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Jimmy Crack Corn
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For the song by Eminem, see Jimmy Crack Corn (Eminem song).
"Jimmy Crack Corn (Blue Tail Fly)"
Song by Virginia Minstrels
Published
1840s[1][2]
Genre
Minstrel, folk
Songwriter(s)
Traditional
"Jimmy Crack Corn" or "Blue Tail Fly" is an American song which first became popular during the rise of blackface minstrelsy in the 1840s through performances by the Virginia Minstrels. It regained currency as a folk song in the 1940s at the beginning of the American folk music revival and has since become a popular children's song. Over the years, several variants have appeared.
Most versions include some idiomatic African English, although sanitized General American versions now predominate. The basic narrative remains intact. On the surface, the song is a black slave's lament over his white master's death in a horseriding accident. The song, however, can be—and is—interpreted as having a subtext of celebration about that death[3][4] and of the slaves having contributed to it through deliberate negligence[5][6] or even deniable action.
Contents
1 Lyrics
2 Melody
3 Meaning
4 History
5 In popular culture
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Lyrics[edit]
This article may contain indiscriminate, excessive, or irrelevant examples. Please improve the article by adding more descriptive text and removing less pertinent examples. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for further suggestions. (March 2017)
Jim Crack Corn or the Blue tail Fly
(1846)[2]
When I was young I us'd to wait
On Massa and hand him de plate;
Pass down de bottle when he git dry,
And bresh away de blue tail fly.
Jim crack corn I don't care,
Jim crack corn I don't care,
Jim crack corn I don't care,
Ole Massa gone away.

Den arter dinner massa sleep,
He bid dis niggar vigil keep;
An' when he gwine to shut his eye,
He tell me watch de blue tail fly.
Jim crack corn &c.

An' when he ride in de arternoon,
I foller wid a hickory broom;
De poney being berry shy
When bitten by de blue tail fly.
Jim crack corn &c.

One day he rode aroun' de farm,
De flies so numerous dey did swarm;
One chance to bite 'im on the thigh,
De debble take dat blu tail fly.
Jim crack corn &c.

De poney run, he jump an' pitch,
An' tumble massa in de ditch;
He died, an' de jury wonder'd why
De verdic was de blue tail fly.
Jim crack corn &c.

Dey laid 'im under a 'simmon tree,
His epitaph am dar to see:
'Beneath this stone I'm forced to lie,
All by de means ob de blue tail fly.
Jim crack corn &c.

Ole massa gone, now let 'im rest,
Dey say all tings am for de best;
I nebber forget till de day I die,
Ole massa an' dat blue tail fly.
Jim crack corn &c.

De hornet gets in your eyes an nose,
De skeeter bites y'e through your close,
De gallinipper sweeten high,
But wusser yet de blue tail fly.
Jim crack corn &c.
De Blue Tail Fly. A Negro Song
(1846)[1]
O when you come in summer time,
To South Carlinar's sultry clime,
If in de shade you chance to lie,
You'll soon find out de blue tail fly,
An scratch 'im wid a brier too.

Dar's many kind ob dese here tings,
From diff'rent sort ob insects springs;
Some hatch in June, an some July,
But August fotches de blue tail fly,
An scratch 'im wid a brier too.

When I was young, I used to wait
On Massa's table an hand de plate;
I'de pass de bottle when he dry,
An brush away de blue tail fly.
An scratch 'im &c.

Den arter dinner massa sleep,
He bid me vigilance to keep;
An when he gwine to shut he eye,
He tell me watch de blue tail fly.
An scratch 'im &c.

When he ride in de arternoon,
I foller wid a hickory broom;
De poney being berry shy,
When bitten by de blue tail fly.
An scratch 'im &c.

One day he rode aroun de farm,
De flies so numerous did swarm;
One chance to bite 'im on de thigh,
De debble take dat blue tail fly.
An scratch 'im &c.

De poney run, he jump, an pitch,
An tumble massa in de ditch;
He died, an de Jury wonder why,
De verdict was, de "blue tail fly."
An scratch 'im &c.

Dey laid 'im under a simmon tree,
His epitaph am dar to see;
Beneath dis stone I'm forced to lie,
All by de means ob de blue tail fly.
An scratch 'im &c.

Ole Massa's gone, now let him rest,
Dey say all tings am for de best;
I neber shall forget till de day I die,
Ole Massa an de blue tail fly.
An scratch 'im &c.

De hornet gets in your eyes an nose,
De skeeter bites y'e through your close,
De gallinipper sweeten high,
But wusser yet de blue tail fly.
An scratch 'im &c.
Jim Crack Com'.
(1847)[12]
I SING about de long-tail blue,
So often you want someting new;
Wid your desire I'll now comply,
An' sing about de blue-tail fly.
Jim Crack com', I don't care,
Jim Crack com', I don't care,
Jim Crack com', I don't care.
Ole Massa well a-day.

When I was home, I used to wait
On Massa—han' him roun' de plate;
I pass'd de bottle when he was dry,
An' brush'd away de blue-tail fly.
Jim Crack com', &c

Ole Massa ride in de arternoon,
I follows him wid a kickeribroom;
De pony rear'd when he was dry,
An' bitten by de blue-tail fly.
Jim Crack com', &c.

De pony jump'd, he rear'd, he pitch'd,
He tumbled Massa in a ditch;
De wonder was he didn't die,
When bitten by de blue-tail fly.
Jim Crack com', &c.

Dey buried him 'neath a simmon tree;
His paragraph is dere, you'll see;
Beneath de shade he's forced to lie,
All by de means ob de blue-tail fly.
Jim Crack com', &c.

Ole Massa's dead, so let him res';
Dey say all tings is for de bes'.
I shall neber forget to de day I die,
Ole Massa an' de blue-tail fly.
Jim Crack com', &c.
Jim Crack Corn! I Don't Care.
(1847)[13]
If you should go in summer time,
To Souf Carolina sultra clime,[15]
And in de shade you chance to lie,
You'll soon find but dat blue tail fly.
Jim crack corn I don't care!
Jim crack corn! I don't care.
For massa me gave away.

When I was young I used to wait,
On massa's table and hand de plate,
I'd pass the bottle when he dry,
An brush away de blue tail fly.
Jim crack, &c.

When ole massa take his sleep,
He bid dis nigga sight to keep,
And when he gows to shut his eye,
He tell me watch dat blue tail fly.
Jim crack, &c.

Ole massa ride in arternoon,
I follow arter wid a hickory broom,
De pony he is bery shy,
Kase he bitten by de blue tail fly.
Jim crack, &c.

De pony run dar jump an pitch,
He trowed ole massa in the ditch,
He died an de Jury all did cry,
Dat de verdict was de blue tail fly.
Jim crack, &c.

Ole massa's dead now let him rest,
Dey say all tings am for de best,
I nebber shall forget till the day I die,
Ole massa and de blue tail fly.
Jim crack, &c.
Jim Crack Corn.
(1848)[16][17][19]
When I was young I used to wait
On Massa and hand him de plate;
Pass down de bottle when he get dry,
And brush away de blue-tail fly.
Jim crack corn I don't care,
Jim crack corn I don't care,
Jim crack corn I don't care,
Ole Massa gone away.

Den arter dinner massa sleep,
He bid dis niggar vigil keep;
An' when he gwine to shut his eye,
He tell me watch de blue-tail fly.
Jim crack corn, &c.

An' when he ride in de arternoon,
I foller wid a hickory broom;
De poney being berry shy,
When bitten by de blue-tail fly.
Jim crack corn, &c.

One day he rode around de farm,
De flies so numerous dey did swarm;
One chance to bite him on the thigh
De debble take dat blue-tail fly.
Jim crack corn, &c.

De poney run, he jump an' pitch,
An tumble massa in de ditc'
He died, an' de jury wonder'd why
De verdic was de blue-tail fly
Jim crack corn, &c.

Dey laid 'im under a 'simmon tree,
His epitaph am dar to see:
'Beneath dis stone I'm forced to lie,
All by de means ob de blue-tail fly.'
Jim crack corn, &c.

Ole massa gone, now let 'im rest,
Dey say all tings am for de best;
I neber forget till de day I die,
Ole massa an' dat blue-tail fly
Jim crack corn, &c.
Blue Tailed Fly.
(c. 1850)[20]
If you should go, in summer time,
To South Carolinar's sultry clime,
An' in de shade you chance to lie,
You'll soon find out de blue tail fly.
An' scratch 'um wid a briar too.

Dar's many kind ob curious tings,
From different sort ob inseck springs;
Some hatch in June an' some July,
But Augus fotches de blue tail fly.
An' scratch 'um wid a briar too.

When I was young I used to wait
On massa table and hand de plate
I'd pass de bottle when he dry,
Den brush away de blue tail fly.
An' scratch 'um wid a briar too.

Den arter dinner massa sleeps,
He bid dis nigga vigils keeps;
An' when he gwine to shut his eye,
He tell me watch de blue tail fly.
An' scratch 'um wid a briar too.

When he ride in de arternoon,
I foller wid a hickory brom;
De pony being berry shy,
When bitten by de blue tail fly.
An' scratch 'um wid a briar too.

