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Constituent Assembly of India
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Constituent Assembly of India
Seal of the Constituent Assembly.
Type
Type
Unicameral
History
Founded
6 December 1946 (1946-12-06)
Disbanded
24 January 1950 (1950-01-24)
Preceded by
Imperial Legislative Council
Succeeded by
Parliament of India
Leadership
Temporary Chairman
Sachchidananda Sinha, INC
President
Dr. Rajendra Prasad, INC
Chairman of the drafting committee
Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, SCF
Vice Presidents
Harendra Coomar Mookerjee
V. T. Krishnamachari
Structure
Seats
389 (Dec. 1946-June 1947)
299 (June 1947-Jan. 1950)
Political groups
INC: 208 seats
AIML: 73 seats
Others: 15 seats
Princely States: 93 seats
Elections
Voting system
First past the post
Meeting place
House of Parliament, New Delhi
The Constituent Assembly of India was elected to write the Constitution of India. Following India's independence from Great Britain in 1947, its members served as the nation's first Parliament.
An idea for a Constituent Assembly was proposed in 1934 by M. N. Roy, a pioneer of the Communist movement in India and an advocate of radical democracy. It became an official demand of the Indian National Congress in 1935, C. Rajagopalachari voiced the demand for a Constituent Assembly on 15 November 1939 based on adult franchise, and was accepted by the British in August 1940. On 8 August 1940, a statement was made by Viceroy Lord Linlithgow about the expansion of the Governor-General's Executive Council and the establishment of a War Advisory Council. This offer, known as the August Offer, included giving full weight to minority opinions and allowing Indians to draft their own constitution. Under the Cabinet Mission Plan of 1946, elections were held for the first time for the Constituent Assembly. The Constitution of India was drafted by the Constituent Assembly, and it was implemented under the Cabinet Mission Plan on 16 May 1946. The members of the Constituent Assembly were elected by the provincial assemblies by a single, transferable-vote system of proportional representation. The total membership of the Constituent Assembly was 389: 292 were representatives of the states, 93 represented the princely states and four were from the chief commissioner provinces of Delhi, Ajmer-Merwara, Coorg (Near Madikeri) and British Baluchistan.
The elections for the 296 seats assigned to the British Indian provinces were completed by August 1946. Congress won 208 seats, and the Muslim League 73. After this election, the Muslim League refused to cooperate with the Congress,[citation needed] and the political situation deteriorated. Hindu-Muslim riots began, and the Muslim League demanded a separate constituent assembly for Muslims in India. On 3 June 1947 Lord Mountbatten, the last British Governor-General of India, announced his intention to scrap the Cabinet Mission Plan; this culminated in the Indian Independence Act 1947 and the separate nations of India and Pakistan. The Indian Independence Act was passed on 18 July 1947 and, although it was earlier declared that India would become independent in June 1948, this event led to independence on 15 August 1947. The Constituent Assembly (elected for an undivided India) met for the first time on 9 December 1946, reassembling on 14 August 1947 as a sovereign body and successor to the British parliament's authority in India. As a result of the partition, under the Mountbatten plan a separate constituent assembly was established in Pakistan on 3 June 1947. The representatives of the areas incorporated into Pakistan ceased to be members of the Constituent Assembly of India. New elections were held for the West Punjab and East Bengal (which became part of Pakistan, although East Bengal later seceded to become Bangladesh); the membership of the Constituent Assembly was 299 after the reorganization, and it met on 31 December 1947.
Contents
1 Description
2 Background and election
3 Constitution and elections
4 Organization
4.1 Timeline
5 Committees of the Constituent Assembly
6 Prominent members
7 Members (by province/state)
7.1 Members who later withdrew after partition
8 Gallery
9 References
10 Further reading
Description [edit]
The Constituent Assembly, consisting of indirectly elected representatives, was established to draft a constitution for India (including the now-separate countries of Pakistan and Bangladesh). It existed for approximately three years, the first parliament of India after independence in 1947. The Assembly was not elected on the basis of universal adult suffrage, and Muslims and Sikhs received special representation as minorities. The Muslim League boycotted the Assembly after failing to prevent its creation. Although a large part of the Constituent Assembly was drawn from the Congress Party in a one-party environment, the Congress Party included a wide diversity of opinions—from conservative industrialists to radical Marxists, to Hindu revivalists.
The Assembly met for the first time in New Delhi on 9 December 1946, and its last session was held on 24 January 1950.[1] The hope of the Assembly was expressed by Jawaharlal Nehru:
The first task of this Assembly is to free India through a new constitution, to feed the starving people, and to clothe the naked masses, and to give every Indian the fullest opportunity to develop himself according to his capacity. This is certainly a great task. Look at India today. We, are sitting here and there in despair in many places, and unrest in many cities. The atmosphere is surcharged with these quarrels and feuds which are called communal disturbances, and unfortunately we sometimes cannot avoid them. But at present the greatest and most important question in India is how to solve the problem of the poor and the starving. Wherever we turn, we are confronted with this problem. If we cannot solve this problem soon, all our paper constitutions will become useless and purposeless. Keeping this aspect in view, who could suggest to us to postpone and wait?
