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Bowling
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This article is about the game. For other uses, see Bowling (disambiguation).
A ten-pin bowler releases his bowling ball
Playing bowls at West End Bowling Club, United Kingdom
Bowling is a sport or leisure activity in which a player rolls or throws a bowling ball towards a target. It is one of the major forms of throwing sports. In pin bowling variations, the target is usually to knock over pins at the end of a lane. A strike is when all the pins are knocked down on the first roll, whereas a spare is when all the pins are knocked over on the second shot. The maximum score is 300, which is achieved by getting 12 strikes in a row. Three consecutive strikes is a known as a "turkey". Further strings of strikes are referred to as the number with the word "bagger", such as "four-bagger" for four consecutive strikes. The term "hambone" has also been used to describe four consecutive strikes.[1] In target variations, the aim is usually to get the ball as close to a mark as possible. The pin version of bowling is often played on a flat wooden or other synthetic surface (which can be oiled in different patterns for different techniques),[2] while in target bowling, the surface may be grass, gravel or a synthetic surface.[3] The most common types of pin bowling include ten-pin, nine-pin, candlepin, duckpin and five-pin bowling, while in target bowling, bowls, skittles, kegel, bocce, carpet bowls, pétanque, and boules, both indoor and outdoor varieties are popular. Today the sport of bowling is played by 100 million people in more than 90 countries worldwide (including 70 million in the United States),[4] and continues to grow through entertainment media such as video games for home consoles and handheld devices.[5]
Bowling in the United States and Canada most frequently refers to ten-pin bowling. In the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth countries it more often refers to lawn bowls.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Antiquity
1.2 Middle Ages
1.3 16th to 18th centuries
1.4 In the 19th century
1.5 In the 20th century
1.6 In the 21st century
2 Variations
2.1 Pin bowling
2.2 Target bowling
3 Accessibility
4 In popular culture
4.1 With notable individuals
4.1.1 U.S. Presidents
4.2 Onscreen
4.2.1 In films
4.2.2 On television
4.3 Paintings
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
Antiquity[edit]
The earliest known forms of bowling date back to ancient Egypt.[6] Remnants of balls used at the time were found among artifacts in ancient Egypt going back to the Egyptian protodynastic period in 3200 BC [7] Balls were made using the husks of grains, covered in material such as leather, and bound with string. Other balls made of porcelain have also been found, indicating that these were rolled along the ground rather than thrown due to their size and weight.[7] Some of these resemble the modern day jack used in target bowl games. Bowling games of different forms are also noted by Herodotus as an invention of the Lydians in Asia Minor.[8]
About 2,000 years ago, in the Roman Empire, a similar game evolved between Roman legionaries entailing the tossing of stone objects as close as possible to other stone objects, which eventually evolved into Italian Bocce, or outdoor bowling.[9]
About 400 AD, bowling began in Germany as a religious ritual to cleanse oneself from sin by rolling a rock into a club (kegel) representing the heathen, causing bowlers to be called keglers.[10]
Middle Ages[edit]
In 1299 the oldest known bowling green for target style bowling to survive to modern times was built, Master's Close (now the Old Bowling Green of the Southampton Bowling Club) in Southampton, England; it is still in use.[11]
In 1325 laws were passed in Berlin and Cologne limiting bets on lawn bowling to five shillings.[10]
In 1366 the first official mention of bowling in England was made when King Edward III banned it as a distraction to archery practice.[12]
In the 15th-17th centuries lawn bowling spread from Germany into Austria, Switzerland, and the Low Countries, with playing surfaces made of cinders or baked clay.[10]
In 1455 lawn bowling lanes in London were first roofed-over, turning bowling into an all-weather game.[10] In Germany they were called kegelbahns, often attached to taverns and guest houses.
