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Atomic number
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See also: List of elements by atomic number
An explanation of the superscripts and subscripts seen in atomic number notation. Atomic number is the number of protons, and therefore also the total positive charge, in the atomic nucleus.
The Rutherford–Bohr model of the hydrogen atom (Z = 1) or a hydrogen-like ion (Z > 1). In this model it is an essential feature that the photon energy (or frequency) of the electromagnetic radiation emitted (shown) when an electron jumps from one orbital to another, be proportional to the mathematical square of atomic charge (Z2). Experimental measurement by Henry Moseley of this radiation for many elements (from Z = 13 to 92) showed the results as predicted by Bohr. Both the concept of atomic number and the Bohr model were thereby given scientific credence.
The atomic number or proton number (symbol Z) of a chemical element is the number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom. It is identical to the charge number of the nucleus. The atomic number uniquely identifies a chemical element. In an uncharged atom, the atomic number is also equal to the number of electrons.
The sum of the atomic number Z and the number of neutrons, N, gives the mass number A of an atom. Since protons and neutrons have approximately the same mass (and the mass of the electrons is negligible for many purposes) and the mass defect of nucleon binding is always small compared to the nucleon mass, the atomic mass of any atom, when expressed in unified atomic mass units (making a quantity called the "relative isotopic mass"), is within 1% of the whole number A.
Atoms with the same atomic number Z but different neutron numbers N, and hence different atomic masses, are known as isotopes. A little more than three-quarters of naturally occurring elements exist as a mixture of isotopes (see monoisotopic elements), and the average isotopic mass of an isotopic mixture for an element (called the relative atomic mass) in a defined environment on Earth, determines the element's standard atomic weight. Historically, it was these atomic weights of elements (in comparison to hydrogen) that were the quantities measurable by chemists in the 19th century.
The conventional symbol Z comes from the German word Zahl meaning number, which, prior to the modern synthesis of ideas from chemistry and physics, merely denoted an element's numerical place in the periodic table, whose order is approximately, but not completely, consistent with the order of the elements by atomic weights. Only after 1915, with the suggestion and evidence that this Z number was also the nuclear charge and a physical characteristic of atoms, did the word Atomzahl (and its English equivalent atomic number) come into common use in this context.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 The periodic table and a natural number for each element
1.2 The Rutherford-Bohr model and van den Broek
1.3 Moseley's 1913 experiment
1.4 Missing elements
1.5 The proton and the idea of nuclear electrons
1.6 The discovery of the neutron makes Z the proton number
2 The symbol of Z
3 Chemical properties
4 New elements
5 See also
6 References
History[edit]
The periodic table and a natural number for each element[edit]
Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev created a periodic table of the elements that ordered them numerically by atomic weight, yet occasionally used chemical properties in contradiction to weight.
Loosely speaking, the existence or construction of a periodic table of elements creates an ordering of the elements, and so they can be numbered in order.
Dmitri Mendeleev claimed that he arranged his first periodic tables in order of atomic weight ("Atomgewicht").[1] However, in consideration of the elements' observed chemical properties, he changed the order slightly and placed tellurium (atomic weight 127.6) ahead of iodine (atomic weight 126.9).[1][2] This placement is consistent with the modern practice of ordering the elements by proton number, Z, but that number was not known or suspected at the time.
A simple numbering based on periodic table position was never entirely satisfactory, however. Besides the case of iodine and tellurium, later several other pairs of elements (such as argon and potassium, cobalt and nickel) were known to have nearly identical or reversed atomic weights, thus requiring their placement in the periodic table to be determined by their chemical properties. However the gradual identification of more and more chemically similar lanthanide elements, whose atomic number was not obvious, led to inconsistency and uncertainty in the periodic numbering of elements at least from lutetium (element 71) onwards (hafnium was not known at this time).
Niels Bohr's 1913 Bohr model of the atom required van den Broek's atomic number of nuclear charges, and Bohr believed that Moseley's work contributed greatly to the acceptance of the model.
Henry Moseley helped develop the concept of atomic number by showing experimentally (1913) that Van den Broek's 1911 hypothesis combined with the Bohr model nearly correctly predicted atomic X-ray emissions.
The Rutherford-Bohr model and van den Broek[edit]
In 1911, Ernest Rutherford gave a model of the atom in which a central core held most of the atom's mass and a positive charge which, in units of the electron's charge, was to be approximately equal to half of the atom's atomic weight, expressed in numbers of hydrogen atoms. This central charge would thus be approximately half the atomic weight (though it was almost 25% different from the atomic number of gold (Z = 79, A = 197), the single element from which Rutherford made his guess). Nevertheless, in spite of Rutherford's estimation that gold had a central charge of about 100 (but was element Z = 79 on the periodic table), a month after Rutherford's paper appeared, Antonius van den Broek first formally suggested that the central charge and number of electrons in an atom was exactly equal to its place in the periodic table (also known as element number, atomic number, and symbolized Z). This proved eventually to be the case.
Moseley's 1913 experiment[edit]
The experimental position improved dramatically after research by Henry Moseley in 1913.[3] Moseley, after discussions with Bohr who was at the same lab (and who had used Van den Broek's hypothesis in his Bohr model of the atom), decided to test Van den Broek's and Bohr's hypothesis directly, by seeing if spectral lines emitted from excited atoms fitted the Bohr theory's postulation that the frequency of the spectral lines be proportional to the square of Z.
To do this, Moseley measured the wavelengths of the innermost photon transitions (K and L lines) produced by the elements from aluminum (Z = 13) to gold (Z = 79) used as a series of movable anodic targets inside an x-ray tube.[4] The square root of the frequency of these photons (x-rays) increased from one target to the next in an arithmetic progression. This led to the conclusion (Moseley's law) that the atomic number does closely correspond (with an offset of one unit for K-lines, in Moseley's work) to the calculated electric charge of the nucleus, i.e. the element number Z. Among other things, Moseley demonstrated that the lanthanide series (from lanthanum to lutetium inclusive) must have 15 members—no fewer and no more—which was far from obvious from the chemistry at that time.