One day he rode aroun de farm,
De flies so numerous did swarm,
One chance to bite 'im on de thigh,
De debil take de blue tail fly.
An' scratch 'um wid a briar too.

De pony run he jump anpitch,
An' tumbl'd massa in de ditch;
He died and de jury wondered why—
De verdic was de blue tail fly.
An' scratch 'um wid a briar too.

Dey laid him under a 'simmon tree,
His epitaph am dere to see
'Beneath this stone I'm forced to lie,
All by de means ob de blue tail fly.
An' scratch 'um wid a briar too.

Ole massa's gone, now let 'im rest,
Dey say all tings am for de best;
I neber shall forget till de day I die,
Ole massa an' dat blue tail fly.
An' scratch 'um wid a briar too.

De hornet gets in your eyes and nose,
De skeeter bite you troo your clothes;
De yalla nipper sweeten high,
But wusser yet de blue tail fly.
An' scratch 'um wid a briar too.
From Children of Destiny
(1893)[21]
When I was young, I useter to wait
Behine ole marster, han' he plate,
An' pass de bottle when he dry,
An' bresh away dat blue-tail fly.
Jim, crack corn, I doan' keer,
Jim, crack corn, I doan' keer,
Jim, crack corn, I doan' keer,
Ole—marster's—gone—away!
Melody[edit]
The melody is similar to "Miss Lucy Long" and was originally set for piano accompaniment,[3] although "De Blue Tail Fly" was marketed in Boston as one of "Emmett's Banjo Melodies".[22] The four-part chorus favors a single bass and three tenors: the first and third tenors harmonize in thirds with the second completes the triads or doubles the root, sometimes crossing the melody line.[3] The versions published in 1846 differed rather markedly: "De Blue Tail Fly" is modal (although Lhamar emends its B♭ notation to C minor) and hexatonic; "Jim Crack Corn", meanwhile, is in G major and more easily singable.[3] Its simplicity has made it a common beginner's tune for acoustic guitar.[23] The melody is a chain of thirds (G-B, F♯-A, G-B, [A]-C, B-D, C-E) harmonized a third above and below in the manner of the choruses in Italian opera.[3]
Meaning[edit]
The first verses usually establish that the singer was initially a house slave.[24] He is then charged with protecting the master out of doors—and his horse as well—from the "blue-tailed fly". This is possibly the blue-bottle fly[26] (Calliphora vomitoria[27] or Protophormia terraenovae), but probably the mourning horsefly (Tabanus atratus), a bloodsucking pest with a blue-black abdomen[28] found throughout the American South.[29][30] In this, the singer, ultimately, is unsuccessful; the horse begins to buck, and the master is thrown and killed. A coroner's jury is convened to investigate the master's death, or the singer is criminally charged with that death, but owing to the "blue-tail fly," the slave escapes culpability.
The chorus can be mystifying to modern listeners, but its straightforward meaning is that someone is roughly milling ("cracking") the old master's corn in preparation for turning it into hominy[33] or liquor.[34] There has been much debate, however, over the subtext. In the 19th century, the singer was often considered mournful and despondent at his master's death; in the 20th, celebratory: "Jimmy Crack Corn" has been called "the baldest, most loving account of the master's demise" in American song.[5]
The debate has been further muddled by changes to the refrain over time. Throughout the 19th century, the lines referred to "Jim",[2] "Jim Crack",[12] or "Jim Crack Corn"[37] and lacked any conjunction across the line's caesura; following the rise of highly-syncopated musical genres such as ragtime and jazz, anaptyxis converted the name to "Jimmy" or "Jimmie" and the "and" appeared, both putting more stress on their measures' backbeat. This has obscured some of the possible original meanings: some have argued that—as "Jim" was a generic name for slaves in minstrel songs—the song's "Jim" was the same person as its blackface narrator: Speaking about himself in the 3rd person or repeating his new masters' commands in apostrophe, he has no concern with his demotion to a field hand now that his old master is dead. Another now-obscured possible meaning derives from jim crack being eye dialect[40] for gimcrack ("worthless"[38][41]):[43] The narrator is so overcome with emotion (be it pleasure or sorrow) that he has no concern at all about his gimcrack cracked corn, his substandard rations.[3] Since "corn" was also a common rural American ellipsis and euphemism for "corn whiskey",[45] it could also refer to the slave being so overcome that he has no concern about his rotgut alcohol.[46]
Other suppositions include that "cracking" or "cracking corn" referred to the now-obsolete English and Appalachian slang meaning "to gossip" or "to sit around chitchatting";[47] that the singer is resting from his oversight duties and allowing Jim to steal corn or corn liquor; that "Jim Crack" is simply a synonym for "Jim Crow" by means of the dialectical "crack" to reference the crake; or that it is all code for the old master "Jim" cracking his "corn" (skull) open during his fall. The 1847 version of the song published in London singularly has the lyrics "Jim Crack com’", which could refer to a poor Southern cracker[48] (presumably an overseer or new owner) or a minced oath for Jesus Christ (thus referencing indifference at the Judgment Day); the same version explicitly makes the fly's name a wordplay on the earlier minstrel hit "Long Tail Blue", about a horse. A number of racehorses have been named "Jim Crack" or "Blue Tail Fly" and, in at least one early-20th century variant of the song, it's given as the name of the horse that killed the master,[49] but that is not a common element of the song. (Another uncommon variant appeared in the 1847 Songs of Ireland published in New York: it has the slave being given away by the master.[13])
Explanations of the song based upon "jimmy" or "jimmie" being slaves' slang for crows or mules (here being allowed into the old master's corn fields instead of being chased away) or deriving "jimmy" from "gimme" are unsupported by the existing records. Pete Seeger, for instance, is said to have maintained that the original lyrics were "gimme cracked corn" and referred to a punishment in which a slave's bacon rations were curtailed, leaving him chickenfeed;[50][53] the same lines could also just be asking for the whiskey jug to be passed around. The idea that Jim or Jimmy is "cracking open" a jug of whiskey is similarly unsupported: that phrasal verb is attested at least as early as 1803[54] but initially applied to literal ruptures; its application to opening the cap or cork of a bottle of alcohol was a later development.
History[edit]
The present song is generally credited to Dan Emmett's Virginia Minstrels,[10] whose shows in New York City in the mid-1840s helped raise minstrelsy to national attention.[55] Along with "Old Dan Tucker", the tune was one of the breakout hits of the genre[56] and continued to headline Emmett's acts with Bryant's Minstrels into the 1860s.[55] It was also a common song of Tom Rice's.[57] The song was first published (with two distinct sets of lyrics) in Baltimore and Boston in 1846, although it is sometimes mistakenly dated to 1844.[1] However, as with later rockabilly hits, it is quite possible Emmett simply received credit for arranging and publishing an existing African-American song.[11] The song was certainly picked up by slaves and became widely popular among them.[58] The chorus of the song not uncommonly appeared in the middle of other African-American folk songs, one of which may have been its original source.[59] The song differed from other minstrel tunes in long remaining popular among African Americans: it was recorded by both Big Bill Broonzy and Lead Belly after World War II.
Abraham Lincoln was an admirer of the tune, calling it "that buzzing song". Throughout the 19th century, it was usually accompanied by the harmonica or by humming which mimicked the buzzing of the fly (which on at least one occasion was noted disrupting the parliament of Victoria, Australia.[60]). Lincoln would ask his friend Ward Lamon to sing and play it on his banjo[61] and likely played along on his harmonica.[62] It is said that he asked for it to be played as the lead-in to his address at Gettysburg.[10][11]
Following World War II, the "Blue Tail Fly" was repopularized by the Andrews Sisters' 1947 recording with the folk singer Burl Ives. It then became part of the general Folk Revival through the '50s and early '60s before losing favor to more politically-charged fare, as parodied by Tom Lehrer's "Folk Song Army". A 1963 Time article averred that "instead of... chronicling the life cycle of the blue-tailed fly", the "most sought-after folk singers in the business"—including Pete Seeger, Theodore Bikel, and Bob Dylan—were "singing with hot-eyed fervor about police dogs and racial murder".[63] All the same, Seeger claimed to have been present when Alan Lomax[65] first taught the song to Burl Ives for a CBS radio show[64] and their duet at the 92nd Street Y in New York City in 1993 was Ives' last public performance.[66]
The song has also occurred as instrumentals:
A rock version, "Beatnik Fly", was recorded by Johnny and the Hurricanes in 1960, and released on Warwick Records, catalog number M-520. It charted Billboard number 15 in the US and number 8 in the UK.
A surf version (inspired by "Beatnik Fly"), "Foam And Fiberglass", was recorded by Mike Adams and the Red Jackets[67] on the album Surfers Beat by Crown Records in 1963.[68]
Seeger maintained that the song's subtext gave it a social justice element[50] but began (with 1953's American Folksongs for Children) to perform and market the work as a children's sing-along. Usually under the name "Jimmy Crack Corn", it remains common at campfires and summer camps.[57] It is also sampled in a number of rap songs—including Tuff Crew and Eminem's compositions (both titled "Jimmy Crack Corn")—playing on the present usage of "crack".
In popular culture[edit]
show
Cover versions and musical cameos
1930s: "Blue Tail Fly" on Pinto Pete in Arizona[69]
1944: "The Blue Tail Fly" by Burl Ives (The Wayfaring Stranger)
1946: "The Blue Tail Fly", a single by Riley Shephard
1947: "The Blue Tail Fly", a single by Burl Ives & the Andrews Sisters
1947: "The Blue Tail Fly" by Bradley Kincaid
1948 (rec.): "Blue Tail Fly" by Lead Belly (Leadbelly's Last Sessions)
1948: "Blue Tail Fly", a single by Bob Atcher
1948: "Blue Tail Fly", a single by Homer and Jethro
1949: "Blue Tail Fly", a single by Bradley Kincaid
1950s: "The Blue Tailed Fly" by Doc Hopkins
1951 (rec.): "Blue Tail Fly" by Big Bill Broonzy (Folk Blues)
c. 1953: "Blue Tail Fly" by Jack Arthur (Peter Pan #2255)
1953: "Blue Tail Fly" by Pete Seeger (American Folksongs for Children)
1953: "Blue Tail Fly", a single by Kenneth Lynn & the Cricketone Chorus
1955: "Blue Tail Fly" by the Roger Wagner Chorale (Folk Songs of the New World)
1957: "The Blue Tail Fly" by Milt Okun (America's Best Loved Folk Songs)
1958: "Blue Tail Fly" by Paul Sykes (Great American Folk Songs)
1958: "The Blue Tail Fly" by the Cadet Glee Club of West Point (The Army Way)
1958: "Blue Tail Fly" by Grandma Moses (Christmas with Grandma Moses)
c. 1959: "Blue Tail Fly" by Kate Smith (The Great Kate[70])
1959: "Blue Tail Fly" by Shirley Abicair (Four Favourites)
1959: "Blue Tail Fly" by Edie Adams (Edie Adams Sings? Music to Listen to Records By)
1959: "The Blue Tail Fly" by Mitch Miller and the Gang (Folk Songs: Sing Along with Mitch)
1959: "Pete's Tail-Fly" by Lawrence Welk and His Dixieland Boys (Lawrence Welk Plays Dixieland)
1959: "Blue Tail Fly" by Stuff Smith (Sweet Swingin' Stuff)
1959: "The Blue-Tail Fly" by Yodelin' Slim Clark (Cowboy Songs)
1959: "The Blue Tail Fly" by the Forty-Niners Quartet (Jim Fassett's Hear the Animals Sing & Other Animal Songs)
1960: "Beatnik Fly", an instrumental single by Johnny and the Hurricanes
1960: "Blue Tail Fly" by Rex Trailer and the Playboys (Country and Western)
1960: "Blue Tail Fly" by Sy Oliver and His Orchestra (Oliver's Twist)
1960: "The Blue Tail Fly", a single by Denis Gibbons
1960: "The Blue Tail Fly" by Jimmie Blaine (Cowboy Songs for Children)
c. 1960: "Blue Tail Fly" by the Range Hands (Western Hootenanny!)
c. 1960: "Blue Tail Fly" by the Idlers (Hootenanny with the Idlers of the Coast Guard Academy Cadets)
1960s: "Blue Tail Fly" by Rudy Vallée (The Good Old Songs with Selections by the Old Timers)
1961: "Blue Tail Fly" by Win Stracke (Songs of Early Times)
1961: "The Blue Tail Fly" by Henry Jerome and His Orchestra (Brazen Brass New Sounds in Folk Music)
1962: "I Don't Care" by The Smothers Brothers (The Two Sides of the Smothers Brothers)
1962: "The Blue Tail Fly" by the Johnny Mann Singers (Golden Folk Song Hits)
1962: "Jimmy Crack Corn" by Graham McCarthy (Best Loved Folk Songs)
1962: "Blue Tail Fly" by the Ventures (Twist Party)
1962: "The Blue Tail Fly" by Tex Morris and the Ranchers (Way Out West)
1962: "Blue Tail Fly" by the Living Voices (Sing Along with the Living Voices)
1963: "Blue Tail Fly" by the Harold Land Quintet (Jazz Impressions of Folk Music)
1963: "The Blue Tail Fly" by Men of Song (Folk Hits by Men of Song)
1963: "The Blue Tail Fly" by the Folk Singer (eponymous)
1964: "Jimmy Crack Corn" by Pete Seeger (Freight Train)
1964: "Blue Tail Fly" by 'Les Carle' (Where Have All the Flowers Gone)
1964: "Carolina Blue Tail Fly" by the Village Stompers (Around the World with the Village Stompers)
1964: "The Blue Tail Fly" by the Gregg Smith Singers (American Folk Songs)
1964: "The Blue-Tail Fly" by Mantovani and His Orchestra (Folk Songs around the World)
1964: "The Blue Tail Fly" by Reg Lindsay (Country and Western Singalong)
1964: "Blue Tail Fly" by Rusty Adams and Buzz Wilson (Country Hits Made Famous By Johnny Cash and Marty Robbins)
1965: "Blue Tail Fly" by the Sound Stage Chorus (Favorite Songs from Walt Disney's Mary Poppins)
1965: "Blue Tail Fly" by the Charleston Trio (Let's Go Folksy!)
1965: "The Blue-Tail Fly" (The Wonderful World of Music for Children)
1965: "Blue Tail Fly" by the Beechmonts (The Beechmonts in a Concert of Folk Songs)
1965: "La mouche bleue" by Graeme Allwright
1966: "Blue Tail Fly", a single by the Hillbilly Bears
1967: "Blue Tail Fly" by the Renfro Valley Pioneers (Merle Travis, also starring The Renfro Valley Pioneers)
1967: "Blue Tail Fly" by Hylo Brown and His Timberliners (Rural Rhythm Presents Hylo Brown)
1968: "Blue Tail Fly" by Frank Saunders (Country & Western Music Jamboree)
1969: "Blue Tail Fly" by the Richard Wolfe Children's Chorus (Yellow Submarine and Other Big Hits for Little People)
1970: "Blue Tail Fly" by the Moody Five (Blues-Rock Festival '70)
1970: "Blu-Tail Fly" by Nils Tibor (Non-Stop Hammond Dancing)
1971: "Blue Tail Fly" by the Band of the Royal International Guards (Ceremonial Music of the Band)
1972: "Blue Tail Fly" by the Merry Singers (The Candy Man and Other Delicious Sweets)
1972: "Blue Tail Fly" (The Great Welsh Male Voice Tradition)
1973: "De Debil Take de Blue-Tail Fly" by Chris Thompson (eponymous)
1973: "Blue Tail Fly" by Orchester Kay Webb (Trompeten-Träume in Gold)
1973: "The Blue Tail Fly" by Mr. Pickwick's Minstrel Show (eponymous)
1973: "Blue Tail Fly" by the Longines Symphonette (Folk Songs of the World)
1975: "Ballad of the Blue-Tail Fly" by Bryan Chalker (Songs & Ballads)
1976: "Blue Tail Fly" by Mass Production ("Mass Production Celebrates American Music)
1976: "Blue Tail Fly" by Kate Smith (Happy Birthday to America!)
1976: "Blue-Tail Fly" by Michael Cooney (Steamboat's a-Comin')
1977: "Jim Crack Corn" by Mike Seeger (American Folk Songs for Children)
1977: "The Blue Tailed Fly" by Johnny Richardson (Sing Along, Clap Along with Johnny Richardson)
1977: "The Blue-Tail Fly Calypso" by Pat Arthur (As Cozy as an English Pub)
1977: "De Blue Tail Fly!" by Chris Thompson (Minstrelsy)
1978: "Jimmy Crack Corn" by Liberty Belle (Yankee Doodle Disco)
1978: "Blue Tail Fly" by Disco Connection (eponymous)
1978: "Blue Tail Fly" by Johnny Puleo (Let the Good Times in with Honky Tonk Piano)
1979: "Blue-Tail Fly (Jimmy Crack Corn)" by Larry Groce (Disney's Children's Favorites)
1982: "Blue Tail Fly" by Michael Stevens (Country and Western)
1983: "Blue Tail Fly" by the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra (Hooked on Classics 3 – Journey through the Classics)
1984: "Blue Tail Fly" by Rich Abao (Der Jäger aus Churpfalz)
1985 (rec.): "Jimmy Crack Corn" by REM (Hail! Hail! Rock & Roll)
1986: "Jimmy Crack Corn" by Jackie Pack (Cookies, Critters, & Bears)
1987: "Jimmy Crack Corn" by Earl Robinson (Songs of the Working People)
1987 (rec.): "Jimmy Crack Corn" by Rick Danko (Live at Dylan's Cafe)
1991: "Olga Crack Corn", an instrumental by the Toy Dolls (Fat Bob's Feet)
1991: "Jimmy Crack Corn" by Oscar Brand (I Sing, You Sing, We All Sing)
1994: "The Blue Tail Fly" by Roaring Lion (Sacred 78's)
2008: "Jimmy Crack Corn (The Blue-Tail Fly)" by Tom Glazer (Tom Glazer Sings Honk-Hiss-Tweet-GGGGGGGGGG and Other Children's Favorites)
2010: "The Blue Tail Fly" by Frank Macchia (Folk Songs for Jazzers)
Musical cameos
1867: "Augustus the Much and Evelina the Mucher" by Tony Pastor (Tony Pastor's Book of Six Hundred Comic Songs and Speeches)
1962: "Shticks and Stones" by Allan Sherman (My Son, the Folk Singer)
Gimme Jack Cohen and I don't care...
1965: "The Folk Song Army" by Tom Lehrer (That Was the Year That Was)
There are innocuous folk songs,
But we regard 'em with scorn.
The folks who sing 'em have no social conscience.
Why, they don't even care if Jimmy crack corn.
1976: "Sing Me an Old Fashioned Song" by Billie Jo Spears
1991: "Jimmy Crack Corn" by Tuff Crew (Still Dangerous)
1993: "Jimmy Crack Corn" by Raw Breed (Lune Tunz)
2005: "Duffer St. George" by the Fiery Furnaces (EP)
Duffer St. George and I don't care...
2006: "Jimmy Crack Corn" by Eminem
2010: "Esme" by Joanna Newsom (Have One on Me)
It's a beautiful town
With the rain coming down
Blackberry, rosemary,
Jimmy-crack-corn
show
Film and television
American Dad!: In the "American Dream Factory" episode (#3.11, January 28, 2007), Roger forms a rock band which only performs public domain songs, including a version of "Jimmy Crack Corn", which ends with a musical quote of "And we don't care" from the Sex Pistols' song "Pretty Vacant".
The Ballad of the Sad Cafe: Miss Amelia (Vanessa Redgrave) sings the song in an opening scene, contrasting her secular nature with the local preacher (Rod Steiger)'s rendition of the spiritual "In the Garden".