In 1463 a public feast was held in Frankfurt, Germany, with a venison dinner followed by lawn bowling.[10]
16th to 18th centuries[edit]
Peasants bowling in front of a tavern in the 17th century
In 1511 English King Henry VIII was an avid bowler. He banned bowling for the lower classes and imposed a levy for private lanes to limit them to the wealthy.[13] Another English law passed in 1541 (repealed in 1845) prohibited workers from bowling except on Christmas, and only in their master's home and in his presence. In 1530 he acquired Whitehall Palace in central London as his new residence, having it extensively rebuilt complete with outdoor bowling lanes, indoor tennis court, jousting tiltyard, and cockfighting pit.
About 1520 Protestant Reformation founder Martin Luther set the number of pins (which varied from 3 to 17) at nine, and built a bowling lane next to his home for his children, sometimes rolling a ball himself.[10][14]
On 19 July 1588 English Vice-Admiral Sir Francis Drake allegedly was playing bowls at Plymouth Hoe when the arrival of the Spanish Armada was announced, replying "We have time enough to finish the game and beat the Spaniards too."[15]
The Bowling Game, by Dutch painter Jan Steen, c. 1655. Many Dutch Golden Age paintings depicted bowling.
In 1609 Dutch East India Company explorer Henry Hudson discovered Hudson Bay, bringing Dutch colonization to New Amsterdam (later New York); Hudson's men brought some form of lawn bowling with them.[10]
In 1617 English King James I published Declaration of Sports, banning bowling on Sundays but permitting dancing and archery for those first attending an Anglican service, outraging Puritans; it was reissued in 1633 by his successor Charles I, then ordered publicly burned in 1643 by the Puritan Parliament.
In 1670 Dutchmen liked to bowl at the Old King’s Arms Tavern near modern-day 2nd and Broadway in New York City.[16]
In 1733 Bowling Green in New York City was built on the site of a Dutch cattle market and parade ground, becoming the city's oldest public park to survive to modern times.
In the 19th century[edit]
A painting from around 1810 shows British bowlers playing a bowling sport outdoors. It shows a triangular formation of ten pins chronologically before it appeared in the United States.[17]
In 1819, New York writer Washington Irving made the first mention of ninepin bowling in American literature in his story Rip Van Winkle.
On 1 January 1840, Knickerbocker Alleys in New York City opened, becoming the first indoor bowling alley.[18]
In 1841, the state of Connecticut banned nine-pin bowling to stop gambling, causing ten-pin bowling to be created to get around the law[6] — some 31 years after the aforementioned British outdoor ten-pin bowling painting was dated.
In 1846, the oldest surviving bowling lanes in the United States were built as part of Roseland Cottage, the summer estate of Henry Chandler Bowen (1831-1896) in Woodstock, Connecticut. The lanes, now part of Historic New England's Roseland Cottage House Museum contain Gothic Revival architectural elements in keeping with the style of the entire estate.[19]
In 1848, the Revolutions of 1848 resulted in accelerated German immigration to the U.S., reaching 5 million by 1900, bringing their love of beer and bowling with them; by the late 19th century they made New York City a center of bowling.
In 1848, the Scottish Bowling Association for lawn bowling was founded in Scotland by 200 clubs; it was dissolved then refounded in 1892.
A tongue-in-cheek illustration of a bowling alley, from the cover of Harpers Weekly magazine (U.S., 1860)
In 1864, Glasgow cotton merchant William Wallace Mitchell (1803–84) published Manual of Bowls Playing, which became a standard reference for lawn bowling in Scotland.[20]
In 1875, the National Bowling Association (NBA) was founded by 27 local clubs in New York City to standardize rules for ten-pin bowling, setting the ball size and the distance between the foul line and the pins, but failing to agree on other rules; it was superseded in 1895 by the American Bowling Congress.[21]
In 1880, Justin White of Worcester, Massachusetts invented Candlepin Bowling.
In the 1880s, Brunswick Corporation (founded 1845) of Chicago, Illinois, maker of billiard tables began making bowling balls, pins, and wooden lanes to sell to taverns installing bowling alleys.
