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Apple Watch
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Apple Watch
An Apple Watch with white Sport Band
Developer
Apple Inc.
Manufacturer
Quanta Computer[1]
(contract manufacturer)
Type
Smartwatch
Release date
Original: April 24, 2015; 2 years ago (2015-04-24)
Series 1 and Series 2: September 16, 2016; 14 months ago (2016-09-16)
Series 3: September 22, 2017; 2 months ago (2017-09-22)
Introductory price
Watch Sport
38 mm: US$349
42 mm: US$399
Watch
38 mm: US$399–US$999
42 mm: US$449–US$1,049
Watch Edition
38 mm & 42 mm: US$1,299[2]
Operating system
watchOS
System-on-chip used
Apple Watch Original: Apple S1 (32-bit ARMv7[3])
Apple Watch Series 1: Apple S1P
Apple Watch Series 2: Apple S2
Apple Watch Series 3: Apple S3
Memory
Original, Series 1 and Series 2: 512 MB DRAM[4]
Series 3: 768 MB DRAM
Storage
Original, Series 1 and Series 2: 8 GB
Series 3: 8 or 16 GB
Display
OLED[5]
38mm
33.96 mm (1.337 in) diagonal, 272×340 pixels, 326 dpi
42mm
38.96 mm (1.534 in) diagonal, 312×390 pixels, 326 dpi
Watch Sport
Strengthened Ion-X glass
Watch/Watch Edition
Sapphire glass
Graphics
PowerVR SGX543[6]
Connectivity
Original, Series 1 and Series 2: Bluetooth 4.0
Series 3: Bluetooth 4.2
All models: NFC, Wi-Fi (802.11 b/g/n 2.4GHz only)
Diagnostics port
Power
Built-in rechargeable Li-Po battery
38mm
3.8 V 0.78 W·h (205 mA·h)[7][8]
42mm
3.78 V 0.93 W·h (246 mA·h)[8]
Dimensions
38 mm
38.6 mm × 33.3 mm × 10.5 mm
(1.52 in × 1.31 in × 0.41 in)
42 mm
42 mm × 35.9 mm × 10.5 mm
(1.65 in × 1.41 in × 0.41 in)
Backward
compatibility
iPhone 5 and later running iOS 8.2 or later, connected via Wi-Fi or Bluetooth.
Website
www.apple.com/watch
Apple Watch is a line of smartwatches developed, designed, and marketed by Apple Inc. It incorporates fitness tracking and health-oriented capabilities with integration with iOS and other Apple products and services. The original generation of the device was available in four variants: Apple Watch Sport, Apple Watch, Apple Watch Hermès, and Apple Watch Edition; each was distinguished by different combinations of cases and first- or third-party interchangeable bands.
Apple Watch (excluding Series 3 LTE) relies on a wirelessly connected iPhone to perform many of its default functions such as calling and texting. The first generation watches are compatible with iPhone 5 or later models running iOS 8.2 or later, through the use of Wi-Fi or Bluetooth. Announced by Apple CEO Tim Cook in September 2014, the device was released on April 24, 2015.[9][10] The Apple Watch quickly became the best-selling wearable device with the supply of 4.2 million smartwatches in the second quarter of the 2015 fiscal year.[11][12]
The second generation of Apple Watch, released in September 2016, includes two tiers: Apple Watch Series 1,[13] which includes the S1P chip, but is otherwise identical to the original, and Apple Watch Series 2. The Series 3 was announced at a presentation at Apple Park on September 12, 2017 and was released on September 22, 2017.
Contents
[hide]
1 Development
2 Unveiling and release
2.1 Release
3 Specifications
3.1 Design
3.2 Hardware
3.2.1 First generation
3.2.2 Second generation
3.2.3 Third generation
3.2.4 Comparison of Models
4 Software
4.1 Version history
4.2 Third-party apps
5 Models
6 Reception
6.1 Sales
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Development[edit]
The goal of the Apple Watch was to enhance the uses of an iPhone while also providing the user with some additional new features.[14] Essentially, the Apple Watch connected via Bluetooth to the iPhone and accessed its compatible apps. Kevin Lynch was hired by Apple to make wearable technology for the wrist. He said: "People are carrying their phones with them and looking at the screen so much. People want that level of engagement. But how do we provide it in a way that's a little more human, a little more in the moment when you’re with somebody?"[14] Apple's development process was held very much under wraps until a Wired article revealed how some internal design decisions were made.[14]
Unveiling and release[edit]
Rumors surrounded an Apple-developed wearable device back as far as 2011, which conceptualized the device as a variation of the iPod that would curve around the user's wrist, and feature Siri integration.[15] On February 10, 2013, both The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal reported that Apple was beginning to develop an iOS-based smartwatch with a curved display.[16] On February 12, 2013, Bloomberg reported that Apple's smartwatch project was "beyond the experimentation phase in its development", and had a team of at least 100 designers working on the project.[17] Further reports in March 2013 indicated that Apple planned to release the device by the end of the year.[18] In July 2013, Financial Times reported that Apple had begun hiring more employees to work on the smartwatch, and that it was targeting a possible retail release in late 2014.[19]
In April 2014, Apple CEO Tim Cook told The Wall Street Journal that the company was planning to launch new product categories that year, but did not reveal any specifics.[20] In June 2014, Reuters reported that production was expected to begin in July for a release in October.[21]
On September 9, 2014, during a press event where the iPhone 6 was also presented, the new product was introduced by Tim Cook as "the next chapter in Apple's story" with a video that focused on its design and the various combinations of bands and case styles that would be available to the consumers. After the reveal video, the auditorium was filled with prolonged applause and a standing ovation as Tim Cook reappeared onstage wearing an Apple Watch. Cook explained that Apple Watch was "a precise timepiece, a new intimate way to communicate from your wrist, and a comprehensive health and fitness device."[22][23]
In comparison to other Apple products and competing smartwatches, marketing of Apple Watch focused more on advertising the device as a fashion accessory; a 12-page advertising spread for Apple Watch in an issue of Vogue focused primarily on the different combinations of body and band styles available, and downplayed the technological aspects of it.[24][25] Apple has also, in particular, focused upon its health and fitness-oriented features, competing against dedicated activity trackers,[26] and with WatchOS 3, has expanded on them with fitness tracking for wheelchair users, social sharing in the Activity app, and a new Breathe app to encourage mindfulness.
