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I'll Be There for You/You're All I Need to Get By
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"I'll Be There for You/You're All I Need to Get By"
Single by Method Man featuring Mary J. Blige
from the album Tical
Released
April 25, 1995
Format
12" single, CD5"
Genre
Hip hop, hip hop soul
Length
3:45
Label
Def Jam/PolyGram
Songwriter(s)
Nickolas Ashford
Robert Diggs
Valerie Simpson
Clifford Smith
Producer(s)
RZA (album version and video version)
Sean "Puffy" Combs (radio version)
Method Man singles chronology
"Release Yo' Delf"
(1995) Release Yo' Delf1995 "I'll Be There for You"
(1995) I'll Be There for You1995 "How High"
(1995) How High1995
Mary J. Blige singles chronology
"I'm Going Down"
(1995) I'm Going Down1995 "I'll Be There for You"
(1995) I'll Be There for You1995 "I Love You"
(1995) I Love You1995
"I'll Be There for You/You're All I Need to Get By" is a Grammy Award-winning duet performed by rapper Method Man and R&B singer Mary J. Blige.
The song is a remix of Method Man's "All I Need" (which appears on his 1994 debut album Tical), with an interpolation of Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell's 1968 hit, "You're All I Need to Get By", with Mary J. Blige singing the choruses, and backing vocals. Another version of the song was released, entitled "Puff Daddy Mix," which was produced by Sean Combs. The song contains a new instrumental which includes a repeated sample ("Lie together, cry together/I swear to God I hope we fuckin' die together") from The Notorious B.I.G.'s "Me & My Bitch". Another remix version, titled "Razor Sharp Mix" was produced by RZA. The song sold 800,000 copies and was certified platinum by the RIAA.[1][2]
The song peaked at #3 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart on June 3, 1995,[3] and #1 on the R&B singles chart in the May 20, 1995 issue of Billboard Magazine - a position it held for three weeks.[4] The song also ended up winning the duo the Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group in 1996.
"I'll Be There for You/You're All I Need to Get By" appears on Radio 1 Established 1967, a compilation album celebrating the 40th anniversary of BBC Radio 1.
In 2008, it was ranked #44 on VH1's "100 Greatest Songs of Hip Hop" list.[5]
In 2009, Method Man and Mary J. Blige performed the song together at VH1's 6th Annual Hip Hop Honors ceremony. The song is often cited as the hybrid of what's now known as "Thug-Loved" duets.
In 2012, Complex ranked the song #1 on its list of "The 25 Best Hip-Hop Love Songs."[6]
In a July 2012 interview with Complex magazine, Jean Claude "Poke" Olivier- one-half of the production team the Trackmasters- claimed they were the actual producers behind the Sean "Puffy" Combs remix, but were never properly credited for it. Instead, they were only credited as session musicians for programming the drums while Combs was credited as the producer.[7]
Contents
1 Personnel
2 Charts
3 See also
4 References
4.1 Further reading
5 External links
Personnel[edit]
Method Man - performer
Mary J. Blige - vocals
Puff Daddy - remix
RZA - production; remix
Jeff Trotter - A&R
Charts[edit]
Chart (1995)
Position
UK Singles Chart 10
Canadian Hot 100 1
Billboard Hot R&B Singles 1
Billboard Hot Rap Singles 1
Billboard Hot 100 3
Year End Chart (1995)
Position
Billboard Hot 100 10
U.S. Billboard Hot 100[8] 42
See also[edit]
R&B number-one hits of 1995 (USA)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Best-Selling Records of 1995". Billboard. BPI Communications. 108 (3): 56. January 20, 1996. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
Jump up ^ "American certifications – Method Man – I%27ll Be There for You". Recording Industry Association of America.
Jump up ^ Billboard - Google Boeken. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2012-02-23.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). Top R&B/Hip-Hop Singles: 1942-2004. Record Research. p. 396.
Jump up ^ "VH1′s 100 Greatest Hip-Hop Songs". Stereogum. 2008-09-29. Retrieved 2012-02-23.
Jump up ^ 1. Method Man f/ Mary J. Blige "All I Need/I'll Be There For You" (1995) — The 25 Best Hip-Hop Love Songs | Complex
Jump up ^ Ahmed, Insanul. "Trackmasters Tell All: The Stories Behind Their Classic Records (Part 1)". Complex Music. complex.com. Retrieved 8/9/2012. Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
Jump up ^ "Billboard Top 100 - 1995". Archived from the original on 2009-08-15. Retrieved 2010-08-27.
Further reading[edit]
Talty, Stephan (August 13, 1995). "The No. 1 Summer Song of Love". The New York Times Magazine. New York: The New York Times Company.
External links[edit]
"I'll Be There for You/You're All I Need to Get By" music video for the RZA mix on YouTube, Puff Daddy mix (MTV.com)
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Tical (1994)
Tical 2000: Judgement Day (1998)
Tical 0: The Prequel (2004)
4:21... The Day After (2006)
The Meth Lab (2015)
Collaboration albums
Blackout! (with Redman) (1999)
Blackout! 2 (with Redman) (2009)
Wu-Massacre (with Raekwon and Ghostface Killah) (2010)
Compilations
Back to Back: Raw & Uncut (2008)
Singles
"Bring the Pain"
"I'll Be There for You/You're All I Need to Get By"
"How High"
"The Riddler"
"Hit 'Em High (The Monstars' Anthem)"
"Judgement Day"
"Part II"
"Say"
"A-Yo"
"Mrs. International"
Featured singles
"Ice Cream"
"4, 3, 2, 1"
"The Worst"
"Symphony 2000"
"Left & Right"
"N 2 Gether Now"
"Love @ 1st Sight"
"Still on It"
"Trillmatic"
Related articles
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My Life
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"You Bring Me Joy"
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Share My World
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"I Can Love You"
"Everything"
"Missing You"
"Seven Days"
Mary
"As"
"All That I Can Say"
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"Your Child"
"Give Me You"
No More Drama
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"No More Drama"
"Rainy Dayz"
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"Ooh!"
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"Whenever I Say Your Name"
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"Enough Cryin"
"Take Me As I Am"
Reflections (A Retrospective)
"We Ride (I See the Future)"
Growing Pains
"Just Fine"
"Work That"
"Stay Down"
Stronger with Each Tear
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"I Am"
"Each Tear"
"We Got Hood Love"
My Life II... The Journey Continues (Act 1)
"Ain't Nobody"
"25/8"
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"Why"
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"Someone to Love Me (Naked)"
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Think Like a Man Too
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Soundtracks
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"Stronger"
"The Living Proof"
Guest appearances
"911"
"Ain't No Way"
"America's Song"
"Bridge over Troubled Water"
"Can't Knock the Hustle"
"Disrespectful"
"F for You"
"Hands"
"I'll Be There for You/You're All I Need to Get By"
"I'm a Hustla (Remix)"
"IfULeave"
"Just Stand Up!"
"Lean on Me"
"Magic Touch (NYC Remix)"
"Now or Never"
"Remember Me"
"Runaway Love"
"Stay with Me (Remix)"
"Touch It (Remix)"
"Wake Up Call (Mark Ronson Remix)"
"What Child Is This"
"Where Is the Love?"
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The birds and the bees
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see The Birds and the Bees (disambiguation).
"The Birds and the Bees" is an English-language idiomatic expression and euphemism that refers to courtship and sexual intercourse. The "Birds and the Bees talk" (sometimes known simply as "The Talk"[1][2]) is generally the event in most children's lives in which the parents explain what sexual relationships are.
According to tradition, the birds and the bees is a metaphorical story sometimes told to children in an attempt to explain the mechanics and good consequences of sexual intercourse through reference to easily observed natural events. For instance, bees carry and deposit pollen into flowers, a visible and easy-to-explain parallel to male fertilisation. Another example, birds lay eggs, a similarly visible and easy-to-explain parallel to female ovulation.
Contents
1 Possible origins
2 Usages and popular culture
3 See also
4 References
Possible origins[edit]
Word sleuths William and Mary Morris[3] hint that it may have been inspired by words like these from the poet Samuel Coleridge (1825): 'All nature seems at work ... The bees are stirring—birds are on the wing ... and I the while, the sole unbusy thing, not honey make, nor pair, nor build, nor sing.'"[4]
Even earlier instances of this idiomatic expression appear in the Cavalier poet, Thomas Carew's work, "The Spring" (c.1640), in which Carew uses earth and its change of seasons as a metaphorical depiction of women and their sensuality (The Norton Anthology of English Literature 1696).[5] To abet his ends, Carew alludes to the "birds and the bees" in lines 7-8 with the use of "swallow", "cuckoo", and "humble-bee" as seen here (lines included are 5-8): "But the warm sun thaws the benumbed earth/And makes it tender; gives a sacred birth/To the dead swallow; wakes in hollow tree/The drowsy cuckoo and the humble-bee/Now do a choir of chirping minstrels bring" (emphasis added; lines 5-9 from "The Spring").[6]
Cole Porter
Dr. Emma Frances Angell Drake (b. 1849) wrote a section of a publication called The Story of Life which was published in 1909. This piece was later picked up and included in Safe Counsel, a product of the Eugenics movement in the late 19th and early 20th century. The author tells her daughters "when you discovered the tiny blue eggs in the robin's nest and I told you that wrapped in each shell was a baby robin that was growing there, kept warm by the mamma bird..." the narrative continues on in vague terms without actually describing sexual intercourse. Later she describes the father's role in reproduction like this; "Sometimes it is the wind which blows the pollen dust from one plant to the other, and sometimes it is the bees gathering honey from the flowers. As they suck the honey from the blossoms some of the plant dust sticks to their legs and bodies, and as they go to another plant in search of sweets this is rubbed off and so the parts of the father and mother plant get together and the seed is made fertile." Safe counsel was reprinted at least 40 times from 1893 through 1930 and may have been widely enough repeated to have contributed to the euphemism, "the birds and the bees."[7]
