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Saint George's Cross
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For the English national flag, see Flag of England. For the Glasgow subway station, see St George's Cross subway station.
Not to be confused with the Cross of St. George, a Russian military distinction, or the George Cross, a British medal.
The Cross of Saint George as a rectangular (3:5 ratio) flag, used as the contemporary flag of England.
In heraldry, the Saint George's Cross, also called Cross of Saint George, is a red cross on a white background, which from the Late Middle Ages became associated with Saint George, the military saint, often depicted as a crusader.
Associated with the crusades, the red-on-white cross has its origins in the 12th century. It may have been used as the ensign of the Republic of Genoa as early as during the 13th century. The symbol has since been adopted by the Swabian League in the pre-Reformation Holy Roman Empire, and it is used extensively across Northern Italy and is the symbol of Bologna, Padua, Genoa, Reggio Emilia, Mantua, Vercelli, Alessandria, and most notably of Milan, where it is often called the "Cross of Saint Ambrose".
Saint George also rose to the position of "national saint" of England after the English reformation, and since the early modern period his flag came to be identified as the national flag of England. Saint George's cross is also the main feature of the Ulster Banner, formerly the Flag of Northern Ireland, and thus appears on the badges and flags of some Ulster loyalist groups, such as the Ulster Volunteer Force. Saint George is also the national saint of Georgia, and the national flag of Georgia (2004) displays a combination of Saint George's cross and the Jerusalem cross.
Contents
[hide]
1 Origins and medieval use
2 England
2.1 Origin
2.2 Flag
2.3 Derived usage
3 Georgia
4 Other
5 Notes
6 External links
Origins and medieval use[edit]
Further information: Flag of Genoa
Miniature of Saint George and the Dragon, ms. of the Legenda Aurea, dated 1348 (BNF Français 241, fol. 101v.)
Saint George as a crusader knight, miniature from a ms. of Vies de Saints, c. 1340 (BNF Richelieu Manuscrits Français 185)
Miniature of Saint George and the Dragon, ms. of the Legenda Aurea, Paris, 1382 (BL Royal 19 B XVII, f. 109).
Saint George became widely venerated as a warrior saint during the Third Crusade. There was a legend that he had miraculously assisted Godfrey of Bouillon; also that Richard the Lionheart had placed himself under his protection.[1] According to legend, the crusaders received miraculous help at the siege of Antioch on 28 June 1098 from a great army on white horses, clothed in white and bearing white banners, led by St George, St Demetrius, and St Mercurius. However, there was no association of the red cross with St George before the end of the crusades.[2]
The red cross in particular was associated with the Knights Templar, from the time of the Second Crusade (1145),[3] but in 1188 red and white crosses were chosen to identify the French and English troops in the "Kings' Crusade" of Philip II of France and Henry II of England, respectively. Together with the Jerusalem Cross, the plain red-on-white became a recognizable symbol of the crusader from about 1190, and in the 13th century it came to be used as a standard or emblem by numerous leaders or polities who wanted to associate themselves with the crusades.[clarification needed] The red-on-white combination was chosen by Genoa and Aragon, among others. Saint George was depicted as a crusader knight during this time, but the red cross had no particular association with him. A crusader-era fresco in the crypt of Trani cathedral shows Saint George wearing a white cross on a red surcoat. The white-on-red version was chosen as the Reichsbanner ("imperial banner") by the German crusaders in the 12th century, and Emperor Frederick II used it in his European campaigns of the 1250s after he had returned from the crusades. It continued to be used as the Reichssturmfahne ("imperial war flag") of the Holy Roman Empire, eventually giving rise to the flag of Savoy and the present-day flags of Switzerland and Denmark).
A vexillum beati Georgii is mentioned in the Genovese annals for the year 1198, referring to a red flag with a depiction of St George and the dragon. An illumination[clarification needed] of this flag is shown in the annals for the year 1227. The Genoese flag with the red cross was used alongside this "George's flag", from at least 1218, and was known as the insignia cruxata comunis Janue ("cross ensign of the commune of Janua"). The flag showing the saint himself was the city's principal war flag, but the flag showing the plain cross was used alongside it in the 1240s.[4]
The cross ceased to be a symbol directly associated with the "taking of the cross", the resolve to fight in a crusade, after the failure of the crusades in the 14th century. With the development of systematic heraldry, there was great demand for variations of the cross symbol and associated terminology. Juliana Berners reports that there were Crossis innumerabull born dayli. The term "St George's cross" was at first associated with any plain Greek cross touching the edges of the field (not necessarily red on white).[5] Thomas Fuller in 1647 wrote of "the plain or S. George's cross" as "the mother of all the others" (that is, the other heraldic crosses).[6][not in citation given]
Early representations of Saint George as a crusader knight with bearing a red-on-white cross still date to the late 13th century,[7] and become widespread as the saint's attributed arms in the 14th and 15th centuries. Edward III of England chose Saint George as the patron saint of his Order of the Garter in 1348, and also took to using a red-on-white cross in the hoist of his Royal Standard.
England[edit]
Saint George with an earl of Lancaster (probably Edmund Crouchback), from an English Book of Hours, c. 1330.
Saint George's flag flying on Leeds Town Hall (2009).
Main article: Flag of England
Origin[edit]
There was a historiographical tradition claiming that Richard the Lionheart himself adopted both the flag and the patron saint from Genoa at some point during his crusade. This idea can be traced to the Victorian era, Perrin (1922) refers to it as a "common belief", and it is still popularly repeated today even though it cannot be substantiated as historical.
