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Conservation of mass
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Russian scientist Mikhail Lomonosov discovered the law of mass conservation in 1756 by experiments, and came to the conclusion that phlogiston theory is incorrect.[1][2][3]
Antoine Lavoisier's discovery of the Law of Conservation of Mass led to many new findings in the 19th century. Joseph Proust's law of definite proportions and John Dalton's atomic theory branched from the discoveries of Antoine Lavoisier. Lavoisier's quantitative experiments revealed that combustion involved oxygen rather than what was previously thought to be phlogiston.
The law of conservation of mass or principle of mass conservation states that for any system closed to all transfers of matter and energy, the mass of the system must remain constant over time, as system's mass cannot change, so quantity cannot be added nor removed. Hence, the quantity of mass is conserved over time.
The law implies that mass can neither be created nor destroyed, although it may be rearranged in space, or the entities associated with it may be changed in form. For example, in chemical reactions, the mass of the chemical components before the reaction is equal to the mass of the components after the reaction. Thus, during any chemical reaction and low-energy thermodynamic processes in an isolated system, the total mass of the reactants, or starting materials, must be equal to the mass of the products.
The concept of mass conservation is widely used in many fields such as chemistry, mechanics, and fluid dynamics. Historically, mass conservation was discovered in chemical reactions independently by Mikhail Lomonosov and later rediscovered by Antoine Lavoisier in the late 18th century. The formulation of this law was of crucial importance in the progress from alchemy to the modern natural science of chemistry.
The conservation of mass only holds approximately and is considered part of a series of assumptions coming from classical mechanics. The law has to be modified to comply with the laws of quantum mechanics and special relativity under the principle of mass-energy equivalence, which states that energy and mass form one conserved quantity. For very energetic systems the conservation of mass-only is shown not to hold, as is the case in nuclear reactions and particle-antiparticle annihilation in particle physics.
Mass is also not generally conserved in open systems. Such is the case when various forms of energy and matter are allowed into, or out of, the system. However, unless radioactivity or nuclear reactions are involved, the amount of energy escaping (or entering) such systems as heat, mechanical work, or electromagnetic radiation is usually too small to be measured as a decrease in system mass.
For systems where large gravitational fields are involved, general relativity has to be taken into account, where mass-energy conservation becomes a more complex concept, subject to different definitions, and neither mass nor energy is as strictly and simply conserved as is the case in special relativity.
Contents
[hide]
1 Formulation and examples
2 History
2.1 Mass conservation in chemistry
2.2 Modern physics
3 Generalization
3.1 Special relativity
3.1.1 The mass associated with chemical amounts of energy is too small to measure
3.1.2 Mass conservation remains correct if energy is not lost
3.2 General relativity
4 See also
5 References
Formulation and examples[edit]
The law of conservation of mass can only be formulated in classical mechanics when the energy scales associated to an isolated system are much smaller than m c 2 {\displaystyle mc^{2}} , where m {\displaystyle m} is the mass of a typical object in the system, measured in the frame of reference where the object is at rest, and c {\displaystyle c} is the speed of light.
The law can be formulated mathematically in the fields of fluid mechanics and continuum mechanics, where the conservation of mass is usually expressed using the continuity equation, given in differential form as
∂ ρ ∂ t + ∇ ⋅ ( ρ v ) = 0 , {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial \rho }{\partial t}}+\nabla \cdot (\rho \mathbf {v} )=0,}
where ρ {\textstyle \rho } is the density (mass per unit volume), t {\textstyle t} is the time, ∇ {\textstyle \nabla } is the divergence, and v {\textstyle \mathbf {v} } is the flow velocity field. The interpretation of the continuity equation for mass is the following: For a given closed surface in the system, the change in time of the mass enclosed by the surface is equal to the mass that traverses the surface, positive if matter goes in and negative if matter goes out. For the whole isolated system, this condition implies that the total mass M {\textstyle M} , sum of the masses of all components in the system, does not change in time, i.e.
d M d t = d d t ∫ ρ d V = 0 {\displaystyle {\frac {{\text{d}}M}{{\text{d}}t}}={\frac {\text{d}}{{\text{d}}t}}\int \rho {\text{d}}V=0} ,
where d V {\textstyle {\text{d}}V} is the differential that defines the integral over the whole volume of the system.
The continuity equation for the mass is part of Euler equations of fluid dynamics. Many other convection–diffusion equations describe the conservation and flow of mass and matter in a given system.
In chemistry, the calculation of the amount of reactant and products in a chemical reaction, or stoichiometry, is founded on the principle of conservation of mass. The principle implies that during a chemical reaction the total mass of the reactant is equal to the total mass of the products. For example, in the following reaction
CH
4 + 2 O
2 → CO
2 + 2 H
2O,
where one molecule of methane (CH
4) and two oxygen molecules O
2 are converted into one molecule of carbon dioxide (CO
2) and two of water (H
2O). The number of molecules as result from the reaction can be derived from the principle of conservation of mass, as initially four hydrogen atoms, 4 oxygen atoms and one carbon atom are present (as well as in the final state), then the number water molecules produced must be exactly two per molecule of carbon dioxide produced.
Many engineering problems are solved by following the mass distribution in time of a given system, this practice is known as mass balance.
History[edit]
An important idea in ancient Greek philosophy was that "Nothing comes from nothing", so that what exists now has always existed: no new matter can come into existence where there was none before. An explicit statement of this, along with the further principle that nothing can pass away into nothing, is found in Empedocles (approx. 4th century BC): "For it is impossible for anything to come to be from what is not, and it cannot be brought about or heard of that what is should be utterly destroyed."[4]
A further principle of conservation was stated by Epicurus around 3th cenutry BC, who, describing the nature of the Universe, wrote that "the totality of things was always such as it is now, and always will be".[5]
Jain philosophy, a non-creationist philosophy based on the teachings of Mahavira (6th century BC),[6] states that the universe and its constituents such as matter cannot be destroyed or created. The Jain text Tattvarthasutra (2nd century CE) states that a substance is permanent, but its modes are characterised by creation and destruction.[7] A principle of the conservation of matter was also stated by Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī (around 13th century CE). He wrote that "A body of matter cannot disappear completely. It only changes its form, condition, composition, color and other properties and turns into a different complex or elementary matter".[8]
Mass conservation in chemistry[edit]
By the 18th century the principle of conservation of mass during chemical reactions was widely used and was an important assumption during experiments, even before a definition was formally established[9], as can be seen in the works of Joseph Black, Henry Cavendish, and Jean Rey.[10]. The first to outline the principle was given by Mikhail Lomonosov in 1756. He demonstrated it by experiments and had discussed the principle before in 1774 in correspondence with Leonhard Euler, though his claim on the subject is sometimes challenged.[11] A more refined series of experiments were later carried out by Antoine Lavoisier who expressed his conclusion in 1773 and popularized the principle of conservation of mass. The demonstrations of the principle led alternatives theories obsolete, like the phlogiston theory that claimed that mass could be lost in combustion and heat processes.