Several sources give credit to Cole Porter for coining the phrase.[8] One of the musician's more famous songs was "Let's Do It, Let's Fall in Love." In Porter's publication from 1928, the opening line for the chorus carried derogatory racial references like "Chinks" and "Japs", later changed following CBS recommendation and NBC adaptation:[9]
And that's why birds do it, bees do it
Even educated fleas do it
Let's do it, let's fall in love
Usages and popular culture[edit]
John Burroughs, a naturalist who lived and worked in the Catskill Mountains, wrote a small pamphlet called "Birds and Bees: Essays"[10] in which he explained the workings of nature in a way that children could understand.
In the 1993 film The Remains of the Day, Stevens uses the metaphor on Lord Darlington's godson.
In the American hidden-camera comedy show Impractical Jokers, the 4 guys frequently make use of the verse.
Robie Harris has written children's works such as It's Not the Stork!, It's Perfectly Normal, and It's So Amazing, which have been the center of controversy and book challenges in the United States.
Jewel Akens earned One-hit wonder status with his Era Records single "The Birds and the Bees" in 1964, which reached #3 on the Billboard Hot 100. The song went on to hit the Top Ten in several European countries in 1965 and would later be covered by many other artists including Dean Martin and Brenda Lee.
In the song "It Must Be Love", originally recorded in 1971 by Labi Siffre, then also recorded by ska/pop band Madness in 1981. The line goes "Bless you and bless me, Bless the bees, And the birds".
In 1968 The Monkees released an album called The Birds, The Bees & The Monkees.
In the Placebo song "Meds", Brian Molko sings "I was confused by the birds and the bees".
In the Eminem song "The Real Slim Shady" the line goes "I like birds, bees, I like people".
American indie pop musical duo from Los Angeles - The Bird and the Bee.
Many songs feature an extended version of this phrase; "the birds and the bees and the flowers and the trees".
The song "Hummingbird Heartbeat" by Katy Perry also states "this is the story of the birds and the bees", referring to sexual intercourse.
The American classic song "Let's Fall in Love" contains the suggestive lyric, "Birds do it. Bees do it."
The song "Sowing the Seeds of Love" by Tears for Fears has this phrase among the lyrics.
The Little Mix song "Nothing Else Matters" from Glory Days contains the lyrics "only the birds and the bees know that we go, a little bit high, little bit low".
One of the Simpsons episodes is titled "The Burns and the Bees".
An episode of Futurama is entitled "The Bots and the Bees", as is an episode of Malcolm in the Middle.
One of the tracks is called “The Bird and The Bees” in the debut album It’s Classy Not Classic by the Electronic Rock band Breathe Carolina
"The birds and bees" lecture was mentioned in James Dashner's "The Maze Runner".
In The Dick Van Dyke Show episode entitled "Go Tell the Birds and the Bees" (Season 5, Episode 10), Rob and Laura are forced to meet with the school psychologist when school officials catch wind of their son's version of the "Birds and the Bees".
See also[edit]
Sexual reproduction
Siamese twins (linguistics)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Boynton, Petra (6 September 2013). "How to talk about the 'birds and bees' with your child in the 21st century". The Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group Limited. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
Jump up ^ James, Susan (22 September 2011). "Birds and Bees: Tips for Having 'The Talk' With Kids". ABC News. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Morris, William & Morris, Mary (1977). Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins. New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 978-0-06-013058-9. Cited in Zimmer, Ben (May 5, 2003). "Where does the phrase 'The birds and the bees' come from". alt.usage.english – via Google Groups.
Jump up ^ Coleridge, Samuel Taylor (February 21, 1825). "Work without Hope". EServer. Iowa State University.
Jump up ^ The Norton Anthology of English Literature. vol. 1 (6th ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Company. 1993. p. 1696.
Jump up ^ Vincent, Arthur, ed. (n.d.). The Poems of Thomas Carew. London: George Routledge & Sons. p. 1.
Jump up ^ Davis, Ozora S. & Drake, Emma F.A. (1930). "The Story of Life". In Jeffries, B.G.; Nichols, J.L.; Drake, Emma F.A. & Davis, Ozora Stearns. Safe Counsel or Practical Eugenics (40th ed.). Naperville, IL: J.L. Nichols. pp. 469–486. OCLC 26103651.
Jump up ^ "Where did the phrase 'the birds and the bees' come from?". Yahoo! Answers. Yahoo. Archived from the original on 2008-01-29. [unreliable source?]
Jump up ^ Bundy, June (December 25, 1954). "Mr. J.Q. Grows Up; He's Less Prudish About Music on Air". Billboard. p. 16. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved July 2, 2011 – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ Burroughs, John (2009) [1887]. Birds and Bees, Sharp Eyes and, Other Papers (Digital reprint). Project Gutenberg. Archived from the original on 26 September 2008.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_birds_and_the_bees&oldid=855637128"
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Sampling error
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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In statistics, sampling error is incurred when the statistical characteristics of a population are estimated from a subset, or sample, of that population. Since the sample does not include all members of the population, statistics on the sample, such as means and quantiles, generally differ from the characteristics of the entire population, which are known as parameters. For example, if one measures the height of a thousand individuals from a country of one million, the average height of the thousand is typically not the same as the average height of all one million people in the country. Since sampling is typically done to determine the characteristics of a whole population, the difference between the sample and population values is considered an error.[1] Exact measurement of sampling error is generally not feasible since the true population values are unknown; however, sampling error can often be estimated by probabilistic modeling of the sample.
Contents
[hide]
1 Description
1.1 Random sampling
1.2 Bias problems
1.3 Non-sampling error
2 See also
3 References
4 External links
Description[edit]
Random sampling[edit]
Main article: Random sampling
In statistics, sampling error is the error caused by observing a sample instead of the whole population.[1] The sampling error is the difference between a sample statistic used to estimate a population parameter and the actual but unknown value of the parameter.[2] An estimate of a quantity of interest, such as an average or percentage, will generally be subject to sample-to-sample variation.[1] These variations in the possible sample values of a statistic can theoretically be expressed as sampling errors, although in practice the exact sampling error is typically unknown. Sampling error also refers more broadly to this phenomenon of random sampling variation.
Random sampling, and its derived terms such as sampling error, imply specific procedures for gathering and analyzing data that are rigorously applied as a method for arriving at results considered representative of a given population as a whole. Despite a common misunderstanding, "random" does not mean the same thing as "chance" as this idea is often used in describing situations of uncertainty, nor is it the same as projections based on an assessed probability or frequency. Sampling always refers to a procedure of gathering data from a small aggregation of individuals that is purportedly representative of a larger grouping which must in principle be capable of being measured as a totality. Random sampling is used precisely to ensure a truly representative sample from which to draw conclusions, in which the same results would be arrived at if one had included the entirety of the population instead. Random sampling (and sampling error) can only be used to gather information about a single defined point in time. If additional data is gathered (other things remaining constant) then comparison across time periods may be possible. However, this comparison is distinct from any sampling itself. As a method for gathering data within the field of statistics, random sampling is recognized as clearly distinct from the causal process that one is trying to measure. The conducting of research itself may lead to certain outcomes affecting the researched group, but this effect is not what is called sampling error. Sampling error always refers to the recognized limitations of any supposedly representative sample population in reflecting the larger totality, and the error refers only to the discrepancy that may result from judging the whole on the basis of a much smaller number. This is only an "error" in the sense that it would automatically be corrected if the totality were itself assessed. The term has no real meaning outside of statistics.
According to a differing view, a potential example of a sampling error in evolution is genetic drift; a change is a population’s allele frequencies due to chance. For example, the bottleneck effect; when natural disasters dramatically reduce the size of a population resulting in a small population that may or may not fairly represent the original population. What may make the bottleneck effect a sampling error is that certain alleles, due to natural disaster, are more common while others may disappear completely, making it a potential sampling error. Another example of genetic drift that is a potential sampling error is the founder effect. The founder effect is when a few individuals from a larger population settle a new isolated area. In this instance, there are only a few individuals with little gene variety, making it a potential sampling error.[3]
