text:
Duty of care in English law
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Part of a series on common law
English tort law
Negligence
Duty of care
Bolam test
Breach of duty
Causation
Breaking the chain
Acts of the claimant
Remoteness
Professional negligence
Psychiatric harm
Loss of chance
Loss of right
Res ipsa loquitur
Eggshell skull
Trespass
Occupiers' liability
Occupiers' Liability Act 1957
Occupiers' Liability Act 1984
Defamation
Strict liability
Vicarious liability
Rylands v Fletcher
Nuisance
v
t
e
In English tort law, an individual may owe a duty of care to another, to ensure that they do not suffer any unreasonable harm or loss. If such a duty is found to be breached, a legal liability is imposed upon the tortfeasor to compensate the victim for any losses they incur. The idea of individuals owing strangers a duty of care – where beforehand such duties were only found from contractual arrangements – developed at common law, throughout the 20th century. The doctrine was significantly developed in the case of Donoghue v Stevenson,[1] where a woman succeeded in establishing a manufacturer of ginger beer owed her a duty of care, where it had been negligently produced. Following this, the duty concept has expanded into a coherent judicial test, which must be satisfied in order to claim in negligence.
Generally, a duty of care arises where one individual or group undertakes an activity which could reasonably harm another, either physically, mentally, or economically. This includes common activities such as driving (where physical injury may occur), as well as specialised activities such as dispensing reliant economic advice (where economic loss may occur). Where an individual has not created a situation which may cause harm, no duty of care exists to warn others of dangerous situations or prevent harm occurring to them; such acts are known as pure omissions, and liability may only arise where a prior special relationship exists to necessitate them.
Contents
[hide]
1 Duty of Care
1.1 The Anns test
1.2 The three stage test
2 Status of the claimant
2.1 Rescuers
3 Duty of care for omissions
4 Special types of harm
4.1 Psychiatric harm
4.2 Pure economic loss
5 Liability of public bodies
6 See also
7 References
8 Bibliography
Duty of Care[edit]
The first element of negligence is the legal duty of care. This concerns the relationship between the defendant and the claimant, which must be such that there is an obligation upon the defendant to take proper care to avoid causing injury to the plaintiff in all the circumstances of the case. There are two ways in which a duty of care may be established:
the defendant and claimant are within one of the recognised relationships where a duty of care is established by precedent; or
outside these relationships, according to the principles developed by case law.
The principles delineated in Caparo V Dickman specify a tripartite test:
Was the harm reasonably foreseeable?
Was there a requisite degree of proximity between the claimant and the defendant
Is it fair, just and reasonable to impose a duty of care; are there precluding public policy concerns?
There are a number of distinct and recognisable situations in which the courts recognise the existence of a duty of care. Examples include
one road-user to another
employer to employee
manufacturer to consumer
doctor to patient
solicitor to client
teacher to student

