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Jack Russell Terrier
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Jack Russell Terrier
Common nicknames
JRT
Jack
Origin
England
[hide]Classification / standards
FCI
Group 3, Section 2 Small Terriers #345 standard
AKC
Terrier
ANKC
Group 2 (Terriers) standard
NZKC
Terrier standard
UKC
Terrier standard
Domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris)
The Jack Russell Terrier is a small terrier that has its origins in fox hunting. It is principally white-bodied and smooth, rough or broken-coated but can be any colour.
The Jack Russell is frequently confused with the Parson Russell terrier (see the American Kennel Club) and the Russell terrier, which is a shorter-legged, stockier variety. (Within the Fédération Cynologique Internationale, the "Russell terrier" is also known as "Jack Russell terrier".) The term "Jack Russell" is also commonly misapplied to other small white terriers. The Jack Russell is a broad type, with a size range of 10–15 inches (25–38 cm). The Parson Russell is limited only to a middle range with a standard size of 12–14 inches (30–36 cm), while the Russell terrier is smaller at 8–12 inches (20–30 cm). Each breed has different physical proportions according to the standards of their breed clubs.
Jack Russells are an energetic breed that rely on a high level of exercise and stimulation and are relatively free from serious health complaints. Originating from dogs bred and used by Reverend John Russell in the early 19th century, from whom the breed takes its name, the Jack Russell has similar origins to the modern Fox terrier. It has gone through several changes over the years, corresponding to different use and breed standards set by kennel clubs. Recognition by kennel clubs for the Jack Russell breed has been opposed by the breed's parent societies – which resulted in the breeding and recognition of the Parson Russell terrier. Jack Russells have appeared many times in film, television, and print – with several historical dogs of note.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Sporting parson
1.2 After John Russell
1.3 Post World War II
2 Description
2.1 Differences with related breeds
3 Temperament
4 Health
4.1 Eye disorders
4.2 Musculoskeletal conditions
5 Well-known Jack Russell terriers
5.1 On screen and in literature
6 See also
6.1 Clubs and associations
7 Footnotes
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
Sporting parson[edit]
A drawing of Trump, the dog purchased by the Reverend John Russell.
The small white fox-working terriers we know today were first bred by the Reverend John Russell, a parson and hunting enthusiast born in 1795,[1] and they can trace their origin to the now extinct English white terrier.[2] Difficulty in differentiating the dog from the creature it was pursuing brought about the need for a mostly white dog,[3] and so in 1819 during his last year of university at Exeter College, Oxford,[4] he purchased a small white and tan terrier female named Trump from a local milkman in the nearby small hamlet of Elsfield[5] or Marston[6]). Trump epitomised his ideal Fox terrier,[7] which, at the time, was a term used for any terrier which was used to bolt foxes out of their burrows.[2] Her colouring was described as "...white, with just a patch of dark tan over each eye and ear; whilst a similar dot, not larger than a penny piece, marks the root of the tail."[8] Davies, a friend of Russell's, wrote: "Trump was such an animal as Russell had only seen in his dreams".[4] She was the basis for a breeding program to develop a terrier with high stamina for the hunt as well as the courage and formation to chase out foxes that had gone to ground.[9] By the 1850s, these dogs were recognised as a distinct breed.[10]
An important attribute in this dog was a tempered aggressiveness that would provide the necessary drive to pursue and bolt the fox, without resulting in physical harm to the quarry and effectively ending the chase, which was considered unsporting.[11] Russell was said to have prided himself that his terriers never tasted blood.[10] This line of terriers developed by John Russell was well respected for those qualities, and his dogs were often taken on by hunt enthusiasts. It is unlikely, however, that any dogs alive today can be proven to be descendants from Trump, as Russell was forced to sell all his dogs on more than one occasion because of financial difficulty, and had only four aged (and non-breeding) terriers left when he died in 1883.[12]
The Fox terrier and Jack Russell terrier type dogs of today are all descended from dogs of that period, although documented pedigrees earlier than 1862 have not been found, although several records remain of documented breeding by John Russell between the 1860s and 1880s. The Fox Terrier Club was formed in 1875 with Russell as one of the founder members; its breed standard was aspiration, and not a description of how the breed appeared then. By the start of the 20th century, the Fox terrier had altered more towards the modern breed, but in some parts of the country the old style of John Russell's terriers remained, and it is from those dogs that the modern Jack Russell type has descended.[4]
Many breeds can claim heritage to the early Fox terrier of this period, including the Brazilian terrier, Japanese terrier, Miniature Fox terrier, Ratonero Bodeguero Andaluz, Rat terrier, and Tenterfield terrier.[13]
After John Russell[edit]
Carlisle Tack, a Fox terrier born in 1884, who was owned by John Russell.[14]
Following Russell's death, the only people who made serious efforts to continue those strains were two men, one in Chislehurst with the surname of East, and another in Cornwall named Archer. East, at one point, had several couples, all of which were descended from one of Russell's dogs. The type aimed for were not as big as the show Fox terrier and were usually less than 15 pounds (6.8 kg).[3]
Arthur Blake Heinemann created the first breed standard and, in 1894, he founded the Devon and Somerset Badger Club, the aims of which were to promote badger digging rather than fox hunting, and the breeding of terriers suitable for this purpose. Terriers were acquired from Nicholas Snow of Oare, and they were likely descended from Russell's original dogs, as Russell would probably have hunted at some point with Snow's hunting club and is likely to have provided at least some of their original terriers.[4] By the turn of the 20th century, Russell's name had become associated with this breed of dog.[15]
The club was later renamed the Parson Jack Russell Terrier Club.[4] Badger digging required a different type of dog than fox hunting, and it is likely that Bull terrier stock was introduced to strengthen the breed, which may have caused the creation of a shorter legged variety of Jack Russell terrier that started to appear around this period. At the same time that a split was appearing between show and working Fox terriers, a further split was occurring between two different types of white terrier, both carrying Jack Russell's name.[3] Heinemann was invited to judge classes for working terriers at Crufts with an aim to bring working terriers back into the show ring and influence those that disregard working qualities in dogs. These classes were continued for several years by various judges, but Charles Cruft dropped the attempt as the classes were never heavily competed. Following Heinemann's death in 1930, the kennel and leadership of the club passed to Annie Harris, but the club itself folded shortly before World War II.[3][4]
Post World War II[edit]
A Jack Russell terrier wearing a dog harness.
Following World War II, the requirement for hunting dogs drastically declined, and with it the numbers of Jack Russell terriers. The dogs were increasingly used as family and companion dogs. Further crossbreeding occurred, with Welsh corgis, Chihuahuas, and other smaller breeds of terrier. The offspring of these crosses became known as "Puddin' Dogs", "Shortie Jacks", or "Russell Terriers".[16]
The Jack Russell Terrier Club of America was formed in 1976 by Ailsa Crawford, one of the first Jack Russell terrier breeders in the United States. Size ranges for dogs were kept broad, with the ability of working dogs awarded higher than those in conformation shows. An open registry was maintained, with restricted line breeding. Registration for the club is made at adulthood for Jack Russells, rather than at birth, to ensure the breed's qualities remain, given the open registry.[17]
A working Jack Russell terrier exits a den pipe.
