text:
Forcemeat
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Squab forcemeat, with cepes, anise, combava juice
Look up forcemeat in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Forcemeat is a mixture of ground, lean meat mixed with fat by grinding, sieving, or puréeing the ingredients. The result may either be smooth or coarse, depending on the desired consistency of the final product. Forcemeats are used in the production of numerous items found in charcuterie, including quenelles, sausages, pâtés, terrines, roulades, and galantines. Forcemeats are usually produced from raw meat, except in the case of a gratin. Meats commonly used include pork, fish (pike, trout, or salmon), seafood, game meats (venison, boar, or rabbit), poultry, game birds, veal, and pork livers. Pork fatback is preferred as a fat, as it has a somewhat neutral flavor.[1][2]
Contents
1 History
2 Types
3 Secondary binders
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
History[edit]
Forcemeats are an ancient food, and are included in Apicius,[3] a collection of Roman cookery recipes, usually thought to have been compiled in the late 4th or early 5th century AD.
Types[edit]
Straight
Produced by progressively grinding equal parts pork and pork fat with a third ingredient, a dominant meat, which can be pork or another meat. The portions are cubed and then seasoned, cured, rested, ground and finally placed into the desired vessel.[1]
Country-style
A combination of pork and pork fat, often with the addition of pork liver and garnish ingredients. The texture of this finished product is coarse.[1]
Gratin
Has a portion of the main protein browned.[1]
Mousseline
Very light in texture, utilizing lean cuts of meat usually from veal, poultry, fish, or shellfish. The resulting texture comes from the addition of eggs and cream to this forcemeat.[1]
Secondary binders[edit]
Often the only binder in a forcemeat is the physical structure of the protein used. Sometimes a secondary binder is necessary to hold the mixture. These binders are generally needed when preparing the country-style and gratin forcemeats. The three types of binders include eggs, nonfat dry milk powder, and panades. A panade can be made from starchy ingredients which aid in the binding process; these include well-cooked potatoes which have been puréed, cream-soaked bread, or pâte à choux.[4]
See also[edit]
Ground beef
Mincemeat
Pemmican
Tourtière
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e The Culinary Institute of America, 299.
Jump up ^ Eliza Acton Modern cookery, in all its branches (80 pages) Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans, Paternoster Row, 1845 (Google eBook) [Retrieved 2012-01-08] [this link found at British Broadcasting Corporation © 2012 ]
Jump up ^ Hurt, J.; King, J. (2012). The Complete Idiot's Guide to Sausage Making. THE COMPLETE IDIOT'S GUIDE. DK Publishing. p. pt27. ISBN 978-1-101-57224-5. Retrieved May 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ The Culinary Institute of America, 300.
References[edit]
The Culinary Institute of America. Garde Manger: The Art and Craft of the Cold Kitchen. 3rd ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2008. ISBN 978-0-470-05590-8.
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Luke the Evangelist
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Saint Luke" redirects here. For other uses, see Saint Luke (disambiguation).
Saint Luke the Evangelist
Miniature of Saint Luke from the Grandes Heures of Anne of Brittany (1503–1508) by Jean Bourdichon.
Apostle, Evangelist
Born
Antioch, Syria, Roman Empire
Died
Circa 84
Near Boeotia, Greece
Venerated in
In all Christian Churches
Major shrine
Padua, Italy
Feast
18 October
Attributes
Evangelist, Physician, a bishop, a book or a pen, a man accompanied by a winged ox/winged calf/ox, a man painting an icon of the Blessed Virgin Mary, a brush or a palette (referring to the tradition that he was a painter).
Patronage
Artists, bachelors, physicians, surgeons, farmers and others[1]
Luke the Evangelist (Latin: Lūcās, Ancient Greek: Λουκᾶς, Loukãs, Hebrew: לוקאס, Lūqās, Aramaic: לוקא, Lūqā’) is one of the Four Evangelists—the four traditionally ascribed authors of the canonical Gospels. The early church fathers ascribed to him authorship of both the Gospel according to Luke and the book of Acts of the Apostles, which would mean Luke contributed over a quarter of the text of the New Testament, more than any other author. Prominent figures in early Christianity such as Jerome and Eusebius later reaffirmed his authorship, although the fragile evidence[citation needed]of the identity of the author of the works has led to discussion in scholarly circles, both secular and religious.
