text:
Jean-Baptiste Colbert
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (July 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Jean-Baptiste Colbert
Lord of Vandières and Cernay
Portrait of Jean-Baptiste Colbert, by Philippe de Champaigne (1655)
First Minister of State
In office
9 March 1661 – 6 September 1683
Monarch
Louis XIV
Preceded by
Jules Raymond Mazarin
Succeeded by
The Marquis of Louvois
Secretary of the Navy
In office
7 March 1669 – 6 September 1683
Monarch
Louis XIV
Succeeded by
Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Jr.
Controller-General of Finances
In office
4 May 1661[clarification needed] – 6 September 1683
Monarch
Louis XIV
Preceded by
Nicolas Fouquet
Succeeded by
Claude Le Peletier
Secretary of State of the Maison du Roi
In office
1664 – 6 September 1683
Monarch
Louis XIV
Preceded by
Antoine de Ratabon
Succeeded by
François-Michel le Tellier
Personal details
Born
(1619-08-29)29 August 1619
Reims, France
Died
6 September 1683(1683-09-06) (aged 64)
Paris, France
Resting place
Saint-Eustache, Paris
Nationality
French
Spouse(s)
Marie Charron (m. 1648; d. 1683)
Children
Jean-Baptiste
Jacques Nicolas
Jean-Jules-Armand
Nickname(s)
Le Grand Colbert
(The Great Colbert)
Academic career
Institution
French Monarchy
Académie française
Académie royale d'architecture
French Academy of Sciences
Field
Economics
Military science
Architecture
School or
tradition
Mercantilism
Influences
Josiah Child
Barthélemy de Laffemas
Contributions
Colbertism
Awards
Order of the Holy Spirit
Jean-Baptiste Colbert (French: [ʒɑ̃.ba.tist kɔl.bɛʁ]; 29 August 1619 – 6 September 1683) was a French politician who served as the Minister of Finances of France from 1665 to 1683 under the rule of King Louis XIV. His relentless hard work and thrift made him an esteemed minister. He achieved a reputation for his work of improving the state of French manufacturing and bringing the economy back from the brink of bankruptcy. Historians note that, despite Colbert's efforts, France actually became increasingly impoverished because of the King's excessive spending on wars.[1] Colbert worked to create a favourable balance of trade and increase France's colonial holdings.[citation needed]
Colbert's market reforms included the foundation of the Manufacture royale de glaces de miroirs in 1665 to supplant the importation of Venetian glass (forbidden in 1672, as soon as the French glass manufacturing industry was on sound footing) and to encourage the technical expertise of Flemish cloth manufacturing in France. He also founded royal tapestry works at Gobelins and supported those at Beauvais. Colbert worked to develop the domestic economy by raising tariffs and by encouraging major public works projects, and to ensure that the French East India Company had access to foreign markets, so that they could always obtain coffee, cotton, dyewoods, fur, pepper and sugar. In addition, Colbert founded the French merchant marine.
Colbert issued more than 150 edicts to regulate the guilds. (One such law had the intention of improving the quality of cloth. The edict declared that if the authorities found a merchant's cloth unsatisfactory on three separate occasions, they were to tie him to a post with the cloth attached to him.) He created the seigneurial system.[citation needed]
Contents
[hide]
1 Biography
1.1 Early life
1.2 Rise to power
1.3 Economic reform
1.4 Economic theory
1.5 Promoter of culture
1.6 Death
2 Religion
3 Legacy
4 Quotes
5 See also
6 References
7 Sources
8 External links
Biography[edit]
Early life[edit]
Colbert's father and grandfather were merchants in his birthplace of Reims, France. He claimed to have Scottish ancestry. A general (but unconfirmed) belief exists that he spent his early youth at a Jesuit college, working for a Parisian banker; as well as working for the father of Jean Chapelain.
Before the age of 20, Colbert had a post in the war office, a position generally attributed to the marriage of an uncle to the sister of Secretary of War Michel le Tellier. Colbert spent some time as an inspector of troops, eventually becoming the personal secretary of Le Tellier. In 1647, through unknown means, Colbert acquired the confiscated goods of an uncle, Pussort. In 1648, he and his wife Marie Charron, received 40,000 crowns from an unknown source; and in 1649 Colbert became the councillor of state (Political minister).
In 1657, he purchased the Barony of Seignelay.
Rise to power[edit]
Colbert was recommended to King Louis XIV by Mazarin. While Cardinal Mazarin was in exile, Louis' trust in Colbert grew. In 1652 Colbert was asked to manage the affairs of the Cardinal while he was away. This new responsibility would detach Colbert from his other responsibility as commissaire des guerres. Although Colbert was not a supporter of Mazarin in principle, he would defend the cardinal's interests with unflagging devotion.
Colbert's earliest recorded attempt at tax reform came in the form of a mémoire to Mazarin, showing that of the taxes paid by the people, not one-half reached the King. The paper also contained an attack upon the Superintendent Fouquet. The postmaster of Paris, a spy of Fouquet's, read the letter, leading to a dispute which Mazarin attempted to suppress.
In 1661, Mazarin died and Colbert "made sure of the King's favour" by revealing the location of some of Mazarin's hidden wealth. In January 1664 Colbert became the Superintendent of buildings; in 1665 he became Controller-General of Finances; in 1669, he became Secretary of State of the Navy; he also gained appointments as minister of commerce, of the colonies and of the palace. In short, Colbert acquired power in every department except that of war.
A great financial and fiscal reform at once claimed all his energies. Not only the nobility, but many others who had no legal claim to exemption, paid no taxes; the bulk of the burden fell on the wretched country-folk. Supported by the young king Louis XIV, Colbert aimed the first blow at the man accused of being the greatest of the royal embezzlers, the superintendent Nicolas Fouquet. Fouquet's fall simultaneously secured Colbert's own advancement.
Economic reform[edit]
Colbert en grande tenue
With the abolition of the office of superintendent and of many other offices dependent upon it, the supreme control of the finances became vested in a royal council. The sovereign functioned as its president; but Colbert, though for four years he possessed the title only of intendant, operated as its ruling spirit, having had great personal authority conferred upon him by the king. One must not judge the career on which Colbert now entered without remembering the corruption of the previous financial administration.
His ruthlessness in this case, dangerous precedent though it gave, seemed perhaps necessary; the council could not respect individual interests. When he had severely punished guilty officials, he turned his attention to the fraudulent creditors of the government. Colbert had a simple method of operation. He repudiated some of the public loans and cut off from others a percentage, which varied, at first according to his own decision, and afterwards according to that of the council that he established to examine all claims against the state.
Much more serious difficulties met his attempts to introduce equality in the pressure of the taxes on the various classes. To diminish the number of the privileged proved impossible, but Colbert firmly resisted false claims for exemption, and lightened the unjust direct taxation by increasing the indirect taxes, from which the privileged could not escape. At the same time he immensely improved the mode of collection on his own.
Economic theory[edit]
Further information: Colbertism and Protectionism
Having thus introduced a measure of order and economy into the workings of the government, Colbert now called for the enrichment of the country by commerce. The state, through Colbert's dirigiste policies, fostered manufacturing enterprises in a wide variety of fields. The authorities established new industries, protected inventors, invited in workmen from foreign countries, and prohibited French workmen from emigrating.
To maintain the character of French goods in foreign markets, as well as to afford a guarantee to the home consumer, Colbert had the quality and measure of each article fixed by law, punishing breaches of the regulations by public exposure of the delinquent and by destruction of the goods concerned, and, on the third offense, by the pillory. Colbert prohibited the production of qualities which would have suited many purposes of consumption, and the odious supervision which became necessary involved great waste of time and a stereotyped regularity which resisted all improvements. Other parts of Colbert's schemes have met with less equivocal condemnation.
By his firm maintenance of the corporation system, each industry remained in the hands of certain privileged bourgeois; while the lower classes found opportunities of advancement closed. He did, however, wisely consult the interests of internal commerce.
Unable to abolish the duties on the passage of goods from province to province, he did what he could to induce the provinces to equalise them. Currency exchange rates still remained between these provinces despite a policy focusing on the unification of French trade. His régime improved roads and canals. Pierre Paul Riquet (1604–1680) planned and constructed the Canal du Midi under Colbert's patronage.
To encourage overseas trade with the Levant, Senegal, Guinea and other places, Colbert granted privileges to companies, but, like the noted French East India Company, all proved unsuccessful.
Promoter of culture[edit]
Colbert took much interest in art and literature. He possessed a remarkably fine private library, which he delighted to fill with valuable manuscripts from every part of Europe and the Near East where France had placed a consul. He employed Pierre de Carcavi and Étienne Baluze as librarians. Colbert's grandson sold the manuscript collection in 1732 to the Bibliothèque Royale.[2]
Colbert founded a number of institutions:
in 1663 the Academy of Inscriptions and Medals,
in 1666 the Academy of Sciences (now part of the Institut de France),
in 1667 the Paris Observatory, which he employed Claude Perrault to build and brought Giovanni Domenico Cassini (1625–1712) from Italy to superintend,
in 1671 the Academy of Architecture,
the Academy of Music[citation needed],
the French Academy at Rome, and Academies at Arles, Soissons, Nîmes and many other towns.
He reorganised the Academy of Painting and Sculpture which Mazarin had established. Wishing to increase the prestige of the image of France and the French royal family, Colbert played an active role in bringing the great Italian architect-sculptor, Gian Lorenzo Bernini, to Paris (June–October 1665), in order to design the new East Facade of the Louvre and sculpt a marble portrait bust of Louis XIV. This was quite an international diplomatic-artistic coup because Bernini, who had never left Rome or its vicinity, was personal architect to the pope, whom Louis was attempting to humiliate. However the relations between the two strong-willed men, Colbert and Bernini, proved melodramatically stormy and Colbert ultimately rejected Bernini's Louvre design, though the Italian artist's bust of the king (housed today in the Versailles palace) won Louis's appreciation.[3]
