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Gun laws in Utah
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Location of Utah in the United States
Gun laws in Utah regulate the sale, possession, and use of firearms and ammunition in the state of Utah in the United States.[1][2][3]
Utah's firearm laws are some of the more permissive in the United States. Utah's firearms laws are intended to protect the second amendment rights of its law-abiding citizens, while at the same time ensuring the safety of the general public. A 2013 study ranked Utah the lowest among all 50 states in the category of gun control legislation.[4] Under Utah law, violent crimes with firearms, criminal possession of firearms, and criminal negligence with firearms may all be prosecuted as felonies, and strictly punished under state law. Being part of the Western United States and Rocky Mountain States, Utah is home to a strong gun culture.
Contents
[hide]
1 Summary table
2 Overview
3 Buying, selling and owning firearms
3.1 Private sales
3.2 Prohibited persons
3.3 NFA firearms
4 Carrying concealed firearms
4.1 Restrictions of concealed carry
4.2 Penalties for concealed carrying without permit
4.3 Concealed carry permit reciprocity
4.4 Concealed carry on private property
5 Specific crimes with firearms
6 Right to keep and bear arms in state constitution
7 References
Summary table[edit]
Subject/Law
Long guns
Handguns
Relevant Statutes
Notes
State permit required to purchase? No No
Firearm registration? No No
Assault Weapons law? No No
Owner license required? No No
Carry permits required? Yes Yes UT 53-05-704 Carry of a loaded firearm or concealed firearm allowed with permit. May open carry unloaded firearm without permit. May carry loaded handgun in vehicle without permit; loaded long guns in vehicles prohibited.
As of 2004, may carry at public universities.
Open carry permitted? Yes Yes Open carry of firearm without a permit is allowed as long as the gun is at least 2 actions from being fired, e.g., 1) rack the slide to chamber, and 2) pull the trigger
Open carry of a loaded firearm (e.g., a live round of ammunition in the firing chamber) is allowed with a permit
State preemption of local restrictions? Yes Yes Municipalities may regulate the discharge of firearms.
NFA weapons restricted? No No Possession of NFA firearms in violation of federal law is a third degree felony under state law. However, possession and ownership of NFA firearms and items is legal under state law if federal requirements and laws are followed.
Shall certify? Yes Yes 53-5a-104 Shall certify within 15 days.
Peaceable Journey law? Yes Yes 76-10-523 Persons exempt from weapons laws.
"(g) a nonresident traveling in or through the state, provided that any firearm is: (i) unloaded; and (ii) securely encased as defined in Section 76-10-501." Handguns may be loaded in any vehicle under the person's control.
Castle Doctrine law? Yes Yes 76-2-405 Force in defense of habitation.
"(1) A person is justified in using force against another when and to the extent that he reasonably believes that the force is necessary to prevent or terminate the other's unlawful entry into or attack upon his habitation; however, he is justified in the use of force which is intended or likely to cause death or serious bodily injury only if: (a) the entry is made or attempted in a violent and tumultuous manner, surreptitiously, or by stealth, and he reasonably believes that the entry is attempted or made for the purpose of assaulting or offering personal violence to any person, dwelling, or being in the habitation and he reasonably believes that the force is necessary to prevent the assault or offer of personal violence; or (b) he reasonably believes that the entry is made or attempted for the purpose of committing a felony in the habitation and that the force is necessary to prevent the commission of the felony. (2) The person using force or deadly force in defense of habitation is presumed for the purpose of both civil and criminal cases to have acted reasonably and had a reasonable fear of imminent peril of death or serious bodily injury if the entry or attempted entry is unlawful and is made or attempted by use of force, or in a violent and tumultuous manner, or surreptitiously or by stealth, or for the purpose of committing a felony."
Stand Your Ground law? Yes Yes 76-2-402 Force in defense of person -- Forcible felony defined.
"(1) (a) A person is justified in threatening or using force against another when and to the extent that the person reasonably believes that force or a threat of force is necessary to defend the person or a third person against another person's imminent use of unlawful force. (b) A person is justified in using force intended or likely to cause death or serious bodily injury only if the person reasonably believes that force is necessary to prevent death or serious bodily injury to the person or a third person as a result of another person's imminent use of unlawful force, or to prevent the commission of a forcible felony."
Background checks required for private sales? No No
Overview[edit]
Utah allows for open carry of unloaded firearms without a concealed firearm permit. "Unloaded" as it applies here, means that there is no round in the firing position (or chamber),[5] and the firearm is at least two "mechanical actions" from firing.[6] As carrying the firearm with the chamber empty, but with a full magazine, meets this definition (the handler must chamber a round, and then pull the trigger), this is a common work around for Utah residents who do not wish to acquire a permit. Without the permit, the firearm must be clearly visible.
Utah requires a permit to carry a concealed firearm. With a permit, a person may carry a firearm with a loaded chamber either openly or concealed. Utah will honor a permit issued by any state or county.[7] Utah does not require concealed carry permit holders to notify police officers of their permit or possession of firearms when stopped by police officers, but the state Bureau of Criminal Identification recommends doing so "for the safety of all involved" and to give the officer "some assurance they are most likely dealing with a law abiding citizen."[8]
Utah law allows for a "Non-Resident" Concealed Firearm Permits to be issued. The Utah Concealed Firearm Permit is valid in thirty-four states across the US. However there are several states that have passed statutes that do not honor a "Non-Resident" permit. For example, Colorado will honor Utah's permit, but the permittee must be a resident of Utah for his permit to be valid. Utah concealed firearm permits are "shall issue" and will be issued to anyone meeting the requirements.
Utah is a "Castle Doctrine" state, in which there is no duty to retreat before use of deadly force, if the person reasonably believes that a perpetrator is going to commit a forcible felony in the habitation*, and that the force is necessary to prevent the commission of the felony. Since burglary is itself a forcible felony, it is legal to use deadly force to stop a burglar. [9]
In Utah a person may carry firearms in some places not allowed by some other states, including banks, bars, public universities, and state parks. With a permit, you may also carry in schools (K-12). Utah's Uniform Firearm Laws expressly prohibits public schools from enacting or enforcing any rule pertaining to firearms.[10] Utah requires public schools to allow lawful firearms possession.[11]
Buying, selling and owning firearms[edit]
This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Private sales[edit]
Private sales of firearms are legal in Utah to anyone over the age of 18 UCA 76-10-S509.9.