The New Testament mentions Luke briefly a few times, and the Pauline epistle to the Colossians refers to him as a physician (from Greek for 'one who heals'); thus he is thought to have been both a physician and a disciple of Paul. Christians since the faith's early years have regarded him as a saint. He is believed to have been a martyr, reportedly as having been hanged from an olive tree, though some believe otherwise.
The Roman Catholic Church and other major denominations venerate him as Saint Luke the Evangelist and as a patron saint of artists, physicians, bachelors, surgeons, students and butchers; his feast day takes place on 18 October.
Contents
[hide]
1 His life
2 The authorship of Luke and Acts
3 As a historian
4 As an artist
5 Symbol
6 Relics
7 See also
8 References and sources
9 External links
His life[edit]
Many scholars believe that Luke was a Greek physician who lived in the Greek city of Antioch in Ancient Syria, though some other scholars and theologians think Luke was a Hellenic Jew.[2][3] Bart Koet stated that it was widely accepted that the theology of Luke–Acts points to a gentile Christian writing for a gentile audience. Though he concludes that it is more plausible that Luke-Acts is directed to a community made up of both Jewish and Gentile Christians, because there is stress on the scriptural roots of the Gentile mission (see the use of Isaiah 49,6 in Luke-Acts). [4] [5] Gregory Sterling claims that he was either a Hellenistic Jew or a god-fearer.[3]
His earliest notice is in Paul's Epistle to Philemon—Philemon 1:24. He is also mentioned in Colossians 4:14 and 2Timothy 4:11, two works commonly ascribed to Paul.[6][7][8][9][10] The next earliest account of Luke is in the Anti-Marcionite Prologue to the Gospel of Luke, a document once thought to date to the 2nd century, but which has more recently been dated to the later 4th century.[citation needed] Helmut Koester, however, claims that the following part, the only part preserved in the original Greek, may have been composed in the late 2nd century:
Luke, was born in Antioch, by profession, was a physician.[11] He had become a disciple of the apostle Paul and later followed Paul until his [Paul's] martyrdom. Having served the Lord continuously, unmarried and without children, filled with the Holy Spirit he died at the age of 84 years. (p. 335)
James Tissot, Saint Luke (Saint Luc), Brooklyn Museum.
Epiphanius states that Luke was one of the Seventy Apostles (Panarion 51.11), and John Chrysostom indicates at one point that the "brother" Paul mentions in the Second Epistle to the Corinthians 8:18 is either Luke or Barnabas.[citation needed]
If one accepts that Luke was in fact the author of the Gospel bearing his name and also the Acts of the Apostles, certain details of his personal life can be reasonably assumed. While he does exclude himself from those who were eyewitnesses to Jesus' ministry, he repeatedly uses the word "we" in describing the Pauline missions in Acts of the Apostles, indicating that he was personally there at those times.[12]
There is similar evidence that Luke resided in Troas, the province which included the ruins of ancient Troy, in that he writes in Acts in the third person about Paul and his travels until they get to Troas, where he switches to the first person plural. The "we" section of Acts continues until the group leaves Philippi, when his writing goes back to the third person. This change happens again when the group returns to Philippi. There are three "we sections" in Acts, all following this rule. Luke never stated, however, that he lived in Troas, and this is the only evidence that he did.[citation needed]
Luke as depicted in the head-piece of an Armenian Gospel manuscript from 1609 held at the Bodleian Library.
The composition of the writings, as well as the range of vocabulary used, indicate that the author was an educated man. A quote in the Letter of Paul to the Colossians differentiates between Luke and other colleagues "of the circumcision."
10 My fellow prisoner Aristarchus sends you his greetings, as does Mark, the cousin of Barnabas. 11 Jesus, who is called Justus, also sends greetings. These are the only Jews among my co-workers for the kingdom of God, and they have proved a comfort to me. ... 14 Our dear friend Luke, the doctor, and Demas send greetings. Colossians 4:10–11, 14.