The conservation of mass was obscure for millennia because of the buoyancy effect of the Earth's atmosphere on the weight of gases. For example, a piece of wood weighs less after burning; this seemed to suggest that some of its mass disappears, or is transformed or lost. This was not disproved until careful experiments were performed in which chemical reactions such as rusting were allowed to take place in sealed glass ampoules; it was found that the chemical reaction did not change the weight of the sealed container and its contents. Weighing of gases using scales was not possible unit the invention of the vacuum pump in 17th century.
Once understood, the conservation of mass was of great importance in progressing from alchemy to modern chemistry. Once early chemists realized that chemical substances never disappeared but were only transformed into other substances with the same weight, these scientists could for the first time embark on quantitative studies of the transformations of substances. The idea of mass conservation plus a surmise that certain "elemental substances" also could not be transformed into others by chemical reactions, in turn led to an understanding of chemical elements, as well as the idea that all chemical processes and transformations (such as burning and metabolic reactions) are reactions between invariant amounts or weights of these chemical elements.
Following the pioneering work of Lavoisier the prolonged and exhaustive experiments of Jean Stas supported the strict accuracy of this law in chemical reactions,[12] even though they were carried out with other intentions. His research[13][14] indicated that in certain reactions the loss or gain could not have been more than from 2 to 4 parts in 100,000.[15] The difference in the accuracy aimed at and attained by Lavoisier on the one hand, and by Morley and Stas on the other, is enormous.[16]
Modern physics[edit]
The law of conservation of mass was challenged with the advent of special relativity. In one of the Annus Mirabilis paper of Albert Einstein in 1905, he suggested an equivalence between mass and energy. This theory implied several assertions, like the idea that internal energy of a system could contribute to the mass of whole the system, or that mass could be converted into electromagnetic radiation. However, as Max Planck pointed out, a change in mass as a result of extraction or addition of chemical energy, as predicted by Einstein's theory, is so small that it could not be measured with the available instruments and could not be presented as a test to the special relativity. Einstein speculated that the energies associated with newly discovered radioactivity were significant enough, compared with the mass of systems producing them, to enable their mass-change to be measured, once the energy of the reaction had been removed from the system. This later indeed proved to be possible, although it was eventually to be the first artificial nuclear transmutation reaction in 1932, demonstrated by Cockcroft and Walton, that proved the first successful test of Einstein's theory regarding mass-loss with energy-loss.
The law conservation of mass and the analogous law of conservation of energy were finally overruled by a more general principle known as the mass–energy equivalence. Special relativity also redefines the concept of mass and energy, which can be used interchangeably and are relative to the frame of reference. Several definitions had to be defined for consistency like rest mass of a particle (mass in the rest frame of the particle) and relativistic mass (in another frame). The latter term is usually less frequently used. For discussion see Mass in special relativity.
Generalization[edit]
This article or section may contain misleading parts. Please help clarify this article according to any suggestions provided on the talk page.
Special relativity[edit]
Main article: Conservation of mass in special relativity
In special relativity, the conservation of mass does not apply if the system is open and energy escapes. However, it does continue to apply to totally closed (isolated) systems. If energy cannot escape a system, its mass cannot decrease. In relativity theory, so long as any type of energy is retained within a system, this energy exhibits mass.
Also, mass must be differentiated from matter (see below), since matter may not be perfectly conserved in isolated systems, even though mass is always conserved in such systems. However, matter is so nearly conserved in chemistry that violations of matter conservation were not measured until the nuclear age, and the assumption of matter conservation remains an important practical concept in most systems in chemistry and other studies that do not involve the high energies typical of radioactivity and nuclear reactions.
The mass associated with chemical amounts of energy is too small to measure[edit]
The change in mass of certain kinds of open systems where atoms or massive particles are not allowed to escape, but other types of energy (such as light or heat) are allowed to enter or escape, went unnoticed during the 19th century, because the change in mass associated with addition or loss of small quantities of thermal or radiant energy in chemical reactions is very small. (In theory, mass would not change at all for experiments conducted in isolated systems where heat and work were not allowed in or out.)
Mass conservation remains correct if energy is not lost[edit]
The conservation of relativistic mass implies the viewpoint of a single observer (or the view from a single inertial frame) since changing inertial frames may result in a change of the total energy (relativistic energy) for systems, and this quantity determines the relativistic mass.
The principle that the mass of a system of particles must be equal to the sum of their rest masses, even though true in classical physics, may be false in special relativity. The reason that rest masses cannot be simply added is that this does not take into account other forms of energy, such as kinetic and potential energy, and massless particles such as photons, all of which may (or may not) affect the total mass of systems.
For moving massive particles in a system, examining the rest masses of the various particles also amounts to introducing many different inertial observation frames (which is prohibited if total system energy and momentum are to be conserved), and also when in the rest frame of one particle, this procedure ignores the momenta of other particles, which affect the system mass if the other particles are in motion in this frame.
For the special type of mass called invariant mass, changing the inertial frame of observation for a whole closed system has no effect on the measure of invariant mass of the system, which remains both conserved and invariant (unchanging), even for different observers who view the entire system. Invariant mass is a system combination of energy and momentum, which is invariant for any observer, because in any inertial frame, the energies and momenta of the various particles always add to the same quantity (the momentum may be negative, so the addition amounts to a subtraction). The invariant mass is the relativistic mass of the system when viewed in the center of momentum frame. It is the minimum mass which a system may exhibit, as viewed from all possible inertial frames.