Release[edit]
Pre-orders for the Apple Watch began on April 10, 2015, with the official release on April 24.[27]
Initially, the Apple Watch was not available at the Apple Store; beginning on April 10, 2015, customers could receive appointments for demonstrations and fitting, but the device was not in-stock for walk-in purchases, and had to be reserved and ordered online (however, sales representatives were able to assist in the process). CNET felt that this distribution model was designed to prevent Apple Store locations from having long line-ups due to the high demand.[28][29] Selected Apple Watch models were available in-store at certain luxury boutiques and authorized Apple resellers in limited quantities.[30] On June 4, 2015, Apple announced that it did plan to stock Apple Watch models at its retail locations.[29] On August 24, 2015, during an earnings call, Best Buy announced that it would begin stocking Apple Watch at its retail stores by the end of September.[31] Both T-Mobile US and Sprint also announced plans to offer Apple Watch through its retail stores.[32]
On September 9, 2015, in Apple's Special Event, Apple launched a new collection of Apple Watch in collaboration with Hermès. This new collection, Apple Watch Hermès, comes in stainless steel body with finely crafted leather bands in distinctive styles from Hermès, including the Single Tour, Double Tour and Cuff models. Initially, Apple Watch Hermès was only available in selected retail stores of Apple and Hermès, but it became available for purchase at Apple's website on January 22, 2016.[33] New colors for Apple-designed bands were also announced, along with a release date for watchOS 2 update.
The device was not branded as "iWatch" (which would put it in line with its pre-existing product lines such as iPod, iPhone, and iPad) due to trademark conflicts in certain territories; in the United States, the "iWatch" trademark is owned by OMG Electronics — who was crowdfunding a device under the same name, and is owned in the European Union by Irish firm Probendi.[34][35] In July 2015, Probendi sued Apple Inc. for trademark infringement, arguing that through keyword advertising on the Google search engine, it caused advertising for the Apple Watch to appear on search results pages when users searched for the trademarked term "iWatch".[36]
Apple Watch went on sale in India on November 6.[37] The device has also launched in Chile, the Philippines, and South Africa.[38] Apple Watch became available in Indonesia on December 4.[39]
During the Apple Event on March 21, 2016, a refreshed color lineup of watch bands were announced along with a new nylon band. The price of the Sport models were also cut by $50.[40]
Specifications[edit]
Design[edit]
The original Apple Watch came in four collections (Apple Watch Sport, Apple Watch, Apple Watch Edition, and Apple Watch Hermès)[41] and features two case sizes: 38 mm (1.5 in) and 42 mm (1.7 in).[42] The case of the watch includes a mechanism to enable the straps to be interchangeable. For input, the watch includes a "digital crown", which can be turned to scroll or zoom and pressed to return to the home screen, and a touchscreen that features Force Touch technology, which makes it pressure-sensitive and capable of distinguishing between a tap and a press.[5] The watch also has a side button which can be used to display favorite contacts and access Apple Pay.[43] Apple rates the device's battery for 18 hours of mixed usage.[5][44] Apple Watch is charged by means of inductive charging, using a cable similar to the MagSafe cable from Apple's MacBook family of laptops.[9] If the watch's battery depletes to less than 10 percent, the user is alerted and offered to enable a "power reserve" mode, which allows the user to continue to read the time for an additional 72 hours. The watch then reverts to its original mode when recharged.[45]
Apple does not explicitly market the original Apple Watch as being waterproof, stating that it can withstand splashes of water (such as rain and hand washing), but does not recommend submersion (IPX7). However, external testing by The Iconfactory and others revealed that Apple Watch can function when submerged in various conditions (such as swimming), although its touchscreen experiences "erratic" behavior when submerged. Additionally, usage in water may void its warranty, constituting "damage caused by [use] outside Apple's published guidelines", and apps taking advantage of this may not be allowed per App Store policies which forbid the publishing of apps that encourage users to use devices in ways that may damage them.[46][47]
Hardware[edit]
First generation[edit]
Apple S1
The first-generation Apple Watch uses the single-core S1 system-on-chip. It does not have a built-in GPS chip, instead relying on a paired iPhone for location services. It uses a linear actuator called the "Taptic Engine" to provide haptic feedback when an alert or a notification is received, and is used for other purposes by certain apps.[5] The watch is equipped with a built-in heart rate sensor, which uses both infrared and visible-light LEDs and photodiodes.[48] All versions of the Apple Watch have 8 GB of storage; the operating system allows the user to store up to 2 GB of music and 75 MB of photos. When the Apple Watch is paired with an iPhone, all music on that iPhone is also available to be controlled and accessed from the Apple Watch.[49]
The Apple Watch only turns on when you activate the watch (either by lifting your wrist, touching the screen, or pressing a button).[50]
The hardware has a large number of proprietary and custom accessories available for a customized look. Third-party bands and cases can be switched at the user's discretion.
Second generation[edit]
Main article: Apple Watch Series 2
Apple S1P
Apple S2
The second generation has two tiers. One, Series 1, has a dual-core variant of the Apple S1 processor, the S1P, and has a lower starting price than first generation watches.[51] The other, Series 2, has the dual-core Apple S2 processor, water resistance to 50 meters, a display a bit more than twice as bright (1000 nits vs 450 nits), and a GPS receiver.[52]
Third generation[edit]
Main article: Apple Watch Series 3
Apple S3
The third generation of the Apple Watch features a faster processor, the dual-core S3, Bluetooth 4.2 vs 4.0 on older models, a built-in altimeter for measuring flights of stairs climbed, increased RAM size, and optional LTE cellular connectivity. Siri is able to speak on Apple Watch Series 3 due to the increased processing speed of the Watch.[53]
Comparison of Models[edit]
Specification
1st Generation
Series 1
Series 2
Series 3
System on chip (SoC) Apple S1 Apple S1P Apple S2 Apple S3
Global Positioning System (GPS) No No Built-in Built-in
Cellular (LTE) No No No Optional (eSIM)
Water resistance Splash resistant Splash resistant Water resistant (up to 50 meters) Water resistant (up to 50 meters)
Wireless Networking WiFi (802.11 b/g/n 2.4 GHz) WiFi (802.11 b/g/n 2.4 GHz) WiFi (802.11 b/g/n 2.4 GHz) WiFi (802.11 b/g/n 2.4 GHz)
Bluetooth Bluetooth 4.0 Bluetooth 4.0 Bluetooth 4.0 Bluetooth 4.2
Heart rate sensor Yes Yes Yes Yes
Accelerometer Yes Yes Yes Yes
Gyroscope Yes Yes Yes Yes
Ambient light sensor Yes[54] Yes Yes Yes
Altimeter No No No Yes