The common law position regarding negligence recognised strict categories of negligence. In 1932, the duty of a care applied despite no prior relationship or interaction and was not constrained by privity of contract.[2] Here, a duty of care was found to be owed by a manufacturer to an end consumer, for negligence in the production of his goods. Mrs Donoghue's claim for damages for gastroenteritis and nervous shock were allowed, where a ginger beer manufacturer had negligently allowed a snail into a bottle, which she had consumed. Lord Atkin established liability on the basis that a neighbour principle existed between the two parties, to ensure reasonable care was taken in the production of the ginger beer, so as not to cause Mrs Donoghue any unreasonable harm:
“ There must be, and is, some general conception of relations giving rise to a duty of care, of which the particular cases found in the books are but instances. ... The rule that you are to love your neighbour becomes in law you must not injure your neighbour; and the lawyer's question: Who is my neighbour? receives a restricted reply. You must take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which you can reasonably foresee would be likely to injure your neighbour. Who, then, in law, is my neighbour? The answer seems to be - persons who are so closely and directly affected by my act that I ought reasonably to have them in contemplation as being so affected when I am directing my mind to the acts or omissions that are called in question.[3] ”
Lord Atkin's speech established a neighbour principle,[4] or a general duty that individuals must take reasonable care in their actions or omissions, so as not to cause harm to others proximate to them. It did not matter that Mrs Donoghue was unidentified or unknown to the manufacturer; as the type of harm which occurred was foreseeable through the negligence of the ginger beer manufacturer.[4]
The Anns test[edit]
See also: Anns v Merton London Borough Council
Following the firm establishment of the neighbour principle in negligence, it became clear in subsequent years that it did not represent an easily applicable approach to new forms of duty, or to unprecedented situations of negligence.[5] As such, new categories of negligence evolved, as in Hedley Byrne & Co Ltd v Heller & Partners Ltd,[6] to cover different types of negligent acts, rather than a coherent doctrine or ratio being taken from Donoghue v Stevenson.[7] Some thirty years after Donoghue was decided, in Home Office v Dorset Yacht Co Ltd,[8] Lord Reid stated judicially that: "the time has come when we can and should say that it ought to apply unless there is some justification or valid explanation for its exclusion."[9] It was not until the case of Anns v Merton London Borough Council[10] however, that the neighbour principle was adopted in a formal test for negligence. The case involved the negligent construction of a block of maisonettes, commissioned by the Merton London Borough Council. The flats, finished in 1972, had poorly constructed foundations, resulting in sloping of floors, and cracks in the walls. The lessees of the maisonettes sued the council in negligence, alleging a duty of care existed for the building to be properly constructed and in a usable state.
In rejecting the previous evolution of duty of care, a categorical approach where a claim would have to fit under previous situations a duty had been found, the House of Lords unanimously found a duty to exist. The test established by Lord Wilberforce – known as the Anns test – imposed a prima facie duty of care where:
A sufficient relationship of proximity or neighbourhood exists between the alleged wrongdoer and the person who has suffered damage, such that carelessness on the part of the former is likely to cause damage to the latter;[11]
There are no considerations relevant which may reduce or limit the scope of any imposed duty.[12]
The three stage test[edit]
Following the establishment of the two stage test for a duty of care, there was a marked judicial retreat from the test, which was widely seen as being too inclusive, and being too easily applicable to cases which might be contrary to public policy.[13] The test was formally overruled in Murphy v Brentwood District Council,[14] where the House of Lords invoked the Practice Statement to depart from the Anns test. The resultant test for a duty of care - which remains good law today - can be found in the judgments of Caparo Industries plc v Dickman.[15] A large criticism of the Anns test had been that it combined the test for proximity of relationship with foreseeability of harm.[16] Whereas Lord Atkin's neighbour principle emphasised a need for both a proximate relationship, as well as a foreseeability of harm, the Anns test did not make such a clear distinction. Richard Kidner has stated that this led the courts to sometimes ignore relevant policy considerations,[17] and to encourage "lazy thinking and woolly analysis."[18] The resounding test attempts to reconcile the need for a control device, proximity of relationship, with foreseeability of harm. Lord Oliver's speech in Caparo Industries plc v Dickman summarises the test for a duty of care:[19]
The harm which occurred must be a reasonable foreseeable result of the defendant's conduct;
A sufficient relationship of proximity or neighbourhood exists between the alleged wrongdoer and the person who has suffered damage;
It is fair, just and reasonable to impose liability.
In reintroducing the need for proximity as a central control device, it has been stated that these three stages are 'ingredients' of liability, rather than tests in their own right.[20] For example, liability can arise between complete strangers, where positive acts involving foreseeable physical harm occur; where negligent omissions and misstatements occur however, it is necessary to show a proximate relationship, as well as a foreseeability of harm.[21]
Status of the claimant[edit]
The status of the claimant in an act of negligence can result in a duty of care arising where it would not normally – as is the case with rescuers – or prevent a duty of care existing altogether. Claims that a doctor may owe a mother a duty of care to advise against child birth, and claims that police may owe an individual involved in criminal behavior a duty of care, have been barred. In McKay v Essex Area Health Authority,[22] a child's claim that a doctor should have advised his mother to seek an abortion was struck out; Whilst the Congenital Disabilities (Civil Liability) Act allows a course of action where negligence is the cause of a disability, wrongful life has remained barred for policy reasons.[23] Similarly, where a criminal attempted to escape police capture in Vellino v Chief Constable of the Greater Manchester Police,[24] his claim that they owed him a duty of care not to let him escape after they had arrested him was branded 'absurd'.[25]
