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Plastid
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Plant cells with visible chloroplasts.
The plastid (Greek: πλαστός; plastós: formed, molded – plural plastids) is a major double-membrane organelle[1] found in the cells of plants, algae, and some other eukaryotic organisms. Plastids were discovered by Ernst Haeckal.The term plastids was coined by A.F.W,.Schimper.Plastids are the site of manufacture and storage of important chemical compounds used by the cell. They often contain pigments used in photosynthesis, and the types of pigments present can change[clarification needed] or determine the cell's color. They have a common evolutionary origin and possess a double-stranded DNA molecule that is circular, like that of prokaryotic cells.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plastids in plants
2 Plastids in algae
3 Inheritance of plastids
4 Origin of plastids
5 See also
6 References
7 Sources
8 Further reading
9 External links
Plastids in plants[edit]
Leucoplasts in plant cells.
Those plastids that contain chlorophyll can carry out photosynthesis. Plastids can also store products like starch and can synthesize fatty acids and terpenes, which can be used for producing energy and as raw material for the synthesis of other molecules. For example, the components of the plant cuticle and its epicuticular wax are synthesized by the epidermal cells from palmitic acid, which is synthesized in the chloroplasts of the mesophyll tissue.[2] All plastids are derived from proplastids, which are present in the meristematic regions of the plant. Proplastids and young chloroplasts commonly divide by binary fission, but more mature chloroplasts also have this capacity.
In plants, plastids may differentiate into several forms, depending upon which function they play in the cell. Undifferentiated plastids (proplastids) may develop into any of the following variants:[3]
Chloroplasts green plastids: for photosynthesis; see also etioplasts, the predecessors of chloroplasts
Chromoplasts coloured plastids: for pigment synthesis and storage
Gerontoplasts: control the dismantling of the photosynthetic apparatus during plant senescence
Leucoplasts colourless plastids: for monoterpene synthesis; leucoplasts sometimes differentiate into more specialized plastids:
Amyloplasts: for starch storage and detecting gravity (for geotropism)
Elaioplasts: for storing fat
Proteinoplasts: for storing and modifying protein
Tannosomes: for synthesizing and producing tannins and polyphenols
Depending on their morphology and function, plastids have the ability to differentiate, or redifferentiate, between these and other forms.
Each plastid creates multiple copies of a circular 75–250 kilobase plastome. The number of genome copies per plastid is variable, ranging from more than 1000 in rapidly dividing cells, which, in general, contain few plastids, to 100 or fewer in mature cells, where plastid divisions have given rise to a large number of plastids. The plastome contains about 100 genes encoding ribosomal and transfer ribonucleic acids (rRNAs and tRNAs) as well as proteins involved in photosynthesis and plastid gene transcription and translation. However, these proteins only represent a small fraction of the total protein set-up necessary to build and maintain the structure and function of a particular type of plastid. Plant nuclear genes encode the vast majority of plastid proteins, and the expression of plastid genes and nuclear genes is tightly co-regulated to coordinate proper development of plastids in relation to cell differentiation.
Plastid DNA exists as large protein-DNA complexes associated with the inner envelope membrane and called 'plastid nucleoids'. Each nucleoid particle may contain more than 10 copies of the plastid DNA. The proplastid contains a single nucleoid located in the centre of the plastid. The developing plastid has many nucleoids, localized at the periphery of the plastid, bound to the inner envelope membrane. During the development of proplastids to chloroplasts, and when plastids convert from one type to another, nucleoids change in morphology, size and location within the organelle. The remodelling of nucleoids is believed to occur by modifications to the composition and abundance of nucleoid proteins.
Many plastids, particularly those responsible for photosynthesis, possess numerous internal membrane layers.
In plant cells, long thin protuberances called stromules sometimes form and extend from the main plastid body into the cytosol and interconnect several plastids. Proteins, and presumably smaller molecules, can move within stromules. Most cultured cells that are relatively large compared to other plant cells have very long and abundant stromules that extend to the cell periphery.
In 2014, evidence of possible plastid genome loss was found in Rafflesia lagascae, a non-photosynthetic parasitic flowering plant, and in Polytomella, a genus of non-photosynthetic green algae. Extensive searches for plastid genes in both Rafflesia and Polytomella yielded no results, however the conclusion that their plastomes are entirely missing is still controversial.[4] Some scientists argue that plastid genome loss is unlikely since even non-photosynthetic plastids contain genes necessary to complete various biosynthetic pathways, such as heme biosynthesis.[4][5]
Plastids in algae[edit]
In algae, the term leucoplast is used for all unpigmented plastids and their function differs from the leucoplasts of plants. Etioplasts, amyloplasts and chromoplasts are plant-specific and do not occur in algae.[citation needed] Plastids in algae and hornworts may also differ from plant plastids in that they contain pyrenoids.
Glaucocystophytic algae contain muroplasts, which are similar to chloroplasts except that they have a peptidoglycan cell wall that is similar to that of prokaryotes. Rhodophytic algae contain rhodoplasts, which are red chloroplasts that allow the algae to photosynthesise to a depth of up to 268 m.[3] The chloroplasts of plants differ from the rhodoplasts of red algae in their ability to synthesize starch, which is stored in the form of granules within the plastids. In red algae, floridean starch is synthesized and stored outside the plastids in the cytosol.[6]
Inheritance of plastids[edit]
Most plants inherit the plastids from only one parent. In general, angiosperms inherit plastids from the female gamete, whereas many gymnosperms inherit plastids from the male pollen. Algae also inherit plastids from only one parent. The plastid DNA of the other parent is, thus, completely lost.
In normal intraspecific crossings (resulting in normal hybrids of one species), the inheritance of plastid DNA appears to be quite strictly 100% uniparental. In interspecific hybridisations, however, the inheritance of plastids appears to be more erratic. Although plastids inherit mainly maternally in interspecific hybridisations, there are many reports of hybrids of flowering plants that contain plastids of the father. Approximately 20% of angiosperms, including alfalfa (Medicago sativa), normally show biparental inheritance of plastids.[7]
Origin of plastids[edit]
Plastids are thought to have originated from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria. This symbiosis evolved around 1.5 billion years ago[8] and enabled eukaryotes to carry out oxygenic photosynthesis.[9] Three evolutionary lineages have since emerged in which the plastids are named differently: chloroplasts in green algae and plants, rhodoplasts in red algae and muroplasts in the glaucophytes. The plastids differ both in their pigmentation and in their ultrastructure. For example, chloroplasts have lost all phycobilisomes, the light harvesting complexes found in cyanobacteria, red algae and glaucophytes, but instead contain stroma and grana thylakoids, structures found only in plants and closely related green algae. The glaucocystophycean plastid — in contrast to chloroplasts and rhodoplasts — is still surrounded by the remains of the cyanobacterial cell wall. All these primary plastids are surrounded by two membranes.
