text:
Fastest recorded tennis serves
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article lists the fastest recorded tennis serves in the men's and women's games. This list may not be historically complete. For instance, 1.Roscoe Tanner's serve was clocked at 153 mph at Palm Springs in 1978 during the final against Raúl Ramírez. 2.There are reports that Bill Tilden had a serve that was clocked at 163.3 mph but there is nothing to verify that.[1]
The Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) does not formally recognize service speed records made in Challenger tour events due to lack of uniformity in these tournaments' radar guns (including availability or lack thereof). Nevertheless, the serve speed of 263.4 km/h (163.7 mph) recorded by Australian Sam Groth at an ATP Challenger event in Busan, South Korea in May 2012 was measured using approved equipment according to the ATP, and other data gathered appeared within a normal range. However, John Isner holds the ATP's official record for the fastest serve at 253 km/h (157.2 mph).[2]
Ivo Karlović with a 232 km/h (144 mph) second serve in the quarterfinals of the 2007 Legg Mason Tennis Classic in Washington, holds the record for the fastest second serve ever recorded.[3]
Criteria
Men's serves must be recorded at or over 230 km/h (143 mph) minimum standard speed.
Women's serves must be recorded at or over 200 km/h (124 mph) minimum standard speed.[4]
Only one serve per player is recorded here. For example, Andy Roddick has many 230 km/h (143 mph) or faster serves on his record but only his personal best of 249 km/h (155 mph) is included.[5]
In cases where more than one serve has been recorded at the same speed, the oldest recorded serve is listed first.
Contents
[hide]
1 Men
2 Women
3 See also
4 References
Men[edit]
Not recognized by ATP
Not formally recognized by ATP and/or unsourced
Rank
Player
Speed
Event
Type
Round
Source
1 Sam Groth[note 1] 263 km/h (163.4 mph) 2012 Busan Open Challenger Tennis Singles 2R [7]
2 Albano Olivetti 257.5 km/h (160 mph) 2012 Internazionali Trofeo Lame Perrel–Faip 1R [8]
3 John Isner 253 km/h (157.2 mph) 2016 Davis Cup 1R [9]
4 Ivo Karlović 251.1 km/h (156 mph) 2011 Davis Cup Doubles 1R [10]
Jerzy Janowicz[note 2] 2012 Pekao Szczecin Open Singles 1R [12]
6 Milos Raonic 250 km/h (155.3 mph) 2012 Rogers Cup 2R [13]
7 Andy Roddick 249.4 km/h (155 mph) 2004 Davis Cup SF [14]
8 Joachim Johansson 244.6 km/h (152 mph) 2004 Davis Cup Doubles 1R [15]
Feliciano López 2014 Aegon Championships Singles 1R [16]
10 Marius Copil 244 km/h (151.6 mph) 2016 European Open QF [17]
11 Hubert Hurkacz 243 km/h (151.0 mph) 2016 Davis Cup 1R [17]
12 Taylor Dent 241.4 km/h (150 mph) 2010 SAP Open ? [14]
13 Ernests Gulbis 240.3 km/h (149.3 mph) 2007 St. Petersburg Open ?
14 Juan Martín del Potro 240 km/h (149.1 mph) 2017 Stockholm Open F [18]
15 Greg Rusedski 239.8 km/h (149 mph) 1998 Newsweek Champions Cup SF [19]
16 Dmitry Tursunov 237.0 km/h (147.25 mph) 2006 Davis Cup ?
Jo-Wilfried Tsonga 2014 Rogers Cup QF [20]
18 Gaël Monfils 235 km/h (146 mph) 2007 Legg Mason Tennis Classic QF [14]
Dušan Vemić 2008 Countrywide Classic ? ? [14]
Marin Čilić 2016 Davis Cup Singles 1R
21 Ričardas Berankis 234 km/h (145.5 mph) 2011 Open d'Orléans QF [21]
Stan Wawrinka 2014 Davis Cup Doubles F [22]
23 Ivan Ljubičić 233.4 km/h (145 mph) 2007 Pacific Life Open Singles ? [14]
Grigor Dimitrov 2013 Aegon Championships
Reilly Opelka 2016 U.S. Men's Clay Court Championships
Viktor Troicki 2017 Davis Cup
27 Fernando Verdasco 232 km/h (144.2 mph) 2009 French Open [14]
Dominic Thiem 2017 Gerry Weber Open
29 Mardy Fish 231.7 km/h (144 mph) 2007 Pacific Life Open [14]
Marcin Matkowski 2009 ATP World Tour Finals
31 Martin Verkerk 230 km/h (143 mph) 2003 Breil Milano Indoor
Roger Federer 2010 Gerry Weber Open
Robin Söderling 2010 ATP World Tour Finals
Daniel Brands 2011 Intersport Heilbronn Open
Jiří Veselý 2014 Wimbledon
Nicolás Almagro 2016 Argentina Open
Jump up ^ In the match, Groth also hit serves recorded at 255.7 km/h (158.9 mph) and 253.5 km/h (157.5 mph)[6]
Jump up ^ His fastest verified serve clocked in at 149.3 mph (240 km/h) in the 2013 Davis Cup and he produced a 150.4 mph (242 km/h) serve during his run in the 2012 Paris Masters, but it was a let.[11]
Women[edit]
The WTA does not recognize nor keep tabs of speed records set outside the main draw portion of WTA Tour tournaments. Therefore records that have been achieved during qualifications to main draws, ITF tour events, Fed Cup ties, Olympics tennis and other tournaments are not part of their list (but are included here).