Online classified websites are a common meeting place for buyers and sellers. One highly utilized internet site was the classified advertising section of news station KSL-TV. However, after the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting in December 2012, KSL temporarily disallowed sales or advertising of firearms.[12] KSL has yet to rescind their stance.
Prohibited persons[edit]
There are two categories of persons who may not possess firearms or dangerous weapons under Utah law. Penalties for weapons possession by category I restricted persons are more severe than the penalties for possession by category II restricted persons.
Category I covers persons who have "been convicted of any violent felony" or are "on probation or parole for any felony" or have been "within the last 10 years an adjudicated delinquent for an offense which if committed by an adult would have been a violent felony".
Under Utah law, "A Category I restricted person who intentionally or knowingly agrees, consents, offers, or arranges to purchase, transfer, possess, use, or have under his custody or control, or who intentionally or knowingly purchases, transfers, possesses, uses, or has under his custody or control any firearm is guilty of a second degree felony."
Category II covers persons who have "been convicted of or are under indictment for any felony" or have "within the last seven years been an adjudicated delinquent for an offense which if committed by an adult would have been a felony" or are "an unlawful user of a controlled substance" or have "been found not guilty by reason of insanity for a felony offense" or have "been found mentally incompetent to stand trial for a felony offense" or have "been adjudicated as mentally defective as provided in the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act" or are "an alien who is illegally or unlawfully in the United States" or have "has been dishonorably discharged from the armed forces" or have "renounced his citizenship after having been a citizen of the United States".
A Category II restricted person who purchases, transfers, possesses, uses, or has under his custody or control any firearm is guilty of a third degree felony under Utah law.
NFA firearms[edit]
Under Utah state law, "Any person who transfers in violation of applicable state or federal law a sawed-off rifle, sawed-off shotgun, or fully automatic weapon to a minor is guilty of a third degree felony."
Carrying concealed firearms[edit]
This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Utah is a shall issue state for permits for the concealed carry of firearms. Utah law states "The bureau shall issue a permit to carry a concealed firearm for lawful self defense to an applicant who is 21 years of age or older within 60 days after receiving an application, unless the bureau finds proof that the applicant does not meet the qualifications set forth".[13] Permits are issued to both Utah residents and non residents. Applicants between 18 and 20 may obtain a provisional permit.[14]
Persons convicted of a felony, any crime of violence, any offense involving alcohol, any offense involving the unlawful use of narcotics or other controlled substances, any offense involving moral turpitude, any offense involving domestic violence, or persons found by any court to be mentally incompetent are automatically barred from being issued a permit. Any person barred by state or federal law from possessing a firearm may not be issued a permit.
Additionally, "The bureau may deny, suspend, or revoke a concealed firearm permit if it has reasonable cause to believe that the applicant or permit holder has been or is a danger to self or others as demonstrated by evidence".[13] Examples of such evidence include "past pattern of behavior involving unlawful violence or threats of unlawful violence" or "past participation in incidents involving unlawful violence or threats of unlawful violence". In determining whether the applicant or permit holder has been or is a danger to self or others, the bureau may inspect expunged records of arrests and convictions of adults, and juvenile court records.
However, Utah law also states that "The bureau may not deny, suspend, or revoke a concealed firearm permit solely for a single conviction for an infraction violation of Title 76, Chapter 10, Part 5, Weapons".
Permit holders may appeal a permit suspension, denial or revocation. Utah law states that "In the event of a denial, suspension, or revocation of a permit, the applicant or permit holder may file a petition for review with the board within 60 days from the date the denial, suspension, or revocation is received by the applicant or permit holder".[13]
Restrictions of concealed carry[edit]
Even with a carry permit, carrying a concealed firearm is not allowed in any church that notifies the State of Utah and makes public notice. A church must, by state law, make annual notice of this intent to prohibit firearms from their "houses of worship". The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints prohibits the carrying of firearms in its "houses of worship"; they have current notice posted on the Utah Department of Public Safety's website. Prohibition of firearms from "houses of worship" does not necessarily include all property owned by the church. However, firearms are prohibited at all Church-owned colleges (LDS Business College and Brigham Young University) and office buildings. Church campsites also prohibit weapons.
Penalties for concealed carrying without permit[edit]
Carrying a concealed firearm without a permit is a class B misdemeanor if the firearm is unloaded, and is a class A misdemeanor if the firearm is loaded. A person who carries concealed a sawed-off shotgun or a sawed-off rifle is guilty of a second degree felony under Utah law. If an unlawfully carried concealed firearm is used in the commission of a violent felony, and the person is a party to the offense, the person is guilty of a second degree felony.
Concealed carry permit reciprocity[edit]
Utah recognizes any firearm carry permit issued by any state of the United States, or any political subdivision thereof.
Concealed carry on private property[edit]
Any person eligible to possess a firearm may carry that firearm, either concealed or unconcealed, in their own home or property, or on any private property with the consent of the property owner. Utah law allows concealed firearm permit holders (CFP), including teachers with a CFP, to carry firearm on any public school premises.[15]
Specific crimes with firearms[edit]
Carrying a firearm with the intent to unlawfully assault another is a class A misdemeanor under Utah law.
Drawing or exhibiting a firearm in an angry and threatening manner, or unlawfully using a dangerous weapon in a fight or quarrel in the presence of two or more persons is a class A misdemeanor. This law does not apply when firearms are properly used in self-defense.
Negligently discharging a firearm in a manner that disturbs the peace or could damage or harm public or private property is a class B misdemeanor. Discharging a firearm in a manner that significantly endangers any person, or discharging a firearm into any habitable structure is third degree felony. If bodily injury to any person results from such negligent discharge, the offense can be elevated/enhanced to a second or first degree felony, depending upon the severity of the bodily injury or harm caused by the negligent discharge.
