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Efforts to stem the Deepwater Horizon oil spill
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This article is part of a series about the
Deepwater Horizon oil spill
BP
Deepwater Horizon
Explosion
Oil spill
Timeline
Volume and extent
Closure
Response
Environmental impact
Health consequences
Economic effects
Reactions
Investigation
Litigation
Compensation
v
t
e
Efforts to stem the Deepwater Horizon oil spill were ongoing from the time that the Deepwater Horizon exploded on April 20, 2010 until the well was sealed by a cap on July 15, 2010.[1] Various species of dolphins and other mammals (61 casualties), birds (2,095 casualties), and the endangered sea turtles (467 casualties) have been killed either directly or indirectly by the oil spill.[2] The Deepwater Horizon spill has surpassed in volume the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill as the largest ever to originate in U.S.-controlled waters; it is comparable to the 1979 Ixtoc I oil spill in total volume released (Ixtoc discharged 140 million US gallons (530,000 m3) to 148 million US gallons (560,000 m3); as of mid-July 2010, Deepwater Horizon has spilled 90 million US gallons (340,000 m3) to 180 million US gallons (680,000 m3)).[3][4]
Much of the oil is so far down in the Gulf that only nature, including microbes, will be able to remove it using a process called bioremediation.[5] Terry Hazen of the Department of Energy's Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory said the process could take months or years.[5] But after six weeks of research, he said that microbes could work quickly in 84 °F (29 °C) water as opposed to colder-temperature waters. The A Whale, which is an oil tanker converted into a giant oil skimmer owned by the Taiwan Marine Transport Co (TMT), could do little because of BP's use of chemical dispersants, the company said.[6] Robert Bea of The University of California, who worked on the Ixtoc spill and the 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill, said the old methods would be the best ones. Dispersants, he said, did not work except in keeping beaches clean, and they hurt the environment.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Non-explosive closure attempts
1.1 Short Term Efforts
1.2 Temporary closure
1.3 Permanent closure
2 Considerations of using explosives
3 References
Non-explosive closure attempts[edit]
Short Term Efforts[edit]
Oil containment dome under construction in Port Fourchon, Louisiana, at Wild Well Control on 26 April
The first attempts to stop the oil spill were to use remotely operated underwater vehicles to close the blowout preventer valves on the well head; however, all these attempts failed.[7][8] The second technique, placing a 125-tonne (276,000 lb) containment dome (which had worked on leaks in shallower water) over the largest leak and piping the oil to a storage vessel on the surface, failed when gas leaking from the pipe combined with cold water formed methane hydrate crystals that blocked the opening at the top of the dome.[9]
On May 14, engineers began the process of positioning a 6-inch (15 cm) wide riser insertion tube into the 21-inch (53 cm) wide burst pipe.[9] There was a stopper-like washer around the tube that plugs the end of the riser and diverts the flow into the insertion tube.[10] The collected gas was flared and oil stored on the board of drillship Discoverer Enterprise.[11] 924,000 US gallons (22,000 barrels) of oil was collected before removal of the tube.[12]
On May 26, BP tried to close the well using a technique called "top kill", which also failed.[13] This process involved pumping heavy drilling fluids through two 3-inch (7.6 cm) lines into the blowout preventer to restrict the flow of oil before sealing it permanently with cement.[14][15][16]
The Q4000 and the Discoverer Enterprise during the failed top kill procedure
On May 29, BP moved to the Lower Marine Riser Package (LMRP) Cap Containment System by removing the damaged riser from the top of the blowout preventer and covering the pipe by the cap which connects it to a riser. The cap was attached on June 3, and the system began to capture the leaking oil.[17] On June 6, the CEO of BP Tony Hayward, stated that the amount captured was "probably the vast majority of the oil."[18] However, Ira Leifer, a member of the Flow Rate Technical Group (FRTG), claimed that more oil was escaping than before the riser was cut and the cap containment system was placed.[19]
On June 16, a second containment system connected directly to the blowout preventer became operational carrying oil and gas through a subsea manifold to the Q4000 service vessel with a processing capacity for about 5,000 barrels (210,000 US gallons; 790 cubic metres) of oil per day. Oil and gas are both burned on Q4000 in a clean-burning system.[20]