Not recognized by WTA
Rank
Player
Speed[23]
Event[note 1]
1 Georgina Garcia Pérez 220.0 km/h (136.7 mph) 2018 Hungarian Ladies Open[24]
2 Sabine Lisicki 210.8 km/h (131.0 mph) 2014 Stanford Classic[25]
3 Venus Williams 207.6 km/h (129.0 mph) 2007 US Open
4 Ivana Jorović 207.0 km/h (128.6 mph) 2017 Fed Cup
5 Serena Williams 206.4 km/h (128.3 mph) 2013 Australian Open
6 Julia Görges 203.0 km/h (126.1 mph) 2012 French Open
Caroline Garcia 2016 Fed Cup
8 Brenda Schultz-McCarthy 202.7 km/h (126.0 mph) 2007 Indian Wells Masters
9 Nadiya Kichenok 202.0 km/h (125.5 mph) 2014 Australian Open
10 Naomi Osaka 201.2 km/h (125.0 mph) 2016 US Open
Lucie Hradecká 2015 Wimbledon
12 Anna-Lena Grönefeld 201.1 km/h (125.0 mph) 2009 Indian Wells Masters
13 Ana Ivanovic 201.0 km/h (124.9 mph) 2007 French Open
Denisa Allertová 2015 Australian Open[26]
14 Kristina Mladenovic 200.0 km/h (124.3 mph) 2009 French Open
Jump up ^ "IDS[clarification needed] only collects serve speed data on show courts at certain events (11 in 2014) and started doing so in 1989 ... Players who have had multiple Top 10 fastest serves only have their top one listed, and if they hit that top speed multiple times, just the first time they did it is listed." http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/1978722/title/ids-serve-speed-leaders
See also[edit]
Tennis portal
Ace (tennis)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://bleacherreport.com/articles/612431-pete-sampras-and-the-top-25-servers-in-the-history-of-mens-tennis
Jump up ^ "Aussie Groth Hits Speedy Serves". Association of Tennis Professionals Staff. 2012-12-05.
Jump up ^ http://isportsweb.com/2015/10/10/tennis-ivo-karlovic-loses-but-breaks-another-record/
Jump up ^ "IDS Serve Speed Leaders". Pro Tennis Internet Network. 2011-06-30.
Jump up ^ "Andy Roddick's Serve". Retrieved 5 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "Fastest serve of a tennis ball (male)". Guinness World Records. Retrieved 27 Jan 2017.
Jump up ^ "Aussie smashes tennis serve speed record". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved May 13, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Groth and Olivetti Top Guns of Fast Serve". Orange Deuce. August 11, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Davis Cup 2016: John Isner breaks serve speed record with 253km/h bomb". Fox Sports. 2016-03-06. Retrieved 2017-12-19.
Jump up ^ "Ivo Karlovic sets world serve record". ESPN. March 6, 2011.
Jump up ^ "The final in figures". Fédération Française de Tennis. Retrieved 5 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "The record service speed of 251km/hour in the Challenger in Szczecin". Official Website of Jerzy Janowicz. August 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Rogers Cup tennis: Milos Raonic delivers substance and style: Cox". Toronto Star. August 7, 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "2011 ATP World Tour Media Guide". Association of Tennis Professionals. p. 205. Retrieved 1 July 2011.
Jump up ^ Botero B., Andrés (15 July 2014). "El saque más veloz del tenis estará en el ATP 250 de Bogotá". eltiempo.com (in Spanish).
Jump up ^ López, Feliciano (9 June 2014). "We will continue playing 2morrow at 12 noon.So happy to hit my fastest bullet today 152mph!!!!". @feliciano_lopez. Retrieved 2017-12-19.
^ Jump up to: a b "Nu-i joacă de Copil! Arădeanul este în semifinale, la Budapesta. Am aflat de ce evoluează senzațional! | Alte sporturi, Alte sporturi, Sport, Tenis, Tenis | Libertatea.ro". Libertatea.ro (in Romanian). 2016-10-28. Retrieved 2017-12-19.
Jump up ^ SamTennisVids (2017-10-22), Grigor Dimitrov Vs Juan Martin del Potro - Stockholm 2017 Final (Highlights HD), retrieved 2017-12-19
Jump up ^ "Hingis wins title; Rusedski hits 149 mph". Houston Chronicle. March 15, 1998. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
Jump up ^ "Tsonga credits leg work to increased serve speed". theScore.com. Retrieved 2017-12-19.
Jump up ^ "GENSSE vs BERANKIS". Open d'Orléans. October 21, 2011.
Jump up ^ Dan Rascanu (2014-12-20), Davis Cup 2014 Federer / Wawrinka vs Benneteau / Gasquet, retrieved 2017-12-19
Jump up ^ "IDS Serve Speed Leaders". WTA. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
Jump up ^ AS, Diario (2018-02-19). "Georgina García, al cuadro final con un saque de ¡220 km/h!". AS.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 2018-02-23.
Jump up ^ "Lisicki hits fastest serve ever". WTA. July 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Australian Open 2015 tournament statistics: Cornet vs. Allertova". ausopen.com. January 22, 2015.