Complex plastids start by secondary endosymbiosis (where a eukaryotic organism engulfs another eukaryotic organism that contains a primary plastid resulting in its endosymbiotic fixation),[10] when a eukaryote engulfs a red or green alga and retains the algal plastid, which is typically surrounded by more than two membranes. In some cases these plastids may be reduced in their metabolic and/or photosynthetic capacity. Algae with complex plastids derived by secondary endosymbiosis of a red alga include the heterokonts, haptophytes, cryptomonads, and most dinoflagellates (= rhodoplasts). Those that endosymbiosed a green alga include the euglenids and chlorarachniophytes (= chloroplasts). The Apicomplexa, a phylum of obligate parasitic protozoa including the causative agents of malaria (Plasmodium spp.), toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii), and many other human or animal diseases also harbor a complex plastid (although this organelle has been lost in some apicomplexans, such as Cryptosporidium parvum, which causes cryptosporidiosis). The 'apicoplast' is no longer capable of photosynthesis, but is an essential organelle, and a promising target for antiparasitic drug development.
Some dinoflagellates and sea slugs, in particular of the genus Elysia, take up algae as food and keep the plastid of the digested alga to profit from the photosynthesis; after a while, the plastids are also digested. This process is known as kleptoplasty, from the Greek, kleptes, thief.
See also[edit]
Mitochondrion
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Sato, N. (2006). "Origin and Evolution of Plastids: Genomic View on the Unification and Diversity of Plastids". In R.R. Wise; J.K. Hoober. The Structure and Function of Plastids. 23. Springer Netherlands. pp. 75–102. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-4061-0_4. ISBN 978-1-4020-4060-3.
Jump up ^ Kolattukudy, P.E. (1996) "Biosynthetic pathways of cutin and waxes, and their sensitivity to environmental stresses", pp. 83-108 in: Plant Cuticles. G. Kerstiens (ed.), BIOS Scientific publishers Ltd., Oxford
^ Jump up to: a b Wise, Robert R. (2006). "1. The Diversity of Plastid Form and Function". Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration (PDF). 23. Springer. pp. 3–26. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-4061-0_1.
^ Jump up to: a b "Plants Without Plastid Genomes | The Scientist Magazine®". The Scientist. Retrieved 2015-09-26.
Jump up ^ Barbrook, Adrian C.; Howe, Christopher J.; Purton, Saul (2006). "Why are plastid genomes retained in non-photosynthetic organisms?". Trends in Plant Science. 11 (2): 101–108. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2005.12.004. PMID 16406301.
Jump up ^ Viola, R.; Nyvall, P.; Pedersén, M. (2001). "The unique features of starch metabolism in red algae". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B. 268: 1417–1422. doi:10.1098/rspb.2001.1644. PMC 1088757  . PMID 11429143.
Jump up ^ Zhang, Q.; Sodmergen (2010). "Why does biparental plastid inheritance revive in angiosperms?". Journal of Plant Research. 123 (2): 201–206. doi:10.1007/s10265-009-0291-z. PMID 20052516.
Jump up ^ Ochoa De Alda, Jesús A. G.; Esteban, Rocío; Diago, María Luz; Houmard, Jean (2014). "The plastid ancestor originated among one of the major cyanobacterial lineages". Nature Communications. 5: 4937. Bibcode:2014NatCo...5E4937O. doi:10.1038/ncomms5937. PMID 25222494.
Jump up ^ Hedges SB, Blair JE, Venturi ML, Shoe JL (January 2004). "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life". BMC Evol. Biol. 4: 2. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2. PMC 341452  . PMID 15005799.
Jump up ^ Chan, C. X. & Bhattachary, D. (2010). "The Origin of Plastids". Nature Education. 3 (9): 84.
Sources[edit]
A Novel View of Chloroplast Structure: contains fluorescence images of chloroplasts and stromules as well as an easy to read chapter.
Wycliffe P, Sitbon F, Wernersson J, Ezcurra I, Ellerström M, Rask L (October 2005). "Continuous expression in tobacco leaves of a Brassica napus PEND homologue blocks differentiation of plastids and development of palisade cells". Plant J. 44 (1): 1–15. doi:10.1111/j.1365-313X.2005.02482.x. PMID 16167891.
Birky CW (2001). "The inheritance of genes in mitochondria and chloroplasts: laws, mechanisms, and models". Annu. Rev. Genet. 35: 125–48. doi:10.1146/annurev.genet.35.102401.090231. PMID 11700280. PDF
Further reading[edit]
Chan CX, Bhattacharya D (2010). "The origins of plastids". Nature Education. 3 (9): 84.
Bhattacharya, D., ed. (1997). Origins of Algae and their Plastids. New York: Springer-Verlag/Wein. ISBN 3-211-83036-7.
Gould SB, Waller RR, McFadden GI (2008). Plastid evolution. Annu Rev Plant Biol 59: 491–517.
Keeling P (2010). The endosymbiotic origin, diversification and fate of plastids. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 365(1541): 729-48
External links[edit]
Transplastomic plants for biocontainment (biological confinement of transgenes) — Co-extra research project on coexistence and traceability of GM and non-GM supply chains
Tree of Life Eukaryotes
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The Huntsman: Winter's War
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The Huntsman: Winter's War
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Cedric Nicolas-Troyan
Produced by
Joe Roth
Written by
Evan Spiliotopoulos
Craig Mazin
Based on
Characters created
by Evan Daugherty
Starring
Chris Hemsworth
Charlize Theron
Emily Blunt
Nick Frost
Sam Claflin
Rob Brydon
Jessica Chastain
Music by
James Newton Howard
Cinematography
Phedon Papamichael
Edited by
Conrad Buff
Production
companies
Roth Films
Perfect World Pictures
Distributed by
Universal Pictures
Release date
March 29, 2016 (2016-03-29) (Hamburg)
April 22, 2016 (2016-04-22) (United States)
Running time
114 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$115 million (gross)[2]
$92 million (net)[2]
Box office
$165 million[3]
The Huntsman: Winter's War[4] is a 2016 American fantasy adventure film, both a prequel and sequel to Snow White and the Huntsman (2012), it takes place before and after the events of the first film. The film is the directorial debut of Cedric Nicolas-Troyan, who was a visual effects supervisor and second unit director on the first film. It is written by Craig Mazin and Evan Spiliotopoulos, based on characters created by Evan Daugherty, which like the first film were inspired by the fairy tale "Snow White" compiled by the Brothers Grimm, as well as "The Snow Queen" by Hans Christian Andersen. Reprising their roles from the first film, the cast includes Chris Hemsworth, Charlize Theron, Nick Frost, and Sam Claflin. The film also introduced new characters played by Emily Blunt, Jessica Chastain, and Rob Brydon.
