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Jacksonian democracy
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a 19th century American political philosophy
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Martin Van Buren
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Jacksonian democracy is a 19th-century political philosophy in the United States that espoused greater democracy for the common man as that term was then defined. Originating with 7th President Andrew Jackson and his supporters, it became the nation's dominant political worldview for a generation.
This era, called the Jacksonian Era (or Second Party System) by historians and political scientists, lasted roughly from Jackson's 1828 election as president until slavery became the dominant issue after 1848 and the American Civil War dramatically reshaped American politics. It emerged when the long-dominant Democratic-Republican Party became factionalized during the early-to-mid 1820s. Jackson's supporters began to form the modern Democratic Party and supporters of his political rival, John Quincy Adams, created the National Republican Party, which would later combine with other anti-Jackson elements to form the Whig Party, named after Britain's Whig Party.
Broadly speaking, the era was characterized by a democratic spirit and built upon Jackson's equal political policy (subsequent to ending what he termed a "monopoly" of government by elites). Even before the Jacksonian era began, suffrage had been extended to a majority of white male adult citizens, a result the Jacksonians celebrated.[1] Jacksonian democracy also promoted the strength of the presidency and executive branch at the expense of Congress, while also seeking to broaden the public's participation in government. The Jacksonians demanded elected (not appointed) judges and rewrote many state constitutions to reflect the new values. In national terms, they favored geographical expansion, justifying it in terms of Manifest destiny. There was usually a consensus among both Jacksonians and Whigs that battles over slavery should be avoided.
Jackson's expansion of democracy was largely limited to Americans of European descent and voting rights were extended to adult white males only. There was little or no progress (and in some cases, regression) for the rights of African Americans and Native Americans.[2] Jackson's biographer Robert V. Remini argues:
[Jacksonian Democracy] stretches the concept of democracy about as far as it can go and still remain workable....As such it has inspired much of the dynamic and dramatic events of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries in American history—Populism, Progressivism, the New and Fair Deals, and the programs of the New Frontier and Great Society.[3]
Periods in United States history
[hide]
Colonial period 1607–1775
American Revolution 1765–1783
Confederation Period 1783–1788
Federalist Era 1788–1801
Jeffersonian Era 1801–1817
Era of Good Feelings 1817–1825
Jacksonian Era 1825–1849
Civil War era 1849–1865
Reconstruction era 1865–1877
Gilded Age 1870s–c. 1900
Progressive Era 1897–1920
Roaring Twenties 1920–1929
Great Depression 1929–1939
World War II 1941–1945
Postwar era 1945–1964
Civil Rights era 1964–1980
Reagan Era 1981–2009
Timeline
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Contents
1 Philosophy
1.1 General principles
1.2 Election by the "common man"
1.3 Factions (1824–1832)
2 Formed the Democratic Party
2.1 Jacksonian democracy
2.2 Reforms
3 Jacksonian Presidents
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References and bibliography
6.1 Primary sources
7 External links
Philosophy[edit]
General principles[edit]
Jacksonian Democracy was built on the following:[4]
Expanded suffrage – The Jacksonians believed that voting rights should be extended to all white men. By the end of the 1820s, attitudes and state laws had shifted in favor of universal white male suffrage[5] and by 1856 all requirements to own property and nearly all requirements to pay taxes had been dropped.[6][7]
Manifest destiny – This was the belief that white Americans had a destiny to settle the American West and to expand control from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific and that the West should be settled by yeoman farmers. However, the Free Soil Jacksonians, notably Martin Van Buren, argued for limitations on slavery in the new areas to enable the poor white man to flourish—they split with the main party briefly in 1848. The Whigs generally opposed Manifest Destiny and expansion, saying the nation should build up its cities.[8]
Patronage – Also known as the spoils system, patronage was the policy of placing political supporters into appointed offices. Many Jacksonians held the view that rotating political appointees in and out of office was not only the right, but also the duty of winners in political contests. Patronage was theorized to be good because it would encourage political participation by the common man and because it would make a politician more accountable for poor government service by his appointees. Jacksonians also held that long tenure in the civil service was corrupting, so civil servants should be rotated out of office at regular intervals. However, patronage often led to the hiring of incompetent and sometimes corrupt officials due to the emphasis on party loyalty above any other qualifications.[9]
Strict constructionism – Like the Jeffersonians who strongly believed in the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, Jacksonians initially favored a federal government of limited powers. Jackson said that he would guard against "all encroachments upon the legitimate sphere of State sovereignty". However, he was not a states' rights extremist—indeed, the Nullification Crisis would find Jackson fighting against what he perceived as state encroachments on the proper sphere of federal influence. This position was one basis for the Jacksonians' opposition to the Second Bank of the United States. As the Jacksonians consolidated power, they more often advocated expanding federal power, presidential power in particular.[10]
Laissez-faire – Complementing a strict construction of the Constitution, the Jacksonians generally favored a hands-off approach to the economy as opposed to the Whig program sponsoring modernization, railroads, banking and economic growth.[11][12] The chief spokesman amongst laissez-faire advocates was William Leggett of the Locofocos in New York City.[13][14]
Opposition to banking – In particular, the Jacksonians opposed government-granted monopolies to banks, especially the national bank, a central bank known as the Second Bank of the United States. Jackson said: "The bank is trying to kill me, but I will kill it!" and he did so.[15] The Whigs, who strongly supported the Bank, were led by Henry Clay, Daniel Webster and Nicholas Biddle, the bank chairman.[16] Jackson himself was opposed to all banks because he believed they were devices to cheat common people—he and many followers believed that only gold and silver should be used to back currency, rather than the integrity of a bank.
Election by the "common man"[edit]
Portrait of Andrew Jackson by Thomas Sully in 1824
An important movement in the period from 1800 to 1830—before the Jacksonians were organized—was the expansion of the right to vote toward including all white men.[17] Older states with property restrictions dropped them – all but Rhode Island, Virginia and North Carolina by the mid 1820s. No new states had property qualifications although three had adopted tax-paying qualifications – Ohio, Louisiana, and Mississippi, of which only in Louisiana were these significant and long lasting.[18] The process was peaceful and widely supported, except in the state of Rhode Island. In Rhode Island, the Dorr Rebellion of the 1840s demonstrated that the demand for equal suffrage was broad and strong, although the subsequent reform included a significant property requirement for anyone resident but born outside of the United States. However, free black men lost voting rights in several states during this period.[19]
The fact that a man was now legally allowed to vote did not necessarily mean he routinely voted. He had to be pulled to the polls, which became the most important role of the local parties. They systematically sought out potential voters and brought them to the polls. Voter turnout soared during the 1830s, reaching about 80% of adult white male population in the 1840 presidential election.[20] Tax-paying qualifications remained in only five states by 1860 – Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, Delaware and North Carolina.[21]
One innovative strategy for increasing voter participation and input was developed outside the Jacksonian camp. Prior to the presidential election of 1832, the Anti-Masonic Party conducted the nation's first presidential nominating convention. Held in Baltimore, Maryland, September 26–28, 1831, it transformed the process by which political parties select their presidential and vice-presidential candidates.[22]
Factions (1824–1832)[edit]
A Democratic cartoon from 1833 shows Jackson destroying the Bank with his "Order for the Removal", to the annoyance of Bank President Nicholas Biddle, shown as the Devil himself. Numerous politicians and editors who were given favorable loans from the Bank run for cover as the financial temple crashes down. A famous fictional character Major Jack Downing (right) cheers: "Hurrah! Gineral!"
