text:
List of Disney California Adventure attractions
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Disney California Adventure is a Disney theme park in Anaheim, California, adjacent to Disneyland and part of the larger Disneyland Resort. It opened on February 8, 2001. Here is a list of the current attractions found therein, arranged by "land" and with brief descriptions. These are only attractions from the Disney California Adventure itself, not from Disneyland park or other parts of the Disneyland Resort, and that parades and character meets are not listed in this article. (The term "attractions" is used by Disney as a catch-all term for rides, shows, and exhibits.) Disney California Adventure currently has 37 attractions in the theme park.
Disney California Adventure began a major $1.2 billion USD renovation in 2008 that ended in 2012, where virtually every area of the park had some type of work done.
Contents
1 Buena Vista Street
2 Hollywood Land
3 Cars Land
4 Grizzly Peak
5 Pacific Wharf
6 Paradise Gardens Park
7 Pixar Pier
8 See also
9 References
Buena Vista Street[edit]
Main article: Buena Vista Street
Red Car Trolley
Hollywood Land[edit]
Main article: Hollywood Land
Originally Hollywood Pictures Backlot, until it was renamed to Hollywood Land, in 2012.
Disney Junior Dance Party
Frozen – Live at the Hyperion
Guardians of the Galaxy – Mission: Breakout!
Monsters, Inc. Mike & Sulley to the Rescue!
Red Car Trolley
Sunset Showcase Theater
Disney Animation:
Animation Academy
Sorcerer's Workshop
Turtle Talk with Crush
Cars Land[edit]
Main article: Cars Land
Luigi's Rollickin' Roadsters
Mater's Junkyard Jamboree
Radiator Springs Racers
Grizzly Peak[edit]
Main article: Grizzly Peak (Disney California Adventure)
Grizzly River Run
Redwood Creek Challenge Trail
Soarin' Around the World
Pacific Wharf[edit]
The Bakery Tour
Walt Disney Imagineering Blue Sky Cellar
Paradise Gardens Park[edit]
Main article: Pixar Pier and Paradise Gardens Park
Golden Zephyr
Goofy's Sky School
Jumpin' Jellyfish
The Little Mermaid: Ariel's Undersea Adventure
Paint the Night
Silly Symphony Swings
World of Color
Pixar Pier[edit]
Main article: Pixar Pier and Paradise Gardens Park
Games of Pixar Pier
Incredicoaster
Jessie's Critter Carousel
Pixar Pal-A-Round (Swinging and Non-Swinging)
Toy Story Midway Mania!
See also[edit]
List of former Disneyland attractions
List of former Disney California Adventure attractions
List of Disneyland attractions
References[edit]
show
v
t
e
Disney California Adventure
Current attractions
Former attractions
Buena Vista Street
Red Car Trolley
Grizzly Peak
Grizzly River Run
Redwood Creek Challenge Trail
Soarin' Around the World
Hollywood Land
Disney Animation Building
Animation Academy
Turtle Talk with Crush
Sorcerer's Workshop
Guardians of the Galaxy – Mission: Breakout!
Hyperion Theater
Frozen – Live at the Hyperion
Monsters, Inc. Mike & Sulley to the Rescue!
Red Car Trolley
Pacific Wharf
The Bakery Tour
Walt Disney Imagineering Blue Sky Cellar
Pixar Pier
Games of Pixar Pier
Incredicoaster
Jessie's Critter Carousel
Pixar Pal-A-Round
Toy Story Midway Mania!
Paradise Gardens Park
Golden Zephyr
Goofy's Sky School
Jumpin' Jellyfish
The Little Mermaid: Ariel's Undersea Adventure
Silly Symphony Swings
Cars Land
Luigi's Rollickin' Roadsters
Radiator Springs Racers
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Paint the Night
World of Color
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Inside Out Emotional Whirlwind
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show
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Disney California Adventure
current attractions
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Related articles
Walt Disney Imagineering
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Anaheim
Anaheim Rapid Connection
Anaheim Resort
Anaheim Resort Transportation
Walt Disney Parks and Resorts
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List of Chief Justices of India
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Contents
[hide]
1 List of Chief Justices
1.1 Federal Court of India (1937-1950)
1.2 Supreme Court of India
2 Notes
3 See also
4 References
List of Chief Justices[edit]
Federal Court of India (1937-1950)[edit]
The Federal Court came into being on 1 September 1937. The seat of the court was the Chamber of Princes in the Parliament building in Delhi. It began with a Chief Justice and two puisne judges. The first Chief Justice was Sir Maurice Gwyer and the other two judges were Sir Shah Muhammad Sulaiman and M. R. Jayakar. It functioned until the establishment of the Supreme Court of India on 28 January 1950.
Number
Name
Period of office
Length of term (days)
Bar
Appointed by
1 Sir Maurice Gwyer 000000001937-10-01-00001 October 1937 000000001943-04-25-000025 April 1943‡ 2,032 Inner Temple The Marquess of Linlithgow
Acting Sir Srinivas Vardachariar 000000001943-04-25-000025 April 1943 000000001943-06-07-00007 June 1943 43
2 Sir Patrick Spens 000000001943-06-07-00007 June 1943 000000001947-08-14-000014 August 1947 1,529 Inner Temple
3 Sir H. J. Kania 000000001947-08-14-000014 August 1947 000000001950-01-26-000026 January 1950 896 Bombay High Court The Viscount Mountbatten of Burma
‡ – Date of Resignation
Supreme Court of India[edit]
Since the birth of the Republic of India on 26 January 1950, 45 people have served as the Chief Justice of India (CJI).[1] While H. J. Kania is the inaugural CJI, the current incumbent is Dipak Misra who was appointed as Chief Justice of India on 28 August 2017. Justice Y. V. Chandrachud is the longest serving Chief Justice (000000001978-02-01-0000February 1978 - 000000001985-07-01-0000July 1985).