—  Jawaharlal Nehru, Constituent Assembly Debates (Proceedings), Vol. II
Background and election[edit]
India was still under British rule when the Constituent Assembly was established following negotiations between Indian leaders and members of the 1946 Cabinet Mission to India from the United Kingdom. Provincial assembly elections were held early in 1946. Constituent Assembly members were elected indirectly by members of the newly elected provincial assemblies, and initially included representatives for those provinces that formed part of Pakistan (some of which are now in Bangladesh). The Constituent Assembly had 299 representatives, including nine women.
The Interim Government of India was formed on 2 September 1946 from the newly elected Constituent Assembly. The Congress Party held a large majority in the Assembly (69 percent of the seats), and the Muslim League held nearly all the seats reserved in the Assembly for Muslims. There were also members of smaller parties, such as the Scheduled Caste Federation, the Communist Party of India and the Unionist Party.
In June 1947 delegations from Sindh, East Bengal, Baluchistan, West Punjab and the North West Frontier Province withdrew to form the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan, meeting in Karachi. On 15 August 1947 the Dominion of India and Dominion of Pakistan became independent nations, and members of the Constituent Assembly who had not withdrawn to Karachi became India's Parliament. Twenty-eight members of the Muslim League joined the Indian Assembly, and 93 members were later nominated from the princely states; the Congress Party secured a majority of 82 percent.
Constitution and elections[edit]
See also: Constitution of India
At 11 am on 9 December 1946 the Assembly began its first session, with 208 members attending. By early 1947, representatives of the Muslim League and princely states joined, and the Assembly approved the draft constitution on 26 November 1949. On 26 January 1950 the constitution took effect (commemorated as Republic Day), and the Constituent Assembly became the Provisional Parliament of India (continuing until after the first elections under the new constitution in 1952).
Organization[edit]
Dr. Sachchidananda Sinha was the first chairman (temporary) of Constituent Assembly. Later Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected as the president and Its vice-president was Harendra Coomar Mookerjee, a Christian from Bengal and former vice-chancellor of Calcutta University. Also chairing the assembly's Minorities Committee, Mookerjee was appointed governor of West Bengal after India became a republic. Jurist B. N. Rau was appointed constitutional adviser to the assembly; Rau prepared the original draft of the constitution, and was later appointed a judge in the Permanent Court of International Justice in The Hague.
The assembly's work had five stages:
Committees presented reports on issues.
B.N. Rau prepared an initial draft based on the reports and his research into the constitutions of other nations.
The drafting committee, chaired by B. R. Ambedkar, presented a detailed draft constitution which was published for public discussion.
The draft constitution was discussed, and amendments proposed and enacted.
The constitution was adopted, with a committee of experts led by the Congress Party (known as the Congress Assembly Party) played a pivotal role.[2]
Timeline[edit]
9 December 1946: The first meeting of the Constituent Assembly was held in the constitution hall (now the Central Hall of Parliament House). Demanding a separate state, the Muslim League boycotted the meeting. Sachchidananda Sinha was elected temporary president of the assembly, in accordance with French practice.
11 December 1946: Rajendra Prasad was elected as president and H. C. Mukherjee was elected as vice-president of the constituent assembly. B. N. Rau was appointed as its constitutional adviser.
13 December 1946: An 'Objective Resolution' was moved by Jawaharlal Nehru in the assembly, laying down the underlying principles of the constitution. It finally became the Preamble of the constitution.
22 January 1947: Objective resolution unanimously adopted.
22 July 1947: National flag adopted.
15 August 1947: Indian independence achieved as the Dominion of India.
29 August 1947: Drafting Committee appointed with Dr. B. R. Ambedkar as the Chairman.
16 July 1948: Along with Harendra Coomar Mookerjee V. T. Krishnamachari was also elected as second vice-president of Constituent Assembly.
26 November 1949: Constitution passed and accepted by the assembly.
24 January 1950: "Jana Gana Mana" adopted as the national anthem, with the first two verses of "Vande Mataram" the national song. Rajendra Prasad elected the first president of India.
The assembly was chaired by Dr. Rajendra Prasad when it met as a constituent body, and by G. V. Mavlankar when it met as a legislative body. It completed the task of drafting a constitution in two years, eleven months and eighteen days, at a total expenditure of ₹6.4 million.
Committees of the Constituent Assembly[edit]
The Constituent Assembly appointed a total of 22 committees to deal with different tasks of constitution-making. Out of these, eight were major committees and the others were minor committees.
