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Far Beyond the Stars
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"Far Beyond the Stars"
Star Trek: Deep Space Nine episode
Episode no.
Season 6
Episode 13
Directed by
Avery Brooks
Story by
Marc Scott Zicree
Teleplay by
Ira Steven Behr
Hans Beimler
Featured music
Dennis McCarthy
Cinematography by
Jonathan West
Production code
538
Original air date
February 11, 1998 (1998-02-11)
Guest appearance(s)
Jeffrey Combs - Kevin Mulkahey / Weyoun
Marc Alaimo - Burt Ryan / Dukat
J. G. Hertzler - Roy Ritterhouse / Martok
Brock Peters - Preacher / Joseph Sisko
Aron Eisenberg - Newsboy / Nog
Penny Johnson Jerald - Cassie / Kasidy Yates
Episode chronology
← Previous
"Who Mourns for Morn?" Next →
"One Little Ship"
List of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine episodes
"Far Beyond the Stars" is the 137th episode of the syndicated science fiction television series Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, the 13th episode of season six. The teleplay was written by Ira Steven Behr and Hans Beimler, based on a story by Marc Scott Zicree. Series star Avery Brooks directed. It is unique in that almost the full cast of DS9 portrays human characters, without their alien costumes, as a rare example of metafiction in the fictional Star Trek universe.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Conception
3 Continuity
4 1950s characters
5 Adaptation
6 See also
7 References
7.1 Sources
8 External links
Plot[edit]
Distraught by the death of a close friend in the Dominion War, Captain Benjamin Sisko speaks with his father about leaving Starfleet, but as the two talk, Sisko is distracted by a vision of a man dressed in 20th-century clothes. When Sisko's visions become more frequent and pervasive, Dr. Bashir examines him, and finds similar brain activity to a prior episode of visions Sisko experienced (in the episode "Rapture").
Suddenly, Sisko transitions entirely into his vision, becoming Benny Russell, an African-American science fiction writer in 1950s New York City. Russell writes for the science fiction magazine Incredible Tales, and most of the people he encounters bear the likeness of people from Sisko's life on the station. On the way to work, Russell buys the latest edition of Galaxy, their competitor, from a local newsboy (Aron Eisenberg/Nog). He then runs into his coworker Albert Macklin (Colm Meaney/O'Brien), and the two walk to work together. There, short-tempered liberal writer Herbert Rossoff (Armin Shimerman/Quark) argues with magazine editor Douglas Pabst (René Auberjonois/Odo) over donuts, while writers Kay Eaton, a.k.a. K.C. Hunter, (Nana Visitor/Kira) and Julius Eaton (Alexander Siddig/Bashir) banter in the background. The magazine's illustrator Roy Ritterhouse (J. G. Hertzler/Martok) then arrives with a stack of sketches for the next edition. Russell is particularly drawn to a sketch of a space station much like Deep Space 9, and decides to write a story for it. When Pabst announces the next edition will include photos of the staff, he suggests Kay "sleep late" that morning, as the public would not respond well to the revelation she is a woman. Russell realizes he also will not be included, which Pabst confirms. Rossoff objects, but Pabst stands firm, choosing to conform to the prevailing public opinion.
Leaving the office that night, a gust of wind takes Russell's drawing, and lands it at the feet of two police officers, Burt Ryan (Marc Alaimo/Dukat) and Kevin Mulkahey (Jeffrey Combs/Weyoun). The officers hassle and question Russell, but let him go with a "warning". Russell then encounters a preacher (Brock Peters/Joseph Sisko) who seems to be speaking directly to him, imploring him to "write those words" in the name of "the Prophets". He goes home and begins to write.
Some time later, he finishes his story, titled "Deep Space Nine", about a black captain of a space station. He shows it to his girlfriend Cassie (Penny Johnson Jerald/Kasidy Yates), who instead wants to buy the diner where she works with him, doubting his ability to earn a good living as a writer. A local hustler, Jimmy (Cirroc Lofton/Jake Sisko), laughs at his idea of "Negros in space". Baseball player Willie Hawkins (Michael Dorn/Worf) flirts with Cassie, but she rebuffs him. At the magazine, the entire staff loves his story, especially Pabst's new secretary Darlene Kursky (Terry Farrell/Dax). Pabst, however, refuses to print it, and Russell refuses to change his story.