This comment has traditionally caused commentators to conclude that Luke was a Gentile. If this were true, it would make Luke the only writer of the New Testament who can clearly be identified as not being Jewish. However, that is not the only possibility. Although Luke is considered likely to be a Gentile Christian, some scholars believe him to be a Hellenized Jew.[2][3][13] The phrase could just as easily be used to differentiate between those Christians who strictly observed the rituals of Judaism and those who did not.[12]
Luke's presence in Rome with the Apostle Paul near the end of Paul's life was attested by 2 Timothy 4:11: "Only Luke is with me". In the last chapter of the Book of Acts, widely attributed to Luke, we find several accounts in the first person also affirming Luke's presence in Rome including Acts 28:16: "And when we came to Rome..." According to some accounts,[who?] Luke also contributed to the authorship of the Epistle to the Hebrews.[14]
Luke died at age 84 in Boeotia, according to a "fairly early and widespread tradition".[15] According to Nikephoros Kallistos Xanthopoulos (Ecclesiastical History 14th century AD., Migne P.G. 145, 876) and others, Luke's tomb was located in Thebes, whence his relics were transferred to Constantinople in the year 357.[citation needed]
The authorship of Luke and Acts[edit]
See also: Authorship of Luke–Acts
The Gospel of Luke does not name its author.[16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] The Gospel was not written and does not claim to be written by direct witnesses to the reported events, unlike Acts beginning in the sixteenth chapter.[18][25][26]
The earliest manuscript of the Gospel, dated circa AD 200, ascribes the work to Luke; as did Irenaeus, writing circa AD 180, and the Muratorian fragment from AD 170.[27]
The gospel of Luke and the Acts of the Apostles make up a two-volume work which scholars call Luke–Acts. Together they account for 27.5% of the New Testament, the largest contribution by a single author.[28]
Luke paints the Madonna and the Baby Jesus, by Maarten van Heemskerck
As a historian[edit]
See also: Historical reliability of the Acts of the Apostles, Census of Quirinius, and Chronology of Jesus
A medieval Armenian illumination of Luke, by Toros Roslin.
Most scholars understand Luke's works (Luke–Acts) in the tradition of Greek historiography.[29] The preface of The Gospel of Luke[30] drawing on historical investigation identified the work to the readers as belonging to the genre of history.[31] There is some disagreement about how best to treat Luke's writings, with some historians regarding Luke as highly accurate, and others taking a more critical approach.
Based on his accurate description of towns, cities and islands, as well as correctly naming various official titles, archaeologist Sir William Ramsay wrote that "Luke is a historian of the first rank; not merely are his statements of fact trustworthy... [he] should be placed along with the very greatest of historians."[32] Professor of Classics at Auckland University, E.M. Blaiklock, wrote: "For accuracy of detail, and for evocation of atmosphere, Luke stands, in fact, with Thucydides. The Acts of the Apostles is not shoddy product of pious imagining, but a trustworthy record... it was the spadework of archaeology which first revealed the truth."[33] New Testament scholar Colin Hemer has made a number of advancements in understanding the historical nature and accuracy of Luke's writings.[34]
On the purpose of Acts, New Testament Scholar Luke Timothy Johnson has noted that "Luke's account is selected and shaped to suit his apologetic interests, not in defiance of but in conformity to ancient standards of historiography."[35] Such a position is shared by most commentators such as Richard Heard who sees historical deficiencies as arising from "special objects in writing and to the limitations of his sources of information."[36]
During modern times, Luke's competence as a historian is questioned, depending upon one's a priori view of the supernatural.[37] Since post-Enlightenment historians work with methodological naturalism,[38][39] such historians would see a narrative that relates supernatural, fantastic things like angels, demons etc., as problematic as a historical source. Mark Powell claims that "it is doubtful whether the writing of history was ever Luke's intent. Luke wrote to proclaim, to persuade, and to interpret; he did not write to preserve records for posterity. An awareness of this, has been, for many, the final nail in Luke the historian’s coffin."[37]
Robert M. Grant has noted that although Luke saw himself within the historical tradition, his work contains a number of statistical improbabilities such as the sizable crowd addressed by Peter in Acts 4:4. He has also noted chronological difficulties whereby Luke "has Gamaliel refer to Theudas and Judas in the wrong order, and Theudas actually rebelled about a decade after Gamaliel spoke (5:36–7)"[29]
As an artist[edit]
Luke the Evangelist painting the first icon of the Virgin Mary.
Christian tradition, starting from the 8th century, states that he was the first icon painter. He is said to have painted pictures of the Virgin Mary and Child, in particular the Hodegetria image in Constantinople (now lost). Starting from the 11th century a number of painted images were venerated as his autograph works, including for example, the Black Madonna of Częstochowa and Our Lady of Vladimir. He was also said to have painted Saints Peter and Paul, and to have illustrated a gospel book with a full cycle of miniatures.[40][41]
Late medieval Guilds of St Luke in the cities of Late Medieval Europe, especially Flanders, or the "Accademia di San Luca" (Academy of Saint Luke) in Rome—imitated in many other European cities during the 16th century—gathered together and protected painters. The tradition that Luke painted icons of Mary and Jesus has been common, particularly in Eastern Orthodoxy. The tradition also has support from the Saint Thomas Christians of India who claim to still have one of the Theotokos icons that Saint Luke painted and which St. Thomas brought to India.[42]
Symbol[edit]
Luke and the Madonna, Altar of the Guild of Saint Luke, Hermen Rode, Lübeck 1484.