Several breed clubs appeared in the United Kingdom during the 1970s to promote the breed, including the Jack Russell Club of Great Britain (JRTCGB) and the South East Jack Russell Terrier Club (SEJRTC). The JRTCGB promoted the range of sizes that remain in its standards today, whereas the SEJRTC set a minimum height for dogs at 13 inches (33 cm). While the JRTCGB sought to ensure that the breed's working ability remained through non-recognition with other breed registries, the SEJRTC activity sought recognition with the UK Kennel Club.[18] In 1983, the Parson Jack Russell Club of Great Britain (PJRTCGB) was resurrected to seek Kennel Club recognition for the breed. Although the application was initially rejected, a new standard was created for the PJRTCGB based on the standard of the SEJRTC, and under that standard the breed was recognised by the Kennel Club in 1990 as the Parson Jack Russell terrier.[19] Jack was dropped from the official name in 1999, and the recognised name of the breed became the Parson Russell terrier.[20]
Jack Russell terriers playing with a ball
In the late 1990s, the American Kennel Club explored the possibility of recognising the Jack Russell terrier.[21] This move was opposed by the Jack Russell Terrier Club of America as they did not want the breed to lose its essential working characteristics.[22] The Jack Russell Terrier Breeders Association formed and petitioned the AKC; the breed's admission was granted in 2001. Under the AKC recognised standard, the size of the breed was narrowed from the previous club's standard, and the name of the AKC recognised Jack Russell terrier was changed to Parson Russell terrier,[23] with the Jack Russell Terrier Breeders Association renamed to the Parson Russell Terrier Association of America.[21]
The Australian National Kennel Council (ANKC) and the New Zealand Kennel Club (NZCK) are some of national kennel associations that register both the Jack Russell terrier and the Parson Russell terrier;[24] however, the size requirements for the Jack Russell terrier under both those standards would classify a dog as a Russell terrier in the United States.[25] In 2009, there were 1073 Jack Russells registered with the ANKC, compared to 18 for the Parson Russell terrier.[26] Other modern breeds are often mistaken for modern Jack Russell terriers, including their cousin the Parson Russell terrier,[27] the Tenterfield terrier,[28] and the Rat Terrier.[29] Several other modern breeds exist that descended from the early Fox Terrier breed, including the Brazilian Terrier, Japanese Terrier, Miniature Fox Terrier, Ratonero Bodeguero Andaluz, Rat Terrier, and Tenterfield Terrier.[30]
Description[edit]
Jack Russell terriers come in a variety of coat types, and with a range of markings.
Due to their working nature, Jack Russell terriers remain much as they were some 200 years ago.[31] They are sturdy, tough, and tenacious, measuring between 10–15 inches (25–38 cm) at the withers,[32] and weigh 14–18 pounds (6.4–8.2 kg).[16] The body length must be in proportion to the height, and the dog should present a compact, balanced image. Predominantly white in coloration (more than 51%) with black and/or brown and/or tan markings,[32] they exhibit either a smooth, rough or a combination of both which is known as a broken coat. A broken-coated dog may have longer hair on the tail or face than that which is seen on a smooth-coated dog.[33] The skin can sometimes show a pattern of small black or brown spots, referred to as "ticking" that do not carry through to the outer coat.[16] All coat types should be dense double coats that are neither silky (in the case of smooth coats) nor woolly (in the case of rough coats).[16]
An example of a rough coated Jack Russell terrier
The head should be of moderate width at the ears, narrowing to the eyes, and slightly flat between the ears. There should be a defined but not overpronounced stop at the end of the muzzle where it meets the head, and a black nose. The jaw should be powerful and well boned with a scissor bite and straight teeth. The eyes are almond shaped and dark coloured and should be full of life and intelligence. Small V-shaped ears of moderate thickness are carried forward on the head.[16] When the dog is alert, the tip of the V should not extend past the outer corner of the eyes. The tail is set high and in the past was docked to approximately five inches in order to provide a sufficient hand-hold for gripping the terrier.[16]
The Jack Russell should always appear balanced and alert.[32] As it is primarily a working terrier, its most important physical characteristic is its chest size, which must not be so large that it prevents the dog from entering and working in burrows.[16] The red fox is the traditional quarry of the Jack Russell terrier, so the working Jack Russell must be small enough to pursue it. Red foxes vary in size, but across the world, they average from 13–17 pounds (5.9–7.7 kg) in weight and have an average chest size of 12–14 inches (30–36 cm) at the widest part.[34]
Differences with related breeds[edit]
The Parson Russell terrier (pictured) shares a common ancestry with the Jack Russell terrier.
The Jack Russell terrier and Parson Russell terrier breeds are similar, sharing a common origin, but have several marked differences — the most notable being the range of acceptable heights.[35] Other differences in the Parson can include a longer head and larger chest as well as overall a larger body size.[36] The height of a Parson Russell at the withers according to the breed standard is 12–14 inches (30–36 cm) which places it within the range of the Jack Russell Terrier Club of America's standard size for a Jack Russell of 10–15 inches (25–38 cm). However, the Parson Russell is a conformation show standard whereas the Jack Russell standard is a more general working standard.[37]
The Russell terrier, which is also sometimes called the English Jack Russell terrier or the Short Jack Russell terrier is a generally smaller related breed.[38] Both the breed standards of the American Russell Terrier Club and the English Jack Russell Terrier Club Alliance states that at the withers it should be an ideal height of 8–12 inches (20–30 cm).[39][40] Although sometimes called the English or Irish Jack Russell terrier,[41] this is not the recognised height of Jack Russells in the United Kingdom. According to the Jack Russell Club of Great Britain's breed standard, it is the same size as the standard for Jack Russells in the United States, 10–15 inches (25–38 cm).[42] Compared to the Parson, the Russell terrier should always be longer than tall at the withers, whereas the Parson's points should be of equal distance.[43] The Fédération Cynologique Internationale standard for the Jack Russell terrier has this smaller size listed as a requirement.[44] Terrierman Eddie Chapman, who has hunted in Devon for more than 30 years, the same area that John Russell himself hunted, notes that, "I can state categorically that if given the choice, ninety-nine percent of hunt terrier men would buy an under 12" worker, if it was available, over a 14" one."[45]
Temperament[edit]
Jack Russell terriers have a high energy level.
