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Basic structure doctrine
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The basic structure doctrine is an Indian judicial principle that the Constitution of India has certain basic features that cannot be altered or destroyed through amendments by the parliament.[1] Key among these "basic features", are the fundamental rights granted to individuals by the constitution.[1][2][3] The doctrine thus forms the basis of a limited power of the Supreme Court to review and strike down constitutional amendments enacted by the Parliament which conflict with or seek to alter this "basic structure" of the Constitution. The basic structure doctrine applies only to constitutional amendments. The basic features of the Constitution have not been explicitly defined by the Judiciary, and the claim of any particular feature of the Constitution to be a "basic" feature is determined by the Court in each case that comes before it. The basic structure doctrine does not apply to ordinary Acts of Parliament, which must itself be in conformity with the Constitution.
The Supreme Court's initial position on constitutional amendments was that any part of the Constitution was amendable and that the Parliament might, by passing a Constitution Amendment Act in compliance with the requirements of article 368, amend any provision of the Constitution, including the Fundamental Rights and article 368. The "basic features" principle was first expounded in 1964, by Justice J.R. Mudholkar in his dissent, in the case of Sajjan Singh v. State of Rajasthan. He wrote,
It is also a matter for consideration whether making a change in a basic feature of the Constitution can be regarded merely as an amendment or would it be, in effect, rewriting a part of the Constitution; and if the latter, would it be within the purview of Article 368?
In 1967, the Supreme Court reversed its earlier decisions in Golaknath v. State of Punjab. It held that Fundamental Rights included in Part III of the Constitution are given a "transcendental position" and are beyond the reach of Parliament. It also declared any amendment that "takes away or abridges" a Fundamental Right conferred by Part III as unconstitutional. By 1973, the basic structure doctrine triumphed in Justice Hans Raj Khanna's judgment in the landmark decision of Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala.[4] Previously, the Supreme Court had held that the power of Parliament to amend the Constitution was unfettered.[1] However, in this landmark ruling, the Court adjudicated that while Parliament has "wide" powers, it did not have the power to destroy or emasculate the basic elements or fundamental features of the constitution.[5]
Although Kesavananda was decided by a narrow margin of 7-6, the basic structure doctrine has since gained widespread acceptance and legitimacy due to subsequent cases and judgments. Primary among these was the imposition of a state of emergency by Indira Gandhi in 1975, and her subsequent attempt to suppress her prosecution through the 39th Amendment. When the Kesavananda case was decided, the underlying apprehension of the majority bench that elected representatives could not be trusted to act responsibly was perceived as unprecedented. However, the passage of the 39th Amendment by the Indian National Congress' majority in central and state legislatures, proved that in fact such apprehension was well-founded. In Indira Nehru Gandhi v. Raj Narain and Minerva Mills v. Union of India, Constitution Benches of the Supreme Court used the basic structure doctrine to strike down the 39th Amendment and parts of the 42nd Amendment respectively, and paved the way for restoration of Indian democracy.[3]
The Supreme Court's position on constitutional amendments laid out in its judgements is that Parliament can amend the Constitution but cannot destroy its "basic structure".
Contents
[hide]
1 Definition
2 Background
2.1 Golaknath case
3 Kesavananda Bharati case (1973)
3.1 Defining the basic structure
4 The Emergency (1975)
5 Development
6 Evolution of the doctrine
7 Influence
8 See also
9 References
Definition[edit]
The "basic features" principle was first expounded in 1964, by Justice J.R. Mudholkar in his dissent, in the case of Sajjan Singh v. State of Rajasthan. He wrote,
It is also a matter for consideration whether making a change in a basic feature of the Constitution can be regarded merely as an amendment or would it be, in effect, rewriting a part of the Constitution; and if the latter, would it be within the purview of Article 368 ?"[6]
The basic features of the Constitution have not been explicitly defined by the Judiciary. At least, 20 features have been described as "basic" or "essential" by the Courts in numerous cases, and have been incorporated in the basic structure. In Indira Nehru Gandhi v. Raj Naraian and also in the Minerva Mills case, it was observed that the claim of any particular feature of the Constitution to be a "basic" feature would be determined by the Court in each case that comes before it. Some of the features of the Constitution termed as "basic" are listed below:
Supremacy of the Constitution
Rule of law
The principle of Separation of Powers
The objectives specified in the Preamble to the Constitution
Judicial Review
Articles 32 and 226
Federalism (including financial liberty of states under Articles 282 and 293)
Secularism
The Sovereign, Democratic, Republican structure
Freedom and dignity of the individual
Unity and integrity of the Nation
The principle of equality, not every feature of equality, but the quintessence of equal justice;
The "essence" of other Fundamental Rights in Part III
The concept of social and economic justice — to build a Welfare State: Part IV in toto
The balance between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles
The Parliamentary system of government
The principle of free and fair elections
Limitations upon the amending power conferred by Article 368
Independence of the Judiciary
Effective access to justice
Powers of the Supreme Court under Articles 32, 136, 141, 142
Legislation seeking to nullify the awards made in exercise of the judicial power of the State by Arbitration Tribunals constituted under an Act[7]
Welfare state
Background[edit]
The Supreme Court's initial position on constitutional amendments was that no part of the Constitution was unamendable and that the Parliament might, by passing a Constitution Amendment Act in compliance with the requirements of article 368, amend any provision of the Constitution, including the Fundamental Rights and article 368. In Shankari Prasad Singh Deo v. Union of India (AIR. 1951 SC 458), the Supreme Court unanimously held, "The terms of article 368 are perfectly general and empower Parliament to amend the Constitution without any exception whatever. In the context of article 13, “law” must be taken to mean rules or regulations made in exercise of ordinary legislative power and not amendments to the Constitution made in exercise of constituent power, with the result that article 13 (2) does not affect amendments made under article 368. In Sajjan Singh v. State of Rajasthan (case citation: 1965 AIR 845, 1965 SCR (1) 933), by a majority of 3-2, the Supreme Court held, "When article 368 confers on Parliament the right to amend the Constitution, the power in question can be exercised over all the provisions of the Constitution. It would be unreasonable to hold that the word "Law" in article 13 (2) takes in Constitution Amendment Acts passed under article 368."[7] In both cases, the power to amend the rights had been upheld on the basis of Article 368.
Golaknath case[edit]
Main article: I.C. Golak Nath and Ors. vs. State of Punjab and Anr.