Rescuers[edit]
"Danger invites rescue. The cry of distress is the summons to relief. The law does not ignore these reactions of the mind in tracing conduct to its consequences. It recognises them as normal. It places their efforts within the range of the natural and probable. The wrong that imperils life is a wrong to the imperilled victim; it is a wrong also to his rescuer."[26]
Cardozo J, Wagner v International Railway Co (1921) 133 NE 437, 232 NY 176
It has been established at common law that those who attempt rescue are owed a duty of care by those who create dangerous situations, in which it is foreseeable rescuers may intervene.[27] This duty can apply to professional rescuers – such as doctors or lifeguards – as much as ordinary individuals,and may even apply where the rescuer engages in a careless or reckless rescue attempt.[28] The basis for this liability was first recognised in Haynes v Harwood.[29] Here, a child who threw a stone at a horse, causing it to bolt, was liable to a policeman who attempted to stop it subsequently, and was injured. The duty was confirmed in the later case of Baker v T E Hopkins & Son Ltd,[30] with Wilmer LJ stating that:
Assuming the rescuer not to have acted unreasonably, therefore, it seems to me that he must normally belong to the class of persons who ought to be within the contemplation of the wrongdoer as being closely and directly affected by the latter's act.[31]
The duty of care owed to a rescuer is separate from that owed to those he is rescuing.[32] Where individuals trespassed onto a railway line, putting themselves in danger, they were not owed a duty of care; however, the stationmaster who attempted rescue and was fatally injured was owed a duty of care, as it was foreseeable he would attempt a rescue.[33] Equally, a duty of care may arise where an individual imperils himself, and a rescuer is injured, despite the individual clearly owing himself no duty of care.[34]
Duty of care for omissions[edit]
"One can put the matter in political moral or economic terms. In political terms it is less of an invasion of an individual's freedom for the law to require him to consider the safety of others in his actions than to impose upon him a duty to rescue or protect. A moral version of this point may be called the ‘Why pick on me?' argument."[35]
Lord Hoffmann, Stovin v Wise [1996] AC 923
Generally, no duty of care may arise in relation to pure omissions; acts which if taken would minimise or prevent harm to another individual.[36] However, where an individual creates a dangerous situation - even if blamelessly - a duty of care may arise to protect others from being harmed. Where an individual left his car without lights on at the side of a carriageway, he owed a duty of care to other drivers, despite the road being well lit, and was thus jointly liable when another driver collided with his car.[37]
There are however certain circumstances in which an individual may be liable for omissions, where a prior special relationship exists. Such a relationship may be imposed by statute; the Occupiers' Liability acts for example impose a duty of care upon occupiers of land and properties to protect – in as far as is reasonable – others from harm. In other cases, a relationship may be inferred or imposed based on the need to protect an individual from third parties. In Stansbie v Troman[38] a decorator failed to secure a household he was decorating, resulting in a burglary while he was absent; it was found he owed a duty to the household owner to adequately secure the premises in his absence.[39] An authority or service may equally owe a duty of care to individuals to protect them from harm.[40] In Reeves v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis,[41] the police were found to have owed a duty to a prisoner – who was known to be a suicide risk – to ensure he did not commit suicide in their custody.[40] Authorities have also been found liable for failing to protect against the risks of third parties, in certain circumstances. An education authority was found to owe a duty of care to motorists to protect against the risk of a young children in a public road; a driver was injured when forced to swerve, after a four-year-old child escaped and ran into the path of oncoming traffic.[42]
A duty of care will also apply to an omission if a dangerous act was committed by a third party on the defendant's property which he knew about or should have known about, and he did not take reasonable steps to avert damage to neighbouring properties
Special types of harm[edit]
Psychiatric harm[edit]
Main article: Nervous shock (English Law)
The duty of care owed to protect others from psychiatric harm is different from that owed for physical harm, with additional control devices and distinctions present in order to limit liability.[43] A successful claim for psychiatric harm must result from a sudden shock (caused by a traumatising event),[43] and the victim must be of ordinary fortitude and mental strength, and not especially susceptible to the harm in question.[44] Whilst a prima facie duty of care is imposed for physical harm where the criteria of proximity, foreseeability, and policy are fulfilled, liability for psychiatric harm rests upon an individual's connection to a traumatising event; those not physically endangered may not be owed a duty of care unless they can fulfill several relational criteria.[45]
The decision of Page v Smith[46] establishes liability for psychiatric harm where an individual is endangered physically. Victims in this category are known as primary victims, and are automatically owed a duty of care, as explained by Lord Lloyd:
Once it is established that the defendant is under a duty of care to avoid causing personal injury to the plaintiff, it matters not whether the injury in fact sustained is physical, psychiatric or both.[47]
Further individuals are classed as secondary victims, and must meet several criteria in order to establish a duty of care is owed to them. There are several types of victims whom the court have recognised; employees who suffer excessive stress at work,[48] individuals witnessing the destruction of their property,[49] while those witnessing especially traumatising scenes involving others are secondary victims.[50] Case law surrounding psychiatric harm focuses primarily on secondary victims; recovery for witnessing the injury and harm of others has been limited primarily by the decision of Alcock v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire,[51] which establishes several boundaries and criteria for imposing liability. There must be a close tie of 'love and affection' between the primary victim, and the secondary victim witnessing the traumatic event.[52] Additionally, the cause of the harm must be close and proximate to the shocking event in question, and it must be witnessed by the means of the victim's senses, and not via some form of communication.[53]
