text:
List of urban areas in the Republic of Ireland by population
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Dublin, the capital of Ireland
This is a list of urban areas in Ireland by population. The one hundred largest towns are listed below, as well as county towns which fall outside the top 100 list. Populations are from the 2016 Irish census, except for Tallaght, [1] and represent the entire settlement area of each town and city (including suburbs and environs). For convenience, all cities included are shown in bold, while county towns/cities are highlighted in green.
Contents
[hide]
1 Cities and towns list
1.1 County towns
2 See also
3 Notes
4 External links
5 References
Cities and towns list[edit]
1st, Dublin
2nd, Cork
3rd, Limerick
4th, Galway
5th, Waterford
6th, Drogheda
7th, Swords
8th, Dundalk
9th, Bray
10th, Navan
11th, Kilkenny
12th, Ennis
13th, Carlow
Rank
2016
Change
since 2011
Urban Area
County
Population 2016
Increase
since 2011
1 0 Dublin[a] County Dublin 1,173,179[2] 5.6%
2 0 Cork[a] County Cork 208,669[3] 5.1%
3 0 Limerick[a] County Limerick & County Clare 94,192[4] 3.0%
4 0 Galway[a] County Galway 79,934[5] 4.1%
5 0 Waterford County Waterford & County Kilkenny 53,504[6] 3.9%
6 0 Drogheda County Louth & County Meath 40,956[7] 6.2%
7 1 Swords[a][b] County Dublin 39,248[8] 6.3%
8 1 Dundalk[a] County Louth 39,004[9] 3.1%
9 0 Bray County Wicklow & County Dublin 32,600[10] 2.3%
10 0 Navan[a] County Meath 30,173[11] 5.7%
11 1 Kilkenny[a][c] County Kilkenny 26,512[12] 8.6%
12 1 Ennis[a] County Clare 25,276[13] -0.3%
13 1 Carlow[a] County Carlow & County Laois 24,272[14] 5.4%
14 1 Tralee[a] County Kerry 23,691[15] -0.0%
15 0 Newbridge County Kildare 22,742[16] 5.5%
16 2 Portlaoise[a] County Laois 22,050[17] 9.5%
17 4 Balbriggan County Dublin 21,722[18] 8.8%
18 2 Naas[a] County Kildare 21,393[19] 3.3%
19 2 Athlone County Westmeath & County Roscommon 21,349[20] 5.9%
20 1 Mullingar[a] County Westmeath 20,928[21] 4.1%
21 2 Celbridge County Kildare 20,288 3.8%
22 2 Wexford[a] County Wexford 20,188 0.6%
23 1 Letterkenny County Donegal 19,274 -1.6%
24 0 Sligo[a] County Sligo 19,199 -1.3%
25 1 Greystones County Wicklow 18,140 3.8%
26 1 Clonmel County Tipperary & County Waterford 17,140 -4.3%
27 0 Malahide County Dublin 16,550 4.4%
28 1 Carrigaline County Cork 15,770 6.7%
29 1 Leixlip County Kildare 15,504 0.3%
30 0 Tullamore[a] County Offaly 14,607 1.7%
31 2 Maynooth County Kildare 14,585 16.6%
32 1 Killarney County Kerry 14,504 2.0%
33 1 Arklow County Wicklow 13,163 1.2%
34 0 Cobh County Cork 12,800 3.7%
35 3 Ashbourne County Meath 12,679 11.7%
36 0 Midleton County Cork 12,496 4.1%
37 0 Mallow County Cork 12,459 7.4%
38 3 Castlebar[a] County Mayo 12,068 -2.0%
39 1 Laytown-Bettystown-Mornington-Donacarney County Meath 11,872 9.0%
40 1 Enniscorthy County Wexford 11,381 5.0%
41 3 Cavan[a] County Cavan 10,914 6.4%
42 0 Wicklow[a] County Wicklow 10,584 2.2%
43 0 Tramore County Waterford 10,381 0.5%
44 5 Ballina County Mayo 10,171 -8.3%
45 2 Skerries County Dublin 10,043 3.8%
46 2 Longford[a] County Longford 10,008 4.2%
47 4 Rush County Dublin 9,943 7.7%
48 4 Gorey County Wexford 9,822 7.8%
49 3 Shannon County Clare 9,729 0.6%
50 5 Athy County Kildare 9,677 -2.5%
51 2 Ratoath County Meath 9,533 5.4%
52 2 Portmarnock County Dublin 9,466 1.9%
53 4 Dungarvan[a] County Waterford 9,227 -2.1%
54 1 Trim County Meath 9,194 11.2%
55 1 Nenagh[a] County Tipperary 8,968 6.3%
56 0 Tuam County Galway 8,767 6.4%
57 1 Kildare County Kildare 8,634 6.0%
58 3 Portarlington County Laois & County Offaly 8,368 7.4%
59 2 New Ross County Wexford 8,040 -1.4%
60 0 Youghal County Cork 7,963 2.2%
61 2 Thurles County Tipperary 7,940 0.1%
62 1 Lusk County Dublin 7,786 10.9%
63 1 Monaghan[a] County Monaghan 7,678 3.0%
64 3 Donabate County Dublin 7,443 9.8%
65 1 Edenderry County Offaly 7,359 5.5%
66 2 Clane County Kildare 7,280 8.6%
67 2 Dunboyne County Meath 7,272 4.5%
68 2 Bandon County Cork 6,957 4.8%
69 3 Buncrana County Donegal 6,785 -0.8%
70 1 Ballinasloe County Galway & County Roscommon 6,662 0.0%
71 6 Kinsealy-Drinan County Dublin 6,643 14.3%
72 0 Newcastle West County Limerick 6,619 4.6%
73 2 Fermoy County Cork 6,585 1.5%
74 1 Westport County Mayo 6,198 2.2%
75 0 Kells County Meath 6,135 4.2%
76 4 Kilcock County Kildare 6,093 10.1%
77 2 Roscommon[a] County Roscommon 5,876 3.2%
78 5 Sallins County Kildare 5,849 10.7%
79 1 Passage West County Cork 5,843 0.9%
80 6 Carrick-on-Suir County Tipperary & County Waterford 5,771 -2.7%
81 5 Birr County Offaly & County Tipperary 5,741 -1.3%
82 3 Loughrea County Galway 5,556 9.8%
83 3 Blessington County Wicklow 5,520 10.2%
84 2 Roscrea County Tipperary 5,446 0.8%
85 4 Kinsale County Cork 5,281 7.9%
86 9 Carrigtwohill County Cork 5,080 11.6%
87 1 Carrickmacross County Monaghan 5,032 2.2%
88 4 Oranmore County Galway 4,990 4.0%
89 6 Tipperary County Tipperary 4,979 -6.2%
90 3 Ardee County Louth 4,928 0.0%
91 1 Ballybofey-Stranorlar County Donegal 4,852 0.0%
92 1 Listowel County Kerry 4,820 -0.2%