As Discoverer Enterprise's processing capacity was insufficient, drillship Discoverer Clear Leader and the floating production, storage and offloading (FPSO) vessel Helix Producer 1 were added, offloading oil with tankers Evi Knutsen, and Juanita.[21][22] Each tanker has a total capacity of 750,000 barrels (32,000,000 US gallons; 119,000 cubic metres).[20] In addition, FPSO Seillean, and well testing vessel Toisa Pisces would process oil. They are offloaded by shuttle tanker Loch Rannoch.[20]
On July 5, BP announced that its one-day oil recovery effort accounted for 24,980 barrels (3,972 m3) of oil, and the flaring off of 57.1 million cubic feet (1,620,000 m3) of natural gas. The total oil collection to date for the spill was estimated at 657,300 barrels (104,500 m3).[23] The government's estimates suggested the cap and other equipment were capturing less than half of the oil leaking from the sea floor as of late June.[24]
On July 10, robots removed the containment cap to replace it with a better-fitting cap ("Top Hat Number 10"); this meant all of the leaking oil would escape until the new cap was in place.[25] A broken pipe was taken out on July 11 and replaced with a flange spool resembling a pipe, on top of which the new cap was located.[26][27] The well integrity test was scheduled to take place after the installation of a three-ram capping stack over the lower marine riser package of the Deepwater Horizon semi-submersible rig on July 13. On July 14, BP announced that the test would be delayed under Allen's orders; oil continued to flow into the Gulf.[4][28]
Temporary closure[edit]
On July 15, 2010, BP announced that it had successfully plugged the oil leak using a tightly fitted cap. The cap, weighing 75 tons and standing 30 feet (9.1 m) high, is now bolted to the failed blowout preventer. It consists of a Flange Transition Spool and a 3 Ram Stack and is a temporary solution.[29][30]
President Barack Obama cautiously welcomed the news that the leak had been stopped, though stressing, "it is important we don't get ahead of ourselves".[31] If the cap holds for the planned 48 hours, its valves will be reopened temporarily in order to allow for seismic tests to ensure that oil is not escaping into the bedrock.[29] At the time of the stoppage, oil had been leaking continuously into the Gulf of Mexico for 85 days, 16 hours and 25 minutes since the Deepwater Horizon drilling rig exploded on April 20, 2010.[29]
Until July 19, 2010, there was no evidence that the well had ruptured, meaning that the cap appeared to be working.[31][32] According to Thad Allen, the retired US Coast Guard admiral in charge of the operation to stop the leak, the cap will be used to channel the flowing oil to surface ships for collection after the 48-hour test period and will be used to shut the well down during bad weather rather than permanently cap the well, which is expected to happen in mid-August 2010, when relief wells have been completed.[32] However, on July 19, 2010, seepage was detected from the seafloor within two kilometres of the well. Allen believes it probably has nothing to do with the well, as oil and gas are known to ooze naturally from fissures in the bottom of the Gulf of Mexico.[33][34]
On July 22, Adm. Thad Allen faced a difficult decision. Forecasts of the track of tropical storm Bonnie made it imperative that the support ships and rigs leave the site. The capping stack would thus be unsupervised for several days. The safe option would have been to open the valves and relieve pressure in the riser; however, that would obviously have the effect of turning back on the gush of oil and gas, with no option to either collect it or burn it off. Allen, in consultation with Energy Secretary Steven Chu, made the decision to leave the valves closed. Kent Wells, a senior vice president of BP, said “We have enough confidence to leave the well shut in.”[35] Since the storm proved weaker than expected on July 24, the ships returned to finish off the job once and for all. Efforts to close the well on a permanent basis soon began.[36]
Permanent closure[edit]
BP drilled two relief wells into the original well to enable them to block it. Once the relief wells reached the original borehole, the operator pumped drilling fluid into the original well. Transocean's Development Driller III started drilling a first relief well on May 2 and was at 13,978 feet (4,260 m) out of 18,000 feet (5,500 m) as of June 14. GSF Development Driller II started drilling a second relief on May 16 and was halted at 8,576 feet (2,614 m) out of 18,000 feet (5,500 m) as of June 14 while BP engineers verified the operational status of the second relief well's blowout preventer.[37][38][39][40][41][42] The relief wells began operating in August 2010[43] at a cost of about $100 million per well.[44][45]