Pure economic loss[edit]
Main article: Pure economic loss in English Law
Negligence which causes no physical or psychiatric harm, but causes economic loss to an individual or organisation, is termed pure economic loss. The idea that a duty of care may be owed to protect against the economic loss of others has been seen as problematic,[54] as the bounds of such liability are potentially unforeseeable, and difficult to establish.[55] Thus, there are several limits in place on the recovery of pure economic loss, with some categories of economic loss being totally unrecoverable altogether. Those affected by damage caused to the property of another company or individual, or who suffer loss due to the purchase of a defective product, for example, cannot ordinarily recover any losses incurred as a result.[56] Instances where a duty of care is recognised generally involve the negligent performance of a service, or the negligent misstatements of professionals, which are then relied upon by others.
The development of pure economic loss stems from the case of Hedley Byrne & Co Ltd v Heller & Partners Ltd,[6] where it was first recognised that a duty of care may arise not to cause economic loss to others through negligent misstatements.[57] In this case, Hedley Byrne, an advertising agency, approached Heller & Partners for a credit check on a third company, Easipower Ltd, before carrying out advertising orders on their behalf. Heller & Partners reported that Easipower Ltd was credit-worthy, and in reliance on this statement, Hedley Byrne placed advertising orders for them.[58] When subsequently Easipower Ltd was declared bankrupt, Hedley Byrne took legal action against Heller & Partners, alleging they had been owed a duty of care when consulting for a credit reference. Whilst Hedley Byrne did not succeed in their claim,[59] the House of Lords recognised that such a duty may be owed, where a relationship of reliance exists between two parties.[58]
Liability of public bodies[edit]
An organisation or public body may be found to have committed a negligent act in the same way that an individual may; however, for policy reasons, the duty of care which a public body may owe is different from that of private individuals or organisations.[60] Generally, it is where the type of harm involved is not of a physical kind, or a negligent omission is committed, that the formulation of a duty of care differs.
See also[edit]
English tort law
Bhamra v Dubb [2010] EWCA Civ 13
Floodgates principle
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Donoghue v Stevenson (1932) AC 562
Jump up ^ Elliott, Quinn, p. 17
Jump up ^ [1932] AC 562, at 580
^ Jump up to: a b McBride, Bagshaw, p. 72
Jump up ^ Elliott, Quinn, p. 18
^ Jump up to: a b Hedley Byrne & Co Ltd v Heller & Partners Ltd [1964] AC 465
Jump up ^ Markesinis, Johnston, Deakin, p. 125
Jump up ^ Home Office v Dorset Yacht Co Ltd AC 1004
Jump up ^ [1970] AC 1004, at 1027
Jump up ^ Anns v Merton London Borough Council [1978] AC 728
Jump up ^ [1978] AC 728, p. 751
Jump up ^ [1978] AC 728, p. 752
Jump up ^ McBride, Bagshaw, p. 57
Jump up ^ Murphy v Brentwood District Council [1991] 1 AC 398
Jump up ^ Caparo Industries plc v Dickman [1990] 2 AC 605
Jump up ^ Steele, p. 146
Jump up ^ Kidner, p. 323
Jump up ^ Kidner, p. 322
Jump up ^ [1990] 2 AC 605, at 632-633
Jump up ^ Steele, p. 157
Jump up ^ Markesinis, Johnston, Deakin, p. 129
Jump up ^ McKay v Essex Area Health Authority [1982] QB 1166
Jump up ^ Markesinis, Johnston, Deakin, p. 218
Jump up ^ Vellino v Chief Constable of the Greater Manchester Police [2002] 1 WLR 218
Jump up ^ per Schiemann LJ, [2002] 1 WLR 218, at 19
Jump up ^ (1921) 133 NE 437, 232 NY 176 at 180
Jump up ^ Wicks v State Rail Authority of New South Wales [2010] HCA 22
Jump up ^ Steele, p. 202
Jump up ^ Haynes v Harwood [1935] 1 KB 146
Jump up ^ Baker v T E Hopkins & Son Ltd [1959] 1 WLR 966
Jump up ^ [1959] 1 WLR 966, at 981
Jump up ^ Wicks v State Rail Authority of New South Wales [2010] HCA 22
Jump up ^ [1963] 2 QB 650, at 651
Jump up ^ Cooke, p. 198
Jump up ^ [1996] AC 923, pp. 943-944
Jump up ^ per Lord Goff in Smith v Littlewoods: "the common law does not impose liability for what are called pure omissions" [1987] 2 AC 241 at 247
Jump up ^ See synopsis of: Lee v Lever [1974] RTR 35, p. 35
Jump up ^ Stansbie v Troman [1948] 2 KB 48
Jump up ^ McBride, Bagshaw, p. 553
^ Jump up to: a b McBride, Bagshaw, p. 552
Jump up ^ Reeves v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis
Jump up ^ Steele, p. 166
^ Jump up to: a b Steele, p. 302
Jump up ^ Steele, p. 303
Jump up ^ Elliott, Quinn, p. 39
Jump up ^ Page v Smith [1996] AC 155
Jump up ^ [1996] AC 155, at 190
Jump up ^ Recognised as primary victims in Walker v Northumberland County Council [1995] 1 All ER 737
Jump up ^ Recognised possibly as primary victims since the Alcock criteria were not applied in Attia v British Gas plc [1988] QB 304
Jump up ^ Steele, p. 317
Jump up ^ Alcock v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire [1992] 1 AC 310
Jump up ^ Nolan, p. 7
Jump up ^ Nolan, p. 8
Jump up ^ Steele, p. 339
Jump up ^ Elliott, Quinn, p. 25
Jump up ^ Steele, p. 341
Jump up ^ Elliott, Quinn, p. 26
^ Jump up to: a b McBride, Bagshaw, p. 125
Jump up ^ The House of Lords finding that the disclaimer of the reference (that it had been given "without responsibility") precluded liability.
Jump up ^ Markesinis, Deakins, p. 208
Bibliography[edit]
Bagshaw, Roderick; McBride, Nicholas (2008). Tort Law. Longman. ISBN 1-4058-5949-0.
Deakin, Simon; Johnston, Angus; Markesinis, Basil (2007). Markesinis and Deakin's Tort Law. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-928246-3.
Elliott, Catherine; Quinn, Frances (2007). Tort Law. Longman. ISBN 1-4058-4672-0.
Kidner, Richard (1987). "Resiling from the Anns principle: the variable nature of proximity in negligence". Legal Studies. Blackwell Publishing. 7 (3).
Nolan, Donal (2004). "Psychiatric injury at the crossroads". Journal of Personal Injury Law (1).
Steele, Jenny (2007). Tort Law: Text, Cases, & Materials: Text, Cases, and Materials (Paperback). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-924885-0.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duty_of_care_in_English_law&oldid=786829028"
Categories:
English tort law
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 21 June 2017, at 20:47.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: tr