Major Committees
Drafting Committee – Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
Union Powers Committee – Jawaharlal Nehru
Union Constitution Committee – Jawaharlal Nehru
Provincial Constitution Committee – Sardar Patel
Advisory Committee on Fundamental Rights, Minorities and Tribal and Excluded Areas – Sardar Patel. This committee had the following subcommittees:
Fundamental Rights Sub-Committee – J.B. Kripalani
Minorities Sub-Committee – Harendra Coomar Mookerjee,
North-East Frontier Tribal Areas and Assam Excluded & Partially Excluded Areas Sub-Committee – Gopinath Bardoloi
Excluded and Partially Excluded Areas (Other than those in Assam) Sub-Committee – A V Thakkar
Rules of Procedure Committee – Dr. Rajendra Prasad
States Committee (Committee for Negotiating with States) – Jawaharlal Nehru
Steering Committee – Dr. Rajendra Prasad
Prominent members[edit]
B. R. Ambedkar, Minister for Law; Chairman of Drafting Committee.
B. N. Rau, Constitutional Advisor
Jawaharlal Nehru, first Prime Minister of India
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, first Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Minister for Education
Rajendra Prasad, President of Constituent Assembly
C. Rajagopalachari, Governor-General of India
Sarat Chandra Bose, Barrister and Indian independence activist
Krishna Sinha, first Chief Minister, Bihar
Binodanand Jha, Minister, Bihar
Shyam Nandan Prasad Mishra
Anugrah Narayan Sinha, Deputy Chief Minister and Finance Minister, Bihar
Rafi Ahmed Kidwai
Asaf Ali
Syama Prasad Mookerjee, Industries Minister, President, Hindu Mahasabha
Moturi Satyanarayana, Freedom Fighter
Rajkumari Amrit Kaur, Health Minister
Hansa Mehta, President, All India Women's Conference
N. G. Ranga
Deep Narayan Singh, Minister, Bihar
Gopinath Bordoloi, Prime Minister of Assam[3]
Sir Syed Muhammad Saadulla, Assam
P. Subbarayan
Kailashnath Katju
N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar
T. T. Krishnamachari
Rameshwar Prasad Sinha
Durgabai Deshmukh
K. M. Munshi
Krishana Ballabh Sahay
Frank Anthony, Anglo-Indian representative
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
John Mathai,first railway minister of India
Pratap Singh Kairon
L. Krishnaswamy Bharati - Madras Province
Chidambaram Subramaniam
Jaipal Singh Munda, Former Indian Hockey captain, and Tribal leader
Members (by province/state)[edit]
Madras: Annie Mascarene, O. V. Alagesan, Mrs. Ammu Swaminathan, M. Ananthasayanam Ayyangar, Moturi Satyanarayana, Mrs. Dakshayani Velayudhan, Mrs. G. Durgabai, Kala Venkatarao, N. Gopalaswamy Ayyangar, D. Govinda Das, Revd. Jerome D'Souza, P. Kakkan, T.M. Kaliyannan Gounder, K. Kamaraj, V. C. Kesava Rao, T. T. Krishnamachari, Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer L. Krishnaswami Bharathi, P. Kunhiraman, Mosalikanti Thirumala Rao, V. I. Munuswamy Pillai, M. A. Muthiah Chettiar, V. Nadimuthu Pillai, S. Nagappa, P. L. Narasimha Raju, B. Pattabhi Sitaramayya, C. Perumalswamy Reddy, T. Prakasam, S. H. Prater, Raja Swetachalapati Ramakrishna Renga Roa of Bobbili, R. K. Shanmukham Chetty, T. A. Ramalingam Chettiar, Ramnath Goenka, O. P. Ramaswamy Reddiar, N. G. Ranga, Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy, Sheik Galib Sahib, K. Santhanam, B. Shiva Rao, Kallur Subba Rao, U. Srinivasa Mallya, P. Subbarayan, C. Subramaniam, V Subramaniam, M. C. Veerabahu Pillai, P. M. Velayudapani, A. K. Menon, T. J. M. Wilson, Mohamed Ismail Sahib, K. T. M. Ahmed Ibrahim, Mahboob Ali Baig Sahib Bahadur, B. Pocker Sahib Bahadur, pattam Tanupillai
Bombay: Balchandra Maheshwar Gupte, Hansa Mehta, Hari Vinayak Pataskar, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, Joseph Alban D'Souza, Kanayalal Nanabhai Desai, Keshavrao Marutirao Jedhe, Khandubhai Kasanji Desai, Bal Gangadhar Kher, M.R. Masani, K.M. Munshi, Narahar Vishnu Gadgil, S. Nijalingappa, S. K. Patil, Ramchandra Manohar Nalavade, R. R. Diwakar, Shankarrao Deo, G. V. Mavalankar, Vallabhbhai Patel, Abdul Kadar Mohammad Shaikh, A. A. Khan