Display OLED Retina display with Force Touch (450 nits) OLED Retina display with Force Touch (450 nits) Second-generation OLED Retina display with Force Touch (1000 nits) Second-generation OLED Retina display with Force Touch (1000 nits)
Central Processing Unit (CPU) 520 MHz Single-Core 520 MHz Dual-Core 780 MHz Dual-Core Dual-Core
Storage 8GB 8GB 8GB 8GB non-LTE, 16GB with LTE
Random Access Memory (RAM) 512 MB DRAM 512 MB DRAM 512 MB DRAM 768 MB DRAM
OS Versions watchOS 1 to 4 watchOS 3.2.2 to 4 watchOS 3.2.2 to 4 watchOS 4
Requires iPhone 5 or later running iOS 8.2 or later iPhone 5 or later running iOS 10 or later[55] iPhone 5 or later running iOS 10 or later[56] iPhone 5s or later with iOS 11 or later, LTE model: iPhone 6 or later[57]
Battery 205 mAh, 3.8 V, (0.78 Whr) battery capacity (38 mm)
250 mAh, 3.78 V (0.93 Whr) battery capacity (42 mm)
205 mAh, 3.8 V, (0.78 Whr) battery capacity (38 mm)
250 mAh battery capacity (42 mm)
273 mAh, 3.77 V (1.03 Whr) battery capacity (38 mm)
334 mAh, 3.80 V (1.27 Whr) battery capacity (42 mm)
279 mAh, 3.82 V (1.07 Whr) battery capacity (38 mm, LTE)
262mAh, 3.81V (1.00 Whr) battery capacity (38mm, non-LTE)
352mAh (1.34 Whr) battery capacity (42 mm, LTE)
Software[edit]
Apple Watch runs watchOS, whose interface is based around a home screen with circular app icons. The OS can be navigated using the touchscreen or the crown on the side of the watch.[5] Apple Watch must be paired with an iPhone 5 or later running iOS 8.2 or later; this version of iOS introduced the Apple Watch app, which is used to advertise Apple Watch, pairing with an iPhone, customize settings and loaded apps, and highlight compatible apps from the App Store.[5]
It is capable of receiving notifications, messages, and phone calls via a paired iPhone.[5] "Glances" allowed users to swipe between pages containing widget-like displays of information; however, this feature was replaced by a new Control Center. WatchOS also supports Handoff to send content from Apple Watch to an iOS or OS X device,[5] and act as a viewfinder for an iPhone camera,[43] Siri is also available for voice commands, although it is not capable of responding with voice prompts.[5] Apple Watch also supports Apple Pay, and enables its use with older iPhone models that do not contain near-field communication (NFC) support.[5]
Apple Watch's default apps are designed to interact with their iOS counterparts, such as e-mail, phone, Calendar, Messages, Maps, Music, Photos, Reminders, Remote (which can control iTunes and Apple TV), Stocks, and Wallet.[5] Using the Activity and Workout apps, a user can track their physical activity and send data back to the iPhone for use in its Health app and other HealthKit-enabled software.[5] With WatchOS 3, Reminders, Home, Find My Friends, Heart Rate, and Breathe were added to the many stock apps.
Version history[edit]
See also: watchOS version history
watchOS 1.0.1 featured performance improvements and support for additional emoji and languages,[58] and was released on May 29, 2015. At WWDC 2015, Tim Cook announced watchOS 2.0; described by CNET as a "significant revamp", it included a new software development kit that allows more direct access to the device's hardware, new watch faces, the ability to reply to an e-mail, and other features.[59] watchOS 2.0 was set to be released on September 16, 2015, but was delayed due to a bug fix taking longer than expected;[60] it was instead released on September 21, 2015.[61]
watchOS 2.0 was released as a way to bring new features and more improvements to Apple Watch. Although enhancements were seen through this software update, many users pointed out that their apps are almost universally useless due to lag and touches that don't register immediately.[62] However, there are ways to speed up the Apple Watch by turning off several options from the Settings app.[63]
watchOS 3.0 was announced at WWDC 2016, with a priority on performance. Users are able to keep apps running in memory as well as receive background updates and refreshed information. Other updates include a new Dock invoked with the side button to replace the performance-laden Glances, an updated Control Center, and new reply options on Messages. Several new watch faces have also been added, including Minnie Mouse, along with the ability to switch watch faces from the lock screen simply by swiping. A new feature called SOS allows users to hold the dock button to make a call to the local emergency line and pull up the user's Medical ID. Another feature is Activity Sharing, which allows sharing of workouts with friends and even sending their heartbeats to one another. A new app called Breathe guides users through breathing exercises throughout the day, with visuals and haptic feedback. watchOS 3.0 was released to developers on June 13, 2016 and was made available to the public on September 13, 2016.
WatchOS 3.1 was released to the public on October 24, and watchOS 3.2 was released near the end of March, 2017.[64] Both updates added minor improvements and bug fixes.
watchOS 4.0 was announced at WWDC 2017 on June 5, 2017, and released to the public on September 19. watchOS 4 features a proactive Siri watch face, personalised activity coaching, and an entirely new music experience. It also introduces GymKit, a technology platform to connect workouts with cardio equipment.
Third-party apps[edit]
watchOS supports third-party applications; a WatchKit app runs in the background on the iPhone as an application extension while a set of native user interface resources are installed on Apple Watch.[65] Thus, watchOS apps must be bundled within their respective iOS app, and are synced to the watch either manually, or automatically upon installation of the phone app.[5]
Starting June 1, 2016, the only new watch apps allowed on the App Store will be those developed with the watchOS 2 (or later) SDK; no third-party languages or SDKs can be used to develop apps.[66]
Models[edit]
See also: List of iOS devices § Apple Watch
An Apple Store showcase with various Apple Watch models
As of October 2017, two generations and three series of Apple Watch have been released. The series in bold are the current generation of the device:
Apple Watch (2015–2016)
Apple Watch Series 1 (2016–present)
Apple Watch Series 2 (2016–2017)
Apple Watch Series 3 (2017–present)
Apple Watch Series 2 models are divided into four "collections": Apple Watch, Apple Watch Nike+, Apple Watch Hermès and Apple Watch Edition. They are differentiated by combinations of cases, bands, and exclusive watch faces; Apple Watch comes with either aluminum or stainless steel cases, and various watch bands; Apple Watch Nike+ uses aluminum cases and special variants of sport band; Apple Watch Hermès uses stainless steel cases and Hermès watch bands; and Apple Watch Edition comes with ceramic cases (the original generation Apple Watch Edition used 18-karat gold).[67]
Apple Watch Series 1 models are only available with aluminum cases and sport bands.[68]
Each model comes in a 38- or 42-millimeter body, with the 42 mm size having a slightly larger screen and battery.[5] Each model has various color and band options. Featured Apple-made bands include colored Sport bands, Woven Nylon Band, Classic Buckle, Modern Buckle, Leather Loop, Milanese Loop, and a Link Bracelet.[5]
Reception[edit]
An Apple Store opens its doors on the first day of sales of the Apple Watch.