On the origins of the flag and its connection to the Genoese flag the Duke of Kent remarked in 1992:
"The St. George's flag, a red cross on a white field, was adopted by England and the City of London in 1190 for their ships entering the Mediterranean to benefit from the protection of the Genoese fleet. The English Monarch paid an annual tribute to the Doge of Genoa for this privilege."
The red cross was introduced to England by the late 13th century, but not as a flag, and not at the time associated with Saint George. It was worn by English soldiers as an identification from the early years of the reign of Edward I (1270s),[8][9] and perhaps originated a few years earlier, in the Second Barons' War (specifically in the Battle of Evesham of 1265, during which, according to chronicler William Rishanger, Simon de Montford observed that the king had taken from him the idea of having his soldiers marked with a cross).[10]
Saint George rose to the position of "patron saint of England" in a process beginning in 1348 with the foundation of the Order of the Garter and culminating with the abolition of all saint's banners except for the St George's banner in 1552. From 1348 and throughout the 15th century, the Saint George's Cross was shown in the hoist of the Royal Standards of the Plantagenet kings of England.
Flag[edit]
Union Jack
A combined British flag was created in 1606 (after the dynastic union of England and Scotland in 1603, the so-called "Union of the Crowns") by combining Saint George's Cross with the Saint Andrew's Cross (the flag of Scotland). The flag was initially for maritime display, later restricted to the King's ships. Afterwards, the Saint George flag remained the flag of England for other purposes until the Acts of Union 1707. At the union, the first Union Flag became official for all purposes in the new Kingdom of Great Britain. From this time, the Saint Georges Cross came to be seen as a symbol of England and Wales when used alongside symbols for Scotland or Ireland; so in the flags of the Commonwealth of England during 1649 to 1660.
The flag of Saint George is also the rank flag of an Admiral in the Royal Navy, and civilian craft are forbidden to fly it. However, surviving little ships of Dunkirk, which participated in the Dunkirk evacuation during World War II, are allowed to fly it as a jack. This is normally done in the defaced form of the Dunkirk jack.
Churches belonging to the Church of England may fly the Saint George's Cross (unless another flag is flown by custom for special reasons). The correct way for the church to fly the Saint George's cross (since an order from the Earl Marshal in 1938) is with the arms of the diocese in the upper left-hand corner of the flag.[11]
The flag of St George has enjoyed a resurgence in popularity since the late 20th century, partly due to football-inspired nationalism, and also in response to the devolution movements in Scotland and Wales.[12]
During the 2010 World Cup, UK Prime Minister David Cameron told Parliament that the flag would fly above his official residence at "no extra cost to the tax payer" while England played in the contest.
Derived usage[edit]
Guernsey was permitted to use the Saint George's Cross as its state flag between 1936 and 1985.
The coat of arms of Montreal, first used in 1833, had a Saint Patrick's cross with the floral emblems of England, Scotland, Ireland, and France in its four quarters. The cross was changed to a Saint George's Cross in 1938, representing England's dominating influence over Canada, and a city flag in the form of the arms was adopted the following year. The city of Nanaimo in British Columbia also uses a Saint George's Cross on its flag and arms with a ship and pieces of coal, its former main export.
Three Canadian provinces use the Saint George's Cross on their coats of arms: Alberta, Manitoba, and Ontario, again reflecting England's influence in Canada.
The state badge of the Australian state of New South Wales features Saint George's cross with a golden lion passant guardant in the centre of the cross and a golden eight pointed star on each of the cross limbs.
The Indian Naval Ensign combines the cross of Saint George with the Indian National Flag.[13][full citation needed]
Dunkirk Jack
The Flag of New South Wales
Indian Naval Ensign
Georgia[edit]
Main articles: Coat of arms of Georgia (country) and Flag of Georgia (country)
The flag of Georgia with Saint George cross in middle
Saint George is the patron saint of the nation of Georgia, and the Saint George flag was supposedly used in the 5th century by Georgian king Vakhtang Gorgasali.[14][dubious – discuss] In the 13th century, Queen Tamar of Georgia used the Saint George flag during her campaign against Seljuk Turks. The four Jerusalem crosses were later added by King George V of Georgia, who drove out the Mongols from Georgia in 1334. The flag fell out during the Russian annexation of Georgia and abolition of the Georgian monarchy. However, the flag was revived by the Georgian patriotic movement in the 1990s. A majority of Georgians supported the restoration of the medieval flag of Georgia, including the influential Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia Ilia II of the Georgian Orthodox Church. The flag was finally adopted by the Georgian parliament on January 14, 2004. It was formally endorsed by a presidential decree signed by Mikheil Saakashvili on January 25, following his election as President of Georgia.
Other[edit]
The Flag of Sardinia is popularly known as the Four Moors flag, and consists of a red cross on a white background with a maure (moor's head) in each quarter. It has also been described as containing a "St. George's Cross".[citation needed][dubious – discuss]
In Sweden, the term "Saint George's cross" sometimes refers to the Cross pattée used by Swedish Freemasons.[15]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ William Woo Seymour, The Cross in Tradition, History and Art, 1898, p. 387
Jump up ^ Perrin, British Flags (1922), p. 20: "they imagined that they had seen a great army on white horses, clothed in white and bearing white banners in their hands, issue from the neighbouring mountains and come to their assistance. The leaders of this ghostly army, recognised by their names written on their banners, were St George, Saint Demetrius, and St Mercurius. If at this time the red cross had become the distinctive sign of St George one or other of these writers would surely have mentioned it, but all agree that the banners were white."