Colbert himself became a member of the Académie française; and proposed one very characteristic rule with the intention of expediting the great Dictionary, in which he had a great interest: no one could count as present at any meeting unless he arrived before the hour of commencement and remained till the hour for leaving. In 1673 Colbert presided over the first exhibition of the works of living painters; and he enriched the Louvre with hundreds of pictures and statues.
He gave many pensions to men of letters, among whom we find Molière, Corneille, Racine, Boileau, P D Huet (1630–1721) and Antoine Varillas (1626–1696); and even foreigners, as Huygens, Carlo Dati the Dellacruscan. Evidence exists to show that by this munificence he hoped to draw out praises of his sovereign and himself; but this motive certainly does not account for all the splendid, if in some cases specious, services that he rendered to literature, science and art.
Death[edit]
The tomb of Colbert, by Antoine Coysevox and Jean-Baptiste Tuby, 1685, in Église Saint-Eustache, Paris[4]
Colbert worked incessantly hard until his final hours. Work was his religion; he once pondered whether it was better to rise early and work or retire very late and work. He concluded that rising early and retiring late would be the ideal combination. Towards the end of his life he suffered from stomach aches, which caused him much distress. He was reduced to eating moist bread dipped in chicken broth for his meals.
By 64 he was bedridden and died shortly after his birthday. The surgeons who examined him found that he had been suffering from kidney stones. A huge stone was found in his urinary tract, which would explain his pain.
Religion[edit]
Colbert played a subordinate role in the struggle between the king and the papacy as to the royal rights over vacant bishoprics, and he seems to have sympathised with the proposal that suggested seizing part of the wealth of the clergy. In his hatred of idleness he ventured to suppress no less than seventeen fêtes, and he had a project for reducing the number of persons devoted to clerical and monastic life, by increasing the age for taking the vows.
He showed himself at first unwilling to interfere with heresy, for he realised the commercial value of the Huguenots (French Protestants), who were well represented among the merchant classes; but when the king resolved to make all France Roman Catholic, he followed him and urged his subordinates to do all that they could to promote conversions.
Legacy[edit]
Coat of arms of the Colbert family
Of his children, Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Marquis de Seignelay, followed his father as Secretary of State of the Navy while Jacques-Nicolas Colbert was Archbishop of Rouen.
His policies inspired those of Alexander Hamilton, the first treasury secretary of the United States.[5]
Six ships of the French Navy bore his name:
A steam corvette in 1848
A battleship in 1875
A cargo ship in 1914
A dundee in 1916
A French heavy cruiser, launched 1928
A French missile cruiser, launched 1956
In literature, the power struggle between Colbert and Fouquet is one of the main plotlines of Alexandre Dumas, père's novel The Vicomte of Bragelonne, the second sequel to The Three Musketeers. Dumas paints Colbert as an uncouth and ruthless schemer who stops at little, in contrast to the more refined Fouquet, counselled by Aramis.
Quotes[edit]
"It is simply, and solely, the abundance of money within a state [which] makes the difference in its grandeur and power."[6]
"The art of taxation consists in so plucking the goose as to obtain the largest [number] of feathers with the least possible amount of hissing."[7]
See also[edit]
Kingdom of France portal
Biography portal
Hans Carl von Carlowitz
List of works by Eugène Guillaume
French West India Company
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Gavin John Adams (2012). Letters to John Law. Newton Page. pp. xxiii.
Jump up ^ Busby, Keith (1993). Les Manuscrits de Chrétien de Troyes. Rodopi. pp. 113–114. ISBN 978-90-5183-603-5.
Jump up ^ For Colbert and Bernini in Paris in 1665, see Franco Mormando, Bernini: His Life and His Rome (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011), pp. 245-288.
Jump up ^ The tomb, commissioned by Colbert's widow in 1685, was designed by Charles Le Brun, director of official arts in France; Tuby assisted Colbert, providing one of the accompanying figures; the tomb was dismantled at the French Revolution and reinstated, in rearranged form, in 1818.
Jump up ^ Chernow, Ron (2004). Alexander Hamilton. New York: Penguin Press. p. 170.
Jump up ^ Arvind Subramanian (2011). Eclipse: Living in the Shadow of China's Economic Dominance. Peterson Institute. p. 126. ISBN 978-0-88132-641-3.
Jump up ^ Roman Frydman; Kenneth Murphy; Andrzej Rapaczyński (1998). Capitalism With a Comrade's Face: Studies in the Postcommunist Transition. Central European University Press. ISBN 978-963-9116-06-1.
Sources[edit]
Ames, Glenn J. Colbert, Mercantilism, and the French Quest for Asian Trade (1996)
Clément, Jean-Pierre. Vie de Colbert, (Paris, 1846) Etext
Lettres, instructions, et Memoires de Colbert, (nine volumes, Paris, 1861–82)
Histoire de Colbert et son administration, edited by Mademoiselle Clément, (Paris, 1874)
Gordault, Colbert, ministre de Louis XIV, (Tours, 1885)
Lavisse, Histoire de France, volume vii, part i, (Tours, 1905)
Sargent, Economic Policy of Colbert, (London, 1899), which contains a bibliography of works relating to Colbert and his time.
Tellier, Luc-Normand, Face aux Colbert : les Le Tellier, Vauban, Turgot ... et l'avènement du libéralisme, Presses de l'Université du Québec, 1987, 816 pages.Etext
Soll, Jacob The Information Master: Jean-Baptiste Colbert's Secret State Intelligence System; (University of Michigan Press 2009). [1]
External links[edit]
Media related to Jean-Baptiste Colbert at Wikimedia Commons
Histoire de la vie et de l'administration de Colbert by Jean-Pierre Clément
Jean-Baptiste Colbert Correspondence Kislak Center for Special Collections, Rare Books and Manuscripts, University of Pennsylvania
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Colbert, Jean Baptiste". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Cultural offices
Preceded by
Jean de Silhon Seat 24
Académie française
1667–1683
Succeeded by
Jean de La Fontaine
[show]
v
t
e
Finance Ministers of France (list)
1561–1661
de Beaune
Babou
du Thiers
d'Annebault
Guillart
d'Avançon
de Lorraine
de Cossé-Brissac and d'Ongnyes
de Birague
de Bellièvre
d'O
de Béthune
Jeannin
de Schomberg
de La Vieuville
de Champigny and de Marillac
de Ruzé
de Bullion and Bouthillier
Bouthillier
de Bailleul and de Mesmes
d'Emery
de La Porte
d'Emery and de Mesmes
de Longueil
de La Vieuville
Servien and Fouquet
Fouquet
1661–1791
Colbert
Le Pelletier
Phélypeaux
Chamillart
Desmarets
de Noailles
de Caumont
de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson
Law
des Forts
de La Houssaye
Dodun
des Forts
Orry
d'Arnouville
de Séchelles
de Moras
de Boullonges
de Silhouette
Bertin
de Laverdy
d'Invault
Terray
Turgot
de Clugny
des Réaux
Necker
de Fleury
d'Ormesson
de Calonne
de Fourqueux
de Brienne
Necker
de Breteuil
Necker
Lambert
de Lessart
1791–1799
de Lessart
Tarbé
Clavière
Duranthon
de Beaulieu
Delaville-Leroulx
Clavière
Destournelles
Faipoult
Ramel-Nogaret
Lindet
1799–1902
Gaudin
Dominique
Gaudin
Dominique
Corvetto
Roy
Dominique
Roy
de Villèle
Roy
de Crouzol
de Montbel
Dominique
Laffitte
Dominique
Humann
Passy
Humann
d'Argout
Duchâtel
Lacave-Laplagne
Gautier
Passy
de la Lozère
Humann
Lacave-Laplagne
Dumon
Goudchaux
Garnier-Pagès
Duclerc
Goudchaux
Trouvé-Chauvel
Passy
Fould
de Germiny
Fould
Blondel
de Casabianca
Fould
Bineau
Magne
La Roquette
Fould
Rouher
Magne
Buffet
Segris
Magne
Picard
Buffet
Pouyer-Quertier
de Goulard
Say
Magne
Mathieu-Bodet
Say
Caillaux
Dutilleul
Say
Magnin
Allain-Targé
Say
Tirard
Clamageran
Carnot
Dauphin
Rouvier
Tirard
Peytral
Rouvier
Tirard
Peytral
Burdeau
Poincaré
Ribot
Doumer
Cochery
Peytral
Caillaux
1902–1944
Rouvier
Merlou
Poincaré
Caillaux
Cochery
Klotz
Caillaux
Klotz
Dumont
Caillaux
Renoult
Clémentel
Noullens
Ribot
Thierry
Klotz
François-Marsal
Doumer
de Lasteyrie
François-Marsal
Clementel
de Monzie
Caillaux
Painlevé
Loucheur
Doumer
Péret
Caillaux
de Monzie
Poincaré
Chéron
Dumont
Reynaud
Germain-Martin
Flandin
Germain-Martin
Chéron
Bonnet
Piétri
Marchandeau
Germain-Martin
Caillaux
Régnier
Auriol
Bonnet
Marchandeau
Blum
Marchandeau
Reynaud
Lamoureux
Bouthillier
Cathala
1941–1944
Pleven
Diethelm
Couve de Murville
France
1944–2000
Lepercq
Pleven
Philip
Schuman
Philip
Schuman
Mayer
Reynaud
Pineau
Queuille
Petsche
Mayer
Faure
Pinay
Bourgès-Maunoury
Faure
Buron
Pflimlin
Lacoste
Ramadier
Gaillard
Pflimlin
Faure
Pinay
Baumgartner
Giscard d'Estaing
Debré
Couve de Murville
Ortoli
Giscard d'Estaing
Fourcade
Barre
Monory
Delors
Bérégovoy
Balladur
Bérégovoy
Sapin
Alphandéry
Madelin
Arthuis
Strauss-Kahn
Sautter
2000–present
Fabius
Mer
Sarkozy
Gaymard
Breton
Borloo
Lagarde
Baroin
Moscovici
Sapin
Le Maire
[show]
v
t
e
Mercantilists
Antonio Serra
Gerard de Malynes
Edward Misselden
Thomas Mun
Jean Bodin
Jean-Baptiste Colbert
Josiah Child
William Petty
Charles Davenant
Ferdinando Galiani
James Denham-Steuart
Philipp Wilhelm von Hornick
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 59175183
LCCN: n50031188
ISNI: 0000 0000 8077 4620
GND: 118521470
SELIBR: 182854
SUDOC: 027274527
BNF: cb12428884j (data)
BIBSYS: 1090059
ULAN: 500257321
NLA: 35827222
BNE: XX5586976
RKD: 259860
SNAC: w6br8xs1
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean-Baptiste_Colbert&oldid=833542749"
Categories:
French Ministers of Finance
French economists
Government ministers of France
1619 births
1683 deaths
People from Reims
Heads of the Bâtiments du Roi
Members of the Académie française
Mercantilists
Burials at Église Saint-Eustache, Paris
Louis XIV of France
17th-century French politicians
Hidden categories:
Articles lacking in-text citations from July 2016
All articles lacking in-text citations
Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2018
Articles with hCards
Pages using infobox economist as a module
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012
Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017
Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016
Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers
Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers
Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers
Wikipedia articles with RKDartists identifiers
Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikiquote
Wikisource
Languages
العربية
Беларуская
Български
Brezhoneg
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
한국어
Հայերեն
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
ქართული
Latina
Latviešu
Lëtzebuergesch
Magyar
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Occitan
پښتو
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Scots
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Suomi
Svenska
ไทย
Українська
Tiếng Việt
中文
35 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 1 April 2018, at 06:20.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href title

