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A Room of One's Own
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book by Virginia Woolf
Not to be confused with A Room with a View.
First edition cover
Author
Virginia Woolf
Cover artist
Vanessa Bell (first edition)
Country
England
Subject
Feminism, women, literature, education
Publisher
Hogarth Press, England, Harcourt Brace & Co., United States
Publication date
September 1929
Pages
172 (Hogarth Press first edition)
OCLC
470314057
A Room of One's Own is an extended essay by Virginia Woolf, first published in September 1929.[1] The work is based on two lectures Woolf delivered in October 1928 at Newnham College and Girton College, women's colleges at the University of Cambridge.[2][3]
An important feminist text, the essay is noted in its argument for both a literal and figurative space for women writers within a literary tradition dominated by men.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Themes
2.1 The Four Marys
2.2 Women's access to education
2.2.1 Judith Shakespeare
2.3 Building a history of women's writing
2.4 Lesbianism
3 Criticism
4 Adaptations and cultural references
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
The essay was based on two papers Woolf read on 20 and 26 October 1928 to two Cambridge student societies, the Newnham Arts Society at Newnham College and the ODTAA Society at Girton College, respectively. Elsie Duncan-Jones, then known as Elsie Phare, was the president of the Newnham Arts Society at the time and wrote an account of the paper, "Women and Fiction", for the college magazine, Thersites. Woolf stayed at Newnham at the invitation of Pernel Strachey, the college principal, whose family were key members of the Bloomsbury Group. At Girton she was accompanied by Vita Sackville-West.[3][4] It was published in 1929 as a book with six chapters.[5]
Themes[edit]
The Four Marys[edit]
The title of the essay comes from Woolf's conception that "a woman must have money and a room of her own if she is to write fiction".[2] The narrator of the work is referred to early on: "Here then was I (call me Mary Beton, Mary Seton, Mary Carmichael or by any name you please—it is not a matter of any importance)".[6] The three Marys were ladies-in-waiting to Mary, Queen of Scots; they are also characters in a 16th-century Scottish ballad, Mary Hamilton, about a lady-in-waiting who is facing execution for having had a child with the King, a child she killed.[7][a]
In referencing the tale of a woman who rejected motherhood and lived outside marriage, a woman about to be hanged, the narrator identifies women writers such as herself as outsiders who exist in a potentially dangerous space.
Women's access to education[edit]
Woolf in 1927
Woolf notes that women have been kept from writing because of the constraints they face and their relative poverty: "In the first place, to have a room of her own, let alone a quiet room or a sound-proof room, was out of the question, unless her parents were exceptionally rich or very noble, even up to the beginning of the nineteenth century."[9] The essay examines whether women were capable of producing, and in fact free to produce, work of the quality of William Shakespeare, addressing the limitations that past and present women writers face.
Woolf's father, Sir Leslie Stephen, in line with the thinking of the era, believed that only the boys of the family should be sent to school. In delivering the lectures outlined in the essay, Woolf is speaking to women who have the opportunity to learn in a formal setting. She moves her audience to understand the importance of their education, while warning them of the precariousness of their position in society. She sums up the stark contrast between how women are idealised in fiction written by men, and how patriarchal society has treated them in real life:
Women have burnt like beacons in all the works of all the poets from the beginning of time. Indeed if woman had no existence save in the fiction written by men, one would imagine her a person of the utmost importance; very various; heroic and mean; splendid and sordid; beautiful and hideous in the extreme; as great as a man, some would say greater. But this is woman in fiction. In fact, as Professor Trevelyan points out, she was locked up, beaten and flung about the room. A very queer, composite being thus emerges. Imaginatively she is of the highest importance; practically she is completely insignificant. She pervades poetry from cover to cover; she is all but absent from history. She dominates the lives of kings and conquerors in fiction; in fact she was the slave of any boy whose parents forced a ring upon her finger. Some of the most inspired words and profound thoughts in literature fall from her lips; in real life she could hardly read; scarcely spell; and was the property of her husband.[10]
Judith Shakespeare[edit]
This section is about a fictional character. For the real-life individual, see Judith Quiney.