In traditional depictions, such as paintings, evangelist portraits and church mosaics, Saint Luke is often accompanied by an ox or bull, usually having wings. Sometimes only the symbol is shown, especially when in a combination of those of all Four Evangelists.[43][44]
Relics[edit]
Despot George of Serbia bought the relics from the Ottoman sultan Murad II for 30,000 gold coins.[45][46][not in citation given] After the Ottoman conquest of Bosnia, the kingdom's last queen, George's granddaughter Mary, who had brought the relics with her from Serbia as her dowry, sold them to the Venetian Republic.[47]
In 1992, the then Greek Orthodox Metropolitan Ieronymos of Thebes and Levathia (the current Archbishop of Athens and All Greece) requested from Bishop Antonio Mattiazzo of Padua the return of "a significant fragment of the relics of St. Luke to be placed on the site where the holy tomb of the Evangelist is located and venerated today". This prompted a scientific investigation of the relics in Padua, and by numerous lines of empirical evidence (archeological analyses of the Tomb in Thebes and the Reliquary of Padua, anatomical analyses of the remains, Carbon-14 dating, comparison with the purported skull of the Evangelist located in Prague) confirmed that these were the remains of an individual of Syrian descent who died between 416 BC and AD 72.[48] The Bishop of Padua then delivered to Metropolitan Ieronymos the rib of Saint Luke that was closest to his heart to be kept at his tomb in Thebes, Greece.[45][46]
Thus, nowadays, the relics of Saint Luke are so divided:
The body, in the Abbey of Santa Giustina in Padua;
The head, in the St. Vitus Cathedral in Prague;
A rib, at his tomb in Thebes.
See also[edit]
Book: Gospel
John the Evangelist
Mark the Evangelist
Matthew the Evangelist
References and sources[edit]
References
Jump up ^ http://catholicsaints.info/saint-luke-the-evangelist/
^ Jump up to: a b Harris, Stephen L., Understanding the Bible. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985. "The Gospels" pp. 266–68
^ Jump up to: a b c Strelan, Rick. Luke the Priest – the Authority of the Author of the Third Gospel – Was Luke a Jew or Gentile? Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., May 1, 2013, pp. 102–10.
Jump up ^ Koet, Bart J., Five Studies on Interpretation of Scripture in Luke-Acts. Leuven University Press, 1989. pp. 157-158
Jump up ^ Koet, Bart J., Dreams and Scripture in Luke-Acts. Leuven University Press, 2006. pp. 4-5
Jump up ^ The New Testament Documents: Their Origin and Early History, George Milligan, 1913, Macmillan and Co., p. 149
Jump up ^ Saints: A Visual Guide, Edward Mornin, Lorna Mornin, 2006, Eerdmans Books, p. 74
Jump up ^ "Gospel of Saint Luke", Aherne, Cornelius, The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 24 Feb. 2013
Jump up ^ New Outlook, Alfred Emanuel Smith, 1935, Outlook Pub. Co., p. 792
Jump up ^ New Testament Studies. I. Luke the Physician: The Author of the Third Gospel, Adolf von Harnack, 1907, Williams & Norgate; G.P. Putnam's Sons, p. 5
Jump up ^ A Commentary on the Original Text of the Acts of the Apostles, Horatio Balch Hackett, 1858, Gould and Lincoln; Sheldon, Blakeman & Co., p. 12
^ Jump up to: a b Encyclopædia Britannica, Micropædia vol. 7, pp. 554–55. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc, 1998. ISBN 0-85229-633-9.
Jump up ^ Thomas S. McCall, Th.D. Was Luke a Gentile?
Jump up ^ "Catholic Encyclopedia: Epistle to the Hebrews". www.newadvent.org. Retrieved 2017-01-10.
Jump up ^ Michael Walsh, ed. "Butler's Lives of the Saints." (HarperCollins Publishers: New York, 1991), p. 342.
Jump up ^ E. P. Sanders, The Historical Figure of Jesus, (Penguin, 1995) pp. 63–64.