Any person who carries a firearm while under the influence of alcohol or a controlled substance is guilty of a class B misdemeanor.
Right to keep and bear arms in state constitution[edit]
Article I, Section 6, of the Constitution of the State of Utah provides that: "The individual right of the people to keep and bear arms for security and defense of self, family, others, property, or the state, as well as for other lawful purposes shall not be infringed; but nothing herein shall prevent the Legislature from defining the lawful use of arms."
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Firearm Laws, Utah Department of Public Safety. Retrieved January 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ "State Gun Laws: Utah", National Rifle Association – Institute for Legislative Action (NRA-ILA). Retrieved January 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Utah State Law Summary", Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence. Retrieved January 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ Eric W. Fleegler, MD, MPH; Lois K. Lee, MD, MPH; Michael C. Monuteaux, ScD; David Hemenway, PhD; Rebekah Mannix, MD, MPH. Firearm Legislation and Firearm-Related Fatalities in the United States. The Journal of American Medical Association, 2013. Retrieved 9 March 2013
Jump up ^ Utah Code 76-10-502: When weapon deemed loaded, Utah State Legislature. Retrieved January 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ [1], OpenCarry.org. Retrieved 23 DEC 2014.
Jump up ^ Utah Code 76-10-523: Persons exempt from weapons laws, Utah State Legislature. Retrieved January 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ [2], Utah Department of Public Safety. Retrieved October 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Utah Code 76-2-405: Force in defense of habitation, Utah State Legislature. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ Utah Code 53-5a-102: Uniform firearm laws., Utah State Legislature. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ University of Utah v. Shurtleff, Utah State Courts. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ Cortez, Marjorie (2012). Firearms listings temporarily suspended on KSL Classifieds accessed 18 Jan 2013
^ Jump up to: a b c "Utah Code 53-5-S704: Concealed Firearms Act". Utah State Legislator. Retrieved 2016-03-26.
Jump up ^ NRA-ILA. "NRA-ILA | Utah: Governor Signs Self-Defense Legislation into Law". NRA-ILA. Retrieved 2017-03-24.
Jump up ^ https://site.utah.gov/publicsafety/bci/LAWcarry.html
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The Rest of the Story
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The Rest of the Story was a Monday-through-Friday radio program originally hosted by Paul Harvey. Beginning as a part of his newscasts during the Second World War and then premiering as its own series on the ABC Radio Networks on May 10, 1976, The Rest of the Story consisted of stories presented as little-known or forgotten facts on a variety of subjects with some key element of the story (usually the name of some well-known person) held back until the end. The broadcasts always concluded with a variation on the tag line "And now you know the rest of the story."
From its inception, the scripts for the series had been drafted and the broadcasts produced by Harvey's son Paul Harvey, Jr., who in later years of his father's career also acted as a substitute host. Some of the radio stories were published in book form as The Rest of the Story and More of The Rest of the Story. (On the back cover of More of the Rest of the Story, the book is said to contain "True mysteries from history".) After the elder Harvey's death on February 28, 2009, ABC radio host Doug Limerick was chosen as the show's new host.[1] The Rest of the Story was canceled after three weeks with Limerick as host.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Harvey Time Slots Go to Gross, Limerick". Radio Ink Magazine. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
Aurandt (Harvey, Jr.), Paul (1984). Paul Harvey's The Rest of the Story. New York: Bantam Books. ISBN 0-553-25962-8.
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Politics of the Philippines
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Elections are administered by an independent Commission on Elections every three years starting 1992. Held every second Monday of May, the winners in the elections take office on the following June 30.
Local government is produced by local government units from the provinces, cities, municipalities and barangays. While the most regions do not have political power, and exist merely for administration purposes, autonomous regions have expanded powers more than the other local government units. While local government units enjoy autonomy, much of their budget is derived from allocations from the national government, putting their true autonomy in doubt.
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2 Executive
3 Judiciary
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5 Local government
6 History
6.1 Pre-Spanish era
6.2 Spanish era
6.3 American era
6.4 Independent era
6.5 Post-People Power era
7 See also
8 References
Legislature[edit]
The Batasang Pambansa Complex is the seat of the House of Representatives.
The Senate shares its building with the Government Service Insurance System.
Congress is a bicameral legislature. The upper house, the Senate, is composed of 24 senators elected via the plurality-at-large voting with the country as one at-large "district." The senators elect amongst themselves a Senate President. The lower house is the House of Representatives, currently composed of 292 representatives, with no more than 20% elected via party-list system, with the rest elected from legislative districts. The House of Representatives is headed by the Speaker.
Each bill needs the consent of both houses in order to be submitted to the president for his signature. If the president vetoes the bill, Congress can override the veto with a two-thirds supermajority. If either house voted down on a bill or fails to act on it after an adjournment sine die, the bill is lost and would have to be proposed to the next congress, with the process starting all over again. Congress' decisions are mostly via majority vote, except for voting on constitutional amendments and other matters. Each house has its own inherent power, with the Senate given the power to vote on treaties, while the House of Representatives can only introduce money bills. The constitution provides Congress with impeachment powers, with the House of Representatives having the power to impeach, and the Senate having the power to try the impeached official.
The Liberal Party, Nationalist People's Coalition, the National Unity Party (Philippines), the Nacionalista Party, the Lakas-CMD and the United Nationalist Alliance are the parties with largest membership in Congress. The party of the sitting president controls the House of Representatives, while the Senate has been more independent. From 1907 to 1941, the Nacionalistas operated under a dominant-party system, with factions within that party becoming the primary political discouse. During World War II, the Japanese-sponsored Second Philippine Republic forced all the existing parties to merge into the KALIBAPI that controlled the party as a one-party state. From 1945 to 1972, the Philippines was under a two-party system, with the Nacionalistas and their offshoots Liberals alternating power, until President Ferdinand Marcos declared martial law. Political discourse was kept into a minimum, until Marcos then merged the parties into the Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (KBL), which dominated elections until 1986 when Marcos was overthrown as a result of the People Power Revolution. The political climate ushered in a multi-party system which persists into this day.