Missing elements[edit]
After Moseley's death in 1915, the atomic numbers of all known elements from hydrogen to uranium (Z = 92) were examined by his method. There were seven elements (with Z < 92) which were not found and therefore identified as still undiscovered, corresponding to atomic numbers 43, 61, 72, 75, 85, 87 and 91.[5] From 1918 to 1947, all seven of these missing elements were discovered.[6] By this time the first four transuranium elements had also been discovered, so that the periodic table was complete with no gaps as far as curium (Z = 96).
The proton and the idea of nuclear electrons[edit]
In 1915 the reason for nuclear charge being quantized in units of Z, which were now recognized to be the same as the element number, was not understood. An old idea called Prout's hypothesis had postulated that the elements were all made of residues (or "protyles") of the lightest element hydrogen, which in the Bohr-Rutherford model had a single electron and a nuclear charge of one. However, as early as 1907 Rutherford and Thomas Royds had shown that alpha particles, which had a charge of +2, were the nuclei of helium atoms, which had a mass four times that of hydrogen, not two times. If Prout's hypothesis were true, something had to be neutralizing some of the charge of the hydrogen nuclei present in the nuclei of heavier atoms.
In 1917 Rutherford succeeded in generating hydrogen nuclei from a nuclear reaction between alpha particles and nitrogen gas,[7] and believed he had proven Prout's law. He called the new heavy nuclear particles protons in 1920 (alternate names being proutons and protyles). It had been immediately apparent from the work of Moseley that the nuclei of heavy atoms have more than twice as much mass as would be expected from their being made of hydrogen nuclei, and thus there was required a hypothesis for the neutralization of the extra protons presumed present in all heavy nuclei. A helium nucleus was presumed to be composed of four protons plus two "nuclear electrons" (electrons bound inside the nucleus) to cancel two of the charges. At the other end of the periodic table, a nucleus of gold with a mass 197 times that of hydrogen, was thought to contain 118 nuclear electrons in the nucleus to give it a residual charge of + 79, consistent with its atomic number.
The discovery of the neutron makes Z the proton number[edit]
All consideration of nuclear electrons ended with James Chadwick's discovery of the neutron in 1932. An atom of gold now was seen as containing 118 neutrons rather than 118 nuclear electrons, and its positive charge now was realized to come entirely from a content of 79 protons. After 1932, therefore, an element's atomic number Z was also realized to be identical to the proton number of its nuclei.
The symbol of Z[edit]
The conventional symbol Z possibly comes from the German word Atomzahl (atomic number).[8] However, prior to 1915, the word Zahl (simply number) was used for an element's assigned number in the periodic table.
Chemical properties[edit]
Each element has a specific set of chemical properties as a consequence of the number of electrons present in the neutral atom, which is Z (the atomic number). The configuration of these electrons follows from the principles of quantum mechanics. The number of electrons in each element's electron shells, particularly the outermost valence shell, is the primary factor in determining its chemical bonding behavior. Hence, it is the atomic number alone that determines the chemical properties of an element; and it is for this reason that an element can be defined as consisting of any mixture of atoms with a given atomic number.
New elements[edit]
The quest for new elements is usually described using atomic numbers. As of 2010, all elements with atomic numbers 1 to 118 have been observed. Synthesis of new elements is accomplished by bombarding target atoms of heavy elements with ions, such that the sum of the atomic numbers of the target and ion elements equals the atomic number of the element being created. In general, the half-life becomes shorter as atomic number increases, though an "island of stability" may exist for undiscovered isotopes with certain numbers of protons and neutrons.
See also[edit]
Look up atomic number in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
History of the periodic table
Effective atomic number
Atomic theory
Prout's hypothesis
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b The Periodic Table of Elements, American Institute of Physics
Jump up ^ The Development of the Periodic Table, Royal Society of Chemistry
Jump up ^ Ordering the Elements in the Periodic Table, Royal Chemical Society
Jump up ^ Moseley, H.G.J. (1913). "XCIII.The high-frequency spectra of the elements". Philosophical Magazine. Series 6. 26 (156): 1024. doi:10.1080/14786441308635052. Archived from the original on 22 January 2010.
Jump up ^ Eric Scerri, A tale of seven elements, (Oxford University Press 2013) ISBN 978-0-19-539131-2, p.47
Jump up ^ Scerri chaps. 3–9 (one chapter per element)
Jump up ^ Ernest Rutherford | NZHistory.net.nz, New Zealand history online. Nzhistory.net.nz (19 October 1937). Retrieved on 2011-01-26.
Jump up ^ Origin of symbol Z. frostburg.edu
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The Lottery
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the short story. For other uses, see Lottery (disambiguation).
This article's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. Please discuss this issue on the article's talk page. (March 2018)
"The Lottery"
Author
Shirley Jackson
Country
United States
Language
English
Genre(s)
Short story
Publisher
The New Yorker
Publication date
June 26, 1948
"The Lottery" is a short story written by Shirley Jackson first published in the June 26, 1948 issue of The New Yorker.[1] The story describes a fictional small town which observes an annual ritual known as "the lottery".