West Bengal: Monomohan Das, Arun Chandra Guha, Lakshmi Kanta Maitra, Mihir Lal Chattopadhyay, Satis Chandra Samanta, Suresh Chandra Majumdar, Upendranath Barman, Prabhudayal Himatsingka, Basanta Kumar Das, Renuka Ray, H. C. Mukherjee, Surendra Mohan Ghose, Syama Prasad Mookerjee, Ari Bahadur Gurung, R. E. Platel, K. C. Neogy, Raghib Ahsan, Somnath Lahiri, Jasimuddin Ahmad, Naziruddin Ahmad, Abdul Hamid, Abdul Halim Ghuznavi
United Provinces: Ajit Prasad Jain, Algu Rai Shastri, Balkrishna Sharma, Banshi Dhar Misra, Bhagwan Din, Damodar Swarup Seth, Dayal Das Bhagat, Dharam Prakash, A. Dharam Dass, R. V. Dhulekar, Feroz Gandhi, Gopal Narain, Krishna Chandra Sharma, Govind Ballabh Pant, Govind Malviya, Har Govind Pant, Harihar Nath Shastri, Hriday Nath Kunzru, Jaspat Roy Kapoor, Jagannath Baksh Singh, Jawaharlal Nehru, Jogendra Singh, Jugal Kishore, Jwala Prasad Srivastava, B. V. Keskar, Kamala Chaudhry, Kamalapati Tripathi, J. B. Kripalani, Mahavir Tyagi, Khurshed Lal, Masurya Din, Mohan Lal Saksena, Padampat Singhania, Phool Singh, Paragi Lal, Purnima Banerjee, Purushottam Das Tandon, Hira Vallabha Tripathi, Ram Chandra Gupta, Shibban Lal Saxena, Satish Chandra, John Matthai, Sucheta Kripalani, Sunder Lall, Venkatesh Narayan Tiwari, Mohanlal Gautam, Vishwambhar Dayal Tripathi, Vishnu Sharan Dublish, Begum Aizaz Rasul, Hyder Hussain, Hasrat Mohani, Abul Kalam Azad, Muhammad Ismail Khan, Rafi Ahmad Kidwai, Mohd. Hifzur Rahman, Z H Lari
East Punjab: Bakshi Tek Chand, Jairamdas Daulatram, Thakurdas Bhargava, Bikramlal Sondhi, Yashwant Rai, Ranbir Singh Hooda, Lala Achint Ram, Nand Lal, Baldev Singh, Giani Gurmukh Singh Musafir, Sardar Hukam Singh, Sardar Bhopinder Singh Mann, Sardar Rattan Singh Lohgarh Chaudhry Suraj Mal
Bihar: Nasif Arafat, Amiyo Kumar Ghosh, Anugrah Narayan Sinha, Banarsi Prasad Jhunjhunwala, Bhagwat Prasad, Boniface Lakra, Brajeshwar Prasad, Chandika Ram, K. T. Shah, Devendra Nath Samanta, Dip Narain Sinha, Guptanath Singh, Jadubans Sahay, Jagat Narain Lal, Jagjivan Ram, Jaipal Singh Munda, Kameshwar Singh of Darbhanga, Kamaleshwari Prasad Yadav, Mahesh Prasad Sinha, Krishna Ballabh Sahay, Raghunandan Prasad, Rajendra Prasad, Rameshwar Prasad Sinha, Ramnarayan Singh, Sachchidananda Sinha, Sarangdhar Sinha, Satyanarayan Sinha, Binodanand Jha, P. K. Sen, Sri Krishna Sinha, Sri Narayan Mahtha, Syamanandan Mishra, Hussain Imam, Syed Jafar Imam, Latifur Rahman, Mohammad Tahir, Tajamul Hussain, Choudhry Abid Hussain. Hargovind Mishra
Central Provinces and Berar: Ambica Charan Shukla, Raghu Vira, Rajkumari Amrit Kaur, B.A. Mandloi, Brijlal Nandlal Biyani, Thakur Cheedilal, Seth Govind Das, Hari Singh Gour, Hari Vishnu Kamath, Hemchandra Jagobaji Khandekar, Ghanshyam Singh Gupta, Lakshman Shrawan Bhatkar, Panjabrao Shamrao Deshmukh, Ravi Shankar Shukla, R. K. Sidhva, Shankar Trimbak Dharmadhikari, Frank Anthony, Kazi Syed Karimuddin, Ganpatrao Dani
Assam: Nibaran Chandra Laskar, Dharanidhar Basu-Matari, Gopinath Bardoloi, J. J. M. Nichols-Roy, Kuladhar Chaliha, Rohini Kumar Chaudhury, Muhammad Saadulla, Abdur Rouf
Orissa: Biswanath Das, Krishna Chandra Gajapati Narayana Dev, Harekrushna Mahatab, Laxminarayan Sahu Lokanath Mishra, Nandkishore Das, Rajkrishna Bose, Santanu Kumar Das, Yudhishir Mishra
Delhi: Deshbhandhu Gupta
Ajmer-Merwara: Mukut Bihari Lal Bhargava
Coorg: C. M. Poonacha
Mysore: K.C. Reddy, T. Siddalingaiya, H. R. Guruv Reddy, S. V. Krishnamurthy Rao, K. Hanumanthaiya, H. Siddaveerappa, T. Channiah
Jammu and Kashmir: Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah, Motiram Baigra, Mirza Mohammad Afzal Beg, Maulana Mohammad Sayeed Masoodi
Travancore-Cochin: Pattom A. Thanu Pillai, R. Sankar, P. T. Chacko, Panampilly Govinda Menon, Annie Mascarene, P.S.Nataraja Pillai, K.A. Mohamed
Madhya Bharat: Vinayak Sitaram Sarwate, Brijraj Narain, Gopikrishna Vijayavargiya, Ram Sahai, Kusum Kant Jain, Radhavallabh Vijayavargiya, Sitaram S. Jajoo
Saurashtra: Balwant Rai Gopalji Mehta, Jaisukhlal Hathi, Amritlal Vithaldas Thakkar, Chimanlal Chakubhai Shah, Samaldas Laxmidas Gandhi