Father Ted: In the episode "Think Fast, Father Ted", Father Liam is seen dancing to the song when Ted tries to borrow his car for the raffle.
iCarly: In the episode "I Hatch Chicks", Spencer sings a variant.
Inside Llewyn Davis: Roland Turner tells Llewyn that he would commit suicide if he had to play the song every night.
The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis: In the episode "Blue-Tail Fly" (#3.13), a folk trio is singing the song outside of Mr. Pomfritt's (William Schallert) Political Science class.
Peewee's Big Adventure: Peewee and a hobo sing the song while drinking and riding in an open boxcar; the tune drives Peewee mad and he jumps from the train.
Scrubs: In the 2nd season's 8th episode, Turk impersonates Neil Diamond singing the song.
Seinfeld: In the episode "The Bottle Deposit" (132), George recites the chorus.
Whose Line is it Anyway?: When asked to hold a news conference for a trivial reason, Wayne Brady offers "I'm here to report Jimmy is no longer cracking corn and I do care."
show
Animation and comics
Warner Bros.: In the short Lumber Jack-Rabbit, Bugs Bunny sings the song in his New York accent.
The Simpsons: In the episode "Kill the Alligator and Run", Homer Simpson sings a variant.
South Park: In the episode "Spookyfish", Officer Barbrady sings the chorus.
Futurama: In the episode "Bendin' in the Wind", Bender sings a variant replacing "Jimmy" with "Fry, Leela, and Bender".
American Dad: In the episode "American Dream Factory", Roger sings a rock-and-roll variant.
Pinky and the Brain: One response to the question "Are you pondering what I'm pondering?" is "I think so, Brain, but if Jimmy cracks corn and nobody cares why does he keep doing it?"
Napoleon Dynamite (the television series): One response to Pedro's song is that the listener liked it better than "Jimmy Crack Corn" or "Old MacDonald Had a Farm".
Bizarro (comic strip): A police officer presents Jimmy to a banjo-strumming farmer with the words "I caught this little rascal crackin' your corn again" only to be reminded "How many times I gotta tell you, sheriff? I DON'T CARE!"
show
Fiction
Children of Destiny (1893) by Molly Seawell: black laborers on a Virginian plantation sing and dance to the song as they harvest.
show
Advertising
E & J Gallo Winery: A commercial jingle in the 1960s replaced the chorus with "Gallo makes wine with loving care, especially for you."
Cingular Wireless: A commercial in December 2006, raised some controversy when a character having a conversation with "Jim" begins referring to him by every nickname he can think of ("Jimbo... Jimmy boy... Jimmy crack corn..."). Following "a half dozen complaints", Cingular edited out the sequence.[71]
See also[edit]
"Shoo, Fly, Don't Bother Me!"
"Polly, Wolly, Doodle", another minstrel song still sung by American children
Slave Songs of the United States
Songs of the Underground Railroad
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d "De Blue Tail Fly" was published by both Keith's Music House[7] and Oliver Ditson[8] in Boston in 1846, but Eric Lott (citing Hans Nathan[9]) gives the version a date of 1844.[5] This probably refers to Christy's Minstrels' Ethiopian Glee Book, which has sometimes been mistakenly attributed to 1844; in fact, that series did not begin publishing until 1847 and did not include Christy's version of this song until its 1848 edition.[10][11]
^ Jump up to: a b c The Virginia Minstrels, No. 5. "Jim Crack Corn or the Blue tail Fly, Composed for the Piano Forte". F.D. Benteen (Baltimore), 1846. Hosted by the Temple Sheet Music Collections at the Temple University Libraries. Accessed July 1, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Mahar, William J. Behind the Burnt Cork Mask: Early Blackface Minstrelsy and Antebellum American Popular Culture, pp. 234 ff. University of Illinois Press (Champaign), 1999.
Jump up ^ Harris, Middleton & al. The Black Book, 35th ann. ed., p. 32. Random House (New York), 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c Lott, Eric. Love and Theft: Blackface Minstrelsy and the American Working Class, pp. 199–200. Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1993. ISBN 0-19-509641-X.
Jump up ^ Friedman, Alfred B. (ed.). The Viking Book of Folk Ballads of the English Speaking World cited in "Jimmy Crack…" at Mudcat.org.
Jump up ^ "De Blue Tail Fly." Keith's Music Publishing House (Boston), 1846. Reprinted in Mahar, pp. 237 f.[3]
Jump up ^ "De Blue Tail Fly. A Negro Song." Oliver Ditson (Boston), 1846. Hosted in Pre-1852 Minstrel Songs at Uncle Tom's Cabin & American Culture at the University of Virginia. Accessed July 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ Nathan, Hans. Dan Emmett and the Rise of Early Negro Minstrelsy, pp. 429–431. University of Oklahoma Press (Norman), 1962.
^ Jump up to: a b c Place, Jeff & al. "Blue Tail Fly" (liner notes). American Favorite Ballads, Vol. 1. Smithsonian Folkways, 2002.
^ Jump up to: a b c Fuld, James J. The Book of World-Famous Music: Classical, Popular, and Folk, 5th ed., p. 312. Dover Publications (New York), 2000.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Jim Crack com’" in The Vauxhall Comic Song-book, pp. 202–203.
^ Jump up to: a b Songs of Ireland and Other Lands; Being a Collection of the Most Popular Irish, Sentimental and Comic Songs, pp. 271 f. D. & J. Sadlier & Co. (New York), 1847.
^ Jump up to: a b c Scarborough, Dorothy. On the Trail of Negro Folk-Songs, pp. 200 ff. Harvard University Press (Cambridge), 1925. Hosted at Archive.org. Accessed 3 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Dorothy Scarborough's 1925 On the Trail of Negro Folk-Songs records a variant replacing "South Carolina" with "old Virginia".[14]
Jump up ^ 'Chaff, Gumbo'. The Ethiopian Glee Book: Containing the Songs Sung by the Christy Minstrels, with Many Other Popular Negro Melodies, in Four Parts, Arranged for Quartett Clubs, No. 2, p. 64. Elias Howe (Boston), 1848.
Jump up ^ Sometimes mistakenly attributed to 1844.[1]
Jump up ^ Minstrel Songs, Old and New, a Collection of World-Wide, Famous Minstrel and Plantation Songs, Including the Most Popular of the Celebrated Foster Melodies; Arranged with Piano-Forte Accompaniment, p. 211. Oliver Ditson (Boston), 1882.
Jump up ^ With some minor change of punctuation, this is the version that was republished by Oliver Ditson in subsequent song books.[18]
Jump up ^ "Blue Tailed Fly." in Christy's Nigga Songster, Containing Songs As Are Sung by Christy's, Pierce's, White's Sable Brothers, & Dumbleton's Band of Minstrels, pp. 45–47. T.W. Strong (New York), c. 1850. Hosted in Pre-1852 Minstrel Songs at Uncle Tom's Cabin & American Culture at the University of Virginia. Accessed July 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ Seawell, Molly E. Children of Destiny, p. 2. D. Appleton & Company (New York), 1893.
Jump up ^ The Boston Musical Gazette, Vol. I: 1846, p. 62: "New Music by C.H. Keith". A.N. Johnson (Boston), 1846.
Jump up ^ John Pearse's 1963 Teach Yourself Folk Guitar, e.g., uses the tune as its first two lessons, on tuning the guitar and performing basic scratch.
Jump up ^ The Traditional Ballad Index: "The Blue Tail Fly [Laws I19]".
Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary. "Appeals: blue-arsed fly" 27 Sept 2012. Accessed 8 Jul 2014.
Jump up ^ The blue-bottle fly now appears in British proverbs as the "blue-arsed fly" but this name does not seem to predate the 20th century.[25]
Jump up ^ See, e.g., Kirkland, A.H. Letter of 20 Sept 1897 in the "Report of the Commissioners on Inland Fisheries and Game for the Year Ending December 31, 1897", p. 12. Wright & Potter Printing (Boston), 1898.
Jump up ^ Eaton, Eric R.; Kenn Kaufman. (2007). "Deer flies and horse flies". Kaufman Field Guide to Insects of North America. Hillstar Editions. p. 284. ISBN 0-618-15310-1.
Jump up ^ Murphree, Steve. (2006). "Learn to live with and respect horse flies and deer flies" (PDF). The Tennessee Conservationist. 72 (4). Archived from the original (PDF) on April 23, 2009.
Jump up ^ Mullens, Bradley A.; Lance Durden. (2009). "Horse flies and deer flies (Tabanidae)". In Gary Mullen (ed.). Medical and Veterinary Entomology. Academic Press. pp. 254–267 (254). ISBN 0-12-372500-3. CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Cooper, James Fenimore. The Last of the Mohicans, Ch. xxviii.
Jump up ^ Cooper, James Fenimore. The Prairie, Ch. ii.
Jump up ^ See, e.g., James Fenimore Cooper's notes using the expression "cracked corn" to explain succotash in The Last of the Mohicans[31] and a hominy-mortar in The Prairie.[32]
Jump up ^ See, e.g, Foote, Elmer. Elmer L. Foote Lantern Slide Collection. "Corn Cracking (Step in Moonshine)". c. 1915.
Jump up ^ Sharp, J.W. (ed.). "Jim Crack Corn" in The Vauxhall Comic Song-book, p. 92. Lewis & Son (London), 1847.
Jump up ^ Eppes, Susan B. Through Some Eventful Years, p. 205, "1 Sept 1863". J.W. Burke (Macon), 1926. Accessed 2 Jul 2014.