Instead of turning his efforts to something more acceptable, Russell decides to write six sequels to his story, angering Pabst, until the staff devise a compromise: Russell's story will be a dream. Russell insists the dreamer also be black, to which Pabst consents. While Russell and Cassie are out celebrating, they overhear gunshots, and rush out to find that Jimmy has been shot and killed by Officers Ryan and Mulkahey, ostensibly because he was trying to break into a car. When Benny protests this injustice, they beat him savagely.
Weeks later, on his first day back at the office, excited to see his story in print, Pabst arrives empty-handed and informs them the whole month's run of the magazine has been pulped, as the owner wouldn't publish a story featuring a black hero. Pabst tells Benny he is being forced to fire him as well. Benny breaks down; he screams that although the world can deny him, they cannot destroy his ideas and the future he envisions is real. He collapses to the floor sobbing and is taken away by an ambulance. As he falls unconscious, he looks through the window and, rather than the city, sees stars streaking past. The preacher sits by him and tells him that he is both the dreamer and the dream. Sisko wakes up back on the station. He is deeply moved by his vision, and wonders if somewhere Benny Russell is dreaming of Deep Space Nine.
Conception[edit]
Zicree's original pitch for the episode featured Jake Sisko as the main character, and did not deal directly with racial issues. Zicree originally patterned the Bashir/Kira characters on Henry Kuttner and C. L. Moore, and the O'Brien character on Isaac Asimov.[1]
Zicree's story was combined with ideas that story editor Robert Hewitt Wolfe had written for a script called "Cold and Distant Stars", a very early draft for the Season Three two-part episode "Past Tense", in which Wolfe suggested a story about Sisko as a contemporary homeless man who believes he is a star base captain, but who is diagnosed as schizophrenic and drugged to suppress his visions. At that time, producer Ira Steven Behr had rejected the hallucinatory element in favor of a time-travel story.[2]
Continuity[edit]
The character of Benny Russell returns in "Shadows and Symbols", the second episode of the seventh season.[3]
1950s characters[edit]
The entire main cast and several recurring cast members appear as characters in Sisko's vision, though with different roles and personalities.
Avery Brooks (Benjamin Sisko) is Benny Russell, a black science fiction writer for a magazine in 1950s New York City.
Penny Johnson Jerald (Kasidy Yates) portrays Cassie, a waitress at a diner and Benny's girlfriend.
Armin Shimerman (Quark) portrays Herbert Rossoff, a writer.
Alexander Siddig (Julian Bashir) portrays Julius Eaton, a writer.
Nana Visitor (Kira Nerys) portrays Kay Eaton, a.k.a. K.C. Hunter, a writer.
Colm Meaney (Miles O'Brien) portrays Albert Macklin, a writer.
René Auberjonois (Odo) portrays Douglas Pabst, the magazine's editor.
Terry Farrell (Jadzia Dax) portrays Darlene Kursky, Pabst's secretary.
Michael Dorn (Worf) portrays Willie Hawkins, a baseball player.
Cirroc Lofton (Jake Sisko) portrays Jimmy, a young hustler.
Brock Peters (Joseph Sisko) portrays a street preacher.
Marc Alaimo (Dukat) portrays Burt Ryan, a policeman.
Jeffrey Combs (Weyoun) portrays Kevin Mulkahey, a policeman.
Aron Eisenberg (Nog) portrays a newsboy.
J. G. Hertzler (Martok) portrays Roy Ritterhouse, the magazine's illustrator.
Adaptation[edit]
Far Beyond the Stars - a novelization of the Star Trek: Deep Space Nine episode was written by Steven Barnes.[4]
See also[edit]
"Normal Again" - a Buffy the Vampire Slayer episode that takes a similar approach of an entire series being a mentally constructed fiction of the main character
Tommy Westphall Universe - another approach that the entire series (and linked ones) are imagined by an autistic boy
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Nazzaro 1998, pp. 42–46.
Jump up ^ Erdmann & Block 2000, p. 196.
Jump up ^ Erdmann & Block 2000, pp. 532–537.
Jump up ^ Barnes, Steven (1998). Star Trek: Deep Space Nine: Far Beyond the Stars. New York City: Pocket Books. ISBN 978-0671024307.
Sources[edit]
Nazzaro, Joe (June 1998). "Going Far Beyond the Stars". Star Trek Magazine. London: Titan Magazines. pp. 42–46.
