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List of wealthiest historical figures
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John D. Rockefeller is often considered the wealthiest person in modern history.[1][2]
The list of the wealthiest historical figures gathers published estimates as to the (inflation-adjusted) net-worth and fortunes of the wealthiest historical figures in comparison. Due to problems arising from different definitions of wealth, ways of measuring it, various economic models throughout history, as well as multiple other reasons—this article discusses the wealthiest people in the following separate historical periods: Antiquity, Middle Ages and modern period. Accordingly—because of the previously mentioned difficulties—it is not possible to determine the single richest person in all of history.
For the modern period, wealth can be measured more or less objectively via inflation adjustment, e.g. comparing the nominal GDP of the United States of the respective periods, and then converting it into contemporary United States dollars. For the medieval and ancient history, comparison of wealth becomes more problematic, on one hand due to the inaccuracy or unreliability of records, on the other due to the difficulty of comparing a pre-industrial economy to a modern one, and especially in the presence of absolute monarchy, where an entire kingdom or empire is considered the ruler's personal property (this is also an issue in early modern to modern period, e.g. Davidson (2015) lists Joseph Stalin among The 10 Richest People of All Time for his "complete control of a nation with 9.6% of global GDP").[3]
Marcus Licinius Crassus and Musa I of Mali are considered the wealthiest people in Antiquity and Middle Ages, respectively. Excluding monarchs and autocrats, the wealthiest private individual in the history of capitalism is variously identified as Jakob Fugger (died 1525), of the early modern Fugger family of merchants and bankers,[4] and early 20th-century American entrepreneurs Andrew Carnegie (died 1919)[5] and John D. Rockefeller (died 1937).[6] Frequently, one of these few people is considered to be the richest person of all time, depending on source.
While the Rothschild family rose to the status of the wealthiest family of bankers in the 19th century, their wealth was distributed among a number of family members, preventing them from appearing among the wealthiest individuals.[7] The richest among the Rothschilds was the head of its English branch—Nathan Mayer Rothschild—the richest person of his time.[8] Bernstein and Swan in All the Money in the World (2008) mention the top three richest Americans ever—all tycoons of the Gilded Age—respectively: John D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie and Cornelius Vanderbilt; Henry Ford was ranked only 12th.[9]
According to Close (2016), the wealthiest woman in history of capitalism, excluding monarchs, is L'Oréal heiress Liliane Bettencourt, whose net worth was at $40.7 billion in 2015.[10] Including monarchs, he mentions Empress Wu for Antiquity, Isabella of Castile for Middle Ages, and Catherine the Great for modern history.[11]
Contents
[hide]
1 Early modern to modern period
2 Middle Ages
3 Antiquity
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
Early modern to modern period[edit]
Listed individuals have the lowest net worth estimate of at least 100 billion in 2010 USD. Therefore, it excludes figures such as Andrew W. Mellon, Richard B. Mellon, Stephen Van Rensselaer, A.T. Stewart, Heshen, J.P. Morgan, and others.
Name
Photograph/Portrait
Lifetime
Net worth (billion 2010 USD)[12]
Description
John D. Rockefeller
1839–1937 336[3][6] On September 29, 1916, Rockefeller became the first person ever to reach a nominal personal fortune of US$1 billion. Rockefeller amassed his fortune from the Standard Oil company, of which he was a founder, chairman and major shareholder. By the time of his death in 1937, estimates place his net worth in the range of US$300 billion to US$400 billion in adjusted dollars for the late 2000s (decade). When considering the real value of his wealth, Rockefeller is widely held to have been the wealthiest American, as well as the richest person in modern history.[13][14][15][16][17][18]
Andrew Carnegie
1835–1919 310[3] Carnegie founded the Carnegie Steel Company, which was the most extensive integrated iron and steel operations in the United States; in 1901, Carnegie sold his company for US$480 million to J.P. Morgan, who then merged his company into U.S. Steel.[19] Capitalized at US$1.4 billion at the time, U.S. Steel was the first billion dollar company in the world. In his final years, Carnegie's net worth was US$475 million, but by the time of his death in 1919 he had donated most of his wealth to charities and other philanthropic endeavors and had only US$30 million left to his personal fortune. Carnegie's hundreds of millions accounted for about 0.60% of the U.S. annual GDP and has a real value estimated at about US$75 billion adjusted for the late 2000s (decade).[13][14]
Jakob Fugger
1459–1525 277[12]–400[4] German merchant, mining entrepreneur and banker. He expanded Fugger family's assets by making their operations European wide. At one point, Fugger & family had an almost monopolistic hold on the European copper market.[20] At his death, Jakob Fugger bequeathed to his nephew Anton Fugger company assets totaling 2,032,652 guilders.[21] Referred to as "Fugger the Rich".