Jump up ^ As early as the next year (1847), a minstrel song devoted to the travails of Jim Crack Corn's wedding day appeared in the same London songbook as the first British version of "Jimmy Crack Corn",[35] which is given as "Jim Crack com'".[12] Susan Eppes's diary of her Civil War years reports he also appeared as a figure in Southern nursery rhymes: "This dress, you must know, is 'made of Mammy's old one' like Jim Crack Corn's coat—Little Diary, I am afraid you do not know very much of Mother Goose."[36]
^ Jump up to: a b Oxford English Dictionary, 1st ed. "gimcrack, n. and adj." Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1899.
Jump up ^ Chambers's Twentieth Century Dictionary. "Jimcrack". W. & R. Chambers (London), 1908.
Jump up ^ The British Oxford English Dictionary dates the variant spelling to the 17th century[38] but the American Chambers's Twentieth Century Dictionary still included it as a separate entry as late as 1908.[39]
Jump up ^ Farmer, John & al. Slang and Its Analogues Past and Present, Vol. III: Fla–Hyps. 1893.
Jump up ^ Clemens, Samuel (Mark Twain). The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Ch. xxvi. Chatto & Windus (London), 1884.
Jump up ^ In its noun sense of "trinket" or "bauble", it appears in Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn: "There was an old hair trunk in one corner, and a guitar-box in another, and all sorts of little knickknacks and jimcracks around, like girls brisken up a room with.[42]
Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary, 1st ed. "corn, n.¹ Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1893.
Jump up ^ Attested by the Oxford English Dictionary as occurring by 1820.[44]
Jump up ^ Kroes, John. Cracked. "5 Terrifying Origin Stories Behind Popular Children's Songs". 21 Sept 2012. Accessed 6 Jul 2014.
Jump up ^ Adams, Cecil. The Straight Dope. "Who is Jimmy, and why does he crack corn?" 30 Oct 1998. Accessed 6 Jul 2014.
Jump up ^ A usage attested as early as the 18th century.
Jump up ^ From Dorothy Scarborough's On the Trail of Negro Folk-Songs, credited to Garnett Eskew of West Virginia:[14]
I won't forgit till de day I die
How Master rode de blue-tail fly.
Dat pony r'ar, dat pony kick,
An' flinged old Master in de ditch.
^ Jump up to: a b Peterson, Pete. "RE: Jimmy Crack Corn and I Don't Care" on Mudcat. Accessed January 2, 2006.
Jump up ^ Atkinson, Edward. "Food and Land Tenure" in Popular Science Monthly, Vol. 59. Oct 1901.
Jump up ^ As, for instance, in Mabel Hawley's Four Little Blossoms at Brookside Farm (Ch. viii, p. 84).
Jump up ^ In fact, cracked corn in the form of hominy or grits was (and remains) a Southern staple,[51] but the rougher milling involved in its production has associated it with livestock in other regions.[52]
Jump up ^ Mitchill, Samuel & al. The Medical Repository, and Review of American Publications on Medicine, Surgery, and the Auxiliary Branches of Science, Vol. VI. T. & Y. Swords (New York), 1803.
^ Jump up to: a b "Dan Emmett" in The Encyclopedia of New York City, 2nd ed.
Jump up ^ Hi Fi/Stereo Review, Vol. 18, p. 55. Ziff-Davis, 1967.
^ Jump up to: a b Lhamon, W.T. Jr. Jump Jim Crow: Lost Plays, Lyrics, and Street Prose of the First Atlantic Popular Culture, p. 21. Harvard University Press (Cambridge), 2003.
Jump up ^ Adler, Mortimer J. The Negro in American History, Vol. III: "Slaves and Masters, 1567—1854", p. 52. Encyclopædia Britannica, 1969.
Jump up ^ See, e.g., Scarborough, p. 224, where it appears in "My Ole Mistis":
My ol' master promised me
When he died he'd set me free.
Now ol' master dead and gone
An' lef' dis Nigger a-hoein' up corn.
Jim crack corn, I don't care...
Jump up ^ Victoria. Parliamentary Debates, Vol. XXXII: Session 1879–80, p. .1961: "November 25, 1879". John Ferres (Melbourne), 1880.
Jump up ^ Wright, John. The Language of the Civil War, p. 35: "Blue Tail Fly". Greenwood Publishing.
Jump up ^ Erbsen, Wayne. Front Porch Songs, Jokes, & Stories: 48 Great Southern Sing-Along Favorites, p. 10. 1993.
Jump up ^ "They Hear America Singing Archived July 14, 2014, at the Wayback Machine." in Time. July 19, 1963. Accessed July 2, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Seeger, Peter. American Favorite Ballads. Music Sales (New York), 1961.
Jump up ^ Seeger related that Lomax claimed to have learnt the song from Dorothy Scarborough's collection[64] On the Trail of Negro Folk-songs.[14]
Jump up ^ Holden, Stephen. "The Cream of Folk, Reunited for a Cause" in The New York Times, C 15. May 19, 1993.
Jump up ^ "Reverb Central .:. Review .:". www.reverbcentral.com.
Jump up ^ "Mike Adams And The Red Jackets – Surfer's Beat". Discogs.
Jump up ^ Pinto Pete in Arizona, Ep. 5. Hosted at Archive.org.
Jump up ^ PRI Records: SPL-2.
Jump up ^ "Cingular Pulls Ad After Racism Complaints". CBS Broadcasting Inc. December 16, 2006. Archived from the original on December 12, 2008. Retrieved November 16, 2008.
External links[edit]
Full lyrics of Dorothy Scarborough's 1925 account in On the Trail of Negro Folk-Songs at Archive.org
Full lyrics of Burl Ives's 1947 version at MetroLyrics
"Jimmy Crack Corn", a modern version recorded in From My People: 400 Years of African American Folklore (Google Books)
"The Blue Tail Fly [Laws I19]" at the Traditional Ballad Index
Lyr Add: (De) Blue Tail Fly discussion on Mudcat.org gives several variants of title and lyrics, early publication information; its links include numerous other discussions of the song. Accessed September 10, 2005.
Jimmy Crack Corn – Man or Myth discussion on Mudcat.org includes discussion of lyrics, cites further sources. Accessed September 10, 2005.
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text:
East Chapel Hill High School
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East Chapel Hill High School
Address
500 Weaver Dairy Road
Chapel Hill, North Carolina
United States
Information
Type
Public
Established
August 20, 1996
School district
CHCCS
Principal
Eileen Tully
Faculty
195
Grades
9–12
Gender
Coeducational
Enrollment
1,409
Color(s)
Black and silver
Mascot
Wildcats
Accreditation
SACS
National ranking
88th (Newsweek)[1]
Yearbook
Eurus
Website
http://echhs.chccs.k12.nc.us/
All data from school website/handbook.[2]
Coordinates: 35°57′39″N 79°01′45″W / 35.9607°N 79.0292°W / 35.9607; -79.0292
East Chapel Hill High School ("East") is a public high school in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. It is the second high school of the Chapel Hill-Carrboro City Schools district, which also contains Chapel Hill High School and Carrboro High School. The total enrollment in the 2013-2014 school year was 1,409 with 48% minority students.[3]
Although East previously ranked within the top 100 of American public high schools on U.S. News, reaching as high as #23, it has not appeared on the list since the 2009–2010 school year due to being disqualified by achievement gaps.[4] In 2012, it ranked #88 in Newsweek's "America's Best High Schools 2012."[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Academics
1.1 Competitions
2 Demographics
3 Athletics
4 Alumni association
5 Hostage crisis
6 Notable alumni
7 References
8 External links
Academics[edit]
East is a highly competitive school in which students typically score above the national average on standardized tests. In the 2010 school year the median weighted GPA was 3.91, and the median SAT score was 1809, compared to the state average of 1485. Also, 614 students participated in Advanced Placement (AP) examinations with 79% of all scores above a 3.[6] The school scored the 2nd highest average SAT score in the Raleigh Durham area (behind Raleigh Charter High) in 2012 with 141 students taking the test and scoring and average of 1858. In 2010, the average was also 1858.[7]
Competitions[edit]
East has consistently performed strongly in academic competitions. In both 2009 and 2010, East was a finalist in the International Space Settlement Design Competition. East also placed 1st in both 2011 and 2012's North Carolina Ethics Bowl competitions, and both 1st and 2nd in 2013 and 2014 North Carolina Ethics Bowl and 1st in 2014 Ethics Bowl Nationals.[8] In 2012, East hosted the first North Carolina tournament for the National History Bee and Bowl, in which East teams placed 1st in both Junior Varsity and Varsity divisions,[9] and the 1st and 2nd places in the Varsity division Bee went to East players.[10] In Science Olympiad, East has placed in the top 5 in North Carolina from 2011-2014 including many notable first and second placements in various events.[11] In 2012, an East contestant in Model United Nations placed 2nd in the West Triangle chapter competition, while both 1st and 2nd prizes went to East students in the 2011 competition.[12]
From 2011–13, East was also a major national factor in high school quiz bowl competitions. At the 2012 NAQT high school national championship tournament, East tied for 13th place overall in the playoffs, with individuals ranked #31 and 43.[13] Two members were also named to the North Carolina All-Star Team, which placed 7th overall in the 2012 NASAT. East finished with a year-end ranking[14] of 14, the highest of any team from North Carolina. East came back from the loss of their top scorer to exceed their previous performance, tying for 8th place in the 2013 HSNCT, with the #11-ranked individual.
Demographics[edit]