Erdmann, Terry; Block, Paula (2000). The Star Trek: Deep Space Nine Companion (1st ed.). New York City: Pocket Books. p. 196. ISBN 978-0671501068.
Erdmann, Terry; Block, Paula (2000). The Star Trek: Deep Space Nine Companion (1st ed.). New York City: Pocket Books. p. 532–537. ISBN 978-0671501068.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: "Far Beyond the Stars"
"Far Beyond the Stars" on IMDb
"Far Beyond the Stars" at TV.com
"Far Beyond the Stars" at Memory Alpha (a Star Trek wiki)
"Far Beyond the Stars" at Memory Beta
"Far Beyond the Stars" at StarTrek.com
[show]
v
t
e
Star Trek: Deep Space Nine episodes
Season 1
"Emissary"
"Past Prologue"
"A Man Alone"
"Babel"
"Captive Pursuit"
"Q-Less"
"Dax"
"The Passenger"
"Move Along Home"
"The Nagus"
"Vortex"
"Battle Lines"
"The Storyteller"
"Progress"
"If Wishes Were Horses"
"The Forsaken"
"Dramatis Personae"
"Duet"
"In the Hands of the Prophets"
Season 2
"The Homecoming"
"The Circle"
"The Siege"
"Invasive Procedures"
"Cardassians"
"Melora"
"Rules of Acquisition"
"Necessary Evil"
"Second Sight"
"Sanctuary"
"Rivals"
"The Alternate"
"Armageddon Game"
"Whispers"
"Paradise"
"Shadowplay"
"Playing God"
"Profit and Loss"
"Blood Oath"
"The Maquis, Part I"
"The Maquis, Part II"
"The Wire"
"Crossover"
"The Collaborator"
"Tribunal"
"The Jem'Hadar"
Season 3
"The Search"
"The House of Quark"
"Equilibrium"
"Second Skin"
"The Abandoned"
"Civil Defense"
"Meridian"
"Defiant"
"Fascination"
"Past Tense, Part I"
"Past Tense, Part II"
"Life Support"
"Heart of Stone"
"Destiny"
"Prophet Motive"
"Visionary"
"Distant Voices"
"Through the Looking Glass"
"Improbable Cause"
"The Die Is Cast"
"Explorers"
"Family Business"
"Shakaar"
"Facets"
"The Adversary"
Season 4
"The Way of the Warrior"
"The Visitor"
"Hippocratic Oath"
"Indiscretion"
"Rejoined"
"Starship Down"
"Little Green Men"
"The Sword of Kahless"
"Our Man Bashir"
"Homefront"
"Paradise Lost"
"Crossfire"
"Return to Grace"
"Sons of Mogh"
"Bar Association"
"Accession"
"Rules of Engagement"
"Hard Time"
'Shattered Mirror"
"The Muse"
"For the Cause"
"To the Death"
"The Quickening"
"Body Parts"
"Broken Link"
Season 5
"Apocalypse Rising"
"The Ship"
"Looking for par'Mach in All the Wrong Places"
"...Nor the Battle to the Strong"
"The Assignment"
"Trials and Tribble-ations"
"Let He Who Is Without Sin..."
"Things Past"
"The Ascent"
"Rapture"
"The Darkness and the Light"
"The Begotten"
"For the Uniform"
"In Purgatory's Shadow"
"By Inferno's Light"
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"Business as Usual"
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"Ferengi Love Songs"
"Soldiers of the Empire"
"Children of Time"
"Blaze of Glory"
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"Call to Arms"
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"Rocks and Shoals"
"Sons and Daughters"
"Behind the Lines"
"Favor the Bold"
"Sacrifice of Angels"
"You Are Cordially Invited..."
"Resurrection"
"Statistical Probabilities"
"The Magnificent Ferengi"
"Waltz"
"Who Mourns for Morn?"