93 0 Mountmellick County Laois 4,777 0.9%
94 6 Tullow County Carlow 4,673 17.6%
95 1 Clonakilty County Cork 4,592 -2.7%
96 5 Athenry County Galway 4,445 12.5%
97 1 Cashel County Tipperary 4,422 9.2%
98 new Rathcoole County Dublin 4,351 27.2%
99 new Monasterevin County Kildare 4,246 14.4%
100 4 Kilcoole County Wicklow 4,239 4.7%
County towns[edit]
There are four county towns which do not appear on the above list due to boundary definition, administrative reasons or because they do not rank in the top 100.
Urban Area
County
Population 2016
Tallaght[a] South Dublin County 71,504[d][22]
Dun Laoghaire[a][e] Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown County 26,525[23]
Carrick on Shannon[a] County Leitrim 4,062[24]
Lifford[a] County Donegal 1,626[25]
See also[edit]
List of towns and villages in the Republic of Ireland
List of towns in the Republic of Ireland/2002 Census Records
List of towns in the Republic of Ireland/2006 Census Records
List of localities in Northern Ireland by population
List of settlements on the island of Ireland by population
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac indicates this city or town is the county town of its respective county.
Jump up ^ Swords is the county town of Fingal, an administrative county within the traditional County Dublin.
Jump up ^ Kilkenny, while officially a town, may legally call itself a city. (Local Government Act, 2001 §10(16) and Local Government Act, 2001 §11(16).)
Jump up ^ This is the 2011 population and not 2016. Population, not of the centre of Tallaght, but all Tallaght Electoral Districts - including Tallaght-Kilnamanagh which reaches Greenhills and Walkinstown
Jump up ^ Population, not of the town of Dún Laoghaire, but all Dún Laoghaire Electoral Districts
External links[edit]
List of Largest towns in Ireland
2011 census report
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Census 2016". Central Statistics Office.
Jump up ^ "Settlement Dublin City And Suburbs". Central Statistics Office. 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Settlement Cork City And Suburbs". Central Statistics Office. 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Settlement Limerick City And Suburbs". Central Statistics Office. 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Settlement Galway City And Suburbs". Central Statistics Office. 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Settlement Waterford City And Suburbs". Central Statistics Office. 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Settlement Drogheda". Central Statistics Office. 2016. Retrieved 24 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Settlement Swords". Central Statistics Office. 2016. Retrieved 24 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Settlement Dundalk". Central Statistics Office. 2016. Retrieved 24 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Settlement Bray". Central Statistics Office. 2016. Retrieved 24 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Settlement Navan (An Uaimh)". Central Statistics Office. 2016. Retrieved 24 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Settlement Kilkenny". Central Statistics Office. 2016. Retrieved 29 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Settlement Ennis". Central Statistics Office. 2016. Retrieved 29 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Settlement Carlow". Central Statistics Office. 2016. Retrieved 29 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Settlement Tralee". Central Statistics Office. 2016. Retrieved 29 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Settlement Droichead Nua (Newbridge)". Central Statistics Office. 2016. Retrieved 29 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Settlement Portlaoise (Formerly Maryborough)". Central Statistics Office. 2016. Retrieved 29 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Settlement Balbriggan". Central Statistics Office. 2016. Retrieved 29 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Settlement Naas". Central Statistics Office. 2016. Retrieved 29 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Settlement Athlone". Central Statistics Office. 2016. Retrieved 29 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Settlement Mullingar". Central Statistics Office. 2016. Retrieved 29 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Population Density and Area Size by Electoral Division, Statistical Indicator and Census Year". CSO. Retrieved 5 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Population of all Dún Laoghaire Electoral Districts: 042 East Central 043 Glasthule 044 Glenageary 045 Monkstown Farm 046 Mount Town 047 Sallynoggin East 048 Sallynoggin South 049 Sallynoggin West 050 Sandycove 051 Salthill 052 West Central
Jump up ^ "Sapmap Area - Settlements - Carrick-On-Shannon". Census 2016. CSO. 2016. Retrieved 17 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Sapmap Area - Settlements - Lifford". Census 2016. CSO. 2016. Retrieved 17 January 2018.