In 1967, the Supreme Court reversed its earlier decisions in Golaknath v. State of Punjab.[7] A bench of eleven judges (the largest ever at the time) of the Supreme Court deliberated as to whether any part of the Fundamental Rights provisions of the constitution could be revoked or limited by amendment of the constitution. The Supreme Court delivered its ruling, by a majority of 6-5 on 27 February 1967. The Court held that an amendment of the Constitution is a legislative process, and that an amendment under article 368 is "law" within the meaning of article 13 of the Constitution and therefore, if an amendment "takes away or abridges" a Fundamental Right conferred by Part III, it is void. Article 13(2) reads, "The State shall not make any law which takes away or abridges the right conferred by this Part and any law made in contravention of this clause shall, to the extent of contravention, be void." The Court also ruled that Fundamental Rights included in Part III of the Constitution are given a "transcendental position" under the Constitution and are kept beyond the reach of Parliament. The Court also held that the scheme of the Constitution and the nature of the freedoms it granted incapacitated Parliament from modifying, restricting or impairing Fundamental Freedoms in Part III. Parliament passed the 24th Amendment in 1971 to abrogate the Supreme Court ruling in the Golaknath case. It amended the Constitution to provide expressly that Parliament has the power to amend any part of the Constitution including the provisions relating to Fundamental Rights. This was done by amending articles 13 and 368 to exclude amendments made under article 368, from article 13's prohibition of any law abridging or taking away any of the Fundamental Rights.[7] Chief Justice Koka Subba Rao writing for the majority held that:
A law to amend the constitution is a law for the purposes of Article 13.
Article 13 prevents the passing of laws which "take away or abridge" the Fundamental Rights provisions.
Article 368 does not contain a power to amend the constitution but only a procedure.
The power to amend comes from the normal legislative power of Parliament.
Therefore, amendments which "take away or abridge" the Fundamental Rights provisions cannot be passed.
Kesavananda Bharati case (1973)[edit]
Main article: Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala
Six years later in 1973, the largest ever Constitution Bench of 13 Judges, heard arguments in Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (case citation: AIR 1973 SC 1461). The Supreme Court reviewed the decision in Golaknath v. State of Punjab, and considered the validity of the 24th, 25th, 26th and 29th Amendments. The Court held, by a margin of 7-6, that although no part of the constitution, including fundamental rights, was beyond the amending power of Parliament (thus overruling the 1967 case), the "basic structure of the Constitution could not be abrogated even by a constitutional amendment".[8] The decision of the Judges is complex, consisting of multiple opinions taking up one complete volume in the law reporter "Supreme Court Cases". The findings included the following:
All of the Judges held that the 24th, 25th and 29th Amendments Acts are valid.
Ten judges held that Golak Nath's case was wrongly decided and that an amendment to the Constitution was not a "law" for the purposes of Article 13.
Seven judges held that the power of amendment is plenary and can be used to amend all the articles of the constitution (including the Fundamental Rights).
Seven judges held (six judges dissenting on this point) that "the power to amend does not include the power to alter the basic structure of the Constitution so as to change its identity".
Seven judges held (two judges dissenting, one leaving this point open) that "there are no inherent or implied limitations on the power of amendment under Article 368".
Nine judges (including two dissentients) signed a statement of summary for the judgment that reads:
Golak Nath's case is over-ruled.
Article 368 does not enable Parliament to alter the basic structure or framework of the Constitution.
The Constitution (Twenty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1971 is valid.
Section 2(a) and 2(b) of the Constitution (Twenty-fifth Amendment) Act, 1971 is valid.
The first part of section 3 of the Constitution (Twenty-fifth Amendment) Act, 1971 is valid. The second part namely "and no law containing a declaration that it is for giving effect to such policy shall be called in question in any court on the ground that it does not give effect to such policy" is invalid.
The Constitution (Twenty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1971 is valid.[7][9]
The ruling thus established the principle that the basic structure cannot be amended on the grounds that a power to amend is not a power to destroy.
Defining the basic structure[edit]
The majority had differing opinions on what the "basic structure" of the Constitution comprised.
Chief Justice Sarv Mittra Sikri, writing for the majority, indicated that the basic structure consists of the following:
The supremacy of the constitution.
A republican and democratic form of government.
The secular character of the Constitution.
Maintenance of the separation of powers.
The federal character of the Constitution.
Justices Shelat and Grover in their opinion added three features to the Chief Justice's list:
The mandate to build a welfare state contained in the Directive Principles of State Policy.
Maintenance of the unity and integrity of India.
The sovereignty of the country.
Justices Hegde and Mukherjea, in their opinion, provided a separate and shorter list:
The sovereignty of India.
The democratic character of the polity.
The unity of the country.
Essential features of individual freedoms.
The mandate to build a welfare state.
Justice Jaganmohan Reddy preferred to look at the preamble, stating that the basic features of the constitution were laid out by that part of the document, and thus could be represented by:
A sovereign democratic republic.
The provision of social, economic and political justice.
Liberty of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship.
Equality of status and opportunity.[10]
The Emergency (1975)[edit]
The Court reaffirmed and applied the basic structure doctrine in Indira Nehru Gandhi v. Raj Narain, popularly known as Election case. The constitutionality of Article 329A, which had been inserted by the 39th Amendment in 1975 was challenged in this case.[7] Shortly after the imposition of the Emergency, a bench of thirteen judges was hastily assembled to hear the case. Presided over by Chief Justice Ajit Nath Ray, the court had to determine the degree to which amendments were restricted by the basic structure theory. Ray, who was among the dissenters in the Kesavananda Bharati case, had been promoted to Chief Justice of India on 26 April 1973, superseding three senior Judges, Shelat, Grover and Hegde (all in the majority in the same case), which was unprecedented in Indian legal history. On November 10 and 11, the team of civil libertarian barristers, led by Nanabhoy Palkhivala, argued against the Union government's application for reconsideration of the Kesavananda decision. Some of the judges accepted his argument on the very first day, the others on the next; by the end of the second day, the Chief Justice was reduced to a minority of one. On the morning of 12 November, Chief Justice Ray tersely pronounced that the bench was dissolved, and the judges rose.
The 39th Amendment attempted, among other provisions, to legitimize the election of Indira Gandhi in 1971. Article 329A put the elections of the Prime Minister and Lok Sabha Speaker outside the purview of the judiciary and provided for determination of disputes concerning their elections by an authority to be set up by a Parliamentary law. The Supreme Court struck down clauses (4) and (5) of the article 329A, which made the existing election law inapplicable to the Prime Minister's and Speaker's election, and declared the pending proceedings in respect of such elections null and void.[7]
Development[edit]
Constitutional lawyer A. G. Noorani notes[11] that the doctrine has "now spread far and wide beyond its frontiers.", but that the eventual attribution to Dietrich Conrad is absent, who propounded the arguments in a lecture to the law faculty in the Banaras Hindu University. The argument, Noorani narrates made way to M K Nambyar who read the excerpt out in Golaknath.