The film premiered in Hamburg on March 29, 2016, and was released in the United States on April 22, 2016. It received generally negative reviews from critics and was a box office disappointment, as it only managed to gross just $165 million worldwide against a $115 million production cost.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Casting
3.3 Filming
3.4 Music
4 Release
4.1 Marketing
4.2 Home media
5 Reception
5.1 Box office
5.1.1 North America
5.1.2 Outside North America
5.2 Critical response
5.3 Accolades
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
Evil sorceress Queen Ravenna's powers allow her to know that her younger sister Freya, whose powers have not emerged, is not only engaged in an illicit affair with nobleman Andrew, but is also pregnant with his child. Sometime after Freya gives birth to a baby girl, Freya discovers that Andrew murdered their child and, in a grief-fueled rage, Freya kills him with her sudden emergence of ice powers.
Freya abandons the kingdom and builds herself a new kingdom. Ruling as the Ice Queen, Freya orders children to be abducted so they can be trained to avoid the pain of love (as she suffered), and to be an army of fearsome huntsmen to conquer for her. Despite the training, two of her best huntsmen, Eric and Sara, grow up and fall in love, secretly marry, and plan to escape together. Freya discovers their secret and confronts them, creates a massive ice wall to separate them, then casts Eric out of her kingdom after first forcing him to watch as Sara is killed by their fellow huntsmen.
Seven years later, and after Ravenna's death, Queen Snow White falls ill after hearing Ravenna's Magic Mirror calling her. Because of its dark magic, she ordered it to be taken to Sanctuary, the magical place that sheltered Snow White during the events leading to Ravenna's death, so the mirror's magic could forever be contained. Snow White's husband, William, informs Eric that the soldiers tasked with carrying the Mirror went missing while en route to the Sanctuary. Eric realizes that he is being watched by Freya through magic. Knowing the magic of the mirror can make Freya even stronger, Eric agrees to investigate, but reluctantly allows Snow White's dwarf ally Nion and his half-brother Gryff to come along.
While travelling to the last known location of the soldiers, the trio are attacked by a group of Freya's huntsmen, but are rescued by Sara. Sara reveals that she was imprisoned by Freya the entire time, only to escape recently. While Eric was made to see Sara die she was made to see him running away rather than fighting to help her. Eric convinces her that Freya conjured these visions, and eventually has Sara to join with him and the dwarves to thwart Freya. The quartet is ensnared in a trap set by she-dwarves Bromwyn and Doreena. They convince the she-dwarves to help them find the Mirror, and the two lead them to the goblins that stole the mirror from Snow White's soldiers. The party fight off the goblins and retrieve the Mirror.
As the group nears the Sanctuary with the Mirror, they are ambushed by Freya and her huntsmen. Freya reveals Sara has been loyal to her all along, and that Sara was using her companions to find the Mirror. In the ensuing chaos, Nion and Doreena are turned into ice statues, and Sara shoots an arrow into Eric's chest on Freya's order, killing him. Freya departs with the Magic Mirror, but she is unaware that Sara intentionally missed so that Eric could live. Back in her palace, Freya recites the iconic verse associated with the Mirror, resurrecting Ravenna, who became one with the Mirror when Snow White vanquished her. Boasting a new suite of powers thanks to the Mirror, Ravenna usurps Freya's rule by coordinating Freya's huntsmen and army to reclaim the kingdoms Snow White liberated.
Eric infiltrates the ice palace with help of Gryff and Bromwyn. He attempts to assassinate Freya, but is stopped by Ravenna. When Freya realizes that Sara didn't actually kill Eric, she reluctantly sentences them both to death because of Ravenna's manipulation. However, Eric is able to convince a few huntsmen to rebel, claiming the love of brethren. Ravenna begins to kill the huntsmen. Freya, realizing that she regards the huntsmen as her "children", protects them with an ice wall, separating the huntsmen from the sisters. As Eric, Sara and the rebelling huntsmen climb over the wall to fight Ravenna and Freya, the two sisters argue over the icy kingdom. Freya forces Ravenna (who as the mirror spirit must answer her summoner's questions truthfully) to reveal that she ultimately caused the death of Freya's child so she could remain the fairest of them all, so Freya finally turns against her sister. Freya is impaled by Ravenna, but with her remaining strength Freya freezes the Magic Mirror. Eric shatters the Mirror, thus destroying Ravenna. As Freya dies from her wounds, she smiles at the sight of a vision of her old loving self, and gladly witnesses Eric and Sara together.
With Freya's death, those who had been imprisoned by Freya's magic are set free, including Nion and Doreena, while a mysterious golden bird flies overhead. Eric, Sara and the huntsmen look forward to a new future while the dwarves pair off romantically and Eric and Sara share a kiss finally happy to have a life together for the first time in years.
In a post-credits scene, Snow White in a red dress with a crown on her head is seen from behind. The aforementioned bird flies and lands on the balcony next to her.
Cast[edit]
Chris Hemsworth as Eric the Huntsman
Charlize Theron as Queen Ravenna, Snow White's evil stepmother who returns from the dead.
Emily Blunt as Freya, Ravenna's sister.
Jessica Chastain as Sara, a warrior who is Eric's wife.
Nick Frost as Nion, a Dwarf who previously helped Eric and Snow White defeat Ravenna's army.
Rob Brydon as Gryff, a debt-collecting Dwarf who is Nion's half-brother.
Sheridan Smith as Mrs. Bromwyn, a feisty and greedy Dwarf who becomes allies with Nion and Gryff.
Alexandra Roach as Doreena, a shy and gentle Dwarf and Nion's love interest.
Sam Claflin as King William, Snow White's husband who helped her and Eric defeat Ravenna's army.
Sope Dirisu as Tull, a fellow Huntsman.
Sam Hazeldine as Liefr, a fellow Huntsman.
Sophie Cookson as Pippa, a fellow Huntswoman.
