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Blue Angels
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For other uses, see Blue Angels (disambiguation).
Blue Angels
U.S. Navy Flight Demonstration Squadron
The Blue Angels F/A-18 Hornets fly in a tight diamond formation, maintaining 18-inch wing tip to canopy separation.
Active
24 April 1946 – present
Country
United States
Branch
United States Navy
Role
Aerobatic flight demonstration team
Size
17 officers, 113 enlisted
Garrison/HQ
NAS Pensacola
NAF El Centro (Winter Airfield)
Colors
"Blue Angel" blue
"Insignia" yellow
Website
blueangels.navy.mil
Commanders
Current
commander
Cmdr. Eric Doyle
Insignia
Identification
symbol
Aircraft flown
Fighter
3 – F/A-18A Hornets (single seat)
1 – F/A-18B Hornets (two seat)
10 – F/A-18C Hornets (single seat)
2 – F/A-18D Hornets (two seat)
*Note – Only 7 F/A-18C/D Hornets are used during a demo.
Transport
1 – C-130T Hercules
The Blue Angels is the United States Navy's flight demonstration squadron, with aviators from the Navy and Marines. The Blue Angels team was formed in 1946,[1] making it the second oldest formal flying aerobatic team (under the same name) in the world, after the French Patrouille de France formed in 1931.
The Blue Angels' six demonstration pilots currently fly the McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet, typically in more than 70 shows at 34 locations throughout the United States each year, where they still employ many of the same practices and techniques used in their aerial displays in their inaugural 1946 season. An estimated 11 million spectators view the squadron during air shows each full year. The Blue Angels also visit more than 50,000 people in a standard show season (March through November) in schools and hospitals.[2] Since 1946, the Blue Angels have flown for more than 260 million spectators.[3]
As of November 2011, the Blue Angels received $37 million annually out of the annual DoD budget.[4][5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Mission
2 Shows
3 Aircraft
4 Team members
4.1 Commanding officer
5 Training and weekly routine
6 History
6.1 Origins
6.2 1940s
6.3 1950s
6.4 1960s
6.5 1970s
6.6 1980s
6.7 1990s
6.8 2000s
6.9 2010s
7 Aircraft timeline
8 Show routine
9 Accidents
9.1 Other incidents involving former Blue Angels
10 In the media
11 Notable alumni
12 See also
13 References
14 Further reading
15 External links
Mission[edit]
The mission of the United States Navy Flight Demonstration Squadron is "To showcase the pride and professionalism of the United States Navy and Marine Corps by inspiring a culture of excellence and service to country through flight demonstrations and community outreach."[2]
Shows[edit]
The Blue Angels' show season runs each year from March until November. They perform at both military and civilian airfields, and often perform directly over major cities such as San Francisco's "Fleet Week" maritime festival, Cleveland's annual Labor Day Air Show, the Chicago Air and Water Show, Jacksonville's Sea and Sky Spectacular, Milwaukee Air and Water Show, and Seattle's annual Seafair festival. A show is also performed for the United States Naval Academy including a flyover of graduation ceremonies.[6]
The Blue Angels flying in a Delta Formation at Miramar, San Diego in 2011
During their aerobatic demonstration, the Blues fly six F/A-18 Hornet aircraft, split into the Diamond Formation (Blue Angels 1 through 4) and the Lead and Opposing Solos (Blue Angels 5 and 6). Most of the show alternates between maneuvers performed by the Diamond Formation and those performed by the Solos. The Diamond, in tight formation and usually at lower speeds (400 mph), performs maneuvers such as formation loops, rolls, and transitions from one formation to another. The Solos showcase the high performance capabilities of their individual aircraft through the execution of high-speed passes, slow passes, fast rolls, slow rolls, and very tight turns. The highest speed flown during an air show is 700 mph (just under Mach 1) and the lowest speed is 120 mph.[2] Some of the maneuvers include both solo aircraft performing at once, such as opposing passes (toward each other in what appears to be a collision course) and mirror formations (back-to-back. belly-to-belly, or wingtip-to-wingtip, with one jet flying inverted). The Solos join the Diamond Formation near the end of the show for a number of maneuvers in the Delta Formation.
The parameters of each show must be tailored in accordance with local weather conditions at showtime: in clear weather the high show is performed; in overcast conditions a low show is performed, and in limited visibility (weather permitting) the flat show is presented. The high show requires at least an 8,000-foot (2,400 m) ceiling and visibility of at least 3 nautical miles (6 km) from the show's centerpoint. The minimum ceilings allowed for low and flat shows are 3,500 feet (~1 km) and 1,500 feet (460 m), respectively.[7]
Aircraft[edit]
Water condensation in the strake vortices of a Hornet during a tight maneuver.
The team flies fighter aircraft which have formerly served in the fleet and are maintained to nearly combat-ready status. Modifications to each aircraft include removal of the weapons and replacement with the tank that contains smoke-oil used in demonstrations, and outfitting with the control stick spring system for more precise aircraft control input. Control sticks are tensioned with 35 pounds (16 kg) of force installed on the control stick as to allow the pilot minimal room for uncommanded movement.
Lockheed C-130 Hercules "Fat Albert" conducting a Rocket Assisted Take Off
The show's narrator flies Blue Angel 7, a two-seat F/A-18D Hornet, to show sites. The Blues use this jet for backup, and to give demonstration rides to VIP civilians. Three backseats at each show are available; one of them goes to members of the press, the other two to "Key Influencers".[8] The No. 4 slot pilot often flies the No. 7 aircraft in Friday's "practice" shows.