"The Lottery" has been described as "one of the most famous short stories in the history of American literature".[2] It initially received a negative response, which surprised both Jackson and The New Yorker. Readers cancelled subscriptions and sent hate mail throughout the summer.[3] The Union of South Africa banned the story.[4][page needed]
Contents
1 Plot
2 Themes
3 Reception
3.1 Readers
3.2 Critical interpretations
4 Dramatizations
4.1 1951 radio version
4.2 Television adaptation
4.3 1969 film
4.4 1996 TV film
5 References
6 Further reading
7 External links
Plot[edit]
Details of contemporary small-town American life are embroidered upon a description of an annual ritual known as "the lottery". In a small village in New England of about 300 residents, the locals are in an excited yet nervous mood on June 27. Children gather stones as the adult townsfolk assemble for their annual event, which in the local tradition is practiced to ensure a good harvest (Old Man Warner quotes an old proverb: "Lottery in June, corn be heavy soon"), though there are some rumors that nearby communities in the north are talking about giving up the lottery, and some have done so.
The lottery preparations start the night before with Mr. Summers and Mr. Graves making the paper slips and the list of all the families. Once the slips are finished, they are put into a black box, which is stored overnight in a safe place at the coal company. The story briefly mentions how the ballot box has been stored over the years in various places in the town, including a grocery store shelf, a barn, and in the post office basement.
On the morning of the lottery, the townspeople gather close to 10 a.m. in order to have everything done in time for lunch. First, the heads of the extended families draw slips until every family has a slip. Bill Hutchinson gets the one slip with a black spot, meaning that his family has been chosen. The second round would ordinarily be to select one household within the family, but since there is only one Hutchinson household (Bill's adult sister and daughter are counted with their husbands' families), the second round is skipped.
The final round is for the individual family members within the winning household to draw, no matter their age. Bill's wife Tessie gets the marked slip. After the drawing is over and Tessie is picked, the slips are allowed to fly off into the wind. In keeping with tradition, each villager obtains a stone and begins to surround Tessie. The story ends as Tessie is stoned to death while she bemoans the unfairness of the situation.
Themes[edit]
One of the major ideas of "The Lottery" is that of a scapegoat. The act of stoning someone to death yearly purges the town of the bad and allows for the good. This is hinted in the references to agriculture.
The story also speaks of mob psychology and the idea that people can abandon reason and act cruelly if they are part of a large group of people behaving in the same manner. The idyllic setting of the story also demonstrates that violence and evil can take place anywhere and in any context. This also shows how people can turn on each other so easily.
Alongside the mob mentality, the story speaks about people who blindly follow traditions without thinking of the consequences of those traditions.[5]
Reception[edit]
Readers[edit]
The New Yorker received a "torrent of letters" inquiring about the story—"the most mail the magazine had ever received in response to a work of fiction".[6] Many readers demanded an explanation of the situation in the story, and a month after the initial publication, Jackson responded in the San Francisco Chronicle (July 22, 1948):
Explaining just what I had hoped the story to say is very difficult. I suppose, I hoped, by setting a particularly brutal ancient rite in the present and in my own village to shock the story's readers with a graphic dramatization of the pointless violence and general inhumanity in their own lives.
North Bennington.
Jackson lived in North Bennington, Vermont, and her comment reveals that she had Bennington in mind when she wrote "The Lottery". In a 1960 lecture (printed in her 1968 collection, Come Along with Me), Jackson recalled the hate mail she received in 1948:
One of the most terrifying aspects of publishing stories and books is the realization that they are going to be read, and read by strangers. I had never fully realized this before, although I had of course in my imagination dwelt lovingly upon the thought of the millions and millions of people who were going to be uplifted and enriched and delighted by the stories I wrote. It had simply never occurred to me that these millions and millions of people might be so far from being uplifted that they would sit down and write me letters I was downright scared to open; of the three-hundred-odd letters that I received that summer I can count only thirteen that spoke kindly to me, and they were mostly from friends. Even my mother scolded me: "Dad and I did not care at all for your story in The New Yorker," she wrote sternly; "it does seem, dear, that this gloomy kind of story is what all you young people think about these days. Why don't you write something to cheer people up?"[3]
The New Yorker kept no records of the phone calls, but letters addressed to Jackson were forwarded to her. That summer she regularly took home 10 to 12 forwarded letters each day. She also received weekly packages from The New Yorker containing letters and questions addressed to the magazine or editor Harold Ross, plus carbon copies of the magazine's responses mailed to letter writers.
Curiously, there are three main themes which dominate the letters of that first summer—three themes which might be identified as bewilderment, speculation and plain old-fashioned abuse. In the years since then, during which the story has been anthologized, dramatized, televised, and even—in one completely mystifying transformation—made into a ballet, the tenor of letters I receive has changed. I am addressed more politely, as a rule, and the letters largely confine themselves to questions like what does this story mean? The general tone of the early letters, however, was a kind of wide-eyed, shocked innocence. People at first were not so much concerned with what the story meant; what they wanted to know was where these lotteries were held, and whether they could go there and watch.[3]
Critical interpretations[edit]
Helen E. Nebeker's essay, "'The Lottery': Symbolic Tour de Force", in American Literature (March 1974), claims that every major name in the story has a special significance.
By the end of the first two paragraphs, Jackson has carefully indicated the season, time of ancient excess and sacrifice, and the stones, most ancient of sacrificial weapons. She has also hinted at larger meanings through name symbolism. "Martin", Bobby's surname, derives from a Middle English word signifying ape or monkey. This, juxtaposed with "Harry Jones" (in all its commonness) and "Dickie Delacroix" (of-the-Cross) urges us to an awareness of the Hairy Ape within us all, veneered by a Christianity as perverted as "Delacroix," vulgarized to "Dellacroy" by the villagers. Horribly, at the end of the story, it will be Mrs. Delacroix, warm and friendly in her natural state, who will select a stone "so large she had to pick it up with both hands" and will encourage her friends to follow suit ... "Mr. Adams," at once progenitor and martyr in the Judeo-Christian myth of man, stands with "Mrs. Graves"—the ultimate refuge or escape of all mankind—in the forefront of the crowd.