Conrad Khan as Young Eric
Niamh Walter as Young Sara
Fred Tatasciore as the voice of Mirror Man, the physical form of the Magic Mirror.
Colin Morgan as Andrew, the Duke of Blackwood and Freya's lover.
Madeleine Worrall as Eric's mother.
Kristen Stewart as Snow White (uncredited, archive footage)
Liam Neeson as The Narrator (uncredited)
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
A sequel to Snow White and the Huntsman was initially planned with director Rupert Sanders in talks to return.[citation needed] The sequel plans were changed in August 2012 to a spin-off film concentrating on the Huntsman instead.[5] Universal announced a few days later that they were not shelving the sequel.[6] Another report stated that Universal authorized a sequel[7] with Stewart set to reprise her role, but without Sanders to return as the director.[8] A script was written and production was set to begin at some point in 2013,[7] with the film to be released in 2015.[9] On June 4, 2014, Deadline reported that Frank Darabont, Gavin O'Connor and Andrés Muschietti were on the shortlist to direct a sequel.[10] On June 26, 2014, Deadline confirmed that Darabont was in talks to direct the sequel.[11]
On July 31, 2014, it was announced that the film would be a prequel titled Huntsman and would not star Stewart as Snow White.[12][13] Years later, Stewart claimed she voluntarily turned down an offer from the studio to provide a cameo in the film.[14] On January 16, 2015, it was announced that Darabont had exited the film after he parted with Universal.[15] Hemsworth and Theron were set to return for the film, while Emily Blunt was being circled for a new role.[15] On January 20, 2015, it was confirmed that VFX specialist Cedric Nicolas-Troyan was set to direct the film, whose last draft was written by Darabont, following drafts by Craig Mazin and Evan Spiliotopoulos.[16]
Casting[edit]
The refectory at Waverley Abbey with fake vines and rubble added for use as a film set for The Huntsman: Winter's War.
On February 24, 2015, Jessica Chastain was set to star in the film, Nick Frost was confirmed to reprise his previous role, while Blunt, who had been rumored to be interested, finally closed a deal to star as well.[17] On March 18, 2015, it was revealed that Sheridan Smith, Rob Brydon, and Alexandra Roach were added to the cast to play dwarves alongside Frost's character Nion.[18] TheWrap confirmed on May 7, 2015, that Sam Claflin would return as William in the sequel.[19]
Filming[edit]
Principal photography on the film began on April 6, 2015.[20] Filming took place at Waverley Abbey in Surrey, England in April 2015.[21] Filming also occurred from May to July 2015 in Windsor Great Park, England, at locations including South Forest, Johnson's Pond and in the Deer Park near Snow Hill.[22] Filming was also done in Wells Bishop's Palace and Wells Cathedral.[22][23] In July 2015, filming also took place at Puzzlewood, in the Forest of Dean.[24]
Music[edit]
On October 8, 2015, it was officially announced, that James Newton Howard would return to score the film, after creating the music for Snow White and the Huntsman. The score album was released on April 22, 2016.[25] Singer Halsey promoted the film by releasing an alternate version of her song "Castle", along with a subsequent music video, made for the film.
Release[edit]
On July 31, 2014, Universal Pictures announced the film's release date would be April 22, 2016.[12] In February 2016, it was announced that the film would be released in 3D in international markets like Germany. In Poland, the theatrical release was scheduled for April 8, 2016, which was the date for many other international markets.[26]
Marketing[edit]
On November 16, 2015, Universal Pictures unveiled four character posters for the film, along with the film's new title, The Huntsman: Winter's War.[27] Three days later, on November 18, 2015, the first official trailer of the film was released, along with two additional teaser posters.[28] A second trailer debuted on February 11, 2016.[29] Universal released a final trailer on March 22, 2016.[30] Hemsworth, Theron, and Chastain introduced a performance by Halsey of "Castle" at the 2016 MTV Movie Awards.
Home media[edit]
The Huntsman: Winter's War was released on Digital HD on August 2, 2016, and was followed by a release on Blu-ray and DVD on August 23, 2016.[31][32] The film debuted at No. 1 on the home video sales chart.[33]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
The Huntsman: Winter's War grossed $48.4 million in North America and $116.6 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $165 million, against a production budget of $115 million.[3]
North America[edit]
In the United States and Canada, early tracking suggested the film would open to $24–30 million, which was significantly lower than its predecessor's $56.2 million opening in 2012. The film opened in 3,791 theaters[34][35][36] and grossed $7.3 million on its first day,[37] including $1 million from its early Thursday night previews.[38] In its opening weekend, it grossed a lower-than-expected $19.4 million, which was about 64% less than the original film's opening.[39][40] Due to its underperforming opening weekend, the film lost Universal $30–40 million, with some estimates having the total losses at up to $70 million.[41]
Outside North America[edit]
Internationally, The Huntsman: Winter's War was released in a total of 65 countries.[42] There were some estimates that the film will end its run at about $150 million internationally, which is lower than its predecessor's total of $240 million ($190 million in today's exchange). One notable difference is that while Winter's War has secured a release date in China, Snow White and the Huntsman did not play there, and analysts believe that could make "some difference".[43] It was released in 18 countries two weeks ahead of its U.S. debut, earning $19.1 million from 3,969 screens, and had No. 1 openings in eleven of them, and second overall at the international box office charts, behind the superhero film Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice.[44] In its second weekend, it added 7 new markets and grossed a total of $17.8 million, falling only by 8% from its previews weekend, and still remained at No. 2, behind The Jungle Book.[43] It was still No. 2 in its third weekend.[45] Its top openings occurred in China ($10.4 million), the United Kingdom and Ireland ($4.2 million), Brazil ($3.1 million), Mexico ($2.8 million), France ($2.6 million), Korea ($2.1 million), Russia ($2 million), the Philippines ($1.6 million), Malaysia ($1.6 million), Spain ($1.4 million), and Thailand ($1.2 million).[43][44][45] In China, it was in third place, behind local pic Yesterday Once More and the continued run of The Jungle Book.[45] It lost a tremendous number of screens in its second weekend due to the arrival of three new local pics – Book of Love, Phantom of the Theater and MBA Partners – along with the continued run of The Jungle Book and as a result it grossed just $710,000.[46][47]
In terms of total earnings, its largest markets outside of North America are China ($15.6 million), the UK ($7.3 million) and Mexico ($7.2 million).[46]
Critical response[edit]
On Rotten Tomatoes the film has a rating of 17%, based on 199 reviews, with an average rating of 4.2/10. The site's consensus reads, "The Huntsman: Winter's War is visually arresting and boasts a stellar cast, but neither are enough to recommend this entirely unnecessary sequel."[48] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 35 out of 100, based on 41 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[49] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.[38]
Accolades[edit]
Award
Category
Recipient(s)
Result
Ref(s)
Golden Trailer Awards Best Action "No Mercy" Nominated [50]
Best Fantasy Adventure "Mirror Online" Nominated
The Don LaFontaine Award for Best Voice Over "Mirror Online" Nominated
Best Motion/Title Graphics "Mirror Online" Nominated
Jupiter Awards Best International Actor Chris Hemsworth Nominated [51]
Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie: Sci-Fi/Fantasy The Huntsman: Winter's War Nominated [52]
Choice Movie Actor: Sci-Fi/Fantasy Chris Hemsworth Nominated
Choice Movie Actress: Sci-Fi/Fantasy Charlize Theron Nominated
Choice Movie: Villain Charlize Theron Nominated
Choice Movie: Liplock Chris Hemsworth & Jessica Chastain Nominated
Choice Music: Song from a Movie or TV Show "Castle" by Halsey Nominated
References[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b "The Huntsman: Winter's War (2016)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved January 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ Coggan, Devan (2015-01-17). "See Charlize Theron, Jessica Chastain in new The Huntsman: Winter's War character posters". EW.com. Retrieved 2015-11-16.