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World population milestones
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
File:UN_DESA_continent_population_1950_to_2100.svg
Estimated and projected populations of the world and its inhabited continents from 1950. The shaded regions correspond to range of projections by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs; for example, it estimates that the world population will reach 8 billion between 2022 and 2035.[1]
World population milestones were unnoticed until the 20th century, since there were no reliable data on global population dynamics.[2]
It is estimated that the population of the world reached one billion for the first time in 1804. It would be another 123 years before it reached two billion in 1927, but it took only 33 years to rise by another billion people, reaching three billion in 1960. Thereafter, the global population reached four billion in 1974, five billion in 1987, six billion in 1999 and, by some estimates, seven billion in October 2011 with other estimates being in March 2012.[3] It is projected to reach eight billion by 2024–2030. According to current projections, the world's population is likely to reach around nine billion by 2035–2050, with alternative scenarios ranging from a low of 7.4 billion to a high of more than 10.6 billion.[4] Projected figures vary depending on underlying statistical assumptions and which variables are manipulated in projection calculations, especially the fertility variable. Long-range predictions to 2150 range from a population decline to 3.2 billion in the 'low scenario', to 'high scenarios' of 24.8 billion. One scenario predicts a massive increase to 256 billion by 2150, assuming fertility remains at 1995 levels.[5]
World population milestones in billions
Population
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Year
1804 1927 1959 1974 1987 1999 2011 2026 2042
Years elapsed
–– 123 32 15 13 12 12 15 16
Contents
[hide]
1 Global billionth milestones
1.1 Five billion
1.2 Six billion
1.3 Seven billion
2 National and regional population
3 See also
4 References
Global billionth milestones[edit]
There is no estimation for the exact day or month the world's population surpassed each of the one and two billion marks. The days of three and four billion were not officially noted, but the International Database of the United States Census Bureau places them in July 1959 and April 1974.[citation needed]
Five billion[edit]
The Day of Five Billion, 11 July 1987, was designated by the United Nations Population Fund as the approximate day on which world population reached five billion. Matej Gašpar from Zagreb, Croatia (then SR Croatia, SFR Yugoslavia), was chosen as the symbolic 5-billionth person concurrently alive on Earth. The honor went to Zagreb because the 1987 Summer Universiade was taking place in the city at the time.[6][7]
Six billion[edit]
The United Nations Population Fund designated 12 October 1999 as the approximate day on which the world population reached six billion.[8] It was officially designated The Day of Six Billion. Demographers do not universally accept this date as being exact. In fact there has been subsequent research which places the day of six billion nearer to 18 June or 19 June 1999.[9] The International Programs division of the United States Census Bureau estimated that the world population reached six billion on 21 April 1999.[citation needed] United Nations Population Fund spokesman Omar Gharzeddine disputed the date of the Day of Six Billion by stating, "The U.N. marked the '6 billionth' [person] in 1999, and then a couple of years later the Population Division itself reassessed its calculations and said, actually, no, it was in 1998."[10]
On the Day of Six Billion, UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan was in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina to monitor the Dayton Agreement.[11] At midnight he went to Koševo Hospital, where Adnan Mević, born at 12.01 am, was named the symbolic 6 billionth concurrently alive person on Earth.[8][11][12] He is the first son of Fatima Mevic and Jasminko Mevic and weighed 3.5 kg.[12]
Seven billion[edit]
Main article: Day of Seven Billion
The "Day of Seven Billion" was targeted by the United States Census Bureau to be in March 2012,[13] while the Population Division of the United Nations suggested 31 October 2011,[14] and the latter date was officially designated by the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) as the approximate day on which the world's population reached seven billion people.[15] United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki-moon spoke at the United Nations building in New York City on this milestone in the size of world population, and promoted the website 7 Billion Actions.[16][17] Ban Ki-moon did not choose a symbolic seven billionth baby, but several groups proposed candidates: Nargis Kumar of Uttar Pradesh, India,[18] Danica May Camacho of Manila, Philippines[19] and Wattalage Muthumai of Colombo, Sri Lanka.[20]
National and regional population[edit]
National or subnational governments have sometimes made similar designations based on the date estimated by a demographic agency. Some national milestones relate to citizens rather than residents. Commentators in countries with high immigration have pointed out that a population milestone may be reached by an immigrant rather than natural increase.[21][22]
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
Country/nationality
Population
Born (date)
Name and surname
Notes
Foot-
notes
Munich 1m 15 December 1957 Thomas Seehaus Awarded by Mayor Thomas Wimmer with a 1,000 mark savings account. [23]
United States 200m 20 November 1967 Robert Ken Woo Jr Named by Life magazine, not the government. None named for 300m. [24][25]
Australia 15m 29 January 1982 Sally Hodgson Awarded by Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs Ian Macphee [26]
Indonesia 200m 4 February 1997 Wahyu Nusantara Aji Complains that government promises of support were not kept [27]
India 1b 11 May 2000 Aastha Arora speculation re Independence Day 1999 till Registrar demurred. Complains that government promises of support were not kept. [28][29][30]
Kyrgyzstan 5m 27 August 2002 Tynchtykbek Kuramayev [31]
Australia 21m 29 June 2007 Mia Ruby Templeton Awarded by Treasurer Peter Costello [32]
Taiwan 23m 17 July 2008 Wu Cheng-en certificate from Premier of the Republic of China Liu Chao-shiuan [33]
Auckland Region, New Zealand 1.5m 1 February 2012 Ramonah Patience Toomalatai Welcomed by Len Brown the Mayor of Auckland [34]
Kazakhstan 17m 17 May 2013 Altynbek Eskaraev Алтынбек Ескараев [35][36]
Vietnam 90m 1 November 2013 Nguyễn Thị Thùy Dung randomly chosen by the General Office of Population and Family Planning from among two dozen babies born that day [37][38]
Philippines 100m 27 July 2014 Chonalyn Sentino [39]
Wake County, North Carolina 1m 22 August 2014 Anderson Grace Hughes Offered full scholarship by Wake Technical Community College [40]
Mongolia 3m 24 January 2015 Mongoljin Khatanbold [41][42]
Silicon Valley 3m 5 May 2015 Max Danner [43]
Utah 3m 24 October 2015 Sadie Christensen By governor Gary Herbert [44]
Kyrgyzstan 6m 27 November 2015 Aylin Kojosheva [45][46]
See also[edit]
U.S. and World Population Clock
World population#History
World population estimates
References[edit]
Jump up ^ World Population Prospects, the 2010 Revision
Jump up ^ Vaclav Smil, "Global Population: Milestones, Hopes, and Concerns", Medicine & Global Survival, October 1998; Vol. 5, No. 2, 105–108
Jump up ^ "Population seven billion: UN sets out challenges". BBC. 26 October 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-27.