The Blue Angels use a United States Marine Corps Lockheed C-130T Hercules, nicknamed "Fat Albert", for their logistics, carrying spare parts, equipment, and to carry support personnel between shows. Beginning in 1975, "Bert" was used for Jet Assisted Take Off (JATO) and short aerial demonstrations just prior to the main event at selected venues, but the JATO demonstration ended in 2009 due to dwindling supplies of rockets.[9] "Fat Albert Airlines" flies with an all-Marine crew of three officers and five enlisted personnel. Following the death of Blue Angel 6 pilot Captain Jeff "Koosh" Kuss, USMC in June 2016, Fat Albert had the honor of flying his remains back to NAS Pensacola, escorted by Kuss' wingman in Blue Angel 5, before then carrying him home to Colorado for burial with full military honors.[10][11]
Team members[edit]
The first Blue Angel Flight Demonstration Squadron (1946–1947), assembled in front of one of their Grumman F6F Hellcats (l to r): Lt. Al Taddeo, Solo; Lt. (J.G.) Gale Stouse, Spare; Lt. Cdr. R.M. "Butch" Voris, Flight Leader; Lt. Maurice "Wick" Wickendoll, Right Wing; Lt. Mel Cassidy, Left Wing.
The "Blues" support crew watches the team perform in the Grumman F9F-2 Panther jet fighter.
A Blue Angels pilot shakes hands with his crew chief before taking off for an aerobatic demonstration.
All team members, both officer and enlisted, pilots and staff officers, come from the ranks of regular Navy and United States Marine Corps units. The demonstration pilots and narrator are made up of Navy and USMC Naval Aviators. Pilots serve two to three years,[2] and position assignments are made according to team needs, pilot experience levels, and career considerations for members. Other officers in the squadron, including a Naval Flight Officer who serves as the Events Coordinator, three USMC C-130 pilots, an Executive Officer, a Maintenance Officer, a Supply Officer, a Public Affairs Officer, an Administrative Officer, and a Flight Surgeon. Enlisted members range from E-4 to E-9 and perform all maintenance, administrative, and support functions. They serve three to four years in the squadron.[2] After serving with the squadron, members return to fleet assignments.
The officer selection process requires pilots and support officers (flight surgeon, events coordinator, maintenance officer, supply officer, and public affairs officer) wishing to become Blue Angels to apply formally via their chain-of-command, with a personal statement, letters of recommendation, and flight records. Navy and Marine Corps F/A-18 demonstration pilots and naval flight officers are required to have a minimum of 1,250 tactical jet hours and be carrier-qualified. Marine Corps C-130 demonstration pilots are required to have 1,200 flight hours and be an aircraft commander.[12]
Applicants "rush" the team at one or more airshows, paid out of their own finances, and sit in on team briefs, post-show activities, and social events. Rushes are asked to tell a joke prior to the brief and are graded by the team as part of the rigorous selection process. Team members vote in secret on the next year's members, with no accountability to the higher Navy authority why an applicant was or was not selected. Selections must be unanimous. There have been female and racial minority staff officers as official Blue Angel members. The most recent minority Blue Angel pilot was Lt. Andre Webb on the 2018 team.[13] Flight surgeons serve a two-year term. They act as the team recorder during air shows and help oversee emergency response planning with the various air show planners. The first female Blue Angel flight surgeon was Lt. Tamara Schnurr, who was a member of the 2001 team.[14]
The team leader (#1) is the Commanding Officer and is always a Navy Commander, who may be promoted to Captain mid-tour if approved for Captain by the selection board. Pilots of numbers 2–7 are Navy Lieutenants or Lieutenant Commanders, or Marine Corps Captains or Majors. The number 7 pilot narrates for a year, and then typically flies Opposing and then Lead Solo the following two years, respectively. The number 3 pilot moves to the number 4 (slot) position for his second year. Blue Angel No. 4 serves as the demonstration safety officer, due largely to the perspective he is afforded from the slot position within the formation, as well as his status as a second-year demonstration pilot.
Commanding officer[edit]
Commander Eric Doyle[15]
Commander Eric C. Doyle is from League City, Texas and graduated from Texas A&M with a Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering in 1996. After college, Eric went to Officer Candidate School in Pensacola, Florida, where he was commissioned as an Ensign in the U.S. Navy in December 1996.
Doyle has accumulated more than 3,000 flight hours and has 600 carrier-arrested landings. His decorations include the Meritorious Service Medal, seven Strike/Flight Air Medal, five Navy Commendation Medal, a Navy Achievement Medal and various personal, unit and service awards. He joined the Blue Angels in September 2017.[16]
Training and weekly routine[edit]
Annual winter training takes place at NAF El Centro, California, where new and returning pilots hone skills learned in the fleet. During winter training, the pilots fly two practice sessions per day, six days a week, in order to fly the 120 training missions needed to perform the demonstration safely. Separation between the formation of aircraft and their maneuver altitude is gradually reduced over the course of about two months in January and February. The team then returns to their home base in Pensacola, Florida, in March, and continues to practice throughout the show season. A typical week during the season has practices at NAS Pensacola on Tuesday and Wednesday mornings. The team then flies to its show venue for the upcoming weekend on Thursday, conducting "circle and arrival" orientation maneuvers upon arrival. The team flies a "practice" airshow at the show site on Friday. This show is attended by invited guests but is often open to the general public. The main airshows are conducted on Saturdays and Sundays, with the team returning home to NAS Pensacola on Sunday evenings after the show. Monday is the Blues' day off.