Following the announcement, initial impressions from technology and watch industry observers were varied; the watch was praised by some for its "design, potential capabilities and eventual usefulness",[69] while others offered criticism of these same aspects.[69] Venture capitalist Marc Andreessen said he "can't wait" to try it,[70] and Steve Jobs' biographer Walter Isaacson described it as "extremely cool" and an example of future technology that is "much more embedded into our lives".[71] However, Evan Dashevsky of PC Magazine said it offered nothing new in terms of functionality compared to the Moto 360, except the customizable vibration notifications.[72] In November 2014, Apple Watch was listed by Time as one of the 25 Best Inventions of 2014.[73]
Initial reviews for the device have been generally positive with some caveats.[74] Reviewers praised the watch's potential ability to integrate into everyday life and the overall design of the product, but noted issues of speed and price. Many reviewers described the watch as functional and convenient, while also noting failure to offer as much potential functionality as preceding smartphones. Farhad Manjoo of The New York Times mentioned the device's steep learning curve, stating it took him "three long, often confusing and frustrating days" to become accustomed to it.[75] Some reviewers also compared it to competing products, such as Android Wear devices, and claimed "The Smartwatch Finally Makes Sense".[76] Reviewers had mixed opinions on battery life though, with Geoffrey Fowler of The Wall Street Journal saying "the battery lives up to its all-day billing, but sometimes just barely,"[76] and others compared it to the Samsung Gear 2, which "strolls through three days of moderate usage."[77] Tim Bradshaw of the Financial Times used several applications over a period of days. He concluded that there is no "killer application" so far besides telling the time, which is the basic function of a wristwatch anyhow.[78]
When using the Apple Watch, some users have reported issues using the heart monitoring feature due to permanent skin conditions including tattoos. The Watch uses photoplethysmography technology (PPG) which utilizes the green LED lights to measure heart rates.[79] To gauge a user's heart rate, the watch flashes green light from the LEDs at the skin and records the amount of this light that is absorbed by the red pigment of the blood.[80] However, under certain circumstances the skin may not allow for the light absorption to be read properly and thus provide inaccurate results.[81]
Some users have complained that the logo and text on the back of the Apple Watch Sport model, primarily the space gray version,[82] can be easily worn off.[83]
The first generation Apple Watch Edition, where models could retail from $10,000 USD to $17,000 USD (the latter being 18k gold), has received a lukewarm reception as the Apple brand "hasn’t established its value yet in gold" compared to similar-priced timepieces from Rolex and Patek Philippe. These Swiss luxury manufacturers were known for their "products’ intricate craftsmanship [that] justifies that high price tag". An analyst suggested “What makes a high-end watch? It’s the Swiss movements, the inner workings. That’s why collectors buy them. This [Apple Watch Edition] has none of that. It’s inserting a high-end case on a piece of electronics” which was not endlessly upgradable and would become obsolete in a couple years like other tech gadgets. In addition, Apple Retail Stores that carry the Apple Watch Edition would be “totally antithetical to their current retail model”, according to the Jewelers’ Security Alliance, since “You can’t have people touching it. You can’t have it out on counters. You have the same problems that retail jewelers have, in terms of distraction thefts, in terms of switching, in terms of grab and runs".[84][85] Apple has apparently given up on competing in the luxury watch market after failing to make much headway, as the second-generation Apple Watch Edition is made of ceramic and sells for $1,249 USD.[86]
Sales[edit]
Financial analysts offered early sales estimates from a few million to as many as 34.7 million in the first year.[87] Time's Tim Bajarin summarized the breadth of reactions, writing that "there is not enough information yet to determine how this product will fare when it finally reaches the market next year".[69]
Owing to the inadequacy of materials, the Apple Watch's delivery was delayed from its initial pre-order release date of April 10, 2015.[88] As a result, only 22 percent of the pre-ordered Apple Watches were despatched in the US during the weekend after the release date.[89] It is estimated Apple received almost one million Apple Watch pre-orders in the US during the initial six hours of the pre-order period on April 10, 2015, after which it sold out and further orders would start delivering in June.[90] A report later on by an analyst stated that Apple Watch was already a $10 billion business during its first year.[91][92][93]
Although the Apple Watch was launched to much fanfare, Apple has not disclosed any sales figures of its Watch.[94] According to an estimate by IDC, Apple shipped over 12 million units in 2015.[95] In late 2016, a veteran of the Swiss watch industry said Apple sold about 20 million watches and had a market share of about 50 percent.[96]
See also[edit]
Apple Inc. portal
List of iOS devices
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Jump up ^ "Apple Watch - Compare - Specs". apple.com. Retrieved September 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Apple - Press Info - Apple Introduces Apple Watch Series 2, The Ultimate Device For A Healthy Life". apple.com. Retrieved September 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ Stern, Joanna (20 September 2017). "Apple Watch Series 3 Review: Untethered... and Unreliable". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Apple Watch (1st generation) - Technical Specifications
Jump up ^ Apple introduces Apple Watch Series 2
Jump up ^ Apple introduces Apple Watch Series 2
Jump up ^ Apple Watch Series 3 - Technical Specifications
Jump up ^ "Apple releases first Apple Watch update with watchOS 1.0.1, adding new Emoji & languages, app improvements, more". 9to5Mac. Retrieved June 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Get ready for Apple Watch 2.0". CNET. Retrieved June 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Apple Previews New Apple Watch Software". Retrieved August 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ Cunningham, Andrew (September 21, 2015). "After delay, Apple releases watchOS 2.0 to the public". Ars Technica. Condé Nast. Retrieved September 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Why I'm cheating on my Apple Watch | Cult of Mac". Cult of Mac. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Apple Watch slow? How to Speed Up watchOS with these Tips". Cupertino Watch. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Apple Releases watchOS 3.1 to the public with bug fixes, update through iPhone Watch app| 9TO5Mac". 9TO5Mac. Retrieved May 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Cunningham, Andrew (November 18, 2014). "Apple releases WatchKit developer tools alongside first iOS 8.2 beta". Ars Technica. Condé Nast. Retrieved May 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Apple requires all new watchOS apps be native by June 1". AppleInsider. April 22, 2016. Retrieved May 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Anvin VS (September 18, 2014). "Apple Watch: 18-Karat Gold Premium Smartwatch Edition To Be Priced At $5000--Reports". International Business Times AU.