The likely size of the sampling error can generally be controlled by taking a large enough random sample from the population,[4] although the cost of doing this may be prohibitive; see sample size determination and statistical power for more detail. If the observations are collected from a random sample, statistical theory provides probabilistic estimates of the likely size of the sampling error for a particular statistic or estimator. These are often expressed in terms of its standard error.
Bias problems[edit]
Sampling bias is a possible source of sampling errors, wherein the sample is chosen in a way that makes some individuals less likely to be included in the sample than others. It leads to sampling errors which either have a prevalence to be positive or negative. Such errors can be considered to be systematic errors.
Non-sampling error[edit]
Sampling error can be contrasted with non-sampling error. Non-sampling error is a catch-all term for the deviations from the true value that are not a function of the sample chosen, including various systematic errors and any random errors that are not due to sampling. Non-sampling errors are much harder to quantify than sampling error.[4]
See also[edit]
Margin of error
Propagation of uncertainty
Ratio estimator
Sampling (statistics)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Sarndal, Swenson, and Wretman (1992), Model Assisted Survey Sampling, Springer-Verlag, ISBN 0-387-40620-4
Jump up ^ Burns, N.; Grove, S. K. (2009). The Practice of Nursing Research: Appraisal, Synthesis, and Generation of Evidence (6th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Saunders Elsevier. ISBN 978-1-4557-0736-2.
Jump up ^ Campbell, Neil A.; Reece, Jane B. (2002). Biology. Benjamin Cummings. pp. 450–451. ISBN 0-536-68045-0.
^ Jump up to: a b Scheuren, Fritz (2005). "What is a Margin of Error?". What is a Survey? (PDF). Washington, D.C.: American Statistical Association. Retrieved 2008-01-08.
External links[edit]
NIST: Selecting Sample Sizes
itfeature.com: Sampling Error
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sampling_error&oldid=845375173"
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Sampling (statistics)
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Interstate 40 in Oklahoma
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the section of Interstate 40 in Oklahoma. For the entire route, see Interstate 40.
Interstate 40
Route information
Maintained by ODOT
Length
331 mi (533 km)
Existed
1957[1] – present
Major junctions
West end
I-40 at the Texas state line
US-81 in El Reno
Kilpatrick Turnpike in Oklahoma City
I-44 in Oklahoma City
I-35 in Oklahoma City
I-235 in Oklahoma City
I-240 in Oklahoma City
Indian Nation Turnpike in Henryetta
US-69 in Checotah
Muskogee Turnpike near Webbers Falls
East end
I-40 at the Arkansas state line
Location
Counties
Beckham, Washita, Custer, Caddo, Canadian, Oklahoma, Pottawatomie, Seminole, Okfuskee, Okmulgee, McIntosh, Muskogee, Sequoyah
Highway system
Interstate Highway System
Main
Auxiliary
Suffixed
Business
Future
Oklahoma State Highway System
Interstate
U.S.
State
Turnpikes
← SH-39 SH-42 →
Interstate 40 (I-40) is an Interstate Highway in Oklahoma that runs 331 miles (533 km) across the state from Texas to Arkansas. West of Oklahoma City, it parallels and replaces the old Route 66, and east of Oklahoma City, it parallels US-62, 266, and 64.
Cities along the route include Erick, Sayre, Elk City, Clinton, Weatherford, Oklahoma City and its suburbs (El Reno, Yukon, Del City, Midwest City, and Shawnee), Okemah, Henryetta, Checotah, and Sallisaw.
Contents
[hide]
1 Route description
2 History
2.1 Bridge collapse
2.2 2015 shootings
3 Oklahoma City Crosstown realignment
4 Business routes and old alignments
5 Exit list
6 Auxiliary route
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Route description[edit]
Interstate 40 enters Oklahoma near Texola in Beckham County. It crosses the North Fork of the Red River near Sayre and runs through southern Elk City. It then cuts across northwest Washita County before entering Custer County. There, it passes through Clinton and Weatherford. After leaving Weatherford, I-40 then runs across northern Caddo County. After that, it enters the Oklahoma City Metro Area at Canadian County.
I-40 and I-44 junction (also known as the Amarillo Junction) traveling westbound in Oklahoma City
I-40 runs through the south side of El Reno as it enters the Oklahoma City metro. It then passes through Yukon before entering Oklahoma City city limits. In west Oklahoma City, I-40 has a junction with Interstate 44. It then runs just south of downtown Oklahoma City on a new ten lane section.[2] I-40 then interlines with Interstate 35 at the Dallas Junction complex. This forms a concurrency with it for two miles (3 km). After the Dallas Junction, I-40 then passes through Del City and Midwest City on the Tinker Diagonal. This provides access to Tinker Air Force Base in east Oklahoma City.
In far eastern Oklahoma City, I-40 meets Interstate 240 in a partial junction. Afterwards, it passes through the north side of Shawnee. This markes the eastern end of the OKC metro area. In Henryetta, I-40 serves as the northern terminus of the Indian Nation Turnpike. In McIntosh County, it crosses the northernmost arm of Lake Eufaula. Afterwards, it meets US-69 south of Checotah.
Near Webbers Falls, I-40 is the southern terminus of the Muskogee Turnpike. It then crosses the Arkansas River before passing through southern Sallisaw. The interstate crosses into Arkansas north of Moffett.
History[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2008)
West of Oklahoma City, Interstate 40 parallels and replaces Old US-66. US-66 was decommissioned in Oklahoma in 1985.
Exit 176
Exit 181
Exit 240A
Exit 262
Bridge collapse[edit]
Main article: I-40 bridge disaster
The I-40 bridge over the Arkansas River/McClellan-Kerr Navigation System near Webbers Falls was struck by a barge on May 26, 2002, causing the bridge to collapse and resulting in the death of 14 people.
Westbound I-40 traffic was detoured through Gore and Webbers Falls along SH-10, US-64, and SH-100, while eastbound traffic was diverted through Porum and Stigler along SH-2, SH-9, and US-59.[3] Delays of thirty to fifty minutes on the 12-mile (19 km) westbound detour were typical, although trains passing through Gore could lengthen wait times by 15 minutes. The eastbound detour added 40 miles (64 km) and two hours to the typical trip. Some travelers chose to avoid the area entirely; one Tulsa trucking firm detoured trucks via Springdale, adding 70 miles (110 km) to the trip.[4][5]
The detour significantly impacted the town of Gore. Local firefighters directed traffic there 24 hours a day, with daytime temperatures approaching 100 °F (38 °C). Businesses in Gore reported loss of revenue due to the traffic; one gas station reported a 30% decline in revenue while traffic was detoured through town.[5]
2015 shootings[edit]
On December 17, 2015, a Pasadena, Texas man allegedly shot and killed two people on Interstate 40 near Weatherford, Oklahoma. He was arrested by police in Clinton, Oklahoma.[6]
Oklahoma City Crosstown realignment[edit]
Main article: Oklahoma City Crosstown Expressway
The original I-40 Oklahoma City Crosstown Expressway was built in 1966 mostly as an elevated route;[citation needed] however, this former stretch was too narrow for existing traffic, and was frequently in disrepair. In response, the I-40 Crosstown Expressway has been relocated a few blocks south of the original route, and the original bridge torn down. The project was completed in February 2012.[2]
The new I-40 Crosstown Expressway has been designed to carry 170,000+ vehicles-per-day traveling at 60 miles-per-hour (97 km/h) using at-least ten lanes for traffic, and has breakdown lanes for disabled vehicles and future lane expansion.
When the new crosstown opened in 2012, nearly 95% of non-rush hour traffic was considered 'through traffic'; not transferring to or from downtown streets.[citation needed]
A landscaped boulevard is currently under-construction (circa 2016) replacing the original I-40 Crosstown Bridge right-of-way through downtown Oklahoma City; similar to the I-30 reconstruction through downtown Fort Worth, Texas.
Business routes and old alignments[edit]
I-40 has eight business routes in Oklahoma, six of which are old alignments of US-66. A number of other old alignments of US-66 are also present west of Oklahoma City.
Erick I-40 Business Loop (formerly US-66) is a Business Loop that runs from I-40 two miles (3 km) west of Erick to the old alignment of US-66, through Erick, and back to I-40, four miles (6 km) east of Erick.
Sayre I-40 Business Loop (formerly US-66) is a Business Loop that begins two miles (3 km) south of Sayre at US-283, runs north into the city, and then leaves Sayre to the east, rejoining I-40 two miles (3 km) east of US-283.
Elk City I-40 Business Loop (formerly US-66) is a Business Loop that begins at Exit 32, seven miles (11 km) west of Elk City. It runs for ten miles (16 km) through Elk City, rejoining I-40 at Exit 41.
Clinton I-40 Business Loop (formerly US-66) is a Business Loop that begins at Exit 65, runs five miles (8 km) through Clinton, and rejoinds I-40 at Exit 69.
Weatherford I-40 Business Loop (formerly US-66) is a Business Loop that exits I-40 at Exit 82B, runs four miles (6 km) through Weatherford, and rejoins I-40 at Exit 82.
El Reno I-40 Business Loop (formerly US-66) is a Business Loop through El Reno. It exits I-40 at Exit 119, runs eight miles (13 km) through El Reno, and rejoins I-40 at Exit 125, the interchange with US-81.
Henryetta I-40 Business Loop (formerly US-62/US-75) is a Business Loop that leaves I-40 at Exit 237, runs four miles (6 km) through Henryetta, and rejoins I-40 at Exit 240, the interchange with US-75 and the Indian Nation Turnpike.
Sallisaw I-40 Business Loop is a Business Loop that leaves I-40 at Exit 308, US-59, runs four miles (6 km) through Sallisaw, and rejoins I-40 at Exit 311, US-64.
Exit list[edit]
This section contains a table that is missing mileposts for one or more junctions. Please help by adding the missing mileposts.
County
Location
mi
km
Exit
Destinations
Notes
Oklahoma–Texas line
0.00
0.00 I-40 continues west into Texas
Beckham
1 Texola