The period from 1824 to 1832 was politically chaotic. The Federalist Party and the First Party System were dead and with no effective opposition, the old Democratic-Republican Party withered away. Every state had numerous political factions, but they did not cross state lines. Political coalitions formed and dissolved and politicians moved in and out of alliances.[23]
Most former Republicans supported Jackson, while others such as Henry Clay opposed him. Most former Federalists, such as Daniel Webster, opposed Jackson, although some like James Buchanan supported him. In 1828, John Quincy Adams pulled together a network of factions called the National Republicans, but he was defeated by Jackson. By the late 1830s, the Jacksonian Democrats and the Whigs politically battled it out nationally and in every state.[24]
Formed the Democratic Party[edit]
Jacksonian democracy[edit]
1837 cartoon plays on "Jackson" and "jackass", showing the Democratic Party as a donkey, which remains its cartoon symbol into the 21st century
The spirit of Jacksonian Democracy animated the party from the early 1830s to the 1850s, shaping the era, with the Whig Party the main opposition. The new Democratic Party became a coalition of farmers, city-dwelling laborers and Irish Catholics.[25]
The new party was pulled together by Martin Van Buren in 1828 as Jackson crusaded against the corruption of President John Quincy Adams. The new party (which did not get the name "Democrats" until 1834) swept to a landslide. As Mary Beth Norton explains regarding 1828:
Jacksonians believed the people's will had finally prevailed. Through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president. The Democrats became the nation's first well-organized national party.[26]
The platforms, speeches and editorials were founded upon a broad consensus among Democrats. As Norton et al. explain:
The Democrats represented a wide range of views but shared a fundamental commitment to the Jeffersonian concept of an agrarian society. They viewed a central government as the enemy of individual liberty and they believed that government intervention in the economy benefited special-interest groups and created corporate monopolies that favored the rich. They sought to restore the independence of the individual--the artisan and the ordinary farmer--by ending federal support of banks and corporations and restricting the use of paper currency.[27]
Jackson vetoed more legislation than all previous presidents combined. The long-term effect was to create the modern strong presidency.[28] Jackson and his supporters also opposed reform as a movement. Reformers eager to turn their programs into legislation called for a more active government. However, Democrats tended to oppose programs like educational reform and the establishment of a public education system. They believed, for instance, that public schools restricted individual liberty by interfering with parental responsibility and undermined freedom of religion by replacing church schools.
Jackson looked at the Indian question in terms of military and legal policy, not as a problem due to their race.[29] In 1813, Jackson adopted and treated as his own son a three-year-old Indian orphan—seeing in him a fellow orphan that was "so much like myself I feel an unusual sympathy for him".[30] In legal terms, when it became a matter of state sovereignty versus tribal sovereignty he went with the states and moved the Indians to fresh lands with no white rivals in what became known as the Trail of Tears.
Reforms[edit]
Jackson fulfilled his promise of broadening the influence of the citizenry in government, although not without vehement controversy over his methods.[31]
Jacksonian policies included ending the bank of the United States, expanding westward, and removing American Indians from the Southeast. Jackson was denounced as a tyrant by opponents on both ends of the political spectrum such as Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun. This led to the rise of the Whig Party.
Jackson created a spoils system to clear out elected officials in government of an opposing party and replace them with his supporters as a reward for their electioneering. With Congress controlled by his enemies, Jackson relied heavily on the power of the veto to block their moves.
One of the most important of these was the Maysville Road veto in 1830. A part of Clay's American System, the bill would have allowed for federal funding of a project to construct a road linking Lexington and the Ohio River, the entirety of which would be in the state of Kentucky, Clay's home state. His primary objection was based on the local nature of the project. He argued it was not the Federal government's job to fund projects of such a local nature and or those lacking a connection to the nation as a whole. The debates in Congress reflected two competing visions of federalism. The Jacksonians saw the union strictly as the cooperative aggregation of the individual states, while the Whigs saw the entire nation as a distinct entity.[32]
Jacksonian Presidents[edit]
In addition to Jackson, his second vice president and one of the key organizational leaders of the Jacksonian Democratic Party, Martin Van Buren, served as president. Van Buren was defeated in the next election by William Henry Harrison. Harrison died just 30 days into his term and his vice president John Tyler quickly reached accommodation with the Jacksonians. Tyler was then succeeded by James K. Polk, a Jacksonian who won the election of 1844 with Jackson's endorsement.[33] Franklin Pierce had been a supporter of Jackson as well. James Buchanan served in Jackson's administration as Minister to Russia and as Polk's Secretary of State, but he did not pursue Jacksonian policies. Finally, Andrew Johnson, who had been a strong supporter of Jackson, became president following the assassination of Abraham Lincoln in 1865, but by then Jacksonian democracy had been pushed off the stage of American politics.
President Donald Trump has also been characterized as a Jacksonian.[34] Notably, he had the portrait of Andrew Jackson moved into the Oval Office, and has criticized the movement to replace Jackson's portrait on the $20 bill with that of Harriet Tubman.[35]
See also[edit]
Andrew Jackson presidential campaign, 1828
History of the United States Democratic Party
Jeffersonian democracy
Voting rights in the United States
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Engerman, pp. 15, 36. "These figures suggest that by 1820 more than half of adult white males were casting votes, except in those states that still retained property requirements or substantial tax requirements for the franchise – Virginia, Rhode Island (the two states that maintained property restrictions through 1840), and New York as well as Louisiana."
Jump up ^ Warren, Mark E. (1999). Democracy and Trust. Cambridge University Press. pp. 166–. ISBN 9780521646871.
Jump up ^ Robert V. Remini (2011). The Life of Andrew Jackson. HarperCollins. p. 307. ISBN 9780062116635.
Jump up ^ Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Age of Jackson (1945)
Jump up ^ Engerman, p. 14. "Property- or tax-based qualifications were most strongly entrenched in the original thirteen states, and dramatic political battles took place at a series of prominent state constitutional conventions held during the late 1810s and 1820s."
Jump up ^ Engerman, pp. 16, 35. "By 1840, only three states retained a property qualification, North Carolina (for some state-wide offices only), Rhode Island, and Virginia. In 1856 North Carolina was the last state to end the practice. Tax-paying qualifications were also gone in all but a few states by the Civil War, but they survived into the 20th century in Pennsylvania and Rhode Island."
Jump up ^ Alexander Keyssar, The Right to Vote: The Contested History of Democracy in the United States (2nd ed. 2009) p 29
Jump up ^ David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler, Manifest Destiny (Greenwood Press, 2003).
Jump up ^ M. Ostrogorski, Democracy and the Party System in the United States (1910)
Jump up ^ Forrest McDonald, States' Rights and the Union: Imperium in Imperio, 1776–1876 (2002) pp 97-120
Jump up ^ William Trimble, "The social philosophy of the Loco-Foco democracy." American Journal of Sociology 26.6 (1921): 705-715. in JSTOR
Jump up ^ Louis Hartz, Economic Policy and Democratic Thought: Pennsylvania, 1776–1860 (1948)
Jump up ^ Richard Hofstadter, "William Leggett, Spokesman of Jacksonian Democracy." Political Science Quarterly 58.4 (1943): 581-594. in JSTOR.
Jump up ^ Lawrence H. White, "William Leggett: Jacksonian editorialist as classical liberal political economist." History of Political Economy 18.2 (1986): 307-324.
Jump up ^ Melvin I. Urofsky (2000). The American Presidents: Critical Essays. Taylor & Francis. p. 106. ISBN 9780203008805.
Jump up ^ Bray Hammond, Banks and Politics in America, From the Revolution to the Civil War (1957)
Jump up ^ Keyssar, The Right to Vote: The Contested History of Democracy in the United States (2009) ch 2
Jump up ^ Engerman, p. 8–9
Jump up ^ Murrin, John M.; Johnson, Paul E.; McPherson, James M.; Fahs, Alice; Gerstle, Gary (2012). Liberty, Equality, Power: A History of the American People (6th ed.). Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. p. 296. ISBN 978-0-495-90499-1.
Jump up ^ William G. Shade, "The Second Party System". in Paul Kleppner, et al. Evolution of American Electoral Systems (1983) pp 77-111
Jump up ^ Engerman, p. 35. Table 1
Jump up ^ William Preston Vaughn, The Anti-Masonic Party in the United States: 1826–1843 (2009)
Jump up ^ Richard P. McCormick, The Second American Party System: Party Formation in the Jacksonian Era (1966).