The conservation of both relativistic and invariant mass applies even to systems of particles created by pair production, where energy for new particles may come from kinetic energy of other particles, or from one or more photons as part of a system that includes other particles besides a photon. Again, neither the relativistic nor the invariant mass of totally closed (that is, isolated) systems changes when new particles are created. However, different inertial observers will disagree on the value of this conserved mass, if it is the relativistic mass (i.e., relativistic mass is conserved but not invariant). However, all observers agree on the value of the conserved mass if the mass being measured is the invariant mass (i.e., invariant mass is both conserved and invariant).
The mass-energy equivalence formula gives a different prediction in non-isolated systems, since if energy is allowed to escape a system, both relativistic mass and invariant mass will escape also. In this case, the mass-energy equivalence formula predicts that the change in mass of a system is associated with the change in its energy due to energy being added or subtracted: Δ m = Δ E / c 2 . {\displaystyle \Delta m=\Delta E/c^{2}.} This form involving changes was the form in which this famous equation was originally presented by Einstein. In this sense, mass changes in any system are explained simply if the mass of the energy added or removed from the system, are taken into account.
The formula implies that bound systems have an invariant mass (rest mass for the system) less than the sum of their parts, if the binding energy has been allowed to escape the system after the system has been bound. This may happen by converting system potential energy into some other kind of active energy, such as kinetic energy or photons, which easily escape a bound system. The difference in system masses, called a mass defect, is a measure of the binding energy in bound systems – in other words, the energy needed to break the system apart. The greater the mass defect, the larger the binding energy. The binding energy (which itself has mass) must be released (as light or heat) when the parts combine to form the bound system, and this is the reason the mass of the bound system decreases when the energy leaves the system.[17] The total invariant mass is actually conserved, when the mass of the binding energy that has escaped, is taken into account.
General relativity[edit]
Main article: Mass in general relativity
In general relativity, the total invariant mass of photons in an expanding volume of space will decrease, due to the red shift of such an expansions. The conservation of both mass and energy therefore depends on various corrections made to energy in the theory, due to the changing gravitational potential energy of such systems.
See also[edit]
Charge conservation
Conservation law
Fick's laws of diffusion
Law of definite proportions
Law of multiple proportions
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Volkenstein, Mikhail V. (2009). Entropy and Information (illustrated ed.). Springer Science & Business Media. p. 20. ISBN 978-3-0346-0078-1. Extract of page 20
Jump up ^ Okuň, Lev Borisovič (2009). Energy and Mass in Relativity Theory. World Scientific. p. 253. ISBN 978-981-281-412-8. Extract of page 253
Jump up ^ Lewis, David (2012). Early Russian Organic Chemists and Their Legacy (illustrated ed.). Springer Science & Business Media. p. 29. ISBN 978-3-642-28219-5. Extract of page 29
Jump up ^ Fr. 12; see pp.291–2 of Kirk, G. S.; J. E. Raven; Malcolm Schofield (1983). The Presocratic Philosophers (2 ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-27455-5.
Jump up ^ Long, A. A.; D. N. Sedley (1987). "Epicureanism: The principals of conservation". The Hellenistic Philosophers. Vol 1: Translations of the principal sources with philosophical commentary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 25–26. ISBN 0-521-27556-3.
Jump up ^ Mahavira is dated 598 BC - 526 BC. See. Dundas, Paul; John Hinnels ed. (2002). The Jains. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-26606-8. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link) p. 24
Jump up ^ Devendra (Muni.), T. G. Kalghatgi, T. S. Devadoss (1983) A source-book in Jaina philosophy Udaipur:Sri Tarak Guru Jain Gran. p.57. Also see Tattvarthasutra verses 5.29 and 5.37
Jump up ^ Farid Alakbarov (Summer 2001). A 13th-Century Darwin? Tusi's Views on Evolution, Azerbaijan International 9 (2).
Jump up ^ Whitaker, Robert D. (1975-10-01). "An historical note on the conservation of mass". Journal of Chemical Education. 52 (10): 658. doi:10.1021/ed052p658. ISSN 0021-9584.
Jump up ^ Robert D. Whitaker, "An Historical Note on the Conservation of Mass", Journal of Chemical Education, 52, 10, 658-659, Oct 75
Jump up ^ Pomper, Philip (October 1962). "Lomonosov and the Discovery of the Law of the Conservation of Matter in Chemical Transformations". Ambix. 10 (3): 119–127.
Lomonosov, Mikhail Vasil’evich (1970). Mikhail Vasil’evich Lomonosov on the Corpuscular Theory. Henry M. Leicester (trans.). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. Introduction, p. 25.
Jump up ^ Matthew Moncrieff Pattison Muir, The Elements of Chemistry (1904)
Jump up ^ Nouv. Recherches sur les lois des proportions chimiques (1865) 152, 171, 189
Jump up ^ "Conservation of Mass in Chemical Changes"Journal - Chemical Society, London, Vol.64, Part 2 Chemical Society (Great Britain)
Jump up ^ William Edwards Henderson, A Course in General Chemistry (1921)
Jump up ^ Ida Freund, The study of Chemical Composition: an account of its method and historical development, with illustrative quotations (1904)
Jump up ^ Kenneth R. Lang, Astrophysical Formulae, Springer (1999), ISBN 3-540-29692-1
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The Polar Express (film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Polar Express
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Robert Zemeckis
Produced by
Steve Starkey
Robert Zemeckis
Gary Goetzman
William Teitler
Screenplay by
Robert Zemeckis
William Broyles, Jr.