value: th

value: li

values: Bolam v Friern Hospital Management Committee

values:
/wiki/Nervous_shock_(English_Law)
mw-redirect
Nervous shock (English Law)

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

values:
/wiki/Nervous_shock
mw-redirect
Nervous shock

values: width: 20px; vertical-align: top; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: left; padding: 10px 10px;

values: vertical-align: top; border: none; padding: 4px 10px;

values: width: 20px; vertical-align: bottom; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: right; padding: 10px 10px;

values: margin:auto; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; background-color: transparent; width: auto;

values:
/wiki/Home_Office_v_Dorset_Yacht_Co_Ltd
mw-redirect
Home Office v Dorset Yacht Co Ltd

values:
/wiki/Maisonette_(apartment)
mw-redirect
Maisonette (apartment)

values:
/wiki/Lord_Wilberforce
mw-redirect
Lord Wilberforce

values: float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em; font-size: 85%; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:25em; max-width: 34%;

values: Edit section: Duty of care for omissions

values:
/wiki/Lord_Hoffmann
mw-redirect
Lord Hoffmann

values: float: left; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em; font-size: 85%; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:25em; max-width: 38%;

values: Edit section: Liability of public bodies

values:
/wiki/Smith_v_Littlewoods
mw-redirect
Smith v Littlewoods

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
interface

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Duty_of_care_in_English_law
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Duty_of_care_in_English_law rootpage-Duty_of_care_in_English_law vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
Laura-Leigh
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Laura-Leigh
Born
Laura Leigh Moser
(1989-01-09) January 9, 1989 (age 29)
Occupation
Actress
Years active
2008–present
Laura-Leigh Claire (born Laura Leigh Moser January 9, 1989), known professionally as simply Laura-Leigh, is an American actress. She is best known for her roles in the films and The Ward (2010) and We're the Millers (2013) and as a series regular on the TV series The Client List (2013).
Contents
[hide]
1 Life and career
2 Filmography
2.1 Film
2.2 Television
3 References
4 External links
Life and career[edit]
She grew up in Maumelle, Arkansas.[1][2]
She graduated from the Juilliard School[3][4] and upon graduation had a role in the Second Stage Theatre production of Boy's Life, directed by Michael Greif.[5][6]
Laura-Leigh appeared as herself on the Bravo reality TV series Vanderpump Rules. She was working as a server at SUR, the West Hollywood, California, restaurant owned by The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills cast member Lisa Vanderpump. Laura-Leigh quit SUR and the series after landing a role in the film We're the Millers.
After guest starring in several TV series', she co-starred as Zoey in John Carpenter's film The Ward. She appeared as "Kymberly," a fellow stripper alongside Jennifer Aniston in the comedy motion picture We're the Millers. The film grossed over $270 million worldwide.
Claire played series regular character "Nikki Shannon" in Jennifer Love Hewitt's TV series The Client List.[7] She co-starred in the comedy motion picture Tooken, a parody of the Taken film series.
Claire will appear in David Robert Mitchell's Neo-Noir crime thriller Under the Silver Lake opposite Andrew Garfield, Zosia Mamet, and Riley Keough in 2018.
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2010 The Ward Zoey
2011 The Restaurant Rachel
2012 Lost Angeles Hope
2013 We're the Millers Kymberly
2014 The Wild, the Child & the Miracle Dawn Short film
2015 Tooken Kim Millers
2016 Fatality M Short film
2018 Under the Silver Lake Mae
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2008 Gossip Girl Amanda Lasher "The Ex-Files"
2009 Law & Order Alicia Carson "Lucky Stiff"
2009 Numb3rs Barista "Animal Rites"
2012 Bad Girls TV film
2013 Vanderpump Rules Herself Reality TV
2013 The Client List Nikki Shannon Recurring role (season 1)
Series regular (season 2)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Lawson, Bill (August 29, 2012). "Maumelle's Hollywood Star Walking On Sunshine!". Maumelle Monitor. Archived from the original on 22 July 2015. Retrieved 2015-07-19.
Jump up ^ Lawson, Bill (March 20, 2013). "Maumelle star shines bright in Hollywood". Maumelle Monitor. Archived from the original on 22 July 2015. Retrieved 2015-07-19.
Jump up ^ Biography for Laura-Leigh on IMDb
Jump up ^ "Class Notes for October 2011". The Juilliard Journal. Retrieved 2016-10-30. (click on the "Drama" tab)
Jump up ^ Isherwood, Charles (October 22, 2008). "Somewhat More Than Boys, a Little Less Than Men". New York Times. Retrieved 2015-07-19.
Jump up ^ "Laura-Leigh as Nikki Shannon". Lifetime. Archived from the original on 22 June 2016. Retrieved 2015-07-19.
Jump up ^ "Laura-Leigh as Nikki Shannon - The Client List Cast & Characters". Lifetime. Retrieved November 27, 2013.
External links[edit]
Laura-Leigh on IMDb
MissUndercity blog
Mom Fab Fun
Wetpaint
Rumorfix
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laura-Leigh&oldid=838356344"
Categories:
American film actresses
American television actresses
Living people
21st-century American actresses
People from Maumelle, Arkansas
1989 births
Hidden categories:
Articles with hCards
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 26 April 2018, at 14:09.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: span

attrs: colspan style

value: td

value: tbody

value: table

attrs: class style

values:
/wiki/Second_Stage_Theatre
mw-redirect
Second Stage Theatre

values:
/wiki/Bravo_(U.S._TV_channel)
mw-redirect
Bravo (U.S. TV channel)

values:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
/wiki/Gossip_Girl_(TV_series)
mw-redirect
Gossip Girl (TV series)