Jump up ^ "Buy Apple Watch Series 1 - Apple". apple.com. Retrieved October 15, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bajarin, Tim (September 29, 2014). "Nobody Can Predict the Success of Apple's Watch Yet". Time. Retrieved April 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Zuckerberg is world's best CEO, Twitter the eighth wonder, says Marc Andreessen". CNET. October 7, 2014. Retrieved October 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ Shaban, Hamza (October 6, 2014). "Walter Isaacson Talks AI, Apple Watch, and His New Book The Innovators". Gizmodo. Retrieved October 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ "There's Only One Reason to Buy an Apple Watch". PC Magazine. September 10, 2014. Retrieved September 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The 25 Best Inventions of 2014". Time. November 20, 2014. Retrieved January 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ Biggs, Tim (April 9, 2015). "Apple watch reviews very positive, with some caveats". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved April 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ Manjoo, Farhad (April 8, 2015). "Apple Watch Review: Bliss, but Only After a Steep Learning Curve". The New York Times. Retrieved April 25, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Fowler, Geoffrey (April 8, 2015). "Apple Watch Review: The Smartwatch Finally Makes Sense". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved April 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ Johnson, Luke. "Samsung Gear 2: Apps, Battery, Value and Verdict". TrustedReviews. Retrieved April 9, 2015. It strolled through three days moderate usage, which is two full days longer than the Galaxy Gear, but's still short of what we would like to see on a wearable.
Jump up ^ Tim Bradshaw: "Apple Watch." In: "Financial Times." May 22, 2015, p. 10
Jump up ^ Cooper, Belle (21 February 2016). "How do fitness trackers measure your heart rate?".
Jump up ^ Hern, Alex (30 April 2015). "How #tattoogate has highlighted a wider problem with wearables".
Jump up ^ "Your heart rate. What it means, and where on Apple Watch you'll find it". Apple Inc. May 30, 2015. Retrieved August 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ Roger Fingas. "Apple Watch Sport owners report unexpected rear logo damage, other text scratching off".
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Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ [2]
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Jump up ^ Shara Tibkens. "Apple Watch delays delays may be due to faulty part-CNET". CNET. Retrieved August 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ Lance Whitney. "Apple Watch may have shipped to only 22 percent of preorder buyers so far-CNET". CNET. Retrieved August 19, 2015.
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Jump up ^ "Apple Watch Is Already a $10 Billion Business". Retrieved July 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Apple Watch Is A Colossal $10 Billion Business After Just 1 Year In The Market". The Cryd's Daily. Retrieved July 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Here's How Much the Apple Watch Business Is Worth". Fortune. July 1, 2016. Retrieved July 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ Reisinger, Ron. "Apple Watch Sales Have Plummeted, Analyst Says". Fortune. Retrieved January 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ Nick, Statt. "Apple shipped 11.6 million Apple Watches last year, says IDC (Feb 24, 2016)". TheVerge.com. Retrieved January 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Swiss watch sector set for smartwatch boom". Reuters. January 1, 2017. Retrieved January 1, 2017.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Apple Watch.
Apple Watch – official site
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South China tiger
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
South China tiger
In the Shanghai Zoo
Conservation status

Critically endangered, possibly extinct in the wild (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Suborder: Feliformia
Family: Felidae
Subfamily: Pantherinae
Genus: Panthera
Species: P. tigris
Subspecies: P. t. tigris
Trinomial name
Panthera tigris tigris
(Linnaeus, 1758)
South China Tiger natural habitat (black)
Synonyms
formerly P. t. amoyensis (Hilzheimer, 1905)
The South China tiger (Panthera tigris tigris)[2] is a tiger population in the provinces of Fujian, Guangdong, Hunan, Jiangxi in southern China. The population has been listed as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List since 1996, and is possibly extinct in the wild since no wild individual has been recorded since the early 1970s.[1] Already in the late 1990s, continued survival was considered unlikely due to low prey density, widespread habitat degradation and fragmentation, and other human pressures.[3] The name Amoy tiger was used in the fur trade.[4] It is also known as the South Chinese, the Chinese, and the Xiamen tiger.
Since the 1980s, the South China tiger is considered a relict population of the "stem" tiger, living close to the possible area of origin. Morphologically, it is the most distinctive of all tiger subspecies.[5] Results of a phylogeographic study indicate that southern China or northern Indochina was likely the center of the Pleistocene tiger radiation.[6]
In 2017, the IUCN Cat Specialist Group revised felid taxonomy and now recognizes the tiger populations in mainland South and Southeast Asia as P. t. tigris.[7]
Contents
[hide]
1 Characteristics
2 Distribution
2.1 Population decline
3 Ecology and behavior
3.1 Attacks on humans
4 Conservation
4.1 In captivity
4.2 Establishment of South China tiger reserves in China
5 Rewilding
5.1 Origin
5.2 Rewilding project in South Africa
5.3 Reaction to the project
6 Claims of photographs
7 In culture
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Characteristics[edit]
In 1905, the German zoologist Max Hilzheimer first described the South China tiger as similar in height to the Bengal tiger, but differing in skull and coat characteristics. Their carnassials and molars are shorter than in his Bengal tiger samples; the cranial region is shorter with orbits set closer together, postorbital processes are larger. Their coat is lighter and more yellowish and the paws, face, and stomach appear more white; the stripes are narrower, more numerous and more sharp-edged.[4]
The South China tiger is the smallest tiger subspecies from mainland Asia, but bigger than the subspecies known from the Sunda islands such as the Sumatran tiger. Males measure from 230 to 265 cm (91 to 104 in) between the pegs, and weigh 130 to 175 kg (287 to 386 lb). Females are smaller and measure 220 to 240 cm (87 to 94 in) between the pegs, and weigh 110 to 115 kg (243 to 254 lb). The length of the tail does not usually exceed one half of the head-and-body length. Hair length varies geographically. Greatest length of skull in males is 318 to 343 mm (12.5 to 13.5 in), and in females 273 to 301 mm (10.7 to 11.9 in).[8]
Distribution[edit]
The skulls described by Hilzheimer originated in Hankou.[4] The historical range of the South China tiger stretched over a vast landscape of 2,000 km (1,200 mi) from east to west and 1,500 km (930 mi) from north to south in China. From the east it ranged from Jiangxi and Zhejiang Provinces at about 120°E westward through Guizhou and Sichuan Provinces at about 100°E. The most northerly extension was in the Qinling Mountain and Yellow River area at approximately 35°N to its southern extension in Guangdong, Guangxi and Yunnan Provinces at 21°N.[9]
Population decline[edit]
In the early 1950s, the South China tiger population was reported to number more than 4,000 individuals in the wild when it became the target of large-scale government ‘anti-pest’ campaigns promulgated by Mao Zedong’s ‘Great Leap Forward’. The effects of uncontrolled hunting were compounded by extensive deforestation and probable reduction in available prey, large-scale relocations of urban populations to rural locations leading to fragmentation of tiger populations and increased vulnerability to local extinction from stochastic events. By 1982, only an estimated 150–200 South China tigers remained in the wild.[9]