According to 2014–2015 school statistics, 53% of the school's student body is white, 11% is African American, 11% is Hispanic, and 19% is Asian. 48% of the student body is male and 52％ is female. Over the same time period, out of a total of 1411 students 27.1% (383 students) were in the 9th grade, 24.7% (349 students) were in the 10th grade, 24.2% (342) were in the 11th grade and 23.9% (337 students) were in the 12th grade. There were a total of 86 teachers making for a 1:16 ratio of teachers to students.[15]
Athletics[edit]
Athletic programs make up a large part of student life at East, and East's teams have been highly competitive and successful every year since the school's inception in 1996. East fields teams in sports across the board. Fall sports include: football, men's soccer, women's tennis, field hockey, volleyball, cheerleading, women's golf, and men's and women's cross country. Winter sports include: men's and women's swimming and diving, men's and women's basketball, wrestling, cheerleading, and Men's and Women's Indoor Track and Field. Spring sports include men's tennis, baseball, softball, men's and women's track & field, men's golf, women's soccer, and men's and women's lacrosse. Since 1996, East teams have won many NC state, regional, conference, and individual championships. As of Fall 2004, East's women's tennis team had won 7 3A State Championships in a row. In the spring of 2008 the men's tennis team won the 4A state championships. In 2005, Sports Illustrated named East Chapel Hill the best sports high school in North Carolina.[16] In the fall of 2015 the field hockey team won the NCFHA State Championship for the eighth year in a row but finished fourth in their 2016 season losing to rival Chapel Hill High School . The East men's lacrosse program has also won 2 state championships and was runner up three times in the past ten years.[17] The women's lacrosse program has won four state championships in six appearances since the program's inception, including three consecutive titles from 2002 to 2004; the most recent state title was won in 2013.[18]
The mascot is the Wildcat, in keeping with the school system's theme of big cats for high school mascots.
The school has a rivalry with the nearby Chapel Hill High School.[19]
Alumni association[edit]
Proposals for the creation of an alumni association for East began in fall of 2007. These efforts took off in 2009 with the drafting of organizational bylaws, the creation of a Board of Directors, and the launching of a website.
Hostage crisis[edit]
On April 24, 2006, eighteen-year-old student W.B. Foster held both teacher Lisa Kukla, and a student hostage with a shotgun, a hunting knife, and a pistol. After more than an hour, Lisa Kukla was able to talk Foster out of harming her or the student. Instead, Foster fired a shot through the window and fled, but was later turned in to the police. It's unknown why Foster held those two hostage, since he was never taught by Kukla, and didn't seem to know the student. In June 2007, Foster was sentenced to five years of probation, because his attorneys said he had schizophrenia.[20]
Notable alumni[edit]
Anoop Desai '04 – American Idol top 6 finalist.[21][22]
Michelle Kasold '05 – Olympic field hockey striker.[23]
Nick McCrory '09 – bronze medalist in synchronized diving at the 2012 Summer Olympics.[23]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ America's Best High Schools Archived October 16, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.. The Daily Beast (2011-06-19). Retrieved on 2011-10-18.
Jump up ^ "2007–2008 Profile" (PDF). East Chapel Hill High School. Retrieved 2008-06-04. [dead link]
Jump up ^ "East Chapel Hill High". US News. 2014. Archived from the original on 2015-08-21. Retrieved February 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ East Chapel Hill High School | Best High Schools. U.S. News (2011-01-31). Retrieved on 2011-10-18.
Jump up ^ America's Best High Schools Archived May 21, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.. The Daily Beast (2012-05-20). Retrieved on 2012-5-27.
Jump up ^ Academic Information. East Chapel Hill High School. April 6, 2008
Jump up ^ deBruyn, Jason. "High schools with highest SAT scores in Raleigh-Durham area". Triangle Business Journal.
Jump up ^ Spring 2012 North Carolina High School Ethics Bowl Archived 2013-02-23 at the Wayback Machine. Parr Center for Ethics, 2012
Jump up ^ Current 2011-2012 State Bowl Results Archived 2012-06-04 at the Wayback Machine.. National History Bowl, 3-17-12
Jump up ^ North Carolina 2012. National History Bee, 3-17-12
Jump up ^ Tournament Results. North Carolina Science Olympiad, 4-28-2012.
Jump up ^ Announcements of the West Triangle Chapter of UNA-USA
Jump up ^ 2012 High School National Championship Team Standings. National Academic Quiz Tournaments, 5-27-2012.
Jump up ^ Post-Nationals Rankings - Top 150. High school quiz bowl rankings, 6-30-2012.
Jump up ^ East Chapel Hill High School – Chapel Hill, North Carolina/NC. Public School Review. Retrieved on 2017-06-16.
Jump up ^ "Best Sports High Schools By State (cont.)". CNN.
Jump up ^ Stats Leaders. Eastlacrosse.com. Retrieved on 2011-10-18.
Jump up ^ [1]. newsobserver.com. Retrieved on 2013-5-30.
Jump up ^ Rivalry reign in lacrosse. YouthLacrosseUSA. March 14, 2004
Jump up ^ High School Kidnapper Draws 5 Years' Probation. WRAL.com. Retrieved on 2011-10-18.
Jump up ^ UNC News Release
Jump up ^ Hooley, Danny. "American Idol contestant Anoop Desai gets a warm, if restricted, reception back in Chapel Hill". Retrieved 7 November 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "ECHHS Alumni Participate in 2012 Olympics". 31 July 2012. Retrieved 7 November 2015.
External links[edit]
Official website
Athletics
East Chapel Hill High on "Public School Review"
Alumni Association webpage
The ECHO – The School Newspaper
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Elephant joke
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (September 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
An elephant joke is a joke, almost always an absurd riddle or conundrum and often a sequence of such, that involves an elephant. Elephant jokes were a fad in the 1960s, with many people constructing large numbers of them according to a set formula. Sometimes they involve parodies or puns.[1][2][3]
Eleven examples of elephant jokes are:[1][3]
Q: Why did the elephant paint its fingernails red?
A: So it could hide in a cherry tree.
Q: What is the size of an elephant but doesn't weigh a thing?
A: Its shadow.
Q: How can you tell that an elephant is in the bathtub with you?
A: By the smell of peanuts on its breath.
Q: How can you tell if there's an elephant in your refrigerator?
A: Just look for footprints in the cheesecake. (P.S. If you can't find the cheesecake, just ask the elephant for assistance!)
Q: What time is it when an elephant sits on your fence?
A: Time to build a new fence.
Q: What's red and white on the outside and gray on the inside?
A: A can of Campbell's Cream of Elephant Soup.
Q: What do you get when you cross peanut butter with an elephant?
A: Either peanut butter that never forgets or an elephant that sticks to the roof of your mouth.
Q: What is Herbie the Elephant's middle name?
A: The.
Q: Why does an elephant have round flat feet?
A: So that it can walk across lily pads.
Q: Why don't elephants ever wear army boots?
A: Because their ballet slippers are far more comfortable.
Q: What happens if an elephant burps while driving you to school?
A: Nothing really. Just be glad, for it could have been a lot worse!
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Structure
2.1 As a riddle
2.2 Series of elephant jokes
3 Symbolism
4 See also
5 References
5.1 Specific
5.2 General
6 Further reading
History[edit]
In 1960, L.M. Becker Co of Appleton, Wisconsin, released a set of 50 trading cards titled "Elephant Jokes". Elephant jokes first appeared in the United States in 1962. They were first recorded in mid-1962 in Texas, and gradually spread across the US, reaching California in early 1963. By July 1963, elephant jokes were ubiquitous and could be found in newspaper columns, and in Time and Seventeen magazines, with millions of people working to construct more jokes according to the same formula.[1][2]
Both elephant jokes and Tom Swifties were in vogue in 1963, and were reported in the US national press. While the appeal of Tom Swifties was to literate adults, and gradually faded over subsequent decades, the appeal of elephant jokes was mainly to children, and has lasted. Elephant jokes began circulation primarily among schoolchildren, and have been discovered afresh by subsequent generations of children, remaining, in Isaac Asimov's words "favorites of youngsters and of unsophisticated adults".[1][2][4]
Asimov discusses one particular elephant joke that he states is notable for the exceptional sophistication of its humor. The joke was told in the aftermath of the murder of Lee Harvey Oswald by Jack Ruby, who had walked into Dallas police headquarters carrying a gun, and, in Asimov's words, while still maintaining the absurdity necessary for elephant jokes "carried a quick overtone of chill rationality":[2]
Q: What did the Dallas chief of police say when the elephant walked into the police station?