Rajasthan: V. T. Krishnamachari, Hiralal Shastri, Sardar Singhjhi of Khetri, Jaswant Singhji, Raj Bhadur, Manikya Lal Varma, Gokul Lal Asava, Ramchandra Upadhyaya, Balwant Sinha Mehta, Dalel Singh, Jainarain Vyas
Patiala and East Punjab States Union: Ranjit Singh, Sochet Singh, Bhagwant Roy
Bombay States: Vinayakrao Balshankar Vaidya, B. N. Munavalli, Gokulbhai Daulatram Bhatt, Jivraj Narayan Mehta, Gopaldas A. Desai, Paranlal Thakurlal Munshi, B. H. Khardekar, Ratnappa Bharamappa Kumbhar
Orissa States: Lal Mohan Pati, N. Madhava Rau, Raj Kunwar, Sarangadhar Das, Yudhishthir Mishra
Central Provinces States: R. L. Malaviya, Kishorimohan Tripathi, Ramprasad Potai
United Provinces States: B. H. Zaidi, Krishna Singh
Madras States: V. Ramaiah, Ramakrishna Ranga Rao
Vindhya Pradesh: Avdesh Pratap Singh, Shambu Nath Shukla, Ram Sahai Tiwari, Mannulalji Dwidedi
Cooch Behar: Himmat Singh K. Maheshwari
Tripura and Manipur: Girja Shankar Guha
Bhopal: Lal Singh
Kutch: Bhawani Arjun Khimji
Himachal Pradesh: Yashwant Singh Parmar
Members who later withdrew after partition[edit]
East Bengal: Abdullah al Mahmood, Maulana Mohd Abdullah el Baqui, Abdul Hamid, Abdul Kasem Khan, Mohammad Akram Khan, A. Hamid, Azizuddin Ahmad, Muhammad Habibullah Bahar, Prem Hari Barma, Raj Kumar Chakraverty, Sris Chandra Chattopadhyaya, Abdul Matin Chaudhary, Murtaza Raza Choudhry, Hamidul Haq Chowdhury, Akhay Kumar Das, Dhirendra Nath Datta, Bhupendra Kumar Datta, Ebrahim Khan, Fazlul Huq, Fazlur Rahman, Ghayasuddin Pathan, Begum Shaista Suhrawardy Ikramullah, Liaquat Ali Khan, Mafizuddin Ahmad, Mahmud Hussain, Jnanendra Chandra Majumdar, A. M. Malik, Birat Chandra Mandal, Jogendra Nath Mandal, Mohammed Ali, Khwaja Nazimuddin, M.A.B.L. Nur Ahmed, Nurul Amin, Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi, Sri Dhananjoy M.A. B.L. Roy, Maudi Bhakesh Chanda, B.L. Serajul Islam, Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Osmani, Shahabudin Khwaja, H.S. Suhrawardy, Harendra Kumar Sur, Tamizuddin Khan, Kawivi Kerwar Datta, Ghulam Mohammed
West Punjab: Mian Mumtaz Mohammad Khan Daultana, Ganga Saran, Zafarullah Khan, Iftikhar Hussain Khan, Mian Muhammad Iftikharuddin, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Sheikh Karamat Ali, Nazir Ahmad Khan, Sardar Abdur Rab Nistar, Feroz Khan Noon, Omar Hayat Malik, Shah Nawaz Begum Jahan Ara, Sardar Shaukat Hyat Khan,
Northwest Frontier Province: Khan Abdul Ghafar Khan, Khan Sardar Bahadur Khan, Sardar Asad Ullah Jan Khan
Sindh: Abdus Sattar Abdur Rahman, Alhajj Muhammad Hashim Gazder, M.A. Khuhro
Balochistan: S. B. Nawab Mohammad Khan Jogezai
Gallery[edit]
Jawaharlal Nehru and other members taking pledge during the midnight session of the Constituent Assembly of India held on 14 and 15 August 1947.
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Chairman, Drafting Committee of the Indian Constitution with other members on Aug. 29, 1947.
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar, chairman of the Drafting Committee, presenting the final draft of the Indian Constitution to Dr. Rajendra Prasad on 25 November, 1949.
B. R. Ambedkar in Constituent Assembly of India.
Jawaharlal Nehru addressing the constituent assembly in 1946.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ M. Lakshmikanth, Indian Polity for Civil Services Examinations, 3rd ed., (New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill Education Private Limited, 2011), p. 2.3
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 2014-05-12.
Jump up ^ Baruah, L.M. (1992). Lokopriya Gopinath Bordoloi, an Architect of Modern India. Gyan Publishing House. ISBN 81-212-0404-6. Retrieved 2013-11-17.
Further reading[edit]
Austin, Granville. The Indian Constitution, Cornerstone of a Nation. New Delhi: OUP India, 1999. ISBN 0-19-564959-1.
Bipan Chandra, Mridula Mukherjee and Aditya Mukherjee. India Since Independence: Revised Edition. New Delhi: Penguin Books India, 2008.
An Indian 10-episode TV series made by Rajya sabha TV called "SAMVIDHAN" described in detail how the Indian Constitution was made.