Executive[edit]
Main article: President of the Philippines
The Malacañang Palace, as viewed from the Pasig River, is the official residence of the President.
Executive power is vested to the President; in practice however, the president delegates his power to a cabinet. The president, who is both the head of state and head of government, is directly elected to a single six-year term via first past the post. In case of death, resignation or incapacitation, the Vice President acts as the president until the expiration of the term. The Vice President is elected separately from the president, and may be of differing political parties. While the vice president has no constitutional powers aside from acting as president when the latter is unable to do so, the president may give the former a cabinet office. The cabinet is mostly composed of the heads of the executive departments, which provide services to the people, and other cabinet-level officials.
The president is also the commander in chief of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, thereby ensuring civilian supremacy over the military. The president is also given several military powers, although once exercised, Congress is able to prolong or end it. The president also proposes a national budget, in which Congress may adopt in full, with amendments, or a complete revision altogether. The president wields considerable political power and may be able to influence other branches via the so-called Padrino System.
Judiciary[edit]
Facade of the Supreme Court Building
The judiciary is composed of the Supreme Court and other lower courts. The Supreme Court is the court of last resort, and decides on constitutionality of laws via judicial review. The president selects justices and judges from nominees given by the Judicial and Bar Council. The Court of Appeals is the second highest appellate court, the Court of Tax Appeals rules on tax matters, and the Sandiganbayan (People's Advocate) is a special court for alleged government irregularities. The Regional Trial Courts (RTC) are the main trial courts. The Regional Trial Courts are based on judicial regions, which almost correspond to the administrative regions. Each RTC has at least one branch in each province and handles most of the criminal and civil cases; several branches of an RTC may be designated as family courts and environmental courts. Metropolitan Trial Courts try lesser offenses.
The Ombudsman investigates and prosecutes government officials on crimes while in dispensing powers given by the government. The Office of the Solicitor General represents the government in legal cases.
Elections[edit]
Main article: Elections in the Philippines
Elections are administered by the Commission on Elections (COMELEC). The elected officials are the president, vice president, members of Congress, regional governors and assemblymen, provincial governors, vice governors and board members, city and municipal mayors, vice mayors and councilors, and barangay (village) chairmen and councilors. Elections are for fixed terms. All elected officials have three-year terms, except for the president, vice president and senators, which are six years. All terms begin and end on June 30 of the election year.
Elections above the barangay level are held every three years since 1992 on the second Monday of May, all positions are disputed except for president and vice president; presidential and vice presidential elections are held every six years since 1992. Single-winner elections are done via the plurality voting system: the candidate with the highest number of votes is elected. Multiple-winner elections, except for representatives elected the party-list system, are done via plurality-at-large voting. Each voter has x votes, with the x candidates with the highest number of votes being elected. For representatives elected the party-list system, a party that won at least 2% of the national vote wins one seat, with additional seats, but not exceeding three seats, depends on the number of votes it received. If the number of sectoral representatives does not reach 20% of the membership of the House of Representatives, parties with less than 2% of the vote are given a seat each until the 20% membership is filled.
Local government[edit]
Main article: Local government in the Philippines
The Philippines is divided into provinces, which are grouped into several regions.
The constitution mandates that local governments must have local autonomy. The smallest local government unit, the barangay or village, is descended from the balangay of the Maragtas legend, where the first Austronesian people reached the Philippines via the boat. The prehistoric barangays were headed by datus. Currently, barangays are grouped into municipalities or cities, while municipalities and cities may be further grouped into provinces. Each barangay, municipality or city, and province is headed by a barangay chairman, mayor, or governor, respectively, with its legislatures being the Sangguniang Barangay (village council), Sangguniang Bayan (municipal council) or Sangguniang Panlungsod (city council), and the Sangguniang Panlalawigan (provincial board).
Regions are the highest administrative divisions but do not have powers possessed under them; however, autonomous regions are given wider powers than other local government units. While the constitution allows autonomous regions in the Cordilleras and in Muslim Mindanao, only the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) exists, with the proposed autonomous region in Cordillera being defeated after two plebiscites. The ARMM has a regional governor and a regional assembly.
While local government units have autonomy, most of their budget is derived from the Internal Revenue Allotment, a disbursement from the national government which is ultimately derived from taxes. This makes most local government units ultimately dependent on the national government, unless they have other sources of income, such as property taxes.
History[edit]
Main article: Political history of the Philippines
Pre-Spanish era[edit]
Main article: History of the Philippines (900–1521)
Before the arrival of Ferdinand Magellan, the Philippines was split into numerous barangays, which were not unlike the Greek city-states. These barangays warred, made peace, traded and had relations with each other. In Mindanao, Islamic sultanates such as the Sultanate of Sulu and Maguindanao, prospered. Ferdinand Magellan's death in 1521 can be partly attributed to a dispute between Lapu-Lapu and Rajah Humabon for control of Cebu. The Kingdom of Maynila was trading with China and other nearby empires when Miguel Lopez de Legazpi conquered the kingdom in 1565 and assimilated it with the other kingdoms he had conquered nearby to unite the Philippines under Spanish rule.
Spanish era[edit]
Main article: History of the Philippines (1521–1898)
The Illustrados in Madrid.
Upon the subjugation of the local population in Manila and Cebu, the Spaniards refused the locals any political participation. The old ruling class in the pre-Spanish era were given essentially powerless government posts. Several revolts erupted against Spain but were all defeated. In 1808, when Joseph Bonaparte became king of Spain, the liberal constitution of Cadiz was adopted, giving the Philippines representation to the Spanish Cortes. However, once the Spanish overthrew the Bonapartes, the Philippine, and indeed colonial, representation in the Spanish Cortes was rescinded.