"Far Beyond the Stars"
"One Little Ship"
"Honor Among Thieves"
"Change of Heart"
"Wrongs Darker Than Death or Night"
"Inquisition"
"In the Pale Moonlight"
"His Way"
"The Reckoning"
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"The Sound of Her Voice"
"Tears of the Prophets"
Season 7
"Image in the Sand"
"Shadows and Symbols"
"Afterimage"
"Take Me Out to the Holosuite"
"Chrysalis"
"Treachery, Faith, and the Great River"
"Once More unto the Breach"
"The Siege of AR-558"
"Covenant"
"It's Only a Paper Moon"
"Prodigal Daughter"
"The Emperor's New Cloak"
"Field of Fire"
"Chimera"
"Badda-Bing Badda-Bang"
"Inter Arma Enim Silent Leges"
"Penumbra"
"'Til Death Do Us Part"
"Strange Bedfellows"
"The Changing Face of Evil"
"When It Rains…"
"Tacking into the Wind"
"Extreme Measures"
"The Dogs of War"
"What You Leave Behind"
[show]
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Information asymmetry
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In contract theory and economics, information asymmetry deals with the study of decisions in transactions where one party has more or better information than the other. This asymmetry creates an imbalance of power in transactions, which can sometimes cause the transactions to go awry, a kind of market failure in the worst case. Examples of this problem are adverse selection,[1] moral hazard, and monopolies of knowledge.[2]
Information asymmetry extends to non-economic behavior. International relations theory has recognized that wars may be caused by asymmetric information[3] and that "Most of the great wars of the modern era resulted from leaders miscalculating their prospects for victory".[4] There is asymmetric information between national leaders, wrote Jackson and Morelli, when there are differences "in what they know [i.e. believe] about each other's armaments, quality of military personnel and tactics, determination, geography, political climate, or even just about the relative probability of different outcomes" or where they have "incomplete information about the motivations of other agents".[5]
Information asymmetries are studied in the context of principal–agent problems where they are a major cause of misinforming and is essential in every communication process.[6] Information asymmetry is in contrast to perfect information, which is a key assumption in neo-classical economics.[7] In 2001 the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics was awarded to George Akerlof, Michael Spence, and Joseph E. Stiglitz for their "analyses of markets with asymmetric information".[8]
Contents
1 Models
2 Adverse selection
2.1 Signaling
2.2 Screening
3 Application in research
4 Sources
5 Effect of blogging
6 Information asymmetry and artificial intelligence
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
10 External links
Models[edit]
Information asymmetry models assume that at least one party to a transaction has relevant information, whereas the other(s) do not. Some asymmetric information models can also be used in situations where at least one party can enforce, or effectively retaliate for breaches of, certain parts of an agreement, whereas the other(s) cannot.
In adverse selection models, the ignorant party lacks information while negotiating an agreed understanding of or contract to the transaction, whereas in moral hazard the ignorant party lacks information about performance of the agreed-upon transaction or lacks the ability to retaliate for a breach of the agreement. An example of adverse selection is when people who are high-risk are more likely to buy insurance because the insurance company cannot effectively discriminate against them, usually due to lack of information about the particular individual's risk but also sometimes by force of law or other constraints. An example of moral hazard is when people are more likely to behave recklessly after becoming insured, either because the insurer cannot observe this behavior or cannot effectively retaliate against it, for example by failing to renew the insurance.
Adverse selection[edit]
The classic paper on adverse selection is George Akerlof's "The Market for Lemons" from 1970, which brought informational issues to the forefront of economic theory.
It discusses two primary solutions to this problem, signaling and screening.[9]
Signaling[edit]
Michael Spence originally proposed the idea of signaling.[10] He proposed that in a situation with information asymmetry, it is possible for people to signal their type, thus believably transferring information to the other party and resolving the asymmetry.
This idea was originally studied in the context of matching in the job market. An employer is interested in hiring a new employee who is "skilled in learning". Of course, all prospective employees will claim to be "skilled at learning", but only they know if they really are. This is an information asymmetry.
Spence proposes, for example, that going to college can function as a credible signal of an ability to learn. Assuming that people who are skilled in learning can finish college more easily than people who are unskilled, then by finishing college the skilled people signal their skill to prospective employers. No matter how much or how little they may have learned in college or what they studied, finishing functions as a signal of their capacity for learning. However, finishing college may merely function as a signal of their ability to pay for college, it may signal the willingness of individuals to adhere to orthodox views, or it may signal a willingness to comply with authority.
Screening[edit]
Joseph E. Stiglitz pioneered the theory of screening. In this way the underinformed party can induce the other party to reveal their information. They can provide a menu of choices in such a way that the choice depends on the private information of the other party.
Examples of situations where the seller usually has better information than the buyer are numerous but include used-car salespeople, mortgage brokers and loan originators, stockbrokers and real estate agents.