Jack Russells are first and foremost a working terrier.[46] Originally bred to bolt foxes from their dens during hunts, they are used on numerous ground-dwelling quarry such as groundhog, badger, and red and grey fox.[47] The working JRT is required to locate quarry in the earth, and then either bolt it or hold it in place until they are dug to.[48] To accomplish this, the dog will not bark but will expect attention to the quarry continuously. Because the preservation of this working ability is of highest importance to most registered JRTCA/JRTCGB breeders, Jack Russells tend to be extremely intelligent, athletic, fearless, and vocal dogs.[9] It is not uncommon for these dogs to become moody or destructive if not properly stimulated and exercised, as they have a tendency to bore easily and will often create their own fun when left alone to entertain themselves.[49]
Their high energy and drive make these dogs ideally suited to a number of different dog sports such as flyball or agility.[50] Obedience classes are also recommended to potential owners,[47] as Jack Russells can be stubborn at times and aggressive towards other animals and humans if not properly socialized.[9] Despite their small size, these dogs are not recommended for the condominium or apartment dweller unless the owner is ready to take on the daunting task of providing the dog with the necessary amount of exercise and stimulation. They have a tremendous amount of energy for their size,[49] a fact which can sometimes lead to trouble involving larger animals.[51] They may seem never to tire and will still be energetic after their owner has called it a day. While socialised members of the breed are friendly towards children, they will not tolerate abuse even if it is unintentional.[16]
Health[edit]
Jack Russell running
Trump, 2002 USDAA National/World Agility Champion – 12" division
The breed has a reputation for being healthy with a long lifespan.[52][better source needed] Breeders have protected the gene pool, and direct in-line breeding has been prevented. Jack Russells can live from 13 to 16 years given proper care.[41] However, certain lines have been noted for having specific health concerns and, therefore, could occur in any line or generation because of recessive genes. These issues can include hereditary cataracts, ectopia lentis, congenital deafness, patellar luxation, ataxia, myasthenia gravis, Legg–Calvé–Perthes syndrome, and von Willebrand disease.[41]
Being a hunt-driven dog, the Jack Russell will usually pursue most creatures that it encounters. This includes the skunk, and the breed is prone to skunk toxic shock syndrome.[53] The chemical in the skunk spray is absorbed by the dog and causes the red blood cells to undergo haemolysis, which can occasionally lead to fatal anaemia and kidney failure. If sprayed underground, it can also cause chemical burning of the cornea. Treatments are available to flush the toxin out of the dog's system.[54]
Eye disorders[edit]
Lens luxation, also known as ectopia lentis is the most common hereditary disorder in Jack Russell terriers. Even so, this condition is not a common occurrence in the breed. Most frequently appearing in dogs between the ages of 3 and 8 years old, it is where the lens in one or both eyes becomes displaced. There are two types, posterior luxation (where the lens slips to the back of the eye) and anterior luxation (where the lens slips forward). Posterior luxation is the less severe of the two types, as the eye can appear normal although the dog's eyesight will be affected. In anterior luxation, the lens can slip forward and rub against the cornea, damaging it. Anterior luxation also has a high probability of causing glaucoma which can lead to partial or complete blindness. Treatment is available and may include both medical and surgical options. Secondary lens luxation is caused by trauma to the eye and is not hereditary.[55] The condition appears in a number of terrier breeds as well as the Border collie, Brittany and Cardigan Welsh corgi.[56]
Cataracts can affect any breed of dog and is the same condition as seen in humans. Here the lens of the eye hardens and is characterised by cloudiness in the eye.[56][57] Cataracts will blur the dog's vision and can lead to permanent blindness if left untreated. While considered mainly a hereditary disease, it can also be caused by diabetes, old age, radiation, eye injury or exposure to high temperatures.[57]
Musculoskeletal conditions[edit]
Patellar luxation, also known as luxating patella, is a hereditary disorder affecting the knees. It is where the kneecap slips off the groove on which it normally sits. The effects can be temporary with the dog running while holding its hind leg in the air before running on it again once the kneecap slipped back into place as if nothing has happened. Dogs can have a problem with both rear knees, and complications can include arthritis or torn knee ligaments. Severe cases can require surgery.[58] Some are prone to dislocation of the kneecaps, inherited eye diseases, deafness and Legg Perthes—a disease of the hip joints of small dog breeds. Prone to mast cell tumors. Legg–Calvé–Perthes syndrome, also called Avascular Necrosis of the Femoral Head, is where the ball section of the femur in the hip joint deteriorates following interruption of the blood flow and is the same condition as in humans.[59] In dogs, this causes lameness of the hind-legs, the thigh muscles to atrophy and pain in the joint.[60] It usually occurs between 6–12 months of age and has been documented in a variety of other terrier breeds including the Border terrier, Lakeland terrier, and Wheaten terrier.[59]
Well-known Jack Russell terriers[edit]
His Master's Voice (1898) by Francis Barraud.
Nipper was a dog born in 1884 who was thought to be a dog of the Jack Russell terrier type.[61] He was the inspiration for the painting Dog looking at and listening to a Phonograph, later renamed to His Master's Voice. The painting was used by a variety of music related companies including The Gramophone Company, EMI, the Victor Talking Machine Company, and RCA. Today it remains in use incorporated into the logo for HMV in UK and Europe.[62]
A Jack Russell named Bothy made history in 1982 as part of the Transglobe Expedition. Owned by explorers Ranulph and Ginny Fiennes, he became the first dog to travel to both the north and south poles.[63][64] This feat is unlikely to be repeated, as all dogs have been banned from Antarctica by the Antarctic Treaty nations since 1994, due to fears that they could transmit diseases to the native seal population.[65] Ranulph Fiennes and Charles Burton actually made the trip to the north pole by powered sledges before signalling to the base camp that they had arrived. To celebrate their achievement, a plane was sent out to take the two men champagne, along with Bothy.[66]
On 29 April 2007, a Jack Russell named George saved five children at a carnival in New Zealand from an attack by two pit bulls. He was reported to have charged at them and held them at bay long enough for the children to get away. Killed by the pit bulls, he was posthumously awarded the PDSA Gold Medal in 2009, the animal equivalent of the George Cross. A statue has been erected in Manaia, New Zealand in his memory.[67] A former US Marine also donated to George's owner a Purple Heart award he had received for service in Vietnam.[68]
On screen and in literature[edit]
A smooth-coated Jack Russell terrier puppy
A rough-coated Jack Russell terrier puppy
In the UK, one of the more recognisable canine stars was restaurateur and chef Rick Stein's irrepressible terrier Chalky,[69] who frequently upstaged his owner on his various cookery series.[70] He was unique in having his own line of merchandise, including plushes, tea towels, art prints, art paw prints and two real ales – Chalky's Bite and Chalky's Bark,[71] which won gold in the Quality Drink Awards 2009.[72] Chalky was given a BBC obituary when he died in 2007.[73]
Father Moose and son Enzo played the role of Eddie on the long-running TV sitcom Frasier.[69] Eddie belonged to lead character Frasier's father Martin Crane, and constantly "stole the show" with his deadpan antics, receiving more fan mail than any other Frasier character.[74] Moose and Enzo also starred as Skip in the 2000 film My Dog Skip.
Wishbone, from the television show of the same name which aired from 1995 to 2001 in the United States, was a Jack Russell terrier.[75] Wishbone's real name was Soccer and was chosen from over a hundred other dogs vying for the part.[18]
Actor Gene Hackman's pet in the 1995 movie Crimson Tide was a smooth-coated Jack Russell terrier named "Bear".[76] Max, a Jack Russell terrier, played the role of Milo who is one of Stanley Ipkiss's only friends in the 1994 U.S film The Mask starring Jim Carrey.[77] Max also played the female dog Audrey in the 2000 film Mr. Accident.[69] In the 2009 movie Hotel for Dogs, Friday, one of the main characters is a Jack Russell, played by the dog actor Cosmo.[78] Cosmo went on to appear in the films Paul Blart: Mall Cop and Beginners.[79]
Jack Russell: Dog Detective is a series of children's books by authors Darrell and Sally Odgers, and published by Scholastic. It is about the adventures of a Jack Russell terrier named Jack Russell and his gang of friends including Jill Russell, Lord "Red" Setter and Foxie Terrier.[80]
Uggie (2002-2015) was an animal actor, appearing in commercials starting in 2005 and most notably cast in Water for Elephants and The Artist, both in 2011.[81] In the same year, based on interest following The Artist, the "Consider Uggie" campaign was launched, which attempted to gain the dog a nomination for an Academy Award.[82] In 2012, Uggie was named Nintendo's first-ever spokesdog.[83]
The 1988 Disney film Oliver and Company features Dodger who is also a Jack Russell Terrier.
In the long-running book and television series Arthur, the titular character's grandmother has a dog named Killer. In the television series, Killer identifies herself to other dogs as a Jack Russell Terrier.
Max from the 2016 film The Secret Life of Pets is a Jack Russell Terrier.
Patrick McDonnell's comic strip Mutts features a Jack Russell terrier named Earl who is a main character in the comic strip.[84]
See also[edit]
Fox hunting
Working terriers
Clubs and associations[edit]
Jack Russell Terrier Club of America
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ Nicholas, Anna Katherine. Jack Russell Terriers. Neptune City, NJ: TFH Publications. p. 4. ISBN 0-7938-2379-X. Parson Jack was born in 1795. His father was a noted sportsman... also a clergyman. ...patterned his own life after the senior Russell's footsteps
^ Jump up to: a b "Fox Terriers and Jack Russells". Jane Dogs. Retrieved 7 October 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Breed History & Club History". Jack Russell Terrier Club of Great Britain. Retrieved 17 March 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "An introduction to the Parson Russell Terrier". Parson Russell Terrier Club UK. Archived from the original on 5 May 2011. Retrieved 15 March 2010.