Jump up ^
"Ch. 5: Population Size and Composition". World Population Prospects, the 2000 Revision (PDF). Vol.III. United Nations Population Division. p. 171. Retrieved 3 July 2010.
"Executive Summary". World Population Prospects: The 2002 Revision Volume III: Analytical Report (PDF). 2002. Retrieved 3 July 2010.
"World Population to 2300" (PDF). New York: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs: Population Division. 2004: 3, 14. Retrieved 3 July 2010.
"World Population: 1950–2050". U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division. June 2010. Retrieved 3 July 2010.
"2009 World Population Data Sheet" (PDF). Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau. 2009. Retrieved 3 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "Key Findings". Long-Range Population Projections (PDF). Proceedings of the United Nations Technical Working Group on Long-Range Population Projections. New York: United Nations: Department of Economic and Social Affairs. 2003. Retrieved 3 July 2010.
Jump up ^ Ankica Barbir-Mladinović (19 July 2011). "Petomilijarditi "Zemljanin": Ne slušati stereotipe" (in Croatian). Radio Free Europe. Retrieved 1 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "And Baby Makes Five billion: U.N. Hails a Yugoslav Infant". New York Times. 12 July 1987. Retrieved 1 October 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Edith M. Lederer (12 October 1999). "World Population Hits 6 billion". The Washington Post. Retrieved 12 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "Population Clock".
Jump up ^ Alan Boyle, Science Editor, NBC News (2011-10-28). "Cosmic Log – 7 billion people? How do they know?". Cosmiclog.msnbc.msn.com. Retrieved 2013-10-31. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Jump up to: a b "The Secretary-General, in two-day stopover in Sarajevo, confers with local leaders, United Nations Representative". United Nations. 12 October 1999. pp. SG/T/2204. Retrieved 2 May 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b World UN chief welcomes six billionth baby
Jump up ^ "U.S. Census Bureau – World POPClock Projection". Retrieved 2011-10-27.
Jump up ^ World Population Prospects, the 2008 Revision Frequently Asked Questions Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, updated 10 November 2010. Retrieved 26 January 2011.
Jump up ^ World Population Prospects, the 2008 Revision Frequently Asked Questions Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat updated 10 November 2010. Retrieved 26 January 2011
Jump up ^ "Day of 7 Billion". UNFPA. Retrieved 16 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "About 7 Billion Actions". 7 Billion Actions. Retrieved 16 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "India welcomes 'world's seven billionth baby'". BBC News. 31 October 2011. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
Jump up ^ Coleman, Jasmine (2011-10-31). "World's 'seven billionth baby' is born". London: The Guardian. Retrieved 2011-10-31.
Jump up ^ "Seven billionth child born in SL | Caption Story". Dailymirror.lk. 2011-10-31. Retrieved 2012-10-05.
Jump up ^ "Australia's population hits 24 million people, ABS clock shows". ABC Online. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 2016-02-16. Retrieved 6 April 2016. The ABS said it was unclear whether the 24 millionth Australian was a newborn or a migrant
Jump up ^ "Baby Reed is one in 23 million as Australia's population hits a milestone". The Daily Telegraph. Sydney, Australia. Retrieved 6 April 2016. He said the 23rd millionth person could be a newborn but could equally be a person coming to work in Australia or a returning backpacker who had been away for more than a year.
Jump up ^ "Das Millionerl". Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Retrieved 14 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Time to forget Robert Woo", Chicago Tribune, September 27, 2006
Jump up ^ "US population reaches 300 million". BBC Online. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "28 Apr 1982 - Meet Sally Hodgson, millionth Australian - Trove". Retrieved 6 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Wahyu Nusantara Aji: The forgotten 200 millionth citizen". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 23 September 2008. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Aastha, India’s billionth baby". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Drèze, Jean; Sen, Amartya (2002). India: Development and Participation. Oxford University Press. p. 189. ISBN 9780199257485. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Billionth Indian due tomorrow". The Independent. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "13 Yo 5 Millionth Citizen of Kyrgyzstan to Partake in Celebrations in Honor 6 Millionth Citizen - November 11, 2015 - Central Asian News Services - Books and Journals - VLEX 586835174". Retrieved 6 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Costello hands 21-millionth baby mantle to Mia". Retrieved 6 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Taiwan Premier Liu Chao-shiuan , gives a citizen certificate to the... Pictures". Getty Images. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Auckland Welcomes Its 1.5 Millionth Citizen". The Devonport Speculator. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Zagidullin, Rashit; Zagidullina, Aliya. "Shifting Paradigms: Language Learning in Kazakhstan" (PDF). The European Conference on Language Learning 2013. Official Conference Proceedings 2013. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "17-миллионному казахстанцу подарили скакуна - Новости Общества - Новости Mail.Ru". Mail.Ru (in Russian). Retrieved 6 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Population hits 90 mln but can Vietnam take care of its children?". Thanh Nien Daily. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Nguyễn Thị Thùy Dung - công dân thứ 90 triệu của Việt Nam". Thanh Niên (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 6 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Les Philippines comptent désormais cent millions d'habitants - Asie-Pacifique - RFI". Retrieved 6 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Hoyle, Amanda (Aug 22, 2014). "Full scholarship awarded to Wake County baby named 1 millionth resident". Triangle Business Journal. American City Business Journals. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "MONGOLIA WELCOMED HER 3-MILLIONTH CITIZEN". president.mn. 2015-01-28. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "A NAME “MONGOLJIN” WAS GIVEN TO THE 3-MILLIONTH CITIZEN OF MONGOLIA". PRESIDENT.MN. 2015-01-28. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Newborn Max Danner is Silicon Valley's three millionth resident". abc7news.com. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Utah celebrates 3 million residents". The Daily Universe. Brigham Young University. 24 October 2015. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Kyrgyzstan Goes Bananas for Citizen No. 6 Million". EurasiaNet.org. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Kyrgyzstan welcomes six millionth citizen: “It’s a girl!” - Ferghana Information agency, Moscow". Retrieved 6 April 2016.