Based on
The Polar Express
by Chris Van Allsburg
Starring
Tom Hanks
Daryl Sabara
Nona Gaye
Jimmy Bennett
Eddie Deezen
Michael Jeter
Music by
Alan Silvestri
Cinematography
Don Burgess
Robert Presley
Edited by
R. Orlando Duenas
Jeremiah O'Driscoll
Production
company
Castle Rock Entertainment[1]
Shangri-La Entertainment[1]
ImageMovers[1]
Playtone[1]
Golden Mean Productions[1]
Distributed by
Warner Bros. Pictures[1]
Release date
October 21, 2004 (2004-10-21) (Chicago International
Film Festival)
November 10, 2004 (2004-11-10) (United States)
Running time
100 minutes[2]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$165 million[2][3]
Box office
$309.8 million[2]
The Polar Express is a 2004 American 3D computer-animated motion-capture Christmas musical fantasy film based on the 1985 children's book of the same name by Chris Van Allsburg, who also served as one of the executive producers on the film. Written, produced, and directed by Robert Zemeckis, the film features human characters animated using live action motion capture animation.
The film stars Daryl Sabara, Nona Gaye, Jimmy Bennett, and Eddie Deezen, with Tom Hanks in six distinct roles. The film also included a performance by Tinashe at age 9, who later gained exposure as a pop singer in the 2010s, as the CGI-model for the female protagonist.
Castle Rock Entertainment produced the film in association with Shangri-La Entertainment, ImageMovers, Playtone, and Golden Mean for Warner Bros. Pictures, as Castle Rock's first animated production. The visual effects and performance capture were done at Sony Pictures Imageworks. The film was made with a budget of $165 million, a record-breaking sum for an animated feature at the time.
The film was released in both conventional and IMAX 3D theaters on November 10, 2004. It grossed $309 million worldwide, and was later listed in the 2006 Guinness World Book of Records as the first all-digital capture film. The film also marks Michael Jeter's last acting role before his death, and the film was thus dedicated to his memory.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Architecture
3.2 Polar Express Locomotive
4 IMAX 3D version
5 Home media release
6 Soundtrack
7 Reception
7.1 Critical response
7.2 Box office
7.3 Awards and honors
8 The "Polar Express Experience"
9 Video game
10 See also
11 References
12 External links
Plot[edit]
On the night of Christmas Eve, a Grand Rapids, Michigan boy is growing bitterly skeptical of the existence of Santa Claus. As he struggles to sleep, he is roused by the arrival of a steam locomotive on the street outside his home, and dons his robe to investigate, tearing the robe's pocket as he retrieves it. Outside, the train's conductor (Tom Hanks) introduces the train as the Polar Express, bound for the North Pole. The boy initially declines to board, but jumps aboard the train as it pulls away.
In a passenger car, he befriends a spirited and amicable girl, and a condescending know-it-all. The train stops to pick up an impoverished child, Billy, who also declines to board; Billy changes his mind, and the boy applies the emergency brake to allow him to catch up to the train, much to the conductor's chagrin. As Billy sits alone in the train's rear dining car, hot chocolate is served in the passenger car, and the girl saves her hot chocolate for Billy. As she and the conductor cross to the dining car, the boy notices she left her ticket behind unpunched, but loses hold of the ticket between the cars when he attempts to return it. The ticket reenters the passenger car, but not before the conductor notices its absence and escorts the girl back to the rear car.
The know-it-all claims that the conductor will jettison the girl from the back of the train; the boy recovers the ticket and dashes to the dining car in search of the conductor, climbing onto the roof from the rear platform. He meets a hobo camping on the roof, who offers him coffee and discusses the existence of Santa Claus and belief in ghosts. The hobo skis with the boy along the tops of the cars towards the train's coal tender, where the hobo disappears. Here, the boy discovers that the girl has been made to supervise the locomotive while engineers Steamer and Smokey replace the train's headlight. The train is forced to stop while the conductor disperses a herd of caribou, whereupon the engineers return to the cabin and the boy, girl and conductor remain on the catwalk on the front of the locomotive. The throttle's split pin sheers off, causing the train to accelerate uncontrollably down a 179-degree grade and onto a frozen lake, where the engineers repair the throttle with a hairpin and drift the train to realign it with the tracks. The boy returns the girl's ticket, and as the three return to the passenger car, the boy is accosted by an Ebenezer Scrooge marionette (controlled by the hobo), taunting him and calling him a doubter.
The train finally arrives at the North Pole, where the conductor announces that one of the passengers will be chosen to receive the first gift of Christmas, from Santa himself. The girl discovers Billy still alone in the rear car, and she and the boy persuade him to come along; however, the boy accidentally unhitches the car, sending it back along the line to a railway turntable in Santa's workshop. The children sneak through an elf command center and a gift sorting office before accidentally being dumped into Santa's sack, where they discover that the know-it-all stowed away along with them, hoping to open his Christmas presents early. The elves rescue them as Santa arrives, and the boy grows frustrated, unable to see Santa through the crowd. A jingle bell flies loose from the galloping reindeers' reins; the boy initially cannot hear it ring, until he finds it within himself to believe. He returns the bell to Santa as he passes, and Santa selects the boy to receive the first gift of Christmas. The boy asks to keep the jingle bell, and places it in his robe pocket.
Four of the elves use a handcar to trundle the wayward passenger car back to the train as the children all board the Polar Express to return home, but the then boy discovers that the pocket was torn and that the bell had fallen out. He returns home and awakens Christmas morning to find a present containing the bell. He holds it to his ear and shakes it; his parents, not believing in Santa, lament how the bell is "broken".
Cast[edit]
This film marks the final performance of actor Michael Jeter; Jeter died the year before the film's release.