Number
Name
Period of office
Length of term (days)
Bar
Appointed by
1 H J Kania 000000001950-01-26-000026 January 1950 000000001951-11-06-00006 November 1951‡‡ 649 Bombay High Court Rajendra Prasad
2 M. Patanjali Sastri 000000001951-11-07-00007 November 1951 000000001954-01-03-00003 January 1954 788 Madras High Court
3 Mehr Chand Mahajan 000000001954-01-04-00004 January 1954 000000001954-12-22-000022 December 1954 352 Punjab and Haryana High Court
4 Bijan Kumar Mukherjea 000000001954-12-23-000023 December 1954 000000001956-01-31-000031 January 1956‡ 404 Calcutta High Court
5 Sudhi Ranjan Das 000000001956-02-01-00001 February 1956 000000001959-09-30-000030 September 1959 1337 Calcutta High Court
6 Bhuvaneshwar Prasad Sinha 000000001959-10-01-00001 October 1959 000000001964-01-31-000031 January 1964 1583 Patna High Court
7 P. B. Gajendragadkar 000000001964-02-01-00001 February 1964 000000001966-03-15-000015 March 1966 773 Bombay High Court Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
8 Amal Kumar Sarkar 000000001966-03-16-000016 March 1966 000000001966-06-29-000029 June 1966 105 Calcutta High Court
9 Koka Subba Rao 000000001966-06-30-000030 June 1966 000000001967-04-11-000011 April 1967‡ 285 Madras High Court
10 Kailas Nath Wanchoo 000000001967-04-12-000012 April 1967 000000001968-02-24-000024 February 1968 318 Allahabad High Court
11 Mohammad Hidayatullah[2] 000000001968-02-25-000025 February 1968 000000001970-12-16-000016 December 1970 1025 Bombay High Court Zakir Hussain
12 Jayantilal Chhotalal Shah 000000001970-12-17-000017 December 1970 000000001971-01-21-000021 January 1971 35 Bombay High Court Varahagiri Venkata Giri
13 Sarv Mittra Sikri 000000001971-01-22-000022 January 1971 000000001973-04-25-000025 April 1973 824 Lahore High Court
14 Ajit Nath Ray 000000001973-04-26-000026 April 1973 000000001977-01-27-000027 January 1977 1372 Calcutta High Court
15 Mirza Hameedullah Beg 000000001977-01-28-000028 January 1977 000000001978-02-21-000021 February 1978 389 Allahabad High Court Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed
16 Yeshwant Vishnu Chandrachud 000000001978-02-22-000022 February 1978 000000001985-07-11-000011 July 1985 2696 Bombay High Court Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
17 Prafullachandra Natwarlal Bhagwati 000000001985-07-12-000012 July 1985 000000001986-12-20-000020 December 1986 526 Gujarat High Court Gyani Zail Singh
18 Raghunandan Swarup Pathak 000000001986-12-21-000021 December 1986 000000001989-06-18-000018 June 1989‡ 940 Allahabad High Court
19 Engalaguppe Seetharamiah Venkataramiah 000000001989-06-19-000019 June 1989 000000001989-12-17-000017 December 1989 181 Karnataka High Court Ramaswamy Venkataraman
20 Sabyasachi Mukharji 000000001989-12-18-000018 December 1989 000000001990-09-25-000025 September 1990‡‡ 281 Calcutta High Court
21 Ranganath Misra 000000001990-09-26-000026 September 1990 000000001991-11-24-000024 November 1991 424 Odisha High Court
22 Kamal Narain Singh 000000001991-11-25-000025 November 1991 000000001991-12-12-000012 December 1991 17 Allahabad High Court
23 Madhukar Hiralal Kania 000000001991-12-13-000013 December 1991 000000001992-11-17-000017 November 1992 340 Bombay High Court
24 Lalit Mohan Sharma 000000001992-11-18-000018 November 1992 000000001993-02-11-000011 February 1993 85 Patna High Court Shankar Dayal Sharma
25 Manepalli Narayana Rao Venkatachaliah 000000001993-02-12-000012 February 1993 000000001994-10-24-000024 October 1994 619 Karnataka High Court
26 Aziz Mushabber Ahmadi 000000001994-10-25-000025 October 1994 000000001997-03-24-000024 March 1997 881 Gujarat High Court
27 Jagdish Sharan Verma 000000001997-03-25-000025 March 1997 000000001998-01-17-000017 January 1998 298 Madhya Pradesh High Court
28 Madan Mohan Punchhi 000000001998-01-18-000018 January 1998 000000001998-10-09-00009 October 1998 264 Punjab and Haryana High Court Kocheril Raman Narayanan
29 Adarsh Sein Anand 000000001998-10-10-000010 October 1998 000000002001-10-31-000031 October 2001 1,117 Jammu and Kashmir High Court
30 Sam Piroj Bharucha 000000002001-11-01-00001 November 2001 000000002002-05-05-00005 May 2002 185 Bombay High Court
31 Bhupinder Nath Kirpal 000000002002-05-06-00006 May 2002 000000002002-11-07-00007 November 2002 185 Delhi High Court
32 Gopal Ballav Pattanaik 000000002002-11-08-00008 November 2002 000000002002-12-18-000018 December 2002 40 Odisha High Court A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
33 V. N. Khare 000000002002-12-19-000019 December 2002 000000002004-05-01-00001 May 2004 499 Allahabad High Court
34 S. Rajendra Babu 000000002004-05-02-00002 May 2004 000000002004-05-31-000031 May 2004 29 Karnataka High Court
35 Ramesh Chandra Lahoti 000000002004-06-01-00001 June 2004 000000002005-10-31-000031 October 2005 517 Madhya Pradesh High Court
36 Yogesh Kumar Sabharwal 000000002005-11-01-00001 November 2005 000000002007-01-13-000013 January 2007 438 Delhi High Court
37 K. G. Balakrishnan 000000002007-01-14-000014 January 2007 000000002010-05-12-000012 May 2010 1,214 Kerala High Court
38 S. H. Kapadia 000000002010-05-12-000012 May 2010 000000002012-09-28-000028 September 2012 870 Bombay High Court Pratibha Patil
39 Altamas Kabir 000000002012-09-29-000029 September 2012 000000002013-07-18-000018 July 2013 292 Calcutta High Court Pranab Mukherjee
40 P. Sathasivam 000000002013-07-19-000019 July 2013 000000002014-04-26-000026 April 2014 281 Madras High Court
41 Rajendra Mal Lodha 000000002014-04-27-000027 April 2014 000000002014-09-27-000027 September 2014 153 Rajasthan High Court
42 H. L. Dattu 000000002014-09-28-000028 September 2014 000000002015-12-02-00002 December 2015 430 Karnataka High Court
43 T. S. Thakur 000000002015-12-03-00003 December 2015 000000002017-01-03-00003 January 2017 397 Jammu and Kashmir High Court
44 Jagdish Singh Khehar 000000002017-01-04-00004 January 2017 000000002017-08-27-000027 August 2017 236 Punjab and Haryana High Court
45 Dipak Misra 000000002017-08-28-000028 August 2017 Incumbent 126 Odisha High Court Ram Nath Kovind
Notes[edit]
‡ - Date of Resignation
‡‡ - Date of Death
See also[edit]
List of current Indian chief justices
List of former justices of the Supreme Court of India
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "List of Retired Hon'ble Chief Justices". Archived from the original on 2016-12-19. Retrieved 6 Jan 2012.
Jump up ^ Also served as Acting President of India and Vice-President of India.
[show]
v
t
e
Judiciary of India
Supreme Court
Supreme Court of India
Chief Justice of India
List of Chief Justices of India
List of sitting judges
High Courts
High Courts of India
Chief Justices of High Courts of India
District Courts
District Courts of India
List of district courts of India
Judicial Magistrate of First Class
Courts of Judicial Magistrate of First Class
Gram Nyayalayas
Judicial Magistrate of Second Class
Courts of Judicial Magistrate of Second Class
Constitution
Constitution of India
Law of India
Indian Penal Code
Appointment of Judges
National Judicial Appointments Commission
Collegium System
[show]
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Chief Justices of the Territories of the British Empire and the United Kingdom
Legend
Current territory
Former territory
* Now a Commonwealth realm
Now a member of the Commonwealth of Nations
[show]
Europe
Since 1234 England and Wales
Since c.1200 Scotland
1175-1921 Ireland
1708–1757 Menorca
Since 1713 Gibraltar
1763–1782 Menorca
1798–1802 Menorca
1800–1813 Malta (Protectorate)
1813–1964 Malta (Colony)
1807–1890 Heligoland
1809–1864 Ionian Islands
1878–1960 Cyprus
1921–1937 Irish Free State
Since 1922 Northern Ireland
[show]
North America
17th century and before 18th century 19th and 20th century
1579 New Albion
1583–1907 Newfoundland
1605–1979 *Saint Lucia
1607–1776 Virginia
Since 1619 Bermuda
1620–1691 Plymouth Colony
1623–1883 Saint Kitts *(Saint Kitts & Nevis)
1624–1966 *Barbados
1625–1650 Saint Croix
1627–1979 *Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1628–1883 Nevis *(Saint Kitts & Nevis)
1629–1691 Massachusetts Bay Colony
1632–1776 Maryland
since 1632 Montserrat
1632–1860 Antigua *(Antigua & Barbuda)
1636–1776 Connecticut
1636–1776 Rhode Island
1637–1662 New Haven Colony
1643–1860 Bay Islands
Since 1650 Anguilla
1655–1850 Mosquito Coast (protectorate)
1655–1962 *Jamaica
1663–1712 Carolina
1664–1776 New York
1665–1674 and 1702–1776 New Jersey
Since 1666 British Virgin Islands
Since 1670 Cayman Islands
1670–1973 *Bahamas
1670–1870 Rupert's Land
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1674–1702 East Jersey
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1686–1689 Dominion of New England
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1701–1776 Delaware
1712–1776 North Carolina
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1713–1867 Nova Scotia
1733–1776 Georgia
1754–1820 Cape Breton Island
1762–1974 *Grenada
1763–1978 Dominica
1763–1873 Prince Edward Island
1763–1791 Quebec
1763–1783 East Florida
1763–1783 West Florida
1784–1867 New Brunswick
1791–1841 Lower Canada
1791–1841 Upper Canada
Since 1799 Turks and Caicos Islands
1818–1846 Columbia District/Oregon Country1
1833–1960 Windward Islands
1833–1960 Leeward Islands
1841–1867 Province of Canada
1849–1866 Vancouver Island
1853–1863 Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands
1858–1866 British Columbia
1859–1870 North-Western Territory
1860–1981 *British Antigua and Barbuda
1862–1863 Stikine Territory
1866–1871 Vancouver Island and British Columbia
1867–1931 *Dominion of Canada2
1871–1964 British Honduras (*Belize)
1882–1983 *Saint Kitts and Nevis
1889–1962 Trinidad and Tobago
1907–1949 Dominion of Newfoundland3
1958–1962 West Indies Federation
1. Occupied jointly with the United States.
2. In 1931, Canada and other British dominions obtained self-government through the Statute of Westminster. See Canada's name.
