutscher Gangsta-Rap: Sozial- und kulturwissenschaftliche Beiträge zu einem Pop-Phänomen). transcript Verlag. p. 48. ISBN 978-3-8376-3750-2.
Jump up ^ Royal Bunker (2017-10-03). "Savas & Sido: Deutscher Rap ohne Schnörkel". Retrieved 2017-12-04.
Jump up ^ Sven Goldenera (2017-02-05). "Deutschrap Classics: 4 4 Da Mess – Mein Leben (1997)". Retrieved 2017-12-04.
Jump up ^ Johannes Gernert (April 29, 2008). "Die Penislänge als Freiheitsmaß". Archived from the original on February 17, 2014. Retrieved December 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ musikindustrie. "Die Penislänge als Freiheitsmaß". Retrieved 2017-12-04. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Philipp Oehmke (2009-03-23). "Ein Monster lernt zu lieben". Retrieved 2017-12-04.
Jump up ^ Markus Schneider (2008-06-08). "Den Faxen entwachsen". Retrieved 2017-12-04.
Jump up ^ Martin Wittman (2007-07-21). ""Übelst tolerant"". Retrieved 2017-12-04.
Jump up ^ "Bushido".
Jump up ^ Stefan Johannesberg (2003-08-14). "Vom Bordstein Bis Zur Skyline". Retrieved 2017-12-04.
Jump up ^ Matthias Gebauer (2008-01-15). "Schüsse auf Massiv wurden Minuten später im Internet vermeldet". Retrieved 2017-12-04. [permanent dead link]
Sources[edit]
Judy, R. A. T. (1994). "On the Question of Nigga Authenticity". Boundary 2. Duke University Press. 21 (3): 211–230. doi:10.2307/303605. JSTOR 303605.
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List of U.S. stadiums by capacity
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (June 2015)
The following is a list of stadiums in the United States. They are ordered by capacity, which is the maximum number of spectators the stadium can accommodate. All U.S. stadiums with a current capacity of 20,000 or more are included in the list. The majority of these stadiums are used for American football, either in college football or the NFL. Most of the others are Major League Baseball ballparks or Major League Soccer stadiums.
Rank
Stadium
Capacity
City
State
Year opened
Type
Tenant
1 Michigan Stadium[1] 107,601 Ann Arbor Michigan 1927 Football Michigan Wolverines
2 Beaver Stadium[2] 106,572 State College Pennsylvania 1960 Football Penn State Nittany Lions
3 Ohio Stadium[3] 104,944 Columbus Ohio 1922 Football Ohio State Buckeyes
4 Kyle Field 102,995 College Station Texas 1927 Football Texas A&M Aggies
5 Neyland Stadium[4] 102,455 Knoxville Tennessee 1921 Football Tennessee Volunteers
6 Tiger Stadium[5] 102,321 Baton Rouge Louisiana 1924 Football LSU Tigers
7 Bryant–Denny Stadium[6] 101,821 Tuscaloosa Alabama 1929 Football Alabama Crimson Tide
8 Darrell K Royal–Texas Memorial Stadium[7] 100,119 Austin Texas 1924 Football Texas Longhorns
9 Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum[8][9] 93,607 Los Angeles California 1923 Football USC Trojans,
Los Angeles Rams
10 Sanford Stadium[10] 92,746 Athens Georgia 1929 Football Georgia Bulldogs
11 Rose Bowl[11] 92,542 Pasadena California 1922 Football UCLA Bruins, the annual Rose Bowl Game
12 Cotton Bowl 92,100 Dallas Texas 1930 Football no home team, used for annual Red River Rivalry, State Fair Classic, and Heart of Dallas Bowl
13 Memorial Stadium[12] 91,000 Lincoln Nebraska 1923 Football Nebraska Cornhuskers
14 Ben Hill Griffin Stadium[13] 88,548 Gainesville Florida 1930 Football Florida Gators