Pilots maneuver the flight stick with their right hand and operate the throttle with their left. They do not wear G-suits because the air bladders inside repeatedly deflate and inflate, interfering with that stability. To prevent blood from pooling in their legs, Blue Angel pilots have developed a method for tensing their muscles to prevent blood from pooling in their lower extremities, possibly rendering them unconscious.[17]
History[edit]
Origins[edit]
The original team insignia
Formed as the Flight Exhibition Team in March 1946 at Naval Air Station (NAS) Jacksonville, Florida by Chief of Naval Operations, Admiral Chester Nimitz, in an effort to raise awareness of naval aviation and boost morale. The team performed their first flight demonstration on June 15, 1946 in Grumman F6F-5 Hellcat aircraft. The squadron was officially redesignated as the United States Navy Flight Demonstration Squadron in December 1974.[18]
The Blue Angel name was suggested by Right Wing Pilot Lt. Maurice "Wick" Wickendoll after reading about the Blue Angel Nightclub in the New Yorker Magazine. The team insignia was designed in 1949 by Flight Leader Lt. Cmdr. Raleigh "Dusty" in Rhodes designed the first official Blue Angels insignia or "crest." The aircraft silhouettes change as the team changes aircraft.[1]
Originally, demonstration aircraft were navy blue (nearly black) with gold lettering. The current shades of blue and yellow were adopted when the team transitioned to the Bearcat in 1946. For a single year, in 1949, the team performed in an all-yellow scheme with blue markings.[19]
1940s[edit]
On 24 April 1946, Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Chester Nimitz issued a directive ordering the formation of a flight exhibition team to boost Navy morale, demonstrate naval air power, and maintain public interest in naval aviation. However, an underlying mission was to help the Navy generate public and political support for a larger allocation of the shrinking defense budget. In April of that year, Rear Admiral Ralph Davison personally selected Lieutenant Commander Roy Marlin "Butch" Voris, a World War II fighter ace, to assemble and train a flight demonstration team, naming him Officer-in-Charge and Flight Leader. Voris selected three fellow instructors to join him (Lt. Maurice "Wick" Wickendoll, Lt. Mel Cassidy, and Lt. Cmdr. Lloyd Barnard, veterans of the War in the Pacific), and they spent countless hours developing the show. The group perfected its initial maneuvers in secret over the Florida Everglades so that, in Voris' words, "if anything happened, just the alligators would know". The team's first demonstration before Navy officials took place on 10 May 1946 and was met with enthusiastic approval.
Grumman F6F-5 Hellcats in 1946
On 15 June Voris led a trio of Grumman F6F-5 Hellcats, specially modified to reduce weight and painted sea blue with gold leaf trim, through their inaugural 15-minute-long performance at their Florida home base, Naval Air Station Jacksonville.[1] The team employed a North American SNJ Texan, painted and configured to simulate a Japanese Zero, to simulate aerial combat. This aircraft was later painted yellow and dubbed the "Beetle Bomb". This aircraft is said to have been inspired by one of the Spike Jones' Murdering the Classics series of musical satires, set to the tune (in part) of the William Tell Overture as a thoroughbred horse race scene, with "Beetle Bomb" being the "trailing horse" in the lyrics.
The team thrilled spectators with low-flying maneuvers performed in tight formations, and (according to Voris) by "keeping something in front of the crowds at all times. My objective was to beat the Army Air Corps. If we did that, we'd get all the other side issues. I felt that if we weren't the best, it would be my naval career." The Blue Angels' first public demonstration also netted the team its first trophy, which sits on display at the team's current home at NAS Pensacola.
Grumman F8F Bearcats in "diamond" formation in 1947
On 25 August 1946 the squadron upgraded their aircraft to the Grumman F8F-1 Bearcat. In May 1947, flight leader Lt. Cmdr. Bob Clarke replaced Butch Voris as the leader of the team and introduced the famous Diamond Formation, now considered the Blue Angels' trademark.
In 1949, the team acquired a Douglas R4D Skytrain for logistics to and from show sites. The team's SNJ was also replaced by a F8F-1 "Bearcat", painted yellow for the air combat routine, inheriting the "Beetle Bomb" nickname. The Blues transitioned to the straight-wing Grumman Grumman F9F-2 Panther on 13 July 1949, wherein the F8F-1 "Beetle Bomb" was relegated to solo aerobatics before the main show, until it crashed on takeoff at a training show in Pensacola in 1950.
Team headquarters shifted from NAS Corpus Christi, Texas, to NAAS Whiting Field, Florida, in the fall of 1949, announced 14 July 1949.[20]
1950s[edit]
The "Blues" continued to perform nationwide until the start of the Korean War in 1950, when (due to a shortage of pilots, and no planes were available) the team was disbanded and its members were ordered to combat duty. Once aboard the aircraft carrier USS Princeton the group formed the core of VF-191, Satan's Kittens.
Grumman F9F-8 Cougar formation in 1956
The Blue Angels were officially recommissioned on 25 October 1951, and reported to NAS Corpus Christi, Texas. Lt. Cdr. Voris was again tasked with assembling the team (he was the first of only two commanding officers to lead them twice). In 1953 the team traded its Sky Train for a Curtiss R5C Commando.
In August 1953, "Blues" leader LCDR Ray Hawkins became the first naval aviator to survive an ejection at supersonic speeds when his F9F-6 became uncontrollable on a cross-country flight.[21][22][23]
The first Marine Corps pilot, Capt Chuck Hiett, joined the team and they relocated to their current home of NAS Pensacola in the winter of 1954.[24] It was here they progressed to the swept-wing Grumman F9F-8 Cougar.
Grumman F11F-1 Tiger, 1957–69
In September 1956, the team added a sixth aircraft to the flight demonstration in the Opposing Solo position, and gave its first performance outside the United States at the International Air Exposition in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It also upgraded its logistics aircraft to the Douglas R5D Skymaster.[citation needed]
In January 1957, the team left its winter training facility at Naval Air Facility El Centro, California for a ten-year period. For the next ten years, the team would winter at NAS Key West, Florida. For the 1957 show season, the Blue Angels transitioned to the supersonic Grumman F11F-1 Tiger, first flying the short-nosed, and then the long-nosed versions. The first Six-Plane Delta Maneuvers were added in the 1958 season.[citation needed]
1960s[edit]
In July 1964, the Blue Angels participated in the Aeronaves de Mexico Anniversary Air Show over Mexico City, Mexico, before an estimated crowd of 1.5 million people.
