text:
Current Procedural Terminology
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Jump to: navigation, search
The Current Procedural Terminology('CPT) code set is a medical code set maintained by the American Medical Association through the CPT Editorial Panel.[1] The CPT code set (copyright protected by the AMA) describes medical, surgical, and diagnostic services and is designed to communicate uniform information about medical services and procedures among physicians, coders, patients, accreditation organizations, and payers for administrative, financial, and analytical purposes.
New editions are released each October.[2] The current version is the CPT 2018. It is available in both a standard edition and a professional edition.[3][4]
CPT coding is similar to ICD-9 and ICD-10 coding, except that it identifies the services rendered, rather than the diagnosis on the claim (ICD-10-CM was created for diagnostic coding- it took the place of Volume 3 of the ICD-9). The ICD code sets also contain procedure codes (ICD-10-PCS codes), but these are only used in the inpatient setting.[5]
CPT is currently identified by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS)[6] as Level 1 of the Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System.
The Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) was developed by the American Medical Association (AMA).[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Types of code
1.1 Category I
1.1.1 Codes for evaluation and management: 99201–99499
1.1.2 Codes for anesthesia: 00100–01999; 99100–99150
1.1.3 Codes for surgery: 10000–69990
1.1.4 Codes for Radiology: 70000-79999
1.1.5 Codes for pathology and laboratory: 80000–89398
1.1.6 Codes for medicine: 90281–99099; 99151–99199; 99500–99607
1.2 Category II
1.3 Category III
2 Major psychotherapy revisions
3 Criticism of copyright
3.1 Limited CPT search offered by the AMA
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Types of code[edit]
There are three types of CPT code: Category I, Category II, and Category III.
Category I[edit]
Category I CPT Code(s). There are six main sections:[7]
Codes for evaluation and management: 99201–99499[edit]
(99201–99215) Office/other outpatient services
(99217–99220) Hospital observation services
(99221–99239) Hospital inpatient services
(99241–99255) Consultations
(99281–99288) Emergency department services
(99291–99292) Critical care services
(99304–99318) Nursing facility services
(99324–99337) Domiciliary, rest home (boarding home) or custodial care services
(99339–99340) Domiciliary, rest home (assisted living facility), or home care plan oversight services
(99341–99350) Home health services
(99354–99360) Prolonged services
(99363–99368) Case management services
(99374–99380) Care plan oversight services
(99381–99429) Preventive medicine services
(99441–99444) Non-face-to-face physician services
(99450–99456) Special evaluation and management services
(99460–99465) Newborn care services
(99466–99480) Inpatient neonatal intensive, and pediatric/neonatal critical, care services
(99487–99489) Complex chronic care coordination services
(99495–99496) Transitional care management services
(99499) Other evaluation and management services
Codes for anesthesia: 00100–01999; 99100–99150[edit]
(00100–00222) head
(00300–00352) neck
(00400–00474) thorax
(00500–00580) intrathoracic
(00600–00670) spine and spinal cord
(00700–00797) upper abdomen[8]
(00800–00882) lower abdomen
(00902–00952) perineum
(01112–01190) pelvis (except hip)
(01200–01274) upper leg (except knee)
(01320–01444) knee and popliteal area
(01462–01522) lower leg (below knee)
(01610–01682) shoulder and axillary
(01710–01782) upper arm and elbow
(01810–01860) forearm, wrist and hand
(01916–01936) radiological procedures
(01951–01953) burn excisions or debridement
(01958–01969) obstetric
(01990–01999) other procedures
(99100–99140) qualifying circumstances for anesthesia
(99143–99150) moderate (conscious) sedation
Codes for surgery: 10000–69990[edit]
(10000–10022) general
(10040–19499) integumentary system
(20000–29999) musculoskeletal system
(30000–32999) respiratory system
(33010–37799) cardiovascular system
(38100–38999) hemic and lymphatic systems
(39000–39599) mediastinum and diaphragm
(40490–49999) digestive system
(50010–53899) urinary system
(54000–55899) male genital system
(55920–55980) reproductive system and intersex
(56405–58999) female genital system
(59000–59899) maternity care and delivery
(60000–60699) endocrine system
(61000–64999) nervous system
(65091–68899) eye and ocular adnexa
(69000–69979) auditory system
Codes for Radiology: 70000-79999[edit]
(70000-76499) diagnostic radiology
(76500–76999) diagnostic ultrasound
(77001–77032) radiologic guidance
(77051–77059) breast mammography
(77071–77084) bone/joint studies
(77261–77999) radiation oncology
(78000-79999) nuclear medicine
Codes for pathology and laboratory: 80000–89398[edit]
(80000–80076) organ or disease-oriented panels
(80100–80103) drug testing
