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Intolerable Acts
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This article is part of a series about the
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1765–1783
Origins[show]
Sugar Act
Currency Act
Quartering Acts
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Declaratory Act
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The Intolerable Acts was the term invented by 19th century historians to refer to a series of punitive laws passed by the British Parliament in 1774 after the Boston Tea Party. The laws were meant to punish the Massachusetts colonists for their defiance in the Boston Tea Party protest in reaction to changes in taxation by the British to the detriment of colonial goods. In Great Britain, these laws were referred to as the Coercive Acts.
The acts took away self-governance and historic rights of Massachusetts, triggering outrage and resistance in the Thirteen Colonies. They were key developments in the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War in 1775.
Four of the acts were issued in direct response to the Boston Tea Party of December 16, 1773. The British Parliament hoped these punitive measures would, by making an example of Massachusetts, reverse the trend of colonial resistance to parliamentary authority that had begun with the 1764 Sugar Act. A fifth act, the Quebec Act, enlarged the boundaries of what was then the Province of Quebec and instituted reforms generally favorable to the French Catholic inhabitants of the region; although unrelated to the other four Acts, it was passed in the same legislative session and seen by the colonists as one of the Intolerable Acts. The Patriots viewed the acts as an arbitrary violation of the rights of Massachusetts, and in September 1774 they organized the First Continental Congress to coordinate a protest. As tensions escalated, the American Revolutionary War broke out in April 1775, leading in July 1776 to the declaration of an independent United States of America.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Passage
3 The Acts
4 Effects
5 References
6 External links
Background[edit]
This Patriot cartoon depicting the Coercive Acts as the forcing of tea on a Native American woman (a symbol of the American colonies) was copied and distributed in the Thirteen Colonies.
Relations between the Thirteen Colonies and the British Parliament slowly but steadily worsened after the end of the Seven Years' War (French and Indian War) in 1763. The war had plunged the British government deep into debt, and so the British Parliament enacted a series of measures to increase tax revenue from the colonies. Parliament believed that these acts, such as the Stamp Act of 1765 and the Townshend Acts of 1767, were legitimate means of having the colonies pay their fair share of the costs of maintaining the British Empire. Although protests led to the repeal of the Stamp and Townshend Acts, Parliament adhered to the position that it had the right to legislate for the colonies "in all cases whatsoever" in the Declaratory Act of 1766.
A further tension especially with the Southern colonies was the Somerset v Stewart ruling of 1772 in which chattel slavery of humans was found totally unsupported in common law and as England had no statute for it, unenforceable. As the "slave owner" concerned (Stewart) was from another British colony (Jamaica) this evolution ending slavery at common law was very disturbing to colonists travelling with servants.[1][better source needed].
Many colonists, either sincerely or with motives to avoid English imposed law as above, developed a different conception of the British Empire. Under the British Constitution, they argued, a British subject's property could not be taken from him (in the form of taxes) without his consent (in the form of representation in government). Therefore, because the colonies were not directly represented in Parliament, some colonists insisted that Parliament had no right to levy taxes upon them, a view expressed by the slogan "No taxation without representation." After the Townshend Acts, some colonial essayists took this line of thinking even further, and began to question whether Parliament had any legitimate jurisdiction in the colonies at all.[2] This question of the extent of Parliament's sovereignty in the colonies was the issue underlying what became the American Revolution.
Passage[edit]
On December 16, 1773, a group of Patriot colonists associated with the Sons of Liberty destroyed 342 chests of tea in Boston, Massachusetts, an act that came to be known as the Boston Tea Party. The colonists partook in this action because Parliament had passed the Tea Act, which granted the British East India Company a monopoly on tea sales in the colonies, thereby saving the company from bankruptcy. This made British tea less expensive, which Parliament thought would be a welcome change in the colonies. In addition, there was added a small tax on which the colonists were not allowed to give their consent, but the tea still remained less expensive even with the tax. Again, Parliament taxed the colonists without their representation. This angered the colonists. News of the Boston Tea Party reached England in January 1774. Parliament responded by passing four laws. Three of the laws were intended to directly punish Massachusetts. This was for the destruction of private property, to restore British authority in Massachusetts, and to otherwise reform colonial government in America.