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3142880/bio

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3142880/
external text

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Laura-Leigh
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Laura-Leigh rootpage-Laura-Leigh skin-vector action-view


text:
1966 Nigerian coup d'état
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
1966 Nigerian coup d'etat
Date
January 15-January 16, 1966
Location
Nigeria
Result
Overthrow of Abubakar Balewa
Assassination of 11 senior Politicians
Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi seized power
Instigation of Northern-led counter-coup
Nigerian Civil War starts in 1967
Belligerents
Government of Nigeria Rebel Army Officers
Commanders and leaders
Abubakar Balewa †
Ahmadu Bello †
Samuel Akintola †
Festus Okotie-Eboh † Kaduna Nzeogwu
Timothy Onwuatuegwu
Emmanuel Ifeajuna
Adewale Ademoyega
Chris Anuforo
Humphrey Chukwuka
Don Okafor
Strength
unknown unknown
Casualties and losses
22 dead 0
The 1966 Nigerian coup d'état began on January 15, 1966, when mutinous Nigerian soldiers led by Kaduna Nzeogwu and Emmanuel Ifeajuna killed 22 people[1] including the Prime Minister of Nigeria, many senior politicians, many senior Army officers (including their wives), and sentinels on protective duty.[2][3] The coup plotters attacked the cities of Kaduna, Ibadan, and Lagos while also blockading the Niger and Benue River within a two-day span of time before the coup plotters were subdued. The General Officer Commanding, of the Nigerian Army, Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi then used the coup as a pretext to annex power, ending Nigeria's nascent democracy. It was one of the events that led to the Nigerian Civil War.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Coup
3 Aftermath
4 Officers involved
4.1 Conspirators
4.2 Participants
4.3 Government officials
5 Casualties
5.1 Civilians
5.2 Military and police
6 References
Background[edit]
In August 1965 a group of Army majors (Kaduna Nzeogwu, Emmanuel Ifeajuna, Timothy Onwuatuegwu, Chris Anuforo, Don Okafor, Humphrey Chukwuka,Victor Banjo and Adewale Ademoyega) began plotting a coup d'état against incumbent Prime Minister Abubakar Balewa. The coup was planned because according to the majors, the men at the helm of affairs were running Nigeria aground with their corrupt ways. Ministers under them were living flamboyant lifestyles and looting public funds at the expense of ordinary citizens.
The president of Nigeria, Nnamdi Azikiwe left the country in late 1965, first for Europe, then on a cruise to the Caribbean. Under the law, the Senate president, Nwafor Orizu, became acting president during his absence and had all the powers of the president.
Coup[edit]
Late in the morning of January 15, 1966, at a meeting with some local journalists in Kaduna seeking to find out what was going on, it was brought to Major Nzeogwu's attention that the only information about the events then was what was being broadcast by the BBC. Nzeogwu was surprised because he had expected a radio broadcast of the rebels from Lagos. He is said to have "gone wild" when he learnt that Emmanuel Ifeajuna in Lagos had not made any plans whatsoever to neutralize Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi who was the Commander of the Army. Therefore, Nzeogwu hurriedly drafted a speech which was broadcast on Radio Kaduna sometime around 12 a.m. and in which he declared martial law over the Northern Provinces of Nigeria.[4][5]
Aftermath[edit]
Acting President Nwafor Orizu made a nationwide broadcast, after he had briefed President Nnamdi Azikiwe on the phone about the decision of the cabinet, announcing the cabinet's "voluntary" decision to transfer power to the armed forces. Major General Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi then made his own broadcast, accepting the "invitation". On January 17, Major General Ironsi established the Supreme Military Council in Lagos and effectively suspended the constitution.[6]
Officers involved[edit]
The list below shows the officers involved on both sides of the coup as well as their ethnic backgrounds.
Conspirators[edit]
Maj. Kaduna Nzeogwu (Igbo)
Maj. Adewale Ademoyega (Yoruba), author of "Why we struck"
Maj. Emmanuel Ifeajuna (Igbo)
Maj. Timothy Onwuatuegwu (Igbo)
Maj. Chris Anuforo (Igbo)
Maj. Humphrey Chukwuka (Igbo)
Maj. Don Okafor (Igbo)
Capt. Ogbo Oji (Igbo)
Participants[edit]
Capt. Emmanuel Nwobosi (Igbo)
Capt. G. Adeleke (Yoruba)
Lt. Fola Oyewole (Yoruba), author of "The reluctant rebel"
Lt. R. Egbiko (Esan)
Lt. PM Okocha (Igbo)
Lt. Tijani Katsina(Hausa/Fulani)
Lt. O. Olafemiyan (Yoruba)
Capt. Gibson Jalo (Bali)
Capt. Swanton (Middle Belt)
Lt. Dag Warribor (Ijaw)
2nd Lt. Saleh Dambo (Hausa)
2nd Lt. John Atom Kpera (Tiv)
Capt. Ben Gbulie (Igbo)
Lt. Dimka
Government officials[edit]
Prime Minister Abubakar Balewa † (Baggara)
Premier Ahmadu Bello † (Fulani)
Premier Samuel Akintola † (Yoruba)
Finance Minister Festus Okotie-Eboh † (Itsekiri)
Gen. Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi (Igbo)
Brig. Samuel Ademulegun † (Yoruba)
Brig. Zakariya Maimalari † (Kanuri)
Col. Kur Mohammed † (Kanuri)
Col. Ralph Shodeinde † (Yoruba)
Lt. Col. Yakubu Gowon (Ngas)
Lt. Col. Abogo Largema † (Kanuri)
Lt. Col. James Pam † (Berom)
Lt. Col. Arthur Unegbe † (Igbo)
Lt. Col. Conrad Nwawo (Igbo)