3. Gave up self-rule in 1934, but remained a de jure Dominion until it joined Canada in 1949.
[show]
South America
1651–1667 Willoughbyland (Suriname)
1670–1688 Saint Andrew and Providence Islands4
1831–1966 British Guiana (Guyana)
Since 1833 Falkland Islands5
Since 1908 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands5
4. Now the San Andrés y Providencia Department of Colombia.
5. Occupied by Argentina during the Falklands War of April–June 1982.
[show]
Africa
17th and 18th centuries 19th century 20th century
Since 1658 Saint Helena14
1792–1961 Sierra Leone
1795–1803 Cape Colony
Since 1815 Ascension Island14
Since 1816 Tristan da Cunha14
1806–1910 Cape Colony
1807–1808 Madeira
1810–1968 Mauritius
1816–1965 The Gambia
1856–1910 Natal
1868–1966 Basutoland (Lesotho)
1874–1957 Gold Coast (Ghana)
1882–1922 Egypt
1884–1966 Bechuanaland (Botswana)
1884–1960 British Somaliland
1887–1897 Zululand
1890–1962 Uganda
1890–1963 Zanzibar (Tanzania)
1891–1964 Nyasaland (Malawi)
1891–1907 British Central Africa Protectorate
1893–1968 Swaziland
1895–1920 East Africa Protectorate
1899–1956 Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
1900–1914 Northern Nigeria
1900–1914 Southern Nigeria
1900–1910 Orange River Colony
1900–1910 Transvaal Colony
1903–1976 Seychelles
1906–1954 Nigeria Colony
1910–1931 South Africa
1914–1954 Nigeria Colony and Protectorate
1915–1931 South West Africa (Namibia)
1919–1960 Cameroons (Cameroon)6
1920–1963 Kenya
1922–1961 Tanganyika (Tanzania)6
1923–1965 Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe)7
1924–1964 Northern Rhodesia (Zambia)
1953–1963 Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland
1954–1960 Nigeria
1979–1980 Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe)7
6. League of Nations mandate.
7. Self-governing Southern Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence in 1965 (as Rhodesia) and continued as an unrecognised state until the 1979 Lancaster House Agreement. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003.
[show]
Asia
17th and 18th century 19th century 20th century
1685–1824 Bencoolen (Sumatra)
1702–1705 Pulo Condore
1757-1862 Bengal (to 1862)
1862–1947 Bengal (from 1862) (West Bengal (India) and Bangladesh)
1762–1764 Manila and Cavite
1786–1946 Penang (Malaysia)
1795–1948 Ceylon (Sri Lanka)
1796–1965 Maldives
1812–1824 Banka (Sumatra) and Billiton (Sumatra)
1819–1826 British Malaya (West Malaysia and Singapore)
1826–1946 Straits Settlements (Malaysia and Singapore)
1839–1967 Colony of Aden
1839–1842 Afghanistan
1841–1997 Hong Kong
1841–1946 Kingdom of Sarawak (Malaysia)
1848–1946 Labuan (Malaysia)
1858–1947 British India (India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, Burma) • Bombay • Calcutta • Madras • North-Western Provinces/Allahabad)
1874–1963 British Borneo (East Malaysia and Brunei)
1879–1919 Afghanistan (protectorate)
1882–1963 British North Borneo (Malaysia)
1885–1946 Unfederated Malay States
1888–1984 Sultanate of Brunei
1891–1971 Muscat and Oman protectorate
1892–1971 Trucial States
1895–1946 Federated Malay States
1898–1930 Weihai Garrison
1907–1949 Bhutan (protectorate)
1918–1961 Kuwait protectorate
1920–1932 Iraq8
1921–1946 Transjordan8
1923–1948 Palestine8
1945–1946 South Vietnam
1946–1963 North Borneo (Malaysia)
1946–1963 Sarawak (Malaysia)
1946–1963 Singapore
1946–1948 Malayan Union
1948–1957 Federation of Malaya (Malaysia)
Since 1960 Akrotiri and Dhekelia (before as part of Cyprus)
Since 1965 British Indian Ocean Territory (before as part of Mauritius and the Seychelles)
8 League of Nations mandate. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty
[show]
Oceania
18th and 19th centuries 20th century
1788–1901 New South Wales
1803–1901 Tasmania
1807–1863 Auckland Islands9
1824–1980 New Hebrides (Vanuatu)
1824–1901 Queensland
1829–1901 Western Australia
1836–1901 South Australia
since 1838 Pitcairn Islands
1841–1907 Colony of New Zealand
1851–1901 Victoria
1874–1970 Fiji10
1877–1976 British Western Pacific Territories
1884–1949 Territory of Papua
1888–1901 Cook Islands9
1889–1948 Union Islands (Tokelau)9
1892–1979 Gilbert and Ellice Islands11
1893–1978 British Solomon Islands12
1900–1970 Tonga (protected state)
1900–1974 Niue9
1901–1942 *Commonwealth of Australia*Northern Territory
1907–1953 *Dominion of New Zealand
1919–1942 Nauru
1945–1968 Nauru
1919–1949 Territory of New Guinea
1949–1975 Territory of Papua and New Guinea13
9. Now part of the *Realm of New Zealand.
10. Suspended member.
11. Now Kiribati and *Tuvalu.
12. Now the *Solomon Islands.
13. Now *Papua New Guinea.
[show]
Antarctica and South Atlantic
Since 1658 Saint Helena14
Since 1815 Ascension Island14
Since 1816 Tristan da Cunha14
Since 1908 British Antarctic Territory15
1841–1933 Australian Antarctic Territory (transferred to the Commonwealth of Australia)
1841–1947 Ross Dependency (transferred to the Realm of New Zealand)
14. Since 2009 part of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena.
15. Both claimed in 1908; territories formed in 1962 (British Antarctic Territory) and 1985 (South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands).
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Sons of Anarchy (season 6)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Sons of Anarchy (season 6)
Region 1 DVD cover art
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
13
Release
Original network
FX
Original release
September 10 (2013-09-10) – December 10, 2013 (2013-12-10)
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 5
Next →
Season 7
List of Sons of Anarchy episodes
The sixth season of the American television drama series Sons of Anarchy created by Kurt Sutter about the lives of a close-knit outlaw motorcycle club operating in Charming, a fictional town in California's Central Valley. The show centers on protagonist Jackson "Jax" Teller (Charlie Hunnam), the president of the club, who begins questioning the club and himself.
Season Six aired from September 10 through December 10, 2013.[1] The season finale was the second-most watched episode of the season and the most-watched finale in the series history.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Cast and characters
1.1 Main cast
1.2 Special guest cast
1.3 Recurring cast
1.4 Guest stars
2 Production
3 Episodes
4 Reception
5 References
6 External links
Cast and characters[edit]
Main article: List of Sons of Anarchy characters
Sons of Anarchy is the story of the Teller-Morrow family of Charming, California, as well as the other members of Sons of Anarchy Motorcycle Club, Redwood Original (SAMCRO), their families, various Charming townspeople, allied and rival gangs, associates, and law agencies that undermine or support SAMCRO's legal and illegal enterprises.