Despite delays caused by Tropical Storm Bonnie, the first phase of stopping the leak was expected to start on July 30. Lining a relief shaft with steel casing was expected to resume on July 28, and a relief tunnel would take a week to drill but may be needed if phase one does not work.[36]
Adm. Thad Allen said on July 26 that the "static kill", using mud and cement poured into the top of the well, could start on August 2. The "bottom kill" would follow, with mud and cement entering the well under the sea floor, possibly by August 7.[46]
Starting at 15:00 CDT on August 3, first test oil then drilling mud was pumped at a slow rate of approximately two barrels/minute into the well-head. Pumping continued for eight hours, at the end of which time the well was declared to be "in a static condition."[47]
At 09:15 CDT on August 4, with Adm. Allen's approval, BP began pumping cement from the top, sealing that part of the flow channel permanently.[48]
On August 4, Allen said the static kill was working.[49] Two weeks later, though, Allen said it was uncertain when the well could be declared completely sealed. The bottom kill had yet to take place, and the relief well had been delayed by storms. Even when the relief well was ready, he said, BP had to make sure pressure would not build up again.[50]
On September 10, Allen said the bottom kill could start sooner than expected because a "locking sleeve" could be used on top of the well to prevent excessive pressure from causing problems. BP said the relief well was about 50 feet (15 m) from the intersection, and finishing the boring would take four more days.[51] On September 16, the relief well reached its destination and pumping of cement to seal the well began.[52] Officials said on September 18 that the cement pumped in from the base of the well had completed the sealing of the well.[53] On September 19, after pressure testing, Allen declared the well "officially dead".[54]
Considerations of using explosives[edit]
In mid-May 2010, United States Secretary of Energy Steven Chu assembled a team of nuclear physicists, including hydrogen bomb designer Richard Garwin and Sandia National Laboratories director Tom Hunter.[55] On May 24, BP ruled out conventional explosives, saying that if blasts failed to clog the well, "We would have denied ourselves all other options."[56]
Federal officials also ruled out nuclear devices due to environmental and political risks (Doing so is a violation of Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty that the United States has signed.[57] Admiral Thad Allen stated, "since we don't know the condition of that well bore or the casings, I would be cautious about putting any kind of kinetic energy on that well head, because what you may do is create open communication between the reservoir and the sea floor."[58] Allen also said that the result could be oil seeping through cracks and through the seafloor, "and then be uncontrolled until the reservoir pressure equalized with the hydrostatic pressure; I think that's a risk that's too great to take a chance on, myself."[59] Casing integrity concerns also influenced the pressure chosen for the top kill procedure.[60]
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ "'Top kill' BP operation to half US oil leak fails". BBC News. 29 May 2010. Retrieved 29 May 2010.
Jump up ^ Fowler, Tom (2010-05-18). "BP Prepared for Top Kill to Plug Well". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
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Jump up ^ "Top kill fails". Upstream Online. NHST Media Group. 2010-05-28. (subscription required). Retrieved 2010-06-01.
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^ Jump up to: a b c Brenner, Noah (2010-06-17). "Hayward says spill 'never should have happened'". Upstream Online. NHST Media Group. (subscription required). Retrieved 2010-06-17.
Jump up ^ Brenner, Noah; Pitt, Anthea (2010-06-08). "BP calls in FPSO for Macondo". Upstream Online. NHST Media Group. Retrieved 2010-06-08.
Jump up ^ Brenner, Noah; Pitt, Anthea; Lewis, Josh (2010-06-10). "Clear Leader, Helix Producer tapped for Macondo". Upstream Online. NHST Media Group. (subscription required). Retrieved 2010-06-10.
Jump up ^ Gonzalez, Angel (2010-07-06). "BP: About 24,980 Barrels Of Total Oil Recovered 5 July". The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones Newswires. Archived from the original on July 9, 2010. Retrieved 2010-07-06.
Jump up ^ Kunzelman, Michael (2010-06-24). "Oil spewing once again in the Gulf". The Sun News. Associated Press. Retrieved 2010-06-24.
Jump up ^ Breen, Tom (2010-07-09). "Robots begin work to remove cap from gushing well". The Sun News. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 2010-07-12. Retrieved 2010-07-10.
Jump up ^ Breen, Tom (2010-07-12). "BP cautiously optimistic". The Sun News. Associated Press. Retrieved 2010-07-12.