A: Nothing! He didn't notice.
Structure[edit]
Elephant jokes rely upon absurdity and incongruity for their humor, and a contrast with the normal presumptions of knowledge about elephants. They rely upon absurdist reasoning such as that it would be the relatively incidental evidence regarding the smell of an elephant's breath or the presence of footprints in the butter that would allow for the detection of an elephant in one's bathtub or refrigerator. One key to the construction of an elephant joke is that the joke answers are somewhat appropriate if one merely overlooks the obvious absurdities inherent to the questions. If elephants were capable of climbing trees and if painting an elephant's toenails was an effective camouflage mechanism, then red would be the appropriate color for a cherry tree. If the common connotation that questions requesting the time are expected to be answered in terms of hours and minutes is ignored, then by the implied destruction of one's fence from being sat on by an elephant, it would be time to build a new fence. The appropriateness of the answer, when accounting for the absurd incongruences existing between the implied premise of the question and the normal assumptions said question invokes, distinguishes elephant jokes as jokes rather than nonsensical riddles.[5][6]
As a riddle[edit]
Elephant jokes are often parodies of conventional children's riddles. Consider the following commonly recited child's riddle:
Q: What is black and white and red all over?
A: A newspaper.
Traditionally the challenge of solving this riddle relies on recognizing the ambiguity stemming from the riddle being generally shared aloud as opposed to in writing. Thus the appropriate homophone, "red" or "read", must be inferred. If "red" is assumed, then the problem arises regarding whether or not any object satisfying the condition of being "red all over" would necessarily preclude said object from also satisfying the requirement of being "black and white". However, if instead "read" is assumed, then there is no implied mutual exclusivity preventing a solution, conventionally a newspaper, from satisfying both required conditions. Compare the traditional riddle, which is solved by a well-known item that can be reasonably determined from the riddle, with the elephant joke parody:
Q: What is black and white and red all over?
A: An elephant dressed as a nun suffering from sunburn.
The absurdity of an elephant wearing a nun costume makes it nearly impossible for anyone not familiar with the punchline to independently think of the parody answer. Ignoring how unlikely one is to ever encounter an elephant dressed as a nun, then the answer is somewhat appropriate. A nun costume would likely be both "black and white" and a sunburn would cause an elephant to be, somewhat, "red all over". Humor arises from the irony of ignoring the expected answer for the outlandish, yet appropriate, elephant answer.[7]
Series of elephant jokes[edit]
A series of elephant jokes can be constructed. Linking the appropriateness of each subsequent answer to the logically absurd structure of the preceding joke, the overall absurdity of a series can continuously compound. For example:[3][8]
Q: How do you shoot a blue elephant?
A: With a blue elephant gun.
Q: How do you shoot a yellow elephant?
A: Have you ever seen a yellow elephant?
Q: How do you shoot a red elephant?
A: Hold his trunk shut until he turns blue, and then shoot him with the blue elephant gun.
Q: How do you shoot a purple elephant?
A: Paint him red, hold his trunk shut until he turns blue, and then shoot him with the blue elephant gun.
The absurdity of the first riddle's answer subverts the audience's initial expectations. The second and third riddles reinforce the expectation for this logically absurd structure. The final riddle concludes by again absurdly subverting the audience's expected framework. The humor for independent elephant jokes relies on absurd answers that ignore expectations, yet have a certain appropriateness. Here the absurdity is compounded when the appropriateness of the final riddle's answer is dependent upon undermining the logically absurd structure built from the preceding riddles.
One short example includes a displacement of a concept from one animal's features to than of an elephant, in terms of function :
Q: Why do ducks have flat feet ?
A: To stamp out burning fires.
Q: Why do elephants have flat feet ?
A: To stamp out burning ducks.
In another example:
Q: How many elephants will fit into a Mini?
A: Four: Two in the front, two in the back.
Q: How can you fit five elephants into a Mini?
A: Don't be silly; there isn't room for five elephants in a Mini.
Q: Well, can you fit five elephants into a Volkswagen Beetle?
A: Sure: Two in front, two in the back, one in the glove box, and pack the trunks in the boot (English for "trunk").
Q: How many giraffes will fit into a Mini?
A: None. It's full of elephants.
Q: How do you get two whales in a Mini?
A: Along the M4 and across the Severn Bridge.[1]
Q: How do you know there are two elephants in your refrigerator?
A: You can hear giggling when the light goes out. (Or: Two footprints in the butter)
Q: How do you know there are three elephants in your refrigerator?
A: You can't close the door.
Q: How do you know there are four elephants in your refrigerator?
A: There's an empty Mini parked outside.
Elephant jokes thus not only deliberately undermine the conventions of riddles, they even act to undermine themselves. This even extends to undermining the implied premise, expected by those that are familiar with elephant jokes, that an elephant joke is automatically illogical, or even involves elephants at all. For example:[3]
Q: What do elephants have that nothing else has?
A: Baby elephants.
Q: What is gray, has four legs, and a trunk?
A: A mouse going on vacation.
Q: What is brown, has four legs, and a trunk?
A: A mouse coming back from vacation.
Q: What has eight legs, two trunks, four eyes, and two tails?
A: Two elephants.
There can even be an off-color tinge:
Q: Why is an elephant big, grey and wrinkly?
A: Because if it were small, white and hard it would be an aspirin.
Q: Why are golf balls small and white?
A: Because if they were big and grey they would be elephants.
One time Gong Show act Mike Elephant is remembered for the following joke:
Q: What's the difference between an elephant and a plum?
A: Their color.
Q: What did Tarzan say to Jane when he saw the elephants coming?
A: Here come the elephants.
Q: What did Jane say to Tarzan when she saw the elephants coming?
A: Here come the plums; she was color blind.
Some may be regional:
Q: How do you get a herd of Addo elephants out of your bedroom?
A: Sit outside and scream like an orange. (In the early days of the park, surplus oranges were used to tempt Addo elephants to viewing sites for tourists.)[9]
Elephant jokes can also use their inherent absurdity to point up the inherent absurdity in some current events. One such joke from the early 1960s refers to an incident in President Kennedy's on-again-off-again support for Cuban exiles' attempts to overthrow Fidel Castro:
Q: How do you get 2,000 elephants to invade Cuba?
A: Promise them air support!
Symbolism[edit]
Elephant jokes are seen by many commentators as symbolic of the culture of the United States and the United Kingdom in the 1960s. Elliot Oring notes that elephant jokes dismiss conventional questions and answers, repudiate established wisdom, and reject the authority of traditional knowledge. He draws a parallel between this and the counterculture of the 1960s, stating that "disestablishment was the purpose of both," pointing to the sexual revolution and noting that "[p]erhaps it was no accident that many of the elephant jokes emphasized the intrusion of sex into the most innocuous areas."[3]
In their paper, On elephantasy and elephanticide, Abrahams and Dundes consider elephant jokes to be convenient disguises for racism, and symbolised the nervousness of white people about the civil rights movement. Whilst blatantly racialist jokes became less acceptable, elephant jokes were a useful proxy. One example Abrahams and Dundes provide is the joke:
Q: What is big and grey and comes in quarts?
A: An elephant.
They state that the "big and grey and comes in quarts" is in fact a reference "to the supposed mammoth nature of black sexuality." Similarly, the joke about an elephant in the bathtub is argued to be a reference to the increased intrusion of black people into "the most intimate areas of white life."[10]
Oring strongly disagrees with this view, writing: "The Civil Rights movement, of course, was an integral part of the countercultural revolution. But there is no reason to view it as the single force conditioning the joke cycle. Much more than the relations between the races was being turned on its ear. Reducing elephant jokes to a mere front for racial aggression, it seems to me, not only misses the larger sense of what the jokes are about, but the larger sense of what was going on in the society at the time." and continuing: "Elephant joking is more than a description of the episodic career of an animal with a phallic nose. What engenders the humor in such jokes is the violation of categories of expectation, and not images of subjugation, degradation, or feminization of the elephant."[3]