Tom Hanks as the Hero Boy (motion-capture only), the Hero Boy's father, the Conductor, the Hobo, Santa Claus, and the Narrator
Daryl Sabara as the Hero Boy (voice)
Josh Hutcherson as the Hero Boy (additional motion-capture)
Leslie Zemeckis as Sister Sarah (motion-capture only) and the Hero Boy's mother
Isabella Peregrina as Sister Sarah (voice)
Ashly Holloway as Sister Sarah (additional motion-capture)
Eddie Deezen as Know-It-All
Jimmy 'Jax' Pinchak as Know-It-All (additional motion-capture)
Nona Gaye as the Hero Girl
Chantel Valdivieso as the Hero Girl (additional motion-capture)
Meagan Moore as the Hero Girl (singing voice)
Tinashe as the Hero Girl (motion-capture modeling)
Peter Scolari as Billy the Lonely Boy (motion-capture only)
Hayden McFarland as Billy the Lonely Boy (additional motion-capture)
Jimmy Bennett as Billy the Lonely Boy (voice)
Matthew Hall as Billy the Lonely Boy (singing voice)
Dylan Cash as Boy on Train (voice)
Brendan King and Andy Pellick as the Pastry Chefs
Josh Eli, Rolandas Hendricks, Jon Scott, Sean Scott, Mark Mendonca, Mark Goodman, Gregory Gast, and Gordon Hart as the Waiters
Andre Sogliuzzo as Smokey and Steamer (voice)
Michael Jeter as Smokey and Steamer (motion-capture only)
Chris Coppola as Gus the Toothless Boy and an Elf
Connor Matheus as the Toothless Boy (additional motion-capture)
Julene Renee as the Red Head Girl and an Elf
Phil Fondacaro, Debbie Lee Carrington, Mark Povinelli, and Ed Gale as Elves
Charles Fleischer as the Elf General
Steven Tyler as the Elf Lieutenant and the Elf Singer
Dante Pastula as the Little Boy
Eric Newton, Aidan O'Shea, Aaron Hendry, Kevin C. Carr, Bee Jay Joyer, Jena Carpenter, Karine Mauffrey, Beth Carpenter, Bill Forchion, Devin Henderson, and Sagiv Ben-Binyamin as Acrobatic Elves
Evan Sabara as a Young Boy (additional motion-capture)
Production[edit]
Architecture[edit]
Administration building of the Pullman Palace Car Company
The buildings at the North Pole refer to a number of buildings related to American railroading history. The buildings in the square at the city's center are loosely based on the Pullman Factory in Chicago's Pullman neighborhood.[5]
Polar Express Locomotive[edit]
Pere Marquette locomotive 1225, the basis for the Polar Express.
The locomotive featured in the film is an American 2-8-4 Berkshire type steam locomotive, with a cowcatcher, modeled after the Pere Marquette 1225, which had spent many years on static display near Spartan Stadium in East Lansing, Michigan on the campus of Michigan State University, where Chris Van Allsburg recalled playing on the engine when attending football games as a child.[6]
In July 2002, Warner Bros. approached the engine's owner, the Steam Railroading Institute, to study the engine.[7] The engine in the film is modeled from the PM #1225's drawings and the sounds from recordings made of the 1225 operating under steam.[8] The whistle, however, was taken from Sierra Railway #3.
IMAX 3D version[edit]
In addition to standard theatrical 35mm format, a 3-D version for IMAX was also released, generated from the same 3-D digital models used for the standard version.[9]
Home media release[edit]
The film was released on DVD as separated widescreen and full-screen versions in single and two-disc special editions (with bonus features) and on VHS on November 22, 2005, one year after the film came out.[10] It was released on Blu-ray with bonus features and presented in the original widescreen aspect ratio on October 30, 2007.
Soundtrack[edit]
Main article: The Polar Express (soundtrack)
Performer(s)
Title
Length
Tom Hanks "The Polar Express" 3:25
Matthew Hall & Meagan Moore "When Christmas Comes to Town" 4:07
Steven Tyler "Rockin' on the Top of the World" 2:35
Josh Groban "Believe" 4:18
Tom Hanks "Hot Chocolate" 2:33
Alan Silvestri "Spirit of the Season" 2:34
Frank Sinatra "Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town" 2:35
Alan Silvestri "Seeing Is Believing" 3:47
Bing Crosby "White Christmas" 3:05
The Andrews Sisters "Winter Wonderland" 2:43
Perry Como &The Fontane Sisters "It's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas" 2:40
Kate Smith "Silver Bells" 2:39
Bing Crosby & The Andrews Sisters "Here Comes Santa Claus (Right Down Santa Claus Lane)" 3:04
Alan Silvestri "Suite from the Polar Express" 6:02
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film has a weighted average score of 61 out of 100 based on 36 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[11] On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 55% based on 202 reviews, with an average rating of 6.4/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Though the movie is visually stunning overall, the animation for the human characters isn't lifelike enough, and the story is padded."[12] Despite the polarized reception from critics, The Polar Express has been popular among audiences. The Independent reported in 2011 that the film "is now seen by many as a classic".[13] CinemaScore reported that audiences gave the film a rare "A+" grade.[14]
Roger Ebert gave the film his highest rating of four stars, saying, "There's a deeper, shivery tone, instead of the mindless jolliness of the usual Christmas movie." And "It has a haunting, magical quality ..." Acknowledging comments by other reviewers, Ebert said, "It's a little creepy. Not creepy in an unpleasant way, but in that sneaky, teasing way that lets you know eerie things could happen."[15] Richard Roeper gave a glowing review to the film as well, saying that it "remains true to the book, right down to the bittersweet final image."[this quote needs a citation] James Berardinelli gave it a 3.5/4, stating that it is "a delightful tale guaranteed to enthrall viewers of all ages", and ranked it as the 10th best film of 2004.[16]
The character design and animation were criticized for dipping into the uncanny valley.[17] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film a 1 out of 4 stars, and called it "a failed and lifeless experiment in which everything goes wrong".[18] Stephanie Zacharek of Salon gave the film 1.5 stars out of 5 and said, "I could probably have tolerated the incessant jitteriness of The Polar Express if the look of it didn't give me the creeps."[19] Geoff Pevere of the Toronto Star stated, "If I were a child, I'd have nightmares. Come to think of it, I did anyway."[20] Paul Clinton from CNN called it "at best disconcerting, and at worst, a wee bit horrifying".[21]
Box office[edit]
The film opened at #2 and earned $23,323,463 from approximately 7,000 screens at 3,650 theaters, for a per-theater average of $6,390 and a per-screen average of $3,332 in its opening weekend. It also brought in a total of $30,629,146 since its Wednesday launch. The weekend total also included $2,100,000 from 59 IMAX theaters, for an IMAX theater average of $35,593, and had a $3,000,000 take since Wednesday. In its second weekend, it grossed another $15,668,101, averaging $4,293 from 3,650 venues and boosting the 12-day cumulative to $51,463,282 and over Thanksgiving weekend made another $19,389,927, averaging $5,312 from 3,650 venues and raising the 19-day cumulative to $81,479,861.[citation needed] The film has made $185,618,322 domestically (including IMAX re-releases), and $124,140,582 overseas for a total worldwide gross of $309,758,904.[2]
The film had its network TV premiere on ABC, December 1, 2006. The airing brought in 13.2 million viewers, winning its timeslot and ranking 20th in the Nielsen ratings that week, according to TVTango.com.