By 1987, the remnant South China tiger population was estimated at 30–40 individuals in the wild, so that danger of extinction was imminent.[10] During a survey in 1990, South China tiger signs were found in 11 reserves in the mountains of Sichuan, Guangdong, Hunan, Jiangxi and Fujian Provinces, but these data were insufficient to estimate population size. No tigers were directly observed; evidence was limited to sightings of tracks, scrapings and reported sightings by local people.[11]
In 2001, field studies were carried out in eight protected areas encompassing 2,214 km2 (855 sq mi) in five provinces of south-central China using camera traps, GPS technology and extensive sign surveys. But no evidence of tigers was found. No scats observed by the field team could be positively verified as being from tigers. Evidence for possible tiger prey species was found in five locations.[12]
There may still be some surviving South China tigers in the wild, with reports of tracks and local people sightings from Qizimei Mountains Nature Reserve, Hubei Province and in Yihuang county of Jiangxi Province.[1] In May 2007, the Government of China reported to the CITES Secretariat that there is no confirmed presence, and declared the goal to reintroduce South China tigers to the wild.[13] In September 2007, a body of an Asiatic black bear was found in Zhenping County that had possibly been killed and eaten by a South China tiger. In October 2007, a supposed South China tiger attacked a cow in the same county.[14]
Ecology and behavior[edit]
A tiger of the Save China's Tigers project with his kill
The tiger is an obligate carnivore. It prefers hunting large ungulates, frequently kills wild boar, and occasionally hog deer, muntjac and gray langur. Small prey species such as porcupines, hares and peafowl form a very small part in its diet. Due to the encroachment of humans into tiger habitat, it also preys on domestic livestock.[15][16]
In the former range of the South China tiger possible tiger prey species include muntjac, wild pig, serow, tufted deer and sambar.[12]
In most cases, tigers approach prey from the side or behind from as close a distance as possible and grasp the prey's throat to kill it. Then they drag the carcass into cover, occasionally over several hundred meters, to consume it. The nature of the tiger's hunting method and prey availability results in a "feast or famine" feeding style: they often consume 18–40 kg (40–88 lb) of meat at one time.[8]
Tigers mate at any time of the year but breeding is most common from the end of November to the first half of April. Males are ready to begin mating at the age of 5 years and females at the age of 4 years. Offspring is born 103 days after mating.[8] Three to 6 young are born in a den. They are born blind and weigh between 780 and 1,600 g (1.72 and 3.53 lb) each. They are suckled at least for the first 8 weeks. The mother teaches them to hunt when they are 6 months old. At the age of 1 1/2 to 2 years the cubs separate from their mother.[3]
Attacks on humans[edit]
Man-eating tiger attacks on humans in South China increased dramatically in the Ming and Qing Dynasties due to the vast human population growth and the consequent encroachment into tiger habitats. About 500 attacks took place during this period, with the average frequency being nearly once a year. According to historical records, all these attacks resulted in deaths numbering from several to over 1000.[17]
After the foundation of PRC, deadly tiger attacks could still occur as recently as the 1950s. In 1957, an attack was reported to have killed 32 people in Hunan Province.[18]
Conservation[edit]
In 1973, the South China tiger was classified as protected by controlled hunting. In 1977, the species was classified as protected, and hunting was prohibited.[9]
All tiger subspecies are included on CITES Appendix I, banning international trade. All tiger range states and countries with consumer markets have banned domestic trade as well.[19]
The non-governmental organization Save China's Tigers, with support of China’s State Forestry Administration has developed a plan to reintroduce captive-born South China tigers into large enclosures in southern China. The main concerns regarding the reintroduction are the availability of suitable habitat and adequate prey, and the fitness of the captive population. Landscape-level conservation of wilderness habitat and recovery of wild herbivore populations as prey base for the tiger will be required. A suggested eventual goal was to establish at least three populations, with each population consisting of a minimum of about 15–20 tigers living in a minimum of 1,000 km2 (390 sq mi) of natural habitat. Cooperative field surveys and workshops have been carried out to identify suitable recovery areas.[20]
At the 14th Conference of the Parties to CITES in 2007, an end to tiger farming and stopping domestic trade in farmed tiger products in China were called for.[21]
In captivity[edit]
Captive tiger
As of March 1986, 17 Chinese zoos kept 40 pure-bred South China tigers in their collections, including 23 males and 14 females, none of which were wild-born. All were third or fourth generation descendants of one wild tigress from Fujian and five tigers from Guizhou. Notable problems included uneven sex ratio and improper pairing.[22]
In 2005, the captive population of South China tigers consisted of 57 individuals that showed signs of inbreeding, including reduced genetic diversity and a low rate of successful breeding.[3] In 2007, the global captive population consisted of 72 individuals; there are few captive South China tigers outside China.[23] Few seem to be "pure" South China tigers as there is genetic evidence of cross-breeding with other subspecies.[24]
One cub was born in a private reserve known as Laohu Valley Reserve in South Africa in November 2007, the first to be born outside China. Since then, a number of cubs have been produced. As of February 2016[update], the Laohu Valley Reserve had 19 individuals.[25]
China's captive South China tigers are now part of a centrally registered studbook. Before a studbook was established it was thought that this captive population was too small and lacking in genetic diversity for any re-population program to be successful, but since the start of the central register more and more South China tigers have been identified in zoos across China.
Establishment of South China tiger reserves in China[edit]
Since 2001, Save China’s Tigers South African team has been working with the Chinese State Forestry Administration to identify locations for the reintroduction of the rewilded South China tigers. Nine sites from four provinces were surveyed using 36 ecological parameters. Two candidate sites were selected in Jiangxi and Hunan province in early 2005. The State Forestry Administration approved the sites by end 2005. Owing to the remarkable progress of Save China’s Tigers Rewilding project subsequently in South Africa, the Chinese authorities were further encouraged and decided to look for sites within the nature reserves where there would be fewer human population relocation issues in order to quicken the return of the South China tigers. In early 2010, a government scientific team identified an interim test site and three final sites, which are now awaiting approval from the relevant central government department. Save China's Tigers'’ scientific team is working with the Chinese authorities on the preparations in terms of fencing technology, re-stocking prey, and building tiger and wildlife management expertise.
Rewilding[edit]
Origin[edit]
Main article: Rewilding (Species)
The word "rewilding" was coined by conservationist and ex-carnivore manager of Pilanesberg National Park, Gus Van Dyk in 2003. Gus Van Dyk, who in an effort to find the most appropriate translation of the Chinese term "Yě-huà" (Chinese: 野化), chose to adopt the term "rewilding" to describe Save China's Tigers rewilding project of the South China tiger.[26] Since then, the term "rewilding" has been widely used by wildlife organisations worldwide.