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Gypsum
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This article is about the mineral. For other uses, see Gypsum (disambiguation).
Gypsum
General
Category
Sulfate minerals
Formula
(repeating unit)
CaSO4·2H2O
Strunz classification
7.CD.40
Crystal system
Monoclinic
Crystal class
Prismatic (2/m)
H-M symbol: (2/m)
Space group
Monoclinic
Space group: I2/a
Unit cell
a = 5.679(5), b = 15.202(14)
c = 6.522(6) [Å]; β = 118.43°; Z = 4
Identification
Color
Colorless to white; may be yellow, tan, blue, pink, brown, reddish brown or gray due to impurities
Crystal habit
Massive, flat. Elongated and generally prismatic crystals
Twinning
Very common on {110}
Cleavage
Perfect on {010}, distinct on {100}
Fracture
Conchoidal on {100}, splintery parallel to [001]
Tenacity
Flexible, inelastic
Mohs scale hardness
1.5–2 (defining mineral for 2)
Luster
Vitreous to silky, pearly, or waxy
Streak
White
Diaphaneity
Transparent to translucent
Specific gravity
2.31–2.33
Optical properties
Biaxial (+)
Refractive index
nα = 1.519–1.521
nβ = 1.522–1.523
nγ = 1.529–1.530
Birefringence
δ = 0.010
Pleochroism
None
2V angle
58°
Fusibility
5
Solubility
Hot, dilute HCl
References
[1][2][3]
Major varieties
Satin spar
Pearly, fibrous masses
Selenite
Transparent and bladed crystals
Alabaster
Fine-grained, slightly colored
Gypsum is a soft sulfate mineral composed of calcium sulfate dihydrate, with the chemical formula CaSO4·2H2O.[3] It is widely mined and is used as a fertilizer, and as the main constituent in many forms of plaster, blackboard chalk and wallboard. A massive fine-grained white or lightly tinted variety of gypsum, called alabaster, has been used for sculpture by many cultures including Ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, Ancient Rome, the Byzantine Empire and the Nottingham alabasters of Medieval England. Mohs scale of mineral hardness, based on scratch hardness comparison, defines hardness value 2 as gypsum. It forms as an evaporite mineral and as a hydration product of anhydrite.
Contents
1 Etymology and history
2 Physical properties
3 Crystal varieties
4 Occurrence
5 Mining
6 Synthesis
7 Occupational safety
7.1 United States
8 Uses
9 Gallery
10 See also
11 References
12 External links
Etymology and history[edit]
The word gypsum is derived from the Greek word γύψος (gypsos), "plaster".[4] Because the quarries of the Montmartre district of Paris have long furnished burnt gypsum (calcined gypsum) used for various purposes, this dehydrated gypsum became known as plaster of Paris. Upon addition of water, after a few tens of minutes plaster of Paris becomes regular gypsum (dihydrate) again, causing the material to harden or "set" in ways that are useful for casting and construction.
Gypsum was known in Old English as spærstān, "spear stone", referring to its crystalline projections. (Thus, the word spar in mineralogy is by way of comparison to gypsum, referring to any non-ore mineral or crystal that forms in spearlike projections). In the mid-18th century, the German clergyman and agriculturalist Johann Friderich Mayer investigated and publicized gypsum's use as a fertilizer.[5] Gypsum may act as a source of sulfur for plant growth, and in the early 19th century, it was regarded as an almost miraculous fertilizer. American farmers were so anxious to acquire it that a lively smuggling trade with Nova Scotia evolved, resulting in the so-called "Plaster War" of 1820.[6] In the 19th century, it was also known as lime sulfate or sulfate of lime.
Physical properties[edit]
Gypsum crystals are plastic enough to bend under pressure of the hand. Sample on display at Musée cantonal de géologie de Lausanne.
Gypsum is moderately water-soluble (~2.0–2.5 g/l at 25 °C)[7] and, in contrast to most other salts, it exhibits retrograde solubility, becoming less soluble at higher temperatures. When gypsum is heated in air it loses water and converts first to calcium sulfate hemihydrate, (bassanite, often simply called "plaster") and, if heated further, to anhydrous calcium sulfate (anhydrite). As for anhydrite, its solubility in saline solutions and in brines is also strongly dependent on NaCl (common table salt) concentration.[7]
Gypsum crystals are found to contain anion water and hydrogen bonding.[8]
Crystal varieties[edit]
Main article: Selenite (mineral)
Gypsum occurs in nature as flattened and often twinned crystals, and transparent, cleavable masses called selenite. Selenite contains no significant selenium; rather, both substances were named for the ancient Greek word for the Moon.