Implied Limitations of the Amending Power
"Perhaps the position of the Supreme Court is influenced by the fact that it has not so far been confronted with any extreme type of constitutional amendments. It is the duty of the jurist, though, to anticipate extreme cases of conflict, and sometimes only extreme tests reveal the true nature of a legal concept. So, if for the purpose of legal discussion, I may propose some fictive amendment laws to you, could it still be considered a valid exercise of the amendment power conferred by Article 368 if a two-thirds majority changed Article 1 by dividing India into two States of Tamilnad and Hindustan proper? "Could a constitutional amendment abolish Article 21, to the effect that forthwith a person could be deprived of his life or personal liberty without authorisation by law? Could the ruling party, if it sees its majority shrinking, amend Article 368 to the effect that the amending power rests with the President acting on the advice of the Prime Minister? Could the amending power be used to abolish the Constitution and reintroduce, let us say, the rule of a moghul emperor or of the Crown of England? I do not want, by posing such questions, to provoke easy answers. But I should like to acquaint you with the discussion which took place on such questions among constitutional lawyers in Germany in the Weimar period - discussion, seeming academic at first, but suddenly illustrated by history in a drastic and terrible manner."
http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1809/18090950.htm
The note is that in Kesavananda Bharati the dissenting judge, Justic Khanna approved as "substantially correct" the following observations by Prof. Conrad:
Any amending body organised within the statutory scheme, howsoever verbally unlimited its power, cannot by its very structure change the fundamental pillars supporting its constitutional authority.
Limitation of Amendment Procedures and the Constituent Power; Indian Year Book of International Affairs, 1966-1967, Madras, pp. 375-430
Evolution of the doctrine[edit]
The basic structure doctrine was further clarified in Minerva Mills v. Union of India. The 42nd Amendment had been enacted by the government of Indira Gandhi in response to the Kesavananda Bharati judgment in an effort to reduce the power of the judicial review of constitutional amendments by the Supreme Court. In the Minerva Mills case, Nanabhoy Palkhivala successfully moved the Supreme Court to declare sections 4 and 55 of the 42nd Amendment as unconstitutional.[12] The constitutionality of sections 4 and 55 of the 42nd Amendment were challenged in this case, when Charan Singh was caretaker Prime Minister. Section 4 of the 42nd Amendment, had amended Article 31C of the Constitution to accord precedence to the Directive Principles of State Policy articulated in Part IV of the Constitution over the Fundamental Rights of individuals articulated in Part III. Section 55 prevented any constitutional amendment from being "called in question in any Court on any ground". It also declared that there would be no limitation whatever on the constituent power of Parliament to amend by way of definition, variation or repeal the provisions of the Constitution. On 31 July 1980, when Indira Gandhi was back in power, the Supreme Court declared sections 4 & 55 of the 42nd amendment as unconstitutional. It further endorsed and evolved the basic structure doctrine of the Constitution.[12][13] As had been previously held through the basic structure doctrine in the Kesavananda case, the Court ruled that Parliament could not by amending the constitution convert limited power into an unlimited power (as it had purported to do by the 42nd amendment).
In the judgement on section 55, Chief Justice Yeshwant Vishnu Chandrachud wrote,
Since the Constitution had conferred a limited amending power on the Parliament, the Parliament cannot under the exercise of that limited power enlarge that very power into an absolute power. Indeed, a limited amending power is one of the basic features of our Constitution and therefore, the limitations on that power can not be destroyed. In other words, Parliament can not, under Article 368, expand its amending power so as to acquire for itself the right to repeal or abrogate the Constitution or to destroy its basic and essential features. The donee of a limited power cannot by the exercise of that power convert the limited power into an unlimited one.[14]
The ruling was widely welcomed in India, and Gandhi did not challenge the verdict.[15] In the judgement on Section 4, Chandrachud wrote:
Three Articles of our Constitution, and only three, stand between the heaven of freedom into which Tagore wanted his country to awake and the abyss of unrestrained power. They are Articles 14, 19 and 21. Article 31C has removed two sides of that golden triangle which affords to the people of this country an assurance that the promise held forth by the preamble will be performed by ushering an egalitarian era through the discipline of fundamental rights, that is, without emasculation of the rights to liberty and equality which alone can help preserve the dignity of the individual.[14]
This latter view of Article 31C was questioned, but not overturned, in Sanjeev Coke Manufacturing Co v Bharat Cooking Coal Ltd. (case citation: AIR 1983 SC 239). The concept of basic structure has since been developed by the Supreme Court in subsequent cases, such as Waman Rao v. Union of India (AIR 1981 SC 271), Bhim Singhji v. Union of India (AIR 1981 SC 234), S.P. Gupta v. President of India (AIR 1982 SC 149) (known as Transfer of Judges case), S.P. Sampath Kumar v. Union of India (AIR 1987 SC 386), P. Sambamurthy v. State of Andhra Pradesh (AIR 1987 SC 663), Kihota Hollohon v. Zachilhu and others (1992 1 SCC 309), L. Chandra Kumar v. Union of India and others (AIR 1997 SC 1125), P. V. Narsimha Rao v. State (CBI/SPE) (AIR 1998 SC 2120), I.R. Coelho v. State of Tamil Nadu and others (2007 2 SCC 1), and Raja Ram Pal v. The Hon’ble Speaker, Lok Sabha and others (JT 2007 (2) SC 1) (known as Cash for Query case).[7]
The Supreme Court's position on constitutional amendments laid out in its judgements is that Parliament can amend the Constitution but cannot destroy its "basic structure".[13][16]
Influence[edit]
The influence extends to Commonwealth Countries sharing the judicial system with India. The basic structure doctrine was adopted by the Supreme Court of Bangladesh in 1989, by expressly relying on the reasoning in the Kesavananda case, in its ruling on Anwar Hossain Chowdhary v. Bangladesh (41 DLR 1989 App. Div. 165, 1989 BLD (Spl.) 1).[17]
The High Court of Singapore denied the application of the basic features doctrine in Singapore in Teo Soh Lung v. Minister for Home Affairs. Justice Frederick Arthur Chua held that the doctrine was not applicable to the Singapore Constitution: "Considering the differences in the making of the Indian and our Constitution, it cannot be said that our Parliament's power to amend our Constitution is limited in the same way as the Indian Parliament's power to amend the Indian Constitution."[18]
In Malaysia, the basic features doctrine was also found to be inapplicable by the Federal Court in Phang Chin Hock v. Public Prosecutor.[19] The Court remarked that the Indian Constitution was not drafted by "mere mortals", while the same could not be said for the Malaysian Constitution.[20] The Indian Constitution was drafted by a constituent assembly representative of the Indian people in territorial, racial and community terms,[21] while both the Malaysian and Singapore Constitutions were enacted by ordinary legislatures. Reliance on the drawing of distinctions between the Indian Constitution on the one hand and the Malaysian and Singapore Constitutions on the other on the basis of the history of their framing has been criticized as weak and inadequate.[22]
See also[edit]
Judicial Activism In India
Teo Soh Lung v. Minister for Home Affairs in Singapore, the concerned court considered and rejected the applicability of the doctrine.