Rewilding project in South Africa[edit]
Main article: Save China's Tigers
A male tiger of the Save China's Tigers Project scent-marking his territory
The organization Save China's Tigers, working with the Wildlife Research Center of the State Forestry Administration of China and the Chinese Tigers South Africa Trust, secured an agreement on the reintroduction of Chinese tigers into the wild. The agreement, which was signed in Beijing on 26 November 2002, calls for the establishment of a Chinese tiger conservation model through the creation of a pilot reserve in China where indigenous wildlife, including the South China tiger, will be reintroduced. Save China's Tigers aims to rewild the critically endangered South China tiger by bringing a few captive-bred individuals to a private reserve in the Free State province of South Africa for rehabilitation training for them to regain their hunting instincts. At the same time, a pilot reserve in China is being set up and the tigers will be relocated and release back in China when the reserve in China is ready. The offspring of the trained tigers will be released into the pilot reserves in China, while the original animals will stay in South Africa to continue breeding.[27]
The reason South Africa was chosen is because it is able to provide expertise and resources, land and game for the South China tigers. The South China tigers of the project has since been successfully rewilded and are fully capable of hunting and surviving on their own.[27] This project is also very successful in the breeding of these rewilded South China tigers and 14 cubs have been born in the project of which 11 survived. These cubs of the 2nd generation would be able to learn their survival skills from their successfully rewilded mothers directly.[28]
It was hoped that in 2012 the first second-generation tigers born at Laohu Valley Reserve could be released into the wild.[29]
Reaction to the project[edit]
Mainstream conservationists have expressed reservations about the project. The WWF says that the money is being spent in the wrong place, and that the Siberian tiger has a better chance of survival.[30]
Scientists confirmed the role of rewilding captive populations to save the South China tiger. A workshop was conducted in October 2010 in Laohu Valley Reserve in South Africa to assess the progress of the rewilding and reintroduction program of Save China's Tigers. The experts present included Dr. Peter Crawshaw of Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservacão de Mamiferos Carnivoros, Cenap/ICMBIO, Dr. Gary Koehler, Dr. Laurie Marker of the Cheetah Conservation Fund, Dr. Jim Sanderson of Small Wild Cat Conservation Foundation, Dr. Nobuyuki Yamaguchi of Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences of Qatar University, and Dr. David Smith of Minnesota University, Chinese government scientists as well as representatives of Save China's Tigers.
The tigers in question were born in captive conditions, in concrete cages, and their parents are all captive animals who are unable to sustain themselves naturally in the wild. The cubs were sent to South Africa as part of the Save China's Tigers project to rewilding and ensure that they would regain the necessary skills needed for a predator to survive in the wild.
Results of the workshop confirmed the important role of the South China Tiger Rewilding Project in tiger conservation. "Having seen the tigers hunting in an open environment at Laohu Valley Reserve, I believe that these rewilded tigers have the skill to hunt in any environment," Dr. David Smith remarked. Furthermore, Save China's Tigers recovered natural habitat both in China and in South Africa during their attempt to reintroduce South China tigers into the wild.[31]
The goal of preparing captive born tigers for introduction into wild habitat in the former range seems to be possible in the near future.[32]
Claims of photographs[edit]
In 2007, a villager from China's Shaanxi Province claimed to have risked his life by taking more than 30 digital photographs of a tiger. The Shaanxi Provincial Forestry Bureau backed up this claim in a press conference.[33][34] The photographs aroused suspicion, with many expressing doubts about their authenticity.[35] In November 2007, the Shaanxi Province Forestry Bureau still "firmly believed" that wild South China tigers exist in the province.[36] Yet in February 2008, the Shaanxi Province Forestry Bureau released an apology, qualifying their earlier statements but without repudiating the pictures' authenticity, writing "We curtly released the discovery of the South China tiger without substantial proof, which reflects our blundering manner and lax discipline."[37] In June 2008, the authorities announced that all pictures published were proven to be forged, related officers have been punished and the alleged photographer been arrested for suspicion of fraud. This officially ended the scandal.[38]
In culture[edit]
Master Tigress, one of the supporting characters in the 2008 DreamWorks Animation film franchise Kung Fu Panda is a South China tiger and also the founder of the Furious Five.
See also[edit]
Bali tiger
Bornean tiger
Caspian tiger
Indochinese tiger
Javan tiger
Malayan tiger
Maltese tiger
Sumatran tiger
Ngandong tiger
Trinil tiger
Wanhsien tiger
Ex-situ conservation
List of endangered and protected species of China
Physical comparison of tigers and lions
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Nyhus, P. (2008). "Panthera tigris ssp. amoyensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T15965A5334628.en
Jump up ^ Kitchener, A. C., Breitenmoser-Würsten, C., Eizirik, E., Gentry, A., Werdelin, L., Wilting A., Yamaguchi, N., Abramov, A. V., Christiansen, P., Driscoll, C., Duckworth, J. W., Johnson, W., Luo, S.-J., Meijaard, E., O’Donoghue, P., Sanderson, J., Seymour, K., Bruford, M., Groves, C., Hoffmann, M., Nowell, K., Timmons, Z. & Tobe, S. (2017). "A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group" (PDF). Cat News. Special Issue 11. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
^ Jump up to: a b c Tilson, R. L.; Traylor-Holzer, K.; Jiang, Q. M. (1997). "The decline and impending extinction of the South China tiger". Oryx. 31 (4): 243–252. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3008.1997.d01-123.x.
^ Jump up to: a b c Hilzheimer, M. (1905). Über einige Tigerschädel aus der Straßburger zoologischen Sammlung. Zoologischer Anzeiger 28: 594–599.
Jump up ^ Herrington, S. J. (1987). "Subspecies and the Conservation of Panthera tigris: Preserving Genetic Heterogeneity". In Tilson, R. L.; Seal, U. S. Tigers of the world: the biology, biopolitics, management and conservation of an endangered species. Park Ridge: Noyes Publications. pp. 51–63.
Jump up ^ Luo, S.J., Kim, J.H., Johnson, W.E., Van Der Walt, J., Martenson, J., Yuhki, N., Miquelle, D.G., Uphyrkina, O., Goodrich, J.M., Quigley, H., Tilson, R., Brady, G., Martelli, P., Subramaniam, V., McDougal, C., Hean, S., Huang, S.Q., Pan, W., Karanth, U.K., Sunquist, M., Smith, J.L.D. and O'Brien, S.J. (2004). "Phylogeography and genetic ancestry of tigers (Panthera tigris". PLoS Biology. 2 (12): e442. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020442. PMC 534810  . PMID 15583716. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Kitchener, A.C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Eizirik, E.; Gentry, A.; Werdelin, L.; Wilting, A. & Yamaguchi, N. (2017). "A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group" (PDF). Cat News. Special Issue 11.