15 Jordan–Hare Stadium[14] 87,451 Auburn Alabama 1939 Football Auburn Tigers
16 Gaylord Family Oklahoma Memorial Stadium 86,112 Norman Oklahoma 1925 Football Oklahoma Sooners
17 MetLife Stadium 82,500 East Rutherford New Jersey 2010 Football New York Giants, New York Jets
18 FedExField[15] 82,000 Landover Maryland 1997 Football Washington Redskins
19 Memorial Stadium 82,000 Clemson South Carolina 1942 Football Clemson Tigers
20 Lambeau Field 81,435 Green Bay Wisconsin 1957 Football Green Bay Packers
21 Notre Dame Stadium 80,795 Notre Dame Indiana 1930 Football Notre Dame Fighting Irish
22 Camp Randall Stadium 80,321 Madison Wisconsin 1917 Football Wisconsin Badgers
23 Williams-Brice Stadium 80,250 Columbia South Carolina 1934 Football South Carolina Gamecocks
24 AT&T Stadium 80,000 Arlington Texas 2009 Football Dallas Cowboys, Cotton Bowl Classic
25 Doak Campbell Stadium 79,560 Tallahassee Florida 1950 Football Florida State Seminoles
26 EverBank Field 76,867 Jacksonville Florida 1949;1995 Football Jacksonville Jaguars,
Florida vs. Georgia Football Classic, Gator Bowl
27 Arrowhead Stadium 76,416 Kansas City Missouri 1972 Football Kansas City Chiefs
28 Sports Authority Field at Mile High 76,125 Denver Colorado 2001 Football Denver Broncos
29 Donald W. Reynolds Razorback Stadium 76,000 Fayetteville Arkansas 1938 Football Arkansas Razorbacks (primary)
30 Bank of America Stadium 75,419 Charlotte North Carolina 1996 Football Carolina Panthers, Belk Bowl, ACC Championship Game
31 Spartan Stadium 75,005 East Lansing Michigan 1923 Football Michigan State Spartans
32 Mercedes-Benz Superdome 73,370 New Orleans Louisiana 1975 Football New Orleans Saints, Tulane Green Wave,
Sugar Bowl, New Orleans Bowl, Bayou Classic
33 New Era Field 71,608 Orchard Park New York 1973 Football Buffalo Bills
34 Legion Field 71,594 Birmingham Alabama 1926 Football UAB Blazers, BBVA Compass Bowl
35 NRG Stadium 71,500 Houston Texas 2002 Football Houston Texans, Meineke Car Care Bowl of Texas
36 SDCCU Stadium 71,294 San Diego California 1967 Multi-purpose San Diego State Aztecs, Holiday Bowl
37 Georgia Dome 71,228 Atlanta Georgia 1992 Football Demolished in 2017
38 M&T Bank Stadium 71,008 Baltimore Maryland 1998 Football Baltimore Ravens
39 Faurot Field 71,004 Columbia Missouri 1926 Football Missouri Tigers
40 Kinnick Stadium 70,585 Iowa City Iowa 1929 Football Iowa Hawkeyes
41 Husky Stadium 70,083 Seattle Washington 1920 Football Washington Huskies
42 Rice Stadium 70,000 Houston Texas 1950 Football Rice Owls
43 Nissan Stadium 68,798 Nashville Tennessee 1999 Football Tennessee Titans, Tennessee State Tigers,
Franklin American Mortgage Company Music City Bowl
44 Gillette Stadium 68,756 Foxborough Massachusetts 2002 Football New England Revolution, New England Patriots, UMass Minutemen
45 Lincoln Financial Field 68,532 Philadelphia Pennsylvania 2003 Football Philadelphia Eagles, Temple Owls, Army–Navy Game (most years)
46 Levi's Stadium 68,500 Santa Clara California 2014 Football San Francisco 49ers, Foster Farms Bowl
47 Heinz Field 68,400 Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 2001 Football Pittsburgh Steelers, Pittsburgh Panthers
48 Kroger Field 67,606 Lexington Kentucky 1973 Football Kentucky Wildcats
49 FirstEnergy Stadium 67,431 Cleveland Ohio 1999 Football Cleveland Browns