Jump up ^ Bart D. Ehrman (2000:43) The New Testament: a historical introduction to early Christian writings. Oxford University Press.
^ Jump up to: a b Bart D. Ehrman (2005:235) Lost Christianities: the battles for scripture and the faiths we never knew Oxford University Press, New York.
Jump up ^ Geoffrey W. Bromiley (1995:287) International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: K-P Matthew, Gospel According To. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. Quote: "Matthew, like the other three Gospels is an anonymous document."
Jump up ^ Donald Senior, Paul J. Achtemeier, Robert J. Karris (2002:328) Invitation to the Gospels Paulist Press.
Jump up ^ Keith Fullerton Nickle (2001:43) The Synoptic Gospels: an introduction Westminster John Knox Press.
Jump up ^ Ben Witherington (2004:44) The Gospel code: novel claims about Jesus, Mary Magdalene, and Da Vinci InterVarsity Press.
Jump up ^ F. F. Bruce (1994:1) The Gospel of John Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing.
Jump up ^ Patrick J. Flannagan (1997:16) The Gospel of Mark Made Easy Paulist Press
Jump up ^ Bart D. Ehrman (2004:110) Truth and Fiction in The Da Vinci Code: A Historian Reveals What We Really Know about Jesus, Mary Magdalene, and Constantine. Oxford University Press.
Jump up ^ Bart D. Ehrman (2006:143) The lost Gospel of Judas Iscariot: a new look at betrayer and betrayed. Oxford University Press.
Jump up ^ Brown, Raymond E. An Introduction to the New Testament, p. 267. Anchor Bible; 1st edition (October 13, 1997). ISBN 978-0-385-24767-2.
Jump up ^ Boring 2012, p. 556.
^ Jump up to: a b Grant, Robert M., "A Historical Introduction to the New Testament" (Harper and Row, 1963)
Jump up ^ "Luke 1:1–4".
Jump up ^ Richard Bauckham, Jesus and the Eyewitnesses. 117.
Jump up ^ Ramsay, The Bearing Of Recent Discovery On The Trustworthiness Of The New Testament, 222, 1915
Jump up ^ Blaiklock, The Archaeology of the New Testament, p. 96, Zondervan Publishing Houst, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1970.
Jump up ^ Hemer, "The Book of Acts in the Setting of Hellenic History", 104–07, as summarized by MacDowell.
Jump up ^ Johnson, Luke Timothy (1992). The Acts of the Apostles. The Liturgical Press. pp. 474–76.
Jump up ^ Heard, Richard (1950). "13: The Acts of the Apostles". An Introduction to the New Testament. Harper & Brothers.
^ Jump up to: a b Powell, Mark (1989). What are they saying about Luke?. Paulist Press. p. 6. ISBN 0-8091-3111-0.
Jump up ^ McGrew, Timothy, "Miracles", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2015 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/miracles/
Flew, Antony, 1966, God and Philosophy, London: Hutchinson.
Ehrman, Bart D., 2003, The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings, 3rd ed., New York: Oxford University Press.
Bradley, Francis Herbert, 1874, “The Presuppositions of Critical History,” in Collected Essays, vol. 1, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1935.
McGrew's conclusion: historians work with methodological naturalism, which precludes them from establishing miracles as objective historical facts (Flew 1966: 146; cf. Bradley 1874/1935; Ehrman 2003: 229).
Jump up ^ Ehrman, Bart; Craig, William Lane (March 28, 2006). "William Lane Craig and Bart Ehrman "Is There Historical Evidence for the Resurrection of Jesus?"". College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, Massachusetts: bringyou.to. Retrieved August 11, 2010. Historians can only establish what probably happened in the past, and by definition a miracle is the least probable occurrence. And so, by the very nature of the canons of historical research, we can't claim historically that a miracle probably happened. By definition, it probably didn't. And history can only establish what probably did.
Jump up ^ Grigg, Robert, "Byzantine Credulity as an Impediment to Antiquarianism", Gesta, Vol. 26, No. 1 (1987), pp. 5–6, The University of Chicago Press on behalf of the International Center of Medieval Art, JSTOR
Jump up ^ The basic study on the legends concerning Saint Luke as a painter is Michele Bacci, Il pennello dell'Evangelista. Storia delle immagini sacre attribuite a san Luca (Pisa: Gisem, 1998).