On April 22, 1774, Prime Minister Lord North defended the programme in the House of Commons, saying:
The Americans have tarred and feathered your subjects, plundered your merchants, burnt your ships, denied all obedience to your laws and authority; yet so clement and so long forbearing has our conduct been that it is incumbent on us now to take a different course. Whatever may be the consequences, we must risk something; if we do not, all is over.[3]
The Acts[edit]
The Boston Port Act, the first of the laws passed in 1774 in response to the Boston Tea Party. It closed the port of Boston until the colonists paid for the destroyed tea and until the king was satisfied that order had been restored. Colonists objected that the Port Act punished all of Boston rather than just the individuals who had destroyed the tea, and that they were being punished without having been given an opportunity to testify in their own defense.[4]
The Massachusetts Government Act provoked even more outrage than the Port Act because it unilaterally took away Massachusetts' charter and brought it under control of the British government. Under the terms of the Government Act, almost all positions in the colonial government were to be appointed by the governor, Parliament, or king. The act also severely limited the activities of town meetings in Massachusetts to one meeting a year, unless the Governor called for one. Colonists outside Massachusetts feared that their governments could now also be changed by the legislative fiat of Parliament.
The Administration of Justice Act allowed the Royal governor to order that trials of accused royal officials take place in Great Britain or elsewhere within the Empire if he decided that the defendant could not get a fair trial in Massachusetts. Although the act stipulated for witnesses to be reimbursed after having traveled at their own expense across the Atlantic, it was not stipulated that this would include reimbursement for lost earnings during the period for which they would be unable to work, leaving few with the ability to testify. George Washington called this the "Murder Act" because he believed that it allowed British officials to harass Americans and then escape justice.[5] Many colonists believed the act was unnecessary because British soldiers had been given a fair trial following the Boston Massacre in 1770.[citation needed]
The Quartering Act applied to all of the colonies, and sought to create a more effective method of housing British troops in America. In a previous act, the colonies had been required to provide housing for soldiers, but colonial legislatures had been uncooperative in doing so. The new Quartering Act allowed a governor to house soldiers in other buildings if suitable quarters were not provided. While many sources claim that the Quartering Act allowed troops to be billeted in occupied private homes, historian David Ammerman's 1974 study claimed that this is a myth, and that the act only permitted troops to be quartered in unoccupied buildings.[6]
Effects[edit]
Many colonists saw the Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts) as a violation of their constitutional rights, their natural rights, and their colonial charters. They, therefore, viewed the acts as a threat to the liberties of all of British America, not just Massachusetts. Richard Henry Lee of Virginia, for example, described the acts as "a most wicked System for destroying the liberty of America."[7]
The citizens of Boston not only viewed this as an act of unnecessary and cruel punishment, but the Coercive Acts drew hatred toward Britain even further. As a result of the Coercive Acts, even more colonists turned against British rule.[8]
Great Britain hoped that the Coercive Acts would isolate radicals in Massachusetts and cause American colonists to concede the authority of Parliament over their elected assemblies. It was a calculated risk that backfired, however, because the harshness of some of the acts made it difficult for moderates in the colonies to speak in favor of Parliament.[9] The acts promoted sympathy for Massachusetts and encouraged colonists from the otherwise diverse colonies to form committees of correspondence which sent delegates to the First Continental Congress. The Continental Congress created the Continental Association, an agreement to boycott British goods. Additionally, it was decided that if the Coercive Acts were not reversed after a year, goods were to stop being exported to Great Britain as well. The Congress also pledged to support Massachusetts in case of attack, which meant that all of the colonies would become involved when the American Revolutionary War began at Lexington and Concord.[10]
References[edit]
Notes
Jump up ^ https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset_v_Stewart#cite_note-j1599128-2
Jump up ^ Middlekauff, Glorious Cause, 241.
Jump up ^ Reid, Constitutional History, 13. For the complete quote in context, see William Cobbett et al., eds., The Parliamentary History of England: From the Earliest Period to the Year 1803 (London, 1813) 17:1280–1281.
Jump up ^ "1774: Parliament passes the Boston Port Act". History Channel. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Ammerman, In the Common Cause, 9.
Jump up ^ Ammerman, In the Common Cause, 10.
Jump up ^ Ammerman, In the Common Cause, 15.
Jump up ^ Gary B. Nash; Carter Smith (2007). Atlas Of American History. Infobase Publishing. p. 64. ISBN 9781438130132.
Jump up ^ Peter Knight (2003). Conspiracy Theories in American History: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 184–85. ISBN 9781576078129.
Jump up ^ Harlow G. Unger (2011). American Tempest: How the Boston Tea Party Sparked a Revolution. Da Capo Press. pp. 188–93. ISBN 0306819767.