Phang Chin Hock v. Public Prosecutor in Malaysia.
Anwar Hossain Chowdhary v. Bangladesh
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "The basic features". The Hindu. 2004-09-26. Retrieved 2012-07-09.
Jump up ^ "Kesavananda Bharati ... vs State Of Kerala And Anr on 24 April, 1973". Indian Kanoon. Retrieved 2012-07-09.
^ Jump up to: a b "Revisiting a verdict". 29 (01). Frontline. Jan 14–27, 2012. Archived from the original on 2013-12-03. Retrieved 2012-07-09.
Jump up ^ "Kesavananda Bharati ... vs State Of Kerala And Anr on 24 April, 1973". Indian Kanoon. Para. 316. Retrieved 2012-06-24.
Jump up ^ "Kesavananda Bharati ... vs State Of Kerala And Anr on 24 April, 1973". Indian Kanoon. Para. 787. Retrieved 2012-07-09.
Jump up ^ http://www.indialawjournal.com/volume3/issue_2/article_by_rushminsunny.html
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "Constitution Amendment: Nature and Scope of the Amending Process" (PDF). Lok Sabha Secretariat. pp. 14–20. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 1 December 2013. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
Jump up ^ Austin, Granville (1999). Working a Democratic Constitution - A History of the Indian Experience. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 258–277. ISBN 019565610-5.
Jump up ^ Satya Prateek (2008). "Today's Promise, Tomorrow's Constitution: 'Basic Structure', Constitutional Transformations And The Future Of Political Progress In India" (PDF). NUJS Law Review. West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences. 1 (3). Retrieved 2012-07-17. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Jasdeep Randhawa. "Understanding Judicialization Of Mega-Politics : The Basic Structure Doctrine And Minimum Core". Jus Politicum. Retrieved 2012-07-17.
Jump up ^ NOORANI, A. G. (Apr 28 – May 11, 2001). "Behind the 'basic structure' doctrine : On India's debt to a German jurist, Professor Dietrich Conrad". Frontline. the Hindu group. Retrieved 22 March 2014. THERE is, sadly, little acknowledgment in India of that debt we owe to a distinguished German jurist and a scholar steeped in other disciplines beyond the confines of law - Professor Dietrich Conrad, formerly Head of the Law Department, South Asia Institute of the University of Heidelberg, Germany....It was no mere coincidence that a German jurist had thought of implied limitations on the amending power. Article 79(3) of the Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany, adopted on May 8, 1949, six months before the drafting of India's Constitution ended, bars explicitly amendments to provisions concerning the federal structure and to "the basic principles laid down in Articles 1 and 20 (on human rights and the "democratic and social" set-up). The Germans learnt from the bitter experience of the Nazi era. The framers of the Constitution of India refused to look beyond the Commonwealth countries and the United States....Prof. Conrad aptly remarked that "in this free trade of constitutional ideas the Indian Supreme Court has come to play the role of an exporter. This holds true with respect to at least two major innovations introduced by the court"; namely, public interest litigation and "the basic structure doctrine".
^ Jump up to: a b Raghav Sharma (2008-04-16). "Minerva Mills Ltd. & Ors. v. Union of India & Ors: A Jurisprudential Perspective". Social Science Research Network. SSRN 1121817  . Missing or empty |url= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b "Indian Constitution: Sixty years of our faith". The Indian Express. 2010-02-02. Retrieved 2013-12-01.
^ Jump up to: a b "Minerva Mills Ltd. & Ors. vs. Union of India & Ors". Open Archive. Archived from the original on 2012-04-04. Retrieved 2012-07-17.
Jump up ^ "When in doubt, amend". Indian Express. 2009-08-21. Retrieved 2013-11-23.
Jump up ^ "India - The Constitution". Countrystudies.us. Retrieved 2013-12-01.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2010-12-20. Retrieved 2013-12-02.
Jump up ^ Teo Soh Lung (H.C.), p. 479, para. 47.
Jump up ^ [1980] 1 M.L.J. [Malayan Law Journal] 70.
Jump up ^ Phang Chin Hock, p. 73.
Jump up ^ Jaclyn Ling-Chien Neo; Yvonne C.L. Lee (2009), "Protecting Rights", in Li-ann Thio; Kevin Y[ew] L[ee] Tan, eds., Evolution of a Revolution: Forty years of the Singapore Constitution, London; New York, N.Y.: Routledge-Cavendish, p. 169, ISBN 978-0-415-43862-9 CS1 maint: Extra text: editors list (link) .
Jump up ^ Ravneet Kaur (1994), "The Basic Features Doctrine and the Elected President Act", Singapore Law Review, 15: 244–266 at 253–254 ; see also A[ndrew] J. Harding (1979), "Death of a Doctrine? Phang Chin Hock v. Public Prosecutor", Malaya Law Review, 21: 365–374 at 371 .
http://www.humanrightsinitiative.org/publications/const/the_basic_structure_of_the_indian_constitution.pdf
H M Seervai, 'Constitutional Law of India'
V.N. Shukla 'Constitution of India' 10th edition
Anuranjan Sethi (October 25, 2005), 'Basic Structure Doctrine: Some Reflections". SSRN 835165
Conrad, Dietrich, Law and Justice, United Lawyers Association, New Delhi (Vol. 3, Nos. 1-4; pages 99–114)
Conrad, Dietrich,Limitation of Amendment Procedures and the Constituent Power; Indian Year Book of International Affairs, 1966-1967, Madras, pp. 375–430
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Sterling Holloway
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Sterling Holloway
Andy Griffith and Holloway in 1962
Born
Sterling Price Holloway, Jr.
(1905-01-04)January 4, 1905
Cedartown, Georgia, U.S.
Died
November 22, 1992(1992-11-22) (aged 87)
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Cause of death
Cardiac arrest
Resting place
Cremains buried in Pacific Ocean
Alma mater
Georgia Military Academy[1]
Occupation
Actor, voice actor
Years active
1926–1986
Notable work
Original voice of Winnie the Pooh, Kaa, Roquefort, Cheshire Cat, Adult Flower and Mr. Stork
Children
Richard Holloway (adopted)[2]
Sterling Price Holloway Jr. (January 4, 1905 – November 22, 1992) was an American character actor and voice actor who appeared in over 100 films and 40 television shows. He was also a voice actor for The Walt Disney Company, well known for his distinctive tenor voice, and served as the original voice of the title character in Walt Disney's Winnie the Pooh.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
2.1 Motion pictures and shorts
2.2 With Walt Disney
2.3 Radio and recordings
2.4 Television
3 Final years, death and legacy
4 Quotes
5 Filmography
5.1 Feature films
5.2 Short subjects
5.3 Television
6 Discography
7 References
8 Sources
9 External links
Early life[edit]
Born in Cedartown, Georgia, Holloway was named after his father, Sterling Price Holloway, who himself was named after a prominent Confederate general, Sterling "Pap" Price. His mother was Rebecca DeHaven (some sources say her last name was Boothby). He had a younger brother named Boothby. The family owned a grocery store in Cedartown, where his father served as mayor in 1912. After graduating from Georgia Military Academy in 1920 at the age of fifteen, he left Georgia for New York City, where he attended the American Academy of Dramatic Arts.[3] While there, he befriended actor Spencer Tracy, whom he considered one of his favorite working colleagues.