The restoration of Philippine representation to the Cortes was one of the grievances of the Illustrados, the learned indigenous class during the late 1800s. The Illustrados mounted a campaign that would include indigenous voices in running the government. However, the Katipunan advocated complete Philippine independence, thereby starting the Philippine Revolution in 1896. After the execution of Jose Rizal in December 30, 1896, the leader of the Illustrados who disapproved of the revolution, the rebellion intensified. Cavite, Bulacan and Morong were the main areas of conflict; the Katipunan in Cavite had won several battles against the Spaniards, but was split into the Magdiwang and Magdalo factions. A conference was held in 1897 to unite the two factions, but instead caused further division that led to the execution of Andres Bonifacio, who was then the leader of the Katipunan; Bonifacio's death passed the control of the Katipunan to Emilio Aguinaldo.
The death of Bonifacio also caused several of the revolutionaries to be demoralized; Aguinaldo and his men retreated northward until reaching Biak-na-Bato in San Miguel, Bulacan. The Spaniards and the revolutionaries signed the Pact of Biak-na-Bato, that provided for Aguinaldo's surrender and exile to Hong Kong, and amnesty and payment of indemnities by the Spaniards to the revolutionaries. However, both sides eventually violated the agreement, and this gave an opportunity for the United States admiral George Dewey to lead his squadron to Manila Bay, defeating the Spanish navy. Aguinaldo returned from exile, most of the Philippine revolutionaries rallying to his cause, and negotiated with the Americans, while the Americans in 1898 defeated the Spaniards in what was called a mock battle in Manila, and took control of the city. Aguinaldo then proclaimed the independence of the Philippines on June 12, 1898 at his home in Cavite. A Congress was convened in January 1899 in Barasoain Church and inaugurated the first Philippine Republic.
The Philippine–American War erupted in February in a skirmish in Manila; the Filipinos lost the battle, and Aguinaldo again began a northward retreat. Aguinaldo was captured on April 1, 1901 at Palanan, Isabela, while the Americans had already started setting up civil governments in areas that had already been pacified.
American era[edit]
Main article: History of the Philippines (1898–1946)
William Howard Taft addressing the Philippine Assembly.
The Americans gave Filipinos limited self-government at the local level by 1901, and the Americans passed the Philippine Organic Act in 1902 to introduce a national government; by 1907, an election to the Philippine Assembly was held. Led by Sergio Osmeña, the assembly was held predominantly by the Nacionalista Party, which advocated independence; they were opposed by the Progresista Party, which advocated statehood within the United States. The Americans controlled the Philippine Commission, the upper house of the Philippine Legislature. The Nacionalista-dominated Philippine Assembly, and later the Philippine Senate, which was created by the Jones Law and replaced the Philippine Commission, was often at odds with the Governor-General. However, the Nacionalistas were split into camps loyal to Osmeña and Senate President Manuel L. Quezon. Several independence missions were sent to Washington, D.C.; the OsRox Mission led by Osmeña and House Speaker Manuel Roxas resulted in the Hare–Hawes–Cutting Act. However, the Senate rejected this; a new law, the Tydings–McDuffie Act which was marginally different and more importantly, was supported by Quezon, was approved and paved the way for the Commonwealth of the Philippines.
Quezon and Osmeña reconciled, and both were easily elected as president and vice president respectively, in 1935. The Nacionalistas controlled the now unicameral National Assembly for the entirety of the Commonwealth, with the understanding that the Americans would grant independence in the near future. Quezon pressed for constitutional amendments that would allow him to obtain a second term, and the restoration of a bicameral legislature. Quezon did obtain both amendments, with the newly restored Senate now being elected at-large instead of per districts, as what was done during the pre-Commonwealth era. Quezon, Osmeña and the Nacionalista Party as a whole both won the elections in 1941 in much larger margins.
The Japanese invasion of 1941 at the onset of World War II delayed this granting of independence, forced the Commonwealth government to go into exile, and subjected the country to a puppet government. The KALIBAPI became the sole legal political party, and Jose P. Laurel was declared president of the Second Philippine Republic. This nationalist KALIBAPI government espoused anti-American sentiment. Exiled leaders of the previous first Commonwealth government, including Quezon and Osmeña, provided limited support to the U.S. Despite the relationship with Japanese officials and opposition to U.S. control, the nationalist KALIBAPI government of Laurel refused to declare war on the U.S. However, the Americans reconquered the country in 1944, and Osmeña, who had succeeded Quezon upon the latter's death, restored the Commonwealth government. The first meeting of a bicameral Commonwealth Congress occurred.
The Nacionalistas were split anew in the 1946 presidential election, with Manuel Roxas setting up what would later be the Liberal Party. Roxas defeated Osmeña, and became the last president of the Commonwealth; the Americans agreed to grant independence on July 4, 1946.
Independent era[edit]
Main articles: History of the Philippines (1946–1965) and History of the Philippines (1965–1986)
President Manuel Roxas' inauguration as the first president of an independent Philippines.
Roxas succumbed to a heart attack in 1948, allowing Vice President Elpidio Quirino to rule the country for the next six years, after winning in 1949. Quirino's Liberal government was widely seen as corrupt, and was easily beaten by his former Defense secretary Ramon Magsaysay in the 1953 election. Magsaysay, who oversaw the surrender of the long-running Hukbalahap rebellion would not complete his term, dying in a plane crash in Cebu; Vice President Carlos P. Garcia succeeded him, won the 1957 election, and implemented a "Filipino First" policy and an austerity program. Garcia was defeated by his Vice President, Diosdado Macapagal of the Liberal Party, in 1961. Macapagal initiated a return to a system of free enterprise not seen since the Quirino administration. However, Macapagal's policies faced a stiff opposition in Congress, where the Nacionalistas hold the majority. Macapagal was defeated in 1965 by Senator Ferdinand Marcos.