Jump up ^ Michael F. Holt, Political Parties and American Political Development: From the Age of Jackson to the Age of Lincoln (1992).
Jump up ^ Sean Wilentz, The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln (2005).
Jump up ^ Mary Beth Norton; et al. (2014). A People and a Nation, Volume I: to 1877. Cengage Learning. p. 348. ISBN 9781285974675.
Jump up ^ Mary Beth Norton; et al. (2007). A People and a Nation: A History of the United States, Volume I: To 1877. Cengage Learning. p. 327. ISBN 0618947167.
Jump up ^ John Yoo, "Andrew Jackson and Presidential Power." Charleston Law Review 2 (2007): 521+ online.
Jump up ^ Prucha, Francis Paul (1969). "Andrew Jackson's Indian policy: a reassessment". Journal of American History. 56 (3): 527–539. JSTOR 1904204.
Jump up ^ Michael Paul Rogin (1991). Fathers and Children: Andrew Jackson and the Subjugation of the American Indian. Transaction Publishers. p. 189. ISBN 9781412823470.
Jump up ^ Donald B. Cole, The Presidency of Andrew Jackson (1993)
Jump up ^ Wulf, Naomi (2001). "'The Greatest General Good': Road Construction, National Interest, and Federal Funding in Jacksonian America". European Contributions to American Studies. 47: 53–72.
Jump up ^ "James K. Polk: Life in Brief". Miller Center. Archived from the original on June 13, 2016. Retrieved June 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2017-01-20/jacksonian-revolt
Jump up ^ https://www.businessinsider.com/andrew-jackson-leadership-2017-5
References and bibliography[edit]
Adams, Sean Patrick, ed. A Companion to the Era of Andrew Jackson (2013). table of contents
Altschuler, Glenn C.; Blumin, Stuart M. (1997). "Limits of Political Engagement in Antebellum America: A New Look at the Golden Age of Participatory Democracy". Journal of American History. Organization of American Historians. 84 (3): 855–885 [p. 878–879]. doi:10.2307/2953083. JSTOR 2953083.
Baker, Jean (1983). Affairs of Party: The Political Culture of Northern Democrats in the Mid-Nineteenth Century. Bronx, NY: Fordham University Press. ISBN 0-585-12533-3.
Benson, Lee (1961). The Concept of Jacksonian Democracy: New York as a Test Case. New York: Atheneum. ISBN 0-691-00572-9. OCLC 21378753.
Bugg, James L., Jr. (1952). Jacksonian Democracy: Myth or Reality?. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Short essays.
Cave, Alfred A. (1964). Jacksonian Democracy and the Historians. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida Press.
Cave, Alfred A. "The Jacksonian movement in American historiography" (PhD, U Florida, 1961) online free; 258pp; bibliog pp 240-58
Cheathem, Mark R. (2011). "Andrew Jackson, Slavery, and Historians" (PDF). History Compass. 9 (4): 326. doi:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2011.00763.x.
Cheathem, Mark R. and Terry Corps, eds. Historical Dictionary of the Jacksonian Era and Manifest Destiny (2nd ed. 2016), 544pp
Cole, Donald B. (1984). Martin Van Buren And The American Political System. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-04715-4.
Cole, Donald B. (1970). Jacksonian Democracy in New Hampshire. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-46990-9. Uses quantitative electoral data.
Engerman, Stanley L.; Sokoloff, Kenneth L. (2005). "The Evolution of Suffrage Institutions in the New World" (PDF): 14–16.
Formisano, Ronald P. (1971). The Birth of Mass Political Parties: Michigan, 1827-1861. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-04605-0. Uses quantitative electoral data.
Formisano, Ronald P. (1983). The Transformation of Political Culture: Massachusetts Parties, 1790s-1840s. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-503124-5. Uses quantitative electoral data.
Formisano, Ronald P. (1999). "The 'Party Period' Revisited". Journal of American History. Organization of American Historians. 86 (1): 93–120. doi:10.2307/2567408. JSTOR 2567408.
Formisano, Ronald P. (1969). "Political Character, Antipartyism, and the Second Party System". American Quarterly. The Johns Hopkins University Press. 21 (4): 683–709. doi:10.2307/2711603. JSTOR 2711603.
Formisano, Ronald P. (1974). "Deferential-Participant Politics: The Early Republic's Political Culture, 1789-1840". American Political Science Review. American Political Science Association. 68 (2): 473–487. doi:10.2307/1959497. JSTOR 1959497.
Hammond, Bray (1958). Andrew Jackson's Battle with the "Money Power". American Heritage. summary of Chapter 8, an excerpt from his Pulitzer-prize-winning Banks and Politics in America: From the Revolution to the Civil War (1954).
Hofstadter, Richard (1948). The American Political Tradition. Chapter on AJ.
Hofstadter, Richard. "William Leggett: Spokesman of Jacksonian Democracy." Political Science Quarterly 58#4 (December 1943): 581-94. in JSTOR
Hofstadter, Richard (1969). The Idea of a Party System: The Rise of Legitimate Opposition in the United States, 1780-1840.
Holt, Michael F. (1999). The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party: Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-505544-6.
Holt, Michael F. (1992). Political Parties and American Political Development: From the Age of Jackson to the Age of Lincoln. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 0-8071-1728-5.
Howe, Daniel Walker. What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848 (Oxford History of the United States) (2009), Pulitzer Prize; surveys era from ant-Jacksonain perspective
Howe, Daniel Walker (1991). "The Evangelical Movement and Political Culture during the Second Party System". Journal of American History. Organization of American Historians. 77 (4): 1216–1239. doi:10.2307/2078260. JSTOR 2078260.
Kohl, Lawrence Frederick (1989). The Politics of Individualism: Parties and the American Character in the Jacksonian Era. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-505374-5.
Kruman, Marc W. (1992). "The Second American Party System and the Transformation of Revolutionary Republicanism". Journal of the Early Republic. Society for Historians of the Early American Republic. 12 (4): 509–537. doi:10.2307/3123876. JSTOR 3123876.
Lane, Carl. "The Elimination of the National Debt in 1835 and the Meaning Of Jacksonian Democracy." Essays in Economic & Business History 25 (2007). online
McCormick, Richard L. (1986). The Party Period and Public Policy: American Politics from the Age of Jackson to the Progressive Era. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-503860-6.
McCormick, Richard P. (1966). The Second American Party System: Party Formation in the Jacksonian Era. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. Influential state-by-state study.
McKnight, Brian D., and James S. Humphreys, eds. The Age of Andrew Jackson: Interpreting American History (Kent State University Press; 2012) 156 pages; historiography
Mayo, Edward L. (1979). "Republicanism, Antipartyism, and Jacksonian Party Politics: A View from the Nation's Capitol". American Quarterly. The Johns Hopkins University Press. 31 (1): 3–20. doi:10.2307/2712484. JSTOR 2712484.
Marshall, Lynn (1967). "The Strange Stillbirth of the Whig Party". American Historical Review. American Historical Association. 72 (2): 445–468. doi:10.2307/1859236. JSTOR 1859236.
Myers, Marvin (1957). The Jacksonian Persuasion: Politics and Belief. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Pessen, Edward (1978). Jacksonian America: Society, Personality, and Politics.
Pessen, Edward (1977). The Many-Faceted Jacksonian Era: New Interpretations. Important scholarly articles.
Remini, Robert V. (1998). The Life of Andrew Jackson. Abridgment of Remini's 3-volume biography.
Remini, Robert V. (1959). Martin Van Buren and the Making of the Democratic Party.
Rowland, Thomas J. Franklin B. Pierce: The Twilight of Jacksonian Democracy (Nova Science Publisher's, 2012).