Jump up ^ Breen, Tom; Weber, Harry R. (2010-07-13). "New BP cap set for slow tests of how it holds oil". The Sun News. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 2010-07-15. Retrieved 2010-07-13.
Jump up ^ "BP postpones Macondo well test". Upstream Online. NHST Media Group. 2010-07-14. (subscription required). Retrieved 2010-07-14.
^ Jump up to: a b c Strassmann, Mark (July 15, 2010). "BP: No New Oil Flowing into Gulf of Mexico". CBS News. CBS. Retrieved July 16, 2010.
Jump up ^ Wells, Kent. "Sealing Cap Installation Animation". BP. Retrieved 18 July 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Gulf of Mexico oil stoppage going well, BP says". BBC News. BBC. July 16, 2010. Retrieved July 16, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Robertson, Campbell; Henry Fountain (July 16, 2010). "Obama Reacts Cautiously to Hopeful BP Test Results". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved July 16, 2010.
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^ Jump up to: a b Dishneau, David; Weber, Harry R. (2010-07-24). "Ships prepare to return to spill as storm weakens". The Sun News. Associated Press. Retrieved 2010-07-24. [dead link]
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Jump up ^ BP's Deepwater Oil Spill - Tests End and the Kill Begins, Well Reaches Static Condition
Jump up ^ BP begins pumping cement in next stage of 'static kill'
Jump up ^ Cappiello, Dina (2010-08-04). "Gov't has 'high confidence' oil spill almost over". The Sun News. Associated Press. Retrieved 2010-08-05.
Jump up ^ Weber, Harry (2010-08-19). "Feds: No timeline for completing Gulf relief well". The Charlotte Observer. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 2010-08-22. Retrieved 2010-08-19.
Jump up ^ Fausset, Richard (2010-09-11). "Sealing to start on BP well". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2010-09-11.
Jump up ^ "BP: Cement being pumped in to permanently seal company's blown-out well in Gulf of Mexico". Fox News. 2010-09-16. Retrieved 2010-09-18.
Jump up ^ Weber, Harry (2010-09-19). "BP's well plugged; worries remain". The Sun News. Associated Press. Retrieved 2010-09-19.
Jump up ^ Fausset, Richard (2010-09-20). "Few cheers for BP well's final plugging". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2010-09-20.
Jump up ^ Quinn, James (2010-05-14). "Barack Obama sends nuclear experts to tackle BP's Gulf of Mexico oil leak". The Daily Telegraph. London: Telegraph Media Group Limited. Retrieved 2010-06-30.
Jump up ^ Revkin, Andrew C. (2010-06-03). "No Surprise: U.S. Rejects Nuclear Option for Gulf Oil Gusher". The New York Times Blogs. Retrieved 2010-06-30.
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[hide]
v
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Deepwater Horizon oil spill
Events
Deepwater Horizon explosion
Volume and extent
Efforts to stem the spill
Timeline
May 2010
June 2010
July 2010
August 2010
Companies
and
organisations
Owners
Anadarko Petroleum
BP
Mitsui Oil Exploration
Major
contractors
Cameron International
Halliburton
Nalco Holding Company
Transocean
Wild Well Control
Other
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management
Flow Rate Technical Group
Minerals Management Service
National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling
Unified Command
U. S. Coast Guard
Worst Case Discharge
People
BP
Bob Dudley
Tony Hayward
Doug Suttles
Carl-Henric Svanberg
Darryl Willis
MMS
S. Elizabeth Birnbaum
Michael R. Bromwich
Chris Oynes
U.S. Coast Guard
Thad Allen
Mary Landry
James A. Watson
Paul F. Zukunft
Other
Kenneth Feinberg
Places
Macondo Prospect
Mississippi Canyon
Perdido Pass
Vessels
Drilling
Deepwater Horizon
Relief ships/
rigs
Development Driller III
Discoverer Clear Leader
Discoverer Enterprise
GSF Development Driller II
Helix Producer 1
Loch Rannoch
Mighty Servant 3
Overseas Cascade
Q4000
Seacor Lee
Toisa Pisces
A Whale
Pacific Responder
California Responder
Reactions
and impact
Environmental
Environmental impact
Health consequences
GuLF Study
Socio-economic
Deepwater drilling moratorium
court case
Economic effects
Investigation
Litigation
Response fund
Other
If God Is Willing and da Creek Don't Rise (2010 documentary)
"Coon 2: Hindsight" (2010 South Park episode)
Deepwater Horizon (2016 film)
Hornbeck Offshore Services LLC v. Salazar
Spillcam
Wendy Schmidt Oil Cleanup X Challenge
United States offshore drilling debate
Category
Commons
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Reverberatory furnace
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This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (July 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Reverberatory furnace for copper at UMMC factory in Russia
A reverberatory furnace is a metallurgical or process furnace that isolates the material being processed from contact with the fuel, but not from contact with combustion gases. The term reverberation is used here in a generic sense of rebounding or reflecting, not in the acoustic sense of echoing.