Nicholas II of Russia
1868–1918 250[22]–300 Emperor of All Russia from 1894 to 1917. Estimates of the wealth of Nicholas II remain wildly speculative. As emperor, and an autocrat, the resources under Nicholas II's command were virtually incalculable. However, the vast majority of this was officially owned by the State as Crown property. From this, supplemented by an annuity from the Treasury, he derived an annual income of 24 million roubles, from which he had to fund staff, the upkeep of imperial palaces and imperial theatres, annuities for the royal family, pensions, bequests, and other outgoings.[23] "Before the end of the year, the Tsar was usually penniless; sometimes he reached this embarrassing state by autumn."[23] According to the Grand Marshall of the Court, Count Paul Benckendorff, his personal wealth only amounted to between 12.5 and 17.5 million roubles.[24]
Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII
1886–1967 210[6] The last Nizam of Hyderabad State in British India. Regarded as the wealthiest person in the world during his lifetime, his portrait was on the cover of Time magazine in 1937.[25] As a semi-autonomous monarch, he had his own mint, printing his own currency, the Hyderabadi rupee, and had a private treasury that was said to contain £100m in gold and silver bullion, and a further £400m of jewels (in 2008 terms). Among them was the Jacob Diamond, valued at some £50m (in 2008 terms),[26][27][28] and used by the Nizam as a paperweight.[29]
Muammar Gaddafi
1942–2011 200 Autocrat of Libya during 1969–2011. During the Libyan civil war leading up to his death in 2011, the United Nations froze assets with a value of over £100 billion.[30] However, with Gaddafi as an autocrat the division between his personal wealth and that of the Libyan state was unclear, and the majority of these assets nominally belonged to the state, although Gaddafi effectively controlled them.[31]
Henry Ford
1863–1947 188–199 Henry Ford was an American automotive engineer, entrepreneur, and founder of the Ford Motor Company. Through his designing of the Model T Ford and employing the assembly line means of rapid production, he was able to lower the base price of his product in order to reach a wider market. As production increased, Ford further reduced prices and increased salaries to reduce worker turnover. This resulted in a rapid increase in output, with Ford production rising from roughly 18,000 cars in 1909 to over 1 million cars in 1920. Despite Ford stating that his focus was increasing Ford Motor Company's benefit to society and to its employees, even at one point being sued by the Dodge brothers based on this premise, his company was massively profitable. His highest earnings were recorded at age 57 and he died at the age of 83 in 1947 at a net worth of US$188.1 billion (inflation-adjusted value in 2008 dollars).
William Henry Vanderbilt
1821–1885 52[32]–239[12] Railroad owner. Inherited much of his wealth from his father, Cornelius Vanderbilt,[33] who initiated the Vanderbilt family's involvement in railroad and shipping business. He doubled the fathers fortune, to an amount estimated between $52 billion and $239 billion.[6][12][32]
John Jacob Astor
1763–1848 120–138[34] American businessman, merchant, opium smuggler, fur trader, and investor. In 1801, Astor's nominal wealth was some US$250,000, and by the time of his death in 1848 his fortune had grown to US$20 million, making him America's first multi-millionaire.[13][14][15]
Cornelius Vanderbilt
1794–1877 105[35]–205[36] American business magnate and philanthropist who built his wealth in railroads and shipping.
Stephen Girard
1750–1831 105[33]–120[37] French-born American banker. Before becoming a banker, he was a merchant and owned a fleet of trading ships.
Middle Ages[edit]
Absolute rulers or conquerors are sometimes listed for the territory they controlled rather than for their immediate personal wealth (Davidson (2015) for TIME.com listed Akbar I, Genghis Khan and Emperor Shenzong of Song for their imperial possessions, while Alan Rufus is listed for his immediate possessions within the feudal system of Norman England).[3]
Name
Photograph/Portrait
Lifetime
Net worth (billion 2010 USD)[12]
Description
Musa I of Mali
c. 1280 – c. 1337 400 Mansa Musa, or Musa I of Mali is considered to be the richest man ever with his wealth at $400 billion (at the time of his death in 1331).[38] Musa was the tenth emperor of the Mali Empire, one of the prosperous Sahelian kingdoms that developed along the Saharan slave trade routes in the later medieval period. Mansa Musa made his fortune by exploiting his country’s salt and gold production.[3][39][40] Musa is said to have brought several tonnes of gold to Mecca when he made a pilgrimage there in 1324. Reported as being inconceivably rich by contemporaries, "There’s really no way to put an accurate number on his wealth."[41]
William the Conqueror
d. 1087 209[33]–230[42] The estimate "209 billion" is based on the spoils of war William made in the conquest of England, apart from his subsequent position as monarch.[42]
Basil II
958–1025 170[6] Byzantine emperor from 960 to 1025.
Alan Rufus
c. 1040–1093 149[43]–180[33] Alan Rufus, 1st Lord of Richmond, was a relative and companion of William the Conqueror (Duke William II of Normandy) during the Norman Conquest of England. By 1086 he had become one of the richest and most powerful men of England.
William de Warenne, 1st Earl of Surrey d. 1088 134[33][43]
Richard FitzAlan, 10th Earl of Arundel c. 1306–1376 108[33][43]–120
John of Gaunt
1340–1399 101[33][43]–110
Antiquity[edit]
Marcus Licinius Crassus is held to be the wealthiest person in Roman history, as he had a personal net worth equal to the treasury of Rome.[44]
For Classical Antiquity, even more than for the High Middle Ages, the definition of personal wealth becomes difficult to compare with the modern period; especially in the case of divine kings, where an entire empire might be considered the personal property of a deified emperor.
Name
Lifetime
Description
Marcus Licinius Crassus c. 115 BC – 53 BC Crassus inherited a fortune of 7 million sesterces after the death of his father in 87 BC. After several years of exile, Crassus was able to rebuild his family fortune by seizing the property of executed convicts for himself.[44] Crassus also expanded his wealth by trading in slaves and by purchasing whole neighborhoods of Rome as they burned, for drastically less than market value. Crassus was known in Rome as Dives, meaning "The Rich". It is believed that Crassus expanded his personal fortune to 170 million sesterces, while Pliny the Elder surmised his fortune to be valued even higher, at 200 million sesterces. This would place Crassus's net worth equal to the total annual budget of the Roman treasury.