Jump up ^ Barber, The New Knighthood, p. 66: "According to William of Tyre it was under Eugenius III that the Templars received the right to wear the characteristic red cross upon their tunics, symbolising their willingness to suffer martyrdom in the defence of the Holy Land." (WT, 12.7, p. 554. James of Vitry, 'Historia Hierosolimatana', ed. J. ars, Gesta Dei per Francos, vol I (ii), Hanover, 1611, p. 1083, interprets this as a sign of martyrdom.)
Jump up ^ Aldo Ziggioto, "Genova", in Vexilla Italica 1, XX (1993); Aldo Ziggioto, "Le Bandiere degli Stati Italiani", in Armi Antiche 1994, cited after Pier Paolo Lugli, 18 July 2000 on Flags of the World.
Jump up ^ William Woo Seymour, The Cross in Tradition, History and Art, 1898, p. 363
Jump up ^ Fuller, A Supplement of the Historie of the Holy Warre (Book V), 1647, chapter 4.
Jump up ^ E.g., Bibliothèque municipale de Valenciennes ms. 838, a martyrology dated to the last quarter of the 13th century, depicting St George in miniature on fol. 78v. (/manuscriptminiatures.com, enluminures.culture.fr)
Jump up ^ "I have been unable to find any solid ground for the common belief that the cross of St George was introduced as the national emblem of England by Richard I, and am of opinion that it did not begin to attain that position until the first years of the reign of Edward I." Perrin, British Flags, 1922, p. 15
Jump up ^ Perrin, British Flags, 1922, p. 20.
Jump up ^ "[W]hen Montfort saw the advance of the royal troops [wearing a red cross as their distinguishing mark], he exclaimed that 'They have not learned that for themselves, but were taught it by me.'" M. Prestwich, Plantagenet England: 1225-1360 (2005), p. 51.
Jump up ^ Church of England - Use of the flag; Flags of the World; 23 October 2008
Jump up ^ McCarthy, Michael (23 April 2010). "Identity parade: What do flags say about nations – and human nature?". The Independent. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
Jump up ^ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/indiahome/indianews/article-2716049/Indian-Navy-launch-Satyameva-Jayate-credo-new-logo.html
Jump up ^ Theodore E. Dowling, Sketches of Georgian Church History, New York, p. 54
Jump up ^ Nationalencyklopedin, "Georgskors", retrieved 12 August 2010. Swedish. For example, the cross of the Swedish Order of Freemasons was defined by the King of Sweden in 1928 to be a "red St George's cross with triangular arms".[citation needed] In Finland, the Cross pattée is called Yrjön risti "George's cross", while the red cross on a white background is called Pyhän Yrjön risti "Saint George's cross". Kimmo Kara, Vaakunaselitys, Helsinki 1989, ISSN 0784-7602, p. 49 51
External links[edit]
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Stand by Me (film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Stand by Me
American theatrical release poster
Directed by
Rob Reiner
Produced by
Bruce A. Evans
Andrew Scheinman
Written by
Bruce A. Evans
Raynold Gideon
Based on
The Body
by Stephen King
Starring
Wil Wheaton
River Phoenix
Corey Feldman
Jerry O'Connell
Kiefer Sutherland
Music by
Jack Nitzsche
Cinematography
Thomas Del Ruth
Edited by
Robert Leighton
Production
company
Act III Productions
Distributed by
Columbia Pictures
Release date
August 8, 1986 (1986-08-08)
Running time
89 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$8 million[2]
Box office
$52.3 million[2]
Stand by Me is a 1986 American coming-of-age adventure comedy-drama film directed by Rob Reiner and starring Wil Wheaton, River Phoenix, Corey Feldman, and Jerry O'Connell. The film's plot is based on Stephen King's 1982 novella, The Body. Its title is derived from Ben E. King's eponymous song, which plays over the ending credits. The film tells the story of four boys in a small town in Oregon who go on a hike to find the dead body of a missing child. The film was nominated for one Academy Award (for Best Adapted Screenplay) and two Golden Globe Awards (for Best Motion Picture-Drama and Best Director, respectively).
Contents
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Casting
3.2 Locations
3.3 Title
3.4 Music
4 Reception
4.1 Box office
4.2 Critical response
4.3 Accolades
4.3.1 Nominations
4.3.2 Wins
5 Legacy
5.1 Events and tourism
5.2 Production company
5.3 Movies
5.4 Music
5.5 Television
6 References
7 External links
7.1 Reviews
Plot[edit]
Author Gordie Lachance reads in the newspaper that his childhood friend Chris Chambers has been stabbed to death. Gordie narrates a flashback (later revealed to be a story he is writing) about a childhood incident when he and three buddies undertook a journey to find the body of a missing boy near the town of Castle Rock, Oregon, over Labor Day weekend in 1959.
Young Gordie is a quiet, bookish boy who likes to tell stories. His parents, grieving the recent death of Gordie's older brother Denny in an accident, neglect their younger son. Gordie's friends are Teddy Duchamp, a joker whose ear was damaged after being burned on a stove by his mentally ill father; Vern Tessio, who is overweight, timid, and somewhat clueless; and Chambers (the leader of their group), a tough but good-hearted boy who comes from a family of alcoholics and criminals.