5 I-40 Bus. east (Honeyfarm Road) – Erick
Erick
7 SH-30 – Erick, Sweetwater

11 I-40 Bus. west – Erick

14 Hext Road
Sayre
20 I-40 Bus. east / US-283 (South 4th Street) – Mangum
23 SH-152 (Main Street) – Cordell
25.11
40.41 25 I-40 Bus. west (North 4th Street)

26 Cemetery Road

32 I-40 Bus. east / SH-34 south – Carter, Mangum, Elk City Western terminus of SH-34 concurrency

34 Merritt Road
Elk City
38 SH-6 (South Main Street) – Altus
40 East 7th Street
41 I-40 Bus. west / SH-34 north – Woodward, Elk City Eastern terminus of SH-34 concurrency
Washita Canute
47 Canute

50 Clinton Lake Road
Foss
53 SH-44 – Foss, Altus
Custer
57 Stafford Road

61 Haggard Road

62 Parkersburg Road
Clinton
65 I-40 Bus. east (Gary Boulevard) No eastbound entrance
65A 10th Street, Neptune Drive
66 US-183 (S. 4th Street) – Cordell

69.16
111.30 69 I-40 Bus. west – Clinton Westbound exit and eastbound entrance

71 Custer City Road
Weatherford
80 SH-54 – Thomas, Mountain View
80A I-40 Bus. east (W. Main Street) – Southwestern Oklahoma State University Eastbound exit and westbound entrance
82 I-40 Bus. west (E. Main Street)
84 Airport Road
Caddo
88 SH-58 – Hydro, Carnegie

95 Bethel Road

101 US-281 / SH-8 – Hinton, Anadarko
Canadian
104 Methodist Road

108 US-281 Spur – Geary, Watonga

115 US-270 west – Calumet Western terminus of US-270 concurrency

119 I-40 Bus. east – El Reno
El Reno
123 Country Club Road
125 I-40 Bus. west / US-81 – El Reno, Chickasha
127 Radio Road