Jump up ^ Davies, Norman (1 January 1996). Europe: A History. Oxford University Press. p. 343. ISBN 978-0-19-820171-7. Retrieved 24 March 2010.
Jump up ^ From the civil war to Jack Russell breed by Chris Koenig, Oxford Times 25 January 2007
Jump up ^ Coile (2000): p. 6
Jump up ^ Coile (2000): p. 3
^ Jump up to: a b c Smith, Steve (September 2002). The Encyclopedia of North American Sporting Dogs: Written by Sportsmen for Sportsmen. Willow Creek Press. p. 229. ISBN 978-1-57223-501-4. Retrieved 14 March 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b McKinney, Liz. "History of the Jack Russell Terrier". Parson Russell Terrier / Jack Russell Terrier.com. Retrieved 18 March 2010.
Jump up ^ Burns (2006): p. 12
Jump up ^ Burns (2006): p. 237
Jump up ^ "Different Types of Terrier: Smooth Fox Terrier". JackRussell.co.uk. Archived from the original on 1 April 2010. Retrieved 2 April 2010.
Jump up ^ "Origin & History". Cumbreck Jack Russells. Retrieved 2 April 2010.
Jump up ^ Lee, Rawdon B. (1902). A History and Description, with Reminiscences, of the Fox Terrier. Horace Cox, London. p. 153. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "Jack Russell Terrier Information". Sarah's Dogs. Retrieved 27 March 2010.
Jump up ^ Burns (2006): p. 58
^ Jump up to: a b Coile(2000): p. 9
Jump up ^ Coile(2000): p. 10
Jump up ^ "FCI-Standard N°339 / 28. 11. 2003 / GB Parson Russell Terrier". Montefiore. Retrieved 27 March 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Burns (2006): p. 60
Jump up ^ Burns (2006): p. 59
Jump up ^ Burns (2006): p. 61
Jump up ^ "Jack Russell Terrier". New Zealand Kennel Club. Archived from the original on 10 January 2010. Retrieved 5 April 2010.
"Parson Russell Terrier". New Zealand Kennel Club. Archived from the original on 27 March 2009. Retrieved 5 April 2010.
"Breeds – Group 2 (Terriers) Page 1". Australian National Kennel Council. Archived from the original on 15 April 2010. Retrieved 5 April 2010.
"Parson Russell Terrier". Australian National Kennel Council. 2 July 2009. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 5 April 2010.
Jump up ^ "The differences between Parson Jack Russell Terriers and Jack Russell Terriers". Jack-Russell-Terrier.co.uk. Archived from the original on 1 April 2010. Retrieved 5 April 2010.
Jump up ^ "ANKC: National Animal Registration Analysis". Australian National Kennel Club. Retrieved 5 April 2010. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "About Us". Kannye Parson Russell Terrier. Archived from the original on 30 March 2010. Retrieved 5 April 2010.
Jump up ^ "Tenterfield Terrier". Burkes Backyard. Archived from the original on 13 January 2010. Retrieved 5 April 2010.
Jump up ^ "Roosevelt's Rat Terrier". TerrierLover.com. 2 September 2007. Retrieved 5 April 2010.
Jump up ^ "Different Types of Terrier". Jack-Russell-Terrier.co.uk. Archived from the original on 1 April 2010. Retrieved 5 April 2010.
Jump up ^ Coile (2000): p. 11
^ Jump up to: a b c "JRTCA Breed Standard". therealjackrussell.com. Jack Russell Terrier Club of America. Retrieved 2009-06-02.
Jump up ^ Romaine Brown, Catherine (27 March 2006). Jack Russell Terrier: Your Happy Healthy Pet. Howell Book House. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-471-74837-3. Retrieved 15 March 2010.
Jump up ^ "WORKING DOG". therealjackrussell.com. Jack Russell Terrier Club of America. Retrieved 2009-06-02.
Jump up ^ Rice, Dan (17 November 2005). Small Dog Breeds. Barron's Educational Series. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-7641-2095-4. Retrieved 15 March 2010.
Jump up ^ Rainwater (2008): p. 9
Jump up ^ "Breed Comparison". Jack Russell Terrier Club of America. Retrieved 17 March 2010.
Jump up ^ "A Brief History of the American Russell Terrier Club". American Russell Terrier Club. Archived from the original on 20 February 2010. Retrieved 17 March 2010.
Jump up ^ "EJRTCA Breed Standard". English Jack Russell Terrier Club Alliance, Inc. Retrieved 17 March 2010.
Jump up ^ "AKC Russell Terrier Breed Standard". American Russell Terrier Club. Archived from the original on 27 March 2010. Retrieved 17 March 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c Rainwater (2008): p. 65
Jump up ^ "Breed Standard". Jack Russell Terrier Club of Great Britain. Retrieved 17 March 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Body & Tail". American Russell Terrier Club. Archived from the original on 29 March 2010. Retrieved 17 March 2010.
Jump up ^ "Jack Russell Terrier" (PDF). Fédération Cynologique Internationale. 9 August 2004. Retrieved 26 March 2010.
Jump up ^ Chapman, Eddie (1994). The Working Jack Russell Terrier. Dorset Press.
Jump up ^ "The Jack Russell Terrier: A Working Dog". therealjackrussell.com. Jack Russell Terrier Club of America. Retrieved 2009-09-11.
^ Jump up to: a b "So You're Thinking About Getting a Jack Russell Terrier". Working-Dog.com. Archived from the original on 6 February 2010. Retrieved 27 March 2010.
Jump up ^ Rainwater (2008): p. 80
^ Jump up to: a b Rainwater (2008): p. 73
Jump up ^ Pavia, Audrey (21 November 2003). What About Jack Russell Terriers: The Joys and Realities of Living with a JRT. What About?. Howell Book House. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-7645-4089-9. Retrieved 24 March 2010.
Jump up ^ "Jack Russell Terriers". inseguire.com. Inseguire Jack Russell Terriers. Archived from the original on 13 November 2009. Retrieved 20 July 2009.
Jump up ^ "What is the Cheapest Breed of Dog to Insure In Australia". Top10 Pet Insurance. 28 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Smith, Steve (September 2002). "Jack Russell Terrier". The Encyclopedia of North American Sporting Dogs: Written by Sportsmen for Sportsmen. Willow Creek Press. pp. 229 & 229. ISBN 978-1-57223-501-4. Retrieved 24 March 2010.
Jump up ^ Burns (2006): p. 227
Jump up ^ "Lens Luxation and Glaucoma in Jack Russell Terriers". myjackrussellterriers.com. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Common Genetic Health Issues of Purebred Dogs". myjackrussellterriers.com. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Eye Diseases of Jack Russell Dogs". dogjackrussell.com. Archived from the original on 27 August 2009. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
Jump up ^ "Hind Leg Joint Problem – Luxating Patella". myjackrussellterriers.com. Retrieved 2 April 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Dangerfield, Peter H. "Perthes' Disease of the Hip". The University of Liverpool. Archived from the original on 31 May 2009. Retrieved 2 April 2010.
Jump up ^ "Jack Russell Terrier – Specific Wellness Program". Hillside Animal Hospital. Archived from the original on 11 July 2011. Retrieved 2 April 2010.
Jump up ^ "HMV seeks budding Nipper". BBC News. 8 September 1999. Retrieved 18 March 2010.
Jump up ^ "The History of Nipper and His Master's Voice". erikoest.dk. Retrieved 18 March 2010.