Sellers, Charles (1991). The Market Revolution: Jacksonian America, 1815-1846. Influential reinterpretation
Shade, William G. "Politics and Parties in Jacksonian America," Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography Vol. 110, No. 4 (October 1986), pp. 483–507 online
Shade, William G. (1983). "The Second Party System". In Kleppner, Paul; et al. Evolution of American Electoral Systems. Uses quantitative electoral data.
Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr (1945). The Age of Jackson. Boston: Little, Brown & Company. Winner of the Pulitzer Prize for History.
Sellers, Charles (1958). "Andrew Jackson Versus the Historians". Mississippi Valley Historical Review. Organization of American Historians. 44 (4): 615–634. doi:10.2307/1886599. JSTOR 1886599.
Sharp, James Roger (1970). The Jacksonians Versus the Banks: Politics in the States after the Panic of 1837. Uses quantitative electoral data.
Silbey, Joel H. (1991). The American Political Nation, 1838-1893.
Silbey, Joel H. (1973). Political Ideology and Voting Behavior in the Age of Jackson.
Simeone, James. "Reassessing Jacksonian Political Culture: William Leggett's Egalitarianism." American Political Thought 4#3 (2015): 359-390. in JSTOR
Syrett, Harold C. (1953). Andrew Jackson: His Contribution to the American Tradition.
Taylor, George Rogers (1949). Jackson Versus Biddle: The Struggle over the Second Bank of the United States. Excerpts from primary and secondary sources.
Van Deusen, Glyndon G. (1963). The Jacksonian Era: 1828-1848. Standard scholarly survey.
Wallace, Michael (1968). "Changing Concepts of Party in the United States: New York, 1815-1828". American Historical Review. American Historical Association. 74 (2): 453–491. doi:10.2307/1853673. JSTOR 1853673.
Ward, John William (1962). Andrew Jackson, Symbol for an Age.
Wellman, Judith. Grassroots Reform in the Burned-over District of Upstate New York: Religion, Abolitionism, and Democracy (Routledge, 2014).
Wilentz, Sean (1982). "On Class and Politics in Jacksonian America". Reviews in American History. The Johns Hopkins University Press. 10 (4): 45–63. doi:10.2307/2701818. JSTOR 2701818.
Wilentz, Sean (2005). The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln. Highly detailed scholarly synthesis.
Wilson, Major L. (1974). Space, Time, and Freedom: The Quest for Nationality and the Irrepressible Conflict, 1815-1861. Intellectual history of Whigs and Democrats.
Primary sources[edit]
Blau, Joseph L., ed. Social Theories of Jacksonian Democracy: Representative Writings of the Period 1825–1850 (1954) online edition
Eaton, Clement ed. The Leaven of Democracy: The Growth of the Democratic Spirit in the Time of Jackson (1963) online edition
External links[edit]
American Political History Online
Second Party System 1824–1860 short essays by scholar Michael Holt
Tales of the Early Republic collection of texts and encyclopedia entries on Jacksonian Era, by Hal Morris
Register of Debates in Congress, 1824–37; complete text; searchable
Daniel Webster
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Princess Zelda
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Princess Zelda
The Legend of Zelda character
Zelda, as she is seen in Twilight Princess
First game
The Legend of Zelda (1986)
Created by
Shigeru Miyamoto
Voiced by
English[show]
Cyndy Preston (TV series)
Bonnie Jean Wilbur (Link: The Faces of Evil and Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon)
Patricia Summersett (Breath of the Wild)
Japanese[show]
Naomi Fujisawa (BS Zelda no Densetsu)
Mariko Kouda (BS Zelda no Densetsu Inishie no Sekiban, Sound & Drama)
Jun Mizusawa (Ocarina of Time, Majora's Mask, Twilight Princess, Super Smash Bros. series)
Hikari Tachibana (The Wind Waker and Phantom Hourglass)
Akane Omae (Spirit Tracks)
Yū Shimamura (Skyward Sword, Breath of the Wild)
Ayumi Fujimura (A Link Between Worlds)
Saori Seto (Hyrule Warriors)
Portrayed by
Diane Burns/Annie Ward (Zelda's Adventure)
Princess Zelda[a] is the titular character in Nintendo's The Legend of Zelda video game series, created by Shigeru Miyamoto and introduced in its original entry in 1986. The name has applied to many female members of Hyrule's royal family,[1] which includes several distinct characters in Hyrule legend.[2]
Though she is the eponymous character, her story role is often that of donor or damsel in distress. The player instead controls Link, the series' central protagonist, and usually focuses on defeating Ganon (or Ganondorf), the series' main antagonist.[3] Many Zelda games adopt the classic princess-and-dragon premise of chivalric literature: Zelda is usually kidnapped or imprisoned by Ganon, prompting Link to come to her rescue. Some games in the series have emphasized Zelda's magical abilities and importance to the functioning of Hyrule, demonstrating that she is more than capable of taking care of herself. In several games, she is one of the Sages or Champions whose heroism is essential to defeating Ganon; in others, she adopts alternative personae in order to take a more active role in her kingdom; and in some, she is a self-sacrificing princess regnant. Zelda's alter egos include the ninja Sheik in Ocarina of Time and the pirate Tetra in The Wind Waker and Phantom Hourglass.
Contents
[hide]
1 Concept and design
2 Appearances
2.1 Video games
2.1.1 The Legend of Zelda
2.1.1.1 1980s
2.1.1.2 1990s
2.1.1.3 2000s
2.1.1.4 2010s
2.1.2 Spin-off games
2.1.3 Super Smash Bros.
2.2 Other media
2.2.1 Television
2.2.2 Literature
2.2.3 Manga
3 Alter egos
3.1 Sheik
3.2 Tetra
4 Reception and legacy
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links
Concept and design[edit]
According to Shigeru Miyamoto, co-creator of The Legend of Zelda series, Princess Zelda's name was inspired by that of Zelda Fitzgerald, an American novelist, dancer, and socialite, as well as the wife of fellow novelist F. Scott Fitzgerald. Miyamoto explains, "[Fitzgerald] was a famous and beautiful woman from all accounts, and I liked the sound of her name. So I took the liberty of using her name for the very first Zelda title."[4] Ben Reeves of Game Informer elaborated that the "name Zelda (alternately Selda or Segula) might not be used much anymore, but this old Yiddish name means 'blessed, happy, or lucky.'"[5]
As with Link, there are multiple incarnations of Princess Zelda in the series, who vary in age, appearance, and disposition. Zelda generally has blonde or brown hair and blue-gray eyes; she is often depicted wearing a royal gown and jewelry. She is associated with the goddesses Hylia and Nayru, as well as with the Triforce of Wisdom. Most iterations of Zelda also have psionic powers, such as teleportation (also known as "Farore's Wind" in the Super Smash Bros. series), telepathy, and precognition; for example, she can cast spells and create or undo barriers and seals. Her alter egos also have their own abilities.
During the development of Twilight Princess, illustrator Yusuke Nakano tried to portray Zelda "as if she's wondering about something". He drew illustrations of Zelda with feelings of "hopelessness and anxiousness" and tried to avoid associating her and Link with "gloom and doom".[6]
In Spirit Tracks, Zelda actively adventures alongside Link in spirit form, in sharp contrast to the damsel-in-distress role she fulfills in some earlier installments in the series.[7] Eiji Aonuma, the series' longtime manager and producer, explained that Zelda's stronger character in this game reflected the desires of fans and developers alike: A survey conducted in the United States signified consumers preferred more independent female characters, including Zelda's alter egos Sheik (from Ocarina of Time) and Tetra (from The Wind Waker and Phantom Hourglass).[7] Daiki Iwamoto, the director of Phantom Hourglass and Spirit Tracks, also expressed an interest in making Zelda "a more integral part of the game" when development of the latter title began.[7]
Appearances[edit]
Video games[edit]
The Legend of Zelda[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Zelda's design in the original The Legend of Zelda
Princess Zelda appears in most of The Legend of Zelda games, often as a central focus or as a supporting donor of Link's quests. To date[update], she has appeared directly in every game except Link's Awakening (1993), in which a look-alike named Marin appears; Majora's Mask (2000), in which she only appears in a flashback; and Tri Force Heroes (2015), in which a doppelgänger named Styla appears.