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It's My Life (Talk Talk song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"It's My Life"
Single by Talk Talk
from the album It's My Life
B-side
"Does Caroline Know?"
Released
13 January 1984
Format
7" vinyl
12" vinyl
cassette (reissue)
CD (reissue)
Recorded
1983
Genre
Synthpop[1]
new wave[2]
Length
3:53
Label
EMI
Parlophone
Songwriter(s)
Mark Hollis
Tim Friese-Greene
Producer(s)
Tim Friese-Greene
Talk Talk singles chronology
"My Foolish Friend"
(1983) "It's My Life"
(1984) "Such a Shame"
(1984)
"My Foolish Friend"
(1983) "It's My Life"
(1984) "Such a Shame"
(1984)
"It's My Life" is a song by the English new wave band Talk Talk. Written by Mark Hollis and Tim Friese-Greene, it was the title track on the band's second album and released as its first single in January 1984. It reached #46 in the UK charts, but did better in several other countries, reaching #33 in Germany, #32 in New Zealand, #25 in France and #7 in Italy. It was also a success in North America, entering the Top 40 in both the United States (#31) and Canada (#30). (Notably, it peaked at #1 on the U.S. Hot Dance Club Play chart.)
The single was re-released in the UK in 1985, but this time only reached #93. However, in 1990, "It's My Life" was reissued again to promote the compilation album Natural History: The Very Best of Talk Talk. This time, the song was a hit in the UK, reaching #13, the band's highest chart-placing single in its native country.
The song is also featured on the Rockstar Games video game for PlayStation Portable and PlayStation 2 Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Stories on the 'Flash FM' radio station. It also is one of the songs played during gameplay for Activision Anthology for the PlayStation 2. The song is featured on Saints Row: The Third on 'The Mix 107.77' radio station.
Contents
[hide]
1 Music video
2 Track listings
3 Chart positions
4 No Doubt version
4.1 Chart performance
4.2 Music video
4.3 Track listing and formats
4.4 Official versions
4.5 Charts
4.6 Certifications
5 References
Music video[edit]
There are two versions of the video for "It's My Life". The first, envisioned by director Tim Pope as a statement against the banality of lip-synching, consists almost entirely of footage from wildlife documentaries, interspersed with shots of Talk Talk lead singer Mark Hollis standing in various places throughout the London Zoo. He keeps his hands in his coat pockets and his mouth pointedly shut tight, the latter often obscured by hand-drawn animated lines that occasionally appear in the documentary footage sequences as well.
The second version, recorded at the behest of EMI, consisted of the entirety of the original video projected on a green screen behind Hollis on guitar and vocals as well as his two bandmates as they lip-synched and mimed the song, deliberately poorly and with comic exaggerated gestures.[3]
Track listings[edit]
1984 release
7" single
"It's My Life" — 3:50
"Does Caroline Know?" — 4:36
12" single - North America
"It's My Life" (extended version) — 6:14
"It's My Life" — 3:50
"Again, a Game…Again" — 4:09
12" single - Europe
"It's My Life" (12" remix) — 6:16
"Does Caroline Know?" — 4:33
"It's My Life" — 3:50
1990 reissue
7" single
"It's My Life" – 3:50
"Renée" (live) – 7:28
CD maxi
"It's My Life" – 3:50
"Renée" (live) – 7:28
"It's My Life" (live) – 7:58
Chart positions[edit]
Chart (1984)
Peak
position
Australia (Kent Music Report)[4] 73
Canada (RPM 50 Singles)[5] 30
France (SNEP)[6] 25
Germany (Official German Charts)[7] 33
Italy (FIMI)[8] 7
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[9] 31
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[10] 30
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[11] 32
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[12] 46
US Billboard Hot 100[13] 31
US Radio & Records CHR/Pop Airplay Chart[14] 31
US Billboard Top Tracks[15] 23
US Hot Dance Club Play (Billboard) 1
Chart (1990)
Peak
position
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[16] 44
Belgium (VRT Top 30 Flanders)[17] 29
Germany (Media Control Charts)[18] 49
Ireland (IRMA)[19] 23
Poland (Polish Singles Chart)[20] 6
UK (Official Charts Company)[12] 13
Preceded by
"Hold Me Now" by Thompson Twins Billboard Hot Dance Club Play number-one single (Talk Talk version)
5 May 1984 Succeeded by
"I Want It to Be Real" by John Rocca
No Doubt version[edit]
"It's My Life"
Single by No Doubt
from the album The Singles 1992–2003
Released
October 30, 2003
Format
CD
digital download
Recorded
2003
Genre
Pop rock
new wave
synthpop
Length
3:46
Label
Interscope
Songwriter(s)
Mark Hollis
Tim Friese-Greene
Producer(s)
Nellee Hooper
No Doubt
No Doubt singles chronology
"Running"
(2003) "It's My Life"
(2003) "Bathwater (Invincible Overlord Remix)"
(2004)
"Running"
(2003) "It's My Life"
(2003) "Bathwater (Invincible Overlord Remix)"
(2004)
Music video
"It's My Life on YouTube
American rock band No Doubt recorded a cover version of the song to promote their first greatest hits album The Singles 1992–2003. Because the band was on hiatus, while lead singer Gwen Stefani recorded her solo debut album, they decided to record a cover to avoid having to write a new song.[21] The band listened to hundreds of songs from the 1980s and narrowed it down to "It's My Life" and "Don't Change" by Australian rock band INXS.[22] No Doubt were dubious about recording a cover and contemplated writing new material.[21] However, they decided on "It's My Life" after rehearsing the song with producer Nellee Hooper,[22] referring to it as a "feel good" song.[21] The song was nominated for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal at the 47th Grammy Awards.[23] Jacques Lu Cont, the song's programmer, created the Thin White Duke mix of "It's My Life", which won the award for Best Remixed Recording, Non-Classical.[24]
This version was featured on the video game Karaoke Revolution Volume 2. On 9 December 2008 it was also made available as downloadable content for the Rock Band series.