Awards and honors[edit]
The film was nominated for three Academy Awards:
Best Sound Editing (Randy Thom and Dennis Leonard)
Best Sound Mixing (Randy Thom, Tom Johnson, Dennis S. Sands and William B. Kaplan)
Best Original Song for "Believe."[22]
The film was nominated at the 3rd Visual Effects Society Awards in the category of "Outstanding Performance by an Animated Character in an Animated Motion Picture."[23]
In 2008, the American Film Institute nominated The Polar Express for its Top 10 Animated Films list.[24]
The "Polar Express Experience"[edit]
In November 2007, SeaWorld Orlando debuted the Polar Express Experience, a Motion Simulator ride based on the film. The attraction is a temporary replacement for the Wild Arctic attraction. The building housing the attraction was also temporarily re-themed to a railroad station and ride vehicles painted to resemble Polar Express passenger cars. The plot for the ride revolves around a trip to the North Pole on Christmas Eve. Guests feel the motion of the locomotive as well as the swinging of the train on ice and feeling of ice crumbling beneath them. The attraction was available until January 1, 2008,[25] and is now open annually during the Christmas season.
The 4D film, distributed by SimEx-Iwerks, has been shown at other amusement parks around the world including Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden, Dollywood (during the annual Smoky Mountain Christmas event), Vancouver Aquarium (2009 — 2010),[26] and Warner Bros. Movie World (during the White Christmas events in 2010 and 2011).
Video game[edit]
Main article: The Polar Express (video game)
A video game based on the film was released on November 26, 2004 for GameCube, Game Boy Advance, PlayStation 2 and Windows, developed by Blue Tongue Entertainment and published by THQ.[27][28] The plot of the game is more different than the film version. Within this time, the Ebenezer Scrooge puppet who is set as the main antagonist of the game, attempts to prevent the children from believing in Santa Claus by stealing their tickets and trying to stop the children for reaching the North Pole.[29][30]
See also[edit]
List of 3D films
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "The Polar Express". American Film Institute. Retrieved 2016-12-22.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "The Polar Express". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2017-01-03.
Jump up ^ Grover, Ronald (19 October 2001). "Can Polar Express Make the Grade?". Bloomberg BusinessWeek. Retrieved 2014-11-12.
Jump up ^ Rooney, David (October 24, 2004). "Review: 'The Polar Express'". Variety. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Ridin' the reels". The Chicago Tribune. October 7, 2007. p. 2. Retrieved November 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ Detroit Free Press,November 4, 2004 "Meet Chris Van Allsburg"
Jump up ^ "Steam Railroading Institute History". Steam Railroading Institute. Retrieved August 23, 2015. July 2002: Warner Brothers arranges to use 1225’s image in “The Polar Express,”...
Jump up ^ Mills, Rcik (May 22, 2015). "Iconic steam engine offering rides from Mt. Pleasant". The Morning Sun. Retrieved August 23, 2015. The 1225’s blueprints were used as the prototype for the locomotive image, and its sounds were used to bring the Polar Express to life.
Jump up ^ B., Brian (November 23, 2011). "The Polar Express In IMAX 3D Returns to Theaters This Holiday Season". MovieWeb. Retrieved December 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ amazon.com, "The Polar Express (VHS)". Accessed December 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Polar Express". Metacritic. Retrieved 2015-06-08.
Jump up ^ "The Polar Express (2005)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2015-06-08.
Jump up ^ "The 175m flop so bad it could end the 3D boom". The Independent. 21 March 2011. Retrieved 2014-11-12.
Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock (August 19, 2011). "Why CinemaScore Matters for Box Office". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved September 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger (November 9, 2004). "The Polar Express". Roger Ebert Reviews. Retrieved 2014-11-12.
Jump up ^ Berardinelli, James. "Polar Express, The (United States, 2004)". ReelViews.net. Retrieved 2017-10-13.
Jump up ^ Page-Kirby, Kristen (2015-05-07). "'The D Train' isn't actually about trains. But these 5 movies are". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2015-06-08.
Jump up ^ Travers, Peter (2004-11-18). "The Polar Express". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2015-06-08.
Jump up ^ Zacharek, Stephanie (2004-11-10). "The Polar Express". Salon. Retrieved 2015-06-08.
Jump up ^ Herman, Barbara (2013-10-30). "The 10 Scariest Movies and Why They Creep Us Out". Newsweek. Retrieved 2015-06-08.
Jump up ^ Clinton, Paul (2004-11-10). "Review: 'Polar Express' a creepy ride". CNN. Retrieved 2015-06-08.
Jump up ^ "Academy Awards Database: 2004 (77th)". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 2014-11-12.
Jump up ^ "3rd Annual VES Awards". Visual Effects Society. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ "AFI'S 10 Top 10 - Official Ballot" (PDF). AFI. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 16, 2011. Retrieved September 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Polar Express Experience at SeaWorld Orlando Begins This Friday, November 12th..." Visit Tampa Bay. November 10, 2010. Retrieved 2014-11-12.
Jump up ^ "Polar Express 4-D Experience". November 30, 2009.