130 Banner Road
Oklahoma City
132 Cimarron Road – C.E. Page Airport
Oklahoma City–Yukon line
135 Frisco Road Planning underway, bid letting projected for 2017[7]
Yukon
136 Garth Brooks Boulevard
Oklahoma City
137 Cornwell Drive, Czech Hall Road Eastbound exit and entrance on Czech Hall Road, westbound exit and entrance from Northwest 10th Street
138A SH-4 (Mustang Road) Westbound exit via exit 139
139 Kilpatrick Turnpike east Eastbound I-40 exit 138B
140 Morgan Road
Oklahoma
142 Council Road
143 Rockwell Avenue
144 MacArthur Boulevard
145 Meridian Avenue
146 Portland Avenue Eastbound exit and westbound entrance
147 I-44 / SH-3 – Lawton, Tulsa Signed as exits 147A (westbound I-44) & 147B (eastbound I-44); I-44 exits 120A-B
147C May Avenue – Fair Park Merged with exit 148A upon I-40 Crosstown realignment; was westbound exit and eastbound entrance
148A Agnew Avenue, Villa Avenue, May Avenue May Ave. not signed eastbound
148B Oklahoma City Boulevard east Eastbound exit and westbound entrance; former Oklahoma City Crosstown Expressway alignment
148C Pennsylvania Avenue Formerly exit 148B (that was eastbound exit and westbound entrance only) on old alignment
148C Virginia Avenue Closed upon I-40 Crosstown realignment; was westbound exit and eastbound entrance
149 Western Avenue Formerly also served Reno Avenue and Sheridan Avenue on exit 149A of old alignment
149B Classen Boulevard Closed upon I-40 Crosstown realignment; was westbound exit and eastbound entrance
150A Walker Avenue – Downtown Oklahoma City Closed upon I-40 Crosstown realignment; was eastbound exit and westbound entrance
150B Harvey Avenue Closed upon I-40 Crosstown realignment; was eastbound exit only
150A Shields Boulevard No eastbound exit
150B Robinson Avenue Westbound exit only; formerly exit 150C on old alignment
151A Oklahoma City Boulevard west Westbound exit and eastbound entrance
151A Lincoln Boulevard Closed upon I-40 Crosstown realignment; was eastbound exit only
151B I-35 south / US-62 west (US-77 south) – Dallas Western terminus of I-35/US-62 concurrency
151C I-235 north (US-77 north) – Edmond, State Capitol, Oklahoma Health Center Signed as exit 126 westbound, due to I-35 concurrency
127 Eastern Avenue, M. L. King Avenue Eastbound exit and westbound entrance; exit number follows I-35
153 I-35 north / US-62 east to I-44 – Tulsa, Wichita Eastern terminus of I-35/US-62 concurrency
Del City
154 Reno Avenue, Scott Street
155A Sunnylane Road – Del City
155B SE 15th Street – Del City, Midwest City
Midwest City
156A Sooner Road
156B Hudiburg Drive No eastbound entrance
157A SE 29th Street – Midwest City Eastbound exit only
157B Air Depot Boulevard – Tinker Gate
157C Town Center Drive – Eaker Gate
159A Hruskocy Gate
159B Douglas Boulevard – Lancer Gate, Liberator Gate, Marauder Gate
Oklahoma City
162 Anderson Road
165 I-240 west (SH-3) – Lawton, Dallas Western terminus of SH-3 concurrency; westbound exit and eastbound entrance
166 Choctaw Road
169 Peebly Road
Eastern Oklahoma County Turnpike north Proposed trumpet interchange[8]
172 Newalla Road – Harrah
Pottawatomie McLoud
176 SH-102 north (Mcloud Road) Western terminus of SH-102 concurrency
178 SH-102 south – Dale, Bethel Acres Eastern terminus of SH-102 concurrency

181 US-270 / SH-3W east / SH-3 end / SH-3E begin / US-177 – Shawnee, Tecumseh, Stillwater Eastern terminus of US-270/SH-3 concurrency, western terminus of SH-3E concurrency; SH-3 splits into SH-3E and SH-3W
Shawnee
185 Kickapoo Street – Shawnee
186 SH-3E east / SH-18 – Shawnee, Meeker Eastern terminus of SH-3E concurrency

192 SH-9A south – Earlsboro
Seminole
200 US-377 / SH-99 – Prague, Seminole

212 SH-56 – Cromwell, Wewoka
Okfuskee
217 SH-48 – Holdenville, Bristow

221 US-62 west / SH-27 – Okemah, Wetumka Western terminus of US-62 concurrency

227 Clearview Road

231 US-75 south – Wetumka, Weleetka Western terminus of US-75 concurrency
Okmulgee Henryetta
237 I-40 Bus. east – Henryetta
240A Indian Nation Turnpike south – McAlester, Dallas Indian Nation Turnpike exits 104A-B
240B US-62 east / US-75 north / I-40 Bus. west – Henryetta, Okmulgee Eastern terminus of US-62/US-75 concurrency
McIntosh
247 Tiger Mountain Road

255 Pierce Road

259 SH-150 (Lake Eufaula Road)

262 To US-266 / Lotawatah Road

264 US-69 – Eufaula, McAlester, Dallas Signed as exits 264A (south) and 264B (north)

265
US-69 Bus. – Checotah

270 Texanna Road – Porum Landing
Muskogee
278 US-266 / SH-2 – Muskogee, Warner, Porum

284 Ross Road

286 Muskogee Turnpike west – Muskogee, Tulsa

287 SH-100 north – Webbers Falls, Gore
Sequoyah
291 SH-10 north (Carlisle Road) – Gore

297 SH-82 – Vian, Tahlequah

303 Dwight Mission Road
Sallisaw
308 I-40 Bus. east / US-59 – Sallisaw, Poteau
311 I-40 Bus. west / US-64 – Sallisaw, Stilwell

321 SH-64B north – Muldrow

325 US-64 – Roland, Fort Smith

330 SH-64D south – Dora, Fort Smith Eastbound exit and westbound entrance
Oklahoma–Arkansas line
331.00
532.69 I-40 continues east into Arkansas
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
Closed/former
Concurrency terminus
Incomplete access
Tolled
Unopened
Auxiliary route[edit]
I-40 has one auxiliary route in Oklahoma:
I-240: A bypass of the south side of Oklahoma City
[hide]
v
t
e
Auxiliary routes of Interstate 40
California
Business
Arizona
Business
New Mexico
Business
Texas
Business
Oklahoma
240
4401
Business
Arkansas
440
540
Tennessee
140
240
440
640
840
North Carolina
140
240
440
540
840
Business
1Former
See also[edit]
U.S. Route 66 in Oklahoma
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Froehlig, Adam. Scans from the "Yellow Book". Froggie's Place. URL accessed September 20, 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b "OKC I-40 Crosstown". Okladot.state.ok.us. Archived from the original on August 31, 2011. Retrieved September 19, 2011.
Jump up ^ "I-40 Webbers Falls Local Detour Route & Map". Oklahoma Department of Transportation. Retrieved 2014-01-10.
Jump up ^ Stewart, D. R. (May 29, 2002). "Truckers weigh cost of detours". Tulsa World. Retrieved 2014-01-10.
^ Jump up to: a b Morgan, Rhett (July 26, 2002). "Towns on detour route await bridge reopening". Tulsa World. Retrieved 2014-01-10.
Jump up ^ http://abcnews.go.com/US/dead-apparent-road-rage-shooting-oklahoma-highway/story?id=35819332
Jump up ^ Powell, Jim (August 20, 2014). "'Ball rolling' on Frisco Road–I-40 project". The Yukon Review. Retrieved 2014-09-10.
Jump up ^ Gatz, Tim J. (September 25, 2017). "Re: Infrastructure for Rebuilding America (INFRA) funding for Interstate 40 / Douglas Interchange and related interstate widening in Oklahoma County" (PDF) (Letter). Letter to The Hon. Elaine Chao, Secretary of Transportation. Retrieved April 12, 2018.
External links[edit]
Route map: Google
KML file (edit • help)
Display on Google Maps
Template:Attached KML/Interstate 40 in Oklahoma
KML is from Wikidata
I-40 at OKHighways.com
I-40 at AARoads
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Interstate 40 in Oklahoma.