1980s[edit]
In her first appearance in the original The Legend of Zelda (1986), she is kidnapped by Ganon, the series' main antagonist, after she divides the Triforce of Wisdom and hides its pieces across the land (as explained in the game manual). She is eventually rescued by Link, and the two of them reunite their respective pieces of the Triforce.
Another incarnation appears in the sequel, Zelda II: The Adventure of Link (1987). This Zelda has been put into an eternal slumber until Link breaks the curse. According to the in-game legend, the elder Zelda has been under a curse so long that it is in her honour that the Hylian royal family maintains a tradition of naming all its princesses after her. This is the first game showing a relationship between the two, as they can be seen kissing at the end of the game.
1990s[edit]
Princess Zelda of A Link to the Past (1991) is one of seven maidens descended from the seven sages during the Imprisoning War. She is kidnapped and about to be sent to the Dark World, as the other maidens have been. On the night of her capture, she appears to Link telepathically, imploring him to help her. Though rescued by Link, she is eventually sent to the Dark World. She and the six other maidens, after being rescued, assist Link in breaking the seal on Ganon's tower so that the hero may confront the villain.
In Ocarina of Time (1998), Zelda first appears as a child. Suspicious of the Gerudo King Ganondorf, she charges Link with the task of collecting the three spiritual stones in order to break the seal on the door to the Sacred Realm, so as to obtain the Master Sword and use it against Ganondorf, as well as to obtain the triforce before he does. Just before Link pulls the Master Sword from its pedestal, Ganondorf reveals his wicked intentions and Zelda must flee Hyrule Castle with her guardian Impa before he can capture either of them. Still in hiding seven years later, she poses as a young Sheikah named Sheik. In this disguise she offers Link advice and assistance throughout the remainder of his quest, until she finally reveals her true identity as Princess Zelda. Thus exposed, she is finally captured by Ganondorf. After Link rescues her, Zelda works with him to escape the collapsing Castle, guiding him and using her powers to open sealed gates. When Link defeats the resurrected Ganon, she and the other six sages are able to seal Ganon away in the Sacred Realm. After this, she sends Link back to his own time, seven years earlier. After the credits, we see young Link again approaching the princess in the Hyrule Castle courtyard. This child version of this incarnation appears briefly in Majora's Mask, although this is only a cameo appearance in a flashback as Link is remembering an earlier meeting between the two of them.
2000s[edit]
In Oracle of Seasons and Oracle of Ages (2001), the Princess, sensing danger in the lands of Holodrum and Labrynna, sends her handmaiden Impa to protect Din, the Oracle of Seasons, and Nayru, the Oracle of Ages. In the full linked game, Zelda eventually comes to personally encourage the people of Holodrum or Labrynna (depending on what order the games are played) and to help defend against her growing sense of foreboding. She is quickly captured, and Link must rescue her. She thereafter spends time in and around Horon Village (Holodrum) or Lynna City (Labrynna) with Impa, until she is again captured, this time by Twinrova. They take the princess to a hidden realm, and it is revealed that they plan to sacrifice her in order to ignite the Flame of Despair and resurrect Ganon once again. Though they are partially successful, Link interrupts them before they can drain all of Zelda's life force, and so she lives. Link defeats both Twinrova and the incompletely resurrected Ganon, and peace is restored to the land. During the ending credits, Zelda is shown stargazing from a castle balcony, indicating that she returns to Hyrule after the events of the two games.
In Four Swords (2002), Princess Zelda takes Link to the Four Sword Sanctuary, which seals the evil sorcerer Vaati. Sensing that the seal's power is diminishing, she tries to inspect it, but is captured by Vaati himself, who had already escaped and takes her to his Palace of Winds to marry her. She is again rescued by Link with the power of the Four Sword.
The Zelda character in The Wind Waker (2002) is unaware of her royal identity, instead living as the pirate captain named Tetra. She first appears in the clutches of a giant bird called the Helmaroc King, though she struggles and is dropped at the top of Link's home island of Outset. She then agrees to take Link with her crew in order to help him rescue his younger sister Aryll, whom the Helmaroc King has subsequently captured. She later crosses paths with Link again while her crew is stealing bombs from Windfall Island, turning a blind eye to his spying on her and consenting for her crew to spend the night relaxing on Windfall, thus allowing Link to beat them to Jabun's Grotto. She also decides to help Link confront Ganon at the forbidden fortress, but they are unsuccessful in defeating him. At this point, Ganon discovers Tetra's true identity as the Princess Zelda, but is attacked by the dragon Valoo and two Rito warriors before he is able to capture her. Her true identity disclosed, it is determined safest for Zelda to stay in the ancient Hyrule Castle. She is protected there for a time, but Ganon eventually invades and takes her to his Tower, also in Ancient Hyrule. She then assists Link in his final battle against Ganon, using his bow to fire arrows of light. After Ganon's defeat, Tetra and Link set out with her crew to seek new lands. This incarnation is unique in that she continues to live by and identify with her non-royal persona rather than as Princess Zelda.
In Four Swords Adventures (2004), Zelda is once more kidnapped by Vaati. After Link rescues her, it is revealed that Ganon is behind the capture and breaking Vaati's seal. She and the four Links defeat Ganon and escape from Vaati's tower, and she later reunites the four of them.
In The Minish Cap (2004), Zelda is turned to stone by Vaati until Link reverses the spell.
Twilight Princess (2006) marks the first time the Princess Zelda is depicted as the reigning head of state, though she retains the title of princess. (Previously she had been the apparent daughter or heir to the reigning monarch, or at times her precise relation to the throne was unspecified.) Her throne has been surrendered, however, to the usurper Twilight King Zant at the opening of the game, in order to save her people from war with Zant's superior forces. She is imprisoned in a tower in Hyrule Castle, and is uniquely unaffected by the Twilight Realm's magic. It is here that she meets Link, transformed into a wolf by the Twilight Realm's power, and his companion Midna. She later gives up her power in order to heal the dying legitimate Twilight Princess, temporarily losing her physical form in the process. Towards the end of the game, she is possessed by Ganondorf and in turn purged by Midna. As Ganondorf charges Link and Zelda, the princess summons the Light Spirits of Hyrule, who grant her the Light Arrows to assist Link in part of his final battle, making this her third participation in a final battle.
During the events of Phantom Hourglass (2007), Tetra is turned to stone and kidnapped by a Ghost Ship during their search, and is again restored by Link's efforts.
Another incarnation appears in Spirit Tracks (2009), which is a sequel taking place one hundred years after Phantom Hourglass and thus this Zelda is the granddaughter of Tetra. She decides to accompany Link, a railroad engineer, to investigate the disappearance of the railroad tracks called "Spirit Tracks" that serve as chains locking up an evil force. She is attacked by Chancellor Cole, who hopes to utilize this evil, and her spirit is separated from her body, with Link being the only one who can see her. In her spirit form she is able to possess Phantom Knights in order to help Link restore the Spirit Tracks, though Link must also help clear her path by eliminating rats (due to her musophobia). Not counting the CD-i games, this ability marks the first time in the main The Legend of Zelda series that Zelda can be controlled. In her Spirit Tracks incarnation, she makes a reference to all the times her past incarnations have been a damsel in distress, saying that it was like a family tradition. This game is the second to show any kind of romantic relationship between her and Link, with them holding hands after the defeat of the final boss.