value: b

values: Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check

value: span

value: small

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes

values:
honorific-suffix
font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;

values:
/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_France
mw-redirect
Chief Minister of France

values: François-Michel le Tellier, Marquis de Louvois

values: Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Marquis de Seignelay

values: The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2018)

values:
noprint Inline-Template
margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;

values: Claude Le Peletier (page does not exist)

values: Antoine de Ratabon (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Jacques_Nicolas_Colbert
mw-redirect
Jacques Nicolas Colbert

values:
/wiki/French_Monarchy
mw-redirect
French Monarchy

values: Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

values: Minister of the Economy, Industry and Employment (France)

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2012)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Beauvais_tapestry
mw-redirect
Beauvais tapestry

values:
/wiki/Merchant_marine
mw-redirect
Merchant marine

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2017)

values:
/wiki/Michel_le_Tellier
mw-redirect
Michel le Tellier

values:
/wiki/King_Louis_XIV
mw-redirect
King Louis XIV

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Pierre_Paul_Riquet
mw-redirect
Pierre Paul Riquet

values:
/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_Nationale
mw-redirect
Bibliothèque Nationale

values:
/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_de_musique
mw-redirect
Académie de musique

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2016)

values:
/wiki/French_Academy_at_Rome
mw-redirect
French Academy at Rome

values:
/wiki/%C3%89glise_Saint-Eustache,_Paris
mw-redirect
Église Saint-Eustache, Paris

values:
/wiki/Kidney_stone
mw-redirect
Kidney stone

values:
/wiki/Roman_Catholic
mw-redirect
Roman Catholic

values:
/wiki/Archbishop_of_Rouen
mw-redirect
Archbishop of Rouen

values: The Vicomte of Bragelonne: Ten Years Later

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/27215

values: wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Colbert, Jean Baptiste

values: Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition

values: List of members of the Académie française

values: Template talk:Finance Ministers of France

values: Minister of the Economy, Finances and Industry (France)

values: Artus de Cossé-Brissac (page does not exist)

values: Antoine Coëffier de Ruzé (page does not exist)

values: Nicolas de Bailleul (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Claude_de_Mesmes
mw-redirect
Claude de Mesmes

values: Claude Le Pelletier (page does not exist)

values: Louis Phélypeaux, comte de Pontchartrain

values: Henri-Jacques Nompar de Caumont, duc de La Force

values: Marc-René de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson (1652–1721)

values: Michel Robert Le Peletier des Forts (page does not exist)

values: Charles Gaspard Dodun (page does not exist)

values: Jean Étienne Bernard Ogier de Clugny (page does not exist)

values: Louis-Gabriel Taboureau des Réaux (page does not exist)

values: Jean-François Joly de Fleury (page does not exist)

values: Henri François de Paule Lefèvre d'Ormesson (page does not exist)

values: Michel Bouvard de Fourqueux (page does not exist)

values: Charles Claude Guillaume Lambert (page does not exist)

values: Louis Hardouin Tarbé (page does not exist)

values: Jules Émile François Hervé de Beaulieu (page does not exist)

values: Joseph Delaville-Leroulx (page does not exist)

values: Émile Alexis Segris (page does not exist)

values: Pierre Mathieu-Bodet (page does not exist)

values: François Dutilleul (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Louis_Lucien_Klotz
mw-redirect
Louis Lucien Klotz

values: Wilfrid Baumgartner (page does not exist)

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/James_Denham-Steuart
mw-redirect
James Denham-Steuart

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: navigation navbox Mercantilists padding:3px

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/59175183

values:
nofollow
external text
http://isni.org/isni/0000000080774620

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/118521470

values:
nofollow
external text
https://libris.kb.se/auth/182854

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.idref.fr/027274527

values:
nofollow
external text
https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35827222

values: Category:Members of the Académie française

values: Category:Burials at Église Saint-Eustache, Paris

values: Category:Articles lacking in-text citations from July 2016

values: Category:All articles lacking in-text citations

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2018

values: Category:Pages using infobox economist as a module

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016

values: Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with RKDartists identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Colbert
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: جان بابتيست كولبير – Arabic

values: Жан-Батыст Кальбер – Belarusian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: Жан-Батист Колбер – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-br
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Ζαν Μπατίστ Κολμπέρ – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: ژان-باتیست کولبر – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values: 장바티스트 콜베르 – Korean

values: Ժան Բատիստ Կոլբեր – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: ז'אן-בטיסט קולבר – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values: ჟან-ბატისტ კოლბერი – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: ジャン＝バティスト・コルベール – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

values: جان بابتېست کولبرټ – Pashto

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ps
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Кольбер, Жан-Батист – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values: Жан Батист Колбер – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: ฌ็อง-บาติสต์ กอลแบร์ – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values: Жан-Батист Кольбер – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values: 让-巴普蒂斯特·柯尔贝尔 – Chinese

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Jean-Baptiste_Colbert rootpage-Jean-Baptiste_Colbert skin-vector action-view


text:
The Cat's Whisker
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
1 Kingly St just after the new paving was laid in the summer of 2010
The Cat's Whisker was a coffee bar situated at 1 Kingly Street, Soho, London, during the mid-late 1950s. It offered London youngsters Spanish dancing, live rock 'n roll, and skiffle.[1]
It saw the invention of a new style of 'dancing' known as hand-jive, dancing using hand gestures only as there was no space to maneuver in the crowded basement.[2] The hand-jive (updated with feet movements) featured in the 1978 film Grease.[3]
History[edit]
The Cat's Whisker coffee bar was started by entrepreneur Peter Evans, and was one of the first to have a juke box. It was centrally placed in the middle of Soho at the corner of Kingly Street and Beak Street, between Carnaby Street and Regent Street, around the corner from the toy store Hamleys. It attracted large crowds, including ice skating champions, international rugby players, journalists and students, for an espresso at a shilling a cup and music.[4] The place was situated in the heart of theatreland and catered for diners before or after the theatre.
In 1956, Evans hired Hank Huffner[5] to refurbish the bar's cellar as an exclusive 'live' venue. The L-shaped cellar had primitive paintings of cats chasing mice on the walls and six stone cats as light-sources round the walls. The basement was exclusive, there being no indication of its existence on the ground floor.
At first, the cellar had the feel of "Hernando's Hideaway," with regular performances from guitarist Jose Feller and dancer Carmen Ballisteras, formerly with the Ballet Espagnol de Pilar Lopez.
Together with The 2i's Coffee Bar, The Cat's Whisker[6] later spearheaded the nascent pop scene, with appearances by 'before-they-were-famous' musicians like Cliff Richard, Lonnie Donegan, Terry Dene, Tommy Steele, guitarist Barry Warren, the Chas McDevitt Skiffle Group[1] and other artists who dropped by to unwind after working the nearby nightspots Churchill's, the Bag O'Nails, Coconut Grove, Cabaret and Eve. Like Feller and Ballisteras, the musicians were generally "paid with coffee and Cokes."[7] The place was reputed to be the largest seller of Coca-Cola in Britain at the time.[citation needed]
Freelance photographer Ken Russell[8] in his pre-film director days, captured the 'energy and excitement' of this night life in Soho for Picture Post and these atmospheric images resurfaced in the Soho Nights exhibition by The Photographers' Gallery, London, December 2008 – February 2009. Russell recalls: "I remember the atmosphere was very jolly. So I made a number of visits to the Cat's Whisker. Cliff Richard used to appear there. I used to join in the hand-jiving."[9]
When the police closed down The Cat's Whisker because of over-crowding in 1958, Evans opened the first of the Angus Steak Houses at this venue, before later starting the London-based David Hicks – decorated restaurant chain that bore his own name, Peter Evans Eating Houses,[10] and the upmarket Raffles night club in King's Road, Chelsea.[11]
As of 2009, The Cat's Whisker has been replaced by the Korean restaurant Myung Ga.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b chasmcdevitt.com">www.chasmcdevitt.com.
Jump up ^ Daily Mirror 1 April 1957.
Jump up ^ www.dailymotion.com.
Jump up ^ What's on in London 9 March 1956.
Jump up ^ The Cheshire Cat, Vol 1, No 2, 1956.
Jump up ^ [1] from Biography (Extract from 'Skiffle the Definitive Inside Story')
Jump up ^ "Music: Git-Gat Skiffle". Time. 15 April 1957. Retrieved 25 May 2010.
Jump up ^ www.photonet.org.
Jump up ^ Benedictus, Leo (8 January 2009). "Ken Russell's best shot". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 25 May 2010.
Jump up ^ The Observer 3 March 1975
Jump up ^ "London Events - Venue Finder - Celebrity Contacts - The Handbook -". thehandbook.co.uk. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
Coordinates: 51°30′43.5″N 0°8′19″W / 51.512083°N 0.13861°W / 51.512083; -0.13861
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Cat%27s_Whisker&oldid=770826213"
Categories:
Music venues in London
Coffee houses of the United Kingdom
Korean restaurants
Soho, London
Hidden categories:
Use dmy dates from December 2014
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009
Coordinates on Wikidata
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 17 March 2017, at 20:34.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href class

attrs: href class title

attrs: class style

values:
/wiki/Rock_%27n_roll
mw-redirect
Rock 'n roll

value: sup

value: p

values: /wiki/Hand-jive mw-redirect Hand-jive

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2009)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Photographers%27_Gallery
mw-redirect
Photographers' Gallery

values:
/wiki/Angus_Steak_Houses
mw-redirect
Angus Steak Houses

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.chasmcdevitt.com/Skiffle.htm