Fritz Oehlshlaeger, in "The Stoning of Mistress Hutchinson Meaning of Context in 'The Lottery'" (Essays in Literature, 1988), wrote:
The name of Jackson's victim links her to Anne Hutchinson, whose Antinomian beliefs, found to be heretical by the Puritan hierarchy, resulted in her banishment from Massachusetts in 1638. While Tessie Hutchinson is no spiritual rebel, to be sure, Jackson's allusion to Anne Hutchinson reinforces her suggestions of a rebellion lurking within the women of her imaginary village. Since Tessie Hutchinson is the protagonist of "The Lottery," there is every indication that her name is indeed an allusion to Anne Hutchinson, the American religious dissenter. She was excommunicated despite an unfair trial, while Tessie questions the tradition and correctness of the lottery as well as her humble status as a wife. It might as well be this insubordination that leads to her selection by the lottery and stoning by the angry mob of villagers.
The 1992 episode of The Simpsons, "Dog of Death", features a scene referencing "The Lottery". During the peak of the lottery fever in Springfield, news anchor Kent Brockman announces on television that people hoping to get tips on how to win the jackpot have borrowed every available copy of Shirley Jackson's book The Lottery at the local library. One of them is Homer, who throws the book into the fireplace after Brockman reveals that, "Of course, the book does not contain any hints on how to win the lottery. It is, rather, a chilling tale of conformity gone mad."[7] In her book Shirley Jackson: Essays on the Literary Legacy, Bernice Murphy comments that this scene displays some of the most contradictory things about Jackson: "It says a lot about the visibility of Jackson's most notorious tale that more than 50 years after its initial creation it is still famous enough to warrant a mention in the world's most famous sitcom. The fact that Springfield's citizenry also miss the point of Jackson's story completely ... can perhaps be seen as an indication of a more general misrepresentation of Jackson and her work."[7]
Dramatizations[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
In addition to numerous reprints in magazines, anthologies and textbooks, "The Lottery" has been adapted for radio, live television, a 1953 ballet, films in 1969 and 1997, a TV movie, an opera, and a one-act play by Thomas Martin.
1951 radio version[edit]
A radio adaptation by NBC was broadcast March 14, 1951, as an episode of the anthology series NBC Presents: Short Story. Writer Ernest Kinoy[8][9] expanded the plot to include scenes at various characters' homes before the lottery and a conversation between Bill and Tessie Hutchinson (Bill suggests leaving town before the lottery happens, but Tessie refuses because she wants to go shopping at Floyd Summers's store after the lottery is over). Kinoy deleted certain characters, including two of the Hutchinsons' three children, and added at least one character, John Gunderson, a schoolteacher who publicly objects to the lottery being held, and at first refuses to draw. Finally, Kinoy included an ending scene describing the townspeople's post-lottery activities, and an afterword in which the narrator suggested, "Next year, maybe there won't be a Lottery. It's up to all of us. Chances are, there will be, though."[9] The production was directed by Andrew C. Love.[8][10]
Television adaptation[edit]
Ellen M. Violett wrote the first television adaptation, seen on Albert McCleery's Cameo Theatre (1950–55).
1969 film[edit]
Larry Yust's short film, The Lottery (1969), produced as part of Encyclopædia Britannica's 'Short Story Showcase' series, was ranked by the Academic Film Archive "as one of the two bestselling educational films ever". It has an accompanying ten-minute commentary film, Discussion of "The Lottery" by University of Southern California English professor James Durbin. Featuring the film debut of Ed Begley Jr., Yust's adaptation has an atmosphere of naturalism and small town authenticity with its shots of pickup trucks and townspeople in Fellows, California.
1996 TV film[edit]
Anthony Spinner's feature-length TV film, The Lottery, which premiered September 29, 1996, on NBC, is a sequel loosely based on the original Shirley Jackson story. It was nominated for a 1997 Saturn Award for Best Single Genre Television Presentation.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Shirley Jackson (26 June 1948). "The Lottery". The New Yorker. Retrieved 2008-05-22.
Jump up ^ Harris, Laurie Lanzen; Abbey, Cherie D. (2000). Biography Today: Profiles of People of Interest to Young Readers. Detroit, Michigan: Omnigraphics. p. 71. ISBN 9780780804029. Retrieved 2012-06-26.
^ Jump up to: a b c Jackson, Shirley; Hyman, Stanley Edgar (1968). Come Along with Me; Part of a Novel, Sixteen Stories, and Three Lectures (2nd ed.). New York: Viking Press. ISBN 9780670231584.
Jump up ^ Jackson, Shirley (1998). Just an ordinary day. Hyman, Laurence J.; DeWitt, Sarah Hyman. New York: Bantam Books. ISBN 9780553378337. OCLC 38059007.
Jump up ^ "The Lottery Themes - eNotes.com". eNotes. Retrieved 2016-11-07.
Jump up ^ Franklin, Ruth (2013-06-25). ""The Lottery" Letters". The New Yorker. Retrieved 2018-03-14.
^ Jump up to: a b Murphy, Bernice M. (2005). "Introduction: 'Do You Know Who I Am?', Reconsidering Shirley Jackson". Shirley Jackson: Essays on the Literary Legacy. Jefferson: McFarland & Company. p. 1. ISBN 9780786423125. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Goldin, J. David. "Radio Goldindex". NBC Short Story. Retrieved 9 July 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "NBC Short Story". The Lottery. The Generic Radio Workshop Vintage Radio Script Library. Retrieved July 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ "NBC Short Story". "The Lottery". Matinee Classics. Archived from the original (audio) on December 3, 2013. Retrieved July 9, 2012.
Further reading[edit]
Oppenheimer, Judy (1988). Private Demons: The Life of Shirley Jackson. New York: Putnam. ISBN 0399133569.