Main cast[edit]
Charlie Hunnam as Jackson "Jax" Teller (13 episodes)
Katey Sagal as Gemma Teller Morrow (13 episodes)
Mark Boone Junior as Robert "Bobby Elvis" Munson (11 episodes)
Dayton Callie as Wayne Unser (12 episodes)
Kim Coates as Alex "Tig" Trager (13 episodes)
Tommy Flanagan as Filip "Chibs" Telford (13 episodes)
Theo Rossi as Juan-Carlos "Juice" Ortiz (13 episodes)
Maggie Siff as Tara Knowles-Teller (13 episodes)
Ron Perlman as Clarence "Clay" Morrow (9 episodes)
Jimmy Smits as Nero Padilla (13 episodes as starring)
Special guest cast[edit]
CCH Pounder as Tyne Patterson[3] (12 episodes)
Drea de Matteo as Wendy Case (10 episodes)
Rockmond Dunbar as Lieutenant Eli Roosevelt (9 episodes)
Peter Weller as Charles Barosky[4] (7 episodes)
Donal Logue as Lee Toric (4 episodes)
Walton Goggins as Venus Van Dam[3] (2 episodes)
Mitch Pileggi as Ernest Darby ("Wolfsangel")
Robert Patrick as Les Packer ("Wolfsangel")
Recurring cast[edit]
David LaBrava as Happy Lowman (11 episodes)
Niko Nicotera as George "Ratboy" Skogstrom (11 episodes)
Michael Marisi Ornstein as Chuck Marstein (9 episodes)
Robin Weigert as Ally Lowen (8 episodes)
LaMonicca Garret as Sgt. Cane (6 episodes + 1 as co-star)
Timothy V. Murphy as Gallen O'Shay (6 episodes)
Reynaldo Gallegos as Fiasco (6 episodes)
Kim Dickens as Collette Jane[5] (5 episodes)
Billy Brown as August Marks (5 episodes)
Douglas Bennett as Orlin West (5 episodes + 1 as co-star)
Rusty Coones as Rane Quinn (5 episodes + 4 as co-star)
McNally Sagal as Margaret Murphy (4 episodes)
Winter Ave Zoli as Lyla Winston (4 episodes)
Jacob Vargas as Alessandro Montez (4 episodes + 1 as co-star + 1 uncredited)
Christopher Douglas Reed as Phillip "Filthy Phil" Russell (3 episodes)
Steve Howey as Hopper[6] (3 episodes)
Kurt Sutter as "Big" Otto Delaney (2 uncredited)
Bob McCracken as Brendan Roarke (2 episodes)
Kenneth Choi as Henry Lin (2 episodes)
Emilio Rivera as Marcus Alvarez (2 episodes)
Kristen Renton as Ima ("Straw")
Walter Wong as Chris "V-Lin" Von Lin ("Wolfsangel")
Jeff Kober as Jacob Hale, Jr. ("Sweet and Vaded")
Guest stars[edit]
Samaire Armstrong as Darvany Jennings (2 episodes)
Keone Young as Bohai Lin (2 episodes)
Hayley McFarland as Brooke Putner (2 episodes)
Olivia Burnette as Homeless Woman (2 episodes)
Mo McRae as Tyler Yost (2 episodes)
C. Thomas Howell as Frank Eagan[6] ("One One Six")
Dave Navarro as Arcadio Nerona ("One One Six" + 1 as co-star)
Doug Jones as Officer Crane ("The Mad King")
Michael Shamus Wiles as Jury White ("Salvage")
Adrienne Barbeau as Alice Nona ("Sweet and Vaded")
Patrick St. Esprit as Elliott Oswald ("John 8:32")
Production[edit]
Although Sons of Anarchy is set in Northern California's Central Valley, it is filmed primarily at Occidental Studios Stage 5A in North Hollywood. Main sets located there include the clubhouse, St. Thomas Hospital and Jax's house. The production rooms at the studio used by the writing staff also double as the Charming police station. External scenes are often filmed nearby in Sun Valley and Tujunga.[7]
Episodes[edit]
See also: List of Sons of Anarchy episodes
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)
67
1 "Straw" Paris Barclay Kurt Sutter September 10, 2013 (2013-09-10) 6WAB01 5.87[8]
While Tara is imprisoned, SAMCRO shifts members and titles, with Bobby leaving town. The club breaks up a violent porn ring run by Iranians at the docks in Stockton, striking up a partnership with ex-cop (Peter Weller), who enlists Jax to help a local madam (Kim Dickens) go legit. Pope's people still want Jax to surrender Tig to them. At a Catholic school, a violent shooting occurs with a weapon linked to the club's gunrunning business. The first episode of Anarchy Afterword aired live on FX.com on the same night and is now on Season 6 DVD as extra
68
2 "One One Six" Peter Weller Chris Collins & Adria Lang September 17, 2013 (2013-09-17) 6WAB02 4.63[9]
The school shooting was committed by someone connected to Nero's cousin, who had been given a number of KG-9's. Jax contacts the Irish, wishing to get out of the gun business, but the Irish are resistant to the idea. Toric offers Clay help with the murder charge, in exchange for information about SAMCRO. When Clay refuses, Toric forges Clay's signature on a plea agreement. Nero's cousin, and the latter's girlfriend - whose son shot up the school - are killed and buried. Elsewhere, Bobby has added another member to his list of recruits.
69
3 "Poenitentia" Guy Ferland Charles Murray & Kurt Sutter September 24, 2013 (2013-09-24) 6WAB03 4.48[10]
Instead of killing Clay in jail, the black inmates instead tell Clay to commit a jail rec-yard stabbing. Jax and Barosky settle the score with the Iranians. Toric accidentally shoots a Diosa hooker he'd brought back to his motel room. Telling the corpse he'll make her death matter, he takes hair and blood samples to plant inside Nero's truck. Jax sends Tig back to the warehouse where they stored the equipment they stole from the Iranians. Tig waits there for the prospects Jax said he'd send to help move the equipment, but August, Pope's successor, shows up instead. Tara reveals to Jax that she is pregnant. The title, translated, means "Repentance".
70
4 "Wolfsangel" Billy Gierhart Kurt Sutter & Kem Nunn October 1, 2013 (2013-10-01) 6WAB04 4.59[11]
Toric takes Clay to visit Otto; Clay slips Otto a shiv. Toric tells Otto he'll stop having Otto raped and beaten if Otto provides information that can be used against SAMCRO, then he gives Otto a pad to write down SAMCRO's sins. Otto writes an insulting remark about Toric's sister and then kills Toric. The guards then kill Otto. Galen, angry that Jax wants out of guns, goes to Oswald's lumber barn and shoots and dismembers SAMCRO member Phil and a SAMCRO prospect. Jax has the club exact revenge against the Nazis he believes attacked the former sheriff, by killing them, planting the guns delivered by the Irish on the Nazis' rural property, and then burning down their house, making it look like an internal beef. Roosevelt orders Toric's personnel file, suspecting Toric is up to no good. The sheriff lets Nero go home, but Nero's truck remains impounded.
71
5 "The Mad King" Gwyneth Horder-Payton Chris Collins & Roberto Patino & Kurt Sutter October 8, 2013 (2013-10-08) 6WAB05 4.46[12]
Tara secretly arranges with Lowen to have Wendy take custody of Thomas and Abel if Tara is convicted or otherwise indisposed, to keep them away from Gemma and the club's business. While the MC fails to capture Galen, they capture a few Irish but do not kill them. The IRA elders in Ireland don't like Jax's retaliation, but Jax tries to convince them that Galen is out of control and trying to profiteer for himself. Jax tells the IRA elders that August will be a solid customer for the arms shipments, despite being black. The SAMCRO clubhouse is on lock-down until Jax spots a shamrock pen. Jax realizes there's a bomb in the beer keg that was delivered earlier the same day. After everybody runs to safety, the SAMCRO clubhouse explodes. The second episode of Anarchy Afterword aired live on FX.com on the same night and is now on Season 6 DVD as an extra
72
6 "Salvage" Adam Arkin Mike Daniels & Kurt Sutter October 15, 2013 (2013-10-15) 6WAB06 4.35[13]
While on their way to a summit meeting with several West Coast SOA charters, the Charming charter is pulled over by dirty cops, but the bikers escape. At the summit, Jax announces the end of the gun business with the IRA and is met with agreement and approval. Bobby brings in new members to the Charming chapter. The state attorney still threatens to prosecute Tara unless she testifies against SOA. Roosevelt searches Toric's motel room and leaves convinced of Nero's innocence.