Maj. Hassan Katsina (Fulani)
Casualties[edit]
Comprehensive list of casualties from the coup are below[1]
Civilians[edit]
Prime Minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa
Premier Ahmadu Bello
Premier Samuel Ladoke Akintola
Finance Minister Festus Okotie-Eboh
Ahmed Ben Musa (Senior Assistant Secretary for Security)
Hafsatu Bello
Mrs Latifat Ademulegun
Zarumi Sardauna
Ahmed Pategi (Government driver)
Military and police[edit]
Brig. Samuel Ademulegun
Brig. Zakariya Maimalari
Col. Ralph Shodeinde
Col. Kur Mohammed
Lt. Col. Abogo Largema
Lt. Col. James Pam
Lt. Col. Arthur Unegbe
Sergeant Daramola Oyegoke (assisted Nzeogwu in the attack on the Sardauna's lodge and according to the Police report was murdered by Nzeogwu)[2][3]
PC Yohana Garkawa
Lance Corporal Musa Nimzo
PC Akpan Anduka
PC Hagai Lai
philip lewande
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Siollun, Max. Oil, Politics and Violence: Nigeria's Military Coup Culture (1966-1976). Algora Publishing, 2009. p. 237. ISBN 9780875867106. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b Omoigui, Nowamagbe. "SPECIAL BRANCH REPORT: "Military Rebellion of 15th January 1966". Gamji.com. Retrieved 26 January 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Kirk-Greene & Millard. Crisis and conflict in Nigeria: a documentary sourcebook, Volume 1; Volume 9. Oxford University Press, 1971. p. 124. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Nzeogwu's Declaration of Martial Law - January 15, 1966
Jump up ^ "Radio broadcast by Major Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu – announcing Nigeria’s first military coup on Radio Nigeria, Kaduna on January 15, 1966". Vanguard. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Abubakar Ibrahim (29 July 2008). "The Forgotten Interim President". Daily Trust. Retrieved 2010-02-28.
"SPECIAL BRANCH REPORT: "Military Rebellion of 15th January 1966"".
Siollun, Max (2005-10-30). "The inside story of Nigeria's first military coup". kwenu.com. Archived from the original on 2007-06-29. Retrieved 2014-09-23.
Coutsoukis, Photius (June 1991). "Nigeria The 1966 Coups, Civil War, and Gowon's Government". photius.com. Retrieved 2015-02-12.
Isiguzo, Christopher (2010-07-20). "Nigeria: Jan 1966 Coup Planned By Revolutionaries, Says Study". allAfrica. Retrieved 2014-09-23.
Francis, James (2009-03-29). "The history of coup d'etat in Nigeria". It is all about the history of Nigeria. Retrieved 2015-02-12.
[hide]
v
t
e
Coups, self-coups, and attempted coups in Africa since 1960
1960s
Republic of the Congo (1960)
Ethiopia (1960)
French Algeria (1961)
Senegal (1962)
Benin (1963)
Togo (1963)c
Gabon (1964)c
Zanzibar (1964)
Algeria (1965)c
Benin (1965)
Burundi (1965)
Democratic Republic of the Congo (1965)
Central African Republic (1965–1966)c
Burundi (July 1966)c
Burundi (November 1966)c
Ghana (1966)c
Upper Volta (1966)c
Nigeria (January 1966)c
Nigeria (July 1966)c
Republic of the Congo (1966)
Benin (1967)
Ghana (1967)
Togo (1967)c
Mali (1968)c
Republic of the Congo (1968)c
Benin (1969)
Sudan (1969)c
Libya (1969)c
Somalia (1969)c
1970s
Lesotho (1970)‡
Uganda (1971)c
Morocco (1971)
Sudan (1971)c
Benin (1972)
Ghana (1972)c
Morocco (1972)
Republic of the Congo (1972)
Rwanda (1973)c
Niger (1974)c
Comoros (1975)c
Nigeria (1975)c
Chad (1975)c
Burundi (1976)c
Nigeria (1976)
Benin (1977)
Republic of the Congo (1977)c
Seychelles (1977)c
Sudan (1977)
Ghana (1978)‡
Central African Republic (1979)c
Ghana (1979)c
Equatorial Guinea (1979)c
1980s
Liberia (1980)c
Guinea-Bissau (1980)c
Upper Volta (1980)c
Central African Republic (1981)
Gambia (1981)
Ghana (1981)c
Seychelles (1981)
Central African Republic (1982)
Kenya (1982)
Upper Volta (1982)c
Upper Volta (1983)
Upper Volta (1983)c
Nigeria (1983)c
Mauritania (1984)c
Cameroon (1984)
Guinea (1984)c
Uganda (1985)c
Nigeria (1985)c
Sudan (1985)c
Lesotho (1986)c
Burkina Faso (1987)c
Burundi (1987)c
Republic of the Congo (1987)
Tunisia (1987)c
Sudan (1989)c
Burkina Faso (1989)
Ethiopia (1989)
1990s
Nigeria (1990)
Zambia (1990)
Mali (1991)c
Lesotho (1991)c
Sierra Leone (1992)c
Algeria (1992)
Burundi (1993)
Nigeria (1993)c
Gambia (1994)c
Lesotho (1994)‡
Comoros (1995)
Burundi (1996)c
Niger (1996)c
Zambia (1997)
Lesotho (1998)
Republic of the Congo (1998)
Niger (1999)c
Côte d'Ivoire (1999)c
2000s
Burundi (2001)
Central African Republic (2001)
Central African Republic (2003)
São Tomé and Príncipe (2003)
Burkina Faso (2003)
Chad (2004)
Equatorial Guinea (2004)
Mauritania (2005)c
Chad (2006)
Madagascar (2006)
Guinea (2008)c
Mauritania (2008)c
Madagascar (2009)c
2010s
Niger (2010)c
Guinea-Bissau (2010)c
Democratic Republic of the Congo (2011)
Niger (2011)
Guinea-Bissau (2011)
Mali (2012)c
Guinea-Bissau (2012)c
Egypt (2013)c
Libya (2013)
Central African Republic (2012–13)
South Sudan (2013)
Libya (2014)
Lesotho (2014)
The Gambia (2014)
Burundi (2015)
Burkina Faso (2015)
Burkina Faso (2016)
Libya (2016)
c coup
‡ self-coup
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1966_Nigerian_coup_d%27état&oldid=803397888"
Categories:
Military coups in Nigeria
1966 in Nigeria
Nigerian Civil War
1960s coups d'état and coup attempts
History of Nigeria
January 1966 events
Hidden categories:
Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Català
Português
Edit links
This page was last edited on 2 October 2017, at 08:36.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: class colspan style