Newnham College, Cambridge
In one section Woolf invents a fictional character, Judith, Shakespeare's sister, to illustrate that a woman with Shakespeare's gifts would have been denied the opportunity to develop them. Like Woolf, who stayed at home while her brothers went off to school, Judith is trapped in the home: "She was as adventurous, as imaginative, as agog to see the world as he was. But she was not sent to school."[11]
While William learns, Judith is chastised by her parents should she happen to pick up a book, as she is inevitably abandoning some household chore to which she could be attending. Judith is betrothed, and when she does not want to marry, her father beats her, then shames her into the marriage. While William establishes himself, Judith is trapped by what is expected of women. She runs away from home to London, is harassed and laughed at when she tries to become an actor, and is finally made pregnant by an actor-manager who said he would help her. She kills herself and "lies buried at some cross-roads where the omnibuses now stop outside the Elephant and Castle". William lives on and establishes his legacy.[12]
Building a history of women's writing[edit]
Girton College, Cambridge
In the essay, Woolf constructs a critical and historical account of women writers thus far. Woolf examines the careers of several female authors, including Aphra Behn, Jane Austen, the Brontë sisters, Anne Finch, Countess of Winchilsea, and George Eliot. In addition to female authors, Woolf also discusses and draws inspiration from noted scholar and feminist Jane Ellen Harrison. Harrison is presented in the essay only by her initials separated by long dashes, and Woolf first introduces Harrison as "the famous scholar, could it be J---- H---- herself?"[13]
Woolf also discusses Rebecca West, questioning Desmond MacCarthy's (referred to as "Z") uncompromising dismissal of West as an "'arrant feminist'".[13] Among the men attacked for their views on women, F. E. Smith, 1st Earl of Birkenhead (referred to as "Lord Birkenhead") is mentioned, although Woolf further rebukes his ideas in stating she will not "trouble to copy out Lord Birkenhead's opinion upon the writing of women".[14] Birkenhead was an opponent of suffrage.[15] The essay quotes Oscar Browning, through the words of his (possibly inaccurate) biographer H. E. Wortham,[16] "that the impression left on his mind, after looking over any set of examination papers, was that, irrespective of the marks he might give, the best woman was intellectually the inferior of the worst man".[17] In addition to these mentions, Woolf subtly refers to several of the most prominent intellectuals of the time; her hybrid name for the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge—Oxbridge—has become a well-known term, although she was not the first to use it.
Lesbianism[edit]
Vita Sackville-West accompanied Woolf to the Girton lecture.
In another section, describing the work of a fictional woman writer, Mary Carmichael, Woolf deliberately invokes lesbianism: "Then may I tell you that the very next words I read were these – 'Chloe liked Olivia ...' Do not start. Do not blush. Let us admit in the privacy of our own society that these things sometimes happen. Sometimes women do like women."[18][19] Woolf references the obscenity trial and public uproar resulting from the publishing of Radclyffe Hall's lesbian-themed novel The Well of Loneliness (1928). Before she can discuss Chloe liking Olivia, the narrator has to be assured that Sir Chartres Biron, the magistrate of Hall's obscenity trial, is not in the audience: "Are there no men present? Do you promise the figure of Sir Chartres Biron is not concealed? We are all women, you assure me? Then I may tell you ..."[18]
Woolf scholar and feminist critic Jane Marcus believes Woolf was giving Radclyffe Hall and other writers a demonstration of how to discuss lesbianism discreetly enough to avoid obscenity trials; "Woolf was offering her besieged fellow writer a lesson in how to give a lesbian talk and write a lesbian work and get away with it."[20] Marcus describes the atmosphere of Woolf's arrival and presence at the women's college with her lover Vita Sackville-West as "sapphic". Woolf is comfortable discussing lesbianism in her talks with the women students because she feels a women's college is a safe and essential place for such discussions.
Criticism[edit]
Alice Walker, to the subject of much criticism, demeaned Woolf's essay for its exclusion of women writers who do not have the means to obtain a room of their own. In In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens: Womanist Prose, Walker writes:
Virginia Woolf, in her book A Room of One's Own, wrote that in order for a woman to write fiction she must have two things, certainly: a room of her own (with key and lock) and enough money to support herself.