Jump up ^ Kim Masters (August 14, 2012). "Kristen Stewart Dropped from 'Snow White' Sequel Plans (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on December 19, 2013. Retrieved August 15, 2012.
Jump up ^ Ann Lee (August 14, 2012). "Kristen Stewart hasn't been dropped from Snow White sequel, says studio". Metro. Archived from the original on October 25, 2013. Retrieved August 16, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Sieczkowski, Cavan (December 21, 2012). "Kristen Stewart Confirmed For 'Snow White And The Huntsman' Sequel: 'I'm So Excited'". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on December 24, 2012. Retrieved December 26, 2012.
Jump up ^ Sen, Abhijeet (November 20, 2012). "Kristen Stewart to star in 'Snow White' sequel sans cheating director". RealBollywood.com. Archived from the original on November 22, 2012. Retrieved April 20, 2013.
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Jump up ^ Fleming, Jr, Mike (June 4, 2014). "'Huntsman 2′ Helmer Short List: Frank Darabont, Gavin O'Connor, Andy Muschietti". Deadline.com. Archived from the original on August 5, 2014. Retrieved June 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ Fleming, Jr, Mike (June 26, 2014). "Frank Darabont In Talks To Direct 'Snow White And The Huntsman 2′". Deadline.com. Archived from the original on July 7, 2014. Retrieved June 26, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Universal's Snow White Prequel 'Huntsman' Targets April 2016 Release". Deadline.com. July 31, 2014. Archived from the original on August 5, 2014. Retrieved August 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ Dickson, Evan (July 31, 2014). "The Huntsman Prequel Set For April 2016, The Mummy Moves to June". Collider.com. Retrieved March 2, 2017.
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^ Jump up to: a b Fleming Jr, Mike (January 16, 2015). "Frank Darabont Exits 'The Huntsman'; Emily Blunt Still Circling". deadline.com. Retrieved January 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin (January 20, 2015). "Cedric Nicolas-Troyan to Replace Frank Darabont as 'Huntsman' Director". variety.com. Retrieved January 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ Jaafar, Ali (February 24, 2015). "Jessica Chastain Joins 'The Huntsman' For Universal". deadline.com. Retrieved February 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ Ford, Rebecca (March 18, 2015). "Universal's 'The Huntsman' Finds Its Dwarves (Exclusive)". hollywoodreporter.com. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Sneider, Jeff; Verhoeven, Beatrice (May 7, 2015). "Sam Claflin Returns for 'The Huntsman' Without Kristen Stewart's Snow White". thewrap.com. Retrieved May 9, 2015. Sam Claflin, who played Snow White’s love interest William in “Snow White and the Huntsman,” will return for Universal’s sequel “The Huntsman,”
Jump up ^ Panosian, Diane (April 6, 2015). "On the Set for 4/6/15: 'Captain America: Civil War' & 'The Huntsman' Start Shooting, Ryan Coogler Wraps 'Rocky' Sequel 'Creed'". ssninsider.com. Retrieved April 6, 2015.
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^ Jump up to: a b "The Huntsman filming starts as Chris Hemsworth, Emily Blunt don Medieval costumes on set; Extras needed for filming". vcpost.com. July 6, 2015. Retrieved July 7, 2015.
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Jump up ^ "Show business: Hollywood visits Gloucestershire to film Huntsman movie at Puzzlewood". South West Business. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
Jump up ^ http://filmmusicreporter.com/2016/03/24/the-huntsman-winters-war-soundtrack-details/. Missing or empty |title= (help)
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Jump up ^ Coggan, Devon (November 18, 2015). "Charlize Theron and Emily Blunt amass an army of darkness in The Huntsman: Winter's War trailer". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved November 18, 2015.
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Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione (April 9, 2016). "'The Huntsman: Winter's War' Waging $21.3M Weekend In Offshore Bow – Intl Box Office". Deadline.com. Retrieved April 10, 2016.
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External links[edit]
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Official website
The Huntsman: Winter's War on IMDb
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text:
Tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the short story by Kurt Vonnegut, see Tomorrow and Tomorrow and Tomorrow (short story).
"Sound and fury" redirects here. For other uses, see Sound and Fury (disambiguation).
She should have died hereafter;
There would have been a time for such a word.
— To-morrow, and to-morrow, and to-morrow,
Creeps in this petty pace from day to day,
To the last syllable of recorded time;
And all our yesterdays have lighted fools
The way to dusty death. Out, out, brief candle!
Life's but a walking shadow, a poor player
That struts and frets his hour upon the stage
And then is heard no more. It is a tale
Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury
Signifying nothing.

— Macbeth (Act 5, Scene 5, lines 17-28)
Tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow is the beginning of the second sentence of one of the more famous soliloquies in Shakespeare's tragedy Macbeth. It takes place in the beginning of the 5th scene of Act 5, during the time when the English troops, led by Malcolm and Macduff, are approaching Macbeth's castle to besiege it. Macbeth, the play's protagonist, is confident that he can withstand any siege from Malcolm's forces. He hears the cry of a woman and reflects that there was a time when his hair would have stood on end if he had heard such a cry, but he is now so full of horrors and slaughterous thoughts that it can no longer startle him.