Bibliography
Ammerman, David (1974). In the Common Cause: American Response to the Coercive Acts of 1774. New York: Norton.
Middlekauff, Robert (2005). The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763–1789 (Revised and expanded ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516247-1.
Reid, John Phillip (2003). Constitutional History of the American Revolution: The Authority of Law. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0-299-11290-X.
Unger, Harlow G. (2011). American Tempest: How the Boston Tea Party Sparked a Revolution. Da Capo Press. pp. 188–93. ISBN 0306819767.
Further reading
Donoughue, Bernard (1964). British Politics and the American Revolution: The Path to War, 1773–1775. New York: St. Martin's Press.
Breen, T.H. (2010). American Insurgents, American Patriots: The Revolution of the People. New York: Hill and Wang.
External links[edit]
Primary documents[dead link] (British and American) relating to the Intolerable Acts, originally published in the American Archives and presented online by the Northern Illinois University Libraries, also Camden.
Text of the Boston Port Act
Text of the Massachusetts Government Act
Text of the Administration of Justice Act
Text of the Quartering Act
Text of the Quebec Act

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I Can't Tell You Why
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
"I Can't Tell You Why"
Single by Eagles
from the album The Long Run
B-side
"The Greeks Don't Want No Freaks"
Released
February 8, 1980
Format
7"
Recorded
March 1978
Genre
Blue-eyed soul[1]
Length
4:30 (7")
4:56 (LP)
Label
Asylum Records
Songwriter(s)
Timothy B. Schmit, Glenn Frey, Don Henley
Producer(s)
Bill Szymczyk
Eagles singles chronology
"The Long Run"
(1979) "I Can't Tell You Why"
(1980) "Seven Bridges Road"
(1980)
"I Can't Tell You Why" is a song by the American rock band Eagles which appeared on their 1979 album The Long Run. The song was written by band members Timothy B. Schmit, Glenn Frey, and Don Henley. Recorded in March 1978, it was the first song finished for the album and the first Eagles song to feature Schmit on lead vocals.[2] The studio version became a Billboard Top 10 hit in April 1980, reaching number 8 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 3 on the Adult Contemporary chart.[3] It is their last Top Ten hit on the Hot 100.
Contents
1 Background
2 Track listing
3 Covers
4 Personnel
5 Chart performance
5.1 Weekly charts
5.2 Year-end charts
6 References
7 External links
Background[edit]
Timothy B. Schmit came up with the song title and composed the nucleus of "I Can't Tell You Why", which he then presented to Glenn Frey and Don Henley and they completed the song together. Henley described the finished song as "straight Al Green", and that Frey, an R&B fan as he came from Detroit and grew up with the music, was responsible for the R&B feel of the song.[4] Frey said to Schmit: "You could sing like Smokey Robinson. Let’s not do a Richie Furay, Poco-sounding song. Let’s do an R&B song."[5]
Schmit describes the song as "loosely based on my own experiences".[6] Schmit said: "I had some writing sessions with Don and Glenn and I threw out a bunch of my ideas and that one [for "I Can't Tell You Why"] stuck. I had [composed] a pretty good part of it, not a huge part but enough for them to think 'That could be good' and go with it. So Don, Glenn and I finished it over a few all night sessions."[7] "When it was being developed in the studio...I knew it was a great song. I [thought] 'Yes! This is an amazing debut for me.' When we finally mixed it, we had a little listening party at the studio. As people were hearing it, Don turned to me and said, 'There's your first hit.'"[8]
Schmit sang the lead vocals on the song, with Frey and Henley singing counterpoint. Schmit also played the bass on the track, which has the distinctive bass riff believed by Schmit to have been devised by Frey.[7] According to Henley, Frey came up with the counterpart on the song, and played the guitar solo on the song.[5]
In 1980 the band promoted the song with a music video which featured Schmit on bass guitar accompanied by Frey on the electric piano, although Frey recorded the guitar solos as it is printed on the LP inside sleeve (Joe Walsh played all the keyboard parts on the actual studio recording), with Henley on the drums, Don Felder on the electric guitar, Walsh on the organ and Walsh's touring sideman Joe Vitale on ARP string synthesizer. Live versions of the song were released in the 1980 album Eagles Live and 1994's Hell Freezes Over.
Schmit also performed "I Can't Tell You Why" while on tour as a member of Ringo Starr & His All-Starr Band in 1992. Their performance of the song was included on the 1993 live album Ringo Starr and His All Starr Band Volume 2: Live from Montreux.