What then are we to make of Phillis Wheatley, a slave, who owned not even herself? This sickly, frail, Black girl who required a servant of her own at times—her health was so precarious—and who, had she been white, would have been easily considered the intellectual superior of all the women and most of the men in the society of her day.[21]
Walker recognises that Wheatley is in a position far different from the narrator of Woolf's essay, in that she does not own herself, much less "a room of her own". Wheatley and other women writers exist outside of this room, outside of this space Woolf sets asides for women writers. Although she calls attention to the limits of Woolf's essay, Walker, in uniting womanist prose (women's writing) with the physical and metaphorical space of "our mothers' gardens", pays homage to Woolf's similar endeavour of seeking space, "room", for women writers.
Adaptations and cultural references[edit]
The essay was adapted as a play by Patrick Garland, who also directed Eileen Atkins in its stage performance. A television adaptation directed by Garland was broadcast on PBS Masterpiece Theatre in 1991.
There is a feminist bookstore in Madison, Wisconsin, named A Room of One's Own, and a Canadian literary journal, Room of One's Own, now Room, showcasing the work of women writers and visual artists. The Smiths' song "Shakespeare's Sister" is named after a section of the essay. Shakespears Sister is an alternative pop group featuring Siobhan Fahey. The Two Nice Girls' third album was called Chloe Liked Olivia. The women's co-working space in Singapore, "Woolf Works", was named after Virginia Woolf as a response to this essay. Patricia Lamkin's play Balancing the Moon (2011) was inspired by the essay.[22]
See also[edit]
Le Monde's 100 Books of the Century
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "Yestreen the Queen had four Maries / This nicht she'll hae but three, O / There was Mary Beaton, and Mary Seaton / And Mary Carmichael, and me, O."[8]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Woolf, Virginia (1935) [1929]. A Room of One's Own. London: Hogarth Press. p. 4.
For a different date, see "FAQ: A Room of One's Own Publication History". Virginia Woolf Seminar. University of Alabama in Huntsville. 20 January 1998. p. 1. Archived from the original on 24 December 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Woolf 1935, p. 5.
^ Jump up to: a b Rosenbaum, S. P. (1998). Aspects of Bloomsbury: Studies in Modern English Literary and Intellectual History. Hounsmill: MacMillan Press Ltd. pp. 113–115.
Jump up ^ Tullberg, Rita McWilliams (2004). "Strachey, (Joan) Pernel (1876–1951)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
Jump up ^ "A Room of One's Own", British Library.
Jump up ^ Woolf 1935, p. 8.
Jump up ^ Shiach, Morag (ed.) (2008). "Introduction", in Virginia Woolf. A Room of One's Own: And, Three Guineas. Oxford University Press, p. 5. ISBN 9780192834843
Jump up ^ Bronson, Bertrand (ed.) (2015). The Singing Tradition of Child's Popular Ballads (Abridgement). Princeton: Princeton University Press, p. 321.
Jump up ^ Woolf 1935, p. 79.
Jump up ^ Woolf 1935, pp. 64–66.
Jump up ^ Woolf 1935, p. 71.
Jump up ^ Woolf 1935, pp. 71–73.
^ Jump up to: a b Woolf 1935, p. 26.
Jump up ^ Woolf 1935, p. 80.
Jump up ^ "The Friendship Between Churchill and F. E. Smith". The Churchill Center and Museum. Archived from the original on 31 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Moad, Rosalind (21 March 2003). "A list of The Papers of Oscar Browning, held by King's College Archive Centre, Cambridge". The Archives Hub. Archived from the original on 23 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Woolf 1935, pp. 80–81.
^ Jump up to: a b Woolf 1935, p. 123.
Jump up ^ Cramer, Patricia (2005). "Jane Harrison and Lesbian Plots: The Absent Lover in Virginia Woolf's The Waves". Studies in the Novel. JSTOR 29533720.
Jump up ^ Marcus, Jane (1996). Virginia Woolf, Cambridge and A Room of One's Own: 'The Proper Upkeep of Names'. London: Cecil Woolf Publishers, p. 33.