Jump up ^ "Part 3: The Arctic: May 1981 – August 1982". Transglobe Expedition.org. Archived from the original on 3 February 2010. Retrieved 18 March 2010.
Jump up ^ "Part 2: The Antarctic: January 1980 – April 1981". Transglobe Expedition.org. Archived from the original on 2 January 2010. Retrieved 18 March 2010.
Jump up ^ Macklin, Debbie (22 June 1991). "Redundant huskies sent packing from Antarctica". New Scientist. Retrieved 18 March 2010.
Jump up ^ Hadzima, Eva (12 September 2016). "Famous Dogs". dewintonvet.com. Retrieved 25 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "Hero Dog Dies Fighting Pit Bulls". Sky News. 11 February 2009. Archived from the original on 14 February 2009. Retrieved 2 June 2009.
Jump up ^ "Medals for brave jack russell terrier". tvnz.co.nz. Television New Zealand. 8 May 2007. Retrieved 2 June 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c Rainwater (2008): p. 76
Jump up ^ "Rick Stein's dog Chalky dies". Metro.co.uk. 16 January 2007. Retrieved 18 March 2010.
Jump up ^ "Chalky's Bite". Sharp's Brewery. Archived from the original on 23 February 2010. Retrieved 14 March 2010.
Jump up ^ "Chalky's Bark wins Gold at Quality Drink Awards 2009". Sharp's Brewery. Retrieved 14 March 2010.
Jump up ^ "Celebrity chef Stein's dog dies". news.bbc.co.uk. BBC News. 16 January 2007. Retrieved 2 June 2009.
Jump up ^ "Moose (III) – Biography". IMDb. Retrieved 2 June 2009.
Jump up ^ "About the Show". World Wide Wishbone. Archived from the original on 28 April 2010. Retrieved 14 March 2010.
Jump up ^ "Crimson Tide". Ahafilm.info. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Mask(1994)". imdb.com. Retrieved 18 March 2010.
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger (14 January 2009). "Hotel for Dogs". 14 January 2009. Suntimes.com. Retrieved 26 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "Cast and Crew: Cosmo". Beginners Official Site. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "About Jack". Jack Russell: Dog Detective. Archived from the original on 18 May 2010. Retrieved 27 March 2010.
Jump up ^ Clarke, Cath (22 December 2011). "First sight: Uggie". London: Guardian News and Media. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
Jump up ^ Eber, Hailey (4 December 2011). "Uggie, the canine co-star of "The Artist," is receiving praise from critics". New York Post. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Canine Superstar Uggie Lands Epic Role as Nintendo's First-Ever "Spokesdog"". Business Wire. 8 February 2012. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Meet the cast". MUTTS. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
References[edit]
Burns, Patrick (16 February 2006). American Working Terriers. Lulu.com. ISBN 978-1-4116-6082-3.
Coile, D. Caroline (1 August 2000). Jack Russell Terrier Handbook, The. Barron's Pet Handbooks. Barron's Educational Series. ISBN 978-0-7641-1411-3.
Rainwater, Don; Rainwater, Kellie (3 March 2008). The Jack Russell Terrier Canine Companion Or Demon Dog. CreateSpace. ISBN 978-1-4348-4890-1.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jack Russell Terrier.
Jack Russell Terrier at Curlie (based on DMOZ)
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Legislative Assembly of Ontario
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Legislative Assembly of Ontario
Assemblée législative de l'Ontario
42nd Parliament of Ontario
Type
Type
Unicameral house of the Parliament of Ontario
History
Founded
July 1, 1867 (1867-07-01)
Preceded by
Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada
Leadership
Lieutenant Governor
Elizabeth Dowdeswell
Since September 23, 2014
Speaker
Ted Arnott, PC
Since July 11, 2018
Premier
Doug Ford, PC
Since June 29, 2018
Leader of the Opposition
Andrea Horwath, NDP
Since June 7, 2018
Government
House Leader
Todd Smith, PC
Since June 29, 2018
Opposition
House Leader
Gilles Bisson, NDP
Since June 7, 2018
Structure
Seats
124
Political groups
Government (76)
Progressive Conservative (76)
Official Opposition (40)
New Democratic (40)
Other Parties (8)
Liberal (7)
Green (1)
Elections
Last election
June 7, 2018
Next election
On or before June 2, 2022
Meeting place
Ontario Legislative Building, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Website
www.ola.org
Legislative Assembly of Ontario
The Ontario Legislature and Queen's Park
The Legislative Assembly of Ontario (French: Assemblée législative de l'Ontario) is one of two components of the Legislature of Ontario (also known as the Parliament of Ontario[1]), the other being the Lieutenant Governor of Ontario.[2] The Legislative Assembly is the second largest Canadian provincial deliberative assembly by number of members after the National Assembly of Quebec. The Assembly meets at the Ontario Legislative Building at Queen's Park in the provincial capital of Toronto.
The Legislative Assembly was established by the British North America Act, 1867 (later re-titled Constitution Act, 1867), which dissolved the Province of Canada into two new provinces, with the portion then called Canada West becoming Ontario. The Legislature has been unicameral since its inception, with the Assembly currently having 124 seats (increased from 107 as of the 42nd Ontario general election) representing electoral districts ("ridings") elected through a first-past-the-post electoral system across the province.
As at the federal level in Canada, Ontario uses a Westminster-style parliamentary government, in which members are elected to the Legislative Assembly through general elections, from which the Premier of Ontario and Executive Council of Ontario are appointed based on majority support. The premier is Ontario's head of government, while the Lieutenant Governor, as representative of the Queen, acts as head of state. The largest party not forming the government is known as the Official Opposition, its leader being recognized as Leader of the Opposition by the Speaker.
The Ontario Legislature is sometimes referred to as the "Ontario Provincial Parliament". Members of the assembly refer to themselves as "Members of the Provincial Parliament" (MPPs) as opposed to "Members of the Legislative Assembly" (MLAs) as in many other provinces. Ontario is the only province to do so, in accordance with a resolution passed in the Assembly on April 7, 1938. However, the Legislative Assembly Act refers only to "members of the Assembly".
The current assembly was elected on June 7, 2018, as part of the 42nd Parliament of Ontario.
Owing to the location of the Legislative Building on the grounds of Queen's Park, the metonym "Queen's Park" is often used to refer to both the Government of Ontario and the Legislative Assembly.[3]
Contents
1 Lawmaking
2 Coat of arms
3 Media
4 Timeline of the 42nd Parliament of Ontario
5 Party standings
5.1 Seating plan
5.2 Membership changes
6 List of members
7 Officeholders
7.1 Speaker
7.2 Leaders
7.3 Floor leaders
7.4 Whips
7.5 Front benches
8 Committees
8.1 Standing committees
8.2 Select committees
9 Mace
10 Officers
11 See also
12 Notes
13 References
14 External links
Lawmaking[edit]
In accordance with the traditions of the Westminster system, most laws originate with the cabinet (Government bills), and are passed by the legislature after stages of debate and decision-making. Ordinary Members of the Legislature may introduce privately (Private Members' Bills), play an integral role in scrutinizing bills in debate and committee and amending bills presented to the legislature by cabinet.
Members are expected to be loyal to both their parliamentary party and to the interests of their constituents. In the event of conflict, however, duty to the parliamentary party takes precedence. Party loyalty is enforced by the chief government whip.
In the Ontario legislature this confrontation provides much of the material for Oral Questions and Members' Statements. Legislative scrutiny of the executive is also at the heart of much of the work carried out by the Legislature's Standing Committees, which are made up of ordinary backbenchers.