2010s[edit]
Though not a princess in Skyward Sword (2011), the first Zelda is the reincarnation of the goddess Hylia and the direct ancestor of the Hylian Royal Family. Zelda is a close childhood friend to Link who grew up with him in Skyloft, having feelings for him. Spirited away in a tornado conjured by the demon lord Ghirahim, Zelda meets the Sheikah Impa who serves as her protector while having her under the means of purifying herself to achieve her destiny. Revealed to be an incarnation of the deity known as Hylia, she is captured by Ghirahim as her life force can undo the seal on Demise. Luckily, Link saves Zelda's life as Demise is defeated. Soon after returning to Skyloft, Zelda admits to Link that she wishes to live on the surface and Link presumably stays with her.
In A Link Between Worlds (2013), Zelda entrusts the Pendant of Courage to Link when the sorcerer Yuga begins capturing descendants of the Seven Sages. After obtaining the remaining two pendants and drawing the Master Sword, Link pursues Yuga but is made to watch when he turns Zelda into a painting and casts her into the dying world of Lorule. Pursuing them to Lorule, Link is nearly destroyed by Yuga when he uses the Sages to revive Ganon and steal his Triforce of Power, but he is saved when Zelda's Lorule counterpart Princess Hilda binds Yuga. On Hilda's suggestion, Link rescues the Sages and is given the Triforce of Courage, then returns to Hilda only to see her taking Zelda's Triforce of Wisdom. She reveals that everything that had happened in Hyrule was intentionally designed to gather the Triforce so that Hilda can steal it and use its magic to restore Lorule (as their own Triforce was shattered long ago by Hilda's ancestors). Hilda orders Yuga to take Link's Triforce of Courage, but Yuga betrays Hilda and turns her into a painting alongside Zelda. After Yuga's death, Zelda and Hilda are returned to normal, but Hilda refuses to accept defeat until Link's own Lorule counterpart Ravio (who had been helping Link through his quest) convinces her that she has no right to rob Hyrule of its Triforce. Taking pity on Hilda, Zelda and Link use their Triforce to restore Lorule's own, allowing Hilda's kingdom to flourish once again.
In the backstory of Breath of the Wild (2017), Zelda tries to awaken her sacred power but has great difficulty in doing so. This is especially worrisome as Ganon's prophesied return is imminent; she is thus seen as a failure. She also neglects the training and rituals needed to awaken her power, instead preferring to research ancient Sheikah relics, much to her father's frustration. When Link was appointed as Zelda's personal knight, her insecurities in regards to her inability to awaken her powers came to the surface, resulting in her lashing out at him out of jealousy due to his apparent success in fulfilling his destiny. However, after Link saved Zelda's life, she realized that it was wrong of her to take her frustrations out on him, and tried to befriend him thereafter. Ganon returns and turns the Guardians and Divine Beasts, ancient Sheikah machinery originally used to defeat Ganon ten millennia previously, against the Hylians. As Link and Zelda flee the Guardians, Zelda finally awakens her sacred power when a Guardian attempts to kill Link. Link is then placed in stasis in the Shrine of Resurrection and Zelda uses her power to seal Ganon in Hyrule Castle. In the game's present, a century later, Zelda awakens Link so he can destroy Ganon before he breaks free of Hyrule Castle, as her seal is weakening. After Link defeats Ganon, Zelda states that she can no longer sense the spirit of the Master Sword, but says that "I can accept that," showing that she has come to accept her inadequacies. She also asks for Link's help to continue her research in order to restore the Hyrule kingdom to its former glory, and he accepts.
Spin-off games[edit]
Zelda is featured in the three CD-i games based on The Legend of Zelda series. In Link: The Faces of Evil (1993), she is kidnapped by Ganon again and has to be rescued. In Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon (1993) and Zelda's Adventure (1994), Princess Zelda is the protagonist (both games involve Link's kidnapping). Although the games are noteworthy as the first time Zelda has been a playable character, the series is generally immensely criticized by fans and not recognized by Nintendo as canon.
Zelda is a playable character in Hyrule Warriors (2014). Her weapons include a rapier and the light arrows which have appeared in several previous Zelda games, as well as the Wind Waker, the titular conductor's baton from the series' entry. The Dominion Rod from Twilight Princess is also available as downloadable content for the Wii U game and in Hyrule Warriors Legends (2016) for the Nintendo 3DS. In addition to her Hyrule Warriors incarnation, Tetra and Toon Zelda (her incarnation from Spirit Tracks) appear in Hyrule Warriors Legends (and can be added to Hyrule Warriors as downloadable content). Tetra fights primarily wielding a Cutlass and water magic-infused pistol, though like Princess Zelda can use Light Arrows during certain attacks. Toon Zelda uses her ghostly form to possess a Phantom and fights wielding its sword and shield known as Phantom Arms. In addition to her Phantom, Toon Zelda can also leave it briefly during certain attacks to unleash the power of her spirit. Tetra can be unlocked through the latter part of main story of Hyrule Warriors Legends, while Toon Zelda appears as part of the "Phantom Hourglass & Spirit Tracks" downloadable content.
Super Smash Bros.[edit]
The adult form of Zelda from Ocarina of Time also appears as a playable character in Super Smash Bros. Melee (2001). She was first shown in the guise of Sheik, but it was later revealed that Sheik was one of two forms. These forms each have their own unique moves and can switch between them at will, effectively doubling her repertoire. In the game, both Zelda and Sheik are voiced by Jun Mizusawa. Zelda also appears in Super Smash Bros. Brawl (2008).[8] Like Link, her character design is more subdued than in Super Smash Bros. Melee,[8] and is based on her appearance in Twilight Princess.[9] In an interview, Eiji Aonuma said that character models for Sheik, along with Ganondorf, were submitted for possible use in Brawl[10] and Sheik was confirmed as a returning character in Brawl, again as Zelda's alternate form, despite her Sheik form not appearing in Twilight Princess (though there was some concept art of her for the game which inspired Sheik's design in Brawl). An alternate color of Zelda with an appearance similar to that of Super Smash Bros. Melee is also available.[11] The Twilight Princess incarnation of Zelda and Sheik return in Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U (2014), this time as separate characters with no ability to switch between them in mid-battle.[12]
Zelda's moveset focuses on powerful spells, and her special moves are based on the spells Link obtains from the Great Fairies in Ocarina of Time, Naryu's Love, Din's Fire, and Farore's Wind. When Zelda's Sheik transformation was taken away in Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U, her down special became the Phantom Slash, in which she summons a Phantom from the DS Zelda titles to attack the enemy (which has a pink tint to reference Zelda possessing it in Spirit Tracks). Both Zelda and Sheik have the same Final Smash, which is the light arrow from Twilight Princess, although there are a few differences depending on which character uses it. Zelda's arrow causes the foe to go diagonally up and Sheik's arrow causes the foe to go to the right or left side, depending of the foe's position.[13]
Other media[edit]
Television[edit]
A set of The Legend of Zelda cartoons aired on Fridays from 1989 to 1990 as a part of DiC's The Super Mario Bros. Super Show. The series loosely followed the original NES Zelda, mixing settings and characters from that game with original creations. Zelda is depicted as a woman warrior with a fiery temper who wears more comfortable and practical garb than the Zelda from the game. In addition to running the kingdom part-time for her father, King Harkinian, she often accompanies Link on his adventures and is quite skilled with a bow. The series exemplifies a romantic relationship between the two protagonists. Link is always begging Zelda for a kiss; however, even when she agrees to indulge him, it never occurs. They are interrupted by monsters, or Spryte (a fairy princess with a crush on Link), or any number of unfortunate circumstances such as something making Zelda so mad she no longer wants to kiss Link. It is directly revealed by Ganon that Zelda was indeed in love with Link in one episode, and there is no doubt of their romantic relationship in this series. Thirteen of these cartoon episodes were produced before the cancellation of The Super Mario Bros. Super Show. Zelda was voiced by Cyndy Preston in the TV series. In the show, she was wearing a purple sweater, a light blue shirt, pink leggings, and brown thigh-length boots.