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location

values: Category:Coffee houses of the United Kingdom

values: Category:Use dmy dates from December 2014

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/The_Cat%27s_Whisker
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-The_Cat_s_Whisker rootpage-The_Cat_s_Whisker skin-vector action-view


text:
Psoas major muscle
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Psoas major muscle
Position of psoas major (shown in red)
The psoas major and nearby muscles
Details
Origin
Transverse processes of T12-L5 and the lateral aspects of the discs between them
Insertion
In the lesser trochanter of the femur
Artery
lumbar branch of iliolumbar artery
Nerve
Lumbar plexus via anterior branches of L1-L3 nerves
Actions
Flexion in the hip joint
Antagonist
Gluteus maximus
Identifiers
Latin
Musculus psoas major
MeSH
A02.633.567.825
Dorlands
/Elsevier
m_22/12550274
TA
A04.7.02.004
FMA
18060
Anatomical terms of muscle
[edit on Wikidata]
The psoas major (/ˈsoʊ.əs/ or /ˈsoʊ.æs/) (from Greek: ψόας - psóās : 'of the loins', genitive singular form of ψόα - psóa 'the loins') is a long fusiform muscle located on the side of the lumbar region of the vertebral column and brim of the lesser pelvis. It joins the iliacus muscle to form the iliopsoas.
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Innervation
1.2 Variation
1.3 In animals
2 Function
3 Clinical significance
4 Racial variation
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 Additional images
9 External links
Structure[edit]
The psoas major is divided into a superficial and deep part. The deep part originates from the transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae I-V. The superficial part originates from the lateral surfaces of the last thoracic vertebra, lumbar vertebrae I-IV, and from neighboring intervertebral discs. The lumbar plexus lies between the two layers.[1]
The iliacus and psoas major form the iliopsoas, which is surrounded by the iliac fascia. The iliopsoas runs across the iliopubic eminence through the muscular lacuna to its insertion on the lesser trochanter of the femur. The iliopectineal bursa separates the tendon of the iliopsoas muscle from the external surface of the hip joint capsule at the level of the iliopubic eminence.[2] The iliac subtendinous bursa lies between the lesser trochanter and the attachment of the iliopsoas.
[1]
Innervation[edit]
Innervation of the psoas major is through the anterior rami of L1 to L3 nerves.[citation needed]
Variation[edit]
In less than 50 percent of human subjects,[1] the psoas major is accompanied by the psoas minor.
In animals[edit]
In mice, it is mostly a fast-twitching, type II muscle,[3] while in human it combines slow and fast-twitching fibers.[4]
This muscle is equivalent to the tenderloin.
Function[edit]
The psoas major joins the upper body and the lower body, the axial to the appendicular skeleton, the inside to the outside, and the back to the front.[5] As part of the iliopsoas, psoas major contributes to flexion in the hip joint. On the lumbar spine, unilateral contraction bends the trunk laterally, while bilateral contraction raises the trunk from its supine position.[6] In addition, attachment to the lesser trochanter, located on the postero-medial aspect of the femur, causes lateral rotation and weak adduction of the hip.
It forms part of a group of muscles called the hip flexors, whose action is primarily to lift the upper leg towards the body when the body is fixed or to pull the body towards the leg when the leg is fixed.
For example, when doing a sit-up that brings the torso (including the lower back) away from the ground and towards the front of the leg, the hip flexors (including the iliopsoas) will flex the spine upon the pelvis.
Owing to the frontal attachment on the vertebrae, rotation of the spine will stretch the psoas.
Clinical significance[edit]
Tightness of the psoas can result in spasms or lower back pain by compressing the lumbar discs.[7] A hypertonic and inflamed psoas can lead to irritation and entrapment of the ilioinguinal and the iliohypogastric nerves, resulting in a sensation of heat or water running down the front of the thigh.
Psoas can be palpated with active flexion of the hip. A positive psoas contracture test and pain with palpation reported by the patient indicate clinical significance. Care should be taken around the abdominal organs, especially the colon when palpating deeply.
The appearance of a protruding belly can visually indicate a hypertonic psoas, which pulls the spine forward while pushing the abdominal contents outward.[8]
Racial variation[edit]
Autopsy data show this muscle is thicker in those of African descent than in Caucasians, and that the presence of the psoas minor is also racially variant.[9]
See also[edit]
This article uses anatomical terminology; for an overview, see Anatomical terminology.
Iliopsoas
Iliacus
Hip flexor
Psoas minor muscle
Iliopsoas tendinitis
Tenderloin
Notes[edit]
This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)
^ Jump up to: a b c Platzer (2004), p 234
Jump up ^ Bojsen-Møller, Finn; Simonsen, Erik B.; Tranum-Jensen, Jørgen (2001). Bevægeapparatets anatomi [Anatomy of the Locomotive Apparatus] (in Danish) (12th ed.). pp. 261–266. ISBN 978-87-628-0307-7.
Jump up ^ Nunes, MT; Bianco, AC; Migala, A; Agostini, B; Hasselbach, W (1985). "Thyroxine induced transformation in sarcoplasmic reticulum of rabbit soleus and psoas muscles". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C. 40 (9–10): 726–34. PMID 2934902.
Jump up ^ Arbanas, Juraj; Starcevic Klasan, Gordana; Nikolic, Marina; Jerkovic, Romana; Miljanovic, Ivo; Malnar, Daniela (2009). "Fibre type composition of the human psoas major muscle with regard to the level of its origin". Journal of Anatomy. 215 (6): 636–41. PMC 2796786  . PMID 19930517. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01155.x.
Jump up ^ Earls, J., Myers, T (2010). Fascial Release for Structural Balance. Chichester, England: Lotus Publishing. p. 130. ISBN 9781905367184.
Jump up ^ Thieme Atlas of Anatomy (2006), p 422
Jump up ^ Akuthota, et all(2008). p 40
Jump up ^ Corbo, & Splittberger (2007). Your Body, Your Responsibility. Arizona: Wheatmark Inc, Amazon. p. 88.
Jump up ^ Hanson, P.; Magnusson, S. P.; Sorensen, H.; Simonsen, E. B. (1999). "Anatomical differences in the psoas muscles in young black and white men". Journal of Anatomy. 194 (Pt 2): 303–307. doi:10.1046/j.1469-7580.1999.19420303.x.
References[edit]
Platzer, Werner (2004). Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, Vol. 1: Locomotor System (5th ed.). Thieme. ISBN 3-13-533305-1.
Thieme Atlas of Anatomy: General Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System. Thieme. 2006. ISBN 1-58890-419-9.
Akuthota, Venu; Ferreiro, Andrea; Moore, Tamara; Fredericson, Michael (2008). "Core Stability Exercise Principles" (PDF). Current Sports Medicine Reports. American College of Sports Medicine. 7 (1): 39–44. PMID 18296944. doi:10.1097/01.CSMR.0000308663.13278.69. Retrieved 26 March 2011.
Additional images[edit]
This gallery of anatomic features needs cleanup to abide by the medical manual of style. Galleries containing indiscriminate images of the article subject are discouraged; please improve or remove the gallery accordingly.
Position of psoas major muscle. Animation. Hip bones are shown in semi-transparent.
Horizontal disposition of the peritoneum in the lower part of the abdomen. (Psoas major labeled at bottom left.)
Right femur. Anterior surface.
Diagram of a transverse section of the posterior abdominal wall, to show the disposition of the lumbodorsal fascia.
The diaphragm. Under surface.
Muscles of the iliac and anterior femoral regions.
The arteries of the pelvis.
The relations of the femoral and abdominal inguinal rings, seen from within the abdomen. Right side.
The thoracic and right lymphatic ducts.
The lumbar plexus and its branches.
Nerves of the right lower extremity. Front view.
Sacral plexus of the right side.
Transverse section, showing the relations of the capsule of the kidney.
Psoas major muscle
Psoas major muscle
Psoas major muscle
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Psoas major muscles.