Selenite may also occur in a silky, fibrous form, in which case it is commonly called "satin spar". Finally, it may also be granular or quite compact. In hand-sized samples, it can be anywhere from transparent to opaque. A very fine-grained white or lightly tinted variety of gypsum, called alabaster, is prized for ornamental work of various sorts. In arid areas, gypsum can occur in a flower-like form, typically opaque, with embedded sand grains called desert rose. It also forms some of the largest crystals found in nature, up to 12 m (39 ft) long, in the form of selenite.[9]
Occurrence[edit]
Gypsum is a common mineral, with thick and extensive evaporite beds in association with sedimentary rocks. Deposits are known to occur in strata from as far back as the Archaean eon.[10] Gypsum is deposited from lake and sea water, as well as in hot springs, from volcanic vapors, and sulfate solutions in veins. Hydrothermal anhydrite in veins is commonly hydrated to gypsum by groundwater in near-surface exposures. It is often associated with the minerals halite and sulfur. Gypsum is the most common sulfate mineral.[11] Pure gypsum is white, but other substances found as impurities may give a wide range of colors to local deposits.
Because gypsum dissolves over time in water, gypsum is rarely found in the form of sand. However, the unique conditions of the White Sands National Monument in the US state of New Mexico have created a 710 km2 (270 sq mi) expanse of white gypsum sand, enough to supply the construction industry with drywall for 1,000 years.[12] Commercial exploitation of the area, strongly opposed by area residents, was permanently prevented in 1933 when president Herbert Hoover declared the gypsum dunes a protected national monument.
Gypsum is also formed as a by-product of sulfide oxidation, amongst others by pyrite oxidation, when the sulfuric acid generated reacts with calcium carbonate. Its presence indicates oxidizing conditions. Under reducing conditions, the sulfates it contains can be reduced back to sulfide by sulfate-reducing bacteria. Electric power stations burning coal with flue gas desulfurization produce large quantities of gypsum as a byproduct from the scrubbers.
Orbital pictures from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) have indicated the existence of gypsum dunes in the northern polar region of Mars,[13] which were later confirmed at ground level by the Mars Exploration Rover (MER) Opportunity.[14]
Gypsum crystals in the Cave of the Crystals in Mexico. Note person for scale
Veins of gypsum in the silts/marls of the Tea Green and Grey Marls, Blue Anchor, Somerset, UK
Veins of gypsum in Caprock Canyons State Park, Texas
Mining[edit]
Estimated production of Gypsum in 2015
(thousand metric tons)[15]
Country
Production
Reserves
China 132,000 N/A
Iran 22,000 1,600
Thailand 12,500 N/A
United States 11,500 700,000
Turkey 10,000 N/A
Spain 6,400 N/A
Mexico 5,300 N/A
Japan 5,000 N/A
Russia 4,500 N/A
Italy 4,100 N/A
India 3,500 39,000
Australia 3,500 N/A
Oman 3,500 N/A
Brazil 3,300 290,000
France 3,300 N/A
Canada 2,700 450,000
Saudi Arabia 2,400 N/A
Algeria 2,200 N/A
Germany 1,800 450,000
Argentina 1,400 N/A
Pakistan 1,300 N/A
United Kingdom 1,200 55,000
Other countries 15,000 N/A
World total 258,000 N/A
Commercial quantities of gypsum are found in the cities of Araripina and Grajaú in Brazil; in Pakistan, Jamaica, Iran (world's second largest producer), Thailand, Spain (the main producer in Europe), Germany, Italy, England, Ireland, Canada[16] and the United States. Large open pit quarries are located in many places including Fort Dodge, Iowa, which sits on one of the largest deposits of gypsum in the world,[citation needed] and Plaster City, California, United States, and East Kutai, Kalimantan, Indonesia. Several small mines also exist in places such as Kalannie in Western Australia, where gypsum is sold to private buyers for additions of calcium and sulfur as well as reduction of aluminum toxicities on soil for agricultural purposes.
Crystals of gypsum up to 11 m (36 ft) long have been found in the caves of the Naica Mine of Chihuahua, Mexico. The crystals thrived in the cave's extremely rare and stable natural environment. Temperatures stayed at 58 °C (136 °F), and the cave was filled with mineral-rich water that drove the crystals' growth. The largest of those crystals weighs 55 tons and is around 500,000 years old.[17]
Golden gypsum crystals from Winnipeg
Gypsum sand from White Sands National Monument, New Mexico
Synthesis[edit]
Synthetic gypsum is recovered via flue-gas desulfurization at some coal-fired power plants. It can be used interchangeably with natural gypsum in some applications.
Gypsum also precipitates onto brackish water membranes, a phenomenon known as mineral salt scaling, such as during brackish water desalination of water with high concentrations of calcium and sulfate. Scaling decreases membrane life and productivity. This is one of the main obstacles in brackish water membrane desalination processes, such as reverse osmosis or nanofiltration. Other forms of scaling, such as calcite scaling, depending on the water source, can also be important considerations in distillation, as well as in heat exchangers, where either the salt solubility or concentration can change rapidly.
A new study has suggested that the formation of gypsum starts as tiny crystals of a mineral called bassanite (CaSO4·0.5H2O).[18] This process occurs via a three-stage pathway:
homogeneous nucleation of nanocrystalline bassanite;
self-assembly of bassanite into aggregates, and
transformation of bassanite into gypsum.