Jump up ^ Walker, Alice (2004). In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens: Womanist Prose. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. p. 235. ISBN 9780156028646.
Jump up ^ Lamkin, Patricia (28 October 2011). "The Phases of Balancing the Moon". @This Stage.
External links[edit]
A Room of One's Own on IMDb (1991, with Eileen Atkins).
Longworth, Deborah (1 March 2017). "Virginia Woolf and Feminist Aesthetics", lecture on A Room of One's Own, University of Birmingham.
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Illinois Appellate Court
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Chicago (1st)
Elgin (2nd)
Ottawa (3rd)
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Mount Vernon (5th)
Court locations
The Illinois Appellate Court is the court of first appeal for civil and criminal cases rising in the Illinois Circuit Courts. Three Illinois Appellate Court judges hear each case and the concurrence of two is necessary to render a decision.[1] The Illinois Appellate Court will render its opinion in writing, in the form of a published opinion or an unpublished order.[2] As of 1935, decisions of the Illinois Appellate Court became binding authority upon lower courts in Illinois.[3]
The Illinois Appellate Court has 52 judges serving five districts. The majority of the judges (18 in the First District, and between seven and nine in each of the Second, Third, Fourth, and Fifth Districts) are elected, with the remaining judges having been appointed by the Supreme Court of Illinois.[4]
Civil cases appealed from the Illinois Appellate Court are heard by the Supreme Court of Illinois upon the grant of a Petition for Leave to Appeal under Illinois Supreme Court Rule 315,[5] a Certificate of Importance under Illinois Supreme Court Rule 316,[6] or a Petition for Appeal as a Matter of Right under Illinois Supreme Court Rule 317.[7] The same rules apply to criminal cases.[8]
Contents
1 First District
2 Second District
3 Third District
4 Fourth District
5 Fifth District
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
First District[edit]
The First District is based in Chicago and hears cases arising in Cook County. It is divided into six divisions, each with four judges.[9] The First District clerk’s office, and the principal seat of the court are located in the Michael Bilandic Building, at 160 North LaSalle Street, Chicago, IL 60601.[10]
Second District[edit]
The Second District is based in Elgin and hears cases arising in 13 counties in northern Illinois (Boone, Carroll, DeKalb, DuPage, Jo Daviess, Kane, Kendall, Lake, Lee, McHenry, Ogle, Stephenson, and Winnebago). The Second District has nine judges.[11] The Second District clerk’s office is located at Appellate Court Building, 55 Symphony Way, Elgin, IL 60120.[10]
Third District[edit]
The Third District is based in Ottawa and hears cases arising in 21 counties in central Illinois (Bureau, Fulton, Grundy, Hancock, Henderson, Henry, Iroquois, Kankakee, Knox, LaSalle, Marshall, McDonough, Mercer, Peoria, Putnam, Rock Island, Stark, Tazewell, Warren, Whiteside, and Will). The Third District has seven judges.[12] The Third District clerk’s office is located at 1004 Columbus Street, Ottawa, IL 61350.[10]
Fourth District[edit]
The Fourth District is based in Springfield and hears cases arising in 30 counties in central Illinois (Adams, Brown, Calhoun, Cass, Champaign, Clark, Coles, Cumberland, DeWitt, Douglas, Edgar, Ford, Greene, Jersey, Livingston, Logan, Macon, Macoupin, Mason, McLean, Menard, Morgan, Moultrie, Piatt, Pike, Sangamon, Schuyler, Scott, Vermillion, and Woodford). The Fourth District has seven judges.[13] The Fourth District clerk’s office is located at 201 West Monroe Street, Springfield, IL 62794.[10]
Fifth District[edit]
The Fifth District is based in Mount Vernon and hears cases arising in 37 counties in southern Illinois (Alexander, Bond, Christian, Clay, Clinton, Crawford, Edwards, Effingham, Fayette, Franklin, Gallatin, Hamilton, Hardin, Jackson, Jasper, Jefferson, Johnson, Lawrence, Madison, Marion, Massac, Monroe, Montgomery, Perry, Pope, Pulaski, Randolph, Richland, St. Clair, Saline, Shelby, Union, Wabash, Washington, Wayne, White, and Williamson). The Fifth District has seven judges.[14] The Fifth District clerk’s office is located at 14th & Main Street, Mount Vernon, IL 62864.[10]
See also[edit]
Judiciary of Illinois
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Illinois Supreme Court Rules 22(a)(1) and (c)".