Jump up ^ Father H. Hosten in his book Antiquities notes the following "The picture at the mount is one of the oldest, and, therefore, one of the most venerable Christian paintings to be had in India. Other traditions hold that St. Luke painted two icons which currently are in Greece: the "Theotokos Mega Spileotissa" (Our Lady of the Great Cave, where supposedly Saint Luke lived for a period of time in asceticism) and the "Panagia Soumela", and "Panagia Kykkou" which are in Cyprus."
Jump up ^ Stefano Zuffi (2003). "The Evangelists and their symbols". Gospel Figures in Art. Getty Publications. ISBN 0-89236-727-X.
Jump up ^ George Ashdown Audsley; William Audsley (1865). "Chapter VI. Symbols and emblems of the Evangelists and the Apostles". Handbook of Christian Symbolism. Reprinted by Kessinger Publishing, 2003, ISBN 978-0-7661-5437-7.
^ Jump up to: a b The Beloved Physician St Luke, Padua.
^ Jump up to: a b Wade, Nicholas. "Body of St. Luke Gains Credibility." New York Times, October 16, 2001.
Jump up ^ Van Antwerp Fine, John, The Bosnian Church: a new interpretation: a study of the Bosnian Church and its place in state and society from the 13th to the 15th centuries, p. 331, East European quarterly, 1975.
Jump up ^ Olga Craig (21 October 2001). "DNA test pinpoints St Luke the apostle's remains to Padua". Telegraph.co.uk.
Sources
Michele Bacci, Il pennello dell'Evangelista. Storia delle immagini sacre attribuite a san Luca, Pisa: Gisem-Ets, 1998.
I. Howard Marshall. Luke: Historian and Theologian. Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press.
Boring, M. Eugene (2012). An Introduction to the New Testament: History, Literature, Theology. Westminster John Knox Press.
F. F. Bruce, The Speeches in the Acts of the Apostles. London: The Tyndale Press, 1942.[1]
Helmut Koester. Ancient Christian Gospels. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Trinity Press International, 1999.
Burton L. Mack. Who Wrote the New Testament?: The Making of the Christian Myth. San Francisco, California: HarperCollins, 1996.
J. Wenham, "The Identification of Luke", Evangelical Quarterly 63 (1991), 3–44
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Luke the Evangelist
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Luke the Evangelist.
Wikisource has the text of an 1879 American Cyclopædia article about Luke the Evangelist.
Biblical Interpretation of Texts of Saint Luke
Early Christian Writings: Gospel of Luke e-texts, introductions
National Academy of Sciences on Luke the Evangelist
Patron Saint Luke
Photo of the grave of Luke in Padua (in German)
DNA testing of the Saint Luke corpse
Santiebeati
Catholic Online
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Addams Family Values
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Addams Family Values
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Barry Sonnenfeld
Produced by
Scott Rudin
Written by
Paul Rudnick
Based on
The Addams Family created by
Charles Addams
Starring
Anjelica Huston
Raúl Juliá
Christopher Lloyd
Joan Cusack
Christina Ricci
Carol Kane
Music by
Marc Shaiman
Ralph Sall
Cinematography
Donald Peterman
Edited by
Arthur Schmidt
Jim Miller
Distributed by
Paramount Pictures
Release date
November 19, 1993 (1993-11-19)
Running time
94 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$47 million[1]
Box office
$48.9 million[2]
Addams Family Values is a 1993 American supernatural black comedy film, the sequel to The Addams Family (1991). It was written by Paul Rudnick and directed by Barry Sonnenfeld, and features many cast members from the original, including Raúl Juliá, Anjelica Huston, Christopher Lloyd, Christina Ricci, Carel Struycken, Jimmy Workman, and Christopher Hart. Joan Cusack plays a serial killer who marries Uncle Fester (Lloyd) intending to murder him for his inheritance, while teenagers Wednesday (Ricci) and Pugsley (Workman) are sent to summer camp. Included in the soundtrack is "Supernatural Thing", which was a chart success for Ben E. King.
Compared to its predecessor, which retained something of the madcap approach of the 1960s sitcom, Addams Family Values is played more for macabre laughs.[3] The film was acclaimed by critics, receiving significantly better reviews than its predecessor, which had a mixed critical reception. It was also a commercial success, but did not perform as well at the box office as the first film.
It is also Raúl Juliá's final theatrical film to be released in his lifetime.