External links[edit]
Read "The Lottery" in the New Yorker archive (subscription required)
Read in full via Middlebury College
Salon: Jonathan Lethem: "Monstrous Acts and Little Murders"
"The Lottery" study guide and teaching guide – analysis, themes, quotes, multimedia for students and teachers
The New Yorker podcast: A. M. Homes discusses and reads "The Lottery"
NBC Short Story: "The Lottery" (March 14, 1951)
"The Lottery" read by Maureen Stapleton
1988 interview with Judy Oppenheimer
Audio dramatization from WOUB Public Media (Athens, Ohio)
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Shirley Jackson
Novels
The Road Through the Wall (1948)
Hangsaman (1951)
The Bird's Nest (1954)
The Sundial (1958)
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We Have Always Lived in the Castle (1962)
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"The Lottery" (1948)
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EA Access
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
EA Access
EA Access logo (since 2016)
Developer
Electronic Arts
Type
Subscription gaming service
Launch date
August 11, 2014
Platform
Xbox One
Status
Released
Website
www.ea.com/eaaccess/
EA Access (stylized as EA access) is a subscription-based gaming service by Electronic Arts. Initially pitched to both Microsoft for use on the Xbox One and Sony for use on the PlayStation 4. Because Sony declined the offer, EA Access launched only on Xbox One on August 11, 2014. The service allows access to selected games published by Electronic Arts, along with additional incentives.
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
2 Release and reception
3 Games in the Vault for Xbox One
4 Games with Origin Access
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links
Structure[edit]
EA Access logo used for 2014-16
Upon downloading the EA Access hub from the Xbox Games Store, users purchase a membership in either one- or 12-month increments. Memberships can be purchased through the Games Store or from select retailers.[1] During the membership period, users have unlimited access to the full versions of a selection of games published by EA, dubbed "the Vault".[1] The games are downloaded to the console's storage device and remain available as long as users continue their membership. If membership is suspended, access to the games is restricted, but all progress and game saves are retained. Users may purchase games available in EA Access outright, along with other EA games, at a discounted price.[1] EA Access members can purchase DLC for Access or other EA titles at the same discount.[1] Games offered in the initial beta launch include Battlefield 4, Madden NFL 25, FIFA 14 and Peggle 2.[2] More games will be added in the future, with additions occurring at EA's discretion as opposed to timed availability, such as making a title available on Access a set number of days after its retail launch.[3]
When a game is added to the Vault, EA has pledged that it will not be removed at a later date.[3] However, the Terms of Service do state that EA does retain the right to remove titles with 30 days' notice.[3] On July 20, 2017, EA announced that FIFA 14 would be removed from the Vault on October 18, 2017 due to their decision to end online support for the title.[4] The game will remain playable in offline modes only, and users who install it through EA Access prior to its removal date can continue to play it through their subscription; if the game is removed from the console after the removal date, it cannot be recovered.[5] EA officials called the removal a "unique circumstance specific to the title" and that it was not representative of their future plans for EA Access.[5]
Users interested in select upcoming titles and who pre-order them through Access will be able to download special limited versions of the games that are released five days prior to the retail launch. Any progress earned within the limited versions carries over to the full retail version.[1] EA describes these early-release versions as not being more traditional demos, but instead full-featured versions that are time limited, with the exact extent of content varying from game to game.[6] Games confirmed for this program include Madden NFL 15, NHL 15, NBA Live 15, FIFA 15, Dragon Age: Inquisition and Mass Effect: Andromeda.[2][7] In the case of Madden NFL 15, the Access early-release version will be the only planned way to sample the game prior to release.[8]
EA Access does not require users to have a paid Xbox Live membership, although a Gold-level membership is required for use of any multiplayer features that are included in Access-enabled games.[9]
Additionally, games published on the EA Partners and/or EA Originals labels are not eligible for EA Access benefits.[10] However, Titanfall was added to the Vault in June 2015, as part of an E3 2015 promotion that also enabled a free trial for all Xbox One owners.[11] Titanfall 2 was also added to the vault on July 2017.
Additionally, EA Access subscribers are also able to receive downloadable content for games in the Vault free at during various limited time periods, such as the Naval Strike and Second Assault DLCs for Battlefield 4.[12] Subscribers who download the free DLCs offered during the free period are able to keep them regardless of subscription status. On May 3, 2016, Premium access for Battlefield 4 and Hardline were offered free for a limited period of time, enabling subscribers to download all released expansions for both games at no cost.[13] While Battlefield 4 Premium content can be accessed with an active subscription, subscribers were allowed to keep Hardline Premium features regardless of subscription status. The season pass for Star Wars Battlefront was made available at no cost for subscribers on July 7, 2017.[14]
On February 29, 2016, EA Access has expanded to include Xbox 360 titles via the Xbox One's backward compatibility feature, starting with the original Plants vs. Zombies.[15] Dead Space was added (without any official announcement) on March 31.[16] On January 17, 2018, Black, released for Xbox in 2006, was added to the Vault.
Release and reception[edit]
EA Access debuted in beta form exclusively on Xbox One on July 29, 2014,[1] and was officially launched on August 11, 2014.[17] Electronic Arts approached both Sony and Microsoft with the service, but Sony declined to make it available on their PlayStation 4 console.[18] A similar version called Origin Access launched in January 12, 2016 on PC.[19]
Shares of video game retailer GameStop, which sells both new and used games, fell over five percent after Electronic Arts' announcement.[20] A similar price drop occurred after PlayStation Now was first announced and that the stock price subsequently recovered.[20] GameStop will be one of the retailers selling EA Access memberships.[20]
Games in the Vault for Xbox One[edit]
– Xbox One
– Xbox 360
– Xbox
No.