Vern overhears his older brother Billy and his friend Charlie Hogan talking about how they came across the body of Ray Brower, a young boy who is missing and presumed dead, while driving a stolen vehicle. Gordie, Chris, Teddy, and Vern decide to find Ray's body, hoping to become local heroes. After Chris steals his father's M1911 pistol, the boys run across local hoodlum "Ace" Merrill and his gang of older boys (which includes Billy Tessio, Charlie Hogan, and Chris' older brother "Eyeball" Chambers). Ace threatens Chris with a lit cigarette and steals Gordie's Yankees cap, which was a gift from his late brother. Chris and Gordie then meet Vern and Teddy at the train tracks. When a train comes, Teddy--determined to dodge the train at the last possible moment--does not move, but Chris pulls him away from the tracks and reprimands him for endangering himself.
The boys then set out on their journey, stopping at the town's junkyard to drink from its water pump. The boys hang out in the junkyard for a while while Gordie leaves to buy food. When Gordie returns, he sees his friends jumping the fence to escape Milo Pressman (the junkman) and his dog Chopper. When Milo commands Chopper to "sic boys," mishears him and thinks he has commanded the dog to "sic balls." A terrified Gordie escapes over the fence and joins his friends, only to find that Chopper is a rather small and non-intimidating dog. Pressman, infuriated at the boys for trespassing, threatens to call the boys' parents and calls Teddy's father a "loony". Enraged, Teddy attempts to attack Pressman, but the boys restrain him and they all depart. Chris later encourages Gordie to develop his skills as a writer.
When the boys reach a railroad bridge, they decide to walk across it to save time. However, a train comes while they are still on the bridge, and the boys have to run for it. Gordie and Vern are nearly hit by the train, but jump off the bridge near its end and land several feet below without major injuries.
At nighttime, Gordie tells the other boys the made-up story of Davie "Lard-Ass" Hogan, an overweight boy who is constantly teased and bullied. Hogan enters a pie-eating contest, but his goal is to exact revenge upon others who have mistreated him. Prior to the contest, Hogan consumes a full bottle of castor oil and a raw egg. After eating several pies and briefly dominating the contest, Hogan vomits, inducing the vomiting of the contestants and crowd members. This scenario--which Gordie calls a "barf-o-rama"--leads to humiliation and embarrassment for Hogan's tormentors.
During the night, Chris tells Gordie that he hates being associated with his family and its bad reputation. Chris admits that he truly did steal milk money that he was accused of stealing at school; however, after feeling guilty, confessing, and returning the money, he was suspended from school anyway due to the school's prejudice about his family. Chris later noticed that the teacher to whom he had returned the money was wearing a new skirt the following week; this leads him to surmise that the teacher had spent the milk money on herself, allowing Chris to be punished despite his having made restitution. Chris breaks down and cries, stating that he wishes he could go somewhere where no one knows him.
Taking a shortcut through the woods, the boys swim through a pond. To their dismay, the pond is filled with leeches, and Gordie faints after discovering a leech on his groin. After Gordie recovers, the boys argue about whether to abandon their quest but decide to continue. They then locate the body of Ray Brower. The discovery is traumatic for Gordie, who asks why his brother Denny had to die, says that he (Gordie) should have died, and adds that his father hates him and he is no good. Chris comforts Gordie, telling him that his father does not hate him but just does not really know him.
Ace and his gang arrive, announce that they intend to claim Ray Brower's body and take credit for finding it, and threaten to beat the four boys if they stand in the way. When Chris refuses to back down from Ace and curses at him, Ace draws a switchblade to kill him; however, Gordie comes to Chris's aid by firing a shot into the air with the M1911. Gordie then declares that no one is taking Ray's body. In a memorable confrontation, Ace demands that Gordie give him the gun, but Gordie threatens to shoot him and calls him a "cheap dime-store hood". Ace and his gang depart, vowing revenge.
The four boys agree to report the body via an anonymous phone call to the authorities. They hike back to Castle Rock and bid each other farewell until school begins.
The present-day Gordie writes that while he and Chris remained friends, they drifted apart from Teddy and Vern shortly after that day. Gordie notes how everyone's life turned out: Vern married immediately after high school, has four children, and drives a forklift at a local lumberyard. Teddy tried enlisting in the Army but was turned down because of bad eyesight and an ear injury; he later served time in prison and now does odd jobs around town. Chris went to college and became a lawyer; when attempting to break up a fight in a fast-food restaurant, he was stabbed to death. The present-day Gordie ends his story by typing the following lines onto his green-text computer: "'I never had any friends later on like the ones I had when I was 12. Jesus, does anyone?'"
After finishing the story, the present-day Gordie--a successful writer--walks outside and drives away with his son and his son's friend to take them swimming.