In 1965, the Blue Angels conducted a Caribbean island tour, flying at five sites. Later that year, they embarked on a European tour to a dozen sites, including the Paris Air Show, where they were the only team to receive a standing ovation.
The Blues toured Europe again in 1967 touring six sites. In 1968 the C-54 Skymaster transport aircraft was replaced with a Lockheed VC-121J Constellation. The Blues transitioned to the two-seat McDonnell Douglas F-4J Phantom II in 1969, nearly always keeping the back seat empty for flight demonstrations. The Phantom was the only plane to be flown by both the "Blues" and the United States Air Force Thunderbirds. That year they also upgraded to the Lockheed C-121 Super Constellation for logistics.
1970s[edit]
Members from the Imperial Iranian Air Force Golden Crown and the Blue Angels during the joint airshow; Kushke Nosrat Airbase, 1973
The Blues received their first U.S. Marine Corps Lockheed KC-130F Hercules in 1970. An all-Marine crew manned it. That year, they went on their first South American tour. In 1971, the team conducted its first Far East Tour, performing at a dozen locations in Korea, Japan, Taiwan, Guam, and the Philippines. In 1972, the Blue Angels were awarded the Navy's Meritorious Unit Commendation for the two-year period from 1 March 1970 – 31 December 1971. Another European tour followed in 1973, including air shows in Tehran, Iran, England, France, Spain, Turkey, Greece, and Italy.
All six Blue Angel Douglas A-4F Skyhawks executing a "fleur de lis" maneuver.
In December 1974 the Navy Flight Demonstration Team downsized to the subsonic Douglas A-4F Skyhawk II and was reorganized into the Navy Flight Demonstration Squadron. This reorganization permitted the establishment of a commanding officer (the flight leader), added support officers, and further redefined the squadron's mission emphasizing the support of recruiting efforts. Commander Tony Less was the squadron's first official commanding officer.[citation needed]
1980s[edit]
On 8 November 1986 the Blue Angels completed their 40th anniversary year during ceremonies unveiling their present aircraft, the McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet, the first multi-role fighter/attack aircraft. The power and aerodynamics of the Hornet allows them to perform a slow, high angle of attack "tail sitting" maneuver, and to fly a "dirty" (landing gear down) formation loop, the last of which is not duplicated by the US Air Force Thunderbirds.
Also in 1986, LCDR Donnie Cochran, joined the Blue Angels as the first African-American Naval Aviator to be selected. He would return to lead the team in 1993.
Today is a very special and memorable day in your military career that will remain with you throughout your lifetime. You have survived the ultimate test of your peers and have proven to be completely deserving to wear the crest of the U.S. Navy Blue Angels. The prestige of wearing the Blue Angels uniform carries with it an extraordinary honor – one that reflects not only on you as an individual, but on your teammates and the entire squadron. To the crowds at the air shows and to the public at hospitals and schools nationwide, you are a symbol of the Navy and Marine Corps' finest. You bring pride, hope and a promise for tomorrow's Navy and Marine Corps in the smiles and handshakes of today's youth. Remember today as the day you became a Blue Angel; look around at your teammates and commit this special bond to memory. "Once a Blue Angel, always a Blue Angel," rings true for all those who wear the crest of the U.S. Navy Blue Angels. Welcome to the team.
The Blue Angels Creed, written by JO1 Cathy Konn1991–1993[25]
McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornets performing in San Francisco
1990s[edit]
In 1992 the Blue Angels deployed for a month-long European tour, their first in 19 years, conducting shows in Sweden, Finland, Russia (first foreign flight demonstration team to perform there), Romania, Bulgaria, Italy, the United Kingdom, and Spain.
In 1998, CDR Patrick Driscoll made the first "Blue Jet" landing on a "haze gray and underway" aircraft carrier, USS Harry S. Truman (CVN-75).
2000s[edit]
In 2006, the Blue Angels marked their 60th year of performing.[26] On 30 October 2008 a spokesman for the team announced that the team would complete its last three performances of the year with five jets instead of six. The change was because one pilot and another officer in the organization had been removed from duty for engaging in an "inappropriate relationship". The Navy stated that one of the individuals was a man and the other a woman, one a Marine and the other from the Navy, and that Rear Admiral Mark Guadagnini, chief of Naval air training, was reviewing the situation.[27] At the next performance at Lackland Air Force Base following the announcement the No. 4 or slot pilot, was absent from the formation. A spokesman for the team would not confirm the identity of the pilot removed from the team.[28] On 6 November 2008 both officers were found guilty at an admiral's mast on unspecified charges but the resulting punishment was not disclosed.[29] The names of the two members involved were later released on the Pensacola News Journal website/forum as pilot No. 4 USMC Maj. Clint Harris and the administrative officer, Navy Lt. Gretchen Doane.[30]
The Fat Albert performed its final JATO demonstration at the 2009 Pensacola Homecoming show, expending their 8 remaining JATO bottles. This demonstration not only was the last JATO performance of the squadron, but also the final JATO use of the U.S. Marine Corps.[31]
In 2009, the Blue Angels were inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame at the San Diego Air & Space Museum.[32]
2010s[edit]
On 22 May 2011, the Blue Angels were performing at the Lynchburg Regional Airshow in Lynchburg, Virginia, when the Diamond formation flew the Barrel Roll Break maneuver at an altitude that was lower than the required minimum altitude.[33] The maneuver was aborted, the remainder of the demonstration canceled and all aircraft landed safely. The next day, the Blue Angels announced that they were initiating a safety stand-down, canceling their upcoming Naval Academy Airshow and returning to their home base in Pensacola, Florida, for additional training and airshow practice.[34] On 26 May, the Blue Angels announced they would not be flying their traditional fly-over of the Naval Academy Graduation Ceremony and that they were canceling their 28–29 May 2011 performances at the Millville Wings and Wheels Airshow in Millville, New Jersey.