A slightly altered version of this cartoon Zelda (with messier hair and a slightly more revealing version of the same clothing) appeared in assorted episodes in the second season of Captain N: The Game Master. In this crossover, Zelda and Link befriend Kevin Keene and Princess Lana as they all attempt to restore peace to Hyrule. These appearances function as a follow-up to the original Zelda cartoon, although only containing elements from the second Zelda game, Zelda II: The Adventure of Link.
Literature[edit]
Featuring characters and settings from the TV series, this comic by Valiant Comics ran for five issues. Although Zelda's feelings for Link are made quite clear, there is another element at play here: her duty to the Triforce, which must come before her own needs and desires. When Link is corrupted by the Triforce of Power in one story, this Zelda briefly possesses his Triforce of Courage, which will not reside with one who uses Power without Wisdom. This comic reflected characters and elements from both the original The Legend of Zelda and Zelda II: The Adventure of Link.
Created as a serial comic for Nintendo Power magazine by acclaimed manga author Shotaro Ishinomori, and later collected in graphic novel form, The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past tells an alternate version of the events from A Link to the Past. Zelda calls to Link and he must rescue her, first from Agahnim, and then from imprisonment at Turtle Rock in the Dark World. She is also instrumental in storming Ganon's floating castle and destroying him. Link and Zelda definitely develop a strong connection, but the relationship is ultimately portrayed as tragic. At the end of the story, Zelda has become queen, and Link is head of the Royal Guard and the Knights of Hyrule. This success is bittersweet, as their duties keep them apart, even though they were once so close, sharing an adventure and even coming together in dreams.
Manga[edit]
Stories from several Zelda games have also been converted to manga format in Japan; these publications greatly expand parts of each game's back-story.
Alter egos[edit]
Sheik[edit]
Sheik, as seen in Ocarina of Time
In The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time, Zelda disguises herself as a surviving member of the Sheikah clan under the name of Sheik (シーク, Shīku). With voice muffled and face concealed, as well as wearing a form-fitting blue unitard with the red Sheikah eye in the center, Sheik is unrecognizable as Zelda.[14] Sheik plays the lyre and teaches Link new songs to help him on his quest. When Link arrives at the Temple of Time near the end of the game, she uses the Triforce of Wisdom and reverts to Zelda. It is revealed by the character's trophy in the North American translation of Super Smash Bros. Melee that Zelda used her magical skills to change her skin tone, hair length, eye color, and clothing; in the noncanonical officially licensed manga for The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time, following changing her appearance, Zelda orders Impa to seal her consciousness away for seven years, so that she may become Sheik and live incognito.[15] Sheik also returned in Hyrule Warriors, using a harp and shortsword in "her" attacks.
Sheik appears in Super Smash Bros. Melee and Super Smash Bros. Brawl, in which Zelda transforming into Sheik was one of her abilities. Sheik's design in Brawl is based on a model created for consideration in Twilight Princess.[13] Sheik returns in Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U as a separate character from Zelda.[16] Sheik also appears in Hyrule Warriors as a playable character, and plays an important role in the main story campaign.
Tetra[edit]
Tetra, as depicted in The Legend of Zelda: Wind Waker
Tetra (テトラ, Tetora) is a young female pirate who, in The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker and The Legend of Zelda: The Phantom Hourglass, causes Link to start his journey. Her mother died when she was young, so she became the leader of the group of pirates. Initially, she does not like Link, unimpressed by his sadness owing to the kidnapping of his sister. Later, however, she comes to respect Link, periodically helping him. Prior to finding out that Tetra's real name is Zelda and that she is the last heiress in the Hylian Royal Family bloodline, Tetra was unaware of her lineage and only knew the stories of the legend of the Hero of Time and the Master Sword. She wore a large piece of the Triforce of Wisdom around her neck as a necklace which when reunited with the piece held by her ancestor, the King of Hyrule, causes her to assume the form of the fair-skinned, blonde Princess Zelda. She eventually helps Link defeat Ganondorf prior to the Triforce's magic returning Tetra to her usual form as she and Link travel to find new land to begin Hyrule anew. However, during their journey, Tetra is taken by the Ghost Ship and turned to stone by Bellum before Link restores her to normal.
As revealed in Spirit Tracks, Tetra founded the land on which Hyrule was established; her descendant, the game's incarnation of Zelda, is the kingdom's ruler a century later. Tetra also appears in "Navi Trackers", a part of the Japanese version of The Legend of Zelda: Four Swords Adventures, and appears as a playable character in Hyrule Warriors Legends, the 3DS port of Hyrule Warriors.[17]
Reception and legacy[edit]
Attendees of Otakon 2012 dressed up as Zelda and Link through The Legend of Zelda series
The character was very well received by media and gamers alike. In 2009, she was voted the third greatest female character in the games on Nintendo systems by the Official Nintendo Magazine, which appreciated her as "a strong woman who, with her sword and bow and arrow, is capable of holding her own in a fight,"[18] and Chip ranked Princess Zelda as the third top "girl of gaming" in general.[19] The relationship between Zelda and Link topped ScrewAttack's 2012 list of top love affairs in gaming.[20] Complex placed Zelda and Sheik at the fourth and third places on their 2012 list of video game characters that deserve a spin-off,[21] they ranked her as the fifth greatest heroine in video game history in 2013 and ranked her at number five on the 2013 list of "old school" video game characters "who were style icons".[22][23] Entertainment Weekly's Darren Franich listed her as one of 15 "kick-ass women" in video games in 2013, praising on how her portrayal developed from the mere princess who "got kidnapped, over and over again" in early games to "a wise-beyond-her-years youth into a major player in the battle for Hyrule" in Ocarina of Time.[24]
GameDaily listed her as one of the 50 "hottest video game women" in 2009, stating that while she did not start out as much, she became beautiful in later games.[25] In 2010, Wesley Yin-Poole of VideoGamer.com included her on his list of top ten "video game crushes", stating: "We love Peach and Kitana, but if we were stranded on a desert island and could only keep one video game princess for company, it would be Princess Zelda from the Legend of Zelda series - we've had the hots for Zelda's pointy ears for years, ever since her 8-bit days, in fact."[26] That same year, GameTrailers included her on their countdown of the top 10 "babes who are out of your league" at number four.[27]
Game Informer listed Sheik second on their 2011 list of the top ten disguises.[28] In 2014, Julia Cook of Paste ranked Princess Zelda from Four Swords as the third "best dressed lady" in video games.[29] The character is popular in cosplay community[30] and TF1 ranked her as 13th on their 2010 list of the sexiest video game characters to cosplay.[31]
The book Female Action Heroes described Zelda as "perhaps one of the most well-known princesses in video game history", though acknowledged that her role in the games was to serve as a "damsel in distress".[32] The book Players Unleashed! also criticized Zelda's role as a character to be constantly rescued, calling her an "iconically passive female trophy" that supported stereotypes of female characters within games.[33] The actor and comedian Robin Williams named his daughter Zelda Williams after Princess Zelda, due to being a fan of The Legend of Zelda series.[34]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Zeruda-Hime (ゼルダ姫) in Japanese
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Zelda II: The Adventure of Link game manual. Nintendo. p. 8. Retrieved 2009-08-12. ...he ordered that every female child born into the royal household shall be given the name Zelda.
Jump up ^ "Long interview with Director Aonuma Eiji". Nintendo Dream (in Japanese). Japan (154). December 21, 2007. Retrieved 2010-04-20. Translation
Jump up ^ Sterling, Jim (2013-07-03). "Gamers urge Nintendo for a playable Zelda". Destructoid. Retrieved 2014-12-12.
Jump up ^ Mowatt, Todd. "In the Game: Nintendo's Shigeru Miyamoto". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2015-09-07.
Jump up ^ Reeves, Ben (2010). "Hello My Name Is: Exploring the Meaning of Your Favorite Character's Name". Game Informer. GameStop. 203: 25.
Jump up ^ "Inside Zelda part 3". Nintendo Power. Nintendo. 194. 2005. Retrieved 2015-09-07.