A Member's day will typically be divided among participating in the business of the House, attending caucus and committee meetings, speaking in various debates, or returning to his or her constituency to address the concerns, problems and grievances of constituents. Depending on personal inclination and political circumstances, some Members concentrate most of their attention on House matters while others focus on constituency problems, taking on something of an ombudsman's role in the process.
Finally, it is the task of the legislature to provide the personnel of the executive. As already noted, under responsible government, ministers of the Crown are expected to be Members of the Assembly. When a political party comes to power it will usually place its more experienced parliamentarians into the key cabinet positions, where their parliamentary experience may be the best preparation for the rough and tumble of political life in government.
Coat of arms[edit]
The Legislative Assembly of Ontario is the first and the only legislature in Canada to have a Coat of Arms separate from the provincial coat of arms.
Green and gold are the principal colours in the shield of arms of the province. The Mace is the traditional symbol of the authority of the Speaker. Shown on the left is the current Mace. On the right is the original Mace from the time of the first parliament in 1792. The crossed Maces are joined by the shield of arms of Ontario.
The crown on the wreath represents national and provincial loyalties; its rim is studded with the provincial gemstone, the amethyst. The griffin, an ancient symbol of justice and equity, holds a calumet, which symbolizes the meeting of spirit and discussion that Ontario's First Nations believe accompanies the use of the pipe.
The deer represent the natural riches of the province. The Loyalist coronets at their necks honour the original British settlers in Ontario who brought with them the British parliamentary form of government. The Royal Crowns, left 1992, right 1792, recognize the parliamentary bicentennial and represent Ontario's heritage as a constitutional monarchy. They were granted as a special honour by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II on the recommendation of the Governor General.
In the base, the maple leaves are for Canada, the trilliums for Ontario and the roses for York (now Toronto), the provincial capital.
Media[edit]
Proceedings of the Legislative Assembly are broadcast to Ontario cable television subscribers by the Ontario Parliament Network. A late-night rebroadcast of Question Period is also aired on the provincial public broadcaster TVOntario.
Timeline of the 42nd Parliament of Ontario[edit]
Party standings[edit]
Election of the Legislative Assembly of the 42nd Ontario Parliament occurred June 7, 2018, as a result of which Doug Ford's Progresive Conservatives will form a majority government.
Affiliation
Party
Leader
Status
Seats
2018 election
Current
Progressive Conservative Doug Ford Government 76 76
New Democratic Andrea Horwath Official Opposition 40 40
Liberal John Fraser
(Interim) No party status 7 7
Green Mike Schreiner No party status 1 1
Total
124
Government Majority
28
28
Seating plan[edit]
The seating chamber was influenced by the British House of Commons layout and that of the original St. Stephen's Chapel in the Palace of Westminster.[4] The difference with the British layout is with the use of individual chairs and tables for members, absent in the British Commons' design.
view of the layout of the original Parliament of Ontario and that of the Upper Canada and the Province of Canada
Previous location of the legislature, once home of the legislature of Upper Canada and the United Provinces of Canada, had similar layout.
Membership changes[edit]
Number of members
per party by date
2018
Jun 7
Progressive Conservative 76
New Democratic 40
Liberal 7
Green 1
Total members
124
Vacant 0
List of members[edit]
Name
Party
Riding
First Elected
Left office
Notes
Rod Phillips Progressive Conservative Ajax June 7, 2018 Incumbent
Michael Mantha New Democratic Algoma—Manitoulin October 6, 2011 Incumbent
Michael Parsa Progressive Conservative Aurora—Oak Ridges—Richmond Hill June 7, 2018 Incumbent
Andrea Khanjin Progressive Conservative Barrie—Innisfil June 7, 2018 Incumbent
Doug Downey Progressive Conservative Barrie—Springwater—Oro-Medonte June 7, 2018 Incumbent
Todd Smith Progressive Conservative Bay of Quinte October 6, 2011 Incumbent
Rima Berns-McGown New Democratic Beaches—East York June 7, 2018 Incumbent
Sara Singh New Democratic Brampton Centre June 7, 2018 Incumbent
Gurratan Singh New Democratic Brampton East June 7, 2018 Incumbent
Kevin Yarde New Democratic Brampton North June 7, 2018 Incumbent
Prabmeet Sarkaria Progressive Conservative Brampton South June 7, 2018 Incumbent
Amarjot Sandhu Progressive Conservative Brampton West June 7, 2018 Incumbent
Will Bouma Progressive Conservative Brantford—Brant June 7, 2018 Incumbent
Bill Walker Progressive Conservative Bruce—Grey—Owen Sound October 6, 2011 Incumbent
Jane McKenna Progressive Conservative Burlington October 6, 2011 Incumbent Was defeated in the same riding during the 2014 Ontario general election. Regained her seat in 2018 general election.
Belinda Karahalios Progressive Conservative Cambridge June 7, 2018 Incumbent
Goldie Ghamari Progressive Conservative Carleton June 7, 2018 Incumbent
Rick Nicholls Progressive Conservative Chatham-Kent—Leamington October 6, 2011 Incumbent
Marit Stiles New Democratic Davenport June 7, 2018 Incumbent
Michael Coteau Liberal Don Valley East October 6, 2011 Incumbent
Vincent Ke Progressive Conservative Don Valley North June 7, 2018 Incumbent
Kathleen Wynne Liberal Don Valley West October 2, 2003 Incumbent Currently the longest serving female member. Former Premier of Ontario.
Sylvia Jones Progressive Conservative Dufferin—Caledon October 10, 2007 Incumbent
Lindsey Park Progressive Conservative Durham June 7, 2018 Incumbent
Robin Martin Progressive Conservative Eglinton—Lawrence June 7, 2018 Incumbent
Jeff Yurek Progressive Conservative Elgin—Middlesex—London October 6, 2011 Incumbent
Taras Natyshak New Democratic Essex October 6, 2011 Incumbent
Kinga Surma Progressive Conservative Etobicoke Centre June 7, 2018 Incumbent
Christine Hogarth Progressive Conservative Etobicoke—Lakeshore June 7, 2018 Incumbent
Doug Ford Progressive Conservative Etobicoke North June 7, 2018 Incumbent
Donna Skelly Progressive Conservative Flamborough—Glanbrook June 7, 2018 Incumbent
Amanda Simard Progressive Conservative Glengarry—Prescott—Russell June 7, 2018 Incumbent
Mike Schreiner Green Guelph June 7, 2018 Incumbent
Toby Barrett Progressive Conservative Haldimand—Norfolk June 8, 1995 Incumbent
Laurie Scott Progressive Conservative Haliburton—Kawartha Lakes—Brock October 2, 2003 Incumbent Resigned seat on January 8, 2009 to allow PC leader John Tory to enter legislature. Regained seat in 2011 general election.