Jump up ^ "Illinois Supreme Court Rule 23".
Jump up ^ "Illinois Supreme Court decision in Stephen Young et al. v. Bryco Arms et al., November 18, 2004".
Jump up ^ "Illinois Appellate Court Act, 705 ILCS 25/1". Illinois General Assembly Website.
Jump up ^ "Illinois Supreme Court Rule 315". Archived from the original on 2010-04-30.
Jump up ^ "Illinois Supreme Court Rule 316". Archived from the original on 2010-04-30.
Jump up ^ "Illinois Supreme Court Rule 317". Archived from the original on 2010-04-30.
Jump up ^ "Illinois Supreme Court Rule 612(b)".
Jump up ^ "Biographies of First District Appellate Judges".
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Illinois Appellate Court Contact Information".
Jump up ^ "Biographies of Second District Appellate Judges".
Jump up ^ "Biographies of Third District Appellate Judges".
Jump up ^ "Biographies of Fourth District Appellate Judges".
Jump up ^ "Biographies of Fifth District Appellate Judges".
External links[edit]
Official homepage of the Illinois Appellate Court
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Alpha-gal allergy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Alpha-gal allergy
Synonyms
meat allergy
Mammalian Meat Allergy (MMA)
Symptoms
Symptoms
Duration
Lifetime
Causes
tick bites
Treatment
None
Alpha-gal allergy, also known as meat allergy or mammalian meat allergy (MMA),[1] is a reaction to galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose (alpha-gal), whereby the body is overloaded with immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies on contact with the carbohydrate.[2] The alpha-gal molecule is found in all mammals apart from Old World monkeys and the apes, which include humans. Anti-gal is a human natural antibody that interacts specifically with the mammalian carbohydrate structure gal alpha 1-3Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc-R, termed, the alpha-galactosyl epitope.[3] Whereas anti-gal is abundant in humans, apes, and Old World monkeys, it is absent from New World monkeys, prosimians, and nonprimate mammals.[3]
Bites from certain ticks, such as the lone star tick in the US, which can transfer this carbohydrate to a victim, have been implicated in the development of this delayed allergic response to consumption of mammalian meat products.[4] Despite myths to the contrary, individuals with alpha-gal allergy do not need to become vegetarians because poultry and fish do not trigger a reaction.[5]
The allergy most often occurs in the central and southern United States, which corresponds to the distribution of the lone star tick.[6] In the Southern United States, where the tick is most prevalent, allergy rates are 32% higher than elsewhere.[7] However, as doctors are not required to report the number of patients with alpha-gal allergy, the true number of affected individuals is unknown.[8] While no cure is known, symptoms of the allergy may recede over time.[9] Some patients report observing symptoms for over 20 years.[citation needed]
Contents
[hide]
1 Signs and symptoms
2 Cause
3 Mechanism
4 Diagnosis
5 Prognosis
6 History
7 References
Signs and symptoms[edit]
A typical allergic reaction to alpha-gal has a delayed onset, occurring 3–8 hours after the consumption of mammalian meat products, instead of the typical rapid onset of most food allergies. After the delayed onset, the allergic response is like most food allergies, and especially an IgE-mediated allergy, including severe whole-body itching, hives, angioedema, gastrointestinal upset, and possible anaphylaxis.[10] In 70% of cases the reaction is accompanied by respiratory distress and as such is particularly harmful to those with asthma.[11]
Alpha-gal allergies are the first food allergies that present the possibility of delayed anaphylaxis.[11][12][13] It is also the first known food-related allergy associated with a carbohydrate, rather than a protein.[12][14]
Cause[edit]
Amblyomma americanum, a vector for the allergy