Examples of situations where the buyer usually has better information than the seller include estate sales as specified in a last will and testament, life insurance, or sales of old art pieces without prior professional assessment of their value. This situation was first described by Kenneth J. Arrow in an article on health care in 1963.[11]
George Akerlof in The Market for Lemons notices that, in such a market, the average value of the commodity tends to go down, even for those of perfectly good quality. Because of information asymmetry, unscrupulous sellers can "spoof" items (like replica goods such as watches) and defraud the buyer. As a result, many people not willing to risk getting ripped off will avoid certain types of purchases, or will not spend as much for a given item. Akerlof demonstrates that it is even possible for the market to decay to the point of nonexistence.
Application in research[edit]
Since the seminal contributions of Akerlof, Spence, and Stiglitz, the pervasive effects of information asymmetry in markets have been documented and studied in numerous contexts. In particular, a substantial portion of research in the field of accounting can be framed in terms of information asymmetry, since accounting involves the transmission of an enterprise's information from those who have it to those who need it for decision-making. Likewise, financial economists apply information asymmetry in studies of differentially informed financial market participants (insiders, stock analysts, investors, etc.) or in the cost of finance for MFIs.[12] Information asymmetry has also seen some use in behavioral economics.
Sources[edit]
Information asymmetry within societies can be created and maintained in several ways. Firstly, media outlets, due to their ownership structure or political influences, may fail to disseminate certain viewpoints or engage in propaganda campaigns. Furthermore, an educational system relying on substantial tuition fees can generate information imbalances between the poor and the affluent. Imbalances can also be fortified by certain organizational and legal measures, such as document classification procedures or non-disclosure clauses. Exclusive information networks that are operational around the world further contribute to the asymmetry. Lastly, mass surveillance helps the political and industrial leaders to amass large volumes of information, which is typically not shared with the rest of the society.[13]
Effect of blogging[edit]
Blogging on financial websites provides bottom-up communication among investors, analysts, journalists, and academics, as financial blogs help prevent people in charge from withholding financial information from their company and the general public.[citation needed] Compared to traditional forms of media such as newspapers and magazines, blogging provides an easy-to-access venue for information. A 2013 study by Saxton and Anker concluded that more participation on blogging sites from credible individuals reduces information asymmetry between corporate insiders, additionally reducing the risk of insider trading.[14]
Information asymmetry and artificial intelligence[edit]
Tshilidzi Marwala and Evan Hurwitz in their study of the relationship between information asymmetry and artificial intelligence observed that there is less level of information asymmetry between two artificial intelligent agents than between two human agents. Thus intelligent agents in the market make the markets more efficient. They furthermore observed that the more artificial intelligent buying and selling agents there are in the market the less is the volume of trades in the market.[15][16] This is primarily because information asymmetry of the perceptions of value of goods and services is the basis of trade.
See also[edit]
Artificial scarcity
Asymmetric competition
Bounded rationality
Inequality of bargaining power
Perfect information
Real prices and ideal prices
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Charles Wilson (2008). "adverse selection," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics 2nd Edition. Abstract.
Jump up ^ John O. Ledyard (2008). "market failure," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Ed. Abstract.
Jump up ^ Jackson and Morelli, pp. 35, 40-43.
Jump up ^ Ikenberry, p. 128.
Jump up ^ Jackson and Morelli, pp. 40, 42.
Jump up ^ Christozov D., Chukova S., Mateev P., Chapter 11. Informing Processes, Risks, Evaluation of the Risk of Misinforming, in Foundations of Informing Science, ISI, 2009, pp. 323-356
Jump up ^ https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/2001/stiglitz-lecture.pdf
Jump up ^ "The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2001: Information for the Public", press release from the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Nobel Foundation, nobelprize.org, October 2001, accessed November 12, 2007.
Jump up ^ Johannes Hörne (2008). "signalling and screening" The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. Abstract.
Jump up ^ Spence, Michael (August 1973). "Job Market Signaling". The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 87 (3): 355. doi:10.2307/1882010. ISSN 0033-5533.
Jump up ^ Arrow, Kenneth J. (1963). "Uncertainty and the Welfare Economics of Medical Care". American Economic Review. American Economic Association. 53 (5): 941–973. JSTOR 1812044.
Jump up ^ Garmaise, M. & G. Natividad (2010). "Information, the Cost of Credit, and Operational Eﬃciency: An Empirical Study of Microfinance". Review of Financial Studies. 23 (6): 2560–2590.