Track listing[edit]
7" single (45-1965/AS 12.418/K 12418/E-46608)[9]
Side A
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Length
1. "I Can't Tell You Why" Frey, Henley, Schmit 4:30
Side B
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Length
2. "The Greeks Don't Want No Freaks" Frey, Henley 2:20
7" promo (E-46608)[9]
Side A
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Length
1. "I Can't Tell You Why" (Mono) Frey, Henley, Schmit 4:30
Side B
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Length
2. "I Can't Tell You Why" (Stereo) Frey, Henley, Schmit 4:30
Covers[edit]
In 1990 R&B singer Howard Hewett covered "I Can't Tell You Why" which is on his Very Best of Howard Hewett album. It peaked at number 24 on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks.[10]
In 1993 "I Can't Tell You Why" was covered by American country music artist Vince Gill for the Eagles tribute album Common Thread: The Songs of the Eagles. Schmit sang backing vocals on the recording.[11] This version went to number 51 on the Hot Country Songs chart.[12]
In 1995 R&B group Brownstone covered the song on their debut album, From the Bottom Up. Their version reached number 54 on the Billboard Hot 100, number 22 on the Hot R&B chart and number 27 in the UK Top 75.[13]
Alternative rock band Lazlo Bane covered the song for their 2007 cover album Guilty Pleasures.[14]
In 2009 electro-funk duo Chromeo covered the song on their DJ mix album, DJ-Kicks: Chromeo.
In 2015 Canadian jazz pianist and singer Diana Krall covered the song on her album Wallflower. Her version reached number 10 on the Billboard Smooth Jazz chart.[15]
Personnel[edit]
Timothy B. Schmit: bass guitar, lead vocals
Glenn Frey: lead guitar, backing vocals
Don Henley: drums, backing vocals
Don Felder: rhythm guitar
Joe Walsh: Hammond organ, Fender Rhodes electric piano, ARP String Synthesizer (Walsh played all keyboard parts on the studio recording.)
Chart performance[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1980)
Peak
position
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[16] 5
Canada Adult Contemporary (RPM)[17] 2
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[18] 49
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[19] 11
US Billboard Hot 100[20] 8
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[21] 3
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1980)
Rank
Canada RPM Top Singles [22] 43
US Billboard Hot 100 [23] 62
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "0/1: 5 essential Eagles albums- 'Hotel to 'Border'". AZCentral.
Jump up ^ Ruhlmann, William. The Long Run at AllMusic. Retrieved 2013-10-22.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2002). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961–2001. Record Research. p. 84. ISBN 0898201497.
Jump up ^ Glazer, Mitchell (July 1983). "Don Henley Musician Interview". Musician.
^ Jump up to: a b Crowe, Cameron (August 2003). "Conversations With Don Henley and Glenn Frey". The Uncool.
Jump up ^ "Timothy B. Schmit of the Eagles". SongFacts.com. Retrieved June 10, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Eagles Timothy B. Schmit talks about The Long Run, his solo career & life as an Eagle". LegendaryRockInterviews.com. Retrieved June 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Interview: Timothy B. Schmit on playing with The Eagles, solo touring". MusicRadar.com. Retrieved June 10, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "I Can't Tell You Why" at Discogs (list of releases)
Jump up ^ The Very Best of Howard Hewett at AllMusic. Retrieved 2015-02-25.
Jump up ^ Whitaker, Sterling. "Remember When Vince Gill Covered the Eagles?". Taste of Country.
Jump up ^ Common Thread: The Songs of the Eagles at AllMusic. Retrieved 2013-10-22.
Jump up ^ From the Bottom Up at AllMusic. Retrieved 2013-10-22.
Jump up ^ "Lazlo Bane's Guilty Pleasures". cdbaby.com. Retrieved 2017-01-10.
Jump up ^ "Diana Krall: I Can't Tell You Why". Billboard Smooth Jazz Songs - Billboard.com. Retrieved April 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Top RPM Singles: Issue 0153a." RPM. Library and Archives Canada.
Jump up ^ "Top RPM Adult Contemporary: Issue 4712." RPM. Library and Archives Canada.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Eagles – I Can't Tell You Why" (in Dutch). Single Top 100.
Jump up ^ "Charts.nz – Eagles – I Can't Tell You Why". Top 40 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Eagles Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Eagles Chart History (Adult Contemporary)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada". Collectionscanada.gc.ca. Retrieved 2016-10-16.