Seyton then tells Macbeth of Lady Macbeth's death, and Macbeth delivers this soliloquy as his response to the news.[1] Shortly afterwards he is told of the apparent movement of Birnam Wood towards Dunsinane Castle (as the witches previously prophesied to him), which is actually Malcolm's forces having disguised themselves with tree branches so as to hide their numbers as they approach the castle. This sets the scene for the final events of the play and Macbeth's death at the hands of Macduff.
Titular reuses[edit]
Dusty death, a 1931 novel of drug smuggling by Clifton Robbins.
"Tomorrow and Tomorrow and Tomorrow" is a 1953 short story by Kurt Vonnegut
All Our Yesterdays is used as the title of several works, encompassing literature, music and television, including a 1969 history of 1940s science fiction fandom by Harry Warner, Jr,[2] and a 1994 novel by Robert B. Parker
The Way to Dusty Death is a 1973 novel by Alistair MacLean
"Out, Out—" is a 1916 poem by Robert Frost
"Sound and fury" is used in the title of several works, including The Sound and the Fury, a novel by Faulkner; and a 2000 documentary about deaf children. It is also the name of Edward Vesala's ensemble.
Hamilton uses the third and fourth lines of the section in the song "Take a Break"[3]
Struts & Frets is a 2009 novel by Jon Skovron[4]
Walking Shadow, published in 1994, is the 21st Spenser novel by Robert B. Parker.
"Signifying Nothing" is the title of a short story in the 1999 collection Brief Interviews with Hideous Men, by David Foster Wallace.
All My Yesterdays: An Autobiography by Edward G. Robinson
Minister Zhang from Mr. Robot quotes the speech in an episode titled "Logic Bomb"
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Andersen, Richard (2009). Macbeth. Marshall Cavendish. p. 104.
Jump up ^ Platou, Arnold S. (March 31, 2003). "Harry Warner's parallel universe". The Herald-Mail. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
Jump up ^ ""Tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow / Creeps in this petty pace from day to day"".
Jump up ^ "Struts & Frets".
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
The Tragedy of Macbeth
Soliloquy Translation (broken link as of 03 Nov 2015, available at the Wayback Machine
Explanation of the scene
[hide]
v
t
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William Shakespeare's Macbeth
Characters
Macbeth
Lady Macbeth
Banquo
Macduff
King Duncan
Malcolm
Donalbain
Three Witches
Fleance
Lady Macduff
Macduff's son
Third Murderer
Young Siward
Inspirations
Macbeth, King of Scotland
Gruoch of Scotland
Duncan I of Scotland
Malcolm III of Scotland
Donald III of Scotland
Siward, Earl of Northumbria
King James VI and I
Sources
Daemonologie (1597)
The Witch (play)
Holinshed's Chronicles
Darraðarljóð
Film
1908
1909 (French)
1909 (Italian)
1911
1913
1915
1916
1922
1948
1971
2006
2015
Cancelled (Olivier)
Television
1954
1960 US TV
1960 Australian TV
1961
1979
1982
1983
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2005
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TV / film adaptations
The Real Thing at Last (1916)
Marmayogi (1951)
Joe MacBeth (1955)
Throne of Blood (1957)
Macbeth (Verdi opera) (1987)
Men of Respect (1990)
Scotland, PA (2001)
Makibefo (2001)
Maqbool (2003)
Shakespeare Must Die (2012)
Veeram (2016)
Plays
Voodoo Macbeth (1936)
MacBird! (1967)
uMabatha (1970)
Macbett (1972)
Cahoot's Macbeth (1979)
MacHomer (1995)
Sleep No More (2003)
Sleep No More (2009)
Dunsinane (2010)
Sleep No More (2011)
Just Macbeth!
Operas
Macbeth (1847, Verdi)
discography
Macbeth (1910, Bloch)
Literary adaptations
Wyrd Sisters (1988)
The Last King of Scotland (1998)
The Tragedy of Macbeth Part II (2008)
Albums
Music from Macbeth (1972)
Macbeth (1990)
Thane to the Throne (2000)
Shakespeare's Macbeth – A Tragedy in Steel (2003)
Lady Macbeth (2005)
Art
Pity (1795)
The Night of Enitharmon's Joy (1795)
Ellen Terry as Lady Macbeth (1889)
Scenes and speeches
"On the Knocking at the Gate in Macbeth" (1823)
Sleepwalking Scene (5.1)
"Tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow"
Words and phrases
"What's done is done"
"Crack of doom"
"Strange but true"
The Scottish Play
Thane of Cawdor
Story within a story
We Work Again
Light Thickens
The Deadly Affair
"The Movies"
"Sleeping with the Enemy"
"The Shower Principle"
Mécanisme de la physionomie humaine
The Scottish Play
Burke & Hare
Episodes
"A Witch's Tangled Hare" (1959, Looney Tunes)
"The Bellero Shield" (1964, The Outer Limits)
"Sense and Senility" (1987, Blackadder the Third)
"The Coup" (2006, The Office)
"Dial "N" for Nerder" (2008, The Simpsons)
"Four Great Women and a Manicure" (2009, The Simpsons)
"The Understudy" (2014, Inside No. 9)
Other
Macbeth (Strauss)
The Scottish Play
Piano Trios, Op. 70 (Beethoven)
The Ruins of Cawdor
House of Cards (UK, 1990)
House of Cards (US, 2013–present)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tomorrow_and_tomorrow_and_tomorrow&oldid=801000632"
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text:
Star Destroyer
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Star Destroyer
A pair of Imperial II-class Star Destroyers and a squadron of TIE fighters pursue the Millennium Falcon.
First appearance
A New Hope
Affiliation
Galactic Republic
Galactic Empire
First Order
Launched
Clone Wars
References
Starwars.com Encyclopedia[1]
General characteristics
Class
Imperial-class (Imperial I/Imperator and Imperial II)
Interdictor-class
qaz-class
Resurgent-class
Venator-class
Victory-class
Secutor-class
Tector-class
Star Dreadnoughts:
Executor-class (Super Star Destroyer)
Mega-class
Siege Dreadnoughts:
Mandator IV-class
Fighters
Galactic Republic:
ARC-170 starfighter
A-3 V-wing starfighter
BTL-A4 Y-wing assault
Eta-2-class light interceptor
Galactic Empire:
TIE fighters & bombers
First Order:
TIE/fo space superiority fighter
TIE/sf space superiority fighter
Auxiliary craft
Galactic Republic:
MA-ATs, AT-TEs & AT-AP
Galactic Empire:
AT-ATs & AT-STs
First Order:
AT-M6s, AT-HHs, AT-ATs & AT STs
Armaments
Taim & Bak XX-9 heavy turbolaser batteries
Ion cannon emplacements
Point-defense flak turrets
Anti-starfighter missile emplacements
Tractor beam projectors
Defenses
Deflector shield
Length
Between 1,600 to 60,000 meters
Population volume
Galactic Republic:
Crewmen (7,400)
Clone troopers (2,000)
Galactic Empire:
Enlisted (27,850)
Stormtroopers (9,700)
Officers (9,235)
Star Destroyers are capital ships in the fictional Star Wars universe. The Imperial Star Destroyer, which first appears in the first seconds of Star Wars (1977), is "the signature vessel of the Imperial fleet".[2] The term "Star Destroyer" also refers to other vessels in the franchise.