Title
Date released
Date added
Ref.
1 Battlefield 4 November 22, 2013 July 29, 2014 [3]
2 FIFA 14[a] November 22, 2013 July 29, 2014 [3]
3 Madden NFL 25 November 22, 2013 July 29, 2014 [3]
4 Peggle 2 December 9, 2013 July 29, 2014 [3]
5 Need for Speed Rivals November 22, 2013 September 2, 2014 [21]
6 Plants vs. Zombies: Garden Warfare February 25, 2014 October 15, 2014 [22]
7 EA Sports UFC June 17, 2014 December 12, 2014 [23]
8 NBA Live 15 October 28, 2014 February 25, 2015 [24]
9 Madden NFL 15 August 26, 2014 March 5, 2015 [25]
10 NHL 15 September 9, 2014 April 9, 2015 [26]
11 FIFA 15 September 23, 2014 May 8, 2015 [27]
12 Titanfall March 11, 2014 June 15, 2015 [28]
13 Dragon Age: Inquisition November 18, 2014 August 4, 2015 [28]
14 Battlefield Hardline March 17, 2015 October 14, 2015 [29]
15 Madden NFL 16 August 25, 2015 February 2, 2016 [30]
16 Plants vs. Zombies September 8, 2010 February 29, 2016 [31]
17 NHL 16 September 15, 2015 March 29, 2016 [32]
18 Dead Space October 14, 2008 March 31, 2016 [33]
19 FIFA 16 September 22, 2015 April 19, 2016 [34]
20 Rory McIlroy PGA Tour July 14, 2015 May 10, 2016 [35]
21 NBA Live 16 September 29, 2015 May 25, 2016 [36]
22 Need for Speed November 3, 2015 July 12, 2016 [37]
23 Unravel February 9, 2016 July 12, 2016 [37]
24 SSX February 28, 2012 August 9, 2016 [38]
25 Plants vs. Zombies: Garden Warfare 2 February 23, 2016 August 30, 2016 [37]
26 Bejeweled 2 Deluxe November 22, 2005 October 6, 2016 [39]
27 Zuma Deluxe November 22, 2005 October 6, 2016 [39]
28 Feeding Frenzy March 10, 2006 October 6, 2016 [39]
29 Heavy Weapon January 17, 2007 October 6, 2016 [39]
30 Feeding Frenzy 2 September 17, 2008 October 6, 2016 [39]
31 Bejeweled 3 October 19, 2011 October 6, 2016 [39]
32 Mass Effect November 20, 2007 November 7, 2016 [40]
33 Mass Effect 2 January 26, 2010 November 7, 2016 [40]
34 Mass Effect 3 March 6, 2012 November 7, 2016 [40]
35 Mirror's Edge November 11, 2008 November 9, 2016 [41]
36 Mirror's Edge Catalyst June 7, 2016 November 9, 2016 [42]
37 EA Sports UFC 2 March 15, 2016 November 10, 2016 [42]
38 Star Wars Battlefront November 17, 2015 December 13, 2016 [43]
39 Battlefield: Bad Company 2 March 2, 2010 January 20, 2017 [44]
40 Battlefield 3 October 25, 2011 January 20, 2017 [44]
41 Skate 3 May 11, 2010 February 13, 2017 [45]
42 Madden NFL 17 August 23, 2016 February 24, 2017 [46]
43 NHL 17 September 13, 2016 March 28, 2017 [47]
44 Zuma's Revenge September 15, 2009 March 30, 2017 [48]
45 Dragon Age: Origins November 3, 2009 April 10, 2017 [49]
46 Dead Space Ignition October 12, 2010 April 10, 2017 [49]
47 FIFA 17 September 27, 2016 April 21, 2017 [50]
48 Medal of Honor Airborne August 28, 2007 May 10, 2017 [51]
49 Titanfall 2 October 28, 2016 July 31, 2017 [52]
50 Battlefield 1 October 21, 2016 August 9, 2017 [53]
51 NBA Live 14 November 22, 2013 Unknown[b]
52 Dead Space 2 January 25, 2011 September 14, 2017 [54]
53 Mass Effect: Andromeda March 21, 2017 October 17, 2017 [55]
54 Dead Space 3 February 5, 2013 November 29, 2017 [56]
55 Battlefield: Bad Company June 23, 2008 December 20, 2017 [57]
56 Black February 24, 2006 January 17, 2018 [58]
57 Madden NFL 18 August 25, 2017 February 5, 2018 [59]
58 NBA Live 18 September 15, 2017 February 15, 2018 [60]
Games with Origin Access[edit]
No.
Title
Date released
Date added
Notes
Ref.