[show]
v
t
e
Muscles and ligaments of abdomen and pelvis
Abdominal wall
Anterior/
lateral
Muscle
Abdominal external oblique
Transverse abdominal
Conjoint tendon
Rectus sheath
rectus abdominis
pyramidalis
Arcuate line
Tendinous intersection
Cremaster
Abdominal internal oblique
Fascia
Abdominal fascia
panniculus adiposus
Fascia of Camper
Membranous layer
Fascia of Scarpa
Transverse fascia
Interfoveolar ligament
Linea alba
Linea semilunaris
Inguinal
Inguinal triangle
Inguinal canal
Deep inguinal ring
Superficial inguinal ring
Intercrural fibers
Crura of superficial inguinal ring
Inguinal ligament
Pectineal ligament
Lacunar ligament
Reflected ligament
Posterior
Muscle
quadratus lumborum
Iliopsoas
psoas major
psoas minor
iliacus
Fascia
Iliac fascia
Iliopectineal arch
Pelvis
Muscle
levator ani
iliococcygeus
pubococcygeus
puborectalis
coccygeus
rectococcygeus
Fascia
pelvic fascia
Visceral
Rectovaginal fascia
Rectoprostatic fascia
Parietal
Obturator fascia
Tendinous arch
Piriformis fascia
floor
superior fascia
Pubovesical ligament
Puboprostatic ligament
inferior fascia
Anococcygeal body
[show]
v
t
e
Muscles of the hip and human leg
Iliac region
Iliopsoas
psoas major/psoas minor
iliacus
Buttocks
Gluteal muscles
maximus
medius
minimus
tensor fasciae latae
lateral rotator group:
quadratus femoris
inferior gemellus
superior gemellus
internal obturator
external obturator
piriformis
Thigh /
compartments
Anterior
sartorius
quadriceps
rectus femoris
vastus lateralis
vastus intermedius
vastus medialis
articularis genus
Posterior
hamstring
biceps femoris
semitendinosus
semimembranosus
Medial
pectineus
external obturator
gracilis
adductor
longus
brevis
magnus
minimus
Fascia
Femoral sheath
Femoral canal
Femoral ring
Adductor canal
Adductor hiatus
Muscular lacuna
fascia lata
Iliotibial tract
Lateral intermuscular septum of thigh
Medial intermuscular septum of thigh
Cribriform fascia
Leg/
compartments
Anterior
tibialis anterior
extensor hallucis longus
extensor digitorum longus
peroneus tertius
Posterior
superficial
triceps surae
gastrocnemius
soleus
accessory soleus
Achilles tendon
plantaris
deep
tarsal tunnel
flexor hallucis longus
flexor digitorum longus
tibialis posterior
popliteus
Lateral
peroneus muscles
longus
brevis
Fascia
Pes anserinus
Intermuscular septa
anterior
posterior
transverse
Foot
Dorsal
extensor hallucis brevis
extensor digitorum brevis
Plantar
1st layer
abductor hallucis
flexor digitorum brevis
abductor digiti minimi
2nd layer
quadratus plantae
lumbrical muscle
3rd layer
flexor hallucis brevis
adductor hallucis
flexor digiti minimi brevis
4th layer
dorsal interossei
plantar interossei
Fascia
Plantar fascia
retinacula
Peroneal
Inferior extensor
Superior extensor
Flexor
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Psoas_major_muscle&oldid=800131349"
Categories:
Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)
Hip flexors
Hip muscles
Spine flexors
Iliopsoas muscles
Muscles of the lower limb
Hidden categories:
CS1 Danish-language sources (da)
Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage
Medicine infobox template using Dorlands parameter
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016
Articles with gallery cleanup tags
Use dmy dates from April 2017
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Azərbaycanca
Català
Deutsch
Español
فارسی
Galego
Hrvatski
Italiano
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Polski
Português
Русский
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 11 September 2017, at 17:50.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: i

value: th

attrs: colspan style

value: tr

value: td

values:
/wiki/Transverse_processes
mw-redirect
Transverse processes

values:
/wiki/Antagonist_(muscle)
mw-redirect
Antagonist (muscle)

values:
/wiki/Lesser_pelvis
mw-redirect
Lesser pelvis

values:
/wiki/Iliopsoas_muscle
mw-redirect
Iliopsoas muscle

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Tenderloin_(disambiguation)
mw-redirect mw-disambig
Tenderloin (disambiguation)

values:
/wiki/Hip_flexors
mw-redirect
Hip flexors

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2934902

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19930517

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18296944

values:
plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style
presentation

values: Intercrural fibres of superficial inguinal ring

values:
/wiki/Human_pelvis
mw-redirect
Human pelvis

values:
/wiki/Iliococcygeus_muscle
mw-redirect
Iliococcygeus muscle

values:
/wiki/Pubococcygeus_muscle
mw-redirect
Pubococcygeus muscle

values:
/wiki/Puborectalis_muscle
mw-redirect
Puborectalis muscle

values:
/wiki/Puboprostatic_ligament
mw-redirect
Puboprostatic ligament

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/Fibularis_brevis
mw-redirect
Fibularis brevis

values: Flexor digiti minimi brevis muscle (foot)

values: Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)

values: Category:CS1 Danish-language sources (da)

values: Category:Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage

values: Category:Medicine infobox template using Dorlands parameter

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016

values: Category:Articles with gallery cleanup tags

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Psoas_major_muscle
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: عضلة قطنية كبيرة – Arabic

values: ماهیچه مازویی بزرگ – Persian

values: Большая поясничная мышца – Russian

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Psoas_major_muscle rootpage-Psoas_major_muscle skin-vector action-view