Occupational safety[edit]
People can be exposed to gypsum in the workplace by breathing it in, skin contact, and eye contact.
United States[edit]
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set the legal limit (permissible exposure limit) for gypsum exposure in the workplace as TWA 15 mg/m3 for total exposure and TWA 5 mg/m3 for respiratory exposure over an 8-hour workday. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has set a recommended exposure limit (REL) of TWA 10 mg/m3 for total exposure and TWA 5 mg/m3 for respiratory exposure over an 8-hour workday.[19]
Uses[edit]
Gypsum works, Valencian Museum of Ethnology.
Gypsum is used in a wide variety of applications:
Gypsum board[20] is primarily used as a finish for walls and ceilings, and is known in construction as drywall, wallboard, sheetrock or plasterboard.
Gypsum blocks are used like concrete blocks in building construction.
Gypsum mortar is an ancient mortar used in building construction.
Plaster ingredients are used in surgical splints, casting moulds and modeling.
Fertilizer and soil conditioner: In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, Nova Scotia gypsum, often referred to as plaster, was a highly sought fertilizer for wheat fields in the United States. It is also used in ameliorating high-sodium soils,[21] such as in the Zuiderzee Works.[22]
A binder in fast-dry tennis court clay
As alabaster, a material for sculpture, it was used especially in the ancient world before steel was developed, when its relative softness made it much easier to carve.
A wood substitute in the ancient world: For example, when wood became scarce due to deforestation on Bronze Age Crete, gypsum was employed in building construction at locations where wood was previously used.[23]
A tofu (soy bean curd) coagulant, making it ultimately a major source of dietary calcium, especially in Asian cultures which traditionally use few dairy products
Adding hardness to water used for brewing[24]
Used in baking as a dough conditioner, reducing stickiness, and as a baked-goods source of dietary calcium.[25] The primary component of mineral yeast food.[26]
A component of Portland cement used to prevent flash setting of concrete
Soil/water potential monitoring (soil moisture)
A common ingredient in making mead
In the medieval period, scribes and illuminators mixed it with lead carbonate (powdered white lead) to make gesso, which was applied to illuminated letters and gilded with gold in illuminated manuscripts.
In foot creams, shampoos and many other hair products
A medicinal agent in traditional Chinese medicine called shi gao
Impression plasters in dentistry
Used in mushroom cultivation to stop grains from clumping together
Tests have shown that gypsum can be used to remove pollutants such as lead[27] or arsenic[28][29] from contaminated waters.
Gallery[edit]
Unusual gypsum specimens from around the world
Green gypsum crystals from Pernatty Lagoon, Mt Gunson, South Australia - its green color is due to presence of copper ions.
Unusual selenite gypsum from the Red River, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
Classic "ram's horn" gypsum from Santa Eulalia, Chihuahua, Mexico, 7.5×4.3×3.8 cm
Desert rose, 47 cm long
Gypsum from Pernatty Lagoon, Mt Gunson, Stuart Shelf area, Andamooka Ranges - Lake Torrens area, South Australia, Australia
Gypsum with crystalline native copper inside
Gypsum from Swan Hill, Victoria, Australia. The colouring is due to the copper oxide
Bright, cherry-red gypsum crystals 2.5 cm in height colored by rich inclusions of the rare mineral botryogen
Gypsum from Naica, Mun. de Saucillo, Chihuahua, Mexico
Golden color gem, "fishtail"-twinned crystals of Gypsum sitting atop a "ball" of Gypsum which is composed of several single bladed crystals
See also[edit]
Gypcrust
Gypsum recycling
Phosphogypsum
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Anthony, John W.; Bideaux, Richard A.; Bladh, Kenneth W.; Nichols, Monte C., eds. (2003). "Gypsum". Handbook of Mineralogy (PDF). V (Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates). Chantilly, VA, US: Mineralogical Society of America. ISBN 0962209708.
Jump up ^ Gypsum. Mindat
^ Jump up to: a b Klein, Cornelis; Hurlbut, Cornelius S., Jr. (1985), Manual of Mineralogy (20th ed.), John Wiley, pp. 352–353, ISBN 0-471-80580-7
Jump up ^ "Compact Oxford English Dictionary: gypsum".
Jump up ^ See:
Thaer, Albrecht Daniel; Shaw, William, trans.; Johnson, Cuthbert W., trans. (1844). The Principles of Agriculture. vol. 1. London, England: Ridgway. pp. 519–520.
Klaus Herrmann (1990), "Mayer, Johann Friedrich", Neue Deutsche Biographie (NDB) (in German), 16, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 544–545 ; (full text online) From p. 544: " … er bewirtschaftete nebenbei ein Pfarrgüttchen, … für die Düngung der Felder mit dem in den nahen Waldenburger Bergen gefundenen Gips einsetzte." ( … he also managed a small parson's estate, on which he repeatedly conducted agricultural experiments. In 1768, he first published the fruits of his experiences during this time as "Instruction about Gypsum", in which he espoused the fertilizing of fields with the gypsum that was found in the nearby Waldenburg mountains.)
Beckmann, Johann (1775). Grundsätze der deutschen Landwirthschaft [Fundamentals of German Agriculture] (in German) (2nd ed.). Göttingen, (Germany): Johann Christian Dieterich. p. 60. From p. 60: "Schon seit undenklichen Zeiten … ein Gewinn zu erhalten seyn wird." (Since times immemorial, in our vicinity, in the ministry of Niedeck [a village southeast of Göttingen], one has already made this use of gypsum; but Mr. Mayer has the merit to have made it generally known. In the History of Farming in Kupferzell, he had depicted a crushing mill (p. 74), in order to pulverize gypsum, from which a profit has been obtained, albeit with difficulty.)