73
7 "Sweet and Vaded" Paris Barclay Kurt Sutter & Adria Lang October 22, 2013 (2013-10-22) 6WAB07 4.38[14]
SAMCRO comes to the aid of Nero's transgender friend. Tara is more determined to make a break from Gemma, though possibly not from Jax. Tara fakes an assault and gets a restraining order against Gemma.
74
8 "Los Fantasmas" Peter Weller Roberto Patino & Kurt Sutter October 29, 2013 (2013-10-29) 6WAB08 4.20[15]
The DA leaks a story to the press of who the possible suppliers of the guns in the school shooting are, and the story ends up in the front page of the town's paper. An unknown man runs down and kills a Byz-Lat in the middle of street, in the presence of Jax and the other SOA members. While the Byz-Lats attempt to kill the man, Jax intervenes upon discovering the man's son was killed in the school shooting, and the story in the paper incited him kill the Byz-Lat. Police arrive at the man's house only to witness him commit suicide because he feels he no longer has a purpose in life. Nero, still in jail, decides to give himself up as the source of the gun rather than blame the SOA. Patterson accepts his confession at first but later repents after seeing the effect the story she leaked had (the father's committing suicide) and sets Nero free after it is forensically proven that Toric killed Erin Byrne. The title, translated, means "The Ghosts".
75
9 "John 8:32" Guy Ferland Kem Nunn & Kurt Sutter November 5, 2013 (2013-11-05) 6WAB09 4.49[16]
Nero wakes up at Gemma’s house, and she brings him up to speed about her conflict with Tara. Jax confronts Tara about not being able to say, "I love you", since returning from Stockton. Meanwhile, Patterson (the DA) gives Roosevelt three extra surveillance units to monitor Jax and the club. Furthermore, Patterson creates bumps in the road for the new Diosa operation and puts pressure on Barosky in Stockton due to his relationship with the Sons. Realizing the risk of going head to head with Patterson, the club agrees to compromise and make the DA an offer. Jax goes to her office and agrees to give up the IRA (Galan) within the next 10 days, in exchange for immunity for the club. Patterson agrees and tells Jax she’ll lay off the club for the next 10 days. Meanwhile, Clay goes to a prayer service in jail, where he argues with the pastor, gets into a fight with a guard, and bites off part of the guard’s face. This is part of the plan to break Clay out, as Clay is moved to a psych room, where a doctor allows him a phone call to the IRA. Back at Charming, Tara gets Lowen to file the paperwork moving financial and other matters into separate accounts. Also, Nero tries to convince Jax there is more to the situation between Gemma and Tara, but Jax gets upset and makes it clear that he does not want to mix business and family matters. Nevertheless, Nero goes to the hospital to convince Tara to resolve issues with Gemma, but Tara is enraged and tells him to worry about himself, as Gemma killed her previous husband. Also at the hospital, Gemma confronts Margaret Murphy, who accidentally confirms Gemma’s suspicion that Tara was never pregnant. Later in the day, Jax confronts Nero about visiting Tara, they get into a fight, and Gemma comes to break it up. She tells Jax what Margaret said and that Tara is filing for divorce. Jax, confused, traps Lowen in Unser’s RV and gets the truth out of her that Tara is planning on divorcing him and taking the kids away. Meanwhile, Nero confronts Gemma about what Tara said, and Gemma tells him the whole story, which she hadn’t told anyone before. The episode ends with Tara at home in a rocking chair singing to Thomas with a gun on her lap. Intertwined in this episode is also a story about a teenage girl who blames the Sons for the death of her mother, who is revealed to be the homeless woman Jax has been seeing around town for the last six years.
76
10 "Huang Wu" Billy Gierhart Kurt Sutter & Charles Murray November 12, 2013 (2013-11-12) 6WAB10 4.38[17]
Jax apologizes to Gemma and Nero for what happened with Tara after he discovered all the truth. After Clay locks down all of SAMCRO's gun customers, only one customer is left waiting to close on the deal, the Italian Cacuzza family. Jax and the Irish meet with Jimmy Cacuzza to ensure they're onboard with Clay's being the new distributor. In an attempt to secure the Italians as customers the Irish attack the Chinese (Lin), leaving SAMCRO in a very compromising position. After the meet, SAMCRO is kidnapped by the Chinese, who demand the Sons to hand over the business and territory, or else. The Chinese keep Happy as insurance that Jax will honor their demand. Tara catches Jax in bed with Collette and leaves angrily. Irate at everything that's gone on she decides to try to make a deal with DA Patterson but Patterson refuses, stating the deal is no longer on the table.
77
11 "Aon Rud Persanta" Peter Weller Chris Collins & Kurt Sutter November 19, 2013 (2013-11-19) 6WAB11 4.17[18]
Clay gets broken out during his prison transfer, and Bobby gets shot in the process. Jax exacts his revenge on the Irish and Clay for past wrongdoings. Patterson is unhappy with the way Jax upheld his end of the deal and makes it seem as if she's going to throw that deal out. Tara contemplates making a deal of her own to stay out of jail, and get her and her sons out of Charming for good. The episode, title, means "A Personal Thing".
78
12 "You Are My Sunshine" Paris Barclay Kem Nunn & Mike Daniels & Kurt Sutter December 3, 2013 (2013-12-03) 6WAB12 4.58[19]
As Jax reaches the verge of getting SAMCRO permanently out of the gun business, Tara makes a bold move in protecting her children. Juice's guilt leads Nero to the truth about Darvany's death. Mr. Wu's revenge on the Irish comes with unexpected consequences. After finding out the Sons are handing over the gun business to August Marks, Alvarez reaches out to Nero.
79
13 "A Mother's Work" Kurt Sutter Kurt Sutter & Chris Collins December 10, 2013 (2013-12-10) 6WAB13 5.17[20]
Jax's search for Tara and his children leads him to make a difficult decision. Nero confronts Jax over Juice's role in Darvany's murder. Alvarez and Lin form a pact against the One Niners, which threatens to shut down SAMCRO's business in Stockton.
Reception[edit]
Season six has received generally favorable reviews. At Metacritic, the season received a critic score of 74% (based on 9 critic reviews) and user score of 7.8 out of 10 (based on 85 viewer reviews).[21] At Rotten Tomatoes, it received a 78% critic score (based on 18 reviews: 14 Fresh, 4 Rotten) and a 93% audience score (based on 186 user ratings), with the observation: "Sons of Anarchy continues to deliver an energetic blend of bracing action sequences, pitch black humor, and heartless violence."[22] At IGN, season 6 episodes received critic ratings ranging from a low of 8.1 (Episode 604, labelled "Great" and "Editors' Choice") to a high of 9.5 (Episode 611, labelled "Amazing", and "Editors' Choice"), and a season-wide Community Rating of 9.6 (out of 60 ratings).[23]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Sperling, Lindsay (July 24, 2013). "Sons of Anarchy Still Riding Into The Sunset After Season 7". We Got This Covered. Retrieved August 30, 2013.