Interstate 40
Previous state:
Texas Oklahoma Next state:
Arkansas
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interstate_40_in_Oklahoma&oldid=840547095"
Categories:
Interstate Highways in Oklahoma
Interstate 40
Transportation in Beckham County, Oklahoma
Transportation in Washita County, Oklahoma
Transportation in Custer County, Oklahoma
Transportation in Caddo County, Oklahoma
Transportation in Canadian County, Oklahoma
Transportation in Oklahoma County, Oklahoma
Transportation in Pottawatomie County, Oklahoma
Transportation in Seminole County, Oklahoma
Transportation in Okfuskee County, Oklahoma
Transportation in Okmulgee County, Oklahoma
Transportation in McIntosh County, Oklahoma
Transportation in Muskogee County, Oklahoma
Transportation in Sequoyah County, Oklahoma
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Pretty Woman
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the film. For the song sometimes known as "Pretty Woman", see Oh, Pretty Woman. For the song in the musical Sweeney Todd, see Pretty Women.
Not to be confused with Pretty Lady (disambiguation).
Pretty Woman
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Garry Marshall
Produced by
Arnon Milchan
Steven Reuther
Gary W. Goldstein
Written by
J. F. Lawton
Starring
Richard Gere
Julia Roberts
Music by
James Newton Howard
Cinematography
Charles Minsky
Edited by
Raja Gosnell
Priscilla Nedd
Production
company
Touchstone Pictures
Silver Screen Partners IV
Regency International Pictures (uncredited)
Distributed by
Buena Vista Pictures
Release date
March 23, 1990 (1990-03-23)
(United States)
Running time
119 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$14 million
Box office
$463.4 million
Pretty Woman is a 1990 American romantic comedy film directed by Garry Marshall from a screenplay by J. F. Lawton. The film stars Richard Gere and Julia Roberts, and features Hector Elizondo, Ralph Bellamy (in his final performance), Laura San Giacomo, and Jason Alexander in supporting roles.[1] Set in 1987, the film's story centers on down-on-her-luck Hollywood prostitute Vivian Ward, who is hired by Edward Lewis, a wealthy businessman, to be his escort for several business and social functions, and their developing relationship over the course of her week-long stay with him.
Originally intended to be a dark cautionary tale about class and sex work in Los Angeles, the film was reconceived as a romantic comedy with a large budget. It was widely successful at the box office and was the third highest-grossing film of 1990. The film saw the highest number of ticket sales in the U.S. ever for a romantic comedy,[2] with Box Office Mojo listing it as the #1 romantic comedy by the highest estimated domestic tickets sold at 42,176,400, slightly ahead of My Big Fat Greek Wedding (2002) at 41,419,500 tickets.[3] The film received positive reviews, with Roberts's performance being praised, for which she received a Golden Globe Award and a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress. In addition, screenwriter J. F. Lawton was nominated for a Writers Guild Award and a BAFTA Award.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Casting
3.3 Filming
4 Reception
4.1 Box office
4.2 Critical response
4.3 Accolades
5 Music
5.1 Soundtrack
5.1.1 Track listing
6 Musical adaptation
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
High-powered businessman Edward Lewis has broken up with his girlfriend after an unpleasant phone call wherein he asked her to escort him during his business trip - she is offended that he treats her as his "beck and call girl". Leaving a business party in the Hollywood Hills, he takes his lawyer's Lotus Esprit sports car, and accidentally ends up on Hollywood Boulevard in the city's red-light district, where he encounters prostitute Vivian Ward. Having difficulties driving the car, he asks her to get in and guide him to the Regent Beverly Wilshire Hotel, where he is staying. It becomes clear that Vivian knows more about the Lotus than he does, and he lets her drive. Vivian charges Lewis $20 for the ride, and they separate. She goes to a bus stop, where he finds her and offers to hire her for the night; later, he asks Vivian to play the role his girlfriend has refused, offering her $3,000 to stay with him for the next six days as well as paying for a new, more acceptable wardrobe for her. That evening, visibly moved by her transformation, Edward begins seeing Vivian in a different light. He begins to open up to her, revealing his personal and business lives.
Edward takes Vivian to a polo match in hopes of networking for his business deal. His attorney, Phillip, suspects Vivian is a corporate spy, and Edward tells him how they truly met. Phillip later approaches Vivian, suggesting they do business once her work with Edward is finished. Insulted, and furious that Edward has revealed their secret, Vivian wants to end the arrangement. Edward apologizes, and admits to feeling jealous of a business associate to whom Vivian paid attention at the match. Vivian's straightforward personality is rubbing off on Edward, and he finds himself acting in unaccustomed ways. Clearly growing involved, Edward takes Vivian by private jet to see La Traviata at the San Francisco Opera. Vivian is moved to tears by the story of the prostitute who falls in love with a rich man. Vivian breaks her "no kissing on the mouth" rule (which her friend Kit taught her) and they have sex; in the aftermath, Vivian tells Edward she loves him, but he does not respond. Edward offers to put her up in an apartment so she can be off the streets. Hurt, she refuses, says this is not the "fairy tale" she dreamed of as a child, in which a knight on a white horse rescues her.
Meeting with the tycoon whose shipbuilding company he is in the process of "raiding," Edward changes his mind. His time with Vivian has shown him a different way of looking at life, and he suggests working together to save the company rather than tearing it apart and selling off the pieces. Phillip, furious at losing so much money, goes to the hotel to confront Edward, but finds only Vivian. Blaming her for the change in Edward, he attempts to rape her. Edward arrives, wrestles Philip off her, punches him in the face and throws him out of the room.
With his business in L.A. complete, Edward asks Vivian to stay one more night with him, but because she wants to, not because he's paying her. She refuses. Edward re-thinks his life and has the hotel chauffeur detour to Vivian's apartment building, where he leaps from out the white limousine's sun roof and "rescues her." Edward asks, "So what happens after he climbed up the tower and rescues her?" to which Vivian responds, "She rescues him right back."
Cast[edit]
Richard Gere as Edward Lewis, a rich corporate raider and womanizer from New York.
Julia Roberts as Vivian Ward, an assertive freelance hooker with a heart of gold on Hollywood Boulevard.
Ralph Bellamy as James Morse, owner of a troubled shipbuilding company Edward plans to take over.
Jason Alexander as Phillip Stuckey, Edward's insensitive lawyer.
Héctor Elizondo as Barney Thompson, the dignified but soft-hearted hotel manager.
Laura San Giacomo as Kit De Luca, Vivian's wisecracking friend and roommate, who has taught her the prostitution trade.
Julie Paris as Rachel, friend of Vivian and Kit.
Alex Hyde-White as David Morse, James Morse's grandson, who is being groomed to take over the company.
Amy Yasbeck as Elizabeth Stuckey, Phillip's wife.
Elinor Donahue as Bridget, a friend of Barney Thompson who works in a women's clothing store.
John David Carson as Mark Roth, a businessman in Edward's office.
Judith Baldwin as Susan, one of Edward's ex-girlfriends.
Laurelle Brooks Mehus as the hotel's night desk clerk.
James Patrick Stuart as the day bellhop.
Dey Young as a snobbish saleswoman in a dress store.
Larry Miller as Mr. Hollister, the manager of a clothing store where Vivian buys her new wardrobe.
Patrick Richwood as Dennis, the hotel elevator operator.