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Crime in the United States
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Organized crime in the United States" redirects here. For a list of criminal organizations in the United States, see List of criminal enterprises, gangs and syndicates § United States.
United States
Crime rates* (2016)
Violent crimes
Homicide
5.3
Forcible rape
40.4
Robbery
102.8
Aggravated assault
248.5
Total violent crime
386.3
Property crimes
Burglary
468.9
Larceny-theft
1,745.0
Motor vehicle theft
236.9
Total property crime
2,450.7
Notes

*Number of reported crimes per 100,000 population.

Estimated total population: 323,127,513.
In 2013 the FBI modified the definition of rape.

Source: Crime in the United States by Volume and Rate per 100,000 Inhabitants, 1997–2016 (Table 1)
Crime in the United States has been recorded since colonization. Crime rates have varied over time, with a sharp rise after 1963, reaching a broad peak between the 1970s and early 1990s. Since then, crime has declined significantly in the United States,[1] and current crime rates are approximately the same as those of the 1960s.[2]
Statistics on specific crimes are indexed in the annual Uniform Crime Reports by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and by annual National Crime Victimization Surveys by the Bureau of Justice Statistics.[3] In addition to the primary Uniform Crime Report known as Crime in the United States, the FBI publishes annual reports on the status of law enforcement in the United States.[2] The report's definitions of specific crimes are considered standard by many American law enforcement agencies.[4] According to the FBI, index crime in the United States includes violent crime and property crime.[5] Violent crime consists of four criminal offenses: murder and non-negligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault; property crime consists of burglary, larceny, motor vehicle theft, and arson.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Crime over time
1.1 Arrests
2 Characteristics of offenders
3 Crime victimology
4 Incarceration
5 International comparison
5.1 Violent crime
5.1.1 Homicide
5.1.2 Gun violence
5.2 Property crime
5.3 Crimes against children
6 Geography of crime
6.1 Regions
6.2 States
6.3 Metropolitan areas
7 Number and growth of criminal laws
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
Crime over time[edit]
Property crime rates in the United States per 100,000 population beginning in 1960. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics.
In the long term, violent crime in the United States has been in decline since colonial times. The homicide rate has been estimated to be over 30 per 100,000 people in 1700, dropping to under 20 by 1800, and to under 10 by 1900.[6]
After World War II, crime rates increased in the United States, peaking from the 1970s to the early 1990s. Violent crime nearly quadrupled between 1960 and its peak in 1991. Property crime more than doubled over the same period. Since the 1990s, however, crime in the United States has declined steeply. Several theories have been proposed to explain this decline:
The number of police officers increased considerably in the 1990s.[7]
On September 16, 1994, President Bill Clinton signed the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act into law. Under the act, over $30 billion in federal aid was spent over a six-year period to improve state and local law enforcement, prisons and crime prevention programs.[8] Proponents of the law, including the President, touted it as a lead contributor to the sharp drop in crime which occurred throughout the 1990s,[8] while critics have dismissed it as an unprecedented federal boondoggle.[8]
The prison population has rapidly increased since the mid-1970s.[7]
Starting in the mid-1980s, the crack cocaine market grew rapidly before declining again a decade later. Some authors have pointed towards the link between violent crimes and crack use.[7]
Legalized abortion reduced the number of children born to mothers in difficult circumstances, and difficult childhood makes children more likely to become criminals.[9]
Changing demographics of an aging population has been cited for the drop in overall crime.[10]
Rising income.[11]
The introduction of the data-driven policing practice CompStat significantly reduced crimes in cities that adopted it.[11]
The lead-crime hypothesis suggests reduced lead exposure as the cause; Scholar Mark A.R. Kleiman writes: "Given the decrease in lead exposure among children since the 1980s and the estimated effects of lead on crime, reduced lead exposure could easily explain a very large proportion—certainly more than half—of the crime decrease of the 1994-2004 period. A careful statistical study relating local changes in lead exposure to local crime rates estimates the fraction of the crime decline due to lead reduction as greater than 90 percent.[12]
The quality and extent of use of security technology both increased around the time of the crime decline, after which the rate of car theft declined; this may have caused rates of other crimes to decline as well.[13]
Increased rates of immigration to the United States.[14][15]