(80150–80299) therapeutic drug assays
(80400–80440) evocative/suppression testing
(80500–80502) consultations (clinical pathology)
(81000–81099) urinalysis
(82000–84999) chemistry
(85002–85999) hematology and coagulation
(86000–86849) immunology
(86850–86999) transfusion medicine
(87001–87999) microbiology
(88000–88099) anatomic pathology (postmortem)
(88104–88199) cytopathology
(88230–88299) cytogenetic studies
(88300–88399) surgical pathology
(88720–88741) in vivo (transcutaneous) lab procedures
(89049–89240) other procedures
(89250–89398) reproductive medicine procedures
Codes for medicine: 90281–99099; 99151–99199; 99500–99607[edit]
(90281–90399) immune globulins, serum or recombinant prods
(90465–90474) immunization administration for vaccines/toxoids
(90476–90749) vaccines, toxoids
(90801–90899) psychiatry
(90901–90911) biofeedback
(90935–90999) dialysis
(91000–91299) gastroenterology
(92002–92499) ophthalmology
(92502–92700) special otorhinolaryngologic services
(92950–93799) cardiovascular
(93875–93990) noninvasive vascular diagnostic studies
(94002–94799) pulmonary
(95004–95199) allergy and clinical immunology
(95250–95251) endocrinology
(95803–96020) neurology and neuromuscular procedures
(96101–96125) central nervous system assessments/tests (neuro-cognitive, mental status, speech testing)
(96150–96155) health and behavior assessment/intervention
(96360–96549) hydration, therapeutic, prophylactic, diagnostic injections and infusions, and chemotherapy and other highly complex drug or highly complex biologic agent administration
(96567–96571) photodynamic therapy
(96900–96999) special dermatological procedures
(97001–97799) physical medicine and rehabilitation
(97802–97804) medical nutrition therapy
(97810–97814) acupuncture
(98925–98929) osteopathic manipulative treatment
(98940–98943) chiropractic manipulative treatment
(98960–98962) education and training for patient self-management
(98966–98969) non-face-to-face nonphysician services
(99000–99091) special services, procedures and reports
(99170–99199) other services and procedures
(99500–99602) home health procedures/services
(99605–99607) medication therapy management services
Category II[edit]
CPT II codes describe clinical components usually included in evaluation and management or clinical services and are not associated with any relative value. Category II codes are reviewed by the Performance Measures Advisory Group (PMAG), an advisory body to the CPT Editorial Panel and the CPT/HCPAC Advisory Committee. The PMAG is composed of performance measurement experts representing the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the American Medical Association (AMA), the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO), the National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA) and the Physician Consortium for Performance Improvement. The PMAG may seek additional expertise and/or input from other national health care organizations, as necessary, for the development of Category II codes. These may include national medical specialty societies, other national health care professional associations, accrediting bodies and federal regulatory agencies.
Category II codes make use of an alphabetical character as the 5th character in the string (i.e., 4 digits followed by the letter F). These digits are not intended to reflect the placement of the code in the regular (Category I) part of the CPT codebook. Appendix H in CPT section contains information about performance measurement exclusion of modifiers, measures, and the measures' source(s). Currently there are 11 Category II codes. They are:
(0001F-0015F) Composite measures
(0500F-0575F) Patient management
(1000F-1220F) Patient history
(2000F-2050F) Physical examination
(3006F-3573F) Diagnostic/screening processes or results
(4000F-4306F) Therapeutic, preventive or other interventions
(5005F-5100F) Follow-up or other outcomes
(6005F-6045F) Patient safety
(7010F-7025F) Structural Measures
CPT II codes are billed in the procedure code field, just as CPT Category I codes are billed. Because CPT II codes are not associated with any relative value, they are billed with a $0.00 billable charge amount.[9]
Category III[edit]
Category III CPT Code(s) – Emerging technology (Category III codes: 0016T-0207T[10])
Major psychotherapy revisions[edit]
The CPT code revisions that affect counselors are simple and straightforward. Here is a list of psychotherapy CPT codes that will be retired, and their 2013 comparables:
90801 –> \ Family therapy codes (90847 and 90846) will remain unchanged, as will codes for psychological testing.[11]
Criticism of copyright[edit]
CPT is a registered trademark of the American Medical Association. The AMA holds the copyright for the CPT coding system.[12] However, in Practice Management v. American Medical Association[13] the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit held that the AMA could not enjoin a competitor on the basis that the AMA had misused its copyright.