Cast[edit]
Wil Wheaton as Gordon "Gordie" Lachance (aged 12)
Richard Dreyfuss as Gordie Lachance (adult; credited as "The Writer")
River Phoenix as Christopher "Chris" Chambers
Corey Feldman as Theodore "Teddy" Duchamp
Jerry O'Connell as Vernon "Vern" Tessio
Kiefer Sutherland as John "Ace" Merrill, gang leader
Casey Siemaszko as Billy Tessio, gang member
John Cusack as Denny Lachance
Marshall Bell as Mr. Lachance
Frances Lee McCain as Mrs. Lachance
Gary Riley as Charlie Hogan, gang member
Bradley Gregg as Richard "Eyeball" Chambers, gang member
Jason Oliver as Vince Desjardins, gang member
Bruce Kirby as Mr. Quidacioluo, store owner
William Bronder as Milo Pressman, junkyard owner
Scott Beach as Mayor Grundy
Andy Lindberg as Davie "Lard-Ass" Hogan
Production[edit]
Bruce A. Evans sent a copy of Stephen King's novella The Body to Karen Gideon, the wife of his friend and writing partner Raynold Gideon on August 29, 1983 as a gift for her birthday.[3] Both Gideon and Evans quickly became fans of the novella and shortly thereafter contacted King's agent, Kirby McCauley, seeking to negotiate film rights; McCauley replied that King's terms were $100,000 and 10% of the gross profits. Although the money was not an issue, the share of gross profits was considered excessive, especially considering that no stars could be featured to help sell the movie. In response, Evans and Gideon pursued an established director, Adrian Lyne, to help sell the project.[3]
After reading the novella, Lyne teamed up with Evans and Gideon, but all the studios the trio approached turned the project down except for Martin Shafer at Embassy Pictures. Embassy spent four months negotiating the rights with McCauley, settling on $50,000 and a smaller share of the profits, and Evans and Gideon spent eight weeks writing the screenplay. Evans and Gideon asked to also produce the film, but Shafer suggested they team up with Andy Scheinman, a more experienced producer.[3] Embassy was unwilling to meet Lyne's salary for directing the film until Evans and Gideon agreed to give up half of their share of profits to meet Lyne's asking price.[3]
Reiner later recalled that Lyne was going to direct the film, but had promised himself a vacation following the production of 9½ Weeks,[4][5] and would not be available to start production until the spring of 1986.[3] Reiner, better known at the time as the actor who had played 'Meathead' Stivic in All in the Family, was sent the script by Scheinman,[3] and his initial reaction was the script had promise but "no focus".[6] After Lyne withdrew from the project, Reiner signed on to direct in September 1984.[3] Reiner realized the story should focus on Gordie, as "his father always paid more attention to his older brother" and he identified with that, as he struggled with the shadow of fame cast by his comedian father, Carl Reiner.[6] The writers incorporated Reiner's suggestions, producing a new script by December 1984 for Embassy's review and approval.[3]
Days before shooting started in the summer of 1985, Embassy was sold to Columbia Pictures, who made plans to cancel the production.[3] Norman Lear, one of the co-owners of Embassy, gave $7.5 million of his own money to complete the film, citing his faith in Reiner and the script.[6] However, since Embassy also would have distributed the film, once the film was completed it had no distributor. The producers showed a print to Michael Ovitz, head of the powerful Creative Artists Agency, and Ovitz promised to help them find a distributor.[3] Paramount, Universal Pictures, and Warner Bros. all passed on the film; Columbia Pictures production head Guy McElwaine screened the film at his house because he was feeling ill, and the positive reaction of his daughters convinced him to distribute the film.[3][6]
Casting[edit]
In a 2011 interview with NPR, Wil Wheaton attributed the film's success to the director's casting choices:
Rob Reiner found four young boys who basically were the characters we played. I was awkward and nerdy and shy and uncomfortable in my own skin and really, really sensitive, and River was cool and really smart and passionate and even at that age kind of like a father figure to some of us, Jerry was one of the funniest people I had ever seen in my life, either before or since, and Corey was unbelievably angry and in an incredible amount of pain and had an absolutely terrible relationship with his parents.[7]
Feldman recalled how his home life translated into his onscreen character: "[Most kids aren't] thinking they're going to get hit by their parents because they're not doing well enough in school, which will prevent them from getting a work permit, which will prevent them from being an actor."[6] O'Connell agreed that he was cast based on how his personality fit the role, saying "Rob really wanted us to understand our characters. He interviewed our characters. [...] I tried to stay like Vern and say the stupid things Vern would. I think I was Vern that summer."[8] Reiner and the producers interviewed more than 70 boys for the four main roles,[3] out of more than 300 who auditioned;[8] Phoenix originally read for the part of Gordie Lachance.[8]
Rather than start shooting right away, Reiner put the four main actors together for two weeks to play games from Viola Spolin's Improvisation for the Theater (which Reiner called "the bible" of theater games)[8] and build camaraderie, which led to a real friendship between them and several one-shot takes, where the young actors hit their cues perfectly.[6] Wheaton would recall "When you saw the four of us being comrades, that was real life, not acting."[8]
Before settling on Richard Dreyfuss as the narrator (and the role of the adult Gordie), Reiner considered David Dukes, Ted Bessell, and Michael McKean.[6]
Locations[edit]
Bridge on the road leading into Brownsville, Oregon, which was used for the penultimate scenes (2009)
Parts of the film were shot in Brownsville, Oregon, which stood in for the fictional town of Castle Rock. The town was selected for its small town, 1950s ambience.[9][10] The town fondly remembers the making of the movie in June and July 1985, in which approximately 100 local residents were employed as extras, and since 2007 has held an annual Stand By Me Day each July which has drawn international attendees.[9]
The blueberry pie eating contest was also filmed in Brownsville; residents were employed as extras and a local bakery supplied the pies and extra filling, which was mixed with large-curd cottage cheese to simulate the vomit.[11] The quantity of simulated vomit varied per person, from as much as 5 US gallons (19 l) during the triggering event to little as 1⁄16 US gallon (0.24 l).[11]
Scenes that include the "mailbox baseball" game and the junkyard scenes were filmed in Veneta, Oregon. The junkyard is still in operation. The campout/standing guard scene was filmed in Eugene, Oregon, just a few miles from Veneta. The general store is in Franklin, Oregon, just north of Veneta. Scenes along the railroad tracks were shot near Cottage Grove, Oregon, along the Oregon, Pacific and Eastern Railway. The line was abandoned in 1994; the roadbed was repurposed as the Row River National Recreation Trail.