On 27 May 2011, the Blue Angels announced that Commander Dave Koss, the squadron's Commanding Officer, would be stepping down. He was replaced by Captain Greg McWherter, the team's previous Commanding Officer.[35] The squadron canceled performances at the Rockford, Illinois Airfest 4–5 June and the Evansville, Indiana Freedom Festival Air Show 11–12 June to allow additional practice and demonstration training under McWherter's leadership.[35]
Between 2 and 4 September 2011 on Labor Day weekend, the Blue Angels flew for the first time with a 50–50 blend of conventional JP-5 jet fuel and a camelina-based biofuel at Naval Air Station Patuxent River airshow at Patuxent River, Maryland.[36][37] McWherter flew an F/A-18 test flight on 17 August and stated there were no noticeable differences in performance from inside the cockpit.[38][39]
On 1 March 2013, the U.S. Navy announced that it was cancelling remaining 2013 performances after 1 April 2013 due to sequestration budget constraints.[40][41][42] In October 2013, Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel, stating that "community and public outreach is a crucial Departmental activity", announced that the Blue Angels (along with the U.S. Air Force's Thunderbirds) would resume appearing at air shows starting in 2014, although the number of flyovers will continue to be severely reduced.[43]
In June 2014, Captain Greg McWherter, flight leader of the Blue Angels for 2008-2010 and 2011-2012, received letter of reprimand from Adm. Harry Harris after an admiral's mast for “failing to stop obvious and repeated instances of sexual harassment, condoning widespread lewd practices within the squadron and engaging in inappropriate and unprofessional discussions with his junior officers" during his second tour with the team.[44]
In July 2014, Marine Corps Capt. Katie Higgins, 27, became the first female pilot to join the Blue Angels.[45][46] In July 2015, Cmdr Bob Flynn became the Blue Angels' first Executive Officer.
In July 2016, Boeing was awarded a $12 million contract to begin an engineering proposal for converting the Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet for Blue Angels use, with the proposal to be completed by September 2017.[47]
Aircraft timeline[edit]
The "Blues" have flown eight different demonstration aircraft and five support aircraft models:[48]
Drawing depicting all aircraft flown historically
Demonstration aircraft
Grumman F6F-5 Hellcat: June–August 1946
Grumman F8F-1 Bearcat: August 1946 – 1949
Grumman F9F-2 Panther: 1949 – June 1950 (first jet); F9F-5 Panther: 1951 - Winter 1954/55
Grumman F9F-8 Cougar: Winter 1954/55 - mid-season 1957 (swept-wing)
Grumman F11F-1 (F-11) Tiger: mid-season 1957 – 1968 (first supersonic jet)
McDonnell Douglas F-4J Phantom II: 1969 – December 1974
Douglas A-4F Skyhawk: December 1974 – November 1986
McDonnell Douglas F/A-18A/B/C/D Hornet (F/A-18B/D are #7 aircraft): November 1986 – present
Support aircraft
Douglas R4D Skytrain: 1949–1955
Curtiss R5C Commando: 1953
Douglas R5D Skymaster: 1956–1968
Lockheed C-121 Super Constellation: 1969–1973
Lockheed C-130 Hercules "Fat Albert": 1970–present
Miscellaneous aircraft
North American SNJ Texan "Beetle Bomb" (used to simulate a Japanese A6M Zero aircraft in demonstrations during the late 1940s)
Lockheed T-33 Shooting Star (Used during the 1950s as a VIP transport aircraft for the team)
Vought F7U Cutlass (two of the unusual F7Us were received in late 1952 and flown as a side demonstration during the 1953 season but they were not a part of their regular formations which at the time used the F9F Panther. Pilots and ground crew found it unsatisfactory and plans to use it as the team's primary aircraft were cancelled).
Show routine[edit]
This show routine was used in 2017
The solos performing the "opposing knife-edge" pass. The far aircraft is actually slightly higher than the near aircraft to make them appear in-line to the audience.
Blue Angels in the double farvel formation.
Blue Angels aircraft perform the "Section High Alpha", the slowest maneuver of their show. During the maneuver the two jets slow down to 125 knots (232 km/h) as they pitch the nose of the F/A-18 up to 45 degrees.
Blue Angels on Delta Formation
Fat Albert (C-130) – high-performance takeoff (Low Transition)
Fat Albert – Parade Pass (Photo Pass. The plane banks around the front of the crowd)
Fat Albert – Flat Pass
Fat Albert – Head on Pass
Fat Albert – Short-Field Assault Landing
FA-18 Engine Start-Up and Taxi Out
Diamond Take-off (Either a low transition with turn, loop on takeoff, a half-Cuban 8 takeoff, or a Half Squirrel Cage)
Solos Take-off (Blue Angel #5: Dirty Roll on Take-Off; Blue Angel #6: Low Transition to High Performance Climb)
Diamond 360: Aircraft 1, 2, 3 and 4 are in their signature 18" wingtip-to-canopy diamond formation.
Opposing Knife-Edge Pass
Diamond Roll: The whole diamond formation rolls as a single entity.
Opposing Inverted to Inverted Rolls
Diamond Aileron Roll: All 4 diamond jets perform simultaneous aileron rolls.
Fortus: Solos flying in carrier landing configuration with No.5 inverted, establishing a "mirror image" effect.
Diamond Dirty Loop: The diamond flies a loop with all 4 jets in the carrier landing configuration.
Minimum Radius Turn (Highest G maneuver. No.5 flies a "horizontal loop" pulling 7 Gs to maintain a tight radius)
Double Farvel: Diamond formation flat pass with aircraft 1 and 4 inverted.
Opposing Minimum Radius Turn
Echelon Parade
Opposing Horizontal Rolls
Left Echelon Roll: The roll is made into the Echelon, which is somewhat difficult for the outside aircraft.