text:
Niddah
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the Talmudical tractate, see Tohorot.
Niddah
Halakhic texts relating to this article
Torah:
Leviticus 15:19-30 18:19 20:18
Babylonian Talmud:
Niddah
Mishneh Torah:
Kedushah (Holiness): Issurei Biah (forbidden sexual relations): 4–11
Shulchan Aruch:
Yoreh De'ah 183–202
Part of Judaic series of articles on
Ritual purity in Judaism
Tumah and taharah
Mikveh
Purification methods[show]
Netilat yadayim
Mikveh
Red heifer
Hefsek taharah
Hagalah
Tevilat Kelim
Hierarchy[show]
Av HaTumah
Miscellaneous[show]
Niddah
Tzaraath
Keri
Zav
Zavah
Midras
Tumath eretz Ha'Amim
Prohibition of Kohen defilement by the dead
v
t
e
Part of a series on
Jews and Judaism
Etymology
Who is a Jew?
Jewish peoplehood
Jewish identity
Religion[show]
God in Judaism (names)
Principles of faith
Mitzvot (613)
Halakha
Shabbat
Holidays
Prayer
Tzedakah
Land of Israel
Brit
Bar and Bat Mitzvah
Marriage
Bereavement
Philosophy
Ethics
Kabbalah
Customs
Synagogue
Rabbi
Texts[show]
Tanakh
(Torah
Nevi'im
Ketuvim)
Talmud
(Mishnah
Gemara)
Rabbinic
(Midrash
Tosefta)
Targum
Beit Yosef
Mishneh Torah
Tur
Shulchan Aruch
Zohar
Communities[show]
Ashkenazim
Sephardim
Italkim
Romaniotes
Mizrahim
Cochin
Bene Israel
Beta Israel
Related groups
Bnei Anusim
Lemba
Crimean Karaites
Krymchaks
Samaritans
Crypto-Jews
Mosaic Arabs
Subbotniks
Population[show]
Land of Israel
Old Yishuv
New Yishuv
Israeli Jews
Europe
Austria
Belarus
Bulgaria
Czech Republic
Estonia
France
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Italy
Latvia
Lithuania
Moldova
Netherlands
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
Spain
Sweden
Ukraine
United Kingdom
Asia
Yemen
Iraq
Iran
Turkey
Cyprus
Syria
Lebanon
Uzbekistan
Azerbaijan
India
China
Indonesia
Vietnam
Japan
Philippines
Africa
Morocco
Algeria
Tunisia
Libya
Egypt
Ethiopia
South Africa
Zimbabwe
North America
United States
Canada
Latin America and Caribbean
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Cuba
Dominican Republic
El Salvador
Guyana
Haiti
Jamaica
Mexico
Paraguay
Puerto Rico
Suriname
Uruguay
Venezuela
Oceania
Australia
Fiji
Guam
New Zealand
Palau
Judaism by country
Lists of Jews
Historical population comparisons
Denominations[show]
Orthodox
Reform
Conservative
Karaite
Reconstructionist
Renewal
Humanistic
Haymanot
Culture[show]
Minyan
Music
Religious
Secular
Wedding
Clothing
Niddah
Pidyon haben
Kashrut
Shidduch
Zeved habat
Conversion to Judaism
Hiloni
Cuisine
Israelite
Israeli
Sephardic
Mizrahi
Literature
Israeli
Yiddish
American
Yiddish theatre
Dance
Humour
Languages[show]
Hebrew (Biblical)
Yiddish
Jewish Koine Greek
Yevanic
Juhuri
Shassi
Judæo-Iranian
Ladino
Ghardaïa Sign
Bukharian
Knaanic
Zarphatic
Italkian
Gruzinic
Judeo-Aramaic
Judeo-Arabic
Judeo-Berber
Judeo-Malayalam
History[show]
Timeline
Leaders
Ancient history
Kingdom of Judah
Temple in Jerusalem
Babylonian captivity
Assyrian captivity
Yehud Medinata
Jerusalem (in Judaism
timeline)
Hasmonean dynasty
Sanhedrin
Schisms
Pharisees
Hellenistic Judaism
Jewish–Roman wars
History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire
Christianity and Judaism
Hinduism and Judaism
Islamic–Jewish relations
Diaspora
Middle Ages
Golden Age
Sabbateans
Hasidism
Haskalah
Emancipation
Antisemitism
Anti-Judaism
Persecution
The Holocaust
Israel
Land of Israel
Aliyah
Jewish atheism
Baal teshuva
Arab–Israeli conflict
Politics[show]
Politics of Israel
Zionism
(General
Green
Labor
Neo
Religious
Revisionist)
World Agudath Israel
Bundism
Feminism
Jewish left / right
Category: Jews and Judaism
Portal: Judaism
WikiProject Judaism
v
t
e
Niddah (or nidah; Hebrew: נִדָּה), in Judaism, describes a woman during menstruation, or a woman who has menstruated and not yet completed the associated requirement of immersion in a mikveh (ritual bath).
In the Book of Leviticus, the Torah prohibits sexual intercourse with a niddah.[1] The prohibition has been maintained in traditional Jewish law and by the Samaritans. Since the later 19th century, with the influence of German Modern Orthodoxy, the laws concerning niddah are also referred to as taharath hamishpacha (טהרת המשפחה, Hebrew for family purity).
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology and usage
1.1 Hebrew Bible
2 Application of the Torah
2.1 Ritual purity aspect
2.2 Sexual relations
2.2.1 Rabbinic differentiation
3 Practical laws
3.1 Related terms and definitions
3.2 Start of menstruation
3.3 Duration of menstruation and niddah status
3.4 Physical contact during niddah
3.5 Niddah and fertility
3.6 Checking by bedikah
3.7 Immersion in water
3.8 Newlyweds
4 Privacy of the niddah process
5 Rabbi Zeira's stringency, counting an extra five days
6 Niddah in the Conservative movement
7 Extent of adherence to these laws
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Etymology and usage[edit]
Literally the feminine noun niddah means moved (i.e. separated), and generally refers to separation due to ritual impurity.[2] Medieval Biblical commentator Abraham ibn Ezra writes that the word niddah is related to the term menadechem (מנדיכם), meaning those that cast you out.[2]
Hebrew Bible[edit]
The noun niddah occurs 25 times in the Masoretic Text of the Hebrew Bible. The majority of these uses refer to forms of uncleanliness in Leviticus. For example, in Leviticus, if a man take his brother's wife, then that is "uncleanness", niddah. The five uses in Numbers all concern the red heifer ceremony (Numbers 19) and use the phrase mei niddah, "waters of separation".[3] 2 Chronicles 29:5 includes a single exhortation of Hezekiah to the Levites, to carry the niddah, possibly idols of his father Ahaz, out of the temple in Jerusalem.[4] Usage in Ezekiel follows that of Leviticus. Finally the Book of Zechariah concludes with an eschatological reference to washing Jerusalem:[5]
Zechariah 13:1 "In that day there shall be a fountain opened to the house of David and to the inhabitants of Jerusalem for sin and for uncleanness (niddah). (King James Version)
Application of the Torah[edit]
The Leviticus description of niddah is essentially composed of two parts: the ritual purity (tumah and taharah) aspect and the prohibition of sexual intercourse aspect.
Ritual purity aspect[edit]
Main article: Tumah and taharah
The Biblical regulations of Leviticus specify that a menstruating woman must "separate" for seven days (Leviticus 15:19). Any object she sits on or lies upon during this period is becomes a 'carrier of tumah' (midras uncleanness). One who comes into contact with her midras, or her, during this period becomes tamei (ritually impure) (Leviticus 15:19-23)
A man who has sexual relations with a niddah is rendered ritually impure for seven days, as opposed to one day of impurity for coming into contact with her, or her midras (Leviticus 15:24)
Sexual relations[edit]
Leviticus further prohibits sexual intercourse with a woman who is in her niddah state. "And to a woman in her (state of) niddah impurity you should not come close (with intent to) reveal her nudity." Leviticus, 18:19
The Torah concludes by imposing the punishment of kareth on both individuals (man and woman) if the prohibition is violated (Leviticus 20:18) This issur (prohibition) component of physical relations with the niddah is considered in full effect and mandatory for all children of Israel.
Rabbinic differentiation[edit]
Rabbinic authorities of the rishonim era differentiated between the tumah and taharah aspect of niddah and the issur (prohibition) aspect.[6]
The tumah and taharah component of niddah, essentially the avoiding of contact with the midras of the niddah, was encouraged - but not made mandatory - by various Rabbinic authorities as a remembrance and retention for diasporic Jewry as to not forget the laws of tumah and taharah.[7] The extent of Rabbinic encouragement was only for the seven-day period of actual menstruation and not the five-day Rabbinic extension period.
The Lubavitcher rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson in his Igrot Kodesh discouraged abstaining from the midras of a niddah in modern times.[8]
Practical laws[edit]
Related terms and definitions[edit]
Vestos, days during which the woman is likely to see her menstrual flow
Onah Benonit, the 30th day after the beginning of previous menstruation
Veset HaChodesh, the same day of the Jewish month on which began the previous menstruation
Veset HaFlagah, the days (or half-days, per Chabad minhag) between menstruation
Bedikah, cloth with which to check whether menstrual blood has finished
Ben niddah (male) or bat niddah (female), a person conceived when their mother was niddah
Although there are different Biblical regulations for normal menstruation - niddah, and abnormal menstruation - zavah, these became conflated during the classical era. The Talmud relates that menstruating women always followed the requirements imposed by both;[citation needed] the reasons for this were the subject of debate between some medieval Jewish commentators.[who?]
As a result of the conflation, the practice was to wait seven days after menstruation ceases, and for the woman then to immerse herself in water in ritutal cleansing.[9]
Start of menstruation[edit]
According to rabbinical law, a woman becomes a niddah when she is aware that blood has come from her womb, whether it is due to menstruation, childbirth, sexually transmitted disease, or other reasons.[10] If menstruation began before she sees evidence of it, the rabbinic regulations regard her as not being niddah until she notices. Until this point, the regulations do not come into force.
It is not necessary for the woman to witness the flow of blood itself; it is sufficient for her to notice a stain that has indications of having originated in her womb; bloodstains alone are inadequate without such evidence, for example, if she finds a stain just after cutting her finger, she does not become a niddah, as the blood is not obviously uterine. If she notices a bloodstain of uncertain origin, for example on her underclothing, there are a series of complicated criteria used by rabbinical law to determine whether she is niddah or not; the woman herself is not expected to know these criteria, and must seek the assistance of a rabbi.[citation needed]
Duration of menstruation and niddah status[edit]
The Biblical definition of niddah is any blood emission occurring within seven days from the beginning of the menstrual period. After this seven-day period, the woman may immerse in the mikveh immediately after she stops menstruating. Any blood found after these seven days is considered abnormal (zavah) blood and is subject to more stringent requirements, depending on the duration of said abnormal blood flow. In the days of the Amoraim, because of possible confusion in determining when menstruation began and ended and hence whether blood was normal menstrual (niddah) or abnormal (zavah) blood, it became the accepted practice and practical halacha, that all women treat any emission as a continued abnormal flow (zavah gedolah—זבה גדולה), which requires counting seven abnormal-discharge-free days from the end of menstruation. All Orthodox and some Conservative authorities rule that these "seven clean days" must be observed.[11]
Since according to the rules of zavah, the seven days must be counted from the point that the abnormal discharge ceases, it has historically been considered important in Judaism to determine when this occurs. Because the leaking of semen nullifies the counting of a "clean" day, the sages enacted that the counting of seven days not begin until a minimum of 72 hours since the beginning of menstruation has passed.
Orthodox Ashkenazi Jewish custom has lengthened this to effectively five days, which has been instituted in all cases regardless of whether the woman had engaged in sexual intercourse recently or not. Thus the niddah state lasts at least twelve days in the Ashkenazic tradition - the five days' minimum menstrual flow, plus the subsequent seven days. The count of days begins when the woman first sees her menstrual blood, and ends twelve days later, or seven days after the flow ceases, whichever is later.
Non-Ashkenazic Jews follow a variety of customs. Although the count could start in the middle of the day, it is always considered to end on the evening of the final day. Most Sephardic Jews use a slightly more lenient calculation resulting in a minimum of eleven days.
In the Orthodox Jewish community, women may test whether menstruation has ceased; this ritual is known as the hefsek taharah. The woman takes a bath or shower near sunset, wraps a special cloth around her finger, and swipes the vaginal circumference. If the cloth shows only discharges that are white, yellow, or clear, then menstruation is considered to have ceased. If discharge is red or pink, it indicates that menstruation continues. If it is any other color, like brown, it is subject to further inquiry, often involving consultation with a rabbi. The ritual requires that the cloth used to perform this test is first checked carefully to ensure that it is clean of any marks, colored threads, or specks; the cloth itself can be any clean white cloth, although there are small cloths designed for this ritual, known as bedikah cloths (meaning checking).
In the Orthodox Jewish community, further rituals are practices toward assurance regarding the cessation of the menstrual flow. After the hefsek taharah, some women insert a cloth (or, in modern times, a tampon), consequently known as a moch dachuk, for between 18 minutes and an hour, to ensure that there is absolutely no blood; this must be done carefully, as it could otherwise irritate the mucous membrane, causing bleeding unrelated to menstruation. If there is any fear of irritation causing bleeding, a rabbi may waive this practice. The "bedikah" is repeated each morning and evening of the seven days subsequent to the end of menstruation. Another tradition is the wearing of white underwear and use of white bedding during this period; conversely, the rest of the time, when not counting the "seven clean days", some women who suffer from spotting deliberately use coloured underwear and coloured toilet paper, since it is only when blood is seen on white material that it has any legal status in Jewish law. When not during their seven "clean" days, all women are advised to wear colored undergarments, for this reason. It is furthermore strongly recommended that women make an effort to refrain from looking at the toilet paper after wiping to avoid possible resultant questions.
Physical contact during niddah[edit]
A niddah hut (Mergem Gogo) at the Jewish village of Ambober in northern Ethiopia, 1976.
As with most forbidden relationships in Judaism, all physical contact in an affectionate or lustful manner is rabbinically forbidden when a woman is in her niddah status.[12][13] Such contact is forbidden whether or not the man and woman are husband and wife.[14]
In the case of husband and wife, however, the sages added on extra restrictions, including touch that is not in an affectionate or lustful manner,[15] passing of objects even without touching, and sleeping in the same bed; these restrictions are to avoid the risk of leading to sexual contact.[16] These laws are termed harkhakot, meaning spacers, and result in a need for relationships to be able to develop in non-physical ways, such as emotional and spiritual connections.
Some Conservative poseks are considerably more lenient in reference to the harkhakot than Medieval or contemporary Orthodox authorities. In a responsum written in the Committee on Jewish Law and Standards of the Rabbinical Assembly, Rabbi Miriam Berkowitz ruled that the "harkhakot are to be observed as much as possible, but left up to the discretion of each couple".[17] In another responsum for the committee, Susan Grossman stated that touching that would be appropriate between siblings is permissible.[18]
The classical regulations also forbid sexual relations on the day that a woman expects to start menstruating;[19] there are three days that fall under this regulation, known as the veset, namely the same day of the month as her previous menstruation began; the day exactly 30 days after the previous menstruation started; and the day that is the usual interval from the end of her previous menstruation.[20] If the woman is not actually menstruating during a veset day, then there are certain circumstances wherein sexual activity is permitted according to most authorities, for example, if a woman's husband is about to travel, and will return only after menstruation has begun.[21]