^ Jump up to: a b c Mazák, V. (1981). "Panthera tigris" (PDF). Mammalian Species. 152: 1–8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 March 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c Lu, H., Sheng, H. (1986). Distribution and status of the Chinese tiger. pp. 51–58 in: Miller, S., Everett, D. (eds.) Cats of the World: Biology, Conservation and Management. National Wildlife Federation, Washington, DC. ISBN 091218678X
Jump up ^ Peilon, X., Bangjie, T., Xiangggang, J. (1987). South China Tiger Recovery Program. pp. 323–328 in: Tilson, R. L., Seal, U. S. (eds.) Tigers of the world: the biology, biopolitics, management and conservation of an endangered species. Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, N.J.
Jump up ^ Koehler, G.M. (1991). Survey of the remaining population of South China tigers. Unpubl. report, WWF International, Gland, Switzerland.
^ Jump up to: a b Tilson, R.; Defu, H.; Muntifering, J.; Nyhus, P.J. (2004). "Dramatic decline of wild South China tigers Panthera tigris amoyensis: field survey of priority tiger reserves" (PDF). Oryx. 38 (1): 40–47. doi:10.1017/S0030605304000079.
Jump up ^ Global Tiger Forum. (2007). Tiger Update by Global Tiger Forum (GTF) – May 2007 Archived 25 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine.. CITES COP14 Inf. 19.
Jump up ^ The Wild South China Tiger: The Photographers Account Archived 17 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine.. Save China's Tigers.
Jump up ^ Bagchi, S.; Goyal, S. P.; Sankar, K. (2003). "Prey abundance and prey selection by tigers (Panthera tigris) in a semi-arid, dry deciduous forest in western India". Journal of Zoology. 260 (3): 285–290. doi:10.1017/S0952836903003765.
Jump up ^ Wegge, P.; Odden, M.; Pokharel, C. Pd.; Storaasc, T. (2009). "Predator–prey relationships and responses of ungulates and their predators to the establishment of protected areas: A case study of tigers, leopards and their prey in Bardia National Park, Nepal" (PDF). Biological Conservation. 142: 189–202. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2008.10.020. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 July 2011.
Jump up ^ Ming Z.D. (2003). "The Tiger Trouble and its Relevant Problems in Ming and Qing Dynasty". Ancient and Modern Agriculture. 16 (1): 17–23.
Jump up ^ Mo, Yabai (2008-03-27). "百虎围村50年前的人虎大战". 法制周报 (in Chinese).
Jump up ^ Nowell, K. (2007) Asian big cat conservation and trade control in selected range States: evaluating implementation and effectiveness of CITES Recommendations . TRAFFIC International, Cambridge, UK.
Jump up ^ Breitenmoser, U., Tilson, R., Nyhus, P. (2006). Reintroduction of the Chinese Tiger. Cat News 44: 15.
Jump up ^ Nowell, K., Bauer, H., Breitenmoser, U. (2007). Cats at CITES COP14. Cat News 47: 33–34.
Jump up ^ Bangjie, T. (1987). Status and Problems of Captive Tigers in China. pp. 134–148 in: Tilson, R. L., Seal, U. S. (eds.) Tigers of the world: the biology, biopolitics, management and conservation of an endangered species. Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, N.J.
Jump up ^ Luo, S. J.; Johnson, W. E.; Martensen, J.; Antunes, A.; Martelli, P.; Uphyrkina, O.; Traylor-Holzer, K.; Smith, J. L. D.; O'Brien, S. J. (2008). "Subspecies genetic assessments of worldwide captive tigers increase conservation value of captive populations". Current Biology. 18 (8): 592–596. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2008.03.053. PMID 18424146.
Jump up ^ Guo, J. (2007). "Tigers in trouble: Year of the tiger". Nature. 449 (7158): 16–18. Bibcode:2007Natur.449...16G. doi:10.1038/449016a. PMID 17805270.
Jump up ^ Chellel, K. (2016). "The South China Tiger Is Functionally Extinct. Stuart Bray Has 19 of Them". Bloomberg.com.
Jump up ^ Rare South China cubs head for South Africa Archived 28 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine.. Save China's Tigers UK (1 September 2003).
^ Jump up to: a b FAQs Archived 15 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine.. Save China's Tigers (25 July 2004). Retrieved on 26 September 2011.
Jump up ^ The Baby Tiger That's Beating Extinction | Youtube Channel-SkyNews. Youtube.com (4 December 2007). Retrieved on 26 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Clock ticks for South China tigers in symbolic year Archived 16 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine.. Reuters News. 12 February 2010. Retrieved on 26 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Tiger finance, a banker's effort to fund survival. Reuters. 16 February 2011. Retrieved on 26 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Scientists Confirm the Role of Rewilding Captive Populations to Save the South China Tiger Archived 28 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine.. Save China's Tigers UK (October 2010)
Jump up ^ Warren, J. (2010). Tiger Cubs Saved by Catwoman. Express.co.uk, 5 October 2010. Retrieved on 26 September 2011.
Jump up ^ World | Asia-Pacific | Rare China tiger seen in the wild. BBC News (12 October 2007). Retrieved on 26 September 2011.
Jump up ^ 绝迹24年华南虎重现陕西 村民冒险拍下照片 Archived 13 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine.. News.xinhuanet.com. Retrieved on 26 September 2011.
Jump up ^ EastSouthWestNorth: The South China Tiger Photographs. Zonaeuropa.com. Retrieved on 26 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Paw imitations: Those tiger snaps prove fake| 上海日报 – English Window to China News. Shanghai Daily. Retrieved on 26 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Wu, Z. (2008). "'Paper tiger' tales shred credibility". Asia Times Online. Retrieved 23 April 2008.
Jump up ^ "Shaanxi gov't: South China Tiger photos are fake". Xinhuanet. Retrieved 29 June 2008.
External links[edit]
Wikispecies has information related to Panthera tigris amoyensis
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Panthera tigris amoyensis.
Species portrait Panthera tigris and short portrait P. t. amoyensis; IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group
Save China's Tiger homepage, information regarding the rewilding project
A video of the rare South China tiger hunting, the tigress in this video is from the Save China's Tiger re-wilding project
National Geographic article documenting Save China's Tiger project
Taxon identifiers
Wd: Q200848
EoL: 1271371
GBIF: 5219425
iNaturalist: 130797
ITIS: 726473
IUCN: 15965
MSW: 14000262
NCBI: 253258
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_China_tiger&oldid=843436137"
Categories:
IUCN Red List critically endangered species
Tigers
Endemic fauna of China
Mammals of China
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interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values: Јужнокинески тигар – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: தென் சீனப் புலி – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: เสือโคร่งจีนใต้ – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Південно-китайський тигр – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-South_China_tiger rootpage-South_China_tiger skin-vector action-view