On 9 September 1895, the modern standardized rules for ten-pin bowling were established in New York City by the new American Bowling Congress (ABC) (later the United States Bowling Congress), who changed the scoring system from a maximum 200 points for 20 balls to a maximum 300 points for 10 balls, and set the maximum ball weight at 16 lbs., and pin distance at 12 inches. The first ABC champion (1906-1921) was Jimmy Smith (1885-1948).[22] In 1927 Mrs. Floretta "Doty" McCutcheon (1888-1967) defeated Smith in an exhibition match, founding a school that taught 500,000 women how to bowl.[23][24][25] In 1993 women were allowed to join the ABC. In 2005 the ABC merged with the Women's International Bowling Congress (WIBC) et al. to become the United States Bowling Congress (USBC).
The ABC initially used bowling balls made of Lignum vitae hardwood from the Caribbean, which were eventually supplanted by the Ebonite rubber bowling ball (1905) and the Brunswick Mineralite rubber ball (1914). In 1980 urethane-shell bowling balls were introduced by Ebonite.[26]
In the early 1890s, Duckpin bowling was invented in Boston, Massachusetts, spreading to Baltimore, Maryland about 1899.
In the 20th century[edit]
In 1903 the English Bowling Association was founded by cricketer W. G. Grace. On 1 January 2008 it merged with the English Women's Bowling Association to become Bowls England.
An early bowling tournament (1905; American Bowling Congress; Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.)
In 1903 D. Peifer of Chicago, Illinois invented a handicap method for bowling.[27]
In 1905 Rubber Duckpin bowling was invented by Willam Wuerthele of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, catching on in Quebec, Canada.
Rules for target bowls evolved separately in each of the other countries that adopted the predominantly British game. In 1905 the International Bowling Board was formed;[28] its constitution adopted the laws of the Scottish Bowling Association, with variations allowed at the individual country level.[29]
In September 1907 the Victorian Ladies' Bowling Association was founded in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, becoming the world's first women's lawn bowling association.
In 1908, the now-oldest surviving bowling alley for the tenpin sport was opened in Milwaukee, Wisconsin - in the basement of the Holler House tavern, containing the oldest sanctioned lanes in the United States.
In 1909 the first ten-pin bowling alley in Europe was installed in Sweden, but the game failed to catch on in the rest of Europe until after World War II. Meanwhile, ten-pin bowling caught on in Great Britain after hundreds of bowling lanes were installed on U.S. military bases during World War II.[10]
In 1913 the monthly Bowlers Journal was founded in Chicago, Illinois, continuing to publish to the present day.
In late 1916 the Women's International Bowling Congress (WIBC) (originally the Woman's National Bowling Association) was founded in Saint Louis, Missouri, merging with the United States Bowling Congress in 2005.
In 1920-1933 Prohibition in the U.S. caused bowling alleys to disassociate from saloons, turning bowling into a family game and encouraging women bowlers.[25]
On 2 October 1921 the annual Petersen Open Bowling Tournament (a.k.a. The Pete) was first held in Chicago, Ill., becoming bowling's richest tournament of the day. In 1998 it was taken over by AMF.[30]
In 1926 the International Bowling Association (IBA) was formed by the U.S., Sweden, Germany, Netherlands, and Finland, holding four world championships by 1936.[10]
On 21 March 1934, the National Bowling Writers Association was founded in Peoria, Illinois by four bowling journalists; in 1953 it changed its name to the Bowling Writers Association of America.[31]
On August 1939, the National Negro Bowling Association was founded in Detroit, Michigan, dropping Negro from the title in 1944 and opening membership to all races, reaching 30,000 members in 2007.[32]
In 1947 the Australian Women's Bowling Council was founded, holding the first Australian women's national lawn bowling championship in Sydney in 1949, which was won by Mrs. R. Cranley of Queensland.
On 18 April 1948 the Professional Women Bowling Writers (PWBW) was founded in Dallas, Texas, admitting men in 1975. On 1 January 2007, it merged with the Bowling Writers Association of America.[33]
About 1950 the Golden Age of Ten-Pin Bowling began, in which professional bowlers made salaries rivaling those of baseball, football, and hockey players; it ended in the late 1970s.