Despite the copyrighted nature of the CPT code sets, the use of the code is mandated by almost all health insurance payment and information systems, including the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) and HIPAA, and the data for the code sets appears in the Federal Register. As a result, it is necessary for most users of the CPT code (principally providers of services) to pay license fees for access to the code.[14]
Limited CPT search offered by the AMA[edit]
The AMA offers a limited search of the CPT manual for personal, non-commercial use on its web site.[15]
See also[edit]
Medical classification
Procedure code
ICD-9
ICD-10
ICD-10-PCS
HCPCS
Specialty Society Relative Value Scale Update Committee
References[edit]
Jump up ^ AMA (CPT) CPT Process Archived May 11, 2016, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Laura Southard Durham (1 June 2008). Lippincott Williams and Wilkins' Administrative Medical Assisting. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. pp. 2–. ISBN 978-0-7817-9789-4. Retrieved 26 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Michelle Abraham; Jay T. Ahlman; Angela J. Boudreau; Judy L. Connelly; Desiree D. Evans; Rejina L Glenn (30 October 2010). CPT 2011 Standard Edition. American Medical Association Press. ISBN 978-1-60359-216-1. Retrieved 26 May 2011.
Jump up ^ American Medical Association; American Medical Association (COR); Michelle Abraham; Jay T. Ahlman; Angela J. Boudreau; Judy L. Connelly (30 October 2010). CPT 2011 Professional Edition. American Medical Association Press. ISBN 978-1-60359-217-8. Retrieved 26 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Alexander, Sherri, Pharm.D. (1 November 2003). "Overview of inpatient coding" (PDF). American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy. 60. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 September 2012. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Archived July 20, 2015, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Marie A. Moisio (8 April 2009). Medical Terminology for Insurance and Coding. Cengage Learning. pp. 80–. ISBN 978-1-4283-0426-0. Retrieved 26 May 2011.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-10-05. Retrieved 2016-10-04. , Anesthesia for procedures on the upper abdomen
Jump up ^ AMA coding manual
Jump up ^ CPT 2010
Jump up ^ Centore, Anthony. "2013 CPT Code Revisions". Thriveworks.com. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
Jump up ^ AMA (CPT) CPT Licensing Archived October 21, 2016, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-10-21. Retrieved 2016-10-20.
Jump up ^ http://www.ama-assn.org/ama1/pub/upload/mm/37/2009-annual-report.pdf[dead link]
Jump up ^ AMA (2012). "cpt® Code/Relative Value Search". Retrieved from "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-03-26. Retrieved 2011-07-06. .
External links[edit]
Official site by the AMA
CPT® Process – How a Code Becomes a Code from the AMA
What is CPT® by the AAPC
New Physical Therapy Evaluation Codes
[hide]
v
t
e
Medical classification
Topographical codes
Terminologia
TA
TH
TE
SNOMED T axis
MeSH A axis
Diagnostic codes
general:
ICD
11 (not yet released; in development)
10
9
ICPC-2
DRC
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specialized:
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ILDS
DSM
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Pharmaceutical codes
ATC
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SNOMED C axis
DIN
Outcomes codes
NOC
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text:
United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Department of Justice
U.S. Attorney's Office for the
Southern District of New York
Seal of the United States Department of Justice
Department overview
Department executive
Geoffrey Berman (ad interim), U.S. Attorney
Website
justice.gov/usao/nys/
The United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York is the chief federal law enforcement officer in eight New York counties: Manhattan (New York County), Bronx, Westchester, Putnam, Rockland, Orange, Dutchess and Sullivan.
Geoffrey Berman currently serves as interim United States Attorney, since replacing Acting Attorney Joon Kim on January 5, 2018. Preet Bharara was the district's last confirmed U.S. Attorney, having been appointed under President Barack Obama in 2009.[1] Bharara served until March 11, 2017, when he was fired by President Donald Trump, shortly after refusing to resign upon request.[2] The U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York has jurisdiction over all cases prosecuted by the U.S. Attorney.