50 CenturyLink Field 67,000 Seattle Washington 2002 Football Seattle Seahawks, Seattle Sounders FC
51 The Dome at America's Center 66,965 St. Louis Missouri 1995 Football no home team
52 U.S. Bank Stadium 66,655 Minneapolis Minnesota 2016 Football Minnesota Vikings
53 Lane Stadium 66,233 Blacksburg Virginia 1965 Football Virginia Tech Hokies
54 Raymond James Stadium 65,857 Tampa Florida 1998 Football Tampa Bay Buccaneers, South Florida Bulls, Outback Bowl
55 Paul Brown Stadium 65,790 Cincinnati Ohio 2000 Football Cincinnati Bengals
56 Hard Rock Stadium 65,326 Miami Gardens Florida 1987 Football Miami Dolphins, Miami Hurricanes, and annual Orange Bowl
57 Camping World Stadium 65,000 Orlando Florida 1936 Football Jones Tigers, annual Florida Classic, Capital One Bowl, Champs Sports Bowl, and East–West Shrine Game
58 Alamodome 65,000 San Antonio Texas 1993 Football UTSA Roadrunners, Alamo Bowl, U.S. Army All-American Bowl
59 Ford Field 65,000 Detroit Michigan 2002 Football Detroit Lions, MAC Championship Game, Little Caesars Pizza Bowl, Quick Lane Bowl
60 Vaught–Hemingway Stadium 64,038 Oxford Mississippi 1915 Football Ole Miss Rebels
61 LaVell Edwards Stadium 63,470 Provo Utah 1964 Football BYU Cougars
62 University of Phoenix Stadium 63,400 Glendale Arizona 2006 Football Arizona Cardinals and Fiesta Bowl
63 Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum 63,026 Oakland California 1966 Multi-purpose Oakland Raiders, Oakland Athletics
64 Lucas Oil Stadium 63,000 Indianapolis Indiana 2008 Football Indianapolis Colts, Big Ten Championship Game
65 Memorial Stadium 62,872 Champaign Illinois 1923 Football Illinois Fighting Illini
66 California Memorial Stadium 62,717 Berkeley California 1923 Football California Golden Bears
67 Kenan Memorial Stadium 62,562 Chapel Hill North Carolina 1927 Football North Carolina Tar Heels
68 Ross–Ade Stadium 62,500 West Lafayette Indiana 1924 Football Purdue Boilermakers
69 Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium 62,380 Memphis Tennessee 1965 Football Memphis Tigers
70 Soldier Field 61,500 Chicago Illinois 1924;2003 Football Chicago Bears
71 Jack Trice Stadium 61,500 Ames Iowa 1975 Football Iowa State Cyclones
72 Scott Stadium 61,500 Charlottesville Virginia 1931 Football Virginia Cavaliers
73 Yale Bowl 61,446 New Haven Connecticut 1914 Football Yale Bulldogs
74 Davis Wade Stadium 61,337 Starkville Mississippi 1914 Football Mississippi State Bulldogs
75 Jones AT&T Stadium 61,000 Lubbock Texas 1947 Football Texas Tech Red Raiders
76 Mississippi Veterans Memorial Stadium 60,492 Jackson Mississippi 1941 Football Jackson State Tigers
77 Mountaineer Field[16] 60,000 Morgantown West Virginia 1980 Football West Virginia Mountaineers
78 Boone Pickens Stadium 60,000 Stillwater Oklahoma 1920 Football Oklahoma State Cowboys
79 Arizona Stadium 57,803 Tucson Arizona 1928 Football Arizona Wildcats
80 Carter–Finley Stadium[17] 57,583 Raleigh North Carolina 1966 Football NC State Wolfpack
81 RFK Stadium 56,692 Washington, D.C. District of Columbia 1961 Multi-purpose None
82 Sun Devil Stadium 56,232 Tempe Arizona 1958 Football Arizona State Sun Devils
83 Dodger Stadium[18] 56,000 Los Angeles California 1962 Baseball Los Angeles Dodgers
84 Papa John's Cardinal Stadium 56,000 Louisville Kentucky 1998 Football Louisville Cardinals