Alpha-gal allergies develop after a person has been bitten by the lone star tick in the United States, the European castor bean tick, or the paralysis tick in Australia.[15] Alpha-gal is not naturally present in apes and humans, but is in all other mammals. If a tick feeds on another mammal, the alpha-gal remains in its alimentary tract.[5] The tick then injects the alpha-gal into a person's skin, which makes the immune system release a flood of IgE antibodies to fight the foreign carbohydrate.[5][15] Researchers still do not know which specific component of tick saliva causes the reaction.[16]
A 2012 preliminary study found unexpectedly high rates of alpha-gal allergies in the Western and North Central parts of the United States. This suggests that unknown tick species may spread the allergy.[7] The study even found alpha-gal allergy cases in Hawaii, where no ticks identified with the allergies live.[16] Human factors were suggested, but no specific examples were provided.[7]
Alpha-gal is present in the anticancer drug cetuximab, as well as the intravenous fluid replacements Gelofusine and Haemaccel. Blood thinners derived from porcine intestine and replacement heart valves derived from porcine tissue may also contain alpha-gal.[15]
At least one instance of a man with an alpha-gal allergy going into anaphylaxis after receiving a heart valve transplant has been reported.[15] Some researchers have suggested that the alpha-gal in pig's tissue that surgeons use for xenografts might contribute to organ rejection.[17]
Mechanism[edit]
The lone star tick injects alpha-gal into the blood stream, and then the immune system releases IgE antibodies to fight this foreign sugar. After this reaction, the future intake of mammal meat with the same alpha-gal causes an allergic reaction. Symptoms of the allergy reaction are caused by too many IgE antibodies attacking the allergen, in this case the alpha-gal.[15][9]
Diagnosis[edit]
A traditional skin-prick allergy test for allergy to meat may give a false-negative answer.[13][18] Blood tests for IgE response indicating alpha-gal allergy have not been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, and must usually be purchased by private individuals, but are available and in use.[8] Determination of specific IgE to alpha-gal testing is commercially available.[19][10] Skin and basophil activation tests with cetuximab are the most sensitive, but high costs limit their use.[19]
Prognosis[edit]
Unlike most food allergies, in some people, the alpha-gal allergy may recede over time, as long as the person is not bitten by another tick. The recovery period can take 8 months to 5 years.[15][16][20] This recovery potential is not confirmed.
History[edit]
The allergy was first formally identified as originating from tick bites in 2002 by Thomas Platts-Mills.[21] Platts-Mills and Scott Commins were attempting to discover why some people were reacting negatively to the carbohydrate in the cancer drug cetuximab.[15][22] They had previously hypothesized that a fungal infection or parasite could lead to the allergy.[15][20] When Platts-Mills was bitten by a tick and developed alpha-gal allergies, his team came to the conclusion that a link existed between tick bites and the allergy.[20] They found that the IgE antibody response to the mammalian oligosaccharide epitope, alpha-gal, was associated with both the immediate-onset anaphylaxis during first exposure to intravenous cetuximab and the delayed-onset anaphylaxis 3 to 6 hours after ingestion of mammalian food products, such as beef or pork.[23]
Alpha-gal allergies are similar to pork–cat syndrome, hence misidentification can occur. Pork–cat syndrome usually elicits an immediate allergic response, while a true alpha-gal allergy typically features a delayed allergic reaction of 3 to 8 hours after ingestion of the allergen.[24]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Catalyst (ABC-TV program) first aired 8 November 2016
Jump up ^ Commins, SP; Platts-Mills, TA (2013). "Delayed anaphylaxis to red meat in patients with IgE specific for galactose alpha-1,3-galactose (alpha-gal)". Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 13 (1): 72–7. doi:10.1007/s11882-012-0315-y. PMC 3545071  . PMID 23054628.
^ Jump up to: a b Galili, U. (1993). "Evolution and pathophysiology of the human natural anti-alpha-galactosyl IgG (anti-Gal) antibody". Springer Seminars in Immunopathology. 15 (2-3): 155–171. doi:10.1007/bf00201098. ISSN 0344-4325. PMID 7504839.