The New York Times has called the office "one of New York City's most powerful clubs." Dozens of former assistant U.S. Attorneys who worked there go on to prominent careers both in private practice and at the federal level.[3] Because of the office's resources, pursuit of high-profile cases, independence from presidential administrations and transitions, and tenacity, it is sometimes referred to as the "Sovereign District of New York"[4][5][6][7]—sometimes along with its accompanying FBI field office.[8]
Contents
[hide]
1 Succession
2 Organization
3 List of U.S. Attorneys for the Southern District of New York
4 Notable assistants
5 In popular culture
6 References
7 External links
Succession[edit]
Preet Bharara had taken over the post from Lev L. Dassin, who was acting as the interim U.S. Attorney after Michael J. Garcia, appointed by President George W. Bush in 2005, stepped down in December 2008 to join the partnership of New York law firm Kirkland & Ellis.[9]
Organization[edit]
United States Southern District of New York counties
The Office is organized into divisions handling civil and criminal matters. The Southern District of New York also has two offices: one in Manhattan, and one in White Plains. The Office employs approximately 220 Assistant U.S. Attorneys.[10]
List of U.S. Attorneys for the Southern District of New York[edit]
In 1814, the District of New York was divided into the Northern and the Southern District. The next year, the first U.S. Attorneys for the new districts were appointed.–
Jonathan Fisk: 1815–1819
Robert L. Tillotson: 1819–February 1828
John Duer: February 1828 – April 1829
James A. Hamilton: April 1829 – 1834
William M. Price: 1834 – December 10, 1838
Benjamin F. Butler: December 10, 1838 – 1841
Ogden Hoffman: 1841–1845
Benjamin F. Butler: 1845–1848
Charles McVean: Sept.–Dec. 1848
Lorenzo B. Shepard: Dec. 1848 or Jan. 1849 – April 1849
Jonathan Prescott Hall: April 1849 – 1853
Charles O'Conor: 1853–1854
John McKeon: 1854–1858
Theodore Sedgwick: 1858–1859
James I. Roosevelt: 1859–1861
E. Delafield Smith: April 1861 – April 1865
Daniel S. Dickinson: April 1865 – April 12, 1866
Samuel G. Courtney: April 1866 – April 25, 1869
Edwards Pierrepont: April 25, 1869 – July 20, 1870
Noah Davis: July 20, 1870 – December 31, 1872
George Bliss, Jr.: December 31, 1872 – January 24, 1877
Stewart L. Woodford: January 24, 1877 – March 12, 1883
Elihu Root: March 12, 1883 – July 6, 1885
William Dorsheimer: July 6, 1885 – March 1, 1886
Stephen A. Walker: March 1, 1886 – September 16, 1889
Edward J. Mitchell: September 16, 1889 – February 1, 1894
Henry C. Platt (Acting): February 1, 1894–July 23, 1894
Wallace Macfarlane: July 23, 1894 – January 1898
Henry Lawrence Burnett: January 1898 – January 1906
Henry L. Stimson: January 1906 – April 8, 1909
Henry A. Wise: April 8, 1909 – May 7, 1913
Hudson Snowden Marshall: May 7, 1913 – 1917
Francis Gordon Caffey: 1917 – June 1921
William Hayward: June 1921 – March 2, 1925
Emory Buckner: March 2, 1925 – April 6, 1927
Charles H. Tuttle: April 6, 1927 – September 29, 1930
Robert E. Manley (Acting): September 29, 1930 – January 1931
George Z. Medalie: January 1931 – November 21, 1933
Thomas E. Dewey (Acting): November 22, 1933 – December 26, 1933
Martin Conboy: December 26, 1933 – May 16, 1935
Francis William Holbrooke Adams (Acting): May 16, 1935 – November 20, 1935
Lamar Hardy: November 20, 1935 – March 1939
Gregory Francis Noonan: 1938? – 1939
John T. Cahill: March 1939 – March 1941
Mathias F. Correa (Acting): March 1941 – July 1941
Mathias F. Correa: July 1941 – June 10, 1943
Howard F. Corcoran (Acting): June 10, 1943 – August 2, 1943–
James B. M. McNally August 2, 1943 – October 9, 1944
John F. X. McGohey (Acting): October 9, 1944 – January 1945
John F. X. McGohey: January 1945 – October 1949
Irving Saypol (Acting): October 1949 – April 13, 1950
Irving Saypol: April 13, 1950 – September 18, 1951
Myles J. Lane: September 18, 1951 – April 1, 1953
J. Edward Lumbard: April 1, 1953 – July 11, 1955
Lloyd F. MacMahon (Interim): July 11, 1955 – September 1, 1955