Andrea Horwath New Democratic Hamilton Centre May 13, 2004 Incumbent
Paul Miller New Democratic Hamilton East—Stoney Creek October 10, 2007 Incumbent
Monique Taylor New Democratic Hamilton Mountain October 6, 2011 Incumbent
Sandy Shaw New Democratic Hamilton West—Ancaster—Dundas June 7, 2018 Incumbent
Daryl Kramp Progressive Conservative Hastings—Lennox and Addington June 7, 2018 Incumbent
Tom Rakocevic New Democratic Humber River—Black Creek June 7, 2018 Incumbent
Lisa Thompson Progressive Conservative Huron—Bruce October 6, 2011 Incumbent
Merrilee Fullerton Progressive Conservative Kanata—Carleton June 7, 2018 Incumbent
Greg Rickford Progressive Conservative Kenora—Rainy River June 7, 2018 Incumbent
Sol Mamakwa New Democratic Kiiwetinoong June 7, 2018 Incumbent
Stephen Lecce Progressive Conservative King—Vaughan June 7, 2018 Incumbent
Ian Arthur New Democratic Kingston and the Islands June 7, 2018 Incumbent
Laura Mae Lindo New Democratic Kitchener Centre June 7, 2018 Incumbent
Mike Harris Jr. Progressive Conservative Kitchener—Conestoga June 7, 2018 Incumbent
Amy Fee Progressive Conservative Kitchener South—Hespeler June 7, 2018 Incumbent
Monte McNaughton Progressive Conservative Lambton—Kent—Middlesex October 6, 2011 Incumbent
Randy Hillier Progressive Conservative Lanark—Frontenac—Kingston October 10, 2007 Incumbent
Steve Clark Progressive Conservative Leeds—Grenville—Thousand Islands and Rideau Lakes March 4, 2010 Incumbent
Teresa Armstrong New Democratic London—Fanshawe October 6, 2011 Incumbent
Terence Kernaghan New Democratic London North Centre June 7, 2018 Incumbent
Peggy Sattler New Democratic London West August 1, 2013 Incumbent
Paul Calandra Progressive Conservative Markham—Stouffville June 7, 2018 Incumbent
Logan Kanapathi Progressive Conservative Markham—Thornhill June 7, 2018 Incumbent
Billy Pang Progressive Conservative Markham—Unionville June 7, 2018 Incumbent
Parm Gill Progressive Conservative Milton June 7, 2018 Incumbent
Natalia Kusendova Progressive Conservative Mississauga Centre June 7, 2018 Incumbent
Kaleed Rasheed Progressive Conservative Mississauga East—Cooksville June 7, 2018 Incumbent
Sheref Sabawy Progressive Conservative Mississauga—Erin Mills June 7, 2018 Incumbent
Rudy Cuzzetto Progressive Conservative Mississauga—Lakeshore June 7, 2018 Incumbent
Deepak Anand Progressive Conservative Mississauga—Malton June 7, 2018 Incumbent
Nina Tangri Progressive Conservative Mississauga—Streetsville June 7, 2018 Incumbent
Guy Bourgouin New Democratic Mushkegowuk—James Bay June 7, 2018 Incumbent
Lisa MacLeod Progressive Conservative Nepean March 30, 2006 Incumbent
Christine Elliott Progressive Conservative Newmarket—Aurora March 30, 2006 Incumbent Previously represented Whitby—Ajax and Whitby—Oshawa. Resigned seat on August 28, 2015. Regained a seat in 2018 general election.
Jeff Burch New Democratic Niagara Centre June 7, 2018 Incumbent
Wayne Gates New Democratic Niagara Falls February 13, 2014 Incumbent
Sam Oosterhoff Progressive Conservative Niagara West November 17, 2016 Incumbent
France Gélinas New Democratic Nickel Belt October 10, 2007 Incumbent
Vic Fedeli Progressive Conservative Nipissing October 6, 2011 Incumbent
David Piccini Progressive Conservative Northumberland—Peterborough South June 7, 2018 Incumbent
Stephen Crawford Progressive Conservative Oakville June 7, 2018 Incumbent
Effie Triantafilopoulos Progressive Conservative Oakville North—Burlington June 7, 2018 Incumbent
Marie-France Lalonde Liberal Orléans June 12, 2014 Incumbent
Jennifer French New Democratic Oshawa June 12, 2014 Incumbent
Joel Harden New Democratic Ottawa Centre June 7, 2018 Incumbent
John Fraser Liberal Ottawa South August 1, 2013 Incumbent
Nathalie Des Rosiers Liberal Ottawa—Vanier November 17, 2016 Incumbent
Jeremy Roberts Progressive Conservative Ottawa West—Nepean June 7, 2018 Incumbent
Ernie Hardeman Progressive Conservative Oxford June 8, 1995 Incumbent
Bhutila Karpoche New Democratic Parkdale—High Park June 7, 2018 Incumbent
Norm Miller Progressive Conservative Parry Sound—Muskoka March 22, 2001 Incumbent
Randy Pettapiece Progressive Conservative Perth—Wellington October 6, 2011 Incumbent
Dave Smith Progressive Conservative Peterborough—Kawartha June 7, 2018 Incumbent
Peter Bethlenfalvy Progressive Conservative Pickering—Uxbridge June 7, 2018 Incumbent
John Yakabuski Progressive Conservative Renfrew—Nipissing—Pembroke October 2, 2003 Incumbent
Daisy Wai Progressive Conservative Richmond Hill June 7, 2018 Incumbent
Jennie Stevens New Democratic St. Catharines June 7, 2018 Incumbent
Bob Bailey Progressive Conservative Sarnia—Lambton October 10, 2007 Incumbent
Ross Romano Progressive Conservative Sault Ste. Marie June 1, 2017 Incumbent
Aris Babikian Progressive Conservative Scarborough—Agincourt June 7, 2018 Incumbent
Christina Mitas Progressive Conservative Scarborough Centre June 7, 2018 Incumbent
Mitzie Hunter Liberal Scarborough—Guildwood August 1, 2013 Incumbent
Raymond Cho Progressive Conservative Scarborough North September 1, 2016 Incumbent
Vijay Thanigasalam Progressive Conservative Scarborough—Rouge Park June 7, 2018 Incumbent
Doly Begum New Democratic Scarborough Southwest June 7, 2018 Incumbent
Jim Wilson Progressive Conservative Simcoe—Grey September 6, 1990 Incumbent Currently the longest serving member, alongside Ted Arnott and Gilles Bisson, and with Arnott, the longest serving PC member.
Jill Dunlop Progressive Conservative Simcoe North June 7, 2018 Incumbent
Chris Glover New Democratic Spadina—Fort York June 7, 2018 Incumbent
Jim McDonell Progressive Conservative Stormont—Dundas—South Glengarry October 6, 2011 Incumbent
Jamie West New Democratic Sudbury June 7, 2018 Incumbent
Gila Martow Progressive Conservative Thornhill February 13, 2014 Incumbent
Judith Monteith-Farrell New Democratic Thunder Bay—Atikokan June 7, 2018 Incumbent
Michael Gravelle Liberal Thunder Bay—Superior North June 8, 1995 Incumbent Currently the longest serving Liberal member.
John Vanthof New Democratic Timiskaming—Cochrane October 6, 2011 Incumbent
Gilles Bisson New Democratic Timmins September 6, 1990 Incumbent Currently the longest serving member, alongside Ted Arnott and Jim Wilson, and the longest serving NDP member.
Suze Morrison New Democratic Toronto Centre June 7, 2018 Incumbent
Peter Tabuns New Democratic Toronto—Danforth March 30, 2006 Incumbent
Jill Andrew New Democratic Toronto—St. Paul's June 7, 2018 Incumbent
Jessica Bell New Democratic University—Rosedale June 7, 2018 Incumbent
Michael Tibollo Progressive Conservative Vaughan—Woodbridge June 7, 2018 Incumbent
Catherine Fife New Democratic Waterloo September 6, 2012 Incumbent
Ted Arnott Progressive Conservative Wellington—Halton Hills September 6, 1990 Incumbent Currently the longest serving member, alongside Gilles Bisson and Jim Wilson, and with Wilson, the longest serving PC member.