Numerous Star Destroyer models and toys have been released, and the iconic scene featuring the vessel's first appearance has been called "a milestone in special effects history".
Contents
[hide]
1 Concept and design
2 Depiction
2.1 Films and television
2.2 Novels and other media
2.3 Star Wars Legends
3 Merchandise
4 See also
5 References
5.1 Sources
6 External links
Concept and design[edit]
In draft scripts for the film that would become Star Wars, the term "Stardestroyer" refers to two-man fighters flown by what would become the Galactic Empire.[2] The film's second draft features four Star Destroyers chasing a single Rebel ship,[3] but the tremendous costs incurred by Industrial Light & Magic (ILM) when production began helped lead Lucas to use a single "terrifyingly large" Star Destroyer instead of four.[4] ILM built a 91-centimeter (36 in) shooting model that was about half the size of the model for the Tantive IV the Star Destroyer was chasing.[2] Lucas asked ILM to build a larger Star Destroyer model to match the Tantive IV's scale, but ILM convinced him that the Dykstraflex camera invented for the film made this unnecessary.[5] Nevertheless, they added additional hull details to the Star Destroyer model.[5] The 13-second opening shot was the first special effects piece ILM completed,[5] and its success was an essential test for the Dykstraflex.[5]
ILM built a 259-centimeter (102 in) Star Destroyer, equipped with internal lighting to provide a better sense of scale, for The Empire Strikes Back (1980).[2] During production, Lucas decided that every Star Wars film would open in space with a shot of a Star Destroyer.[6] The Empire Strikes Back also introduces the "Super Star Destroyer", also referred to as a "Star Dreadnought".[7] The shooting model for the Super Star Destroyer Executor in The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi was 282 centimeters (111 in) long.[8]
The design of the Venator-class Star Destroyers appearing in Revenge of the Sith (2005) are meant to bridge the appearance of the Acclamator-class transports in Attack of the Clones (2002) and the Imperial class in the original trilogy.[9]
Depiction[edit]
Films and television[edit]
The iconic Star Destroyer first appears in the opening scene of Star Wars, as Darth Vader's flagship chases the Tantive IV above Tatooine. This appearance shows the Imperial ship's massive size in comparison to the Tantive IV.
Imperial-class Star Destroyers appear not only throughout the original trilogy, but also in Star Wars Rebels and Rogue One (2016). Rey scavenges material from one such Star Destroyer in Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015). Rey lives in a small encampment near the crash site, and takes the few parts she finds inside to the nearby Niima Outpost to be sold.
The original trilogy also features a massive Super Star Destroyer, Executor, that serves as Darth Vader's flagship in The Empire Strikes Back. The Executor, now commanded by Admiral Piett, again appears as the Imperial command ship at the climax of Return of the Jedi.[8] In the sequel trilogy movie, The Force Awakens, Rey pilots the Millennium Falcon through the wreckage of the crashed Super Star Destroyer, Ravager, during a chase scene.
Other Star Destroyer varieties appear in the Star Wars prequel and sequel films. Star Wars creator George Lucas calls the cigar-shaped Separatist cruisers visible at the beginning of Revenge of the Sith "Star Destroyers" in the movie's DVD commentary track.[10] Venator-class Star Destroyers are introduced in Revenge of the Sith and later appear throughout Star Wars: The Clone Wars.[9] The Venator-class ships initially appear with a red and grey Republic color scheme. However towards the end of Revenge of the Sith the Venators are gray and white, signifying the Empire's rise to power.[9]
The Force Awakens introduces the Resurgent-class Star Destroyers, belonging to the First Order. The Resurgent-class star destroyers are larger than Imperial-class star destroyers but smaller than Super Star Destroyers. One of them, the Finalizer, is commanded by Kylo Ren.[11]
The Last Jedi introduces two classes of Star Dreadnoughts: The Mandator IV-class Siege Dreadnought, and the Mega-class Star Dreadnought. The Mandator IV-class Siege Dreadnought features two “orbital auto cannons” and is used as a siege warship. The sole Mega-class Star Dreadnought, the Supremacy, is commanded by Supreme Leader Snoke himself and acts as the headquarters of the First Order. The Supremacy has a different geometry than other Star Destroyers; it is a short, very wide triangle while other star destroyers are long, thin triangles.
Novels and other media[edit]
In addition to the main films and TV series, much of the other Star Wars media post-2014 is also considered canon. These materials feature additional details and storylines involving Imperial Star Destroyers; also introducing other varieties.
It is revealed that the Empire had a dozen Super Star Destroyers in service during the time of the Battle of Endor,[12] in addition to Darth Vader's Executor command ship (as the sole ship depicted in the films).[13] The final surviving Super Star Destroyer, the Ravager, is the vessel whose wreckage appears in The Force Awakens. The Ravager's crash onto Jakku is depicted in the game Star Wars Battlefront (2015).
Star Wars Legends[edit]
In April 2014, most of the licensed Star Wars novels, games, and comics produced since 1977 (and prior to 2014), were rebranded by Lucasfilm as Star Wars Legends; and therefore declared non-canon to the franchise.[14][15] However, Star Destroyers feature in numerous Legends publications, with a considerable amount of additional notable information.