Jump up ^ Adams, David (May 4, 2004). "Pre-E3 2004: THQ Announces Lineup". IGN. Retrieved December 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ "PlayStation Games & Media - Polar Express". PlayStation. Archived from the original on December 24, 2014. Retrieved January 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ Casamassina, Matt (November 8, 2004). "The Polar Express (GCN, PS2)". IGN. Retrieved December 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ Gerstmann, Jeff (May 12, 2004). "The Polar Express E3 2004 Preshow First Look". GameSpot. Retrieved December 24, 2014.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: The Polar Express
Official website
The Polar Express on IMDb
The Polar Express at the TCM Movie Database
The Polar Express at Rotten Tomatoes
The Polar Express at Box Office Mojo
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The Members
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Members
The Members in London, 2015
Background information
Origin
Camberley, England
Genres
Punk rock
Years active
1976–1983, 2007–present
Labels
Stiff, Virgin, Arista
Website
theMembers.co.uk
Members
Jean Marie Carroll
Chris Payne
Calle Englemarc
Nick Cash
Past members
Rat Scabies
Nicky Tesco
Adrian Lillywhite
Nigel Bennett
Paddy Carroll
Gary Baker
Steve Morley
Clive Parker
Steve Maycock
Rudi Thompson
Simon Lloyd
Chuck Sabo
Adam Maitland
The Members are a British punk band that originated in Camberley, England. In the UK, they are best known for their single "The Sound of the Suburbs", reaching #12 in 1979, and in Australia, "Radio" which reached #5 in 1982.
Contents
1 Career
2 Discography
2.1 Albums
2.2 Singles
2.3 Compilation appearances
3 Line-ups
4 References
5 External links
Career[edit]
The Members were formed by lyricist Nicky Tesco (Nick Lightowlers) in 1976, through an invited audition at a recording studio at Tooley Street, London.[1] The original personnel, with Tesco (vocals), was Gary Baker (guitar), and Steve Morley (bass guitar), initially with Steve Maycock then Clive Parker (drums). Morley and Parker were later replaced by Chris Payne and Adrian Lillywhite.
Official logo of the Members
In 1976, the band performed for its first engagements at The Red Cow (London W6), The Windsor Castle (London W9) and The Nashville Rooms (London W14). In that year composer Jean Marie Carroll (aka JC Carroll) joined the band to complement Tesco's lyrics.[1] The Members had recorded a number of songs, but the first released recording was "Fear on the Streets", produced by Lillywhite's brother Steve Lillywhite. This song was included on the first record released by the Beggars Banquet label, the punk compilation Streets (1977).[2] The song-writing collaboration between Tesco and Carroll moved The Members' sound towards an incorporation of reggae, shown in the first single released for Stiff Records, "Solitary Confinement", produced by Larry Wallis. Following these releases, band personnel became Tesco (vocals), Carroll (vocals and guitar), Nigel Bennett (guitar), Payne (bass) and Lillywhite (drums).
In 1978/79 The Members continued to play the London pub and club circuit, became a feature in the music press and were championed byJohn Peel. They signed to Virgin Records in 1978, for which label they recorded "The Sound of the Suburbs", again produced by Steve Lillywhite. This became The Members' biggest chart success and their best-known song in the UK. The follow-up single, "Offshore Banking Business", a reggae tune written by Carroll, did not achieve the same popularity. A version of "Offshore Banking Business" was recorded for the early 1980s film Urgh! A Music War, produced by Michael White, distributed by Filmways and Lorimar Productions.[3]
The Members' first album, At the Chelsea Nightclub, was followed by a second for Virgin, 1980 – The Choice Is Yours. Their last album was Going West,[2] issued a year earlier as Uprhythm, Downbeat (1982) in the US.[1] The album featured the singles "Radio," which made the Top 10 in parts of Australia,[4] and "Working Girl," the music video for which gave the band exposure in North America via MTV.
The band broke up in 1983, when Tesco left the band after the last tour of the US. In 1989, Tesco appeared in Leningrad Cowboys Go America, written and directed by Aki Kaurismaki, a film about a fictional Russian rock band touring the US.[5] This fictional band then toured as an actual band, and recorded the Tesco song "Thru the Wire". Kaurismäki directed a video for "Thru the Wire", featuring Tesco.[6] As well as working as a music journalist for the magazine Music Week, Tesco has been a commentator on new releases for BBC 6 Music's "Roundtable".
In 2007, The Members were reunited at The Inn on the Green, Ladbroke Grove, London.
In 2008, a line up of Carroll, Payne and Nick Cash resumed touring, In 2009 a new single "International Financial Crisis" (a re-write of "Offshore Banking Business") was released, recorded by Tesco, Carroll, Payne and Bennett, with artwork by the original Members' album sleeve designer, Malcolm Garrett. This line up played Glastonbury and Isle of Wight festivals. The Members line-up of Carroll, Payne and Rat Scabies (drums) performed from 2010 to 2013, playing over 90 Shows including 3 European Tours and New Zealand and Australian Tours, Nick Cash rejoined the Band in 2014.