Paul W. Williams: September 1, 1955 – July 9, 1958
Arthur H. Christy (Acting): July 9, 1958 – 1959
S. Hazard Gillespie, Jr.: 1959 – January 31, 1961
Morton S. Robson (Acting): January 31, 1961 – April 18, 1961
Robert M. Morgenthau: April 18, 1961 – 1962 (resigned to run for Governor in New York state election, 1962)
Vincent Lyons Broderick (Acting): 1962
Robert M. Morgenthau: 1962 – January 16, 1970 (re–appointed by President Kennedy)
Whitney North Seymour, Jr.: January 16, 1970 – June 4, 1973
Paul J. Curran: June 4, 1973 – October 31, 1975
Thomas J. Cahill (Interim): October 31, 1975 – March 1, 1976
Robert B. Fiske: March 1, 1976 – 1980
William M. Tendy (Acting): 1980
John S. Martin, Jr.: 1980 – June 3, 1983
Rudolph Giuliani: June 3, 1983 – January 1, 1989
Benito Romano (Interim): January 1, 1989 – October 16, 1989
Otto G. Obermaier : October 16, 1989 – June 1993
Mary Jo White: June 1993 – January 7, 2002
James B. Comey: January 7, 2002 – December 15, 2003
David N. Kelley (Interim): December 15, 2003 – September 2005
Michael J. Garcia: September 2005 – December 1, 2008
Lev L. Dassin (Acting): December 1, 2008 – August 13, 2009
Preet Bharara: August 13, 2009 – March 11, 2017
Joon Kim (Acting): March 11, 2017 – January 3, 2018
Geoffrey Berman (Interim): January 3, 2018-

Notable assistants[edit]
Bob Arum – Boxing promoter
Neil Barofsky – Special Inspector General overseeing the Troubled Asset Relief Program
Bernard Bell – Associate Dean for Academic Affairs, Professor of Law and Herbert Hannoch Scholar at Rutgers School of Law–Newark
Thomas E. Dewey – Governor of New York (1943–1954) and the unsuccessful Republican candidate for the U.S. Presidency in 1944 and 1948
Louis Freeh – former director, Federal Bureau of Investigation
Patrick Fitzgerald – U.S. Attorney, Northern District of Illinois
Felix Frankfurter – Associate Justice, U.S. Supreme Court
Rudolph Giuliani – former Mayor of New York
John Marshall Harlan II – Associate Justice, U.S. Supreme Court
Arthur L. Liman – criminal defense attorney
Michael Mukasey – former U.S. Attorney General
Thomas Francis Murphy – federal prosecutor and judge in New York City; prosecutor in the two perjury trials of Alger Hiss
Mary Grace Quackenbos - first woman to hold this post in the United States
Charles Rangel – U.S. Congressman (D–NY)
Henry Dwight Sedgwick – American lawyer and author
Franklin A. Thomas – former director, Ford Foundation
In popular culture[edit]
In the TV series Billions, a show based on former U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York Preet Bharara's prosecutions against SAC Capital and other hedge funds, Paul Giamatti plays a character based on Bharara.[11]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ For Manhattan's Next U.S. Attorney, Politics and Prosecution Don't Mix, The New York Times, August 9, 2009.
Jump up ^ Haberman, Maggie. "Preet Bharara Is Fired After Refusing to Step Down as U.S. Attorney". The New York Times. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
Jump up ^ A Steppingstone for Law's Best and Brightest, New York Times, January 29, 2009.
Jump up ^ Weiser, Benjamin; Rashbaum, William K. (March 10, 2017). "With Preet Bharara's Dismissal, Storied Office Loses Its Top Fighter". New York Times. In past presidential transitions, the storied office, long known to be so independent of Washington that some people referred to it as the Sovereign District of New York, has in large measure moved forward unaffected by politics.
Jump up ^ Beale, Sara Sun (2011). "What Are the Rules if Everybody Wants to Play?". In Barkow, Anthony S.; Barkow, Rachel E. Prosecutors in the Boardroom: Using Criminal Law to Regulate Corporate conduct. NYU Press. p. 206. ISBN 9780814787038. Finally, in some multijurisdictional cases there have been turf battles rather than cooperation. For example, the U.S. Attorney's Office in the Southern District of New York ..... Press accounts have noted the perception that the "'Sovereign District of New York'...doesn't necessar[il]y play well with others."