^ Jump up to: a b c Totilo, Stephen (2009-11-25). "Zelda Developer Was Stumped By New Zelda Game's Puzzles". Kotaku. Gawker Media. Retrieved 2015-09-07.
^ Jump up to: a b "Zelda". Retrieved 2007-06-25.
Jump up ^ Nintendo Power, Vol 219, "Brawl Evolves": "The diva of Hyrule will sport a new look in Brawl based on her Twilight Princess duds."
Jump up ^ "Eiji Aonuma Talks DS Development And More". Game Informer. 2001-08-02. Archived from the original on 2007-08-18. Retrieved 2007-08-02.
Jump up ^ "Smash Bros. DOJO!!—Colour Changes". Nintendo. 2007-11-21. Retrieved 2007-11-23.
Jump up ^ "Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS / Wii U: Zelda". Smashbros.com. Retrieved 2013-12-26.
^ Jump up to: a b Sakurai, Masahiro (2008-01-16). "Smash Bros. DOJO!!—Sheik". Nintendo. Retrieved 2008-01-16.
Jump up ^ The Legend of Zelda database - letter S Zelda.com. Retrieved April 30, 2006.
Jump up ^ Himekawa, Akira (2008). Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time, Part 2. VIZ Media. pp. 60–61. ISBN 1-4215-2328-0.
Jump up ^ Sakurai, Masahiro (2014-04-09). "Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U -Sheik". Nintendo. Retrieved 2014-04-09.
Jump up ^ Hussain, Tamoor (June 10, 2015). "Hyrule Warriors Announced for 3DS With New Characters". GameSpot. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on June 13, 2015. Retrieved June 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Leading Ladies". Official Nintendo Magazine. 2009-09-12. Retrieved 2009-09-12.
Jump up ^ "Top 20 Girls of Gaming - Gallery 7 - EN". Download.CHIP.eu. August 22, 2008. Retrieved 2013-11-21.
Jump up ^ "Top 10 Love Affairs in Gaming". Youtube.com. 2012-02-11. Retrieved 2013-07-21.
Jump up ^ Obi Anyanwu, 25 Video Game Characters That Deserve a Spinoff, Complex.com, January 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ Hanuman Welch, Old School Video Game Characters Who Were Style Icons, Complex.com, May 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ Rougeau, Michael (March 4, 2013). "50 Greatest Heroines In Video Game History". Complex. Retrieved March 24, 2013.
Jump up ^ Darren Franich (March 5, 2013). "15 Kick-Ass Women in Videogames". Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc. Retrieved April 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Top 50 Hottest Game Babes on Trial". GameDaily. 2009-02-25. Retrieved 2009-08-20.
Jump up ^ Wesley Yin-Poole, Top 10 Video Game Crushes | The female game characters who waggled our joysticks., VideoGamer.com, 30/03/2010.
Jump up ^ "The Top 10 Babes Who Are Out of Your League". GameTrailers. 2013-07-16. Retrieved 2013-07-21.
Jump up ^ Joe Juba, Game Informer Issue 215 (March 2011), page 15
Jump up ^ Cook, Julia. "The 10 Best Dressed Ladies in Videogames :: Design :: Lists :: Paste". Pastemagazine.com. Retrieved 2014-06-29.
Jump up ^ "Best Zelda Cosplay Ever? (PICS)". gamefront.com. 2011-09-13. Retrieved 2013-07-21.
Jump up ^ (in French) Le Top 15 des Cosplay les plus Sexy du jeu vidéo (partie 2), TF1, March 12, 2010.
Jump up ^ Knight, Gladys L. (2010). Female Action Heroes: A Guide to Women in Comics, Video Games, Film, and Television. ABC-CLIO. p. 62. ISBN 0-313-37612-3.
Jump up ^ Sihvonen, Tanja (2011). Players Unleashed!: Modding the Sims and the Culture of Gaming. Amsterdam University Press. p. 125.
Jump up ^ "Robin Williams Named his daughter after Princess Zelda". Destructoid. 2009-11-28. Retrieved 2009-11-28.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Princess Zelda.
Princess Zelda page at Play Nintendo
‹ The template below (IMDb character) is being considered for deletion. See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus. ›
Princess Zelda on IMDb
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Portrait of a Man with a Roman Medal
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Portrait of a Man with a Roman Medal
Artist
Hans Memling
Year
c. 1480
Medium
Oil on panel
Dimensions
31 cm × 23.2 cm (12 in × 9.1 in)
Location
Royal Museum of Fine Arts, Antwerp
The Portrait of a Man with a Roman Medal is a painting by the German-born Flemish artist Hans Memling, dating to c. 1480 and housed in the Royal Museum of Fine Arts, Antwerp, Belgium.
Contents
[hide]
1 Description
2 See also
3 References
4 Sources
5 External links
Description[edit]
The painting portrays a man from a three-quarter point of view, with an attention to details typical of Flemish painting. The man is wearing a black coat and a hat of the same color. In the left hand, he is showing a Roman medal of emperor Nero, a symbol of his attention to Humanism. In the background is a lake landscape: Memling was one of the first painters to use natural landscapes for backgrounds of portraits (instead of the traditional black one), influencing later Renaissance artists such as Sandro Botticelli and Pietro Perugino.
The identity of the subject is unknown. It has been supposed that he could be one of the numerous Italians living at the time in Antwerp or Bruges, who often commissioned artworks to local painters. It has been variously identified as Bernardo Bembo, or with the Florentine artist Niccolò di Forzore Spinelli, who died in Lyon, where the painting was in the early 19th century. Or it may be Giovanni di Candida.[1]
See also[edit]
Portrait of a Man with a Medal of Cosimo the Elder
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Norbert Schneider. The Art of the Portrait: Masterpieces of European Portrait-painting, 1420—1670. Taschen 2002. P. 44
Sources[edit]
Zuffi, Stefano (2004). Il Quattrocento. Milan: Electa. ISBN 88-370-2315-4.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Portrait of a man with a Roman medal.
Royal Museum of Fine Arts Antwerp: Man with a Roman Coin
[hide]
v
t
e
Hans Memling
Single religious panels
Virgin and Child Enthroned with two Musical Angels, c. 1467
Scenes from the Passion of Christ, c 1470
Adoration of the Magi, c. 1471
Mater Dolorosa, c 1475
Allegory with a Virgin, c. 1479–1480
Advent and Triumph of Christ, c. 1480
Mater Dolorosa, c 1480
Mystic Marriage of St Catherine, c. 1480
Angel Musicians, 1480s
Annunciation, c. 1482
Christ Surrounded by Musician Angels, c. 1480s
Adam and Eve, c. 1485
Bathsheba, c. 1485
Polyptychs
Last Judgment, c. 1467–1471
Diptych of an elderly couple, c. 1470-1472
Diptych of Jean de Cellier, c. 1475
St John Altarpiece, 1479
Donne Triptych, c. 1480
Moreel Triptych, 1484
Diptych of Maarten van Nieuwenhove, 1487
St. Ursula Shrine, c. 1489
Portraits
Portrait of a Man, c. 1470–1472
Portrait of Tommaso Portinari, c. 1470–1472
Portrait of Maria Portinari, c. 1470–1472
Portrait of an Elderly Man, c 1470-75
Portrait of an Elderly Woman, c 1470-75
Portrait of a Man with a Pink Carnation, 1475
Portrait of Benedetto Portinari, 1478
Portrait of Willem Morell, c. 1480
Portrait of a Man with a Roman Medal, c. 1480
Portrait of Barbara van Vlaendenbergh, c. 1480
Sibylla Sambetha, c 1480
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portrait_of_a_Man_with_a_Roman_Medal&oldid=781542412"
Categories:
Paintings by Hans Memling
1480s paintings
Paintings of the Royal Museum of Fine Arts, Antwerp
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This page was last edited on 21 May 2017, at 21:10.
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values: Portrait d'homme avec une pièce de monnaie romaine – French

values: Ritratto d'uomo con una medaglia romana – Italian

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