Jump up ^ The tools used to create information asymmetries are described in the following article http://ssrn.com/abstract=2383166
Jump up ^ Saxton, G. D. and A. E. Anker (2013). "The Aggregate Effects of Decentralized Knowledge Production: Financial Bloggers and Information Asymmetries in the Stock Market." Journal of Communication 63(6): 1054-1069.
Jump up ^ Marwala, Tshilidzi; Hurwitz, Evan (2017). Artificial Intelligence and Economic Theory: Skynet in the Market. London: Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-66104-9.
Jump up ^ "Artificial Intelligence can Reduce Information Asymmetry : Networks Course blog for INFO 2040/CS 2850/Econ 2040/SOC 2090". blogs.cornell.edu. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
References[edit]
Aboody, David; Lev, Baruch (2000). "Information Asymmetry, R&D, and Insider Gains". Journal of Finance. 55 (6): 2747–2766. doi:10.1111/0022-1082.00305.
Brown, Stephen; Hillegeist, Stephen; Lo, Kin (2004). "Conference calls and information asymmetry". Journal of Accounting and Economics. 37 (3): 343–366. doi:10.1016/j.jacceco.2004.02.001.
Akerlof, George A. (1970). "The Market for 'Lemons': Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism". Quarterly Journal of Economics. The MIT Press. 84 (3): 488–500. doi:10.2307/1879431. JSTOR 1879431.
Hayes, Beth (1984). "Unions and Strikes with Asymmetric Information". Journal of Labor Economics. 2 (1): 57–83. doi:10.1086/298023. JSTOR 2535017.
Ikenberry, G. John (1999). "Causes of War: Power and the Roots of International Conflict by Stephen Van Evers". Foreign Affairs. Council on Foreign Relations. 78 (4): 128–9. JSTOR 20049381.
Izquierdo, Segismundo S.; Izquierdo, Luis R. (2007). "The impact of quality uncertainty without asymmetric information on market efficiency". Journal of Business Research. 60 (8): 858–867. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2007.02.010. ISSN 0148-2963.
Jackson, Matthew O.; Morelli, Massimo (2011). "The Reasons for Wars – an Updated Survey". In Coyne, Chris J.; Mathers, Rachel L. The Handbook on the Political Economy of War. Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 34–57. ISBN 1849808325.
Mas-Colell, Andreu; Whinston, Michael D.; Green, Jerry R. (1995). Microeconomic Theory. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-507340-1. (Chaps. 13 and 14 discuss applications of adverse selection and moral hazard models to contract theory.)
Saxton, Gregory; Anker, Ashley. "The Aggregate Effects of Decentralized Knowledge Production: Financial Bloggers and Information Asymmetries in the Stock Market". Journal of Communication. Wiley Subscription Services, Inc. 63 (6): 1054–1069. doi:10.1111/jcom.12060.
Spence, Michael (1973). "Job Market Signaling". Quarterly Journal of Economics. The MIT Press. 87 (3): 355–374. doi:10.2307/1882010. JSTOR 1882010.
Stigler, George J. (1961). "The Economics of Information". Journal of Political Economy. 69 (3): 213–225. doi:10.1086/258464. JSTOR 1829263.
External links[edit]
"The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2001" – Official Prize announcement by the Nobel Foundation, nobelprize.org, October 2001. Accessed November 12, 2007. (Related links.)