Crassus has often been listed among the "wealthiest individuals in history", although depending on the estimate of the "adjusted value" of a Roman sesterce, his net worth may also be placed in the range of US$200 million to US$20 billion.[45][46] Santoso (2008) has "$169.8 billion" for Crassus.[6]
Augustus Caesar 63 BC – 19 August 14 AD Listed by Davidson (2015) with "$4.6 trillion" because he "personally owned all of Egypt".[3]
Croesus died c. 546 BC The name of Croesus, a historical king of Lydia, was proverbial for wealth already in antiquity; this is probably due to his being the first ruler to issue true gold coins with a standardised purity for general circulation and not necessarily for his personal wealth.
See also[edit]
Forbes list of billionaires
List of richest Americans in history
List of wealthiest organizations
List of wealthiest families
List of wealthiest animals
References[edit]
Jump up ^ The Rockefellers: The Legacy Of History's Richest Man, Forbes 2014
Jump up ^ Guinness World Records claims John D. Rockefeller was the richest person.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Jacob Davidson, time.com The 10 Richest People of All Time, 30 July 2015
^ Jump up to: a b Daniel Eckert,So wurde Jakob Fugger zum reichsten Menschen der Historie ("This is how Jakob Fugger became the wealthiest person in history"), Die Welt, 6 June 2016 (in German). "Auf heutige Verhältnisse hochgerechnet läge das Vermögen des Bauernenkels bei unglaublichen 400 Milliarden Dollar (354 Milliarden Euro). In die Nähe dieses Wertes kamen nur die Rothschilds, die in ihrer Glanzzeit im 19. Jahrhundert die mächtigste Bankiersfamilie der Welt waren" ("Adjusted to current-day conditions, the net worth of the farmer's grandson would be close to astonishing 400 billion dollars (354 billion Euro). Only the Rothschild family, at their peak in the 19th century the most powerful family of bankers, came close to such a figure."
Jump up ^ listed at 372 billion US$2014 by Jacob Davidson, time.com The 10 Richest People of All Time, 30 July 2015: "Rockefeller gets all the press, but Andrew Carnegie may be the richest American of all time. The Scottish immigrant sold his company, U.S. Steel, to J.P. Morgan for $480 million in 1901. That sum equates to about slightly over 2.1% of U.S. GDP at the time, giving Carnegie economic power equivalent to $372 billion in 2014."
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Alex Santoso, 10 Richest People of All Time and How They Made Their Fortunes (neatorama.com), 9 July 2008. Santoso (2008) ranks Rockefeller #1 at peak net-worth $318.3 billion (2007 US dollars), followed by Carnegie at $298.3 billion.
Jump up ^ Nathan Mayer Rothschild (died 1836) is listed at 450 billion in 2010 USD by Jason Bacchetta, Top 10: Richest Men (of All Time) | inStash, August 31, 2010, apparently this is not his personal net worth but the wealth of the Rothschild family combined. "After the [Napoleonic] war, Nathan Rothschild bragged of turning his 20k pound fortune into 50 million pounds in only 17 years. In 1820, 50 million pounds would be equivalent to 32 billion pounds today [2012]. [...] In 1850, Jacob Rothschild’s recorded net worth was 600 million francs, which was significantly more than all the other French bankers combined. In today’s US dollars that would be equivalent to $11.4 billion." How Much Money Do The Rothschilds Have?, Bilzerian Report, 16 March 2012.
Jump up ^ GDP: A Brief but Affectionate History p. 65
Jump up ^ All the Money in the World (2008) by Bernstein and Swan, p. 17 "Introduction"
Jump up ^ Kerry Close, The 10 Richest Women of All Time, time.com, 1 February 2016. Bettencourt ranks at #6 in this list, after five ancient rulers and monarchs of the Middle Ages and early modern period.
Jump up ^ Kerry Close, The 10 Richest Women of All Time, time.com. Empress Wu ranks at #1 in this list, Catherine the Great at #3, and Isabella of Castile at #5.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Jason Bacchetta, Top 10: Richest Men (of All Time) | inStash, August 31, 2010
^ Jump up to: a b c Staff (15 July 2007). "The Wealthiest Americans Ever". New York Times. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Richest Americans in History". Forbes. 24 August 1998. Retrieved 22 December 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "The richest Americans". Forbes. Archived from the original on September 16, 2009. Retrieved 22 December 2009.
Jump up ^ "The Rockefellers". PBS. Retrieved 2007-05-29.
Jump up ^ "The Richest Americans". Fortune magazine. Archived from the original on 2009-09-16. Retrieved 2007-07-17.
Jump up ^ "The Wealthiest Americans Ever". The New York Times. July 15, 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-17.
Jump up ^ "The Men Who Built America: Andrew Carnegie". History.com.
Jump up ^ Peter Geffcken: Fugger – Geschichte einer Familie: "Die Handelsherren mit dem Dreizack". In: DAMALS 7/2004
Jump up ^ "Anton Fugger". Encyclopædia Britannica.
Jump up ^ Santoso (2008) has "Peak wealth: $253.5 billion" for Nicholas II.