Violent crime rates (per 100,000) in the United States (1960-2016)[16][17]
[show]Year
Violent crime
Murder and non-negligent
manslaughter
Rape
Robbery
Aggravated
assault
1960 160.9 5.1 9.6 60.1 86.1
1961 158.1 4.8 9.4 58.3 85.7
1962 162.3 4.6 9.4 59.7 88.6
1963 168.2 4.6 9.4 61.8 92.4
1964 190.6 4.9 11.2 68.2 106.2
1965 200.2 5.1 12.1 71.7 111.3
1966 220.0 5.6 13.2 80.8 120.3
1967 253.2 6.2 14.0 102.8 130.2
1968 298.4 6.9 15.9 131.8 143.8
1969 328.7 7.3 18.5 148.4 154.5
1970 363.5 7.9 18.7 172.1 164.8
1971 396.0 8.6 20.5 188.0 178.8
1972 401.0 9.0 22.5 180.7 188.8
1973 417.4 9.4 24.5 183.1 200.5
1974 461.1 9.8 26.2 209.3 215.8
1975 487.8 9.6 26.3 220.8 231.1
1976 467.8 8.7 26.6 199.3 233.2
1977 475.9 8.8 29.4 190.7 247.0
1978 497.8 9.0 31.0 195.8 262.1
1979 548.9 9.8 34.7 218.4 286.0
1980 596.6 10.2 36.8 251.1 298.5
1981 594.3 9.8 36.0 258.4 289.3
1982 570.8 9.1 34.0 238.8 289.0
1983 537.7 8.3 33.8 216.7 279.4
1984 539.9 7.9 35.7 205.7 290.6
1985 556.6 8.0 36.8 209.3 304.0
1986 620.1 8.6 38.1 226.0 347.4
1987 612.5 8.3 37.6 213.7 352.9
1988 640.6 8.5 37.8 222.1 372.2
1989 666.9 8.7 38.3 234.3 385.6
1990 729.6 9.4 41.1 256.3 422.9
1991 758.2 9.8 42.3 272.7 433.4
1992 757.7 9.3 42.8 263.7 441.9
1993 747.1 9.5 41.1 256.0 440.5
1994 713.6 9.0 39.3 237.8 427.6
1995 684.5 8.2 37.1 220.9 418.3
1996 636.6 7.4 36.3 201.9 391.0
1997 611.0 6.8 35.9 186.2 382.1
1998 567.6 6.3 34.5 165.5 361.4
1999 523.0 5.7 32.8 150.1 334.3
2000 506.5 5.5 32.0 145.0 324.0
2001 504.5 5.6 31.8 148.5 318.6
2002 494.4 5.6 33.1 146.1 309.5
2003 475.8 5.7 32.3 142.5 295.4
2004 463.2 5.5 32.4 136.7 288.6
2005 469.0 5.6 31.8 140.8 290.8
2006 473.6 5.8 31.6 150.0 292.0
2007 471.8 5.7 30.6 148.3 287.2
2008 458.6 5.4 29.8 145.9 277.5
2009 431.9 5.0 29.1 133.1 264.7
2010 404.5 4.8 27.7 119.3 252.8
2011 387.1 4.7 27.0 113.9 241.5
2012 386.9 4.7 26.9 112.9 242.3
2013 369.1 4.5 25.9 109.0 229.6
2014 361.1 4.4 26.6 101.3 229.2
2015 373.7 4.9 28.4 102.2 238.1
2016 386.3 5.3 29.6 102.8 248.5
Property crime rates (per 100,000) in the United States (1960-2016)[16][17]
[show]Year
Property crime
Burglary
Larceny
Motor vehicle theft
1960 1,726.3
1961 1,747.9
1963 2,012
1965 2,249
1967 2,736
1969 3,351
1971 3,769
1973 3,737
1975 4,811
1977 4,602
1979 5,017
1981 5,264
1983 4,637
1985 4,650
1987 4,940
1989 5,078
1991 5,140
1992 4,903.7 1,168.4 3,103.6 631.6
1993 4,740.0 1,099.7 3,033.9 606.3
1994 4,660.2 1,042.1 3,026.9 591.3
1995 4,590.5 987.0 3,043.2 560.3
1996 4,451.0 945.0 2,980.3 525.7
1997 4,316.3 918.8 2,891.8 505.7
1998 4,052.5 863.2 2,729.5 459.9
1999 3,743.6 770.4 2,550.7 422.5
2000 3,618.3 728.8 2,477.3 412.2
2001 3,658.1 741.8 2,485.7 430.5
2002 3,630.6 747.0 2,450.7 432.9
2003 3,591.2 741.0 2,416.5 433.7
2004 3,514.1 730.3 2,362.3 421.5
2005 3,431.5 726.9 2,287.8 416.8
2006 3,346.6 733.1 2,213.2 400.2
2007 3,276.4 726.1 2,185.4 364.9
2008 3,214.6 733.0 2,166.1 315.4
2009 3,041.3 717.7 2,064.5 259.2
2010 2,945.9 701.0 2,005.8 239.1
2011 2,905.4 701.3 1,974.1 230.0
2012 2,859.2 670.2 1,959.3 229.7
2013 2,733.6 610.5 1,901.9 221.3
2014 2,574.1 537.2 1,821.5 215.4
2015 2,500.5 494.7 1,783.6 222.2
2016 2,450.7 468.9 1,745.0 236.9
Arrests[edit]
Each state has a set of statutes enforceable within its own borders. A state has no jurisdiction outside of its borders, even though still in the United States. It must request extradition from the state in which the suspect has fled. In 2014, there were 186,873 felony suspects outside specific states jurisdiction against whom no extradition would be sought. Philadelphia has about 20,000 of these since it is near a border with four other states. Extradition is estimated to cost a few hundred dollars per case.[18]
Characteristics of offenders[edit]
Further information: Race and crime in the United States
For 2012, law enforcement made approximately 12,200,000 arrests nationally, down 200,000 from 2011.[19][20] Arrested offenders in the United States tend to be male,[21][22] over age 18,[23][24] and white, mirroring the general population. Based on a comparison with race and ethnicity data from the 2010 Census, blacks are disproportionately arrested for more crimes than average, Native Americans are arrested for slightly more crimes than average, whites are arrested for slightly fewer crimes than average, and Asians and Pacific Islanders are arrested for fewer crimes than average.[25][26]
Arrested offenders by race (2012)[25]
Year
White and Hispanic
Black
American
Indian
Asian or
Pacific Islander
2012 6,502,919 2,640,067 135,165 112,322
As a % of population[27][28] 223,553,265 (2.91%) 38,929,319 (6.78%) 2,932,248 (4.61%) 15,214,265 (0.738%)
% of total crime 69.3% 28.1% 1.4% 1.2%
Arrested offenders by gender (2012)[21]
Year
Male
Female
Male (%)
Female (%)
2012 6,972,023 2,474,637 73.8 26.2
US homicide convictions by race, 1976–2005[29]
Characteristics of offenders vary from the average for specific types of crimes and specific crimes. In terms of violent crime by gender, in 2011, 80.4% of arrested persons were male and 19.6% were female.[22] Males were 88.2% of those arrested for homicide, while females were 11.8%.[22] Among those arrested for rape in 2011, males were 98.8% and females were 1.2%.[22] For property crime in 2011, 62.9% of arrested persons were male and 37.1% were female.[22]