Contents
[hide]
1 Operation
2 Applications and comparison with blast furnace
3 History
4 Aluminium melting
5 See also
6 References
6.1 Bibliography
7 External links
Operation[edit]
Reverberatory furnace
Chemistry determines the optimum relationship between the fuel and the material, among other variables. The reverberatory furnace can be contrasted on the one hand with the blast furnace, in which fuel and material are mixed in a single chamber, and, on the other hand, with crucible, muffling, or retort furnaces, in which the subject material is isolated from the fuel and all of the products of combustion including gases and flying ash. There are, however, a great many furnace designs, and the terminology of metallurgy has not been very consistently defined, so it is difficult to categorically contradict the other view.
Applications and comparison with blast furnace[edit]
The applications of these devices fall into two general categories, metallurgical melting furnaces, and lower temperature processing furnaces typically used for metallic ores and other minerals.
A reverberatory furnace is at a disadvantage from the standpoint of efficiency compared to a blast furnace due to the spatial separation of the burning fuel and the subject material, and it is necessary to effectively utilize both reflected radiant heat and direct contact with the exhaust gases (convection) to maximize heat transfer. Historically these furnaces have used solid fuel, and bituminous coal has proven to be the best choice. The brightly visible flames (due to the substantial volatile component) give more radiant heat transfer than anthracite coal or charcoal. Contact with the products of combustion, which may add undesirable elements to the subject material, is used to advantage in some processes. Control of the fuel/air balance can alter the exhaust gas chemistry toward either an oxidizing or a reducing mixture, and thus alter the chemistry of the material being processed. For example, cast iron can be puddled in an oxidizing atmosphere to convert it to the lower-carbon mild steel or bar iron. The Siemens-Martin oven in open hearth steelmaking is also a reverberatory furnace.
Reverberatory furnaces (in this context, usually called air furnaces) were formerly also used for melting brass, bronze, and pig iron for foundry work. They were also, for the first 75 years of the 20th century, the dominant smelting furnace used in copper production, treating either roasted calcine or raw copper sulfide concentrate.[1] While they have been supplanted in this role, first by flash furnaces and more recently also by the Ausmelt[1] and ISASMELT furnaces,[2] as they are very effective at producing slags with low copper losses.[1]
History[edit]
Nirayama (韮山, Nirayama) Reverberatory furnace in Izunokuni, Shizuoka Japan.Construction began in November 1853, after 3 years 6 months, completed in 1857 and operated until 1864. (Approved Historic site on 8 March 1922, Heritage of Industrial Modernization of Japan on 30 November 2007)[3]
The first reverberatory furnaces were perhaps in the medieval period, and were used for melting bronze for casting bells. They were first applied to smelting metals in the late 17th century. Sir Clement Clerke and his son Talbot built cupolas or reverberatory furnaces in the Avon Gorge below Bristol in about 1678. In 1687, while obstructed from smelting lead (by litigation), they moved on to copper. In the following decades, reverberatory furnaces were widely adopted for smelting these metals and also tin. They had the advantage over older methods that the fuel was mineral coal, not charcoal or 'white coal' (chopped dried wood).