The Economist: Information asymmetry, Secrets and agents, [1]
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List of largest shopping malls in the United States
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List of the shopping malls in the United States of America and its territories greater than or equal to 2,000,000 total square feet of retail space (gross leasable area). The list is based in part on information provided by the International Council of Shopping Centers and by the Department of American Studies at Eastern Connecticut State University as part of its Shopping Mall Studies.[1]
#
Mall name
Location
Metro area
Retail space
Sq. feet/(m²)
Stores
Anchor Stores/Entertainment Venues
Year opened
Ownership
1 King of Prussia Mall King of Prussia, Pennsylvania Philadelphia 2,900,000 Sq Ft 510+ Macy's, Nordstrom, Primark, Dick's Sporting Goods, Bloomingdale's, Lord & Taylor, Neiman Marcus 1963 King of Prussia Associates, Simon Property Group
2 Mall of America Bloomington, Minnesota Minneapolis 2,500,000 Sq Ft 500+ Macy's, Sears, Nordstrom (Rack), Best Buy, Forever21, Marshall's, Nickelodeon Universe, LEGO World, American Girl, Sea Life Minnesota Aquarium, FlyOver America, JW Marriott, Radisson Blu 1992 Triple Five group
3 Aventura Mall Aventura, Florida Miami 2,700,000 square feet (250,000 m2)[2]
300+[3]
Nordstrom, Bloomingdale’s, Macy's (2 Stores), JCPenney, AMC Theaters 1983 Turnberry Associates, Simon Property Group
4 South Coast Plaza Costa Mesa, California Los Angeles 2,600,000 square feet (240,000 m2)[4]
280 Macy's (3 stores – Main, Men's, Home), Sears, Nordstrom, Saks Fifth Avenue, Bloomingdale's 1967 Segerstrom family
5 Del Amo Fashion Center Torrance, California Los Angeles 2,600,000 square feet (240,000 m2) 200+ Nordstrom, Macy's (2 stores – Main and Men, Home, and Furniture), JCPenney, Sears, T.J. Maxx, Marshalls, Burlington Coat Factory, JO-ANN Fabric and Craft, AMC Theaters 1961 Simon Property Group
6 Destiny USA Syracuse, New York Syracuse 2,450,000 square feet (228,000 m2)[5]
250+ Macy's, JCPenney, Best Buy, Lord & Taylor, H&M, Dave & Buster's, Off Broadway Shoes, Nordstrom Rack, Saks Off Fifth, DSW Shoe Warehouse, DICK'S Sporting Goods, Forever 21, Old Navy, Burlington Coat Factory, At Home, T.J. Maxx, Sears Outlet, Pole Position Raceway, Regal IMAX theater, Regal Cinemas, Destiny USA Hotel (being built at time of edit) 1990 (expanded in 2012 which added 40+ stores) The Pyramid Companies
7 The Galleria Houston, Texas Houston 2,400,000 square feet (220,000 m2)[6]
375 Nordstrom, Macy's, Neiman Marcus, Saks Fifth Avenue, Guess, Louboutin, Yves Saint Laurent, Coco Channel, Mac, Emporio Armani, Hugo Boss, Sephora, Aldo, 1970 Simon Property Group, Walton Street Real Estate Funds, Sony Corporation & CalPERS
8 Ala Moana Center Honolulu, Hawaii Honolulu 2,400,000 square feet (220,000 m2)[7] 330+ Macy’s, Nordstrom, Neiman Marcus, Shirokiya, Bloomingdale's, Forever 21, Saks Fifth Avenue Off 5th, Old Navy, Disney Store, Coach, Louis Vuitton , Apple Store, Victoria Secret, Bath and Body Works, Sephora, Aldo, Chanel, Abercrombie & Fitch, Champs, Claire's, Armani Exchange, Banana Republic, Barnes & Noble Booksellers, Emporio Armani, Foot Locker, GAP, Gucci, Guess, Microsoft, Versace. 1959 General Growth Properties
9 Tysons Corner Center McLean, Virginia Washington, D.C. 2,400,000 square feet (220,000 m2)[8]
300 Bloomingdale’s, Macy’s, Nordstrom, Lord & Taylor, AMC Theatres, L. L. Bean, Barnes and Noble, American Girl 1968 Macerich
10 Sawgrass Mills Sunrise, Florida Fort Lauderdale 2,383,906 square feet (221,472.1 m2)[9]
350 P.F. Chang's China Bistro, Villago, Grand Lux Cafe, Matchbox, Last Call by Neiman Marcus, Marshalls, Dick's Sporting Goods, Bloomingdale's - The Outlet Store, Rainforest Cafe, Century 21 Department Store, Off 5th Saks Fifth Avenue, Gap Outlet, Forever 21, Off Broadway Shoe Warehouse, Nordstrom Rack, Old Navy Outlet Store, The Cheesecake Factory, California Pizza Kitchen, Ron Jon Surf Shop, Polo Ralph Lauren Factory Store, Nike Factory Store, TJ Maxx, Bed Bath & Beyond, Urban Planet, Camille La Vie, Super Target, Brandsmart USA, Trendmax Outlet Store, Burlington Coat Factory, GameRoom, Regal Cinemas, IMAX. 1990 Simon Property Group
11 Roosevelt Field Garden City, New York New York City 2,244,581 square feet (208,528.4 m2)[10]
294 Macy’s, Bloomingdale’s, Nordstrom, JCPenney, Dick's Sporting Goods, Neiman Marcus 1956 Simon Property Group
12 Woodfield Mall Schaumburg, Illinois Chicago 2,224,000 square feet (206,600 m2)[11]
300 Sears, JCPenney, Macy's, Nordstrom, Lord & Taylor 1971 Simon Property Group
13 Palisades Center West Nyack, New York New York City 2,217,322 square feet (205,996.0 m2)[12]
400 Lord & Taylor, Barnes & Noble, Macy's, Target, AMC Theaters 1998 The Pyramid Companies
14 Millcreek Mall Erie, Pennsylvania Erie County 2,200,000 square feet (200,000 m2)[13]
175 Macy's, JCPenney, Bon-Ton, H&M 1975 Cafaro Company
15 Plaza Las Américas San Juan, Puerto Rico San Juan 2,173,000 square feet (201,900 m2)[14]
300+ Macy's, Sears, JCPenney, Old Navy, Caribbean Cinemas, Kmart, Toys R' Us, Forever 21 1968 Plaza Las Américas, Inc, Empresas Fonalledas, Inc.