Jump up ^ Ashcroft, John (2006). Never Again: Securing America and Restoring Justice. Center Street. p. PT160. ISBN 9780759568730. As U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York (sometimes referred to by Justice Departments insiders as 'the sovereign district' of New York because of its high-profile cases and independence).
Jump up ^ Ragavan, Chitra (March 26, 2001). "The pardon buck stops in New York: U.S. Attorney Mary Jo White takes the lead". U.S. News & World Report. Vol. 130 no. 12. p. 24. The Bush administration has left the answer largely in the hands of White, a registered independent, whose office, because of its legendary independence and tenacity, is known as the 'sovereign district.'
Jump up ^ McDermott, Terry; Meyer, Josh (2012). The Hunt for KSM: Inside the Pursuit and Takedown of the Real 9/11 Mastermind, Khalid Sheikh Mohammed. Little, Brown. p. PT42. ISBN 9780316202732. This was sometimes referred to—mockingly, but enviously, too—as the Sovereign District of New York. It was in many ways a separate fiedfdom from the rest of the Bureau, creating its own rules and procedures. The agent in charge of the office, unlike all but one other agent in charge, held the rank of an assistant director of the entire FBI."
Jump up ^ The Man Who Took Down Spitzer, The Daily Beast, December 9, 2008
Jump up ^ Organization and Operation, U.S. Attorney's Office
Jump up ^ Tallerico, Brian. "Billions Recap: Agents of Chaos". Vulture. Retrieved 2017-04-25.
External links[edit]
United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York Official Website
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Attorney_for_the_Southern_District_of_New_York&oldid=842385301"
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Night of the Scorpion
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"Night of the Scorpion" is a poem by Nissim Ezekiel included the AQA Anthology.It starts in a house at night where it is raining and a scorpion, in order to take some shelter, comes to the house. This poem is about how the scorpion stung the poets mother and how she escaped and the mother's love for her children.
The poem opens in a way that suggests reflection—the speaker remembers (and, is so, older now) the night his mother was stung by a scorpion, which bit the mother because of its predatory impulse, while hiding beneath a bag of rice to escape from the rain. The speaker specifically remembers this night due to this event- namely, the mother getting bitten. The way in which the mother is bitten is also shown in 'flash of diabolic tail'; the speaker manages to suggest that the scorpion is demonic with its "diabolic" tail, and emphasises its speed with the word flash. The scorpion then flees the scene and, thus, risks the rain again. A picture of a religious village is created by what the neighbours do to paralyse the scorpion("buzz the name of God"). Their reason for this is that they believe that as the scorpion moves, his poison moves in the blood of the mother. It is also implied that they live in a caring, close-knit village by the fact that the neighbours feel welcome at all. The speaker is displeased by their arrival, comparing them to flies (unwanted and irritating) as they veritably buzzed around the mother. They tried to provide reasons and many relied on superstition to guess what the problem was. The villagers tried to find the scorpion but they couldn't. By saying," With candles and with lanterns throwing giant scorpion shadows on the sun-baked walls." the speaker is implying there is still evil haunting the house, even after the scorpion had left the house. This could also be implying that the shadows of the various house hold utensils and other items are converted by the brain of the searchers into the shadow of a scorpion- as that is what they are looking for. Many things were tried to help relieve the mother's pain but none worked. The speaker watches, helpless. The speaker's father who was sceptic and rationalist, tried to save his wife by using powder, mixture, herbs, hybrid and even by pouring a little paraffin upon the bitten toe and put a match to it, this reflects to one of the village peasant saying, "May the sins of your previous birth be burned away tonight." Which the father tries to do;Not for burning her sins but to burn away the poison residing inside the mother, which reflects her sins being atoned for. The speaker watches the vain holy man performing his deceptive incantations but he cannot do anything to stop it. The peasants, finally accepting the fate of the mother, try to put a positive spin on the situation by saying that even if the mother died, her next life (An Indian Belief) would be less painful , as she atoning for her future sins by enduring this pain. After twenty hours, the poison loses its sting and the mother is okay. A sign of her prevailing love and affection for her children is shown when she thanks God that she was stung and not her children. It came from a religious background and Nissim wrote this poem trying to give the impression of anger, but also an underlying message of motherly love, along with a hint of culture and superstition..
External links[edit]
AllPoetry
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