Career[edit]
Motion pictures and shorts[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
In his late teens, Holloway toured with stock company of The Shepherd of the Hills, performing in one-nighters across much of the American West before returning to New York where he accepted small walk-on parts from the Theatre Guild, and appeared in the Rodgers and Hart review The Garrick Gaieties in the mid-1920s. A talented singer, he introduced "Manhattan" in 1925, and the following year sang "Mountain Greenery".[3]
He moved to Hollywood in 1926 to begin a film career that lasted almost 50 years. His bushy red hair and high pitched voice meant that he almost always appeared in comedies. His first film was The Battling Kangaroo (1926), a silent picture. Over the following decades, Holloway would appear with Fred MacMurray, Barbara Stanwyck, Lon Chaney Jr, Clark Gable, Joan Crawford, Bing Crosby, and John Carradine. In 1942, during World War II, Holloway enlisted in the United States Army at the age of 37 and was assigned to the Special Services. He helped develop a show called "Hey Rookie", which ran for nine months and raised $350,000 for the Army Relief Fund.[4] In 1945, Holloway played the role of a medic assigned to an infantry platoon in the critically acclaimed film A Walk in the Sun. During 1946 and 1947, he played the comic sidekick in five Gene Autry Westerns.[5]
With Walt Disney[edit]
Walt Disney originally considered Holloway for the voice of Sleepy in Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937), but chose Pinto Colvig instead. Holloway's voice work in animated films began in 1941 when he was first heard in Dumbo (1941), as the voice of Mr. Stork. Holloway was the voice of the adult Flower in Bambi (1942), the narrator of the Antarctic penguin sequence in The Three Caballeros (1944) and the narrator in the Peter and the Wolf sequence of Make Mine Music (1946).
He was the voice of the Cheshire Cat in Alice in Wonderland (1951), the narrator in The Little House (1952), Susie the Little Blue Coupe (1952), Lambert the Sheepish Lion (1952), Kaa the snake in The Jungle Book (1967), and Roquefort in The Aristocats (1970). He is perhaps best remembered as the voice of Winnie the Pooh in Disney's Winnie the Pooh featurettes through 1977. He was honored as a Disney Legend in 1991, the first person to receive the award in the Voice category. His final role was Hobe Carpenter, a friendly moonshiner who helps Harley Thomas (David Carradine) in Thunder and Lightning (1977).
Radio and recordings[edit]
Holloway acted on many radio programs, including The Railroad Hour, The United States Steel Hour, Suspense and Lux Radio Theater. In the late 1940s, he could be heard in various roles on NBC's "Fibber McGee and Molly". His distinctive tenor voice retained a touch of its Southern drawl and was very recognizable. Holloway was chosen to narrate many children's records, including Uncle Remus Stories (Decca), Mother Goose Nursery Rhymes (Disneyland Records), Walt Disney Presents Rudyard Kipling's Just So Stories (Disneyland Records) and Peter And The Wolf (RCA Victor).
Television[edit]
Holloway with William Bendix on The Life of Riley, 1957.
Holloway easily made the transition from radio to television. He appeared on the Adventures of Superman as "Uncle Oscar", an eccentric inventor, and played a recurring role on The Life of Riley. He guest-starred on Fred Waring's CBS television program in the 1950s and appeared on Circus Boy as a hot air balloonist. Some other series on which he performed include Five Fingers (episode "The Temple of the Swinging Doll"), The Untouchables, The Real McCoys ("The Jinx"), Hazel, Pete and Gladys, The Twilight Zone ("What's in the Box"), The Brothers Brannagan, Gilligan's Island, The Andy Griffith Show, The Donald O'Connor Show, Peter Gunn, F Troop, and Moonlighting. During the 1970s, Holloway did commercial voice-overs for Purina Puppy Chow dog food and sang their familiar jingle, "Puppy Chow/For a full year/Till he's full-grown!". He also provided the voice for Woodsy Owl in several 1970s and 1980s United States Forest Service commercials. In 1982 he auditioned for the well-known comic book character Garfield but lost to Lorenzo Music. In 1984, he provided voice-over work for a commercial for Libby's baked beans.[6]
Final years, death and legacy[edit]
Never married, Holloway once claimed this was because he felt lacking in nothing and did not wish to disturb his pattern of life,[5] but he did adopt a son, Richard.
Holloway died on November 22, 1992 of a cardiac arrest in a Los Angeles hospital. His body was cremated and his ashes scattered in the Pacific Ocean.[7]
Voice actor Hal Smith took over the role of Winnie the Pooh for the 1981 short Winnie the Pooh Discovers the Seasons. He would maintain the role until Jim Cummings replaced him in 1988 for The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh and also took over most of Holloway's other voice roles, including Kaa in Jungle Cubs and The Jungle Book 2.