For violent crime by race in 2011, 59.4% of those arrested were white, 38.3% were black, and 2.2% were of other races.[26] For persons arrested for homicide in 2011, 49.7% were black, 48% were white, and 2.3% were of other races.[26] For persons arrested for rape in 2011, 65% were white, 32.9% were black, and 2.1% were of other races.[26] For property crime in 2011, 68.1% of arrested persons were white, 29.5% were black, and 2.4% were of other races.[26]
In 2011, law enforcement reported 6,222 bias-motivated incidents, known as hate crimes, for which 5,731 offenders were identified.[30] Of these, 59% were white, 20.9% were black, 7.1% were of various races, 1.4% were Asian or Pacific Islanders, 0.8% were Native American, and 10.8% were of unknown race.[30]
Reporting at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association (August 3, 2008), sociologists at Bowling Green State University found that men who attend college are more likely to commit property crimes during their college years than their non-college-attending peers. The research draws from three waves of data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health and examines education, crime levels, substance abuse and socializing among adolescents and young adults.[31] Also, according to Naci Mocan of the University of Colorado and Erdal Tekin of Georgia State University, "We find that unattractive individuals commit more crime in comparison to average-looking ones, and very attractive individuals commit less crime in comparison to those who are average-looking."[32]
Crime victimology[edit]
This graph shows the homicide victimization rate for whites and blacks, according to the US Bureau of Justice Statistics.
In 2011, surveys indicated more than 5.8 million violent victimizations and 17.1 million property victimizations took place in the United States; according to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, each property victimization corresponded to one household, while violent victimizations is the number of victims of a violent crime.[33]
Patterns are found within the victimology of crime in the United States. Overall, males, people with lower incomes, those younger than 25, and non-whites were more likely to report being the victim of crime.[33] Income, gender, and age had the most dramatic effect on the chances of a person being victimized by crime, while the characteristic of race depended upon the crime being committed.[33]
In terms of gender, males were more likely to become crime victims than were females,[34] with 79% percent of all murder victims being male. Males were twice as likely to be carjacked as females.[34] In terms of income, households with a 2008 income of less than $15,000 were significantly more likely to have their homes burgled.[34]
Concerning age, those younger than twenty-five were more likely to fall victim to crime, especially violent crime.[35] The chances of being victimized by violent crime decreased far more substantially with age than the chances of becoming the victim of property crime.[35] For example, 3.03% of crimes committed against a young person were theft, while 20% of crimes committed against an elderly person were theft.[35]
Bias motivation reports showed that of the 7,254 hate crimes reported in 2011, 47.7% (3,465) were motivated by race, with 72% (2,494) of race-motivated incidents being anti-black.[30] In addition, 20.8% (1,508) of hate crimes were motivated by sexual orientation, with 57.8% (871) of orientation-motivated incidents being anti-male homosexual.[30] The third largest motivation factor for hate crime was religion, representing 18.2% (1,318) incidents, with 62.2% (820) of religion-motivated incidents being anti-Jewish.[30]
As of 2007, violent crime against homeless people is increasing.[36][37] The rate of such documented crimes in 2005 was 30% higher than of those in 1999.[38] 75% of all perpetrators are under the age of 25. Studies and surveys indicate that homeless people have a much higher criminal victimization rate than the non-homeless, but that most incidents never get reported to authorities.[citation needed] In recent years, largely due to the efforts of the National Coalition for the Homeless (NCH) and academic researchers the problem of violence against the homeless has gained national attention. The NCH called deliberate attacks against the homeless hate crimes in their report Hate, Violence, and Death on Mainstreet USA (they retain the definition of the American Congress).[citation needed] The Center for the Study of Hate & Extremism at California State University, San Bernardino in conjunction with the NCH found that 155 homeless people were killed by non-homeless people in "hate killings", while 76 people were killed in all the other traditional hate crime homicide categories such as race and religion, combined.[37] The CSHE contends that negative and degrading portrayals of the homeless contribute to a climate where violence takes place.
The likelihood of falling victim to crime relates to both demographic and geographic characteristics.[1] Overall, men, minorities, the young, and those in urban areas are more likely to be crime victims.[1] The likelihood of perpetrating crime also relates to demography.