McCloud River Railroad trestle across Lake Britton (2012)
The scene where the boys outrace a steam train engine across an 80-foot tall trestle was filmed on the McCloud River Railroad, above Lake Britton Reservoir, near McArthur-Burney Falls Memorial State Park in California.[12] The scene took a full week of shooting, making use of four small adult female stunt doubles with closely cropped hair, made up to look like the film's protagonists.[12] Plywood planks were laid across the trestles to provide a safer surface on which the stunt doubles could run.[12] The locomotive used for the scene, M.C.R.R. 25, is still in daily operation for excursion service on the Oregon Coast Scenic Railroad.[12] Telephoto compression was used to make the train appear much closer than it actually was, and the actors did not feel a sense of danger until Reiner threatened them. "You see those guys? They don’t want to push that dolly down the track any more. And the reason they’re getting tired is because of you. I told them if they weren't worried that the train was going to kill them, then they should worry that I was going to. And that's when they ran."[4]
Title[edit]
In March 1986, Columbia Pictures, concerned that the original title, The Body, was misleading, renamed the film Stand by Me. According to screenwriter Raynold Gideon, "...it sounded like either a sex film, a bodybuilding film or another Stephen King horror film. Rob came up with Stand by Me, and it ended up being the least unpopular option."[13]
Music[edit]
Jack Nitzsche composed the film's musical score. On August 8, 1986, a soundtrack album was released containing many of the 1950s and early 1960s oldies songs featured in the film:
"Everyday" (Buddy Holly) – 2:07
"Let the Good Times Roll" (Shirley and Lee) – 2:22
"Come Go with Me" (The Del-Vikings) – 2:40
"Whispering Bells" (The Del-Vikings) – 2:25
"Get a Job" (The Silhouettes) – 2:44
"Lollipop" (The Chordettes) – 2:09
"Yakety Yak" (The Coasters) – 1:52
"Great Balls of Fire" (Jerry Lee Lewis) – 1:52
"Mr. Lee" (The Bobbettes) – 2:14
"Stand by Me" (Ben E. King) – 2:55
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
The film was a box office success in North America. It opened in a limited release on August 8, 1986, in 16 theaters and grossed $242,795, averaging $15,174 per theater. The film then had its wide opening in 745 theaters on August 22 and grossed $3,812,093, averaging $5,116 per theater and ranking #2. The film's widest release was 848 theaters, and it ended up earning $52,287,414 overall, well above its $8 million budget.[14]
Critical response[edit]
Reviewing for The New York Times, Walter Goodman thought the direction was rather self-conscious, "looking constantly at his audience"; Goodman called it a "trite narrative" and that "Reiner's direction hammers in every obvious element in an obvious script."[15] Dave Kehr wrote "there's nothing natural in the way Reiner has overloaded his film with manufactured drama" in his review for the Chicago Tribune.[16] In contrast, Sheila Benson called it "[a treasure] absolutely not to be missed" in her review for the Los Angeles Times.[17] Paul Attanasio, reviewing for The Washington Post, called the acting ensemble "wonderful", and particularly praised the performances by Wheaton and Phoenix.[18]
Stephen King, whose novella this film was adapted from, was very impressed with the finished result[19] and indicated, on the special features of the 25th anniversary Blu-ray set, that he considered the film to be the first successful translation to film of any of his works. According to a later interview with Gene Siskel, Reiner recalls that after a private early screening of the film, King excused himself for fifteen minutes to compose himself, returning to remark "That's the best film ever made out of anything I've written, which isn't saying much. But you've really captured my story. It is autobiographical."[20]
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 91% based on 53 reviews, with a rating average of 8/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Stand by Me is a wise, nostalgic movie with a weird streak that captures both Stephen King's voice and the trials of growing up."[21] At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted mean rating to reviews, the film has score of 75 based on 20 critics, indicating "generally favorably reviews."[22]
Accolades[edit]
Nominations[edit]
Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay (Raynold Gideon and Bruce A. Evans)
Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing – Feature Film (Rob Reiner)
Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Drama
Golden Globe Award for Best Director (Rob Reiner)
Independent Spirit Award for Best Film (Andrew Scheinman, Raynold Gideon, and Bruce A. Evans)
Independent Spirit Award for Best Director (Rob Reiner)
Independent Spirit Award for Best Screenplay (Raynold Gideon and Bruce A. Evans)
National Board of Review Awards 1986 Top Ten Films
WGA Award for Best Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium (Raynold Gideon and Bruce A. Evans)
Wins[edit]
8th Youth in Film Awards The Jackie Coogan Award for Outstanding Contribution to Youth Through Motion Picture (Wil Wheaton, River Phoenix, Corey Feldman, and Jerry O'Connell)
Legacy[edit]
In 2016, several writers commemorated the 30-year anniversary of the film's release. Rolling Stone's Charles Bramesco called Stand By Me "timeless," "a staple of youthful nostalgia for its deft straddling of the line between childhood and adulthood," and "the rare movie that necessarily gets better with time."[23] Others described the film as a "coming-of-age classic"[24][25] and as a film that stood at "the apex of the ’80s kids’ movie boom".[26]