Quotes[edit]
"I've always loved the theater very much. I've always been in it. I hate being away from it. I'm very stubborn — I like to do what I want to do. And what I want to do most is theater."[4]
"I started in show business when I was fifteen years old by enrolling at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in New York. That was in 1920. Some of my classmates included Spencer Tracy, Allen Jenkins, and Pat O'Brien. You know what happened to them."[citation needed]
Filmography[edit]
Feature films[edit]
Casey at the Bat (1927) as Elmer Putnam
American Madness (1932) as Oscar (uncredited)
Blonde Venus (1932) as Joe, Hiker (uncredited)
Faithless (1932) as Photographer (uncredited)
Rockabye (1932) as Speakeasy Pianist (uncredited)
Lawyer Man (1932) as Olga's Dining Friend (uncredited)
Hard to Handle (1933) as Andy Heaney (uncredited)
Blondie Johnson (1933) as Red Charley
Fast Workers (1933) as Pinky Magoo
Hell Below (1933) as Seaman Jenks
Elmer, the Great (1933) as Nick Kane
Picture Snatcher (1933) as Journalism Student (uncredited)
Adorable (1933) as Emile, Karl's Valet (uncredited)
International House (1933) as Sailor
Gold Diggers of 1933 (1933) as Second Hat Delivery Boy (uncredited)
Professional Sweetheart (1933) as Stu
When Ladies Meet (1933) as Jerome – the Caddy (uncredited)
Wild Boys of the Road (1933) as Ollie, another hobo
Dancing Lady (1933) as Pinky – the Show's Author
Advice To The Lovelorn (1933) as Benny
Alice in Wonderland (1933) as Frog
Going Hollywood (1933) as Radio Remote Technician (uncredited)
The Cat and the Fiddle (1934) as Flower Messenger (uncredited)
Strictly Dynamite (1934) as Elmer Fleming
The Back Page (1934) as Bill Giddings
Operator 13 (1934) as Wounded Union Soldier (uncredited)
Murder in the Private Car (1934) as Office Boy (uncredited)
Tomorrow's Children (1934) as Dr. Dorsey
Down to Their Last Yacht (1934) as Freddy Finn
Gift of Gab (1934) as Sound Effects Man
The Merry Widow (1934) as Orderly
Girl o' My Dreams (1934) as Spec Early
A Wicked Woman (1934) as Peter
Lottery Lover (1935) as Cadet Harold Stump
Life Begins At Forty (1935) as Chris
Doubting Thomas (1935) as Mr. Spindler
I Live My Life (1935) as Max
1,000 Dollars A Minute (1935) as Pete
Rendezvous (1935) as Taxi Driver (uncredited)
Palm Springs (1936) as Oscar
Career Woman (1936) as George Rogers
Join the Marines (1937) as Alfred, the Steward
Maid of Salem (1937) as Miles Corbin – Cow Herder
When Love Is Young (1937) as Orville Kane
The Woman I Love (1937) as Duprez
Varsity Show (1937) as Trout
Behind the Mike (1937) as Tommy Astor
Of Human Hearts (1938) as Chauncey Ames
Dr. Rhythm (1938) as Luke (Ice-Cream Man)
Held For Ransom (1938) as RFD Mailman (uncredited)
Professor Beware (1938) as The Groom
Spring Madness (1938) as Buck
St. Louis Blues (1939) as Boatman (uncredited)
East Side of Heaven (1939) as Accordion player (uncredited)
Nick Carter, Master Detective (1939) as Bee-Catcher
The Blue Bird (1940) as Wild Plum
Remember the Night (1940) as Willie
Hit Parade of 1941 (1940) as Soda Clerk
Street of Memories (1940) as Student Barber
Little Men (1940) as Reporter
Cheers for Miss Bishop (1941) as Chris Jensen
Meet John Doe (1941) as Dan
The Great Awakening (1941) as Otto, the bookkeeper
Top Sergeant Mulligan (1941) as Frank Snark
Dumbo (1941) as Mr. Stork (voice)
Look Who's Laughing (1941) as Rusty, Soda Jerk (uncredited)
Don't Get Personal (1942) as Lucky
The Lady Is Willing (1942) as Arthur Miggle (uncredited)
Star Spangled Rhythm (1942) as Sterling - 'Sweater, Sarong & Peekaboo Bang' number
Bambi (1942) as Adult Flower (voice, uncredited)
Iceland (1942) as Sverdrup Svenssen
Here We Go Again (1942) as Tommy, Western Union Messenger (uncredited)
The Three Caballeros (1944) as Prof. Holloway (voice)
Wildfire (1945) as Alkali Jones
A Walk in the Sun (1945) as McWilliams
Make Mine Music (1946) as Narrator (segment "Peter and the Wolf") (voice)
Death Valley (1946) as Slim
Sioux City Sue (1946) as Nellie Bly
Her Wonderful Lie (1947)
Trail to San Antone (1947) as Droopy Stearns
Twilight on the Rio Grande (1947) as Pokie
Saddle Pals (1947) as Waldo T. Brooks Jr.
Robin Hood of Texas (1947) as Droopy Haynes
Addio Mimí! (1949) as Aristide
The Beautiful Blonde from Bashful Bend (1949) as Basserman Boy
Alice in Wonderland (1951) as Vito the Cheshire Cat (voice)
Kentucky Rifle (1955) as Lon Setter
Shake, Rattle and Rock! (1956) as Albert 'Axe' McAllister
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1960) as Barber
Alakazam the Great (1960) as Narrator (English version, voice)
My Six Loves (1963) as Oliver Dodds (uncredited)
It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World (1963) as Fire Chief
Batman (1966; scenes deleted)
The Jungle Book (1967) as Kaa, The Snake (voice)
Live a Little, Love a Little (1968) as Milkman
The Aristocats (1970) as Roquefort, The Mouse (voice)
Cries (1975) as Narrator
Super Seal (1976) as Cap'n Zach
Won Ton Ton, the Dog Who Saved Hollywood (1976) as Old Man on Bus
The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (1977) as Winnie the Pooh (voice)
Thunder & Lightning (1977) as Hobe Carpenter
Short subjects[edit]
The Battling Kangaroo (1926) as Napoleon French
The Girl from Everywhere (1927) as Assistant Director
The Girl from Nowhere (1928) as Minor Role (uncredited)
One Track Minds (1933) as Train Snack Salesman
Not the Marrying Kind (1933)
Meeting Mazie (1933)
Born April First (1934)
Pleasing Grandpa (1934)
Picnic Perils (1934)
Sterling's Rival Romeo (1934) as Sterling
Father Knows Best (1935) as Bashful Boy
My Girl Sally (1935)
Bring 'Em Back A Lie (1935)
Double Crossed (1935)
His Last Fling (1935)
Boy Meets Dog (1938) as Himself
The Pelican & The Snipe (1944) as Narrator (voice, uncredited)
The Cold-Blooded Penguin (1944) as Narrator (voice)
Donald's Crime (1945) as Donald's Conscience (voice)
Unusual Occupations L-5-2 (1945) as Himself
Peter & The Wolf (1946) as Narrator (voice)
Moron Than Off (1946) as Elmer Fossdinkle
Mr. Wright Goes Wrong (1946)
Scooper Dooper (1947) as Himself