In 1950-1951 the ABC and WIBC opened membership to blacks.[32]
In 1951 the first ABC Masters tournament was held, becoming one of the four majors in 2000.
In 1952 the Fédération Internationale des Quilleurs (FIQ) was founded in Hamburg, Germany to coordinate international amateur competition in nine-pin and ten-pin bowling. In 1954 the first FIQ World Bowling Championships were held in Helsinki, Finland. In 1979 the International Olympic Committee recognized it as the official world governing body for bowling. In 2014 it changed its name to World Bowling.
In 1952 American Machine and Foundry (AMF) of Brooklyn, N.Y. began marketing automatic Pinsetter machines, eliminating the need for pinboys and causing bowling to rocket in popularity, making the 1950s the Decade of the Bowler.
In 1954 Steve Nagy (1913-1966) became the first person to bowl a perfect 300 game on TV on NBC-TV's "Championship Bowling".[34][35][36] The PBA later named its sportsmanship award after him.
Dick Weber (1986)
Earl Anthony (1979)
Buzz Fazio (1965)
In 1958 the Professional Bowlers Association (PBA) was founded in Akron, Ohio by Don Carter, Dick Weber, Dick Hoover, Buzz Fazio, Carmen Salvino, Glenn Allison et al., reaching 4,300 members in 14 countries worldwide. In 1975 Earl Anthony became the first PBA member with $100,000 yearly earnings, and the first to reach $1,000,000 total earnings in 1982. In 2000 it was purchased by former executives of Microsoft, who moved the PBA headquarters to Seattle, Washington.
On 28 November 1960 the first PBA Championship in Memphis, Tennessee was won by Don Carter. In 2002 it was renamed the PBA World Championship, awarding the Earl Anthony Trophy to the winner.
In 1960 the Professional Women's Bowling Association (PWBA) was founded as the first professional women's bowling association; it went defunct in 2003.
In 1960 the National Bowling League (NBL) was founded to compete with the PBA, signing name players including Billy Welu and Buzz Fazio, but failing to sign top star Don Carter, after which failure to get a TV contract caused it to fold after its first championship in 1962.
In 1962 the PBA Tournament of Champions was founded, sponsored in 1965-1993 by Firestone Tire.
In 1962 the American Wheelchair Bowling Association (AWBA) was founded in Louisville, Kentucky by Richard F. Carlson.[37]
On 3–10 November 1963 the Fifth FIQ World Bowling Championships in Mexico City, Mexico were attended by 132 men and 45 women (first time) from 19 nations, and featured the debut of Team USA, which won seven of the eight gold medals.[38]
On 25 November 1963 Sports Illustrated published the article A Guy Named Smith Is Striking It Rich, revealing that PBA stars made more money than other professional sports stars. "With more than $1 million in prizes to shoot for, the nation's top professional bowlers are rolling in money."[39] Too bad, after the number of bowling alleys in the U.S. zoomed from 65,000 in 1957 to 160,000 in 1962, the U.S. bowling industry boom hit a brick wall in 1963, but this was compensated for by a new boom in Europe and Japan, making 10-pin bowling an international sport.[40]
In 1964 "Mr. Bowling" Don Carter became the first athlete to sign a $1 million endorsement contract, a multi-year deal with Ebonite International.
In 1964 Marion Ladewig, a 9-time winner of the Bowling Writers Association of America Female Bowler of the Year Award, became the first Superior Performance inductee into the WIBC Hall of Fame.
In 1965 the AMF Bowling World Cup was established by the FIQ.
On 27 January 1967 the Japan Professional Bowling Association (JPBA) was founded in Tokyo, Japan.
In 1971 the U.S. Open was founded by the PBA.