Chart performance[edit]
The cover was successful in the United States, reaching number 10 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and remaining on the chart for 28 weeks.[25] On the Radio & Records CHR/Pop Airplay chart the song debuted at #41 on the October 10, 2003 issue and after six weeks reached and peaked at #5 staying there for two non-consecutive weeks, it remained on the top 10 of the chart for nine weeks and remained on it for twenty weeks.[26] It was moderately successful on adult contemporary stations, reaching number 20 on the Adult Contemporary chart, but had high longevity and appeared atop the Adult Top 40's recurrent chart. The single was more successful in clubs, peaking at number 16 on the Hot Dance Club Play chart, and had some play on modern rock stations, reaching number 32 on the Modern Rock Tracks.[27] The Recording Industry Association of America certified the digital download gold for selling half a million copies.[28]
On the UK Singles Chart, "It's My Life" debuted at number 20 but was unable to reach a higher position until it was released with a remix of the No Doubt song Bathwater which boosted the single up to number 17. The single dropped off the chart after 7 weeks. It was more of a success across Europe, reaching the top ten in Italy, Finland, Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden and the top 20 in Austria, Belgium, France, and Switzerland.[25] The single reached number 7 on the ARIA Singles Chart, lasting 17 weeks on the chart,[25] and was listed at number 81 on the 2004 end-of-year chart.[29] The Australian Recording Industry Association certified the single platinum in 2004 for shipping 70,000 copies.[30]
Music video[edit]
Gwen Stefani on trial from the music video
The 1930s-style music video was directed by David LaChapelle.[31] In the song's music video, Stefani portrays a black widow whose look closely resembles that of actress Jean Harlow (whom Stefani portrayed in the Martin Scorsese film The Aviator),[32] who is put on trial and sentenced to death for the murders of three men she knew, who are portrayed by the other members of the band. She kills the first man (Tom Dumont) with rat poison mixed into his dinner, the second (Tony Kanal) by running him over with her car, and the third (Adrian Young) by throwing her hair dryer into the bathtub to electrocute him. These scenes are intercut with moments of Stefani in court and being dragged to the gas chamber wearing a prison uniform where she is executed. The video ends with the three murder victims together presumably in the afterlife, laughing at her televised execution.
The music video was moderately successful on video chart programs. On MTV's Total Request Live, it reached number 7 in November 2003[33] and was on the countdown as late as January 2004.[34] The video peaked at number 8 on MuchMusic's Countdown and remained on the program through March 2004.[35] At the 2004 MTV Video Music Awards, "It's My Life" won the awards for Best Group Video and Best Pop Video. It also received nominations for Best Direction, Best Cinematography, and Best Art Direction.[36]
Track listing and formats[edit]
2-track
"It's My Life" — 3:46
"Rock Steady" (live) — 5:53
CD single
"It's My Life" — 3:46
"Sunday Morning" (2002 live) — 4:49
"Rock Steady" (2002 live) — 5:53
"Bathwater" (2002 live) — 4:01
UK CD single[37]
"It's My Life" — 3:46
"Rock Steady" (2002 live) — 5:53
"Bathwater" (2002 live) — 4:01
UK re-issue "It's My Life" / "Bathwater" double A-side CD single[38][39]
"It's My Life" — 3:46
"Bathwater" (Invincible Overlord Remix) — 3:07
"It's My Life" (Jacques Lu Cont's Thin White Duke Mix) — 6:59
"It's My Life" (Chocolate O'Brian Remix) — 5:43
"Bathwater" (Invincible Overlord Remix Video)
"It's My Life" (Video)
Official versions[edit]
"It's My Life" — 3:46
"It's My Life" (Jacques Lu Cont's Thin White Duke Mix) — 6:59
"It's My Life" (Chocolate O'Brien Remix) — 6:30
"It's My Life" (Dave Aude Remix) — 3:51 (unreleased)
"It's My Life" (Dave Aude Club Edit Mix) - 3:47
Charts[edit]
Chart (2003–04)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[40] 7
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[41] 12
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[42] 11
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[43] 9
Canada (Nielsen SoundScan)[44] 23
Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[45] 14
France (SNEP)[46] 19
Germany (Official German Charts)[47] 9
Ireland (IRMA)[48]
As a double A-side with "Bathwater" 6
Italy (FIMI)[49] 7
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[50] 4
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[51] 6
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[52] 8
Norway (VG-lista)[53] 3
Poland (Polish Singles Chart)[54] 1
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[55] 12
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[56] 4
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[57] 12
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[58] 20
US Billboard Hot 100[27] 10
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[59] 20
US Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[60] 3
US Alternative Songs (Billboard)[61] 32
US Dance Club Songs (Billboard)[62] 16
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[63] 5
US Top 40 Tracks (Billboard)[27] 4
Certifications[edit]
Country
Certification
Sales
Australia Gold[64] 35,000+
United States Gold[65] 500,000
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ Amy Phillips (31 August 2012). "Talk Talk's Mark Hollis Resurfaces With New Music for the Kelsey Grammer TV Show "Boss"". Pitchfork. Pitchfork Media Inc. Retrieved 23 July 2013. "After hitting it big as new wave stars in the early and mid-80s, with massive singles like "It's My Life" and "Life's What You Make It", Talk Talk abandoned synth-pop and went experimental."