Jump up ^ 'Sons of Anarchy' Season 6 Finale Was the Most-Watched Finale in the History of the Show
^ Jump up to: a b http://insidetv.ew.com/2013/05/23/sons-of-anarchy-casts-another-shield-star-exclusive/
Jump up ^ http://seriable.com/sons-of-anarchy-season-6-photo-first-look-at-peter-weller/
Jump up ^ http://www.tvfanatic.com/2013/05/kim-dickens-to-recur-on-sons-of-anarchy-as/
^ Jump up to: a b http://tvline.com/2013/06/04/sons-of-anarchy-season-6-cast-c-thomas-howell-steve-howey/
Jump up ^ "Sons of Anarchy Filming Locations". Internet Movie Database.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (September 11, 2013). "Tuesday Cable Ratings: 'Sons of Anarchy' Rides to First Place + 'Tosh.0', 'Rizzoli & Isles', World Cup Qualifiers, 'Amish Mafia' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 12, 2013.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (September 18, 2013). "Tuesday Cable Ratings: 'Sons of Anarchy' Wins Night, 'Tosh.0', 'Suits', 'Amish Mafia', 'Face Off' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (September 25, 2013). "Tuesday Cable Ratings: 'Sons of Anarchy' Wins Night + 'Tosh.0', 'Amish Mafia', 'The Daily Show', 'Brickleberry', 'Ink Master' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (October 2, 2013). "Tuesday Cable Ratings: 'Sons of Anarchy' Wins Night, Baseball, 'Tosh.0', 'Ink Master', 'Bad Girls Club' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (October 9, 2013). "Tuesday Cable Ratings: 'Sons of Anarchy' Leads the Pack + MLB Baseball, 'Tosh.0', 'Catfish', 'Ink Master' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 10, 2013.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (October 16, 2013). "Tuesday Cable Ratings: 'Sons of Anarchy' Wins Night, Real Husbands of Hollywood', 'Catfish', 'Face Off', 'Tosh.0' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 17, 2013.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (October 23, 2013). "Tuesday Cable Ratings: 'Sons of Anarchy' Tops Night + 'Pretty Little Liars', 'Snooki & JWOWW', 'Tosh.0', 'Ravenswood' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 24, 2013.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (October 30, 2013). "Tuesday Cable Ratings: Basketball Wins Night, 'Sons of Anarchy', 'Tosh.0', 'Face Off', 'Top Gear' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 31, 2013.
Jump up ^ Kondoloojy, Amanda (November 6, 2013). "Tuesday Cable Ratings: 'Sons of Anarchy' Leads Night + 'Moonshiners', 'Tosh.0', 'Real Husbands of Hollywood' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (November 13, 2013). "Tuesday Cable Ratings: 'Sons of Anarchy' Wins Night, College Basketball, 'Tosh.0', 'Moonshiners', 'Real Husbands of Hollywood' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (November 20, 2013). "Tuesday Cable Ratings: 'Sons of Anarchy' Wins Night + 'Tosh.0', 'Moonshiners', 'The Daily Show' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 21, 2013.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (December 4, 2013). "Tuesday Cable Ratings: 'Sons of Anarchy' Wins Night + 'Tosh.0', 'Moonshiners', 'The Real Husbands of Hollywood' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (December 11, 2013). "Tuesday Cable Ratings: 'Sons of Anarchy' Wins Night, 'After Anarchy', 'Moonshiners', 'Awkward', 'Tosh.0' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 11, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Sons of Anarchy: Season". Metacritic. Retrieved June 2, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Sons of Anarchy: Season 6 (2013)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved June 2, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Sons of Anarchy: Season 6". IGN. Retrieved June 2, 2014.
External links[edit]
Official website
Sons of Anarchy on IMDb
Sons of Anarchy at TV.com
[hide]
v
t
e
Sons of Anarchy
Created by: Kurt Sutter
Episodes
Season 1
Season 2
Season 3
Season 4
Season 5
Season 6
Season 7
Characters
Clay Morrow
Jax Teller
Gemma Teller Morrow
Tara Knowles
Bobby Munson
Tig Trager
Chibs Telford
Piney Winston
Juice Ortiz
Half-Sack Epps
Happy
Wayne Unser
David Hale
June Stahl
Josh Kohn
Ernest Darby
Marcus Álvarez
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Songs of Anarchy Volume 2
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Bring It On (film series)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Bring It On
Directed by
Peyton Reed
Damon Santostefano
Steve Rash
Bille Woodruff
Robert Adetuyi
Produced by
Marc Abraham
Thomas Bliss
Wayne Morris
Distributed by
Universal Pictures
Release date
2000 – 2017
Country
United States
Language
English
Bring It On is a series of cheerleading films that began with Bring It On (2000)[1] and was followed by five direct-to-video sequels; none of which contain any of the original film's cast members. The film was made into a musical, which has received positive critical response and praise.
Contents
[hide]
1 Films
2 Cast and characters
3 Legacy
4 References
5 External links
Films[edit]
Bring It On (2000)
Bring It On Again (2004)
Bring It On: All or Nothing (2006)
Bring It On: In It to Win It (2007)
Bring It On: Fight to the Finish (2009)
Bring It On: Worldwide Cheersmack (2017)
Cast and characters[edit]
Character
Film
Bring It On
Bring It On Again
Bring It On: All or Nothing
Bring It On: In It to Win It
Bring It On: Fight to the Finish
Bring It On: Worldwide Cheersmack
Torrance Shipman
Kirsten Dunst
Missy Pantone
Eliza Dushku
Cliff Pantone
Jesse Bradford
Isis
Gabrielle Union
Whittier Smith
Anne Judson-Yager
Tina Hammersmith
Bree Turner
Dean Sebastian
Kevin Cooney
Monica
Faune A. Chambers
Greg
Bryce Johnson
Derek
Richard Lee Jackson
Marni Potts
Bethany Joy Lenz
Britney Allen
Hayden Panettiere
Camille
Solange Knowles
Jesse
Gus Carr
Winnie Harper
Marcy Rylan
Amber
Cindy Chiu
Kirresha
Giovonnie Samuels
Leti
Francia Almendarez
Brianna
Danielle Savre
Sierra
Jessica Fife
Brad Warner
Jake McDorman
Carson
Ashley Benson
Brooke
Cassandra Scerbo
Penn
Michael Copon
Chelsea
Jennifer Tisdale
Aeysha
Anniese Taylor Dendy
Ruben
Noel Areizaga
Sarah
Kierstin Koppel
Catalina "Lina" Cruz
Christina Milian
Avery Whitbourne
Rachele Brooke Smith
Evan Whitbourne
Cody Longo
Gloria
Vanessa Born
Treyvonetta
Gabrielle Dennis
Sky
Holland Roden
Destiny
Cristine Prosperi
Hannah
Sophie Vavasseur
Blake
Jordan Rodrigues
Cheer Goddess
Vivica A. Fox
Legacy[edit]
The film series expanded its reach when it was made into Bring It On: The Musical, with music by Lin-Manuel Miranda and Tom Kitt, and lyrics by Miranda and Amanda Green. The play also has a book written by Jeff Whitty.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ The New York Times
External links[edit]
Bring It On on IMDb
Bring It On Again on IMDb
Bring It On: All or Nothing on IMDb
Bring It On: In It to Win It on IMDb
Bring It On: Fight to the Finish on IMDb
[hide]
v
t
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Bring It On
Films
Bring It On (2000)
Again (2004)
All or Nothing (2006)
In It to Win It (2007)
Fight to the Finish (2009)
Worldwide #Cheersmack (2017)
Musical
Bring It On: The Musical
This film article about a 2000s comedy is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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Page layout
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the Wikipedia guideline on an article's layout, see Wikipedia:Manual of Style (layout).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Consumer magazine sponsored advertisements and covers rely heavily on professional page layout skills to compete for visual attention.
Page layout is the part of graphic design that deals in the arrangement of visual elements on a page. It generally involves organizational principles of composition to achieve specific communication objectives.[1]
The high-level page layout involves deciding on the overall arrangement of text and images, and possibly on the size or shape of the medium. It requires intelligence, sentience, and creativity, and is informed by culture, psychology, and what the document authors and editors wish to communicate and emphasize. Low-level pagination and typesetting are more mechanical processes. Given certain parameters - boundaries of text areas, the typeface, font size, and justification preference can be done in a straightforward way. Until desktop publishing became dominant, these processes were still done by people, but in modern publishing they are almost always automated. The result might be published as-is (as for a residential phone book interior) or might be tweaked by a graphic designer (as for a highly polished, expensive publication).