According to Star Wars roleplaying books and other texts, Imperial-class Star Destroyers are constructed by Kuat Drive Yards and hold a distinguished place in the Imperial Navy, symbolizing the Empire's military might with a peak number of more than 25,000 vessels.[16] Like the Victory- and Venator-class ships that precede it, this Star Destroyer is notable for its massive size and overwhelming firepower; a single Imperial-class ship is capable of overwhelming most starships or devastating a hostile planet, and its mere presence is often enough to deter rebellion.[16] At 1,600 meters (5,200 ft) long, Imperial-class Star Destroyers are armed with turbolasers, ion cannons and tractor beam projectors.[16] They carry 72 TIE fighters, numerous ground forces (including stormtroopers, 20 AT-ATs and 30 AT-STs), a prefabricated base for rapid deployment to planetary surfaces, and a variety of support craft.[16] After the Battle of Endor, the Rebel Alliance captured several Imperial-class ships and added them to their own fleet.[17] Although the New Republic eventually upgrades its starfleet with newer ship types, the Imperial-class Star Destroyer remains in service well into the New Jedi Order era and fights during the Yuuzhan Vong War.[18]
Kevin J. Anderson's novel Darksaber describes a Super Star Destroyer as being "worth twenty Imperial Star Destroyers".[19] Described in A Guide to the Star Wars Universe (1984) as being 8 kilometers (5.0 mi) long, Executor-class Super Star Destroyers were later described as being 19 kilometers (12 mi) long.[20] In addition to Vader's command ship, Star Wars novels introduce the prison ship Lusankya and stealth-armored Night Hammer as ships in the class.[21][19]
The labels "Star Destroyer" and "Super Star Destroyer" are applied to several other massive Star Wars warships, such as the Pellaeon-class in the Legacy comic series (2006–2010), the reborn Emperor Palpatine's flagships Eclipse and Eclipse II in the Dark Empire series (1991–1995), and the Victory class first described in the early Star Wars novella Han Solo's Revenge (1979).[22][23]
Merchandise[edit]
Lego has released numerous Star Destroyer kits, including a 1-metre (3 ft 3 in) 3,104-piece Imperial-class Star Destroyer[24] and a 50-inch (130 cm) 3,152-piece model of the Executor.[25]
The Super Star Destroyer has also been merchandised. Kenner wanted to use a less ominous name than Executor for the toy playset of Darth Vader's meditation chamber.[8] An advertisement agency's list of 153 alternatives included Starbase Malevolent, Black Coven, Haphaestus VII, and Cosmocurse;[8] ultimately, the toy was labeled "Darth Vader's Star Destroyer".[8] In 2006, Wizards of the Coast created an Executor miniature as part of its Star Wars Miniatures Starship Battles game.[26] An electronic Super Star Destroyer toy released by Hasbro "is the rarest among Hasbro's Collector Fleet".[27]
See also[edit]
Star Wars spacecraft
Star Wars starfighters
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Y-wing Fighter". Star Wars Encyclopedia. Lucasfilm. Retrieved 2012-03-19.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Star Wars: Databank: Imperial Star Destroyer". Lucasfilm. Retrieved 2011-12-22.
Jump up ^ Taylor, p. 115
Jump up ^ Taylor, pp. 121-22
^ Jump up to: a b c d Taylor, p. 171-73
Jump up ^ Taylor, pp. 247-48
Jump up ^ Fry, Jason; Paul R. Urquhart (2012-04-01). Star Wars: The Essential Guide to Warfare. Titan Publishing Company. p. 117. ISBN 978-1781161401.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Star Wars: Databank: Super Star Destroyer". Lucasfilm. Retrieved 2008-11-05.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Star Wars: Databank: Republic attack cruiser". Lucasfilm. Archived from the original on 2008-12-05. Retrieved 2008-11-05.
Jump up ^ Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith DVD commentary
Jump up ^ "The Force Awakens Secret Inside The Secret Academy - StarWars.com". 16 February 2016.
Jump up ^ Wendig, Chuck (2016). Star Wars: Aftermath: Life Debt. Random House.
Jump up ^ Wendig, Chuck (2015). Star Wars: Aftermath. Random House. p. 18. ISBN 9780804177665. Those who received top marks at the Academy went on to serve on the Death Star, or on Vader's command ship, the Executor
Jump up ^ McMilian, Graeme (April 25, 2014). "Lucasfilm Unveils New Plans for Star Wars Expanded Universe". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Legendary Star Wars Expanded Universe Turns a New Page". StarWars.com. April 25, 2014. Retrieved May 26, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Gorden, Greg (1993). Star Wars Imperial Sourcebook (2nd ed.). West End Games. ISBN 0-87431-210-8.
Jump up ^ Horne, Michael Allen (June 1993). Dark Empire Sourcebook. West End Games. ISBN 0-87431-194-2.
Jump up ^ Wiker, J.D.; Steve Miller. The New Jedi Order Sourcebook. Wizards of the Coast. ISBN 0-7869-2777-1.
^ Jump up to: a b Anderson, Kevin J. (1996). Darksaber. Bantam Spectra. pp. 155–156. ISBN 0-553-57611-9.
Jump up ^ "Super Star Destroyer". StarWars.com. Lucasfilm. Retrieved December 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Isard, Ysanne (Expanded Universe)". Star Wars Databank. Lucasfilm. Retrieved 2007-12-15.
Jump up ^ Daley, Brian. The Han Solo Adventures. Random House. p. 354. ISBN 978-0-307-79548-9.
Jump up ^ Horne, Michael Allen (1993). Star Wars: Han Solo and the Corporate Sector Authority. West End Games. pp. 91–92. ISBN 0-87431-199-3.
Jump up ^ "Imperial Star Destroyer". Star Wars: Cargo Bay. Lucasfilm. Archived from the original on 2008-03-03. Retrieved 2008-02-14.
Jump up ^ Terdiman, Danial (2011-06-17). "Darth Vader's personal Lego spaceship flies Sept. 1". CNET.com. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 2011-06-18.
Jump up ^ "Starship Battles Preview 1". Wizards of the Coast. 2006-10-19. Retrieved 2007-07-12.
Jump up ^ "Star Wars: Cargo Bay – Electronic Super Star Destroyer". Retrieved 2007-07-15. |archive-url= is malformed: timestamp (help)
Sources[edit]
Taylor, Chris (2014). How Star Wars Conquered the Universe: The Past, Present, and Future of a Multibillion Dollar Franchise (eBook). Basic Books. OCLC 889674238.
External links[edit]
Imperial Star Destroyer in the StarWars.com Databank
Super Star Destroyer in the StarWars.com Databank
Executor in the StarWars.com Databank
Finalizer in the StarWars.com Databank
Star Destroyer on Wookieepedia, a Star Wars wiki
Super Star Destroyer on Wookieepedia, a Star Wars wiki
Venator Star Destroyer on Wookieepedia, a Star Wars wiki
Category:Star Destroyers on Wookieepedia, a Star Wars wiki
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