Sneak Pass: the fastest speed of the show is about 700 mph (just under Mach 1 at sea level) Video
Line-Abreast Loop – the most difficult formation maneuver to do well. No.5 joins the diamond as the 5 jets fly a loop in a straight line
Opposing Four-Point Hesitation Roll
Vertical Break
Opposing Vertical Pitch
Barrel Roll Break
Tuck Over Roll
Low Break Cross
Section High-Alpha Pass: (tail sitting), the show's slowest maneuver[49][50]
Diamond Burner 270
Delta Roll
Fleur de Lis
Solos Pass to Rejoin, Diamond flies a loop
Loop Break Cross (Delta Break): After the break the aircraft separate in six different directions, perform half Cuban Eights then cross in the center of the performance area.
Delta Breakout
Delta Pitch Up Carrier Break to Land
Accidents[edit]
During its history, 27 Blue Angels pilots have been killed in air show or training accidents.[51] Through the 2017 season there have been 261 pilots in the squadron's history,[52] giving the job a roughly 10% fatality rate.
29 September 1946 – Lt. Ross "Robby" Robinson was killed during a performance when a wingtip broke off his Bearcat, sending him into an unrecoverable spin.
1952 – Two Panthers collided during a demonstration in Corpus Christi, Texas and one pilot was killed. The team resumed performances two weeks later.
2 August 1958 - Lt. John R. Dewenter landed, wheels up at Buffalo Niagara International Airport after experiencing engine troubles during a show in Clarence, NY. The Grumman F-11 Tiger landed on Runway 23 but exited airport property coming to rest in the intersection of Genesee Street and Dick Road, nearly hitting a gas station. Lt. Dewenter was uninjured, but the plane was a total loss.
14 October 1958 – Cmdr. Robert Nicholls Glasgow died during an orientation flight just days after reporting for duty as the new Blue Angels leader.[53]
15 March 1964 – Lt. George L. Neale, 29, was killed during an attempted emergency landing at Apalach Airport near Apalachicola, Florida. Lt. Neale's F-11A Tiger had experienced mechanical difficulties during a flight from West Palm Beach, Florida to NAS Pensacola, causing him to attempt the emergency landing. Failing to reach the airport, he ejected from the aircraft on final approach, but his parachute did not have sufficient time to fully deploy.[54]
2 September 1966 – Lt. Cmdr. Dick Oliver crashed his Tiger and was killed at the Canadian International Air Show in Toronto.
1 February 1967 – Lt Frank Gallagher was killed when his Tiger stalled during a practice Half Cuban 8 maneuver and spun into the ground.
18 February 1967 – Capt. Ronald Thompson was killed when his Tiger struck the ground during a practice formation loop.
14 January 1968 – Opposing solo Lt. Bill Worley was killed when his Tiger crashed during a practice double immelman.
30 August 1970 – Lt. Ernie Christensen belly-landed his F-4J Phantom at the Eastern Iowa Airport in Cedar Rapids when he inadvertently left the landing gear in the up position.[55] He ejected safely, while the aircraft slid off the runway.
4 June 1971 – CDR Harley Hall safely ejected after his Phantom caught fire and crashed during practice over Narragansett Bay near the ex-NAS Quonset Point in Rhode Island.
14 February 1972 – Lt. Larry Watters was killed when his F-4J Phantom II struck the ground, upright, while practicing inverted flight, during winter training at NAF El Centro.
8 March 1973 – Capt. John Fogg, Lt. Marlin Wiita and LCDR Don Bentley survived a multi-aircraft mid-air collision during practice over the Superstition Mountains in California.
26 July 1973 – 2 pilots and a crew chief were killed in a mid-air collision between 2 Phantoms over Lakehurst, NJ during an arrival practice. Team Leader LCDR Skip Umstead, Capt. Mike Murphy and ADJ1 Ron Thomas perished. The rest of the season was cancelled after this incident.
22 February 1977 – Opposing solo Lt. Nile Kraft was killed when his Skyhawk struck the ground during practice.
8 November 1978 – One of the solo Skyhawks struck the ground after low roll during arrival maneuvers at NAS Miramar. Navy Lieutenant Michael Curtin was killed.
April 1980 – Lead Solo Lt. Jim Ross was unhurt when his Skyhawk suffered a fuel line fire during a show at NS Roosevelt Roads, Puerto Rico. LT Ross stayed with and landed the plane which left the end of the runway and taxied into the woods after a total hydraulic failure upon landing.
22 February 1982 – Lt. Cmdr Stu Powrie, Lead Solo was killed when his Skyhawk struck the ground during winter training at Naval Air Facility El Centro, California just after a dirty loop.
13 July 1985 – Lead and Opposing Solo Skyhawks collided during a show at Niagara Falls, killing opposing solo Lt. Cmdr. Mike Gershon. Lt. Andy Caputi ejected and parachuted to safety.[56]
12 February 1987 – Lead solo Lt. Dave Anderson ejected from his Hornet after a dual engine flameout during practice near El Centro, CA.