Marcos' infrastructure projects was the feature policy of his term, he was the first president to be reelected, in 1969, although the election was tainted by violence and allegations that Marcos used the treasury to fund his campaign. However, significant protests, such as the First Quarter Storm, the communist and Moro insurgencies, and civil unrest, heightened. This made Marcos in 1972 declare martial law and suspend the constitution. A new constitution calling for a semi-presidential government was approved in 1973, but Marcos still ruled by decree until 1978, when the Interim Batasang Pambansa was elected. However, opposition groups, whose leaders mostly had already left in exile, boycotted the election, and Marcos still allowed martial law to continue. Marcos did end martial law in 1981, but opposition groups still boycotted the 1981 presidential election, which Marcos easily won.
Opposition leader Benigno Aquino, Jr. was slain upon his return to the country in 1983. By this time, the government was marred by alleged rampant corruption and allegations of human rights violations. The opposition participated in the 1984 parliamentary election and won several seats, but not enough to topple Marcos' KBL. To counter growing opposition, Marcos called a snap election in 1986, the opposition nominated Benigno's widow Corazon as their candidate. Marcos was declared the winner, but the opposition refused to accept the result, alleging that the election was rigged. The People Power Revolution drove Marcos from power, and Aquino became president. Aquino ruled by decree in 1987 when a new constitution restoring the presidential system was approved. In the ensuing legislative election, the administration parties won most of the seats in Congress.
Post-People Power era[edit]
Main article: History of the Philippines (1986–present)
Corazon Aquino was inaugurated president on February 25, 1986; it was one of two presidential inaugurations that day.
Aquino's government was mired by coup attempts, high inflation and unemployment, and natural calamities, but introduced land reform and market liberalization. Aquino's administration also saw the pullout of the U.S. bases in Subic Bay and Clark. As the 1992 election grew closer, Aquino declined to run even though she could do so, and instead supported Ramon Mitra; she later backtracked and threw her support to Fidel V. Ramos, who later won albeit under controversial circumstances. Ramos had to face an ongoing energy crisis which had started during the Aquino administration which was resolved when Ramos issued contracts favorable to power producers. The Ramos administration hosted the 1996 APEC summit, reinstated the death penalty, signed a peace agreement with the Moro National Liberation Front, and bore the brunt of the 1997 Asian financial crisis. He wanted to amend the constitution, but Aquino and other sectors opposed the measure and backed off. Ramos' vice president Joseph Estrada defeated the former's partymate Jose de Venecia and several others in the 1998 election in a comfortable margin; meanwhile de Venecia's running mate Gloria Macapagal Arroyo was elected vice president.
Estrada expanded the land reform program and the death penalty, and refused to sign contracts with sovereign guarantees on public projects. Estrada also wanted to amend the constitution but was again rebuffed by Aquino, the Catholic Church and the left. The administration launched an "all-out war" against the Moro Islamic Liberation Front that saw the government retaking Camp Abubakar, the main rebel encampment. However, the administration was embroiled in charges of cronyism and corruption; the Juetengate scandal led to his impeachment by the House of Representatives. In the impeachment trial, Estrada's allies in the Senate successfully prevented evidence to be presented; this triggered massive protests. Days later, in what would be called the 2001 EDSA Revolution, the Armed Forces of the Philippines withdrew their support to Estrada and transferred their allegiance to Vice President Arroyo; the Supreme Court later ruled the presidency as vacant, and Estrada left Malacañang Palace.
Arroyo was sworn in as president on January 20, 2001. Four months later, Estrada's supporters lay siege to the presidential palace but were later expelled; Arroyo's People Power Coalition won a majority of seats in the 2001 elections and therefore consolidated power. In 2003, Arroyo put down a coup attempt in the central business district. Arroyo faced Fernando Poe, Jr., a friend of Estrada, along with three others in 2004, and won on a slim plurality. Months after Poe died on December, it was exposed, via wiretapped conversations, that Arroyo rigged the election. On a national address, Arroyo said that she was "sorry on a lapse of judgment." The opposition did not let up, and she had to put down two more coup attempts. The opposition united in the 2007 Senate election and won easily, but Arroyo's allies still held the House of Representatives. At the end of her presidency, Arroyo became the most unpopular president on record, with increases on taxes, attempts to amend the constitution, and the alleged illegitimacy of her administration as the reasons.
Before the 2010 election, Arroyo's party nominated Gilberto Teodoro for president; however, some quarters suggested that Arroyo was secretly supporting Manny Villar, who was the frontrunner. However, former president Aquino died, and her son, Benigno Aquino III, overtook Villar in the polls. Estrada overtook Villar in the polls, but still lost to Aquino. Aquino embarked on anti-corruption drive, saw the economy grew and maintain high popularity. However, with natural calamities, and scams on the use of pork barrel and other discretionary funds coming into light, the Aquino administration had to contend with rising opposition.
In 2016, Aquino's handpicked successor, Mar Roxas, grandson of Manuel Roxas, was decisively defeated by Davao City mayor Rodrigo Duterte in the 2016 Presidential Election. Duterte then implemented a massive War on Drugs, ostensibly to crack down on the proliferation of illegal drugs throughout the country, but resulting instead in the deaths of more than 12,000 poor Filipinos without any due process. (As of July 2017) Duterte's policies face increasing criticism from international bodies such as the United Nations, the European Union, and various international governments, although the administration maintains significant domestic support through a massive machinery of online 'trolls'[1] that has been criticized as "Marcosian."
See also[edit]
Political dynasties in the Philippines
Timeline of Philippine sovereignty
Sovereignty of the Philippines
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/07/24/1721044/duterte-camp-spent-200000-troll-army-oxford-study-finds
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List of the largest information technology companies
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This is a list of the world's largest technology companies by revenue from Fortune Global 500 magazine.[1] The list includes companies whose primary business activities are associated with technology industry which includes computer hardware, software, electronics, semiconductor, internet, telecom equipment, e-commerce and computer services. Note: The list is limited to companies with annual revenues exceeding US$50 billion.