1 Battlefield 3 October 25, 2011 January 12, 2016 [61]
2 Battlefield 4 October 29, 2013 January 12, 2016 [61]
3 Battlefield Hardline March 17, 2015 January 12, 2016 [61]
4 Dead Space October 20, 2008 January 12, 2016 [61]
5 Dead Space 2 January 25, 2011 January 12, 2016 [61]
6 Dead Space 3 February 5, 2013 January 12, 2016 [61]
7 Dragon Age: Origins November 3, 2009 January 12, 2016 [61]
8 Dragon Age II March 8, 2011 January 12, 2016 [61]
9 Dragon Age: Inquisition November 18, 2014 January 12, 2016 [61]
10 FIFA 15 September 23, 2014 January 12, 2016 [61]
11 Need for Speed Rivals November 19, 2013 January 12, 2016 [61]
12 Plants vs. Zombies: Garden Warfare June 24, 2014 January 12, 2016 [61]
13 SimCity March 6, 2013 January 12, 2016 [61]
14 The Sims 3 Starter Pack June 2, 2009 January 12, 2016 [61]
15 This War of Mine November 14, 2014 January 12, 2016 [61]
16 Torchlight II September 20, 2012 February 26, 2016 Not available in France [61]
17 Titanfall March 11, 2014 March 22, 2016 Not available in South Africa [61]
18 The Banner Saga January 14, 2014 April 5, 2016 [62]
19 FIFA 16 September 22, 2015 April 19, 2016 [34]
20 Dungeons of Dredmor July 13, 2011 May 25, 2016 [63]
21 Mass Effect May 28, 2008 May 25, 2016 [63]
22 Mass Effect 2 January 26, 2010 May 25, 2016 [63]
23 Mass Effect 3 March 6, 2012 May 25, 2016 [63]
24 Medal of Honor: Allied Assault January 22, 2002 May 25, 2016 [63]
25 Peggle February 27, 2007 May 25, 2016 [63]
26 Trine July 3, 2009 May 25, 2016 [63]
27 Trine 2 December 7, 2011 May 25, 2016 [63]
28 Unravel February 9, 2016 July 16, 2016 [37]
29 Need for Speed March 15, 2016 July 16, 2016 [37]
30 Plants vs. Zombies: Garden Warfare 2 February 23, 2016 August 30, 2016 [37]
31 Mirror's Edge January 12, 2009 November 9, 2016
32 Mirror's Edge: Catalyst June 7, 2016 November 9, 2016 [37]
33 Star Wars Battlefront Ultimate Edition November 17, 2015 December 13, 2016 [37]
34 The Sims 4 Digital Deluxe Edition September 2, 2014 July 12, 2017 [64]
35 Oxenfree January 15, 2016 July 12, 2017 [64]
36 Rebel Galaxy October 20, 2015 July 12, 2017 [64]
37 Titanfall 2 October 28, 2016 August 1, 2017 [64]
38 Battlefield 1 October 21, 2016 August 9, 2017 [64]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ FIFA 14 will be delisted on October 18, 2017
Jump up ^ Title added without announcement
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Lawler, Richard (July 29, 2014). "'EA Access' subscription on Xbox One brings all-you-can-eat gaming for $5 per month". Engadget. AOL. Archived from the original on July 30, 2014. Retrieved July 30, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Moriarty, Colin (July 29, 2014). "EA Announces Subscription Service on Xbox One: EA Access". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on July 30, 2014. Retrieved July 30, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Pereira, Chris (August 7, 2014). "EA Promises Not to Remove Games From EA Access' Free Games Vault". GameSpot. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on August 7, 2014. Retrieved August 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ "FIFA 14 will leave EA Access on October 18". ea.com. Electronic Arts. July 20, 2017. Retrieved August 2, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Chris Pereira (August 2, 2017). "EA Access Vault Removing A Game For The First Time [UPDATE]". gamespot.com. CBS Interactive, Inc. Retrieved August 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Sirani, Jordan (August 7, 2014). "New Details Emerge on EA Access' Game Selection and Trials". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on August 7, 2014. Retrieved August 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Mass Effect on Twitter". Twitter. Retrieved 2017-01-25.
Jump up ^ Samit Sarkar (August 11, 2014). "Madden NFL 15 won't be playable early unless you pay for EA Access". polygon.com. Vox Media, Inc. Retrieved August 11, 2014.
Jump up ^ Cavalli, Earnest (July 30, 2014). "EA unveils Xbox One subscription service, EA Access". Joystiq. AOL. Archived from the original on July 30, 2014. Retrieved July 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ Earnest Cavalli (August 10, 2014). "EA unveils Xbox One subscription service, EA Access [update]". Joystiq. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kyle Hilliard (June 15, 2015). "Titanfall And Dragon Age Inquisition Joining EA Access Vault, Vault Opening To All Gold Members This Week". gameinformer.com. GameStop. Retrieved June 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ Saed, Sherif (2015-08-28). "Battlefield 4 DLC Naval Strike free this week for EA Access members". VG247. Retrieved 2016-04-11.
Jump up ^ http://www.ea.com/eaaccess/battlefield?cid=4796&ts=1462313373634
Jump up ^ https://www.ea.com/eaaccess/news/swbf-dlc-in-the-vault
Jump up ^ Saed, Sherif (2016-03-01). "EA Access adds first non-Xbox One game to the vault". VG247. Retrieved 2016-04-11.
Jump up ^ Williatham, Atle (2016-04-01). "EA Access adds Backwards Compatible Dead Space to Xbox One". Gamezone.com. Retrieved 2016-04-11.
Jump up ^ Eddie Makuch (August 11, 2014). "EA Access Now Available On Xbox One". gamespot.com. CBS Interactive. Retrieved August 11, 2014.
Jump up ^ Karmali, Luke (July 30, 2014). "Sony Passed on EA Access for PS4 as It's Not 'Good Value'". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on July 30, 2014. Retrieved July 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ "PC Game Subscription | Origin Access | Origin Games". Origin.com. Retrieved 2016-04-11.
^ Jump up to: a b c Makuch, Eddie (July 29, 2014). "GameStop Shares Tumble After EA Access Announcement". GameSpot. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on July 30, 2014. Retrieved July 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ Campbell, Evan (September 2, 2014). "Need for Speed Rivals, More 6-Hour Trials, Coming to EA Access". IGN. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
Jump up ^ McWhertor, Michael (October 15, 2015). "Plants vs. Zombies: Garden Warfare is now part of EA Access". Polygon. Retrieved May 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ Yin-Poole, Wesley (December 12, 2014). "EA Sports UFC joins EA Access next week". Eurogamer. Retrieved May 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ Futter, Mike (February 25, 2015). "PSA: NBA Live 15 Joins EA Access Vault". Game Informer. Retrieved May 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ Scammell, David (March 5, 2015). "Madden NFL 15 now free on EA Access". VideoGamer.com. Retrieved May 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ Sirani, Jordan (April 9, 2015). "NHL 15 Added to EA Access Vault". IGN. Retrieved May 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ Devore, Jordan (May 8, 2015). "FIFA 15 now included in EA Access". Destructoid. Retrieved May 9, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Grant, Christopher (June 15, 2015). "EA Access Vault free this week, Titanfall and Dragon Age: Inquisition on the way". Polygon. Retrieved June 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ Orry, James (September 23, 2015). "Battlefield Hardline to be added to the EA Access vault in October". VideoGamer.com. Retrieved September 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Madden NFL 16 Comes To The Vault On Feb. 2". Ea.com. 2016-01-28. Retrieved 2016-04-11.