16 South Shore Plaza Braintree, Massachusetts Boston 2,165,000 square feet (201,100 m2) 225 Macy's, Lord & Taylor, Sears, Nordstrom, Target 1961 Simon Property Group
17 Westfield Garden State Plaza Paramus, New Jersey New York City 2,132,112 square feet (198,079.7 m2)[15]
346 Macy’s, Nordstrom, JCPenney, Neiman Marcus, Lord & Taylor, AMC Theatres 1957 Westfield Corporation
18 Lakewood Center Lakewood, California Los Angeles 2,092,710 square feet (194,419 m2)[16]
255 Macy's, Target, Forever 21, JCPenney, Pacific Theatres, Costco 1951 Macerich
19 Scottsdale Fashion Square Scottsdale, Arizona Phoenix 2,049,169 square feet (190,374.0 m2)[17]
250+ Macy’s, Dick's Sporting Goods, Dillard's, Forever 21, H&M, Nordstrom, Neiman Marcus 1961 Macerich
20 Oakbrook Center Oak Brook, Illinois Chicago 2,018,000 square feet (187,500 m2)[18]
175 Macy’s, Sears, Nordstrom, Neiman Marcus, Lord & Taylor 1962 General Growth Properties, CalPERS
See also[edit]
List of largest shopping malls in the world
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Largest Shopping Malls in the United States". American Studies at Eastern Connecticut State University. April 25, 2009. Archived from the original on June 23, 2011. Retrieved 2009-04-28.
Jump up ^ International Council of Shopping Centers: Aventura Mall, accessed August 28, 2007
Jump up ^ "Expanded Aventura Mall would be nation’s second largest". Miami Today. Retrieved 17 September 2015.
Jump up ^ South Coast Plaza Archived 2012-10-11 at the Wayback Machine.. Accessed June 18, 2010.
Jump up ^ : Destiny USA, accessed July 4, 2012
Jump up ^ http://www.simon.com/mall/the-galleria/about
Jump up ^ [1], accessed November 12, 2015
Jump up ^ International Council of Shopping Centers: Tysons Corner Center Archived 2001-01-16 at the Wayback Machine., accessed August 28, 2007
Jump up ^ International Council of Shopping Centers: Sawgrass Mills, accessed August 28, 2007
Jump up ^ International Council of Shopping Centers: Roosevelt Field Mall, accessed August 28, 2007
Jump up ^ http://www.simon.com/Mall/LeasingSheet/Woodfield.pdf Woodfield Mall – Leasing (Simon)
Jump up ^ International Council of Shopping Centers: Palisades Center, accessed August 28, 2007
Jump up ^ International Council of Shopping Centers: Del Amo Fashion Center, accessed November 24, 2012
Jump up ^ International Council of Shopping Centers: Plaza Las Américas, accessed July 25, 2009
Jump up ^ Westfield Group: Property Portfolio – Garden State Plaza, accessed June 16, 2008
Jump up ^ International Council of Shopping Centers: Lakewood Center, accessed August 28, 2007
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2007-05-14. Retrieved 2007-04-08. , accessed February 1, 2008
Jump up ^ International Council of Shopping Centers: Oakbrook Shopping Center, accessed August 28, 2007
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This page was last edited on 30 September 2017, at 00:44.
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