In 2010, according to the UNODC, 67.5% of all homicides in the United States were perpetrated using a firearm.[39] The costliest crime in terms of impact on victims, and the most underreported crime is rape, in the United States.[40][41]
Incarceration[edit]
Main article: Incarceration in the United States
A map of U.S. states by incarceration rate under state prison jurisdiction (but excluding jail and federal prison inmates) per 100,000 population.
As of 2001, the chances of going to prison in percentages for various demographic groups
Felony Sentences in State Courts, study by the United States Department of Justice.
The United States has the highest incarceration rate in the world (which includes pre-trial detainees and sentenced prisoners).[42] As of 2009, 2.3 million people were incarcerated in the United States, including federal and state prisons and local jails, creating an incarceration rate of 793 persons per 100,000 of national population.[42] During 2011, 1.6 million people were incarcerated under the jurisdiction of federal and state authorities.[43] At the end of 2011, 492 persons per 100,000 U.S. residents were incarcerated in federal and state prisons.[43] Of the 1.6 million state and federal prisoners, nearly 1.4 million people were under state jurisdiction, while 215,000 were under federal jurisdiction.[43] Demographically, nearly 1.5 million prisoners were male, and 115,000 were female, while 581,000 prisoners were black, 516,000 were white, and 350,000 were Hispanic.[43]
Among the 1.35 million sentenced state prisoners in 2011, 725,000 people were incarcerated for violent crimes, 250,000 were incarcerated for property crimes, 237,000 people were incarcerated for drug crimes, and 150,000 were incarcerated for other offenses.[43] Of the 200,000 sentenced federal prisoners in 2011, 95,000 were incarcerated for drug crimes, 69,000 were incarcerated for public order offenses, 15,000 were incarcerated for violent crimes, and 11,000 were incarcerated for property crimes.[43]
International comparison[edit]
The manner in which America's crime rate compared to other countries of similar wealth and development depends on the nature of the crime used in the comparison.[44] Overall crime statistic comparisons are difficult to conduct, as the definition and categorization of crimes varies across countries. Thus an agency in a foreign country may include crimes in its annual reports which the United States omits, and vice versa.
However, some countries such as Canada have similar definitions of what constitutes a violent crime, and nearly all countries had the same definition of the characteristics that constitutes a homicide.[citation needed] Overall the total crime rate of the United States is higher than developed countries, specifically Europe, with South American countries and Russia being the exceptions.[45] Some types of reported property crime in the U.S. survey as lower than in Germany or Canada, yet the homicide rate in the United States is substantially higher as is the prison population.
Violent crime[edit]
See also: Violent crime in the United States, Gun violence in the United States, and List of U.S. states by homicide rate
The reported U.S. violent crime rate includes murder, rape and sexual assault, robbery, and assault,[46] whereas the Canadian violent crime rate includes all categories of assault, including Assault level 1 (i.e., assault not using a weapon and not resulting in serious bodily harm).[47][48] A Canadian government study concluded that direct comparison of the 2 countries' violent crime totals or rates was "inappropriate".[49]
France does not count minor violence such as punching or slapping as assault, whereas Austria, Germany, and Finland do count such occurrences.[50]
The United Kingdom similarly has different definitions of what constitutes violent crime compared to the United States, making a direct comparison of the overall figure flawed. The FBI’s Uniform Crime Reports defines a “violent crime” as one of four specific offenses: murder and non-negligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault. The British Home Office, by contrast, has a different definition of violent crime, including all “crimes against the person,” including simple assaults, all robberies, and all “sexual offenses,” as opposed to the FBI, which only counts aggravated assaults and “forcible rapes.”[51]
Crime rates are necessarily altered by averaging neighborhood higher or lower local rates over a larger population which includes the entire city. Having small pockets of dense crime may lower a city's average crime rate.
Violent crime rates per 100,000 population, 2013
Country
Murder and non-negligent
manslaughter (intentional homicide)
Rape
Robbery
Aggravated
assault
Austria 0.42 9 61 47
Germany 0.9 9 64 88
UK, England/Wales 2.6 18 157 -
UK, Scotland 2.66 20 60 117
USA 4.5 26.8 113 241
Homicide[edit]
See also: List of countries by intentional homicide rate
According to a 2013 report by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), between 2005 and 2012[update], the average homicide rate in the U.S. was 4.9 per 100,000 inhabitants compared to the average rate globally, which was 6.2. However, the U.S. had much higher murder rates compared to other countries identified in the report as "developed", which all had average homicide rates of 0.8 per 100,000.[45] In 2004, there were 5.5 homicides for every 100,000 persons, roughly three times as high as Canada (1.9) and six times as high as Germany and Italy (0.9).[52][47] A closer look at The National Archive of Criminal Justice Data indicates that per capita homicide rates over the last 30 plus years on average, of major cities, New Orleans' average annual per capita homicide rate of 52 murders per 100,000 people overall (1980–2012) is the highest of U.S. cities with average annual homicide totals that were among the top 10 highest during the same period.