85 Bobby Dodd Stadium at Historic Grant Field 55,000 Atlanta Georgia 1913 Football Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets
86 Autzen Stadium 53,800 Eugene Oregon 1967 Football Oregon Ducks
87 Folsom Field 53,750 Boulder Colorado 1924 Football Colorado Buffaloes
88 War Memorial Stadium 53,727 Little Rock Arkansas 1948 Football Arkansas Razorbacks (secondary to Razorback Stadium)
89 Memorial Stadium 53,500 Bloomington Indiana 1960 Football Indiana Hoosiers
90 Franklin Field 52,593 Philadelphia Pennsylvania 1895 Football Penn Quakers
91 Falcon Stadium 52,480 Colorado Springs Colorado 1962 Football Air Force Falcons
92 High Point Solutions Stadium 52,454 Piscataway New Jersey 1994 Football Rutgers Scarlet Knights
93 Bill Snyder Family Football Stadium 52,200 Manhattan Kansas 1968 Football Kansas State Wildcats
94 Maryland Stadium 51,500 College Park Maryland 1950 Football Maryland Terrapins
95 Sun Bowl stadium 51,500 El Paso Texas 1963 Football UTEP Miners and Sun Bowl
96 Independence Stadium 50,832 Shreveport Louisiana 1925 Football no home team, Independence Bowl
97 TCF Bank Stadium 50,805 Minneapolis Minnesota 2009 Football Minnesota Golden Gophers
98 Coors Field[19] 50,445 Denver Colorado 1995 Baseball Colorado Rockies
99 Yankee Stadium[20] 50,291 Bronx New York 2009 Baseball New York Yankees, New York City FC, Pinstripe Bowl
100 Turner Field[21] 50,096 Atlanta Georgia 1996 Baseball None
101 University of Kansas Memorial Stadium 50,071 Lawrence Kansas 1921 Football Kansas Jayhawks
102 Aloha Stadium 50,000 Honolulu Hawaiʻi 1975 Football Hawaiʻi Warriors, local high schools and Pro Bowl
103 The Bagwell Field at Dowdy–Ficklen Stadium 50,000 Greenville North Carolina 1963 Football East Carolina Pirates
104 Stanford Stadium 50,000 Stanford California 1921;2006 Football Stanford Cardinal
105 Carrier Dome 49,262 Syracuse New York 1980 Football Syracuse Orange, men's basketball, women's basketball, and men's lacrosse
106 Globe Life Park[22] 49,115 Arlington Texas 1994 Baseball Texas Rangers
107 Chase Field[23] 49,033 Phoenix Arizona 1998 Baseball Arizona Diamondbacks
108 Oriole Park at Camden Yards[24] 48,876 Baltimore Maryland 1992 Baseball Baltimore Orioles
109 Ryan Field 47,130 Evanston Illinois 1996 Football Northwestern Wildcats
110 Safeco Field[25] 47,116 Seattle Washington 1999 Baseball Seattle Mariners
111 Busch Stadium[26] 46,861 St. Louis Missouri 2006 Baseball St. Louis Cardinals
112 Reser Stadium 45,674 Corvallis Oregon 1953 Football Oregon State Beavers
113 Rice-Eccles Stadium 45,634 Salt Lake City Utah 1998 Football Utah Utes
114 Spectrum Stadium 45,301 Orlando Florida 2007 Football UCF Knights
115 McLane Stadium 45,140 Waco Texas 2014 Football Baylor Bears
116 Angel Stadium of Anaheim[27] 45,050 Anaheim California 1966 Baseball Los Angeles Angels
117 Alumni Stadium 44,500 Chestnut Hill Massachusetts 1957 Football Boston College Eagles
118 Amon G. Carter Stadium 44,008 Fort Worth Texas 1930 Football TCU Horned Frogs, The Bell Helicopter Armed Forces Bowl
119 Citizens Bank Park[28] 43,647 Philadelphia Pennsylvania 2004 Baseball Philadelphia Phillies
120 Petco Park[29] 42,445 San Diego California 2004 Baseball San Diego Padres
121 Great American Ball Park[30] 42,059 Cincinnati Ohio 2003 Baseball Cincinnati Reds