Events and tourism[edit]
Brownsville has held an annual "Stand By Me Day" since 2007, which has attracted international participants[9] and includes a pie eating contest.[11] On July 24, 2010, a 25th Anniversary Celebration of the filming of Stand by Me was held in Brownsville, Oregon. The event included a cast and crew Q&A session, an amateur blueberry pie eating contest, and an outdoor showing of the film.[27]
Stand By Me Day was officially fixed to July 23 by the Brownsville Chamber of Commerce in 2013.[28] To encourage tourism, the city has embedded a penny in the street at Main and Park, where Vern found one, and an advertising mural painted for the movie production has survived.[29]
Production company[edit]
In 1987, following the success of Stand by Me, Reiner co-founded a film and television production company and named it Castle Rock Entertainment, after the fictional setting of the story.[19]
Movies[edit]
Jonathan Bernstein states the pop culture discussions between characters in films by Quentin Tarantino originate in the similar semi-serious banter between the boys of Stand by Me.[30]
Reviewers have seen an influence from Stand by Me in the 2011 movie Attack the Block, directed by Joe Cornish.[31]
The movie Mud (2012) has a character (Neckbone) who has been called a "perfect fusion of River Phoenix and Jerry O'Connell in 'Stand by Me.'"[32][33] The writer and director, Jeff Nichols, said of the film "Yeah, you know, I basically remade Stand by Me" when defending the work-in-progress to studio executives.[34]
The Kings of Summer, a 2013 coming-of-age film by Jordan Vogt-Roberts, has been reviewed as being inspired by Stand by Me.[32][35][36]
Music[edit]
Dan Mangan's song "Rows of Houses" (2011) is based on this movie and takes the perspective of Gordie Lachance.[37]
Television[edit]
Seinfeld, the first television show produced by Reiner's Castle Rock production company, featured banter between Jerry Seinfeld and George Costanza that was reminiscent of the dialogue between the protagonists of Stand by Me.[30]
The plotline of "The Blunder Years", a 2001 episode from the thirteenth season of The Simpsons, revolves around a repressed childhood trauma in which Homer Simpson, along with his friends Lenny and Carl, discover a body blocking an inlet for the Springfield Quarry.[32][38]
Actors auditioning for roles on the Netflix show Stranger Things were asked to read lines from Stand by Me and one episode was titled "The Body" in homage to the source novella.[32][39]
The first part of the Family Guy episode Three Kings (Family Guy) follows the storyline of this film [40]
The Castle Rock episode "Habeas Corpus" (S1E2) opens with the narrator mentioning that it is "1961; the fall after they found that boy's body out by the train tracks', in reference to Ray Brower.

References[edit]
Jump up ^ "STAND BY ME (15)". British Board of Film Classification. September 12, 1986. Retrieved August 15, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Stand by Me". The Numbers. Retrieved 2015-01-06.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l Scott, Vernon (21 November 1986). "How 'Stand By Me' Was Almost Left Standing At The Gate". Chicago Tribune. United Press International. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Hannaford, Alex (13 June 2011). "25 years of 'Stand by Me'". The Telegraph. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
Jump up ^ FoundationINTERVIEWS (March 20, 2008). "Rob Reiner - Archive Interview Part 6 of 8". Retrieved October 8, 2017 – via YouTube.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Lang, Brent (28 July 2016). "'Stand by Me' Oral History: Rob Reiner and Cast on River Phoenix and How Coming-of-Age Classic Almost Didn't Happen". Variety. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Wheaton, Wil (August 6, 2011). "All Things Considered". National Public Radio (Interview). Interviewed by David Greene. Meriden, Connecticut: WNPR. Retrieved August 6, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Harmetz, Aljean (16 September 1986). "How 4 boys in 'Stand by Me' became a film team". The New York Times. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Paul, Alex (July 20, 2016). "Linda McCormick Can Tell You All About the Film 'Stand by Me'". Albany Democrat-Herald. Retrieved 21 April 2017. ; special section, pg. S2.
Jump up ^ "Stand By Me Filming Locations". Fast Rewind. 2015. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c McGovern, Joe (12 May 2016). "'Stand by Me' turns 30: The blueberry pie scene gets an oral history". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2 May 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Paul, Alex (July 20, 2016). "Bend Attorney Helped Drive 'Stand By Me' Train". Albany Democrat-Herald. Retrieved 21 April 2017. ; special section, pp. S3, S8.
Jump up ^ Stand By Me DVD Booklet. Columbia TriStar Home Video. 2000.
Jump up ^ Rob Reiner (8 August 1986). "Stand by Me". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Goodman, Walter (8 August 1986). "Movie Review: Rob Reiner's 'Stand By Me'". The New York Times. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Kehr, Dave (22 August 1986). "Textbook Drama Trips Up 'Stand By Me'". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Benson, Sheila (8 August 1986). "From the Archives: 'Stand by Me' is a summer standout". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Attanasio, Paul (22 August 1986). "Movies: 'Stand by Me'". The Washington Post. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Herman, Karen (November 29, 2004). "Interview with Rob Reiner". Archive of American Television.