Hectic Honeymoon (1947) as Eddie Jones
Mickey and the Beanstalk (1947) as Narrator (voice)
Speaking of Animals No. Y7-1: Dog Crazy (1947) as Dog Owner
Man or Mouse (1948) as Elmer Dinkle
Flat Feat (1948) as Officer Sterling Smith / Smith's Father
Lambert the Sheepish Lion (1952) as Narrator / Mr. Stork (voice)
Susie the Little Blue Coupe (1952) as Narrator (voice)
The Little House (1952) as Narrator
Ben and Me (1953) as Amos Mouse (voice)
Goliath II (1960) as Narrator (voice)
Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree (1966) as Winnie the Pooh (voice)
Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day (1968) as Winnie the Pooh (voice)
Man, Monsters & Mysteries (1974) as Nessie (voice)
Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too (1974) as Winnie the Pooh (voice)
Television[edit]
Adventures of Superman (1953–55) as Prof. Oscar Quinn / Prof. Twiddle
The Life of Riley (1953–56) as Waldo Binny
The Adventures of Ozzie & Harriet (episode "Pancake Mix"; 1953) as The Groceryman
Willy (1955) as Harvey Evelyn
Our Mr. Sun (1956) as Chloro Phyll (voice, uncredited)
Hemo the Magnificent (1957) as Lab assistant (uncredited)
The Real McCoys (episode "The Jinx"; 1960) as Orval McCoy
Zane Grey Theatre (episode "Blood Red"; 1961) as Luther
The Andy Griffith Show (episode "The Merchant of Mayberry"; 1962) as Bert, a traveling salesman
Hazel ("The Retiring Milkman" Season 3, Episode 13; 1963) as Claude the Milkman
The Twilight Zone (episode "What's in the Box"; 1964) as TV Repairman
The Restless Sea (1964) as Mr. H2O (voice)
Burke's Law (episode 28, "Who Killed Annie Foran?"; 1964) as Fisk
The Baileys of Balboa (1964–65) as Buck Singleton
F-Troop (in the episode "Wilton the Kid"; 1966) as Sheriff Pat Lawton
That Girl (episode 14, "Phantom of the Horse Opera"; 1966) as Everett Valentine
Gilligan's Island (1967) as Burt, a prisoner with a homing pigeon
Tony the Pony (1976) as GG, the Wizard
Tukiki and His Search for a Merry Christmas (1979) as Northwind (voice)
We Think the World Is Round (1984) as Pegleg Pelican (voice)
Moonlighting (episode "Atomic Shakespeare"; 1986) as Narrator (voice) (final television appearance)
Discography[edit]
Uncle Remus Stories (Decca, 1947) as Narrator
Peter and the Wolf (RCA Victor, 1949) as Narrator
Alice in Wonderland (RCA Victor, 1951)[8] as the Cheshire Cat
Susie, the Little Blue Coupe (Decca, 1952)[9] as Narrator
The Little House (Decca, 1952)[9] as Narrator
The Sorceror's Apprentice/Peter and the Wolf (Disneyland, 1958)[10] as Narrator
The Country Cousin (Disneyland, 1959)[11] as Narrator
Goliath II (Disneyland, 1960)[12] as Narrator
The Grasshopper and the Ants (Disneyland, 1960)[13] as Narrator (also writer)
The Stories and Songs of Walt Disney's Three Little Pigs (Disneyland, 1961)[14] as Narrator
The Absent Minded Professor (Disneyland, 1961)[10] as Narrator
The Best Stories of Aesop (Disneyland, 1961)[10] as Narrator
Mother Goose Nursery Rhymes (Disneyland, 1963) as Narrator
Rudyard Kipling's Just So Stories (Disneyland, 1964) as Narrator
Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree (Disneyland, 1965)[10] as Winnie the Pooh
A Happy Birthday Party with Winnie the Pooh (Disneyland, 1966)[15] as Winnie the Pooh
Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day (Disneyland, 1967)[16] as Winnie the Pooh/Narrator
Winnie the Pooh and the North Pole Expotition (Disneyland, 1968)[15] as Winnie the Pooh/Narrator
Winnie the Pooh and Tigger (Disneyland, 1968)[15] as Winnie the Pooh/Narrator
Winnie the Pooh and the Heffalumps (Disneyland, 1968)[15] as Winnie the Pooh/Narrator
The Aristocats (Disneyland, 1970)[10] as Roquefort
Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too (Disneyland, 1974)[10] as Winnie the Pooh
Winnie the Pooh for President (Disneyland, 1976)[15] as Winnie the Pooh
Biography portal
Georgia (U.S. state) portal
Radio portal
Theatre portal
Music portal
Film portal
Television portal
World War II portal
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Sterling Holloway, Actor, 87, Is Dead – Voice of Pooh Bear". NYTimes.com. November 24, 1992. Retrieved September 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Sterling Holloway, Voice of Disney Characters, Dies : Entertainment: Actor who made Winnie the Pooh speak also played country bumpkins in comedy films in the 1930s and '40s. He was 87. – latimes". Articles.latimes.com. November 24, 1992. Retrieved September 11, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Collura, Joe. "Sterling Holloway: A Way with Words". Classic Images. Retrieved July 8, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Sterline Holloway biography from Internet Movie Database
^ Jump up to: a b Rothel.
Jump up ^ Libbys Baked Beans 1984. January 11, 2014 – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ "Sterling Holloway, Actor, 87, Is Dead; Voice of Pooh Bear". New York Times. November 24, 1992. Retrieved July 8, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Walt Disney's "Alice in Wonderland"". Retrieved 2018-02-21.
^ Jump up to: a b "Taking a Spin with Susie, the Little Blue Coupe". Retrieved 2018-02-21.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Sterling Holloway at Discogs". Retrieved 2018-02-21.
Jump up ^ "Walt Disney's "The Country Cousin" on Records". Retrieved 2018-02-21.
Jump up ^ "Disney s "Goliath II" (and Kevin Corcoran) on Records". Retrieved 2018-02-21.
Jump up ^ "Disney's "Grasshopper and the Ants" on Records". Retrieved 2018-02-21.
Jump up ^ "Walt Disney's "Three Little Pigs" on Records". Retrieved 2018-02-21.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Hollis, Tim; Ehrbar, Greg (2006). Mouse Tracks: The Story of Disneyland Records. University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 978-1578068494. Retrieved 2018-02-21.
Jump up ^ "Disney's "Winnie the Pooh" on Records". Retrieved 2018-02-21.
Sources[edit]
Rothel, David. 1984. Those Great Cowboy Sidekicks. Scarecrow Press, Metuchen, New Jersey; ISBN 0-8108-1707-1
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sterling Holloway.