In 1978 National Negro Bowling Association pioneer J. Elmer Reed (1903–83) became the first African-American to be inducted into the ABC Hall of Fame.[41]
On 16 December 1979 Willie Willis won the Brunswick National Resident Pro Tournament in Charlotte, North Carolina, becoming the first African-American bowling champion in the PBA in a non-touring event. In 1980 he became the first African-American in the Firestone Tournament of Champions, placing 13th.[42]
On 27 February 1982 Earl Anthony won the Toledo Trust PBA National Championship, becoming the first bowler to reach $1 million in career earnings.
In 1982 the Young American Bowling Alliance was formed from a merger of the American Junior Bowling Congress, the Youth Bowling Association, and the collegiate divisions of the ABC and WIBC.[43]
In 1982 the 1982 Commonwealth Games in Brisbane, Australia added women's bowls to the events.
On 22 November 1986 George Branham III (1962-) became the first African-American to win a PBA national touring event, the Brunswick Memorial World Open in Chicago, Illinois.
On 18 September 1988 the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea featured ten-pin bowling as a demonstration sport.
On August 2, 1991 in Havana, Cuba, tenpin bowling became an international medal-level sport for the first time at the 1991 Pan American Games, and continues to this day.
In the 1992-1993 season the ABC introduced resin bowling balls, causing perfect 300 scores to increase by 20%.[44]
In 1995 the first Best Bowler ESPY Award was presented.
In 1995 the National Bowling Stadium in Reno, Nevada opened, becoming known as the Taj Mahal of Tenpins.
On 2 February 1997 Jeremy Sonnenfeld (1975-) bowled the first officially sanctioned 900 series of three straight perfect 300 games at Sun Valley Lanes in Lincoln, Nebraska, becoming known as "Mr. 900".[45]
In 1998 the World Tenpin Masters 10-pin bowling tournament was established.
In 2000 the Weber Cup, named after Dick Weber was established as 10-pin bowling's equivalent to golf's Ryder Cup, with Team USA playing Team Europe in a 3-day match.
In the 21st century[edit]
On 31 March 2004 Missy Bellinder (1981-) (later Parkin) became the first woman member of the PBA.[46]
In 2004 the Brunswick Euro Challenge was founded for amateur and pro 10-pin bowling players from Europe, Asia, and the U.S.[47]
On 24 January 2010 Kelly Kulick (1977-) became the first woman to win the PBA Tournament of Champions and the first woman to win a PBA national tour event.
In November 2012 after league bowling dropped from 80% to 20% of their business, AMF Bowling Centers of Richmond, Virginia filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy for the second time (first in 2001), merging in 2013 with upscale New York-based bowling center operator Bowlmor (which didn't support league bowling) in an attempt to turn league bowling around, growing from 276 centers in 2013 to 315 in 2015.
In 2013 the PBA League was founded, composed of permanent 5-person teams, with an annual draft.[48]
Variations[edit]
Bowling games can be distinguished into two general classes:
Pin bowling[edit]
Play media
Video: A man bowling in Japan
A woman bowling during 45th Victory Day celebration Bowling Tournament '15 in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Five main variations are found in North America, varying especially in New England and parts of Canada:
Ten-pin bowling: largest and heaviest pins, and bowled with a large ball with three finger holes, and the most popular type in North America
Nine-pin bowling: pins usually attached to strings at the tops, uses a ball without finger holes.
Candlepin bowling: tallest pins (40 cm), thin with matching ends, bowled with the smallest and lightest (at 1.1 kilograms (2.4 lb)) handheld ball of any bowling sport, and the only form with no fallen pins removed during a frame.
Duckpin bowling: short, squat, and bowled with a handheld ball.
Five-pin bowling: tall, between duckpins and candlepins in diameter with a rubber girdle, bowled with a handheld ball, mostly found in Canada.
Target bowling[edit]
A bowls tournament in Berrigan, New South Wales, Australia
Another form of bowling is usually played outdoors on a lawn. At outdoor bowling, the players throw a ball, which is sometimes eccentrically weighted, in an attempt to put it closest to a designated point or slot in the bowling arena.