^ Jump up to: a b Massie, Robert K. Nicholas and Alexandra, New York, Atheneum, 1967, p64
Jump up ^ Clarke, William The Lost Fortune of the Tsars, St. Martin's Griffin; Reprint edition, 1996, p101.
Jump up ^ "The Nizam of Hyderabad". Time.
Jump up ^ McCaffrey, Julie (3 February 2012). "Exclusive: The last Nizam of Hyderabad was so rich he had a £50m diamond paperweight..". Mirror.co.uk. London.
Jump up ^ Bedi, Rahul (12 April 2008). "India finally settles £1million Nizam dispute". The Daily Telegraph. London.
Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20090402032500/http://nationalmuseumindia.gov.in/press_release.html
Jump up ^ Shah, Tahir. "Alan the Red, the Brit who makes Bill Gates a pauper." Times Online. The Sunday Times. 7 October 2007. Web. 19 9ay 2010.
Jump up ^ http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/world_news/Middle_East/libya/article815465.ece
Jump up ^ https://www.forbes.com/sites/edwindurgy/2011/10/25/did-moammar-gadhafi-die-the-richest-man-in-the-world/
^ Jump up to: a b New Netherland Institute, William Henry Vanderbilt [1821–1885], Industrial/Commercial Leader, newnetherlandinstitute.org
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Gus Lubin, business insider The 20 Richest People Of All Time, 2 September 2010
Jump up ^ Steve Hargreaves, The richest Americans in history, #3. John Jacob Astor, CNN/Money, June 2, 2014
Jump up ^ Fortune Magazine's "richest Americans" Archived 2009-09-13 at the Wayback Machine.. Fortune estimated his wealth at death at $105,000,000, or 1/87 of the nation's GDP.
Jump up ^ Steve Hargreaves, The richest Americans in history, #2. Cornelius Vanderbilt, CNN/Money, June 2, 2014
Jump up ^ Steve Hargreaves, The richest Americans in history, #4. Stephen Girard, CNN/Money, June 2, 2014
Jump up ^ "Meet the 14th Century African king who was richest man in the world of all time (adjusted for inflation!)". Retrieved 2016-09-17.
Jump up ^ "Meet Mansa Musa I of Mali – the richest human being in all history". 2012-10-16. Retrieved 2016-09-17.
Jump up ^ "10 Richest People of All Time". 2016-09-04. Retrieved 2016-09-17.
Jump up ^ Jacob Davidson. "The 10 Richest People of All Time". CNNMoney. .
^ Jump up to: a b "Estimate from historian William Rubenstein via The Times, converted to dollars at average rate since ’07 (1:1.7) and adjusted for inflation."The 20 Richest People Of All Time, 4 September 2010. "Although he became a monarch, we're counting the spoils of war before he took the throne, based on what he gave out to his sons Odo and Robert." "he left the equivalent of $229.5 billion to his sons."
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Estimate from historian William Rubenstein via The Times, converted to dollars at average rate since ’07 (1:1.7) and adjusted for inflation." The 20 Richest People Of All Time, 4 September 2010
^ Jump up to: a b Wallechinsky, David & Irving Wallace. "Richest People in History Ancient Roman Crassus". Trivia-Library. The People's Almanac. 1975 – 1981. Web. 23 December 2009.
Jump up ^ "Often named as the richest man ever, a more accurate conversion of sesterce would put his modern figure between $200 million and $20 billion." Peter L. Bernstein. The 20 Richest People Of All Time
Jump up ^ "Roman Money – Current Value". GlobalSecurity. Retrieved 28 October 2011.
Further reading[edit]
Philip Beresford, William D. Rubinstein, The Richest of the Rich: The Wealthiest 250 People in Britain since 1066, Harriman House, 2011.
Michael Klepper, Robert Gunther, The Wealthy 100: From Benjamin Franklin to Bill Gates—A Ranking of the Richest Americans, Past and Present, Citadel Press, 1996.
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text:
Doki Doki Literature Club!
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Doki Doki Literature Club!
The cover art of Doki Doki Literature Club!, featuring the four main characters.
Developer(s)
Team Salvato
Designer(s)
Dan Salvato
Programmer(s)
Dan Salvato
Artist(s)
Satchely, Velinquent
Writer(s)
Dan Salvato
Composer(s)
Dan Salvato
Engine
Ren'Py
Platform(s)
Microsoft Windows
macOS
Linux
Release
WW: September 22, 2017
Genre(s)
Visual novel
Mode(s)
Single-player
Doki Doki Literature Club! is a visual novel developed by Team Salvato. It was released on September 22, 2017 for Microsoft Windows, macOS, and Linux,[1] and later on October 6 for Steam. The story follows a male high school student who joins the school's Literature Club and interacts with its four female members. The game features a mostly linear story, with some alternate scenes and endings depending on the choices the player makes. While it appears at first glance to be a lighthearted dating simulator, it is in fact a psychological horror game that involves heavy use of breaking the fourth wall.[2][3]
The game was developed in an estimated two-year period by a team led by Dan Salvato, known previously for his modding work for Super Smash Bros. Melee. According to Salvato, the inspiration for the game came from his mixed feelings toward anime, and a fascination for surreal and unsettling experiences.[4] Upon its release, Doki Doki Literature Club! received critical praise for its metafictional and horror elements, with PC Gamer calling it "one of the most surprising games of the year."[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Gameplay
2 Plot
3 Development and release
4 Reception
5 References
6 External links
Gameplay
The poem writing mini-game in Doki Doki Literature Club!