Country
Singapore
Iceland
Armenia
United States
Moldova
South Sudan
Panama
Homicide rate (per hundred thousand) in 2012
(international methodology)[45] 0.2 0.5 1.7 5.1 5.2 12 53.1
In the United States, the number of homicides where the victim and offender relationship was undetermined has been increasing since 1999 but has not reached the levels experienced in the early 1990s. In 14% of all murders, the victim and the offender were strangers. Spouses and family members made up about 15% of all victims, about one-third of the victims were acquaintances of the assailant, and the victim and offender relationship was undetermined in over one-third of homicides. Gun involvement in homicides were gang-related homicides which increased after 1980, homicides that occurred during the commission of a felony which increased from 55% in 1985 to 77% in 2005, homicides resulting from arguments which declined to the lowest levels recorded recently, and homicides resulting from other circumstances which remained relatively constant. Because gang killing has become a normal part of inner cities, many including police hold preconceptions about the causes of death in inner cities. When a death is labeled gang-related it lowers the chances that it will be investigated and increases the chances that the perpetrator will remain at large. In addition, victims of gang killings often determine the priority a case will be given by police. Jenkins (1988) argues that many serial murder cases remain unknown to police and that cases involving Black offenders and victims are especially likely to escape official attention.[53]
According to the FBI, "When the race of the offender was known, 53.0 percent were black, 44.7 percent were white, and 2.3 percent were of other races. The race was unknown for 4,132 offenders. (Based on Expanded Homicide Data Table 3). Of the offenders for whom gender was known, 88.2 percent were male."[54] According to the U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics, from 1980 to 2008, 84 percent of white homicide victims were killed by white offenders and 93 percent of black homicide victims were killed by black offenders.[55]
Gun violence[edit]
See also: Gun violence in the United States
Map of civilian guns per capita by country to the "Small Arms Survey 2007"[56]
The United States has the highest rate of civilian gun ownership per capita.[56][57][58] According to the CDC, between 1999 and 2014 there have been 185,718 homicides from use of a firearm and 291,571 suicides using a firearm.[59] Despite a significant increase in the sales of firearms since 1994, the US has seen a drop in the annual rate of homicides using a firearm from 7.0 per 100,000 population in 1993 to 3.6 per 100,000.[60] In the ten years between 2000 and 2009, the ATF reported 37,372,713 clearances for purchase, however, in the four years between 2010 and 2013, the ATF reported 31,421,528 clearances.[61]
Property crime[edit]
The burglary rates of selected industrialized countries as published by the U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics
According to a 2004 study by the Bureau of Justice Statistics, looking at the period from 1981 to 1999, the United States had a lower surveyed residential burglary rate in 1998 than Scotland, England, Canada, the Netherlands, and Australia. The other two countries included in the study, Sweden and Switzerland, had only slightly lower burglary rates. For the first nine years of the study period the same surveys of the public showed only Australia with rates higher than the United States. The authors noted various problems in doing the comparisons including infrequent data points. (The United States performed five surveys from 1995 to 1999 when its rate dipped below Canada's, while Canada ran a single telephone survey during that period for comparison.)[44]
Crimes against children[edit]
Further information: Child abuse § U.S. statistics, and Child sexual abuse § United States and Europe
According to a 2001 report from UNICEF, the United States has the highest rate of deaths from child abuse and neglect of any industrialized nation, at 2.4 per 100,000 children; France has 1.4, Japan 1, UK 0.9 and Germany 0.8. According to the US Department of Health, the state of Texas has the highest death rate, at 4.05 per 100,000 children, New York has 2.46, Oregon 1.49 and New Hampshire 0.35. [62] A UNICEF report on child wellbeing stated that the United States and the United Kingdom ranked lowest among industrial nations with respect to the wellbeing of children.[63]
In 2012 US had the highest children (0-19 yo) homicide rate in the developed world - 4 per 100 000 people.[64]
Geography of crime[edit]
Crime rates vary in the United States depending on the type of community.[65] Within metropolitan statistical areas, both violent and property crime rates are higher than the national average; in cities located outside metropolitan areas, violent crime was lower than the national average, while property crime was higher.[65] For rural areas, both property and violent crime rates were lower than the national average.[65]
Regions[edit]
For regional comparisons, the FBI divides the United States into four regions: Northeast, Midwest, South, and West.[66] For 2011, the region with the lowest violent crime was the Midwest, with a rate of 349.9 per 100,000 residents, while the region with the highest violent crime rate was the South, with a rate of 428.8 per 100,000.[66] For 2011, the region with the lowest property crime rate was the Northeast, with a rate of 2,121.8 per 100,000 residents, while the region with the highest property crime rate was the South, with a rate of 3,370.8 per 100,000.[66]
States[edit]
See also: List of U.S. states by homicide rate
Crime rates vary among U.S. states.[67] In 2011, the state with the lowest violent crime rate was Maine, with a rate of 123.2 per 100,000 residents, while the state with the highest violent crime rate was Tennessee, with a rate of 608.2 per 100,000.[67] However, the District of Columbia, the U.S. capital district, had a violent crime rate of 1,202.1 per 100,000 in 2011.[67] In 2011, the state with the highest property crime rate was South Carolina, with a rate of 3,904.2 per 100,000, while the state with the lowest property crime rate was South Dakota, with a rate of 1,817.7 per 100,000.[67] However, Puerto Rico, an unincorporated territory of the United States, had a property crime rate of 1,395.2 per 100,000 in 2011.[67]