Hank Azaria as a detective. This was Azaria's first speaking role.
Amzie Strickland as Matron
Lynda Goodfriend as a Tourist.
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
The film was initially conceived as a dark drama about sex work in Los Angeles in the 1980s.[4] The relationship between Vivian and Edward also originally involved controversial themes, including Vivian being addicted to drugs; part of the deal was that she had to stay off cocaine for a week. Edward eventually throws her out of his car and drives off. The original script by J.F. Lawton, called 3000,[5] ended with Vivian and her sex-worker friend on the bus to Disneyland.[4] Producer Laura Ziskin considered these elements detrimental to a sympathetic portrayal of Vivian, and they were removed or assigned to Kit. The deleted scenes have been found, and some were included on the DVD released for the film's 15th anniversary.[4] In one, Vivian tells Edward, "I could just pop ya good and be on my way", indicating her disinterest in "pillow talk". In another, she is confronted by drug dealers, then rescued by Edward.
Though inspired by such films as Wall Street and The Last Detail,[5] the film bears a resemblance to Pygmalion myths: particularly George Bernard Shaw's play of the same name, which also formed the basis for the Broadway musical My Fair Lady. It was Walt Disney Studios then-president Jeffrey Katzenberg who insisted the film be re-written as a modern-day fairy tale and love story, as opposed to the original dark drama. It was pitched to Touchstone Pictures and re-written as a romantic comedy.[6] The title 3000 was changed because Disney executives thought it sounded like a title for a science fiction film.[7]
The film is one of two movies that triggered a resurgence of romantic comedy in Hollywood, the other being When Harry Met Sally. Following this film's success, Roberts became the romantic comedy queen of the 1990s.
Casting[edit]
Casting of the film was a rather lengthy process. Marshall had initially considered Christopher Reeve, Daniel Day-Lewis, and Denzel Washington for the role of Edward, and Al Pacino and Burt Reynolds turned it down.[8] Pacino went as far as doing a casting reading with Roberts before rejecting the part.[9] Gere initially refused but when he met with Roberts, she persuaded him and he eventually agreed to play Lewis.[10] He reportedly started off much more active in his role; but Garry Marshall took him aside and said "No, no, no, Richard. In this movie, one of you moves and one of you does not. Guess which one you are?"[11] Julia Roberts was not the first choice for the role of Vivian, and was not wanted by Disney. Many other actresses were considered. Marshall originally envisioned Karen Allen for the role; when she declined, auditions went to many better-known actresses of the time including Molly Ringwald,[12] who turned it down because she felt uncomfortable playing a sex worker.[citation needed] Winona Ryder auditioned, but was turned down because Marshall felt she was "too young". Jennifer Connelly was also dismissed for the same reason.[4]
Meg Ryan, who was a top choice of Marshall's, turned it down as well. According to a note written by Marshall, Mary Steenburgen was also among the first choices. Diane Lane came very close to being cast (the script was much darker at the time); they had gone as far as costume fittings, but due to scheduling conflicts she could not accept. Michelle Pfeiffer turned the role down, saying she did not like the script's "tone."[13] Daryl Hannah was also considered, but believed the role was "degrading to women".[13] Valeria Golino declined, doubting it would work with her thick Italian accent.[citation needed] And Jennifer Jason Leigh had auditioned.[14] When all the other actresses turned down the role, 21-year-old Julia Roberts, a relative unknown, with only the sleeper hit Mystic Pizza (1988) and the yet-to-be-released Steel Magnolias (1989) to her credit, won the role of Vivian. Her performance made her a star. J.F. Lawton, writer of the original screenplay, has suggested that the film was ultimately given a happy ending because of the chemistry of Gere and Roberts.[5]
Veteran actor Ralph Bellamy, who plays James Morse, appears in his final acting performance before his death in 1991.
Filming[edit]
The film's budget was substantial, at $14 million, so producers could shoot in many locations.[4] Most filming took place in Los Angeles, California, specifically in Beverly Hills, and inside soundstages at Walt Disney Studios in Burbank. The escargot restaurant the "Voltaire" was shot at the restaurant "Rex," now called "Cicada". Scenes set in the Beverly Wilshire Hotel lobby were shot at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles. Filming commenced on July 24, 1989, but was immediately plagued by problems. These included Ferrari and Porsche declining the product placement opportunity for the car Edward drove, neither firm wishing to be associated with sex workers.[4] Lotus Cars saw the placement value, and supplied a Silver 1989.5 Esprit SE (which was later sold).
Shooting was a generally pleasant, easy-going experience, as the budget was broad and the shooting schedule was not tight.[4] While shooting the scene where Vivian is lying down on the floor of Edward's penthouse, watching reruns of I Love Lucy, Garry Marshall had to tickle Roberts' feet (out of camera range) to get her to laugh. The scene in which Gere playfully snaps the lid of a jewelry case on her fingers was improvised, and her surprised laugh was genuine. The red dress Vivian wears to the opera has been listed among the most unforgettable dresses of all time.[15]
During the scene in which Roberts sang to a Prince song in the bathtub, slid down and submerged her head under the bubbles; she emerged to find the crew had left except for the cameraman, who captured the moment on film. In the love scene, she was so stressed that a vein become noticeable on her forehead and had to be massaged by Marshall and Gere. She also developed a case of hives, and calamine lotion was used to soothe her skin until filming resumed.[4] The filming was completed on October 18.
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
In its opening weekend, the film was at number one at the box office, grossing $11,280,591 and averaging $8,513 per theater.[16] Despite dropping to number two in its second weekend, it grossed more with $12,471,670.[16] It was number one at the box office for four non-consecutive weeks, and in the Top 10 for 16 weeks.[16] It has grossed $178,406,268 in the United States and $285,000,000 in other countries for a total worldwide gross of $463,406,268.[17] It was also the fourth highest-grossing film of the year in the United States[18] and the third highest-grossing worldwide.[19] The film remains Disney's highest-grossing R-rated release ever.[20]
Critical response [edit]
The film received mixed to positive reviews from critics. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 61% of 55 film critics have given it a positive review, with a rating average of 5.7 out of 10.[21] Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, gives it a score of 51 based on 17 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews."[22]
Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a D, saying it "starts out as a neo-Pygmalion comedy" and with "its tough-hooker heroine, it can work as a feminist version of an upscale princess fantasy." Gleiberman also said it "pretends to be about how love transcends money," but "is really obsessed with status symbols."[23] On its twentieth anniversary, Gleiberman wrote another article, saying that while he felt he was right, he would have given it a B today.[24] Carina Chocano of The New York Times said the movie "wasn't a love story, it was a money story. Its logic depended on a disconnect between character and narrative, between image and meaning, between money and value, and that made it not cluelessly traditional but thoroughly postmodern."[25]