Contents
1 Legend
2 List
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Legend[edit]
Column
Explanation
Rank
Rank of company by revenue
Company
Name of the international company
Revenue
Amount of revenue of company in USD billions in last fiscal year
FY
Company's fiscal year
Employees
Number of employees of company
Market cap
Market capitalization as of March 2016 in USD billion
Headquarters
Location of company's headquarters
Refs
Reference(s)
List[edit]
Rank by Revenue
Company
Revenue ($B) USD
FY
Employees
Market cap ($B)
Headquarters
Refs.
1 Apple Inc. $229.2 2017 123,000 $1000 Cupertino, CA, US [2]
2 Samsung Electronics $211.9 2017 320,671 $284 Suwon, South Korea [3]
3 Amazon.com $177.8 2017 566,000 $881 Seattle, WA, US [4]
4 Foxconn $154.7 2017 1,300,000 $66 New Taipei City, Taiwan [5]
5 Alphabet Inc. $110.8 2017 80,110 $834 Mountain View, CA, US [6]
6 Microsoft $89.9 2017 124,000 $825 Redmond, WA, US [7]
7 Huawei $89.3 2017 180,000 N/A (Private) Shenzhen, China [8]
8 Hitachi $84.5 2017 307,275 $32 Tokyo, Japan [9]
9 IBM $79.1 2017 397,800 $134 Armonk, NY, US [10]
10 Dell Technologies $78.6 2017 145,000 N/A (Private) Round Rock, TX, US [11]
11 Sony $77.1 2017 117,300 $67 Tokyo, Japan [12]
12 Panasonic $72 2017 274,143 $30 Osaka, Japan [13]
13 Intel $62.7 2017 102,700 $242 Santa Clara, CA, US [14]
14 LG Electronics $54.3 2017 74,000 $342 Suwon, South Korea [15]
15 JD.com $53.9 2017 157,831 $43 Beijing, China [16]
16 HP Inc. $52 2017 49,000 $37 California, US [17]
See also[edit]
List of the largest software companies
List of largest Internet companies
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Top 50 Global Technology Companies". Fortune Global 500.
Jump up ^ "Apple Form 10-K Annual Report" (PDF). November 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Samsung Electronics Announces Fourth Quarter and FY 2017 Results". news.samsung.com.
Jump up ^ "Amazon: annual revenue 2016 | Statista". Statista. Retrieved 2017-05-12.
Jump up ^ "Foxconn Technology Group: global revenue 2005-2017 | Statistic". Statista.
Jump up ^ "2017 Annual Revenue". Google.
Jump up ^ "Financial Statements for Microsoft". Google.
Jump up ^ "Huawei's 2017 Annual Report: Solid Performance and Lasting Value for Customers - Huawei Press Center". huawei.
Jump up ^ "Sony Financial Statements" (PDF). Sony.
Jump up ^ "Financial Statements for International Business Machines Corp". Google.
Jump up ^ "Dell Technologies Key Facts" (PDF). Dell Technologies.
Jump up ^ "Sony revenue 2007-2017 | Statistic". Statista.
Jump up ^ "Financial Statements For Panasonic Corp". BusinessWeek.
Jump up ^ "Intel Financial Statements". Intel. Archived from the original on 2014-02-04.
Jump up ^ "Lg Financial Statements". LG Electronics. 22 July 2013. Retrieved 26 December 2013.
Jump up ^ JD.com Announces Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2017 Results // JD.com
Jump up ^ "Samsung Electronics Announces Fourth Quarter and FY 2017 Results". news.samsung.com.
External links[edit]
Global Technology Companies − Fortune Global 500
show
Major information technology companies
show
v
t
e
Major personal computer, server, and mainframe hardware companies
Companies with an annual revenue of over US$3 billion
Personal computers
and servers
Acer
Apple Inc.
Asus
Dell
Fujitsu
Huawei
HP
Lenovo
LG Electronics
Microsoft
NEC
Panasonic
Razer Inc.
Samsung Electronics
Toshiba
Servers only
Cisco Systems
HPE
IBM
Inspur
Oracle Corporation
Mainframes
Fujitsu
HPE
IBM
See also
Largest IT companies
List of computer hardware manufacturers
Category:Home computer hardware companies
Category:Server hardware
Category:Mainframe computers
show
v
t
e
Major financial technology companies
Companies with an annual revenue of over US$1 billion
Euronet Worldwide
FIS
PayPal
Fiserv
Jack Henry
SWIFT
Square
See also
Largest IT companies
Category:Financial technology companies
show
v
t
e
Major imaging companies
Companies with an annual revenue of over US$3 billion
Canon Inc.
HP Inc.
Eastman Kodak
Fujifilm
Hikvision
Konica Minolta
Kyocera
Lexmark
Nikon
Olympus Corporation
Oki Electric Industry
Panasonic
Ricoh (Pentax)
Samsung Electronics
Seiko Epson
Sharp
Sony
Toshiba
Xerox
See also
Largest IT companies
Category:Optics manufacturing companies
Category:Photography companies
show
v
t
e
Major Internet companies
Companies with an annual revenue of over US$2 billion
Largest Internet companies
Baidu
Facebook
FMG/Fusion Media Group
Google
InterActiveCorp
Microsoft
Naver
NetEase
Netflix
Tencent
Twitter
Uber
Vox Media
Yandex
Cloud computing
Akamai Technologies
Alibaba Cloud
Amazon Web Services
Google
IBM
Microsoft
Oracle Corporation
Rackspace
Salesforce.com
E-commerce only
Alibaba Group
Amazon.com
eBay
Flipkart
Groupon
JD.com
Shopify
Rakuten
See also
Largest IT companies
List of largest Internet companies
Category:Internet companies
show
v
t
e
Major information technology consulting and outsourcing companies
Companies with an annual revenue of over US$3 billion
Accenture
Atos
Booz Allen Hamilton
BMC Software
BT Global Services
CACI
Capgemini
CGI Group
Cognizant
Deloitte
Digital China
DXC Technology
Fujitsu
HCL Technologies
Hitachi Consulting
IBM Global Services
Indra Sistemas
Infosys
Infor
KPMG
Leidos
NEC
NTT Data
Orange Business Services
T-Systems
Tata Consultancy Services
Tech Mahindra
Unisys
Wipro
See also
Largest IT companies
Category:Information technology consulting firms
Category:Outsourcing companies
show
v
t
e
Major information storage companies
Companies with an annual revenue of over US$3 billion
ADATA
Dell Technologies (Dell EMC)
Fujitsu
Hitachi Data Systems
Hewlett Packard Enterprise
IBM
Kingston Technology
LenovoEMC
NetApp
Oracle Corporation
Plextor
Samsung Electronics
Seagate Technology
Silicon Power
Sony
Toshiba
Transcend Information
Western Digital (SanDisk)
See also
Largest IT companies
Category:Computer storage companies
show
v
t
e
Major mobile device companies
Companies with an annual revenue of over US$3 billion
Acer Inc.