In the 1690s, they (or associates) applied the reverberatory furnace (in this case known as an air furnace) to melting pig iron for foundry purposes. This was used at Coalbrookdale and various other places, but became obsolete at the end of the 18th century with the introduction of the foundry cupola, which was a kind of small blast furnace, and a quite different species from the reverberatory furnace.[citation needed]
The puddling furnace, introduced by Henry Cort in the 1780s to replace the older finery process, was also a variety of reverberatory furnace.[citation needed]
Aluminium melting[edit]
Today, reverberatory furnaces are widely used to melt secondary aluminium scrap for eventual use by die-casting industries.[citation needed]
The simplest reverberatory is nothing more than a steel box lined with alumina refractory brick with a flue at one end and a vertically lifting door at the other. Conventional oil or gas burners are placed usually on either side of the furnace to heat the brick and the eventual bath of molten metal is then poured into a casting machine to produce ingots.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
Open-hearth furnace
Puddling furnace
Engineering portal
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c W G Davenport, "Copper extraction from the 60s into the 21st century," in: Proceedings of the Copper 99–Cobre 99 International Conference. Volume I—Plenary Lectures/Movement of Copper and Industry Outlook/Copper Applications and Fabrication, Eds G A Eltringham, N L Piret and M Sahoo (The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society: Warrendale, Pennsylvania, 1999), 55–79.
Jump up ^ J L Bill, T E Briffa, A S Burrows, C R Fountain, D Retallick, J M I Tuppurainen, J S Edwards, and P Partington, "Isasmelt—Mount Isa copper smelter progress update," in: Sulfide Smelting 2002, Eds R L Stephens and H Y Sohn (The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society: Warrendale, Pennsylvania), 2002, 181–193.
Jump up ^ Japanese studied with the book then built furnace, book titled The Casting Processes at the National Iron Cannon Foundry in Luik (present-day Liège), 1826 written by Huguenin Ulrich(1755-1833) Ref:Science and industry:Ulrich Huguenin (1755-1833) and http://d-arch.ide.go.jp/je_archive/society/wp_je_unu8.html
Bibliography[edit]
Encyclopædia Britannica, 14th ed.
J. Day & R. F. Tylecote (eds.), The Industrial Revolution in Metals (1991)
P. W. King, "The Cupola at Bristol", Somerset Araeology and Natural History 140 (for 1997), 37–52.
P. W. King, "Sir Clement Clerke and the Adoption of coal in metallurgy", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 73(1) (2001–2), 33–53.
External links[edit]
Media related to Reverberatory furnaces at Wikimedia Commons
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Premier of the People's Republic of China
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Not to be confused with Premier of the Republic of China.
Premier of the
State Council of the
People's Republic of China
中华人民共和国国务院总理
Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó
Guówùyuàn Zŏnglĭ
Emblem of the People's Republic of China
Incumbent
Li Keqiang
since 15 March 2013
Style
Mr. Premier (总理)
Type
Head of the State Council
Status
Head of Government
Member of
Central Committee
Politburo Standing Committee
National Security Commission
Cabinet
Reports to
the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee
Residence
Zhongnanhai
Seat
Beijing
Nominator
the President (1982 - present)
the Party Central Committee
(1975-1982, president abolished)
Appointer
the President, according to the decision of the National People's Congress
Term length
5 years, renewable
once consecutively
Constituting instrument
Constitution of the People's Republic of China
Precursor
Premier of the Government Administration Council of the Central People's Government
Inaugural holder
Zhou Enlai
as the only Premier of the Government Administration Council (1949–1954)
and the first Premier (1954–1976) of the State Council
Formation
27 September 1954 (State Council of the PRC)
1 October 1949 (Government Administration Council of the Central People's Government)
Unofficial names
Prime Minister of China
Deputy
Vice Premier
Website
State Council
Premier of the State Council of the People's Republic of China
Simplified Chinese
中华人民共和国国务院总理
Traditional Chinese
中華人民共和國國務院總理
Literal meaning
Chinese People Republic State Affairs Court General Manager
[show]Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin
Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó Guówùyuàn Zŏnglĭ
Alternative Chinese name
Simplified Chinese
国务院总理
Traditional Chinese
國務院總理
Literal meaning
State Affairs Court General Manager
[show]Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin
Guówùyuàn Zŏnglĭ
China
This article is part of a series on the
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Vice Chairmen:
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The Premier of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, sometimes also referred to informally as the "Prime Minister", is the Leader of the State Council of China (the "Central People's Government" constitutionally since 1954), who is the head of government and holds the highest rank (Level 1) in the Civil Service. This position was originally known as Premier of the Government Administration Council of the Central People's Government (Chinese: 中央人民政府政务院总理) and changed to its current name in 1954.