122 Miller Park[31] 41,900 Milwaukee Wisconsin 2001 Baseball Milwaukee Brewers
123 Nationals Park[32] 41,888 Washington, D.C. District of Columbia 2008 Baseball Washington Nationals
124 Citi Field[33] 41,800 Flushing, New York New York 2009 Baseball New York Mets
125 Comerica Park[34] 41,782 Detroit Michigan 2000 Baseball Detroit Tigers
126 AT&T Park 41,503 San Francisco California 2000 Baseball San Francisco Giants, Fight Hunger Bowl
127 Wrigley Field[35][36] 41,160 Chicago Illinois 1914 Baseball Chicago Cubs
128 Bulldog Stadium 41,031 Fresno California 1980 Football Fresno State Bulldogs
129 Minute Maid Park[37] 40,950 Houston Texas 2000 Baseball Houston Astros
130 Ladd–Peebles Stadium 40,646 Mobile Alabama 1948 Football South Alabama Jaguars, Senior Bowl and GoDaddy.com Bowl
131 Guaranteed Rate Field[38] 40,615 Chicago Illinois 1991 Baseball Chicago White Sox
132 University Stadium 40,094 Albuquerque New Mexico 1960 Football New Mexico Lobos, New Mexico Bowl
133 Howard J. Lamade Stadium 40,000[39] South Williamsport Pennsylvania 1959 Baseball no home team, hosts annual Little League World Series
134 Rentschler Field 40,000 East Hartford Connecticut 2003 Football Connecticut Huskies, Hartford Colonials
135 Michie Stadium 40,000 West Point New York 1924 Football Army Black Knights
136 Nippert Stadium 40,000 Cincinnati Ohio 1915 Football Cincinnati Bearcats football / FC Cincinnati
137 TDECU Stadium 40,000 Houston Texas 2014 Football Houston Cougars
138 Vanderbilt Stadium at Dudley Field 39,790 Nashville Tennessee 1922 Football Vanderbilt Commodores
139 Target Field[40] 39,504 Minneapolis Minnesota 2010 Baseball Minnesota Twins
140 Ewing M. Kauffman Stadium[41] 39,000 Kansas City Missouri 1973 Baseball Kansas City Royals
141 PNC Park[42] 38,496 Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 2001 Baseball Pittsburgh Pirates
142 Joan C. Edwards Stadium 38,019 Huntington West Virginia 1991 Football Marshall Thundering Herd
143 Progressive Field[43] 38,000 Cleveland Ohio 1994 Baseball Cleveland Indians
144 Fenway Park[44] 37,402 Boston Massachusetts 1912 Baseball Boston Red Sox
145 Albertsons Stadium 37,000 Boise Idaho 1970 Football Boise State Broncos, Famous Idaho Potato Bowl
146 Marlins Park[45] 37,000 Miami Florida 2012 Baseball Miami Marlins
147 Tropicana Field[46] 36,973 St. Petersburg Florida 1990 Baseball Tampa Bay Rays, Beef 'O' Brady's Bowl
148 Sam Boyd Stadium 36,800 Las Vegas Nevada 1971 Football UNLV Rebels, annual Las Vegas Bowl and USA Sevens and Monster Jam World Finals
149 M. M. Roberts Stadium 36,000 Hattiesburg Mississippi 1932 Football Southern Miss Golden Eagles
150 Martin Stadium 35,117 Pullman Washington 1972 Football Washington State Cougars
151 Sonny Lubick Field at Hughes Stadium 34,400 Fort Collins Colorado 1968 Football Colorado State Rams
152 Navy–Marine Corps Memorial Stadium 34,000 Annapolis Maryland 1959 Football Navy Midshipmen, Chesapeake Bayhawks
153 Wallace Wade Stadium 33,941 Durham North Carolina 1929 Football Duke Blue Devils
154 Jonah Field at War Memorial Stadium 32,580 Laramie Wyoming 1950 Football Wyoming Cowboys
155 Gerald J. Ford Stadium 32,000 University Park Texas 2000 Football SMU Mustangs
157 BB&T Field at Groves Stadium 31,500 Winston-Salem North Carolina 1968 Football Wake Forest Demon Deacons