Sterling Holloway on IMDb
Sterling Holloway at the TCM Movie Database
Sterling Holloway at the Internet Broadway Database
Disney Legends
New Georgia Encyclopedia: Sterling Holloway
"A Perfect Day" by Carrie Jacobs-Bond sung by Sterling Holloway: Video on YouTube
Sterling Holloway at Find a Grave
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When We Were Very Young (1924)
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Return to the Hundred Acre Wood (2009)
The Best Bear in All the World (2016)
Winnie-the-Pooh Meets the Queen (2016)
Characters
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Disney version
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Featurettes
Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree (1966)
Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day (1968)
Winnie-the-Pooh (1969)
Winnie-the-Pooh Pays a Visit (1971)
Winnie-the-Pooh and a Busy Day (1972)
Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too (1974)
Winnie the Pooh and a Day for Eeyore (1983)
Short films
Winnie the Pooh Discovers the Seasons (1981)
Feature films
Walt Disney Animation Studios films
The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (1977)
Winnie the Pooh (2011)
DisneyToon Studios films
The Tigger Movie (2000)
Piglet's Big Movie (2003)
Pooh's Heffalump Movie (2005)
Live-action remake
Christopher Robin (2018)
Direct-to-video films
Pooh's Grand Adventure: The Search for Christopher Robin (1997)
Winnie the Pooh: Seasons of Giving (1999)
The Book of Pooh: Stories from the Heart (2001)
Winnie the Pooh: A Very Merry Pooh Year (2002)
Winnie the Pooh: Springtime with Roo (2004)
Pooh's Heffalump Halloween Movie (2005)
Super Sleuth Christmas Movie (2007)
Tigger & Pooh and a Musical Too (2009)
Super Duper Super Sleuths (2010)
Television
Welcome to Pooh Corner (1983–1987)
The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (1988–1991)
The Book of Pooh (2001–2004)
My Friends Tigger & Pooh (2007–2010)
Specials
Cartoon All-Stars to the Rescue (1990)
Winnie the Pooh and Christmas Too (1991)
Boo to You Too! Winnie the Pooh (1996)
A Winnie the Pooh Thanksgiving (1998)
A Valentine for You (1999)
Video games
Winnie the Pooh in the Hundred Acre Wood (1986)
Disney's Animated Storybook
Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree (1995)
Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too (1999)
Kingdom Hearts (2002 onwards
Ready to Read with Pooh (1997)
Tigger's Honey Hunt (2000)
Piglet's Big Game (2003)
Winnie the Pooh's Rumbly Tumbly Adventure (2005)
Disney Friends (2007)
Winnie the Pooh's Home Run Derby (2007)
Songs
"Winnie the Pooh" (1966)
"Up, Down and Touch the Ground" (1966)
"Rumbly in My Tumbly" (1966)
"Little Black Rain Cloud" (1966)
"Mind over Matter" (1966)
"A Rather Blustery Day" (1968)
"The Wonderful Thing About Tiggers" (1968)
"Heffalumps and Woozles" (1968)
"The Rain Rain Rain Came Down Down Down" (1968)
"Hip Hip Pooh-Ray!" (1968)
"House at Pooh Corner" (1970)
"I Hum to Myself" (1983)
"Just Say, 'Yes I Can'" (1983)
"The Right Side" (1983)
"You're the Only You" (1983)
"Try a Little Something New" (1983)
People
Christopher Robin Milne
E. H. Shepard
Harry Colebourn
Shirley Slesinger Lasswell
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Sherman Brothers
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Mark Burgess
Related
Ashdown Forest
Bother! The Brain of Pooh
Disney franchise
Hundred Acre Wood
The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh attraction
More Songs from Pooh Corner
Pooh's Hunny Hunt
Poohsticks
Return to Pooh Corner
The Tao of Pooh
The Te of Piglet
Eeyore's Birthday Party
Winnipeg the Bear
A Bear Named Winnie
Goodbye Christopher Robin
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 14975548
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ISNI: 0000 0001 1560 7145
BNF: cb140529748 (data)
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sterling_Holloway&oldid=827051490"
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Hindustan (newspaper)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Hindustan Dainik
Type
Daily newspaper
Format
Broadsheet
Owner(s)
HT Media Ltd
Publisher
Ajay Kumar Jain
Editor-in-chief
Shashi Shekhar
Founded
12 April 1936
Political alignment
Centrist
Language
Hindi
Headquarters
Kasturba Gandhi Marg,
New Delhi - 110001
Circulation
2,399,086 Daily[1] (as of Jan − Jun 2016)
Sister newspapers
Hindustan Times
Mint
Website
epaper.livehindustan.com
www.livehindustan.com
Hindustan Dainik or ''Hindustan'' is an Indian Hindi-language daily newspaper and the third-largest circulated newspaper in India.[1] It is published by Hindustan Media Ventures Limited. Earlier it was part of HT Media Ltd group, which spun off its Hindi business into a separate company named Hindustan Media Ventures Limited in December 2009.[2] It ranks as the second largest-read daily in the country. Hindustan has 21 editions across the Hindi belt. They are spread across Delhi, Haryana (Faridabad), Bihar (Patna, Muzaffarpur, Gaya, Bhagalpur and Purnea), Jharkhand (Ranchi, Jamshedpur and Dhanbad), Uttar Pradesh (Lucknow, Varanasi, Meerut, Agra, Allahabad, Gorakhpur, Bareilly, Moradabad, Aligarh, and Kanpur) and Uttarakhand (Dehradun, Haridwar, Haldwani). Apart from these, the paper is also available in key towns like Mathura, Saharanpur, Faizabad.
In Delhi plus NCR, Hindustan is an undisputed No. 2 and has a rapidly growing reader's even as the market is declining. Hindustan readership has grown to 120 L readers in Q4 11. As per Total Readership, Hindustan is No 2 with 385 L readers.
Currently, the major editions of Hindustan are available online in epaper format.
Contents
1 In Bihar and Jharkhand
2 In Uttar Pradesh
3 In Uttarakhand
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
In Bihar and Jharkhand[edit]
Hindustan dominates in Bihar with an undisputed readership of about 5 million (as per the IRS 2011, Q4). It commands a massive 73% share of the Hindi readership market of Bihar. On 24th April 2018, Hindustan launched it's 5th edition in Purnea. Hindustan has been the No. 1 newspaper of Jharkhand, ever since readership surveys have been reported for the state. On 13 May 2016, a reporter was shot to death.[3]
In Uttar Pradesh[edit]
Hindustan is expanding rapidly in the state of Uttar Pradesh, which is the largest Hindi newspaper market, and where it is the fastest growing Hindi daily. Apart from a long-standing presence in Lucknow and Varanasi, Hindustan was launched in Meerut, Agra and Kanpur in 2006. In 2008, Hindustan launched in the cities of Mathura. In 2009, Hindustan launched in Allahabad and Bareilly. In 2010, Hindustan launched in Gorakhpur as well. In 2011, Hindustan launched in Aligarh, and in 2012 in Moradabad.
In Uttarakhand[edit]
Hindustan has made an entry into Uttarakhand with a printing location in Dehradun, in May 2008. This edition covers key cities in Uttarakhand and West UP (like Dehradun, Hrishikesh, Haridwar, Roorkee and Saharanpur). In Jan 2009, Hindustan started its edition in Haldwani.It has the highest numbers of readers in Uttarakhand at present.
See also[edit]
Print media in India
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Submission of circulation figures for the audit period July - December 2015" (PDF). Audit Bureau of Circulations. Retrieved 5 January 2016.
Jump up ^ http://hmvl.in/aboutus.html
Jump up ^ "Three detained for murder of Bihar journalist Rajdev Ranjan". The Indian Express. 14 May 2016. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
External links[edit]
Hindustan Official Website
epaper
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hindustan_(newspaper)&oldid=856898429"
Categories:
Daily newspapers published in India
Hindi-language newspapers
Newspapers published in Bhagalpur
Newspapers published in Delhi
Newspapers published in Gaya
Newspapers published in Muzaffarpur
Newspapers published in Patna
Newspapers published in Varanasi
Madan Mohan Malaviya
Indian newspaper stubs
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