Contents
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Reception
3.1 Critical response
3.2 Box office performance
4 Soundtrack
4.1 Michael Jackson's Involvement
5 Home media
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
Following the events of The Addams Family, Gomez and Morticia Addams hire a nanny, Debbie, to take care of their newborn son Pubert, after Wednesday and Pugsley's failed attempts to murder him. Unbeknownst to them, Debbie is a serial killer who marries rich bachelors and murders them to collect their inheritances.
After Debbie seduces Uncle Fester, Wednesday, the Addams' daughter, becomes suspicious. Debbie tricks Gomez and Morticia into believing Wednesday and her brother Pugsley want to go to summer camp. They are sent to Camp Chippewa, run by the overzealous Gary and Becky Granger, where they are singled out by the counselors, as well as popular girl Amanda Buckman, for their macabre dress and behavior. Joel, a nerdy bookworm who also does not fit in, becomes interested in Wednesday.
Debbie and Fester become engaged. At their bachelor and bachelorette parties, Debbie is horrified by the Addams family. On their honeymoon, she tries to kill Fester by throwing a radio in the bathtub, but he survives. Frustrated, Debbie forces him to sever ties with his family; when they try to visit Fester at Debbie's mansion, they are removed from the premises. The Addams find to their alarm that Pubert has transformed into a rosy-cheeked, golden-haired baby. Grandmama diagnoses this as a result of his disrupted family life, and Gomez becomes depressed.
At camp, Wednesday is cast as Pocahontas in Gary's saccharine Thanksgiving play. When she refuses to participate, she, Pugsley and Joel are forced to watch upbeat Disney and family films. Afterwards, Wednesday feigns cheerfulness and agrees to take part. During the performance, she stages a coup, capturing Amanda, Gary and Becky, and setting the camp on fire. She, Joel and Pugsley escape via a canoe, and Wednesday and Joel kiss.
Debbie tries to kill Fester by blowing up their mansion. When he survives, she pulls a gun and tells him she does not love him and is only interested in his money. Thing intervenes and Fester escapes. Fester apologizes to Gomez, and Wednesday and Pugsley return, the family reunited. Debbie arrives and ties the family to electric chairs, explaining that she killed her parents and previous husbands for incredibly selfish and materialistic reasons while the Addams listen with sympathy and compassion. Upstairs, Pubert, who has returned to normal, escapes from his crib and is propelled into the room where the family is being held. Debbie throws the switch to electrocute the family, but Pubert manipulates the wires, reversing the current and electrocuting her, incinerating her into a pile of white ash.
Months later, at Pubert's first birthday party, Fester laments Debbie's loss but becomes smitten with another nanny, Dementia. In the Addams Family graveyard, Wednesday tells Joel that Debbie was a sloppy killer, and she would instead scare her husband to death. As Joel lays flowers on Debbie's grave, a hand erupts from the earth and grabs him; he screams while Wednesday smiles.
Cast[edit]
Raúl Juliá as Gomez Addams
Anjelica Huston as Morticia Addams
Christopher Lloyd as Uncle Fester
Joan Cusack as Debbie Jellinsky Addams
Christina Ricci as Wednesday Addams
Christopher Hart as Thing
Carel Struycken as Lurch
Carol Kane as Grandmama Addams
Jimmy Workman as Pugsley Addams
Kaitlyn and Kristen Hooper (voice by Cheryl Chase) as Pubert Addams
John Franklin as Cousin Itt
Dana Ivey as Margaret Alford
David Krumholtz as Joel Glicker
Peter MacNicol as Gary Granger
Christine Baranski as Becky Martin-Granger
Mercedes McNab as Amanda Buckman
Barry Sonnenfeld as Mr. Glicker
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
I’m of the firm belief that the Addams Family are the most loving, caring, and connected family that has ever graced the silver screen. They are wildly devoted to each other, show an interest in what the others are doing, and spend tons of quality time together. In all honesty, there’s quite a bit to be jealous [of] when watching them.