Doki Doki Literature Club! is a visual novel, as such, the majority of the gameplay consists of the player reading the game's story with little impact on what direction the plot takes. At certain points in the game the player is prompted to make decisions which may affect how the story progresses. The game also features a poetry writing mechanic as part of the Literature Club.[2] The player is given a list of various words to select from that will make up their poem. Each girl in the Literature Club has different word preferences, and will react when the player picks a word that they like. Additional scenes can be unlocked for each girl if the player writes poems targeted at that girl's tastes, and chooses the correct dialogue options. Which scenes the player has viewed during their playthrough will determine what ending the story has. At one point in the game, the player is forced to access the game's files and delete a specific file to progress further.
Plot
The protagonist is invited by his childhood friend, Sayori, to join their high school's literature club. The protagonist then meets the other members of the club: Natsuki, Yuri, and the club president Monika.[6] The protagonist starts to participate in the club's activities such as writing and sharing poetry, and grows close to the four girls.
Whilst preparing for an upcoming school festival, Sayori reveals that she suffers from depression and confesses her love for the protagonist. As the day of the festival approaches, Sayori's usually bittersweet poem is replaced with a dark and morbid note repeatedly telling someone to get out of her head. When Sayori does not answer his text messages, the protagonist leaves the club meeting and rushes to Sayori's home, where he discovers that she has hanged herself. The game begins to glitch, and as the protagonist wonders if they could have saved Sayori, the game abruptly ends.
The player is sent back to the main menu, with all previous save files erased. The game starts as usual, but what used to be Sayori's text and name is replaced with unreadable text. The game suddenly glitches and restarts; however, Sayori is absent, and any previous references to her are either completely removed or replaced by glitches and meshes of portions of other characters' sprites. Monika instead invites the protagonist to the club. Unsettling events begin occurring: the game rewinds after the protagonist finds Yuri cutting herself, and refuses to accept dialog options that do not favor Monika. Just before the festival, Yuri presents the protagonist with a poem consisting of illegible writing, bloodstains, and a yellow stain. She confesses her love to the protagonist, then stabs herself to death. The protagonist unwittingly spends the weekend sitting by her body. On Monday, Natsuki enters, vomits at the sight of Yuri's corpse, and flees. Monika then appears, apologizing, and deletes the "character files" for Yuri and Natsuki, causing the game to restart once again.
Upon starting a new game, the protagonist is placed in a room with Monika seated across from them. Monika explains that she is aware that she is a character in a game, and that she is able to manipulate the game's files to alter the other characters' personalities or erase them altogether. She admits to making Sayori "more and more depressed" and "amplifying Yuri's obsessive personality" to make them more unlikable so the player would focus on her instead. She confesses her love directly not to the protagonist, but to the person playing the game. Monika will sit and talk to the player indefinitely about various topics until the player manually enters the game's directory and deletes Monika's character file. Upon doing this, the game glitches once more and Monika panics as she is deleted from the game's world. Monika initially lashes out at the player, but after a pause, she confesses that she still loves the player, and expresses regret for everything she has done. Monika then restores the other girls, and removes herself from the game.
The game starts over once again with Sayori, Yuri and Natsuki all alive, playing out similarly to the initial playthrough. Shortly after meeting everyone, Sayori tells the player that now that she is the president of the literature club, she knows everything about the game and what happened with Monika, and intends to stay with the player forever. Monika immediately intervenes once more via text prompt and deletes Sayori for endangering the player. Monika then speaks audibly to the player, and sings a song titled "Your Reality" to the player while the credits roll and the game is slowly deleted. After the credits, the game displays a note from Monika, stating that she has disbanded the literature club because "there is no happiness" in it. Further playthroughs require the game to be re-installed or hard reset.
However, if the player viewed all of the optional scenes in a single playthrough, requiring saving and loading at several points before witnessing Sayori's initial suicide, an alternate ending is presented. Sayori instead accepts the nature of her reality and tearfully expresses her gratitude to the player for trying to make all of the girls happy. She says goodbye, hoping that the player will visit again sometime and concluding that the girls all love the player. After the credits, the player is presented with a thank-you note from the game's developer, Dan Salvato. This time, the character files of all four girls are preserved during the game world's data wipe.