attrs: href title

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Abubakar_Balewa
mw-redirect
Abubakar Balewa

values:
/wiki/Nigerian_Counter-Coup_of_1966
mw-redirect
Nigerian Counter-Coup of 1966

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Government_of_Nigeria
mw-redirect
Government of Nigeria

values: font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif

values:
/wiki/Kaduna_Nzeogwu
mw-redirect
Kaduna Nzeogwu

values:
/wiki/President_of_the_Nigerian_Senate
mw-redirect
President of the Nigerian Senate

values: Zakariya Maimalari (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Samuel_Ladoke_Akintola
mw-redirect
Samuel Ladoke Akintola

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.gamji.com/nowa/news1103.htm

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.dawodu.com/nzeogwu2.htm

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.gamji.com/nowa/NEWS1103.htm

values: 1962 Senegalese coup d'état attempt (page does not exist)

values: 1965 Algerian coup d'état (page does not exist)

values: 1965 Dahomeyan coup d'état (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/1966_Ghanaian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat
mw-redirect
1966 Ghanaian coup d'état

values: 1966 Republic of the Congo coup d'état attempt

values: 1967 Dahomeyan coup d'état (page does not exist)

values: 1967 Togolese coup d'état (page does not exist)

values: 1968 Malian coup d'état (page does not exist)

values: 1969 Dahomeyan coup d'état (page does not exist)

values: 1969 Somalian coup d'état (page does not exist)

values: 1970 Lesotho coup d'état (page does not exist)

values: 1972 Dahomeyan coup d'état (page does not exist)

values: 1972 Republic of the Congo coup d'état attempt

values: 1975 Comororian coup d'état (page does not exist)

values: 1975 Nigerian coup d'état (page does not exist)

values: 1976 Nigerian coup d'état attempt (page does not exist)

values: 1977 Republic of the Congo coup d'état attempt (page does not exist)

values: 1977 Seychellois coup d'état (page does not exist)

values: 1979 Central African Republic coup d'état (page does not exist)

values: Armed Forces Revolutionary Council, Ghana

values: 1980 Guinea-Bissau coup d'état (page does not exist)

values: 1981 Central African Republic coup d'état

values: 1981 Gambian coup d'état attempt (page does not exist)

values: 1982 Central African Republic coup d'état attempt (page does not exist)

values: 1984 Mauritanian coup d'état (page does not exist)

values: 1984 Guinean coup d'état (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/1985_Ugandan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat
mw-redirect
1985 Ugandan coup d'état

values: 1985 Nigerian coup d'état (page does not exist)

values: 1985 Sudanese coup d'état (page does not exist)

values: 1987 Burkinabé coup d'état (page does not exist)

values: 1987 Republic of the Congo coup d'état attempt

values: 1989 Ethiopian coup d'état attempt (page does not exist)

values: 1990 Nigerian coup d'état attempt (page does not exist)

values: 1990 Zambian coup d'état attempt (page does not exist)

values: 1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt (page does not exist)

values: 1993 Nigerian coup d'état (page does not exist)

values: 1994 Lesotho coup d'état (page does not exist)

values: Southern African Development Community intervention in Lesotho

values: 1998 Republic of the Congo coup d'état attempt (page does not exist)

values: 2001 Central African Republic coup d'état attempt

values: 2003 Central African Republic coup d'état

values: 2004 Equatorial Guinea coup d'état attempt

values: 2011 Democratic Republic of the Congo coup d'état attempt

values:
/wiki/2011_Nigerien_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat
mw-redirect
2011 Nigerien coup d'état

values: Central African Republic conflict (2012–13)

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:1960s coups d'état and coup attempts

values: Category:Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values:
/wiki/1966_Nigerian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: Cop d'estat de Nigèria del gener de 1966 – Catalan

values: Golpe de Estado na Nigéria em 1966 – Portuguese

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-1966_Nigerian_coup_d_état rootpage-1966_Nigerian_coup_d_état vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view