Lorne Coe Progressive Conservative Whitby February 11, 2016 Incumbent
Stan Cho Progressive Conservative Willowdale June 7, 2018 Incumbent
Percy Hatfield New Democratic Windsor—Tecumseh August 1, 2013 Incumbent
Lisa Gretzky New Democratic Windsor West June 12, 2014 Incumbent
Roman Baber Progressive Conservative York Centre June 7, 2018 Incumbent
Caroline Mulroney Progressive Conservative York—Simcoe June 7, 2018 Incumbent
Faisal Hassan New Democratic York South—Weston June 7, 2018 Incumbent
Officeholders[edit]
Speaker[edit]
Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario: Ted Arnott (Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario)
Deputy Speaker (Government): Rick Nicholls
Deputy Speakers (Official Opposition): Lisa Gretzky, Percy Hatfield, Jennifer French
Deputy Speaker (Third Party): None as there are only two recognized parties in the current Ontario Legislature
Leaders[edit]
Premier of Ontario: Doug Ford (Progressive Conservative)
Leader of the Opposition: Andrea Horwath (New Democratic)
Leader of the Liberal Party: John Fraser (Interim)
Leader of the Green Party: Mike Schreiner
Floor leaders[edit]
Government House Leader: Todd Smith (Progressive Conservative)
Opposition House Leader: Gilles Bisson (NDP)
Third Party House Leader: There is no recognized third party in this session of the legislature.
Whips[edit]
Chief Government Whip: Bill Walker
Official Opposition Whip: John Vanthof
Liberal Whip:
Front benches[edit]
Executive Council of Ontario
Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet of the 42nd Legislative Assembly of Ontario
Committees[edit]
There are two forms which Committees can take. The first, standing committees, are struck for the duration of the Parliament pursuant to Standing Orders. The second, select committees, are struck usually by a Motion or an Order of the House to consider a specific bill or issue which would otherwise monopolize the time of the standing committees.
Standing committees[edit]
A committee which exists for the duration of a parliamentary session. This committee examines and reports on the general conduct of activities by government departments and agencies and reports on matters referred to it by the house, including proposed legislation.[5]
Standing Committees in the current Parliament:
Standing Committee on Estimates
Standing Committee on Finance and Economic Affairs
Standing Committee on General Government
Standing Committee on Government Agencies
Standing Committee on Social Policy
Standing Committee on Justice Policy
Standing Committee on Public Accounts
Standing Committee on Regulations and Private Bills
Standing Committee on the Legislative Assembly
Select committees[edit]
Select committees are set up specifically to study certain bills or issues and according to the Standing Orders, consists of not more than 11 members from all parties with representation reflecting the current standing in the house. In some cases, the committee must examine material by a specific date and then report its conclusion to the legislature. After its final report, the committee is dissolved.[5]
Select Committees in the 39th Parliament:
The Select Committee on Elections completed its work on June 30, 2009.
The Select Committee on Mental Health and Addictions completed its work on August 26, 2010.
The Select Committee on the proposed transaction of the TMX Group and the London Stock Exchange Group completed its work on April 19, 2011.
Mace[edit]
The ceremonial mace of the Legislature is the fourth mace to be used in Upper Canada or Ontario.
The first mace was used by the Chamber of Upper Canada's first Parliament in 1792 at Newark (now Niagara-on-the-Lake) and then moved to York (now Toronto).[6] The primitive wooden mace, painted red and gilt and surmounted by a crown of thin brass strips. It was stolen by American troops as a Prize of War during the Battle of York of the War of 1812 in 1813. The mace was stored at United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland, and remained in the United States until 1934 when it was returned to Ontario when President Franklin Roosevelt sent an order to Congress to return the mace.[7] It was stored at the Royal Ontario Museum for a time, and is now located in the Main Lobby of the Ontario Legislative Building.[6]
A second mace was introduced in 1813 and used until 1841.
The third mace was not purchased until 1845. In 1849, it was stolen by a riotous mob in Montreal, apparently intent upon destroying it in a public demonstration. Fortunately it was rescued and returned to the Speaker, Sir Allan Macnab, the next day. Later, in 1854, the Mace was twice rescued when the Parliament Buildings in Quebec were ravaged by fire. The Mace continued to be used by the Union Parliament in Toronto and Quebec until Confederation in 1867, when it was taken to the Parliament of Canada in Ottawa, where it remained in the House of Commons until 1916. When the Parliament Buildings were gutted by fire during that year, the Mace could not be saved from Centre Block. All that remained was a tiny ball of silver and gold conglomerate.[6]
After Confederation, where the third mace moved with the new Parliament of the Dominion of Canada to Ottawa. The current mace used in Legislative Assembly of Ontario was acquired in 1867. It was provided by Charles E. Zollikofer of Ottawa for $200. The Four-foot mace is made of copper and richly gilded, a flattened ball at the butt end. Initially the head of the mace bore the crown of Queen Victoria and in a cup with her monogram, V.R.. When she was succeeded by Edward VII in 1901, her crown and cup were removed and a new one bearing Edward's initials on the cup was installed. Eventually it was replaced with the current cup which is adorned in gleaming brass leaves.[6]
Through some careful detective work on the part of Legislative Assembly staff, the original cup with Queen Victoria's monogram was recently found in the Royal Ontario Museum’s collection and returned to the Legislature. It is now on display in the Ontario Legislative Building.[6]
In 2009, two diamonds were installed in the Mace. The diamonds were a gift to the people of Ontario from De Beers Canada to mark the opening of the Victor Mine near Attawapiskat in northern Ontario. Three diamonds were selected from the first run of the mine. Two stones, one rough and one polished, were set in platinum in the crown of the Mace while the third stone, also polished, was put on exhibit in the lobby of the Legislative Building as part of a display about the history of the Mace.[6]
Officers[edit]
Like the Parliament of Canada, the Legislature has procedural officers:
The Clerk of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario is the chief permanent officer of the Legislative Assembly, with the rank and status of a Deputy Minister. He or she is the principal procedural adviser and senior officer of the House. The Clerk's responsibilities include advising the Speaker and Members of the Legislature on questions of procedure and interpretation of the rules and practices of the House. The Clerk is also responsible for the overall direction and administration of the Legislative Assembly and is Secretary of the Board of Internal Economy. As Chief Executive Officer, the Clerk is accountable to the Speaker for the administrative and operational functions of the Office of the Assembly.
The other key officer is the Sergeant-at-Arms, whose role is to keep order during meetings in the Legislature. The Sergeant-at-Arms is also charged with control of the Ceremonial mace in the Legislature in session.
Other officers of the legislature include the Ontario Ombudsman, the Environmental Commissioner, the Integrity Commissioner, the Auditor General, the Chief Electoral Officer, the Information and Privacy Commissioner, the Financial Accountability Officer,[8] the French Language Services Commissioner[9] and the Provincial Advocate for Children and Youth.[10]
See also[edit]
Office of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario
List of Ontario political parties
Cabinet of Ontario
List of Ontario general elections
List of Ontario Legislative Assemblies
Category:Members of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario
Ontario Parliament Network
Notes[edit]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Origins of "MPP"". The Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario. Retrieved 2016-04-05.
Jump up ^ Constitution Act, 1867, 30 & 31 Victoria 1867, c. 3 (U.K.), s. 69 (Constitution Act, 1867 at Department of Justice Canada) .
Jump up ^ "Legacy of a People's Park". Education Portal. Legislative Assembly of Ontario. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Commons Chamber in the 16th Century". UK Parliament. Retrieved 2016-09-28.
^ Jump up to: a b Legislative Assembly of Ontario: Glossary retrieved 10 February 2010
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "The Mace". speaker.ontla.on.ca. Retrieved 2017-05-16.
Jump up ^ "Franklin D. Roosevelt: Message to Congress Requesting Authority to Return a Mace to Canada". www.presidency.ucsb.edu. Retrieved 2016-09-28.
Jump up ^ http://www.fao-on.org/en/
Jump up ^ http://csfontario.ca/en/
Jump up ^ http://www.provincialadvocate.on.ca/
External links[edit]
Legislative Assembly of Ontario official site
The Mace
The Speaker
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