—Jonathan Barkan, Bloody Disgusting, 2015[4]
Addams Family Values was critically acclaimed, receiving significantly better reviews than the first film.[5] On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film received an approval rating of 78% based on 45 reviews, with an average rating of 6.5/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "New, well-developed characters add dimension to this batty satire, creating a comedy much more substantial than the original."[6][7] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 62 out of 100 based on 20 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[8]
Janet Maslin of The New York Times wondered if "the making of this sequel was sheer drudgery for all concerned", then answered herself by writing, "There's simply too much glee on the screen, thanks to a cast and visual conception that were perfect in the first place, and a screenplay by Paul Rudnick that specializes in delightfully arch, subversive humor."[9] Leonard Klady of Variety was slightly less enthusiastic: "It remains perilously slim in the story department, but glides over the thin ice with technical razzle-dazzle and an exceptionally winning cast."[10]
Richard Schickel, writing for Time magazine, called it "an essentially lazy movie, too often settling for easy gags and special effects that don't come to any really funny point."[11]
Both Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert disliked the first film, but while Siskel gave thumbs-down to this one, Ebert endorsed it.[citation needed]
The film was nominated for an Academy Award in the category Best Art Direction (Ken Adam, Marvin March),[12] and Huston was nominated for the 1993 Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for her performance as Morticia, a reprise of her Golden Globe-nominated performance in the 1991 original. The film won also a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Original Song for the Tag Team track "Addams Family (Whoomp!)".
Addams Family Values was nominated for AFI's 100 Years...100 Laughs.[13] In 2016, James Charisma of Playboy ranked the film #15 on a list of 15 Sequels That Are Way Better Than The Originals.[14]
Box office performance[edit]
Addams Family Values opened at #1 at its initial weekend with a reported total of $14,117,545.[15] In its second week, the film dropped to #2 behind Mrs. Doubtfire, and in its third week to #3 behind Mrs. Doubtfire and A Perfect World.[16]
Its final domestic box office take was $48,919,043,[17] a significant decline from the previous film's domestic total of $113,502,426.[18]
Soundtrack[edit]
Addams Family Values: The Original Orchestral Score composed by Marc Shaiman
Addams Family Values: Music from the Motion Picture Various artist soundtrack album
Michael Jackson's Involvement[edit]
American popular singer Michael Jackson was supposed to feature a song in the film called Addams Groove/Family Thing.[19] The song was ultimately removed due to child sexual abuse allegations against Jackson. Leaked snippets of the song can be found online.
Home media [edit]
The film was released on DVD in 2000 with two theatrical trailers as special features. It was re-released in 2006 with the first film on a single disc, with no new features.
In Australia, the film was released on VHS by Paramount Home Entertainment (Australasia) in 1994. In 2002 the film was released on DVD with theatrical trailers in the extra features.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "AFI Catalog - Addams Family Values". American Film Institute. Retrieved April 27, 2018.
Jump up ^ Addams Family Values at boxofficemojo.com
Jump up ^ Levy, David (December 20, 1993). "Charles Addams Might Grimace at This 'Family'". LA Times. Retrieved 2010-08-24.
Jump up ^ Barkan, Jonathan (April 14, 2015). "Which Addams Family Member Are You?". Bloody Disgusting. The Collective. Retrieved February 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Brew, Simon (September 29, 2014) The huge behind the scenes problems on The Addams Family. Den of Geek.
Jump up ^ "Addams Family Values (1993)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango. Retrieved June 9, 2018.
Jump up ^ Rainer, Peter (November 19, 1993). "Let's Have a Hand for 'Addams Family Values'". LA Times. Retrieved 2010-08-24.
Jump up ^ "Addams Family Values Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved June 9, 2018.
Jump up ^ Janet Maslin (November 19, 1993). "Addams Family Values (1993)". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Leonard Klady (November 13, 1993). "Addams Family Values". Variety. Retrieved November 24, 2009.
Jump up ^ Richard Schickel (November 29, 1993). "Looking for Mr. Goodfather". Time Inc. Archived from the original on 4 November 2009. Retrieved November 24, 2009.
Jump up ^ "The 66th Academy Awards (1994) Nominees and Winners". oscars.org. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 2011-08-04.
Jump up ^ AFI's 100 Years...100 Laughs Nominees
Jump up ^ Charisma, James (March 15, 2016). "Revenge of the Movie: 15 Sequels That Are Way Better Than The Originals". Playboy. Retrieved July 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Weekend Box Office Results for November 19–21, 1993". Box Office Mojo.
Jump up ^ "Addams Family Values (1993) - Weekend Box Office Results". Box Office Mojo.
Jump up ^ "Addams Family Values box office totals". Box Office Mojo.
Jump up ^ "The Addams Family box office totals". Box Office Mojo.
Jump up ^ Halstead, p. 8.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Addams Family Values
Addams Family Values on IMDb
Addams Family Values at the TCM Movie Database
Addams Family Values at AllMovie
Addams Family Values at Box Office Mojo
Addams Family Values at Rotten Tomatoes
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