Accessibility[edit]
Technological innovation has made bowling accessible to members of the disabled community.
The IKAN Bowler, a device designed by a quadriplegic engineer named Bill Miller, attaches to a wheelchair and allows the user to control the speed, direction, and timing of the ten-pin bowling ball's release. The name comes from the Greek work "ikano", which means "enable".[49]
For Bowls the sport has introduced a number of innovations to enable people with a disability to participate at all levels of the sport, from social through to Olympic Standards:
The use of bowling arms and lifters enables bowlers to deliver a bowl minimising the amount of movement required
Wheelchair and green manufacturers have produced modified wheel tyres and ramps to enable wheelchair athletes to access bowls greens.
Modified conditions of play as outlined in Disability classification in lawn bowls
In popular culture[edit]
With notable individuals[edit]
U.S. Presidents[edit]
Richard Nixon bowling in what was then called the Old Executive Office Building
In 1948, bowling lanes were first built in the ground floor of the West Wing of the U.S. Presidential residence, the White House, as a birthday gift for then President Harry S. Truman, in the location of the 2010s White House Situation Room.[50] The lanes were moved to the Old Executive Office Building in 1955 to make way for a mimeograph room.[50]
In 1969, friends of then U.S. President Richard M. Nixon, said to be an avid bowler, had a new one-lane alley built in an underground space below the building's North Portico.[50]
Onscreen[edit]
In films[edit]
Bowling is a set piece for the featured number, "Score Tonight," in the 1982 film, Grease 2.
Kingpin is a 1996 comedy film about a professional bowler who loses his hand but ends up making it back into professional bowling using a prosthetic hand.
Ten-pin bowling is a frequent motif in the 1998 Coen brothers' film The Big Lebowski.
The 2002 Australian comedy film Crackerjack centres on activities at a lawn bowls club.
Blackball, a 2003 comedy film about a young lawn bowls player, based upon Griff Sanders.[51]
On television[edit]
Bowling is the main theme in the JDrama The Golden Bowl.[52] Bowling championships are constantly broadcast on ESPN networks for fans to watch.
Paintings[edit]
A painting which dates from around 1810, and has been on display at the International Bowling Hall of Fame and Museum in St. Louis, Missouri (before its relocation on January 26, 2010, to the International Bowling Campus in Arlington, Texas), shows British bowlers playing the sport outdoors in the earliest known pictorial depiction of "ten-pin bowling" of any type, with a triangular formation of ten pins, chronologically before it appeared in the United States. A photograph of this painting appeared in the pages of the US-based "Bowler's Journal" magazine in 1988.[17]
On 28 January 1950 the painting Bowling Strike by George Hughes (1907-1989)[53] appeared on the cover of the Saturday Evening Post.[54]
In 1982 American expressionist painter LeRoy Neiman produced a famous painting of PBA star Earl Anthony's million dollar strike.[55]
See also[edit]
Open bowling
Ten-pin bowling
Bowling ball
Glossary of bowling
Automatic scorer
Battle of the Bowling Alley, so named for the narrow valley north of Taegu, South Korea (dubbed the "Bowling Alley"), where United Nations forces defeated North Korean forces early in the Korean War
Fédération Internationale des Quilleurs (FIQ), the top international bowling organization
New Zealand Indoor Bowls
Pinsetter
Skee ball — a game that plays similar to bowling
Skittles, the sport from which alley-based bowling originated
Bowls, lawn bowling
Irish road bowling, along country roads in Ireland, but without a target
Bowling Alone, a 2000 book by Robert D. Putnam that argues the decline in league bowling since 1950 is indicative of a decline in social participation by Americans.
Comparison of orthotics
References[edit]
Notes
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Jump up ^ "Bethsoft.com". Bethsoft.com. Archived from the original on 29 March 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Bowling History - Origin of Bowling". Retrieved 24 January 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Pretsell, James M. (1908). The Game of Bowls Past and Present. Oliver & Boyd. p. 1.
Jump up ^ Pretsell 1908, p. 2.