Charles Gruner agrees with Oring that Abrahams' and Dundes' explanation (that "the elephant is an ambivalent father figure" that is, in reality, "the black man (perceived as a sexual threat) that stands hidden behind the image of the elephant") is an "explanation from Freudian Monsterland [that] holds no water."[11]
Gruner however disagrees with Oring about the chronological topicality of the elephant joke and its relation to social upheavals, arguing from personal experience of "one of the best motion picture sight gags in history", where Jimmy Durante in the 1962 movie Billy Rose's Jumbo is attempting to sneak an elephant unseen through a circus. Upon coming around a tent and being faced with a crowd of people and a policeman who demands "Where do you think you are you going with that elephant?" Durante backs against the elephant, arms wide, and asks, innocently, "What elephant?" Gunder proposes that the success of this sight gag spawned in comic writers the idea of "hiding the elephant by all sorts of ridiculous means," and thus, by extension to "other silly, stupid comparisons", the whole genre of elephant jokes.[11]
A turnabout to the Blind men and an elephant cited below is the joke about the 4 blind elephants who felt a human. The first reports that humans are flat, the other three agree.
as a late addendum may I suggest the 1st Elephant joke is contained in "Queen Anne's Rain" BBC Goon Show from 1958 December.http://www.thegoonshow.net/scripts_show.asp?title=s09e08_queen_annes_rain
Henry tells Minnie Bannister that she can't find the elephants in the Larder because 'they are hiding'. Yours sincerely 'A goon Show Fan.
See also[edit]
Blind men and an elephant
Elephant in the room
Elephant test
Meta-joke
Newspaper riddle
References[edit]
Specific[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Ed Cray and Marilyn Eisenberg Herzog (January 1967). "The Absurd Elephant: A Recent Riddle Fad". Western Folklore. Western States Folklore Society. 26 (1): 27–36. doi:10.2307/1498485. JSTOR 1498485.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Isaac Asimov (1991). "Shaggy Dog". Isaac Asimov's Treasury of Humor: A Lifetime Collection of Favorite Jokes, Anecdotes, and... Houghton Mifflin Books. pp. 59–61. ISBN 0-395-57226-6.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Elliott Oring (1992). "To Skin an Elephant". Jokes and Their Relations. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 16–28. ISBN 0-8131-1774-7.
Jump up ^ Thomas Jackson Rice (1996). "The (Tom) Swiftean Culture of "Scylla and Charybdis"". In R. Brandon Kershner. Joyce and Popular Culture. University Press of Florida. pp. 116–117. ISBN 0-8130-1396-8.
Jump up ^ Mac E. Barrick (1997). Joseph Boskin, ed. The Helen Keller Joke Cycle. Wayne State University Press. p. 205. ISBN 0-8143-2597-1.
Jump up ^ Elliott Oring (2003). Engaging Humor. University of Illinois. pp. 23–24. ISBN 0-252-02786-8.
Jump up ^ Ritchie, David (2005-10-01). "Frame-Shifting in Humor and Irony". Metaphor and Symbol. 20 (4): 275–294. doi:10.1207/s15327868ms2004_3. ISSN 1092-6488.
Jump up ^ Elliott Oring (2003). Engaging Humor. University of Illinois. pp. 23–24. ISBN 0-252-02786-8.
Jump up ^ Anna Rothmann (1964). The Elephant Shrew and Company. Tafelberg-Uitg.
Jump up ^ Maurice M. Manring (1998). "Cracking Jokes in the Confederate Supermarket". Slave in a Box: The Strange Career of Aunt Jemima. University of Virginia Press. pp. 4–5. ISBN 0-8139-1811-1.
^ Jump up to: a b Charles R. Gruner (1997). The Game of Humor: A Comprehensive Theory of Why We Laugh. Transaction Publishers. pp. 142–143. ISBN 0-7658-0659-2.
General[edit]
Bronnie Cunningham, ed. (1974). The Puffin Joke Book. Harmondsworth, England: Puffin Books. pp. 52,122,169. ISBN 0-14-030663-3.
Further reading[edit]
Barrick M.E. (1964). "The Shaggy Elephant Riddle". Southern Folklore Quarterly. 28 (4): 266–291.
"Elephants by the Trunk". Time. 1963-08-02.
Jan Harold Brunvand (July 1964). "Have You Heard the Elephant (Joke)?". Western Folklore. Western States Folklore Society. 23 (3): 198–199. doi:10.2307/1498909. JSTOR 1498909.
Roger D. Abrahams and Alan Dundes (1969). "On elephantasy and elephanticide". The Psychoanalytic Review. 56 (2): 225–241. PMID 5817876.
Tristram Potter Coffin and Hennig Cohen (1973). Folklore from the Working Folk of America. Anchor Press. pp. 164–165. ISBN 0-385-03874-7.
Elephant hunting theory
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Sun sign astrology
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Sun sign astrology is the form of astrology most commonly found in many newspaper and magazine columns. It is a simplified system of astrology which considers only the position of the Sun at birth, which is said to be placed within one of the twelve zodiac signs. This sign is then called the sun sign or star sign of the person born in that twelfth-part of the year.
Sun sign astrologers take this basic twelve-fold division and relate all the current movements of all the planets to each other, using traditional rules to divine meanings for each sign separately. Because the Moon has the fastest apparent movement of all the heavenly bodies, it is often used as the main indicator of daily trends for sun sign astrology forecasts.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Sun signs
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
History[edit]
Although William Lilly in the 17th century was the first newspaper astrologer, sun sign astrology was not invented until 1930. The astrologer R. H. Naylor was claimed by his newspaper to have predicted the crash of the R101 airship. This led to pressure on Naylor to come up with a simplified system of astrology suitable for a newspaper column. After some experimentation, Naylor decided on sun signs.[citation needed]
Sun signs[edit]
The following table[1] shows the zodiac names in Latin, with their English translation and the individuals' names. It also shows the element and quality associated with each sign. The starting and ending dates of the sun sign are approximate, as they may differ from one year to another (by a day or so), due to the fact that the earth's orbit around the sun is not synchronous with earth's rotation (one year does not comprehend a whole number of days).[2][3] The exact date and time of sign entrance/exit (which is corresponded to the 12 "mid-climates" within Chinese lunisolar calendar) must be obtained with appropriate software or with the help of an ephemeris.
Symbol
Sign names
Individuals' names
English name
Element
Quality
(Modality)
Polarity
Associated
Celestial Body
period of Sun sign with approx. dates
1/2 days variation[2][3]
Capricorn Capricorn The Mountain Sea-Goat Earth Cardinal Negative Saturn Winter Solstice (December 22) – the day before Great Cold
Aquarius Aquarian The Water-Bearer Air Fixed Positive Uranus (Saturn) Great Cold (January 20) – the day before Vernal Showers
Pisces Piscean The Fish Water Mutable Negative Neptune (Jupiter) Vernal Showers (February 19) – the day before Vernal Equinox
Aries Arian/Arien The Ram Fire Cardinal Positive Mars (Pluto) Vernal Equinox (March 21) – the day before Corn Rain
Taurus Taurean The Bull Earth Fixed Negative Venus/Earth Corn Rain (April 20 – the day before Corn Forms
Gemini Geminian The Twins Air Mutable Positive Mercury Corn Forms (May 21)[4] – the day before Summer Solstice
Cancer Cancerian The Crab Water Cardinal Negative Moon Summer Solstice (June 21)[4] – the day before Great Heat
Leo Leo The Lion Fire Fixed Positive Sun Great Heat (July 24) – the day before End of Heat
Virgo Virgin The Maiden Earth Mutable Negative Mercury End of Heat (August 23) – the day before Autumnal Equinox
Libra Libran The Scales Air Cardinal Positive Venus Autumnal Equinox (September 23)[4] – the day before First Frost
Scorpio Scorpio The Scorpion Water Fixed Negative Pluto (Mars) First Frost (October 23) – the day before Light Snow
Sagittarius Sagittarian The Archer Fire Mutable Positive Jupiter Light Snow (November 23) – the day before Winter Solstice
Traditional planets in brackets
See also[edit]
Sun sign
Horoscopic astrology
Horoscope
Acronical place
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Zodiac." McGraw–Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw–Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 29 Nov. 2007. http://www.answers.com/topic/zodiac
^ Jump up to: a b "Astrology 101: What Are the Real Dates for Astrology Signs?". http://gryphonastrology.com. 2009-07-05. Retrieved 2012-04-23. External link in |publisher= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b "Astrology Chart Generator". http://astrologyweekly.com. 2004-04-27. Retrieved 2012-04-23. External link in |publisher= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b c Zerner, Amy (2014). Sun Sign Secrets: The Complete Astrology Guide to Love, Work, and Your Future. 665 Third Street Suite 400 San Francisco, CA 94107: Weiser Books. pp. 42, 64, 127. ISBN 9781578635610.
External links[edit]
All About Zodiac Signs
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