23 January 1990 – Two Blue Angel Hornets suffered a mid-air collision during a practice at El Centro. Marine Corps Maj. Charles Moseley ejected safely. Cmdr. Pat Moneymaker was able to land his airplane, which then required a complete right wing replacement.[57]
28 October 1999 – Lt. Cmdr. Kieron O'Connor, flying in the front seat of a two-seat Hornet, and recently selected demonstration pilot Lt. Kevin Colling (in the back seat) struck the ground during circle and arrival maneuvers in Valdosta, Georgia. Neither pilot survived.[58]
1 December 2004 – Lt. Ted Steelman ejected from his F/A-18 approximately one mile off Perdido Key after his aircraft struck the water, suffering catastrophic engine and structural damage. He suffered minor injuries.[59]
21 April 2007 – Lt. Cmdr. Kevin J. Davis crashed his Hornet near the end of the Marine Corps Air Station Beaufort airshow in Beaufort, South Carolina, and was killed.[60]
2 June 2016 – Capt. Jeff "Kooch" Kuss, (Opposing Solo, Blue Angel No. 6), died just after takeoff while performing the Split-S maneuver in his F/A-18 Hornet during a practice run for The Great Tennessee Air Show in Smyrna, Tennessee. The Navy investigation found that Capt. Kuss performed the maneuver at too low of an altitude while failing to retard the throttle out of afterburner, causing him to fall too fast and recover at too low of an altitude. Capt. Kuss ejected, but his parachute was immediately engulfed in flames, causing him to fall to his death. Kuss' body was recovered multiple yards away from the crash site. The cause of death was blunt force trauma to the head. The investigation also cites weather and pilot fatigue as additional causes to the crash.[61] In a strange twist, Captain Kuss' fatal crash happened hours after the Blue Angels' fellow pilots in the United States Air Force Thunderbirds suffered a crash of their own following the United States Air Force Academy graduation ceremony earlier that day.[62]
Other incidents involving former Blue Angels[edit]
8 March 1951 – LCDR Johnny Magda,[63] while flying in Korea, was the first former Blue Angel killed in combat.
27 January 1973 – CDR Harley Hall (1970 team leader) was shot down flying an F-4J over Vietnam, and was officially listed as missing in action.
In the media[edit]
John Travolta and Olivia Newton-John with Blue Angels, 1982
The Blue Angels was a dramatic television series, starring Dennis Cross and Don Gordon, inspired by the team's exploits and filmed with the cooperation of the Navy. It aired in syndication from 26 September 1960 to 3 July 1961.[64]
The Blue Angels were the subject of "Flying Blue Angels", a pop song recorded by George, Johnny and the Pilots (Coed Co 555), that debuted on Billboard Magazine's "Bubbling Under the Hot 100" chart on 11 September 1961.
Threshold: The Blue Angels Experience is a 1975 documentary film, written by Dune author Frank Herbert, featuring the team in practice and performance during their F-4J Phantom era; many of the aerial photography techniques pioneered in Threshold were later used in the film Top Gun.[65]
To Fly!, a short IMAX film featured at the Smithsonian Air and Space Museum since its 1976 opening features footage from a camera on a Blue Angels A4 Skyhawk tail as the pilot performs in a show. https://www.si.edu/imax/movie/fly
In 2005, the Discovery Channel aired a documentary miniseries, Blue Angels: A Year in the Life, focusing on the intricate day-to-day details of that year's training and performance schedule.[66][67]
The video for the American rock band Van Halen's 1986 release "Dreams" consists of Blue Angels performance footage. The video was originally shot featuring the Blues in the A-4 Skyhawk. A later video features the F/A-18 Hornet.
The Blue Angels appeared in the episodes "Death Begins at Forty" and "Insult to Injury" of Tim Allen's television sitcom Home Improvement as themselves.
The Blue Angels made a brief appearance on I Love Toy Trains part 3.
The Blue Angels were featured in the IMAX film Magic of Flight.
In 2009, the MythBusters enlisted the aid of Blue Angels to help test the myth that a sonic boom could shatter glass.[68]
The Blue Angels are a major part of the novel Shadows of Power by James W. Huston.[69]
Blue Angels and the Thunderbirds is a 4 disc SkyTrax DVD set © 2012 TOPICS Entertainment, Inc. It features highlights from airshows performed in the U.S.A. shot from inside and outside the cockpit including interviews of squadron aviators, plus aerial combat footage taken during Desert Storm, histories of the two flying squadrons from 1947 through 2008 including on-screen notes on changes in Congressional budgeting and research program funding, photo gallery slide shows, and two "forward-looking" sequences Into the 21st Century detailing developments of the F/A-18 Hornet's C and E and F models (10 min.) and footage of the F-22 with commentary (20 min.).
In the television micro-series Star Wars: Clone Wars, Anakin Skywalker's starfighter is named Azure Angel, after the Blue Angels team.[70]
In My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic, the Wonderbolts are based on the Blue Angels.[71]
Notable alumni[edit]
Chuck Brady – Astronaut
Donnie Cochran – first African-American Blue Angels aviator and commander
Edward L. Feightner – World War II fighter ace and Lead Solo
Anthony A. Less - First Commanding Officer of Blue Angels squadron, numerous other commands including Naval Air Forces Atlantic Fleet
Robert L. Rasmussen – Aviation Artist
Raleigh Rhodes —World War II veteran and third leader of the Blue Angels[72]
Roy Marlin Voris – First Blue Angel leader
Patrick M. Walsh – Left Wingman and Slot Pilot, 1985–1987; Commander of the U.S. Pacific Fleet, Former Vice Chief of Naval Operations and White House Fellow
See also[edit]
United States Navy portal
List of United States Navy aircraft squadrons
United States Air Force Thunderbirds
United States Marine Corps Aviation
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "History of the Blue Angels". Blue Angels official site.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Blue Angels: Frequently Asked Questions". Blueangels.navy.mil. Archived from the original on 4 April 2012. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "United States Navy: The Blue Angels History". Navy.mil. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Blue Angels fly into age of budget woes". USA Today. 23 November 2011. Retrieved 23 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "Blue Angels FAQ". Archived from the original on 4 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "US Navy Blue Angels 2018 Airshow Schedule Released". AirshowStuff. 2017-12-04. Retrieved 2018-01-13.