Jump up ^ "Alpha-Gal IgE Test - Galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose : Viracor-IBT Laboratories". Retrieved 9 January 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Williams, Louise (December 27, 2013). "Just one bite". Sydney Morning Herald. Australia. p. 20.
Jump up ^ "Meat Allergy: Alpha-Gal Reaction From Lone-Star Ticks More Common In Central, Southern U.S. Regions". Retrieved 9 January 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Chan, Amanda L. (November 9, 2012). "Where Meat Allergy From Ticks Is Most Common". Healthy Living.
^ Jump up to: a b Frazier, Andrea (March 20, 2014). "Tick bite makes Lusby woman allergic to meat". The Washington Post. pp. METRO; T20.
^ Jump up to: a b "Hundreds on East End get meat allergy from Lone Star tick's bite". Newsday. Jul 30, 2017. Retrieved 2017-08-01.
^ Jump up to: a b "Viracor-IBT Laboratories Launches the First Assay to Identify a New Type of Delayed, IgE-based Allergic Reaction to Certain Meats" (Press release). Viracor-IBT Laboratories. September 13, 2010. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Wolver, Susan E.; Sun, Diane R.; Commins, Scott P.; Schwartz, Lawrence B. (2013). "A peculiar cause of anaphylaxis: no more steak? The journey to discovery of a newly recognized allergy to galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose found in mammalian meat". Journal of General Internal Medicine. 28 (2): 322–5. doi:10.1007/s11606-012-2144-z. PMC 3614139  . PMID 22815061. Lay summary – ScienceDaily (July 24, 2012).
^ Jump up to: a b Alvarez, Amanda (July 25, 2012). "Tick bite leads to curious meat allergy". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Retrieved March 24, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "'Alpha-Gal' Syndrome".
Jump up ^ Smith, Olivia (June 20, 2012). "Ticks causing mysterious meat allergy". CNN.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Zaraska, Marta (December 3, 2013). "Want hives with that burger?". The Washington Post. pp. HEALTH; E01.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kroen, Gretchen Cuda (November 16, 2012), Ticked Off About a Growing Allergy to Meat, ScienceNOW, retrieved March 24, 2014
Jump up ^ Travis, John (1995). "The xeno-solution: perils and promise of transplanting animal organs into people". Science News. 148 (19): 298–301. doi:10.2307/4018063. JSTOR 4018063. PMID 11653203.
Jump up ^ Krishna, Neal; Krishna, S.; Krishna, R. (November 2017). "P112 Correlation between clinical findings and laboratory tests for alpha gal sensitivity". Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. 119 (5): S37. doi:10.1016/j.anai.2017.08.136. ISSN 1081-1206.
^ Jump up to: a b Bircher, Andreas J.; Hofmeier, Kathrin Scherer; Link, Susanne; Heijnen, Ingmar (2017-01-01). "Food allergy to the carbohydrate galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose (alpha-gal): four case reports and a review". European Journal of Dermatology. 27 (1). doi:10.1684/ejd.2016.2908. ISSN 1167-1122.
^ Jump up to: a b c Goetz, Gretchen (June 26, 2012). "Red Meat Allergy Likely Cause by Tick Bites". Food Safety News.
Jump up ^ https://www.niaid.nih.gov/news-events/niaid-scientists-link-cases-unexplained-anaphylaxis-red-meat-allergy
Jump up ^ Commins, Scott P.; Platts-Mills, Thomas A. E. (Oct 2009). "Anaphylaxis syndromes related to a new mammalian cross-reactive carbohydrate determinant". The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 124 (4): 652–657. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2009.08.026. ISSN 0091-6749. PMC 2774206  . PMID 19815111.
Jump up ^ Berg, Emily A.; Platts-Mills, Thomas A.E.; Commins, Scott P. (2014). "Drug allergens and food—the cetuximab and galactose-α-1,3-galactose story". Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. 112 (2): 97–101. doi:10.1016/j.anai.2013.11.014. PMC 3964477  . PMID 24468247.
Jump up ^ Zaraska, Marta (December 3, 2013). "Cat owners can also develop meat allergy". The Washington Post. pp. HEALTH; E05.
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