Development and release
Dan Salvato spent an estimated two years working on Doki Doki Literature Club! in secret before releasing it as his first game.[4] Prior to its release, Salvato was known for creating the FrankerFaceZ extension for Twitch.tv,[4] his modding work in the Super Smash Bros scene,[7] and for his custom Super Mario Maker levels.[8][9]
Doki Doki Literature Club! was first released on September 22, 2017 on itch.io, and was later also released on Steam.[10] The game is available as freeware with an optional pay what you want model. Paying US$10 or more unlocks a bonus "Fan Pack" that includes desktop and mobile wallpapers, the game's official soundtrack, and a digital concept art booklet.[11]
Salvato cited his "love-hate relationship" with anime as inspiration for creating Doki Doki Literature Club!. Discussing the horror elements of the game, Salvato explained that he was inspired by "things that are scary because they make you uncomfortable, not because they shove scary-looking things in your face."[4]
Reception
Reception
Aggregate score
Aggregator
Score
Metacritic 78/100[12]
Review score
Publication
Score
RPGFan 90%[13]
After its release, Doki Doki Literature Club! quickly gained a cult following.[4][14]
Gita Jackson from Kotaku described Doki Doki Literature Club! as "a truly special game," adding "if you like horror games, especially ones that really get under your skin, please check out Doki Doki Literature Club."[15] GQ's Tom Philip called it "one of the scariest games I have ever played." He went on to praise the game's writing saying it contained "some of the most wickedly inventive narrative techniques I've ever seen," but commented that at times it felt like "a slog, clicking through endless amounts of inane, flirty conversation about poetry."[14]
In its first three months of release, Doki Doki Literature Club! was downloaded over one million times,[16] and exceeded two million downloads about a month later.[17]
At IGN's Best of 2017 Awards, the game won the People's Choice Award each for "Best PC Game",[18] "Best Adventure Game" (for which it was also a runner-up),[19] "Best Story",[20] and "Most Innovative".[21] EGMNow ranked the game 16th in their list of the 25 Best Games of 2017.[22] It won the "Matthew Crump Cultural Innovation Award" and was nominated for "Trending Game of the Year" at the 2018 SXSW Gaming Awards.[23][24]
References
Jump up ^ "Doki Doki Literature Club!". ddlc.moe. Retrieved October 24, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Rose, Victoria (October 22, 2017). "Doki Doki Literature Club is an uncontrollably horrific visual novel". Polygon. Retrieved February 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ Josuweit, Amy (October 31, 2017). "Doki Doki Literature Club is a hidden horror game for the internet age". Rock, Paper, Shotgun. Retrieved October 31, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Jackson, Gita (October 20, 2017). "Doki Doki Literature Club's Horror Was Born From A Love-Hate Relationship With Anime". Kotaku. Retrieved October 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Wright, Steven (October 26, 2017). "Doki Doki Literature Club! hides a gruesome horror game under its cute surface". PC Gamer. Retrieved October 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Couture, Joel (October 13, 2017). "Get to Know Your Fellow Lovers Of Writing With Doki Doki Literature Club!". Silicon Era. Retrieved October 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Good, Owen (September 13, 2015). "Powerful mod adds replay feature to Super Smash Bros. Melee". Polygon. Retrieved October 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Blain, Louise (October 9, 2015). "P is for Pain is the new contender for Mario Maker's hardest level". Games radar. Retrieved October 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Eversion-Inspired Super Mario Maker Level Uses Doors In An Ingenious Way". Silliconera. September 21, 2017. Retrieved October 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Doki Doki Literature Club! on Steam". Valve Corporation. Retrieved October 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Doki Doki Literature Club Fan Pack on Steam". Valve Corporation. Retrieved October 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Doki Doki Literature Club! for PC Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Fenner, Robert (December 24, 2017). "RPGFan Review - Doki Doki Literature Club". RPGFan. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Philip, Tom (October 19, 2017). "Doki Doki Literature Club Is the Most Messed Up Horror Game You'll Play This Year". GQ. Retrieved October 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Jackson, Gita (October 11, 2017). "Doki Doki Literature Club Scared Me Shitless". Kotaku. Retrieved October 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Barnett, Brian (December 11, 2017). "Doki Doki Literature Club Hits 1 Million Downloads". IGN. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ Jones, Ali (January 15, 2018). "Doki Doki Literature Club! surpasses two million downloads". PCGamesN. Retrieved January 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Best of 2017 Awards: Best PC Game". IGN. December 20, 2017. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Best of 2017 Awards: Best Adventure Game". IGN. December 20, 2017. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Best of 2017 Awards: Best Story". IGN. December 20, 2017. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Best of 2017 Awards: Most Innovative". IGN. December 20, 2017. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ EGM staff (December 28, 2017). "EGM's Best of 2017: Part Two: #20 ~ #16". EGMNow. Retrieved January 14, 2018.
Jump up ^ McNeill, Andrew (January 31, 2018). "Here Are Your 2018 SXSW Gaming Awards Finalists!". SXSW. Retrieved February 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ IGN Studios (March 17, 2018). "2018 SXSW Gaming Awards Winners Revealed". IGN. Retrieved March 18, 2018.