Accolades[edit]
Awards
48th Golden Globe Awards
Best Actress - Musical or Comedy – Julia Roberts
Nominations
16th César Awards
Best Foreign Film
63rd Academy Awards
Best Actress – Julia Roberts
48th Golden Globe Awards
Best Motion Picture (Comedy or Musical)
Best Actor - Musical or Comedy – Richard Gere
Best Supporting Actor – Hector Elizondo
Writers Guild of America Award for Best Original Screenplay – J. F. Lawton
Music[edit]
The film is noted for its musical selections. The hugely successful soundtrack features the song "Oh, Pretty Woman" by Roy Orbison, which inspired its title. Roxette's "It Must Have Been Love" reached No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 in June 1990. The soundtrack also features "King of Wishful Thinking" by Go West, "Show Me Your Soul" by Red Hot Chili Peppers, "No Explanation" by Peter Cetera, "Wild Women Do" by Natalie Cole and "Fallen" by Lauren Wood. The soundtrack went on to be certified triple platinum by the RIAA.[26]
The opera featured in the film is La Traviata, which also served as inspiration for its plot. The highly dramatic aria fragment that is repeated is the end of "Dammi tu forza!" ("Give me strength!"), from the opera. The piano piece Gere's character plays in the hotel lobby was actually composed by and performed by him. Roberts sings the song "Kiss" by Prince while she is in the tub and Gere's character is on the phone. Background music is composed by James Newton Howard. Entitled "He Sleeps/Love Theme", this piano composition is inspired by Bruce Springsteen's "Racing in the Street".
Soundtrack[edit]
Pretty Woman
Soundtrack album by Various artists
Released
March 13, 1990
Recorded
1964, 1988–1989
Genre
Pop
Rock
Length
43:36
Label
EMI
Producer
Various artists
Singles from Pretty Woman
"Show Me Your Soul"
Released: February 14, 1990
"King of Wishful Thinking"
Released: 1990
"It Must Have Been Love"
Released: 20 May 1990
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source
Rating
AllMusic link
The soundtrack was released on March 13, 1990 by EMI.[27][28]
Track listing[edit]
No.
Title
Length
1. "Wild Women Do" (performed by Natalie Cole) 4:06
2. "Fame '90" (performed by David Bowie) 3:36
3. "King of Wishful Thinking" (performed by Go West) 4:00
4. "Tangled" (performed by Jane Wiedlin) 4:18
5. "It Must Have Been Love" (performed by Roxette) 4:17
6. "Life in Detail" (performed by Robert Palmer) 4:07
7. "No Explanation" (performed by Peter Cetera) 4:19
8. "Real Wild Child (Wild One)" (performed by Christopher Otcasek) 3:39
9. "Fallen" (performed by Lauren Wood) 3:59
10. "Oh, Pretty Woman" (performed by Roy Orbison) 2:55
11. "Show Me Your Soul" (performed by Red Hot Chili Peppers) 4:20
Total length: 43:36
Musical adaptation[edit]
A stage musical adaptation of the film is scheduled to open on Broadway on July 20, 2018 in previews, officially on August 16 at the Nederlander Theatre.[29] This follows an out-of-town tryout at the Oriental Theatre in Chicago, which will run from March 13 to April 15, 2018. The musical has music and lyrics by Bryan Adams and Jim Vallance; the late Garry Marshall and J.F. Lawton wrote the book; and Jerry Mitchell is the director and choreographer.[30] The Chicago and Broadway casts will feature Samantha Barks, in her Broadway debut as Vivian and Steve Kazee as Edward.[30] Orfeh will portray Kit, and Jason Danieley will play Philip Stuckey. Eric Anderson will portray the role of Mr. Thompson and Kingsley Leggs will play the role of James Morse.[29]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Pretty Woman". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved June 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ Prince, Rosa (March 21, 2012). "Richard Gere: Pretty Woman a 'Silly Romantic Comedy'". The Daily Telegraph. London.
Jump up ^ "Box Office Mojo". Retrieved July 12, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Pretty Woman: 15th anniversary (DVD). Buena Vista Home Entertainment, Touchstone. 2005.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kate Erbland, "The True Story of Pretty Woman’s Original Dark Ending, Vanity Fair, March 23, 2015. Retrieved January 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ Hilary Lewis (August 26, 2016). "8 Movies With Major Title Changes". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ Stewart, James B. (2005). DisneyWar. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 110. ISBN 978-0-7432-6709-0.
Jump up ^ "'Pretty Woman' Casting Information and Trivia". IMDb. Retrieved May 17, 2007. [unreliable source?]
Jump up ^ Pacino, Al (June 15, 2007). ""Al Pacino Interview"". Larry King Live (Interview). Interview with Larry King. CNN.
Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Ub6BdLFWyg
Jump up ^ Tiffin, George (2015). A Star is Born: The Moment an Actress becomes an Icon. Head of Zeus. p. 493. ISBN 978-1-78185-936-0.
Jump up ^ Corcoran, Monica (June 28, 2008). "Molly Ringwald: Pretty in Pucci". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 8, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Darly Hannah Pleased to Decline Pretty Woman".
Jump up ^ Kachka, Boris (December 4, 2005). "Lone Star: Jennifer Jason Leigh Plays an Extroverted Striver in Abigail's Party, Now, that's a stretch". New York Magazine: 2.
Jump up ^ Dumas, Daisy (December 6, 2011). "From Pretty Woman and Atonement to The Seven Year Itch, the Most Unforgettable Dresses of All Time". Daily Mail. London.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Pretty Woman (1990)—Weekend Box Office". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved September 29, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Pretty Woman (1990)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved September 29, 2009.
Jump up ^ "1990 Yearly Box Office Results". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved September 29, 2009.
Jump up ^ "1990 Yearly Box Office Results". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved September 29, 2009.
Jump up ^ "DOMESTIC GROSSES BY MPAA RATING". Retrieved July 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Pretty Woman". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved February 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Pretty Woman Reviews at Metacritic.com". Metacritic. Retrieved September 29, 2009.
Jump up ^ Gleiberman, Owen (March 23, 1990). "Pretty Woman". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved September 29, 2009.
Jump up ^ Gleiberman, Owen. "'Pretty Woman': 20 Years after My Most Infamous Review (Yes, I gave it a D), Here's My Mea Culpa—and Also My Defense". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved July 15, 2011.
Jump up ^ Chocano, Carina (April 11, 2011). "Thelma, Louise and All the Pretty Women". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ "Pretty Woman's Soundtrack RIAA Multi Platinum Award". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved October 12, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Pretty Woman Original Soundtrack". Amazon.com. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Pretty Woman Original Soundtrack". AllMusic. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Clement, Olivia. " 'Pretty Woman' Musical Finds Its Broadway Home, Sets Summer 2018 Opening" Playbill, November 22, 2017
^ Jump up to: a b McPhee, Ryan. "Jason Danieley Joins Broadway-Bound 'Pretty Woman' Musical" Playbill, October 6, 2017
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Films directed by Garry Marshall
Young Doctors in Love (1982)
The Flamingo Kid (1984)
Nothing in Common (1986)
Overboard (1987)
Beaches (1988)
The Lottery (1989)
Pretty Woman (1990)
Frankie and Johnny (1991)
Exit to Eden (1994)
Dear God (1996)
The Other Sister (1999)
Runaway Bride (1999)
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Raising Helen (2004)
The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement (2004)
Georgia Rule (2007)
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