158 Cajun Field 31,000 Lafayette Louisiana 1971 Football Louisiana–Lafayette Ragin' Cajuns
159 Rubber Bowl 31,000 Akron Ohio 1940 Football local high school teams
160 Brigham Field at Huskie Stadium 31,000 DeKalb Illinois 1965 Football Northern Illinois Huskies
161 ASU Stadium 30,964 Jonesboro Arkansas 1974 Football Arkansas State Red Wolves
162 Apogee Stadium 30,850 Denton Texas 2011 Football North Texas Mean Green
163 Joe Aillet Stadium 30,600 Ruston Louisiana 1960 Football Louisiana Tech Bulldogs
164 CEFCU Stadium 30,456 San Jose California 1933 Football San Jose State Spartans
165 Malone Stadium 30,427 Monroe Louisiana 1978 Football Louisiana–Monroe Warhawks
166 Aggie Memorial Stadium 30,343 Las Cruces New Mexico 1978 Football New Mexico State Aggies
167 Harvard Stadium 30,323 Allston Massachusetts 1903 Football Harvard Crimson, Boston Cannons
168 Kelly/Shorts Stadium 30,295 Mount Pleasant Michigan 1972 Football Central Michigan Chippewas
169 Rynearson Stadium 30,200 Ypsilanti Michigan 1969 Football Eastern Michigan Eagles
170 Waldo Stadium 30,200 Kalamazoo Michigan 1939 Football Western Michigan Broncos
171 FAU Stadium 30,000 Boca Raton Florida 2011 Football Florida Atlantic Owls
172 Benson Field at Yulman Stadium 30,000 New Orleans Louisiana 2014 Football Tulane Green Wave
173 Jim Wacker Field at Bobcat Stadium 30,000 San Marcos Texas 1981 Football Texas State Bobcats
174 New Alabama State stadium 30,000 Montgomery Alabama 2012 Football Alabama State Hornets
175 H. A. Chapman Stadium 30,000 Tulsa Oklahoma 1930 Football Tulsa Golden Hurricane
176 InfoCision Stadium – Summa Field 30,000 Akron Ohio 2009 Football Akron Zips
177 Veterans Memorial Stadium 30,000 Troy Alabama 1950 Football Troy Trojans
178 William "Dick" Price Stadium 30,000 Norfolk Virginia 1997 Football Norfolk State Spartans
179 Mackay Stadium[47] 30,000 Reno Nevada 1966 Football Nevada Wolf Pack and women's soccer
180 UB Stadium 29,013 Amherst New York 1993 Football Buffalo Bulls
181 Ace W. Mumford Stadium 29,000 Baton Rouge Louisiana 1928 Football Southern Jaguars
182 Joe Albi Stadium 28,646 Spokane Washington 1950 Football Spokane Spiders, Spokane Black Widows, local high schools
183 Doyt L. Perry Stadium 28,599 Bowling Green Ohio 1966 Football Bowling Green Falcons
184 Princeton University Stadium 27,800 Princeton New Jersey 1998 Football Princeton Tigers
185 StubHub Center 27,000 Carson California 2003 Soccer Los Angeles Galaxy Los Angeles Chargers
186 The Glass Bowl 26,248 Toledo Ohio 1937 Football Toledo Rockets
187 Eddie Robinson Stadium 25,600 Grambling Louisiana 1983 Football Grambling State Tigers
188 Schoellkopf Field 25,597 Ithaca New York 1915 Football Cornell Big Red
189 Bragg Memorial Stadium 25,500 Tallahassee Florida 1957 Football Florida A&M Rattlers
190 John B. and June M. Scheumann Stadium 25,400 Muncie Indiana 1967 Football Ball State Cardinals
191 Dix Stadium 25,319[48] Kent Ohio 1969 Football Kent State Golden Flashes
192 Washington–Grizzly Stadium 25,200 Missoula Montana 1986 Football Montana Grizzlies
193 Red Bull Arena 25,189 Harrison New Jersey 2010 Soccer New York Red Bulls
194 Bridgeforth Stadium 24,877 Harrisonburg Virginia 1975 Football James Madison Dukes
195 Cramton Bowl 24,600 Montgomery Alabama 1922 Football Alabama State Hornets
196 Fred C. Yager Stadium 24,286 Oxford Ohio 1983 Football Miami RedHawks