External links
Official website
"Doki Doki Literature Club!". The Visual Novel Database.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doki_Doki_Literature_Club!&oldid=832844587"
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text:
Amazon HQ2
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Amazon HQ2 is a proposed new corporate headquarters for online retailer and tech company Amazon in North America, to supplement the existing Seattle headquarters. Amazon announced the initiative, along with a request for proposals from governments and economic development organizations, in September 2017, attracting attention from more than 200 cities in Canada, the United States and Mexico.[1] Amazon intends to have 50,000 workers at HQ2 and is planning to invest $5 billion in new construction.[2] A shortlist of 20 finalists was announced January 18, 2018.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Requirements
3 Bids
3.1 Submitted
3.2 Withdrawn
4 Finalists
5 Promotional campaigns
6 Analysis
7 Criticism and opposition
8 References
9 External links
Background[edit]
Part of the Amazon headquarters in Seattle, under construction in 2015
Amazon.com was founded in 1994 in Bellevue, Washington, and moved to leased space in the SoDo neighborhood of Seattle. As the company grew, it went through a series of office moves around Downtown Seattle, until announcing a move to a purpose-built headquarters campus in the South Lake Union neighborhood, then a light industrial enclave undergoing urban renewal.[4] As of 2017[update], Amazon occupies 8.1 million square feet (750,000 m2) of office space in 33 buildings, employing 40,000 white collar workers.[5]
Requirements[edit]
Amazon's request for proposals outlined several core requirements, as well as optional preferences.[6]
Metropolitan areas with a population of over 1 million
A stable and business-friendly environment
Within 30 miles (48 km) of a population center
Within 45 minutes of an international airport
Proximity to major highways and arterial roads 1–3 miles (2–5 km)
Access to mass transit routes
Up to 8 million square feet (740,000 m2) of office space for future expansion
Optional preferences include airports with direct flights to Seattle, New York, San Francisco, and Washington, D.C., urban locations, and proximity to major universities.[7]
The deadline for Phase I bids was set at October 19, 2017.[8] A final site is planned to be selected and announced in 2018, from a shortlist of 20 cities released in January.[6][7][3]
Bids[edit]
Submitted[edit]
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
As of October 23, 2017[update], 238 proposals were submitted and received by Amazon, representing cities and regions from 54 states, provinces, districts, and territories.[9][10][1] The only U.S. states that did not have a locality that submitted a formal proposal were Arkansas, Hawaii, Iowa, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Vermont and Wyoming.[11] The Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Saskatchewan also declined to bid, along with the Yukon Territory.[12]
Anchorage, Alaska[13]
Albany-Rensselaer, New York[14][15]
Atlanta, Georgia (regional bid)[16][17]
Atlantic City, New Jersey[18]
Austin, Texas[19]
Bakersfield, California[20]
Baltimore, Maryland (Port Covington)[21]
Baltimore, Maryland (Old Goucher / Midtown)[22]
Bensalem, Pennsylvania[23]
Birmingham, Alabama[24][25][26]
Boise, Idaho[13][27]
Boston, Massachusetts[28]
Bridgeport and New Haven, Connecticut (joint bid)[29]
Bristol Township, Pennsylvania[30]
Brunswick, Maine[31]
Buffalo–Rochester, New York (joint bid)[32]
Calgary, Alberta[33]
Camden, New Jersey[34]
Charlotte, North Carolina[35]
Chicago, Illinois[36][37]
Chula Vista, California[38]
Cincinnati, Ohio (joint regional bid)[39]
Cleveland, Ohio[40]
College Park, Maryland/University of Maryland (joint bid)[41]
Columbus, Ohio[42]
Dallas–Fort Worth, Texas (joint regional bid)[43]
Danbury, Connecticut[44][45]
Delaware County, Pennsylvania[46]
Denver, Colorado[47][48]
Detroit, Michigan (joint international bid with Windsor, Ontario)[49][50]
Edmonton, Alberta[51]
El Paso, Texas (regional bid)[52][53]
Enfield, Connecticut[54][55]
Fall River, Massachusetts[31]
Foxborough, Massachusetts[31]
Fresno, California[56]
Gary, Indiana[57]
Grand Rapids, Michigan[58]
Greenville, South Carolina[59]
Halifax, Nova Scotia[60]
Hamilton, Ontario[61]
Hartford and Stamford, Connecticut (joint bid)[29][62]
Hickory, North Carolina[13]
Houston, Texas[63]
Huntington Beach, California (joint bid with Long Beach)[64]
Indianapolis, Indiana (regional bid)[65]
Irvine, California[66][67]
Jacksonville, Florida[68]
Jersey City, New Jersey (Kearny Point complex)[69]
Kansas City, Missouri[70][71]
Kearny, New Jersey[72]
Knoxville, Tennessee[73]
Langford, British Columbia[74]
Lehigh Valley, Pennsylvania (regional bid)[75]
Leominster, Massachusetts[31]
Long Beach, California (joint bid with Huntington Beach)[64]
Los Angeles, California[76]
Louisville, Kentucky (regional bid)[77]
Lowell, Massachusetts[31]
Lynn, Massachusetts[31]
Marlborough, Massachusetts[31]
Memphis, Tennessee[78]
Merrimack Valley, Massachusetts[31]
Miami, Florida (regional bid)[79]
Milwaukee, Wisconsin [80]
Missouri (state bid)[81]
Montreal, Quebec[82]
Nashville, Tennessee[83]
Newark, New Jersey[84][85]
New Bedford, Massachusetts[31]
New Brunswick, New Jersey[86]
New Hampshire (state bid)[87]
New York City, New York[88]
Northern Virginia (joint bid between Fairfax and Loudoun counties)[89]
Omaha, Nebraska[90]
Ottawa, Ontario (regional bid)[91][92]
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania[93]
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania[94]
Pomona, California (joint bid)[95][96]
Portland, Oregon (regional bid)[97][98]
Queretaro, Queretaro[99]
Raleigh-Durham, North Carolina (joint regional bid)[100]
Rhode Island [101]
Richmond, Virginia[102]
Rockdale, Texas[13]
Sacramento, California[103][104]
Salt Lake City, Utah[105]
San Diego, California[106][107]
San Francisco Bay Area, California (joint bid)[108]
San Jose, California[109][110]
Santa Ana, California[111]