Jump up ^ Administrator. "A little Bowling History". Retrieved 24 January 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i "bowling - game". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Linney, E.J. (1933). A History of the Game of Bowls. Edingburgh Press. p. 22.
Jump up ^ "Bowling Museum & Hall of Fame > Visit > History of Bowling". Retrieved 24 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "History of Bowls". Retrieved 24 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Luther and bowling?". Cranach. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Spanish Armada". Retrieved 24 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Bowling Museum & Hall of Fame > Visit > Online Exhibits". Retrieved 24 January 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Pluckhahn, Bruce; "Bowling Games People Play". Bowler's Journal magazine, December 1988 issue, pg. 121.
Jump up ^ "First recorded ten-pin bowling match played…". Old Farmer's Almanac. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Roseland Cottage — Historic New England". Historicnewengland.org. Retrieved 12 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "History". Retrieved 24 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Sports in America from Colonial Times to the Twenty-First Century". Retrieved 24 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "A Jimmy Smith Bibliography". Dr. Jake's Bowling History Blog. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "BOWL.com - Floretta McCutcheon". Retrieved 24 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Floretta McCutcheon biography". Retrieved 24 January 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Sports in America from Colonial Times to the Twenty-First Century". Retrieved 24 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "#1 Online Bowling Pro Shop, New Bowling Balls, Bowling Bags, Bowling Shoes, Bowling Accessories & Supplies". Retrieved 30 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "History of Bowling". Retrieved 24 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "International Bowling Board". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Munro, J.P. (1951). Bowls Encyclopedia. Melbourne Australia: Wilke & Co. p. 167.
Jump up ^ "About The Petersen Classic". Retrieved 24 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Bowling Media > About Us > IBMA History". Archived from the original on 30 January 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "National Negro Bowling Association - Ohio History Central". Retrieved 24 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "NWBW History - Bowling Media". Archived from the original on 30 January 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Steve Nagy (1913 - 1966) - Find A Grave Memorial". Retrieved 24 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Bowl-A-Roll Lanes. "Bowl A Roll Lanes: Steve Nagy's 300 Game on Championship Bowling". Retrieved 24 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Championship Bowling - Steve Nagy 300 (1954). 29 June 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2016 – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ "History of the AWBA - AWBA.ORG - Promoting Abilities, not Disability". Retrieved 24 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "PEAC Course Wiki / Team USA". Retrieved 24 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Robert Boyle. "A GUY NAMED SMITH IS STRIKING IT RICH". Retrieved 24 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Riding the Crest of Bowling's Boom". Bowlers Journal International. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Encyclopedia of Cleveland History: REED, J. ELMER". Retrieved 24 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "A PIONEER IN BOWLING : Branham Finds Fame--and Fortune--to Be Right Down His Alley". latimes. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Young American Bowling Alliance". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Now You Know Big Book of Sports". Retrieved 24 January 2016.
Jump up ^ KEN HAMBLETON / Lincoln Journal Star. "Q&A with Jeremy Sonnenfeld". JournalStar.com. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "About Me". Retrieved 24 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Brunswick names Dream-Bowl Palace host of Brunswick Euro Challenge through 2018 - Brunswick". Retrieved 24 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "The League - PBA.com". Retrieved 24 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Ability Magazine: IKAN Bowler". Retrieved 6 April 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c "White House Bowling Alley". The White House Museum. Archived from the original on 1 July 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "From bowling green to silver screen". BBC News. 28 August 2003. Retrieved 4 May 2008.
Jump up ^ "Golden Bowl". jdorama.com. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Art of Licensing". Curtis Publishing. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
Jump up ^ The Saturday Evening Post Society. "George Hughes - The Saturday Evening Post". Retrieved 24 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Leroy Neiman Print - Million Dollar Strike". Rogallery.com. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
Further reading
Grasso, John & Hartmen, Eric R.(2014) Historical Dictionary of Bowling
The Historyscoper
External links[edit]
Look up bowling in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bowling.
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Bowling". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
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