In March 2012, the Members released their fourth studio album, InGrrLand, featuring Carroll, Payne, Bennett, Cash and Rat Scabies. in December 2013 Nigel Bennett rejoined the Members. In 2014 The Members mounted a coast-to-coast tour of the USA, without Payne's temporary replacement Calle Engelmarc who had injured his hand. Instead, JC Carroll played bass. This was the band's first tour of the USA for 32 years.[7]

In 2015, the band began work on their fifth studio album in studios in London and West Byfleet featuring a nucleus of Carroll, Cash, Payne and Bennett together with guest appearances from Guy Pratt and former Jam guitarist Steve Brookes. One Law, released in early 2016, was produced by Carroll, and received reviews in Record Collector, Vive Le Rock, Louder Than War,[8] and The Aberdeen Voice.[9]
The band's 1979 protest song, "Offshore Banking Business", achieved viral cult status as the unofficial anthem on the Panama Papers.[10]
Discography[edit]
Albums[edit]
Year
Title
UK
Label
1979 At the Chelsea Nightclub 45 Stiff/Virgin
1980 1980 – The Choice Is Yours - Virgin
1982 Uprhythm, Downbeat - Virgin
1995 Sound of the Suburbs (Best Of) - Virgin
2010 Live in Berlin - Smash The System
2012 Ingrrland - AngloCentric
2016 One Law - AngloCentric - Cadiz Music
2016 At The Luton Hat Factory - AngloCentric
Singles[edit]
Year
Title
UK
UK
Indie
US
Main
AUS
1979 "Solitary Confinement" - - - -
1979 "The Sound of the Suburbs" 12 - - -
1979 "Offshore Banking Business" 31 - - -
1979 "Killing Time" - - - -
1980 "Romance" - - - -
1980 "Flying Again" - - - -
1981 "Working Girl" - 41 34 -
1982 "Radio"[2] - - - 5
2009 "International Financial Crisis" - - - -
2011 "New English Blues" - - - -
2015 "(I Love my)English Girls" - - - -
2016 "Emotional Triggers c/w Apathy in the UK" - - - -
2016 "Incident at Surbiton (3 Mixes)" - - - -
Compilation appearances[edit]
Streets (Beggars Banquet 1977 – Track: "Fear on the Streets")
The Moonlight Tapes (Danceville Records 1977 – Track: "Rat Up a Drainpipe")
The Sound of the Suburbs (Columbia Records MOOD18 (1991) – Track: "The Sounds of the Suburbs")
Line-ups[edit]
1976
Nicky Tesco: vocals
Gary Baker: guitar
Steve Morley: bass guitar
Clive Parker: drums
Steve Maycock: drums
1977
Nicky Tesco: vocals
Gary Baker: guitar
Steve Morley: bass guitar
Adrian Lillywhite: drums
1977
Nicky Tesco: vocals
JC Carroll: guitar/vocals
Gary Baker: guitar
Steve Morley: bass guitar
Adrian Lillywhite: drums
1977–78
Nicky Tesco: vocals
JC Carroll: guitar/vocals
Gary Baker: guitar
Chris Payne: bass guitar
Adrian Lillywhite: drums
1978–83
Nicky Tesco: vocals
JC Carroll: guitar/vocals
Nigel Bennett: guitar
Chris Payne: bass guitar
Adrian Lillywhite: drums
1981–83
Nicky Tesco: vocals
JC Carroll: guitar/vocals
Nigel Bennett: guitar
Chris Payne: bass guitar
Adrian Lillywhite: drums
Steve "Rudi" Thompson: horns
Adam Maitland: horns
1981–83
Nicky Tesco: vocals
JC Carroll: guitar/vocals
Nigel Bennett: guitar
Chris Payne: bass guitar
Adrian Lillywhite: drums
Steve "Rudi" Thompson: horns
Simon Lloyd: horns
1983 (disestablished)
Nicky Tesco: vocals
JC Carroll: guitar/vocals
Nigel Bennett: guitar
Chris Payne: bass guitar
Chuck Sabo: drums
Steve "Rudi" Thompson: horns
Simon Lloyd: horns
2007 (reformed)
Nicky Tesco: vocals
JC Carroll: guitar/vocals
Nigel Bennett: guitar
Chris Payne: bass guitar
Adrian Lillywhite: drums
2009
Nicky Tesco: vocals
JC Carroll: guitar/vocals
Chris Payne: bass/vocals
Nick Cash: drums
2010
JC Carroll: guitar/vocals
Chris Payne: bass/vocals
Nick Cash: drums
2011
JC Carroll: guitar/vocals
Chris Payne: bass/vocals
Rat Scabies: drums
2013 Australian Tour
JC Carroll: guitar/vocals
Chris Payne: bass/vocals
Rat Scabies: drums
Steve "Rudi" Thompson: horns
2014
JC Carroll: guitar/vocals
Chris Payne: bass/vocals
Nick Cash: drums
Nigel Bennett: Lead Guitar
2014 Summer tours
JC Carroll: guitar/vocals
Calle Engelmarc: bass/vocals
Nick Cash: drums
Nigel Bennett: Lead Guitar

2014 USA tour
JC Carroll: bass vocals
Nick Cash: drums vocals
Nigel Bennett: Lead Guitar/vocals
2014 French tour
JC Carroll: guitar/vocals
Chris Payne: bass/vocals
Nick Cash: drums vocals
2014 Dutch tour
JC Carroll: guitar/vocals
Chris Payne: bass/vocals
Nick Cash: drums vocals
Paddy Carroll: guitar/vocals
2015 Buzzcocks dates
JC Carroll: guitar/vocals
Chris Payne: bass/vocals
Nick Cash: drums vocals
Paddy Carroll: guitar/vocals
2016 Cornwall Campaign
JC Carroll: guitar/vocals
Chris Payne: bass/vocals
Dan Heatly: drums/ vocals
2016 Scottish Campaign
JC Carroll: guitar/vocals
Calle Engelmarc: bass/vocals
Nick Cash: drums
2017 40-years Anniversary Line-up
JC Carroll: guitar/vocals
Chris Payne: bass/vocals
Calle Engelmarc: lead guitar/vocals
Nick Cash: drums
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 November 2006. Retrieved 17 November 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b c Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 361. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
Jump up ^ "Urgh! A Music War (1981)". IMDb.com. Retrieved 2016-06-27.
Jump up ^ Steffen Hung. "Forum – 1982 (ARIA Charts: Special Occasion Charts)". australian-charts.com. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
Jump up ^ "NICK TESCO conversations. Pt-08. Leningrad Cowboys and Aki Kaurismäki". YouTube. 2010-05-20. Retrieved 2016-06-27.
Jump up ^ "NICK TESCO conversations. Pt-07. Berlin, Aki Kaurismäki, Thru the Wire". YouTube. 2010-05-21. Retrieved 2016-06-27.
Jump up ^ Harr, Dan (August 25, 2014). "UK Punk Trailblazers The Members Touring America Now". Nashville Music News. Retrieved September 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Members: One Law - album review". Louder Than War. 2016-03-22. Retrieved 2016-06-27.
Jump up ^ "The Members One Law – A Punk Coming Of Age Album". Aberdeen Voice. Retrieved 2016-06-27.
Jump up ^ John Dizard (2016-04-08). "Offshore banking business, international crime!". FT.com. Retrieved 2016-06-27.
External links[edit]
The Members Official YouTube Channel
The Members web site
Nick Tesco music review blog.
Review of The Members in Sacramento 2014
Record Collector Article September 2015
J C Carroll Official Site
Nicky Tesco filmography
Nick Cash: a bio
Nick (Nicky) Tesco biographical videos.

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