Beginning from early illuminated pages in hand-copied books of the Middle Ages and proceeding down to intricate modern magazine and catalog layouts, proper page design has long been a consideration in printed material. With print media, elements usually consist of type (text), images (pictures), and occasionally place-holder graphics for elements that are not printed with ink such as die/laser cutting, foil stamping or blind embossing.
Contents
[hide]
1 History and layout technologies
1.1 Direct physical layout
1.2 Paste-up era
1.3 Computer-aided publishing
1.4 Digital media (non-paper)
1.5 Projected pages
2 Grids versus templates
3 Static versus dynamic layouts
4 Front-end versus back-end
5 Design elements and choices
5.1 Floating block
6 Presenting layouts under development
7 See also
8 References
History and layout technologies[edit]
Direct physical layout[edit]
With manuscripts, all of the elements are added by hand, so the creator can determine the layout directly as they create the work, perhaps with an advance sketch as a guide.
With ancient woodblock printing, all elements of the page were carved directly into wood, though later layout decisions might need to be made if the printing was transferred onto a larger work, such as a large piece of fabric, potentially with multiple block impressions.
With the Renaissance invention of letterpress printing and cold-metal moveable type, typesetting was accomplished by physically assembling characters using a composing stick into a galley - a long tray. Any images would be created by engraving.
The original document would be a hand-written manuscript; if the typesetting was performed by someone other than the layout artist, markup would be added to the manuscript with instructions as to typeface, font size, and so on. (Even after authors began to use typewriters in the 1860s, originals are still called "manuscripts", and the markup process was the same.) After the first round of typesetting, a galley proof might be printed in order for proofreading to be performed, either to correct errors in the original, or to make sure that the typesetter had copied the manuscript properly, and correctly interpreted the markup. The final layout would be constructed in a "form" or "forme" using pieces of wood or metal ("furniture") to space out the text and images as desired, a frame known as a chase, and objects which lock down the frame known as quoins. This process is called imposition, and potentially includes arranging multiple pages to be printed on the same sheet of paper which will later be folded and possibly trimmed. An "imposition proof" (essentially a short run of the press) might be created to check the final placement.
The invention of hot metal typesetting in 1884 sped up the typesetting process by allowing workers to produce slugs - entire lines of text - using a keyboard. The slugs were the result of molten metal being poured into molds temporarily assembled by the typesetting machine. The layout process remained the same as with cold metal type, however - assembly into physical galleys.
Paste-up era[edit]
Editors work on producing an issue of Bild, 1977 in West Berlin. Previous front pages are affixed to the wall behind them.
Offset lithography allows the bright and dark areas of an image (at first captured on film) to control ink placement on the printing press. This means that if a single copy of the page can be created on paper and photographed, then any number of copies could be printed. Type could be set with a typewriter, or to achieve professional results comparable to letterpress, a specialized typesetting machine. The IBM Selectric Composer, for example, could produce type of different size, different fonts (including proportional fonts), and with text justification. With photoengraving and halftone, physical photographs could be transferred into print directly, rather than relying on hand-made engravings.
The layout process then became the task of creating the paste up, so named because rubber cement or other adhesive would be used to physically paste images and columns of text onto a rigid sheet of paper. Completed pages become known as camera-ready, "mechanical" or "mechanical art".
Phototypesetting was invented in 1945; after keyboard input, characters were shot one-by-one onto a photographic negative, which could then be sent to the print shop directly, or shot onto photographic paper for paste-up. These machines became increasingly sophisticated, with computer-driven models able to store text on magnetic tape.
Computer-aided publishing[edit]
As the graphics capabilities of computers matured, they began to be used to render characters, columns, pages, and even multi-page signatures directly, rather than simply summoning a photographic template from a pre-supplied set. In addition to being used as display devices for computer operators, cathode ray tubes can be used to render text for phototypesetting.
Printers attached directly to computers allowed them to print documents directly, in multiple copies or as an original which could be copied on a ditto machine or photocopier. WYSIWYG word processors made it possible for general office users and consumers to make more sophisticated page layouts, use text justification, and use more fonts than were possible with typewriters. Early dot matrix printing was sufficient for office documents, but was of too low a quality for professional typesetting. Inkjet printing and laser printing did produce sufficient quality type, and so computers with these types of printers quickly replaced phototypesetting machines.
With modern desktop publishing software such as flagship software Adobe Indesign[2] and cloud-based Lucidpress,[3] the layout process can occur entirely on-screen. (Similar layout options that would be available to a professional print shop making a paste-up are supported by desktop publishing software; in contrast, "word processing" software usually has a much more limited set of layout and typography choices available, trading off flexibility for ease of use for more common applications.) A finished document can be directly printed as the camera-ready version, with no physical assembly required (given a big enough printer). Greyscale images must be either halftoned digitally if being sent to an offset press, or sent separately for the print shop to insert into marked areas. Completed works can also be transmitted digitally to the print shop, who may print it themselves, shoot it directly to film, or use computer to plate technology to skip the physical original entirely. PostScript and Portable Document Format (PDF) have become standard file formats for digital transmission.
Digital media (non-paper)[edit]
Since the advent of personal computing, page layout skills have expanded to electronic media as well as print media. E-books, PDF documents, and static web pages mirror paper documents relatively closely, but computers can also add multimedia animation, and interactivity. Page layout for interactive media overlaps with interface design and user experience design; an interactive "page" is better known as a graphical user interface (GUI).
Modern web pages are typically produced using HTML for content and general structure, cascading style sheets to control presentation details such as typography and spacing, and JavaScript for interactivity. Since these languages are all text-based, this work can be done in a text editor, or a special HTML editor which may have WYSIWYG features or other aids. Additional technologies such as Macromedia Flash may be used for multimedia content. Web developers are responsible for actually creating a finished document using these technologies, but a separate web designer may be responsible for establishing the layout. A given web designer might be a fluent web developer as well, or may merely be familiar with the general capabilities of the technologies and merely visualize the desired result for the development team.
Projected pages[edit]
Projected slides used in presentations or entertainment often have similar layout considerations to printed pages.
The magic lantern and opaque projector were used during lectures in the 1800s, using printed, typed, photographed, or hand-drawn originals. Two sets of photographic film (one negative and one positive) or one reversal film can be used to create positive images that can be projected with light passing through. Intertitles were used extensively in the earliest motion pictures when sound was not available; they are still used occasionally in addition to the ubiquitous vanity cards and credits.
It became popular to use transparent film for presentations (with opaque text and images) using overhead projectors in the 1940s, and slide projectors in the 1950s. Transparencies for overhead projectors could be printed by some photocopiers. Computer presentation programs became available in the 1980s, making it possible to lay out a presentation digitally. Computer-developed presentations could be printed to a transparency with some laser printers, transferred to slides, or projected directly using LCD overhead projectors. Modern presentations are often displayed digitally using a video projector, computer monitor, or large-screen television.
Laying out a presentation presents slightly different challenges than a print document, especially because a person will typically be speaking and referring to the projected pages. Consideration might be given to:
Sizing text and graphics so they can be seen from the back of the room, which limits the amount of information that can be presented on a single slide
Using headers, footers, or repeated elements to make all pages similar so they feel cohesive, or indicate progress
Using titles to introduce new topics or segments
Pacing, so slides are changed at comfortable intervals, fit the length of the talk, and content order matches the speaker's expectation
Providing a way for the speaker to refer to specific items on the page, such as with color, verbal labels, or a laser pointer
Editing the information presented so it either repeats what the speaker is saying (so the audience can pay attention to either) or only presents information that cannot be conveyed verbally (to avoid dividing audience attention or simply reading slides directly)
Use of animation to add emphasis, introduce information slowly, or be entertaining
Making the slides useful for later reference if printed as handouts or posted online
Grids versus templates[edit]
Grids and templates are page layout design patterns used in advertising campaigns and multiple-page publications, including websites.