Louisiana's homicide rate of 11.8 per 100,000, in 2016, was the highest among U.S. states for the 28th straight year according to the 2016 FBI Uniform Crime Report.[citation needed]
Metropolitan areas[edit]
Further information: United States cities by crime rate
Crime in metropolitan statistical areas tends to be above the national average; however, wide variance exists among and within metropolitan areas.[68] Some responding jurisdictions report very low crime rates, while others have considerably higher rates; these variations are due to many factors beyond population.[68] FBI crime statistics publications strongly caution against comparison rankings of cities, counties, metropolitan statistical areas, and other reporting units without considering factors other than simply population.[68] For 2011, the metropolitan statistical area with the highest violent crime rate was the Memphis metropolitan area, with a rate of 980.4 per 100,000 residents, while the metropolitan statistical area with the lowest violent crime rate was Logan metropolitan area, with a rate of 47.7.[69][70]
It is quite common for crime in American cities to be highly concentrated in a few, often economically disadvantaged areas. For example, San Mateo County, California had a population of approximately 707,000 and 17 homicides in 2001. Six of these 17 homicides took place in poor East Palo Alto, which had a population of roughly 30,000. So, while East Palo Alto accounted for a mere 4.2% of the population, about one-third of the homicides took place there.[71]
Crime in ten largest metropolitan areas (2011)[69][70]
Metropolitan statistical area
Violent crime rate
Property crime rate
New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-PA MSA 406.0 1744.1
Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, CA MSA 405.4 2232.7
Chicago-Joliet-Naperville, IL-IN-WI MSA 304.8 (excl. forcible rape)[70] 2791.5
Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX MSA 358.4 3498.5
Houston-Sugar Land-Baytown, TX MSA 550.8 3576.9
Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD MSA 532.3 2747.3
Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV MSA 334.6 2386.0
Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Pompano Beach, FL MSA 596.7 4193.3
Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA MSA 400.9 3552.0
Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH MSA 374.7 2109.0
Number and growth of criminal laws[edit]
There are conflicting opinions on the number of federal crimes,[72][73] but many have argued that there has been explosive growth and it has become overwhelming.[74][75][76] In 1982, the U.S. Justice Department could not come up with a number, but estimated 3,000 crimes in the United States Code.[72][73][77] In 1998, the American Bar Association (ABA) said that it was likely much higher than 3,000, but didn't give a specific estimate.[72][73] In 2008, the Heritage Foundation published a report that put the number at a minimum of 4,450.[73] When staff for a task force of the U.S. House Judiciary Committee asked the Congressional Research Service (CRS) to update its 2008 calculation of criminal offenses in the United States Code in 2013, the CRS responded that they lack the manpower and resources to accomplish the task.[78]
See also[edit]
Gangs in the United States
Incarceration in the United States
Mass shootings in the United States
National Crime Information Center Interstate Identification Index
United States cities by crime rate
List of U.S. states by homicide rate
Strict liability (criminal) § United States
Contempt of court § United States
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Jump up ^ Max Ehrenfreund (December 3, 2015). "We've had a massive decline in gun violence in the United States. Here's why". Washington, DC: Washington Post. Retrieved 2016-10-13.
Jump up ^ "Firearms Commerce in the United States: Annual Statistical Update 2015". Washington, DC: United States Department of Justice, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives. March 15, 2016. Retrieved 2016-10-13.
Jump up ^ BBC - America's child death shame, 17 October 2011
Jump up ^ Child Poverty in Respective: An Overview of Child Wellbeing in Rich Countries. UNICEF: Innocenti Research Center, Report Card 7.
Jump up ^ "HIDDEN IN PLAIN SIGHT : A statistical analysis of violence against children" (PDF). Data.unicef.org. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Crime in the United States by Community Type". FBI. 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Crime in the United States by Region". FBI. 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Crime in the United States by State". FBI. 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Caution Against Ranking". FBI. 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Crime in the United States by Metropolitan Statistical Area". FBI. 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c Data collection methodology for Chicago for forcible rape did not align with FBI standards so its metropolitan statistical area violent crime rate was not reported.
Jump up ^ "Crime in San Mateo County in 2001, US Bureau of Justice Statistics". Retrieved 2006-09-27.
^ Jump up to: a b c Fields, Gary; Emshwiller, John R. (23 July 2011). "Many Failed Efforts to Count Nation's Federal Criminal Laws". The Wall Street Journal.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Baker, John S. (16 June 2008), Revisiting the Explosive Growth of Federal Crimes, The Heritage Foundation
Jump up ^ Fields, Gary; Emshwiller, John R. (23 July 2011). "As Criminal Laws Proliferate, More Are Ensnared". The Wall Street Journal.
Jump up ^ Neil, Martha (14 June 2013). "ABA leader calls for streamlining of 'overwhelming' and 'often ineffective' federal criminal law". ABA Journal.
Jump up ^ Savage, David G. (1 January 1999). "Rehnquist Urges Shorter List of Federal Crimes". Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ Weiss, Debra Cassens (25 July 2011). "Federal Laws Multiply: Jail Time for Misappropriating Smokey Bear Image?". ABA Journal.
Jump up ^ Ruger, Todd (14 June 2013), "Way Too Many Criminal Laws, Lawyers Tell Congress", Blog of Legal Times, ALM
Further reading[edit]
Patrick Sharkey (2018). Uneasy Peace: The Great Crime Decline, the Renewal of City Life, and the Next War on Violence. ISBN 978-0393609608.
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