Mayer, Johann Friderich (1768). Lehre vom Gyps als vorzueglich guten Dung zu allen Erd-Gewaechsen auf Aeckern und Wiesen, Hopfen- und Weinbergen [Instruction in gypsum as an ideal good manure for all things grown in soil on fields and pastures, hops yards and vineyards] (in German). Anspach, (Germany): Jacob Christoph Posch.
Jump up ^ Smith, Joshua (2007). Borderland smuggling: Patriots, loyalists, and illicit trade in the Northeast, 1780–1820. Gainesville, FL: UPF. pp. passim. ISBN 0-8130-2986-4.
^ Jump up to: a b Bock, E. (1961). "On the solubility of anhydrous calcium sulphate and of gypsum in concentrated solutions of sodium chloride at 25 °C, 30 °C, 40 °C, and 50 °C". Canadian Journal of Chemistry. 39 (9): 1746–1751. doi:10.1139/v61-228.
Jump up ^ Mandal, Pradip K; Mandal, Tanuj K (2002). "Anion water in gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O) and hemihydrate (CaSO4·1/2H2O)". Cement and Concrete Research. 32 (2): 313. doi:10.1016/S0008-8846(01)00675-5.
Jump up ^ García-Ruiz, Juan Manuel; Villasuso, Roberto; Ayora, Carlos; Canals, Angels; Otálora, Fermín (2007). "Formation of natural gypsum megacrystals in Naica, Mexico" (PDF). Geology. 35 (4): 327–330. Bibcode:2007Geo....35..327G. doi:10.1130/G23393A.1.
Jump up ^ Cockell, C. S.; Raven, J. A. (2007). "Ozone and life on the Archaean Earth". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A. 365 (1856): 1889–1901. Bibcode:2007RSPTA.365.1889C. doi:10.1098/rsta.2007.2049.
Jump up ^ Deer, W.A.; Howie, R.A.; Zussman, J. (1966). An Introduction to the Rock Forming Minerals. London: Longman. p. 469. ISBN 0-582-44210-9.
Jump up ^ Abarr, James (7 February 1999). "Sea of sand". The Albuquerque Journal. Retrieved 27 January 2007.
Jump up ^ High-resolution Mars image gallery. University of Arizona
Jump up ^ NASA Mars Rover Finds Mineral Vein Deposited by Water, NASA, 7 December 2011.
Jump up ^ "GYPSUM" (PDF). U.S. Geological Survey.
Jump up ^ "Mines, mills and concentrators in Canada". Natural Resources Canada. 24 October 2005. Archived from the original on 13 March 2005. Retrieved 27 January 2007.
Jump up ^ Alleyne, Richard (27 October 2008). "World's largest crystal discovered in Mexican cave". London: The Telegraph. Retrieved 6 June 2009.
Jump up ^ Van Driessche, A.E.S.; Benning, L. G.; Rodriguez-Blanco, J. D.; Ossorio, M.; Bots, P.; García-Ruiz, J. M. (2012). "The role and implications of bassanite as a stable precursor phase to gypsum precipitation". Science. 336 (6077): 69–72. Bibcode:2012Sci...336...69V. doi:10.1126/science.1215648. PMID 22491851.
Jump up ^ "CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards – Gypsum". www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2015-11-03.
Jump up ^ *Complimentary list of MasterFormat 2004 Edition numbers and titles (large PDF document)
Jump up ^ Oster, J. D.; Frenkel, H. (1980). "The chemistry of the reclamation of sodic soils with gypsum and lime". Soil Science Society of America Journal. 44 (1): 41–45. Bibcode:1980SSASJ..44...41O. doi:10.2136/sssaj1980.03615995004400010010x.
Jump up ^ Ley, Willy (October 1961). "The Home-Made Land". For Your Information. Galaxy Science Fiction. pp. 92–106.
Jump up ^ Hogan, C. Michael (2007). "Knossos fieldnotes". Modern Antiquarian.
Jump up ^ Palmer, John. "Water Chemistry Adjustment for Extract Brewing". HowToBrew.com. Retrieved 15 December 2008.
Jump up ^ "Calcium sulphate for the baking industry" (pdf). United States Gypsum Company. Retrieved 1 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Tech sheet for yeast food" (PDF). Lesaffre Yeast Corporation. Archived from the original (pdf) on November 2014. Retrieved 1 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Astilleros, J.M.; Godelitsas, A.; Rodríguez-Blanco, J.D.; Fernández-Díaz, L.; Prieto, M.; Lagoyannis, A.; Harissopulos, S. (2010). "Interaction of gypsum with lead in aqueous solutions". Applied Geochemistry. 25 (7): 1008. Bibcode:2010ApGC...25.1008A. doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2010.04.007.
Jump up ^ Rodriguez, J. D.; Jimenez, A.; Prieto, M.; Torre, L.; Garcia-Granda, S. (2008). "Interaction of gypsum with As(V)-bearing aqueous solutions: Surface precipitation of guerinite, sainfeldite, and Ca2NaH(AsO4)2⋅6H2O, a synthetic arsenate". American Mineralogist. 93 (5–6): 928. Bibcode:2008AmMin..93..928R. doi:10.2138/am.2008.2750.
Jump up ^ Rodríguez-Blanco, Juan Diego; Jiménez, Amalia and Prieto, Manuel (2007). "Oriented Overgrowth of Pharmacolite (CaHAsO4⋅2H2O) on Gypsum (CaSO4⋅2H2O)". Cryst. Growth Des. 7 (12): 2756–2763. doi:10.1021/cg070222+. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
External links[edit]
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