Jump up ^ "Pop Singles" Billboard December 20, 1980: TIA-10
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
show
v
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e
Eagles
Glenn Frey
Don Henley
Bernie Leadon
Randy Meisner
Don Felder
Joe Walsh
Timothy B. Schmit
Studio albums
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Desperado
On the Border
One of These Nights
Hotel California
The Long Run
Long Road Out of Eden
Compilation
Their Greatest Hits (1971–1975)
Eagles Greatest Hits, Vol. 2
The Very Best of the Eagles
Selected Works: 1972–1999
The Very Best Of
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Hell Freezes Over
Farewell 1 Tour: Live from Melbourne
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"Already Gone"
"James Dean"
"Best of My Love"
"One of These Nights"
"Lyin' Eyes"
"Take It to the Limit"
"New Kid in Town"
"Hotel California"
"Life in the Fast Lane"
"Please Come Home for Christmas"
"Heartache Tonight"
"The Long Run"
"I Can't Tell You Why"
"Seven Bridges Road"
"Get Over It"
"Love Will Keep Us Alive"
"Hole in the World"
"How Long"
"Busy Being Fabulous"
Other songs
"Desperado"
"Ol' '55"
"The Last Resort"
"In the City"
Tours
Long Road Out of Eden Tour
History of the Eagles Tour
Peoples
Linda Ronstadt
Jackson Browne
J. D. Souther
Jack Tempchin
Bill Szymczyk
Glyn Johns
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Discography
Poco
Flying Burrito Brothers
Common Thread: The Songs of the Eagles
History of the Eagles
Heaven and Hell: My Life in the Eagles (1974–2001)
Book
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Vince Gill
Studio albums
The Things That Matter
The Way Back Home
When I Call Your Name
Pocket Full of Gold
I Still Believe in You
When Love Finds You
High Lonesome Sound
The Key
Let's Make Sure We Kiss Goodbye
Next Big Thing
These Days
Guitar Slinger
Bakersfield
Down to My Last Bad Habit
Compilation albums
The Essential Vince Gill
Souvenirs
Icon
Christmas albums
Let There Be Peace on Earth
Breath of Heaven: A Christmas Collection
'Tis the Season
Extended plays
Turn Me Loose
Notable singles
"True Love"
"If It Weren't for Him" (with Rosanne Cash)
"Oklahoma Borderline"
"Cinderella"
"Let's Do Something"
"Everybody's Sweetheart"
"The Radio"
"Never Alone"
"Oklahoma Swing" (with Reba McEntire)
"When I Call Your Name"
"Never Knew Lonely"
"Pocket Full of Gold"
"Liza Jane"
"Look at Us"
"Take Your Memory with You"
"I Still Believe in You"
"Don't Let Our Love Start Slippin' Away"
"No Future in the Past"
"One More Last Chance"
"Tryin' to Get Over You"
"Whenever You Come Around"
"What the Cowgirls Do"
"When Love Finds You"
"Which Bridge to Cross (Which Bridge to Burn)"
"You Better Think Twice"
"Go Rest High on That Mountain"
"High Lonesome Sound"
"Worlds Apart"
"Pretty Little Adriana"
"A Little More Love"
"You and You Alone"
"If You Ever Have Forever in Mind"
"Kindly Keep It Country"
"Don't Come Cryin' to Me"
"My Kind of Woman/My Kind of Man" (with Patty Loveless)
"Let's Make Sure We Kiss Goodbye"
"Feels Like Love"
"Shoot Straight from Your Heart"
"Next Big Thing"
"Someday"
Guest singles
"The Heart Won't Lie" (with Reba McEntire)
"House of Love" (with Amy Grant)
"I Will Always Love You" (with Dolly Parton)
"It's Not Over" (with Mark Chesnutt and Alison Krauss
"No Place That Far" (with Sara Evans)
"Building Bridges" (with Brooks & Dunn and Sheryl Crow)
"Don't Rush" (with Kelly Clarkson)
"I Just Can't Help Believing" (with B. J. Thomas)
"Sober Saturday Night" (with Chris Young)
Other songs
"Here We Are"
"I Can't Tell You Why"
Related articles
Discography
Pure Prairie League
The Notorious Cherry Bombs
The Notorious Cherry Bombs
Book:Vince Gill
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Can%27t_Tell_You_Why&oldid=856716491"
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