The Premier is formally approved by the National People's Congress upon the nomination of the President. In practice, the candidate is chosen through an informal process within the Communist Party of China. Both the President and the Premier are selected once every five years. The Premier has always been a member of the powerful Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China.
The current Premier is Li Keqiang, who took office on 15 March 2013.
Contents
[hide]
1 Powers and duties
2 List of premiers
3 Living former premiers
4 Premier's spouse
5 References
6 External links
7 See also
Powers and duties[edit]
The Premier is the highest administrative position in the Government of the People's Republic of China. The Premier is responsible for organizing and administering the Chinese civil bureaucracy. For example, the Premier is tasked with planning and implementing national economic, social development and the state budget.[1] This includes overseeing the various ministries, departments, commissions and statutory agencies and announcing their candidacies to the National People's Congress for Vice-Premiers, State Councillors and ministerial offices. The Premier's powers and responsibilities are codified into the constitution unlike the Prime Minister from the Westminster system as by convention or traditions.[1]
The Premier does not have command authority over the People's Liberation Army, but the Premier is the head of the National Defense Mobilization Commission of China and deputy head of the National Security Commission which are departments of the armed forces. Since 1980s, there has been a division of responsibilities between the Premier and the General Secretary of the Communist Party wherein the Premier is responsible for the technical details of implementing government policy while the General Secretary gathers the political support necessary for government policy.
In 1989, then Premier Li Peng, in cooperation with the then Chairman of the Central Military Commission Deng Xiaoping, was able to use the office of the Premier to declare war against Beijing and order the military crackdown of the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989.
The Premier has been supported by four Vice-Premiers since Deng Xiaoping's reform in 1983. The First-ranked Vice Premier will act in the premier's capacity in their absence.
List of premiers[edit]
Main article: List of premiers of the People's Republic of China
1st — Zhou Enlai
(served: 1949–1976)
2nd — Hua Guofeng
(served: 1976–1980)
3rd — Zhao Ziyang
(served: 1980–1988)
4th — Li Peng
(served: 1988–1998)
5th — Zhu Rongji
(served: 1998–2003)
6th — Wen Jiabao
(served: 2003–2013)
7th — Li Keqiang
(served: 2013–present)
Simplified Chinese graphic timeline of Communist Party leadership. The red bar indicates CCP General Secretaries or Chairmen, the yellow indicating the Premiers. The gray bar delineates particular periods of mainland Chinese history from a CCP perspective.
Living former premiers[edit]
As of December 2017, there are three living former premiers:
Premier
Term of office
Date of birth
Li Peng 1987–1998 (1928-10-20) 20 October 1928 (age 89)
Zhu Rongji 1998–2003 (1928-10-01) 1 October 1928 (age 89)
Wen Jiabao 2003–2013 (1942-09-15) 15 September 1942 (age 75)
Premier's spouse[edit]
Since the first premier, seven had a spouse during term of office.
№
Spouse
Premier
Tenure
1 Deng Yingchao Zhou Enlai 1 October 1949 – 8 January 1976
2 Han Zhijun Hua Guofeng 4 February 1976 – 10 September 1980
3 Liang Boqi Zhao Ziyang 10 September 1980 – 24 November 1987
4 Zhu Lin Li Peng 24 November 1987 – 17 March 1998
5 Lao An Zhu Rongji 17 March 1998 – 16 March 2003
6 Zhang Peili Wen Jiabao 16 March 2003 – 15 March 2013
7 Cheng Hong Li Keqiang 15 March 2013 – present
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b http://english.people.com.cn/constitution/constitution.html, Section 3, Article 88 and Article 89.
External links[edit]
Official PRC Government Website
See also[edit]
People's Republic of China portal
Politics portal
List of premiers of China
List of premiers of the People's Republic of China
List of leaders of the People's Republic of China
Vice Premier of the People's Republic of China
President of the People's Republic of China
Prime Minister of China (disambiguation)
List of Chinese leaders
Paramount Leader
Political position ranking of PRC
[show]
v
t
e
Premiers of the State Council of China
Zhou Enlai
Hua Guofeng
Zhao Ziyang
Li Peng
Zhu Rongji
Wen Jiabao
Li Keqiang
List of premiers of the People's Republic of China
[show]
v
t
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12th State Council of the People's Republic of China (2013–2018)
Li Keqiang (Premier)
Vice Premiers
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