Niddah and fertility[edit]
Because the night that the woman ritually traditionally immerses is about 12 days after menstruation began, it often coincides with a woman's ovulation, and thus improves the chances of successful conception if sexual relations occur on that night. However, for certain women, this period extends far past the date of ovulation, and in combination with the ban on sexual relations during the niddah state, effectively results in the woman being unable to conceive.[22] In the case of this effective infertility, rabbis try on a case-by-case basis to relax halakhic strictures in order to facilitate conception. There have been some calls within Orthodox Judaism for the custom to be modified so that the time between the end of menstruation and the end of niddah isn't as long for these women.[23]
Checking by bedikah[edit]
The bedikah cloth or "checking cloth", called an eid ["witness"] in Hebrew, is a clean piece of white cloth used in the process of purifying a niddah. It is used by observant Jewish women to determine whether they have finished menstruation. The cloth is inserted into the vagina, and if no blood is found, the woman may start counting the seven blood-free days. On each of these days, she performs this examination in the morning and in the later afternoon before sunset. If no blood is found, she may go to the mikveh on the eighth evening after nightfall, and then engage in intercourse with her husband.[24] Such cloths are about two by four inches, and are available at local Judaica stores, the local mikveh, stores in Orthodox neighborhoods in Israel, or may be cut from clean all-white soft cotton or linen fabric.[25]
This practice is also occasionally used by Jewish men to check if he has gotten blood on himself from his wife after intercourse to determine whether she menstruated during intercourse.[26]
Immersion in water[edit]
Main article: Mikveh
There are differing customs about how many immersions are performed at each visit to a mikveh. It is the custom of many in the Orthodox community to immerse at least twice.[27] Accordingly, they would immerse, recite the blessing, then immerse again. The other opinion states that like other commandments, here too the blessing should be recited before performing the commandment.[28]
Immediate preparation for a mikveh includes a bath or shower wherein every part of the body (including the ears and underneath the nails) is thoroughly washed; plus other routine hygiene practices which include trimming fingernails and toenails, brushing and flossing the teeth, and combing the hair. At the mikvah itself, a female attendant is present to make certain that the woman immerses herself fully, including her hairs. Though that is the attendant's foremost duty, she may also help by checking a woman's back or answer questions regarding proper ritual protocol.
Newlyweds[edit]
According to all Orthodox authorities, the first time a virgin has intercourse, she also becomes niddah as a result of her hymenal blood flow (dam besulim דם בתולים). This is observed even if no blood was discovered. However, a bride counts only four days before performing a hefsek taharah, instead of the usual five.[29] Some Conservative authorities rule that a woman is not a niddah in such a case unless uterine bleeding is observed.[11]
Privacy of the niddah process[edit]
Main article: Tzniut
Out of tzniut (Hebrew for "modesty"), many Orthodox Jews and some Conservative Jews follow a custom of keeping their times of niddah secret from the general public.
Rabbi Zeira's stringency, counting an extra five days[edit]
Main article: Rabbi Zeira's stringency
Some historians of the subject described how the time for separation between men and women increased over time. See for example David C. Kraemer, A Developmental Perspective on the Laws of Niddah.[30]. It was also suggested that in communities (or among individuals) who kept a long time of separation, fertility was negatively affected.[31].
Niddah in the Conservative movement[edit]
Conservative authorities teach that the laws of family purity are normative and still in force, including the requirement to refrain from sexual relations during niddah, yet there is a difference of opinions over how much other strictures need to be observed, such as whether there should be complete prohibition on any touching during niddah and whether women are required to count seven "clean" days before immersing in the mikvah.
In December 2006, the Rabbinical Assembly's Committee on Jewish Law and Standards passed three responsa discussing the extent of Biblical requirements and continuing applicability rabbinic prohibitions concerning niddah for Conservative Jews. Each responsum advocated different standards of observance;[32] two responsa were passed as majority opinions, one by Rabbi Susan Grossman[33] and one by Rabbi Avram Reisner,[34] the third responsum, by Rabbi Miriam Berkowitz was passed as a minority opinion.[35]
According to two majority opinions, by Rabbi Grossman and Rabbi Reisner, the "seven clean days" need not be observed today and women may immerse and resume sexual relations after seven days from the beginning of menstruation, or after its cessation, if it lasts longer than seven days. Rabbi Grossman, a majority opinion, and Rabbi Berkowitz, the minority opinion, ruled that women may rely on their own discretion about when menstruation has ended, and need not routinely engage in bedikah as described above.[33][34][35]
Despite the official stance, the practices related to family purity have often not been widely followed by Conservative Jews. However, in an issue of the United Synagogue Review that focused on issues of mikvah and niddah (published in conjunction with the passing of the responsa mentioned above, in Fall/Winter 2006), Rabbi Myron S. Geller, a member of the Committee on Jewish Law and Standards, wrote about an upswing in the observance of the laws of family purity within the Conservative Jewish community:[36]
Conservative Judaism has largely ignored this practice in the past, but recently has begun to reevaluate its silence in this area and to consider the spiritual implications of mikvah immersion for human sexuality and for women. Jews-by-choice tend to recall the mikvah ceremony as an experience of heightened spirituality, leaving a permanent mark on their religious awareness. Some comments I have received about the mikvah include: "It made me feel closer to God"; "An emotional highlight of my life"; "When I came up from the waters all was quiet, my eyes wanted to cry. My soul was still...I am still in a state of peacefulness and love fills me"...These observations, written by converts to Judaism several weeks after the event, reflect the powerful impact of the mikvah ritual on Jews-by-choice and the profound importance they attach to its spiritual significance.
At a time when New Age enthusiasm is persuading numbers of people, disenchanted with traditional religious expression, to seek fresh ways of discovering spiritual meaning in their lives, Conservative Judaism has found in an age-old practice a metaphor for rebirth and renewal that retains its power to uplift, cleanse, and inspire.
Extent of adherence to these laws[edit]
The extent to which the rabbinical and Biblical laws of niddah are followed differ. Some Sephardic women, even apparently secular ones, are reputed to follow them. Orthodox Jews supposedly follow them, although as this is an intimate realm, it is impossible to know how many and to what extent. The rules tend not to be followed by Conservative and Reform women.[37]. It is also hard to know to what level they were followed in the past. Thus, for example, we know today that for many centuries, the majority of European Jews lived outside the big communities. It is hard to know if Jews who lived in small villages were observing these laws.
See also[edit]
Judaism portal
Jewish views on marriage
Mikveh Calendar
Negiah (guidelines for physical contact)
Role of women in Judaism
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Leviticus 15:19-30, 18:19, 20:18
^ Jump up to: a b "Red Heifer," Jewish Encyclopedia.
Jump up ^ Theological dictionary of the Old Testament, Volume 4 ed G. Johannes Botterweck, Helmer Ringgren p163
Jump up ^ David L. Petersen Late Israelite prophecy: studies in deutero-prophetic literature ISBN 0891300767. 1977 "The final product, 2 Chronicles 29, represents more than just a simple description of Hezekiah's temple rededication; ... Levites dovetails so neatly with the narrative's description of what they did: the carrying of the tumah/niddah."
Jump up ^ George L. Klein, Ray Clendenen Zechariah New American Commentary ISBN 978-0-8054-9494-5, 2008, Page 373 "Zechariah 13:1 does not state who "opened" the fountain, but the context suggests that the Lord himself performed ... The Hebrew word for "impurity" (niddah) conveys a different point from hatta't.480 The term niddah focuses more on the ..."
Jump up ^ Tshuvath HaRambam (as quoted in igrot kodesh vol. 3 p. 374)
Jump up ^ Shalah, vol. 1 p. 452, Pithkei Harakanti (Menahem Recanati) Chap. 586, Teushuvath HaRif Chap. 297
Jump up ^ with the exception for unique individuals - Igrot kodesh vol. 3 p. 374
Jump up ^ Niddah (Mishnah) 66a, 67b
Jump up ^ Cohen, Alfred S. (1984-01-01). Halacha and Contemporary Society. KTAV Publishing House, Inc. ISBN 9780881250428.
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.rabbinicalassembly.org/teshuvot/docs/20052010/berkowitz_niddah.pdf
Jump up ^ There is a dispute as to whether this prohibition is Biblical or Rabbinic. See Negiah; see also Badei HaShulchan 195:14.
Jump up ^ There are additional restrictions in the time of the Holy Temple because of the Biblical concept of Tumah.
Jump up ^ Remah Yoreh Deah 183:1; see Shiurei Shevet HaLeivi 183:7
Jump up ^ When the wife is a niddah, touch between spouses that is not Derech Chiba v'Taavah is only prohibited Rabbinically according to most authorities, although there are those who disagree. See Badei HaShulchan 195:14.
Jump up ^ Yoreh Deah 195
Jump up ^ http://www.rabbinicalassembly.org/teshuvot/docs/20052010/berkowitz_niddah.pdf p. 36
Jump up ^ http://www.rabbinicalassembly.org/teshuvot/docs/20052010/grossman_niddah.pdf
Jump up ^ Yoreh Deah 184:2
Jump up ^ Yoreh Deah 189:1-2
Jump up ^ Yoreh Deah 184:10
Jump up ^ Evyatar Marienberg, "Traditional Jewish Sexual Practices and Their Possible Impact on Jewish Fertility and Demography," Harvard Theological Review 106:3 (2013) 243-286
Jump up ^ Haaretz Newspaper, "Be pure or be fruitful" December 15, 2006
Jump up ^ Mishneh Torah Kedushah Laws of forbidden relations 4:6
Jump up ^ Mishneh Torah Kedushah Laws of forbidden relations 4:15
Jump up ^ Mishneh Torah Kedushah Laws of forbidden relations 4:14
Jump up ^ Shulchan Aruch, Yoreh Deah, 200.
Jump up ^ See: Family Purity—A Guide to Marital Fulfillment, by Rabbi Fishel Jacobs, chapter 10.
Jump up ^ Yoreh Deah, 196, 11, Taz 5.
Jump up ^ "A Developmental Perspective on the Laws of Niddah", David C. Kraemer, Exploring Judaism: The Collected Essays of David Kraemer, Univ Pr of America, 1999
Jump up ^ Evyatar Marienberg, "Traditional Jewish Sexual Practices and TheirPossible Impact on Jewish Fertility and Demography," Harvard Theological Review 106:3 (2013) 243-2869
Jump up ^ Rabbi Miriam Berkowitz, Mikveh and the Sanctity of Family Relations, Committee on Jewish Law and Standards, Rabbinical Assembly, December 6, 2006]
^ Jump up to: a b Rabbi Susan Grossman, Mikveh and the Sanctity of Being Created Human, Committee on Jewish Law and Standards, Rabbinical Assembly, December 6, 2006]
^ Jump up to: a b Rabbi Avram Reisner, Observing Niddah in Our Day, Committee on Jewish Law and Standards, Rabbinical Assembly, December 6, 2006]
^ Jump up to: a b Rabbi Miriam Berkowitz, Reshaping the Laws of Family Purity for the Modern World, Committee on Jewish Law and Standards, Rabbinical Assembly, December 6, 2006]
Jump up ^ Archive of United Synagogue Review, text on Interfaithfamily.com Sanctifying Waters: The Mikvah and Conservative Judaism, retrieved 12-30-2011
Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of Judaism: Family Purity
External links[edit]
Medieval Responsa Literature on Niddah: Perspectives of Notions of Tumah by Haviva Ner-David.
Yoatzot.org, "The Women's Health and Halacha Website"
Evyatar Marienberg, "Traditional Jewish Sexual Practices and Their Possible Impact on Jewish Fertility and Demography," Harvard Theological Review 106:3 (2013), pp. 243–286
Evyatar Marienberg, “What is Niddah? Menstruation in Judaism”, Polin: Museum of the History of Polish Jews, Warsaw, November 23, 2017
[show]
v
t
e
Halakha (Jewish religious law)
Ethics
Chillul Hashem (Desecration of God's name)
Geneivat da'at (Theft of the mind)
Gezel sheina (Theft of sleep)
Kiddush Hashem (Sanctification of God's name)
Lashon hara (Derogatory information)
Lifnei iver (Stumbling block in front of the blind)
Noahide laws
You shall not murder
Yetzer hara
Ritual purity
Mikveh
Niddah
Ritual washing in Judaism
Handwashing in Judaism
Tumah and taharah
Modesty
Negiah
Yichud
Mechitza
Judaism and sexuality
Forbidden relationships in Judaism
Gender separation in Judaism
Homosexuality and Judaism
Agrarian laws
Tithes in Judaism
Terumah
First tithe
Second tithe
Poor man's tithe
Terumat hamaaser
Demai
Orlah
Bikkurim (First-fruits)
Sicaricon (Jewish law)
Hallah
Halakhic principles
Aveira
Bemeizid, beshogeg, and beones
B'rov am hadrat melech
Chumra
Dina d'malkhuta dina
D'Oraita and D'Rabbanan
One commandment leads to another
Ikar v'tafel
Marit ayin
Neder
Osek b'mitzvah patur min hamitzvah
Pikuach nefesh
Positive commandment
Sfeka d'yoma
Self-sacrifice in Jewish law
Shinuy
Shomea k'oneh
Testimony
Toch k'dei dibur
Yad soledet bo
Zmanim
Relative hour (Jewish law)
Punishment
Capital punishment in Judaism
Kareth
Related boxes
High Holidays
Passover
Shabbat
Sukkot
Kashrut
[show]
v
t
e
Menstrual cycle
Events and phases
Menstruation
Follicular phase
Ovulation
Luteal phase
Life stages
Menarche
Menopause
Tracking
Signs
Basal body temperature
Cervical mucus
Mittelschmerz
Systems
Fertility awareness
Calendar-based methods
Billings Ovulation Method
Creighton Model
Suppression
Extended cycle combined hormonal contraceptive
Lactational amenorrhea
Disorders
Amenorrhea
Anovulation
Dysmenorrhea
Hypomenorrhea
Irregular menstruation
Menometrorrhagia
Menorrhagia
Metrorrhagia
Oligomenorrhea
Related events
Folliculogenesis
Menstrual synchrony
Premenstrual syndrome / Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
Sexual activity
In culture and religion
Chhaupadi
Menstrual taboo
Niddah
[show]
v
t
e
Marital life in Judaism
Jewish wedding
Chuppah
Erusin
Jewish views on marriage
Jewish wedding
Ketubah
Sheva Brachot
Shidduch
Yichud
Prohibitions and Halakhot
Cunnilingus in Halacha
Fellatio in Halacha
Forbidden relationships in Judaism
Jewish views on incest
Negiah
Prohibition of extracting semen in vain (Judaism)
Rabbi Zeira's stringency
Sheitel
Yichud
You shall not commit adultery
Tzniut
Women forbidden to their husbands
Childbirth
Dam betulim
Niddah
Purity of a woman to her husband
Hefsek taharah
Mikveh
Shivah nekiim
Tevilah
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Niddah&oldid=813212885"
Categories:
Jewish marital law
Jewish ritual purity law
Hebrew words and phrases
Mishnah
Talmud
Menstrual cycle
Judaism and sexuality
Sex segregation
Jewish life cycle
Hidden categories:
Articles containing Hebrew-language text
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from March 2011
All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases
Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from March 2011
Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Čeština
Deutsch
فارسی
Français
Italiano
עברית
Polski
Português
Русский
Slovenčina
Svenska
Türkçe
ייִדיש
Edit links
This page was last edited on 2 December 2017, at 13:06.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: caption