197 TD Ameritrade Park Omaha 24,000 Omaha Nebraska 2011 Baseball Creighton Bluejays, NCAA College World Series
198 Don Peden Stadium 24,000 Athens Ohio 1929 Football Ohio Bobcats
## Arthur Ashe Stadium 23,711 Flushing Meadows New York 1997 Tennis U.S. Open
199 Fitton Field 23,500 Worcester Massachusetts 1924 Football Holy Cross Crusaders
200 Kidd Brewer Stadium 23,150 Boone North Carolina 1962 Football Appalachian State Mountaineers
201 Jack Spinks Stadium 22,500 Lorman Mississippi 1992 Football Alcorn State Braves
202 Maverik Stadium 22,059 Logan Utah 1968 Football Utah State Aggies
203 BBVA Compass Stadium 22,000 Houston Texas 2012 Football Houston Dynamo, Texas Southern Tigers football
204 Delaware Stadium 22,000 Newark Delaware 1952 Football Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens
205 Houchens Industries–L. T. Smith Stadium 22,000 Bowling Green Kentucky 1968 Football Western Kentucky Hilltoppers
206 Oliver C. Dawson Stadium 22,000 Orangeburg South Carolina 1955 Football South Carolina State Bulldogs
207 Kidd Brewer Stadium 21,650 Boone North Carolina 1962 Football Appalachian State Mountaineers
208 Hornet Stadium 21,650 Sacramento California 1969 Football Sacramento State Hornets
209 Aggie Stadium 21,500 Greensboro North Carolina 1981 Football North Carolina A&T Aggies
210 Johnson Hagood Stadium 21,000 Charleston South Carolina 1946 Football The Citadel Bulldogs
211 Louis Crews Stadium 21,000 Huntsville Alabama 1996 Football Alabama A&M Bulldogs
212 Finley Stadium 20,668 Chattanooga Tennessee 1997 Football Chattanooga Mocs
213 Stambaugh Stadium 20,630 Youngstown Ohio 1982 Football Youngstown State Penguins
214 Quicken Loans Arena 20,562 Cleveland Ohio 1994 Basketball Cleveland Cavaliers
215 FC Dallas Stadium 20,500 Frisco Texas 2005 Soccer FC Dallas, NCAA Division I Football Championship Game (FCS)
216 Columbus Crew Stadium 20,455 Columbus Ohio 1999 Soccer Columbus Crew
217 Lockhart Stadium 20,450 Fort Lauderdale Florida 1959 Soccer Fort Lauderdale Strikers
218 Providence Park 20,438 Portland Oregon 1926 Soccer Portland Timbers
219 Hughes Stadium 20,311 Sacramento California 1928 Multi-purpose Sacramento Republic FC
220 Foreman Field at S.B. Ballard Stadium 20,118 Norfolk Virginia 1936 Football Old Dominion Monarchs football
221 Rio Tinto Stadium 20,008 Sandy Utah 2008 Soccer Real Salt Lake
222 Brown Stadium 20,000 Providence Rhode Island 1925 Football Brown Bears
223 FIU Stadium 20,000 Miami Florida 1995 Football FIU Golden Panthers, Miami FC
224 Roy Kidd Stadium 20,000 Richmond Kentucky 1969 Football Eastern Kentucky Colonels
225 Mesquite Memorial Stadium 20,000 Mesquite Texas 1977 Football Local high schools
226 Kimbrough Memorial Stadium 20,000 Canyon Texas 1959 Football West Texas A&M University, local high schools
227 Toyota Park 20,000 Bridgeview Illinois 2006 Soccer Chicago Fire Soccer Club
See also[edit]
List of American football stadiums by capacity
List of U.S. baseball stadiums by capacity
List of soccer stadiums in the United States
List of indoor arenas in the United States
List of North American stadiums by capacity
List of stadiums by capacity
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_U.S._stadiums_by_capacity&oldid=819005252"
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