A grid is a set of guidelines, able to be seen in the design process and invisible to the end-user/audience, for aligning and repeating elements on a page. A page layout may or may not stay within those guidelines, depending on how much repetition or variety the design style in the series calls for. Grids are meant to be flexible. Using a grid to lay out elements on the page may require just as much or more graphic design skill than that which was required to design the grid.
In contrast, a template is more rigid. A template involves repeated elements mostly visible to the end-user/audience. Using a template to lay out elements usually involves less graphic design skill than that which was required to design the template. Templates are used for minimal modification of background elements and frequent modification (or swapping) of foreground content.
Most desktop publishing software allows for grids in the form of a page filled with coloured lines or dots placed at a specified equal horizontal and vertical distance apart. Automatic margins and booklet spine (gutter) lines may be specified for global use throughout the document. Multiple additional horizontal and vertical lines may be placed at any point on the page. Invisible to the end-user/audience shapes may be placed on the page as guidelines for page layout and print processing as well. Software templates are achieved by duplicating a template data file, or with master page features in a multiple-page document. Master pages may include both grid elements and template elements such as header and footer elements, automatic page numbering, and automatic table of contents features.
Static versus dynamic layouts[edit]
Static layouts allow for more control over the aesthetics, and thorough optimization of space around and overlapping irregular-shaped content than dynamic layouts. In web design, this is sometimes referred to as a fixed width layout; but the entire layout may be scalable in size while still maintaining the original proportions, static placement, and style of the content. All raster image formats are static layouts in effect; but a static layout may include searchable text by separating the text from the graphics.
In contrast, electronic pages allow for dynamic layouts with swapping content, personalization of styles, text scaling, image scaling, or reflowable content with variable page sizes often referred to as fluid or liquid layout. Dynamic layouts are more likely to separate presentation from content, which comes with its own advantages. A dynamic layout lays out all text and images into rectangular areas of rows and columns. As these areas' widths and heights are defined to be percentages of the available screen, they are responsive to varying screen dimensions. They'll automatically ensure maximized use of available space while always staying adapted optimally both on screen resizes and hardware-given restrictions. Text may freely be resized to provide users' individual needs on legibility while never disturbing a given layout's proportions. The content's overall arrangement on screen this way may always remain as it was originally designed.
Static layout design may involve more graphic design and visual art skills, whereas dynamic layout design may involve more interactive design and content management skills to thoroughly anticipate content variation.
Motion graphics don't fit neatly into either category, but may involve layout skills or careful consideration of how the motion may affect the layout. In either case, the element of motion makes it a dynamic layout, but one that warrants motion graphic design more than static graphic design or interactive design.
Electronic pages may utilize both static and dynamic layout features by dividing the pages or by combining the effects. For example, a section of the page such as a web banner may contain static or motion graphics contained within a swapping content area. Dynamic or live text may be wrapped around irregular shaped images by using invisible spacers to push the text away from the edges. Some computer algorithms can detect the edges of an object that contain transparency and flow content around contours.
Front-end versus back-end[edit]
With modern media content retrieval and output technology, there is much overlap between visual communications (front-end) and information technology (back-end). Large print publications (thick books, especially instructional in nature) and electronic pages (web pages) require meta data for automatic indexing, automatic reformatting, database publishing, dynamic page display and end-user interactivity. Much of the meta data (meta tags) must be hand coded or specified during the page layout process. This divides the task of page layout between artists and engineers, or tasks the artist/engineer to do both.
More complex projects may require two separate designs: page layout design as the front-end, and function coding as the back-end. In this case, the front-end may be designed using an alternative page layout technology such as image editing software or on paper with hand rendering methods. Most image editing software includes features for converting a page layout for use in a "What You See Is What You Get" (WYSIWYG) editor or features to export graphics for desktop publishing software. WYSIWYG editors and desktop publishing software allow front-end design prior to back-end coding in most cases. Interface design and database publishing may involve more technical knowledge or collaboration with information technology engineering in the front-end.
Design elements and choices[edit]
Page layout might be prescribed to a greater or lesser degree by a house style which might be implemented in a specific desktop publishing template. There might also be relatively little layout to do in comparison to the amount of pagination (as in novels and other books with no figures).
Typical page layout decisions include:
Size of page margins
Size and position of images and figures
Deciding on the number and size of columns and gutters (gaps between columns)
Placement of intentional whitespace
Use of special effects like overlaying text on an image, runaround and intrusions, or bleeding an image over the page margin
Use of color printing or spot color for emphasis
Specific elements to be laid out might include:
Chapter or section titles, or headlines and subheads
Image captions
Pull quotes and nut graphs which might be added out of course or to make a short story fit the layout
Boxouts and sidebars, which present information as asides from the main text flow
Page headers and page footers, the contents of which are usually uniform across content pages and thus automatically duplicated by layout software. The page number is usually included in the header or footer, and software automatically increments it for each page.
Table of contents
Notes like footnotes and end notes; bibliography, for example in academic journals or textbooks
In newspaper production, final selection and cropping of photographs accompanying stories might be left to the layout editor (since the choice of photo could affect the shape of the area needed, and thus the rest of the layout), or there might be a separate photo editor. Likewise, headlines might be written by the layout editor, a copy editor, or the original author.
To make stories fit the final layout, relatively inconsequential copy tweaks might be made (for example, rephrasing for brevity), or the layout editor might make slight adjustments to typography elements like font size or leading.
Floating block[edit]
A floating block in writing and publishing is any graphic, text, table, or other representation that is unaligned from the main flow of text. Use of floating blocks to present pictures and tables is a typical feature of academic writing and technical writing, including scientific articles and books. Floating blocks are normally labeled with a caption or title that describes its contents and a number that is used to refer to the figure from the main text. A common system divides floating block into two separately numbered series, labeled figure (for pictures, diagrams, plots, etc.) and table. An alternative name for figure is image or graphic.
Floating blocks are said to be floating because they are not fixed in position on the page at the place, but rather drift to the side of the page. By placing pictures or other large items on the sides of pages[4] rather than embedding them in the middle of the main flow of text, typesetting is more flexible and interruption to the flow of the narrative is avoided.
For example, an article on geography might have "Figure 1: Map of the world", "Figure 2: Map of Europe", "Table 1: Population of continents", "Table 2: Population of European countries", and so on. Some books will have a table of figures—in addition to the table of contents—that lists centrally all the figures appearing in the work.
Other kinds of floating blocks may be differentiated as well, for example:
Sidebar:[5] For digressions from the main narrative. For example, a technical manual on usage of a product might include examples of how various people have employed the product in their work in sidebars. Also called an intermezzo. See sidebar (publishing).
Program: Articles and books on computer programming often place code and algorithms in a figure.
Equation: Writing on mathematics may place large blocks of mathematical notation in numbered blocks set apart from the main text.
Presenting layouts under development[edit]
A mockup of a layout might be created to get early feedback, usually before all the content is actually ready. Whether for paper or electronic media, the first draft of a layout might be simply a rough paper and pencil sketch. A comprehensive layout for a new magazine might show placeholders for text and images, but demonstrate placement, typographic style, and other idioms intended to set the pattern for actual issues, or a particular unfinished issue. A website wireframe is a low-cost way to show layout without doing all the work of creating the final HTML and CSS, and without writing the copy or creating any images.
Lorem ipsum text is often used to avoid the embarrassment any improvised sample copy might cause if accidentally published. Likewise, placeholder images are often labelled "for position only".
See also[edit]
Aesthetics
Book design
Canons of page construction
Database publishing
Desktop publishing
Editing
Layout engine
News design
Publishing Interchange Language
Slicing (interface design)
Web design
References[edit]
Jump up ^ O'Connor, Z (2014). Elements and principles of design: Tools for digital imagery, art and design.
Jump up ^ http://www.adobe.com/products/indesign.html
Jump up ^ https://www.lucidpress.com/pages/tour/free-page-layout-software
Jump up ^ New Perspectives on JavaScript and AJAX, Comprehensive. p. VS-B2.
Jump up ^ Sams Teach Yourself Dreamweaver CS5 in 24 Hours. p. 406.
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