Jump up ^ "Twitter". Mobile.twitter.com. 2016-02-29. Retrieved 2016-04-11.
Jump up ^ "NHL 16 Now Available in The Vault on EA Access". Easports.com. Retrieved 2016-04-11.
Jump up ^ Makuch, Eddie (April 1, 2016). "Xbox One EA Access Adds Second Backwards-Compatible Xbox 360 Game". GameSpot. Retrieved April 1, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "FIFA 16 Coming Soon to The Vault". Easports.com. Retrieved 2016-04-11.
Jump up ^ S. Good, Owen (May 2, 2016). "EA Access adds golf to its lineup with Rory McIlroy PGA Tour". Polygon. Retrieved May 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ Sarkar, Samit (May 6, 2016). "NBA Live 16 coming to EA Access in late May". Polygon. Retrieved May 6, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "Coming Soon to EA Access". www.ea.com. Electronic Arts. July 6, 2016. Retrieved July 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ Pereria, Chris (August 10, 2016). "Xbox One's EA Access Adds Another Free Game to Its Vault Library". GameSpot. Retrieved August 10, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "The EA Access Vault Expands this Year with Sports, Action and Arcade Titles". www.ea.com. Electronic Arts. October 6, 2016. Retrieved October 7, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Grubb, Jeff (November 7, 2016). "Mass Effect 2 and Mass Effect 3 now work on Xbox One and are part of the EA Access vault". VentureBeat. Retrieved November 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ Pereira, Chris (November 2, 2016). "Mirror's Edge Catalyst Becomes an Xbox One EA Access Freebie Soon". GameSpot. Retrieved November 2, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Orry, James (November 4, 2016). "Mirror's Edge Catalyst and UFC 2 join EA Access next week". VideoGamer.com. Retrieved November 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Star Wars: Battlefront Goes Free With EA Access Next Week". GameSpot. December 6, 2016. Retrieved December 6, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Vault Expands this Year with these EA Stalwarts". www.ea.com. Electronic Arts. January 19, 2017. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ Makuch, Eddie (February 13, 2017). "Skate 3 Joins EA Access Library On Xbox One Today, It Seems". GameSpot. Retrieved February 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Makuch, Eddie (February 24, 2017). "Madden 17 Is Now Free On Xbox One With EA Access". GameSpot. Retrieved February 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ Grubb, Jeff (March 28, 2017). "NHL 17 hits EA Access vault just in time for the playoffs". VentureBeat. Retrieved March 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ Access, EA [@EAAccess] (March 30, 2017). "Surprise, members! Zuma's Revenge is now available in The Vault! x.ea.com/30868" (Tweet). Retrieved March 30, 2017 – via Twitter.
^ Jump up to: a b Onder, Cade (April 10, 2017). "Dead Space Ignition & Dragon Age: Origins now available through EA Access". GameZone. Retrieved April 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Dayus, Oscar (April 21, 2017). "New EA/Origin Access Game Out Now For Xbox One And PC". GameSpot. Retrieved April 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "EA Sports FIFA 17 to join EA Access and Origin Access". ea.com. Retrieved 2017-04-05.
Jump up ^ Sarkar, Samit (July 31, 2017). "Titanfall 2 goes free on EA and Origin Access". Polygon. Retrieved July 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ Yin-Poole, Wesley (August 10, 2017). "Battlefield 1 now free to download from Origin and EA Access". Eurogamer. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Packard, Kelly (September 14, 2017). "Dead Space 2 Now in the EA Access Vault". TrueAchievements. Retrieved September 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ Pereira, Chris (October 17, 2017). "Mass Effect: Andromeda Now Available For Free Through EA / Origin Access Vault". GameSpot. Retrieved October 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ R. Miller, Daniel (November 29, 2017). "Dead Space 3 is now playable on EA Access". GameZone. Retrieved November 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Billcliffe, James (December 21, 2017). "Original Battlefield: Bad Company added to EA Access vault games library". VG247. Retrieved December 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Makuch, Eddie (January 17, 2018). "Next Free Xbox One Game For EA Access Subscribers Revealed". GameSpot. Retrieved January 17, 2018.
Jump up ^ Donnellan, Jimmy (February 6, 2018). "Madden NFL 18 Joins The EA Access Vault". Cultured Vultures. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ Noah, Steve (February 15, 2018). "NBA Live 18 Available Now in The Vault, Free For EA Access Subscribers". Operation Sports. Retrieved February 15, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Matulef, Jeffrey (2016-03-14). "Titanfall is coming to Origin Access next week". Eurogamer.net. Retrieved 2016-04-11.
Jump up ^ Favis, Elise (April 3, 2016). "The Banner Saga Joins Origin Access Next Week". Game Informer. Retrieved May 4, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "EA Origin adds Mass Effect Trilogy". Eurogamer.net. Retrieved 2016-05-25.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Coming to ORIGIN ACCESS AND EA ACCESS: Star Wars™ Battlefront™ Expansions, Battlefield 1, Titanfall 2 and more". ea.com. Retrieved 2017-07-07.
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