Amazon.com
Apple Inc. (iPhone)
Asus
BBK Electronics (OPPO, OnePlus, Vivo)
BlackBerry Limited
Google (Android, Pixel)
Hisense
HTC
Huawei (Honor)
Karbonn
Lava (XOLO)
Lenovo (Motorola Mobility)
LG Electronics
Meizu
Micromax (YU)
Microsoft (Microsoft Mobile, Microsoft Surface Phone)
HMD Global (Nokia)
Panasonic
Samsung Electronics
Sony Mobile
TCL Corporation (BlackBerry Mobile, Alcatel Mobile, Palm, Inc.)
Transsion
True
Xiaomi
ZTE (Nubia)
See also
Largest IT companies
Category:Mobile technology companies
Category:Mobile phone manufacturers
show
v
t
e
Major networking hardware companies
Companies with an annual revenue of over US$3 billion
Avaya
Cisco Systems
Ericsson
Fujitsu
Hewlett Packard Enterprise
Huawei
Juniper Networks
Motorola Solutions
NEC
Nokia
Qualcomm
ZTE
See also
Largest IT companies
Category:Networking hardware companies
show
v
t
e
Major EMS, ODMs, and OEMs
Companies with an annual revenue of over US$3 billion
Celestica
Compal Electronics
Flex
Foxconn
Jabil
Pegatron
Quanta
Sanmina Corporation
TPV Technology
Wistron Corporation
See also
Largest IT companies
Electronics manufacturing services
Original design manufacturer
Original equipment manufacturer
show
v
t
e
Major point of sale companies
Companies with an annual revenue of over US$3 billion
Casio
NCR
Panasonic
Samsung Electronics
Seiko Epson
Sharp
Star Micronics
Toshiba
Wincor Nixdorf
See also
Largest IT companies
Category:Point of sale companies
show
v
t
e
Major semiconductor companies
Companies with an annual revenue of over US$3 billion
ASE Group
Fujitsu
Infineon Technologies
Integrated Micro-Electronics, Inc.
Intel
NXP Semiconductors (Freescale)
ON Semiconductor
Panasonic
Renesas Electronics
Samsung Electronics
Sony
STMicroelectronics
Texas Instruments
Fabless
Advanced Micro Devices
Apple Inc.
Broadcom
Marvell Technology Group
MediaTek
Nvidia
Qualcomm
VIA Technologies
Memory
Micron Technology
Samsung Electronics
SanDisk
SK Hynix
Toshiba
Foundries
GlobalFoundries
TSMC
United Microelectronics Corporation
Samsung Foundry
SMIC
Equipment
ASML
Applied Materials
KLA-Tencor
Lam Research
Tokyo Electron
See also
Largest IT companies
Semiconductor industry
Category:Semiconductor companies
show
v
t
e
Major software companies
Companies with an annual revenue of over US$3 billion
Adobe Systems
Amadeus IT Group
Apple Inc.
Autodesk
BMC Software
CA Technologies
FIS
Google
HP Enterprise
IBM
Intuit
Infor
Microsoft
Oracle Corporation
Quest Software
Sage Group
SAP SE
Symantec
VMware
See also
Largest IT companies
Largest software companies
Category:Software companies
show
v
t
e
Major telecommunications companies
Companies with an annual revenue of over US$10 billion
América Móvil
AT&T
Bell Canada
Bezeq
Bharti Airtel
Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited
BT Group
CenturyLink
China Mobile
China Telecommunications Corporation
China Telecom
China Unicom
Chunghwa Telecom
CK Hutchison
Comcast
Deutsche Telekom
Digicel
FLOW
Idea Cellular
Jio
KDDI
KPN
KT Corporation
Mahanagar Telephone Nigam
MTN
MTS
Nippon
NTT DoCoMo
Oi
Orange S.A.
PCCW
Reliance
Rogers
Shaw
Singtel
SK Telecom
SoftBank Mobile
Spark
Sprint Corporation
Swisscom
Tata Teleservices
Telecom Italia
Telefónica
Telenor
Telus
Telmex
Telstra
TPG
Trilogy International Partners
True
Türk Telekom
VEON
Verizon
Viettel
Vivendi
Vodafone
See also
Largest IT companies
List of mobile network operators
List of telephone operating companies
Category:Telecommunications companies
show
v
t
e
Major travel technology companies
Companies with an annual revenue of over US$1 billion
Amadeus IT Group
Sabre Corporation
Sabre
Travelport
See also
Largest IT companies
Category:Travel technology
show
v
t
e
Major video game companies
Annual revenue of over US$1 billion as of 2017
Activision Blizzard
Atari
Bandai Namco Entertainment
Capcom
Disney Mobile
Electronic Arts
Epic Games
Gameloft
Glu Mobile
Google Play Games
GungHo Online Entertainment
Koei Tecmo
Konami
LucasArts
Marvelous
Microsoft Studios
NCsoft
NetEase
Nexon
Nintendo
Nippon Ichi Software
Perfect World Games
Riot Games
Sega
SNK
Sony Interactive Entertainment
Square Enix
Take-Two Interactive
Tencent
THQ Nordic
Koch Media
Deep Silver
Ubisoft
Valve Corporation
Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment
ZeniMax Media
Category
List
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_the_largest_information_technology_companies&oldid=856875683"
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