Jump up ^ Siskel, Gene (17 August 1986). "'Meathead' Rob Reiner Meets And Defeats His Longtime Demons". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Stand by Me, retrieved 2018-04-01
Jump up ^ Stand by Me, retrieved 2018-04-01
Jump up ^ Bramesco, Charles (22 August 2016). "'Stand by Me' at 30: Why This Stephen King Movie Is Timeless". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 25 August 2018.
Jump up ^ Waxman, Olivia (8 August 2016). "Stand by Me at 30: 'Maybe This Is How Rambo Discovered Puberty'". Time. Retrieved 25 August 2018.
Jump up ^ Lang, Brendan (28 July 2016). "'Stand by Me' Oral History: Rob Reiner and Cast on River Phoenix and How Coming-of-Age Classic Almost Didn't Happen". Variety. Retrieved 25 August 2018.
Jump up ^ Alter, Ethan (8 August 2016). "'Stand by Me' Turns 30: The Screenwriters on That R Rating and Showing the Movie to Stephen King". Yahoo. Retrieved 25 August 2018.
Jump up ^ Paul, Alex (July 10, 2010). "'Stand By Me' festival slated". Albany Democrat-Herald. Retrieved December 7, 2012.
Jump up ^ Moody, Jennifer (15 July 2013). "Brownsville gears up for Stand By Me Day". Albany Democrat-Herald. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Zawicki, Neil (23 July 2016). "30 years on for Stand By Me". Albany Democrat-Herald. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Bernstein, Jonathan (February 1997). "10 — The Next Generation: Neurotics, Psychotics, Weirdos, Underachievers and Would-be Teen Idols". Pretty in Pink: The Golden Age of Teenage Movies. New York, New York: St. Martin's Griffin. pp. 208–210. ISBN 0-312-15194-2. Retrieved 2 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Melin, Eric (29 October 2011). "'Dazed and Confused' Blu-Ray Finally Out, and 'Attack the Block'". Scene Stealers. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Gallen, Sean (9 August 2016). "Stand By Me: 5 Times It Inspired Pop Culture". Movie Pilot. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Emerson, Jim (25 April 2013). "Mud (review)". RogerEbert.com. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Jeff Nichols (25 March 2016). "The Shot Caller Q+A: Midnight Special Director Jeff Nichols" (Interview). Interviewed by Zach Baron. GQ. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Pols, Mary (31 May 2013). "The Kings of Summer: Boys N the Woods". Time. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Lussier, Germain (24 January 2013). "'The Kings of Summer' Review: 'Superbad' Meets 'Stand By Me' [Sundance 2013]". Slashfilm. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Dan Mangan 'Row of Houses': Video for the Canadian singer-songwriter's new single 'Row of Houses'". Rolling Stone. September 27, 2011.
Jump up ^ Maxtone-Graham, Ian (9 December 2001). "The Blunder Years". Simpsons Archive. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Lai, Kristin (8 August 2016). "The True Story Behind Stephen King's 'The Body' And 'Stand By Me'". Movie Pilot. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Yugi (24 August 2018). "Three Kings (family guy)". Family Guy Wikia. Retrieved 10 May 2009.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Stand by Me (film)
Stand by Me on IMDb
Stand by Me at the TCM Movie Database
Stand by Me at Box Office Mojo
Stand by Me at Rotten Tomatoes
Brownsville, Oregon Stand by Me film locations from Brownsville Chamber of Commerce
"Stand By Me". Then & Now Movie Locations [blog]. October 2012. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
Reviews[edit]
Denby, David (18 August 1986). "Roughing It". New York Magazine. pp. 58–59. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
Franco, James (1 August 2013). "Keep Standing by Me". Vice. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
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From a Buick 8 (2002)
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Cell (2006)
Lisey's Story (2006)
Duma Key (2008)
Under the Dome (2009)
11/22/63 (2011)
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Finders Keepers (2015)
End of Watch (2016)
Gwendy's Button Box (2017)
Sleeping Beauties (2017)
The Outsider (2018)
Elevation (2018)
The Dark Tower series
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The Drawing of the Three (1987)
The Waste Lands (1991)
Wizard and Glass (1997)
Wolves of the Calla (2003)
Song of Susannah (2004)
The Dark Tower (2004)
The Wind Through the Keyhole (2012)
Richard Bachman novels
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Non-fiction
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Screenplays
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1408 (2007)
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In the Tall Grass (2019)
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Children of the Corn (2009)
Genesis (2011)
Runaway (2018)
Different Seasons
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The Shawshank Redemption (1994)
Apt Pupil (1998)
Firestarter
Firestarter (1984)
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Pet Sematary (2019)
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Reborn (2005)
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The Lawnmower Man (1992)
Beyond Cyberspace (1996)
It
It (2017)
It: Chapter Two (2019)
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It (1990)
Golden Years (1991)
The Tommyknockers (1993)
The Stand (1994)
The Langoliers (1995)
The Shining (1997)
Quicksilver Highway (1997)
"The Revelations of 'Becka Paulson" (1997)
Storm of the Century (1999)
Stephen King's Desperation (2006)
Nightmares & Dreamscapes: From the Stories of Stephen King (2006)
Bag of Bones (2011)
Big Driver (2014)
Salem's Lot
Salem's Lot (1979)
A Return to Salem's Lot (1987)
Salem's Lot (2004)
Sometimes They Come Back
Sometimes They Come Back (1991)
Sometimes They Come Back... Again (1996)
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Rose Red
Rose Red (2002)
The Diary of Ellen Rimbauer (2003)
TV series
The Dead Zone (2002–2007)
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