Santa Teresa, New Mexico and San Jerónimo, Chihuahua (joint international bid)[112]
Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario and Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan (joint international bid)[113]
Scarborough, Maine[31]
Scottsboro, Alabama[114]
Seattle, Washington suburbs (King and Snohomish counties)[115][116]
Somerville, Massachusetts[31]
Springfield, Massachusetts[31]
St. Louis, Missouri[117]
Stamford, Connecticut[118]
Stonecrest, Georgia (will create a new town named Amazon, Georgia if selected)[119]
Syracuse (central Mohawk area), New York[32]
Tacoma, Washington[120]
Tampa Bay, Florida (joint bid with Saint Petersburg)[121]
Taunton, Massachusetts[31]
Toledo, Ohio (joint bid with Maumee, Ohio)[122]
Toronto, Ontario (regional bid)[123]
Trenton, New Jersey[124]
Tulalip Indian Reservation, Washington[125]
Tucson, Arizona[126]
Oklahoma City/Tulsa, Oklahoma[127]
Vancouver, British Columbia (regional bid)[74][128][129]
Winnipeg, Manitoba[130]
Weymouth, Massachusetts[31][131]
Worcester, Massachusetts[132][133]
Withdrawn[edit]
Little Rock, Arkansas[134]
San Antonio, Texas[135]
Finalists[edit]
Amazon HQ2 final 20 cities
On January 18, 2018, Amazon announced its shortlist of 20 finalists for the HQ2 bidding process. The list focuses mainly on the East Coast and Midwest, with Los Angeles as the sole West Coast finalist.[3][136] Toronto was the only finalist outside of the United States.[137]
Atlanta, Georgia
Austin, Texas
Boston/Somerville, Massachusetts
Chicago, Illinois
Columbus, Ohio
Dallas, Texas
Denver, Colorado
Indianapolis, Indiana
Los Angeles, California
Miami, Florida
Montgomery County, Maryland
Nashville, Tennessee
Newark, New Jersey
New York City, New York
Northern Virginia, Virginia
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Raleigh, North Carolina
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Washington, D.C.
Amazon began tours of its finalist cities in late February. Bidding cities also signed non-disclosure agreements with Amazon for the duration of the bid process.[138][139]
Promotional campaigns[edit]
Sun Corridor, a Tucson, Arizona economic development firm, sent a 21-foot saguaro cactus to Amazon in an attempt to promote the city's bid. The gift was rejected due to the company's corporate gifts policy, instead donating it to the Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum.[140]
The city of Stonecrest, Georgia, a suburb of Atlanta, voted to de-annex 345 acres (140 ha) of land for Amazon to establish its own city named Amazon around its headquarters.[141]
Sly James, mayor of Kansas City, Missouri, purchased 1,000 products from Amazon, which he donated to charity. James wrote 5-star reviews for each one of them, in which every review mentioned positive attributes of Kansas City.[142]
Primanti Brothers, a chain of sandwich shops based in Pittsburgh, offered free sandwiches to Amazon employees if they chose the city as their second headquarters.[142]
The city of Birmingham, Alabama erected several giant Amazon boxes and dash buttons around public areas. The dash buttons sent out pre-generated tweets to lure Amazon to the city.[142]
New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio announced that major landmarks in the city would be lit in orange to promote the city's campaign for HQ2.[142]
For one of Canada's many bids, messages hoping to persuade Amazon to move to Calgary were sprayed onto sidewalks in Seattle's South Lake Union neighborhood.[142] During an Ottawa Senators hockey game, fans were encouraged to "make noise" for the city of Ottawa's Amazon bid.[8]
Contrary to other cities, Little Rock, Arkansas, purchased a full-page ad in the Washington Post "breaking up" with Amazon, where they described their decision to not submit a bid, while also touting the city's positive attributes.[143] A few days after the bid deadline, the campaign flew a banner plane over Seattle with the same message.[144]
Analysis[edit]
The announcement came as a surprise in Seattle, where Amazon is actively expanding their South Lake Union campus and has 40,000 workers occupying almost 20 percent of the city's office space.[145] Former Seattle Mayor Ed Murray announced that he would begin conversations with Amazon about their long-term plans for the city, while the Seattle Metropolitan Chamber of Commerce characterized the announcement as a "wake-up call" to improve the city's business climate.[146] Comparisons were made to Boeing's decision to move their corporate headquarters from Seattle to Chicago in 2001, which came as a surprise to the city but ultimately only affected a few hundred corporate jobs.[147]
Moody's Analytics published an analysis of bidding metropolitan areas and determined that Austin, Texas, ranks highest among Amazon's criteria, followed by Atlanta, Philadelphia, and Rochester, New York.[148] The New York Times also completed an analysis which found Denver to be the best site based on Amazon's criteria, followed closely by Boston and Washington D.C.[149] Irish gambling site Paddy Power originally listed Atlanta as the odds on favorite to win HQ2, with 2-to-1 odds,[150] but as of January 2018, lists Atlanta and Austin as sharing 3-to-1 odds of winning Amazon HQ2.[151]
Criticism and opposition[edit]
Steven Strauss, a visiting professor of public policy at Princeton University[152] and an expert on economic development,[153] in an editorial in USA Today[154] suggested that metropolitan areas should be cautious about bidding too generously to win the Amazon bid. He points to examples where companies have gone bankrupt and/or not followed up on expansion plans, and notes that it is possible cities could over pay (the so-called "winner's curse") in the sense of providing an overly generous incentive package that turns out to be a money losing proposition for the municipality if all the promised jobs don't materialize.
Conservative and liberal advocacy groups voiced their opposition to various tax breaks promised by cities in hopes of luring Amazon.[155]
References[edit]
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