Jump up ^ Alan McGee (9 April 2008). "Wherefore art thou Mark Hollis?". The Guardian music blog. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
Jump up ^ bulion. "Forum - ARIA Charts: Special Occasion Charts - CHART POSITIONS PRE 1989". ARIA. Australian-charts.com. Archived from the original on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
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45. It's my life - Talk Talk [#7]
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^ Jump up to: a b "Talk Talk". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
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^ Jump up to: a b Paris Montoya and Tom Lanham "It's My Life". The Singles 1992-2003. Interscope Records. 25 November 2003.
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^ Jump up to: a b c "No Doubt - It's My Life - Music Charts". aCharts.us. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
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^ Jump up to: a b c "No Doubt awards at Allmusic". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "RIAA - Gold & Platinum Searchable Database". RIAA. RIAA.com. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Charts - End Of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 2004". ARIA Charts. Aria.com.au. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
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Jump up ^ Jennifer Vineyard, Corey Moss (27 October 2003). "Gwen Stefani Bumps Off Bandmates In 'It's My Life'". MTV. Viacom International Inc. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Jennifer Vineyard (27 October 2003). "Gwen Stefani Feeling Hella Good About Role In Scorsese Flick". MTV. Viacom International Inc. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "ATRL - The TRL Archive - Recap: November 2003". ATRL. vBulletin Solutions, Inc. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
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Jump up ^ "MuchMusic Countdown". MuchMusic. BellMedia. Archived from the original on 13 January 2009. Retrieved 5 September 2004.
Jump up ^ "MTV Awards 2004: The winners". BBC News. News.bbc.co.uk. 3 August 2004. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "It's My Life: No Doubt: Amazon.co.uk: Music". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved 17 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "It's My Life/Bathwater: No Doubt: Amazon.co.uk: Music". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved 17 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "It's My Life/Bathwater at Juno Records". Juno. Archived from the original on 14 January 2013. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
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Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – No Doubt – It's My Life" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
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Jump up ^ "No Doubt: It's My Life" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland. Retrieved 30 August 2015.
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Jump up ^ "Gold & Platinum Searchable Database". RIAA. Retrieved 25 December 2013.

[show]
v
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e
Talk Talk
Mark Hollis
Lee Harris
Paul Webb
Simon Brenner
Albums
The Party's Over
It's My Life
The Colour of Spring
Spirit of Eden
Laughing Stock
Live albums
London 1986
Singles
"Mirror Man"
"Talk Talk"
"Today"
"Another Word"
"My Foolish Friend"
"It's My Life"
"Such a Shame"
"Dum Dum Girl"
"Tomorrow Started (live)"
"Life's What You Make It"
"Living in Another World"
"Give It Up"
"I Don't Believe in You"
"I Believe in You"
"Living in Another World '91 (remix)"
"After the Flood"
"New Grass"
"Ascension Day"
"It's My Life (Liquid People vs. Talk Talk)"
Compilations
Natural History: The Very Best of Talk Talk
History Revisited: The Remixes
Asides Besides
12x12 Original Remixes
The Collection
Missing Pieces
Introducing ... Talk Talk
Video
Live at Montreux 1986
Related articles
Discography
Tim Friese-Greene
Mark Hollis (album)
.O.rang
Out of Season
Streets
[show]
v
t
e
No Doubt singles
Discography
Songs
No Doubt
"Trapped in a Box"
The Beacon Street Collection
"Squeal"
Tragic Kingdom
"Just a Girl"
"Spiderwebs"
"Don't Speak"
"Excuse Me Mr."
"Happy Now?"
"Sunday Morning"
"Hey You!"
Return of Saturn
"New"
"Ex-Girlfriend"
"Simple Kind of Life"
"Bathwater"
Rock Steady
"Hey Baby"
"Hella Good"
"Underneath It All"
"Running"
Push and Shove
"Settle Down"
"Looking Hot"
Other singles
"It's My Life"
"Bathwater (Invincible Overlord Remix)"
Promotional singles
"Making Out"
"Stand and Deliver"
"Push and Shove"
Other songs
"Love to Love You Baby"
"Monkey Man"
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It%27s_My_Life_(Talk_Talk_song)&oldid=842955011"
Categories:
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