attrs: scope style

values: font-weight: normal; white-space: nowrap;

attrs: rel class href

values: padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;padding-top:0;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em;padding:0 0.2em; font-size:200%; font-weight:normal;

values: padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding: 0px 5px 5px 5px

values: font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; background: transparent; text-align: left; font-variant: small-caps; padding-left: 5px; padding-top: 3px

values: font-size: 105%; padding: 0.2em 0px 0.4em; text-align: center; display: none;

values: Prohibition of Kohen defilement by the dead

values:
/wiki/File:Star_of_David.svg
image
Star of David

values: padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;border:none;padding-bottom:0.6em;

values: Laws and customs of the Land of Israel in Judaism

values: font-size: 105%; padding: 0.2em 0px 0.4em; text-align: center; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); display: none;

values:
hlist
padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-top:none;

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none

values: History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel

values: History of the Jews in the Czech Republic

values: History of the Jews in the United Kingdom

values:
/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uzbekistan
mw-redirect
History of the Jews in Uzbekistan

values: History of the Jews in the United States

values: History of the Jews in Latin America and the Caribbean

values: History of the Jews in the Dominican Republic

values: Historical Jewish population comparisons

values:
/wiki/Ghardaia_Sign_Language
mw-redirect
Ghardaia Sign Language

values: History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire

values:
/wiki/Jewish_right
mw-redirect
Jewish right

values: padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;border-top:none;padding-top:none;line-height:1.7em;

values: font-size: 115%; font-family: Alef, 'SBL BibLit', 'SBL Hebrew', 'David CLM', 'Frenk Ruehl CLM', 'Hadasim CLM', Shofar, 'Ezra SIL', 'Ezra SIL SR', Cardo, 'Noto Sans Hebrew', David, FreeSerif, 'Times New Roman', FreeSans, Arial;

values: Edit section: Related terms and definitions

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2011)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (March 2011)

values: Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch

values:
/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_disease
mw-redirect
Sexually transmitted disease

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2012)

values: Edit section: Duration of menstruation and niddah status

values:
/wiki/Ashkenazic_Judaism
mw-redirect
Ashkenazic Judaism

values:
/wiki/Bedikah_cloth
mw-redirect
Bedikah cloth

values: Edit section: Physical contact during niddah

values:
/wiki/Conception_(biology)
mw-redirect
Conception (biology)

values: Edit section: Privacy of the niddah process

values: Edit section: Rabbi Zeira's stringency, counting an extra five days

values: Edit section: Niddah in the Conservative movement

values:
/wiki/Susan_Grossman
mw-redirect
Susan Grossman

values: Edit section: Extent of adherence to these laws

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
/wiki/Role_of_women_in_Judaism
mw-redirect
Role of women in Judaism

values: International Standard Book Number (identifier)

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.yoatzot.org/index.php

values:
/wiki/Noahide_laws
mw-redirect
Noahide laws

values:
/wiki/You_shall_not_murder
mw-redirect
You shall not murder

values:
/wiki/Poor_man%27s_tithe
mw-redirect
Poor man's tithe

values:
/wiki/D%27Oraita_and_D%27Rabbanan
mw-redirect
D'Oraita and D'Rabbanan

values:
/wiki/Positive_commandment
mw-redirect
Positive commandment

values:
/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Judaism
mw-redirect
Capital punishment in Judaism

values:
/wiki/Template:Passover_Footer
mw-redirect
Template:Passover Footer

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Extended cycle combined hormonal contraceptive

values:
navbox-image
4
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/You_shall_not_commit_adultery
mw-redirect
You shall not commit adultery

values: Category:Articles containing Hebrew-language text

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2011

values: Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases

values: Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from March 2011

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values:
/wiki/Niddah
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values:
/w/index.php?title=Niddah&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niddah
Niddah – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niddah
Niddah – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nid%C3%A1
Nidá – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values: Нида (ритуальный статус) – Russian

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Niddah rootpage-Niddah skin-vector action-view