Jump up ^ "What determines high show vs. low show for Blue Angels? | KING5.com Seattle". King5.com. 6 August 2010. Archived from the original on 1 August 2013. Retrieved 3 March 2012. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "Flights with the Blue Angels". Flyfighterjet.com. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
Jump up ^ McCullough, Amy (9 November 2009). "Abort Launch: Air shows to do without Fat Albert's famed JATO". Marine Corps Times. Gannett Company. p. 6. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "Remains of fallen Blue Angels pilot arrive in Colorado for funeral". Retrieved April 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Capt. Jeff Kuss' remains come home to Durango". The Durango Herald. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Gosport article, March 02, 2012, "Blue Angels Seek Officer Applicants", page 2" (PDF). Gosport NAS Pensacola Base Newspaper. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "Official Blue Angels Webpage". www.blueangels.navy.mil/team/officers.asp.
Jump up ^ "Blue Angels Alumni 2001". blueangels-usn.org.
Jump up ^ "Official Blue Angels Webpage".
Jump up ^ "Blue Angels webpage, Officers".
Jump up ^ "Blue Angels Frequently Asked Questions". Blueangels.navy.mil. Archived from the original on 4 April 2012. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20120326154653/http://a4skyhawk.org/3e/blues/blues.htm. Archived from the original on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 3 March 2012. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ Campbell, War Paint, p. 171.
Jump up ^ Fort Walton, Florida, "'Blue Angels' To Pensacola – Navy Flight Exhibition Team Is Transferred", Playground News, Thursday 14 July 1949, Volume 4, Number 24, page 2.
Jump up ^ "2005". ejection-history.org.uk. Retrieved 2014-11-16.
Jump up ^ Wilcox, R.K. (2004). First Blue: The Story of World War II Ace Butch Voris and the Creation of the Blue Angels. St. Martin's Press. pp. 2–237. ISBN 9780312322496. Retrieved 2014-11-16.
Jump up ^ "BLUE ANGEL EJECTS AT HIGH SPEED", Naval Aviation News October, 1952, republished at http://www.blueangels.org/NANews/Articles/Oct53/Oct53.htm
Jump up ^ Gall, Sandy. "How well do you know the Blue Angels?". CHIPS: the Department of the Navy's Information Technology Magazine. Department of the Navy. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Beare, Scott (2007). The power of teamwork : inspired by the Blue Angels. Naperville, IL: Simple Truths. ISBN 1-60810-037-5.
Jump up ^ "Blue Angels Monumental Moments". Navy.com. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Moon, Troy (31 October 2008). "Blues Angels Pilot, Other Grounded". Pensacola News Journal. Archived from the original on 4 December 2008. Retrieved 4 November 2008.
Jump up ^ Griggs, Travis (2 November 2008). "No. 4 jet missing from Blue Angels". Pensacola News Journal. Archived from the original on 27 April 2014. Retrieved 4 November 2008.
Jump up ^ Scutro, Andrew, "2 Blue Angels found guilty, await punishment", Military Times, 8 November 2008.
Jump up ^ "A (Potentially) Disgraced Angel (updated)", Defensetech.org
Jump up ^ "End of JATO for Blue Angels!", blueangels.navy.mil, November 2009[dead link]
Jump up ^ International Air & Space Hall of Fame San Diego Air & Space Museum
Jump up ^ horsemoney (25 May 2011). "Blue Angels Lynchburg Va. 2011 was this the problem formation?" – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ Blue Angels Cancel Naval Academy Airshow Archived 16 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine.. blueangels.navy.mil.
^ Jump up to: a b "Blue Angels commander steps down after subpar performance". CNN. 27 May 2011. Retrieved 28 May 2011.
Jump up ^ "Blue Angels Use Biofuel At Patuxent Air Show | Aero-News Network". Aero-news.net. 6 September 2011. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
Jump up ^ John Pike (9 January 2011). "Blue Angels to Soar on Biofuel During Labor Day Weekend Air Show". Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Austell, Jason (1 September 2011). "Blue Angels Go Green". NBC San Diego. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Blue Angels Use Biofuel at Patuxent Air Show". Military.com. 7 September 2011. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Military spending cuts ground Blue Angels, Thunderbirds 1 March 2013 NBC News
Jump up ^ U.S. Navy Cancels Blue Angels 2013 Performances 10 April 2013, U.S. Navy
Jump up ^ "U.S. Navy Cancels Blue Angels 2013 Performances" (PDF). 9 April 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "Thunderbirds, Blue Angels to Resume Air Shows". ABC News.
Jump up ^ "Former Blue Angels CO reprimanded for 'toxic' climate". Navy Times. June 3, 2014. Retrieved June 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ Pope, Stephen (July 24, 2014). "First Female Pilot Joins Blue Angels". Flying. Retrieved May 9, 2015 – via flyingmag.com. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Prudente, Tim (May 6, 2015). "Breaking a gender barrier at 370 mph: Severna Park pilot becomes first woman to fly with elite Blue Angels". Baltim. Sun. Retrieved May 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Contracts for July 25, 2016". U.S. Department of Defense. 25 July 2016. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 19 April 2012. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Blue Angels FAQ Archived 4 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Video
Jump up ^ Smyrna Blue Angels fatal crash one of few in history; last in '07, Tennessean, 02 June 2016
Jump up ^ U.S. Navy Blue Angels | Frequently Asked Questions, last updated 2017.
Jump up ^ Blue Angels crash artifacts found 50 years later, Associated Press, 3 March 2009 Archived 10 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Basham, Dusty, "Blue Angel Pilot Killed – Jet Fighter Falls Near Apalachicola", Playground Daily News, Fort Walton Beach, Florida, Monday Morning, 16 March 1964, Volume 18, Number 27, pages 1, 2.
Jump up ^ https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=v91VAAAAIBAJ&sjid=A9gDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6426,63638&dq=threshold+the+blue+angels+experience&hl=en
Jump up ^ ""Navy Blue Angel Aviators Die in Crash", 28 October 1999, accessed 23 April 2007". Usmilitary.about.com. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Clausen, Christopher (13 June 1990). "Pilot Blamed In Blue Angel Crash". Pensacola News Journal. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
Jump up ^ ""Blue Angel crash victims identified", CNN, 28 October 1999, accessed 23 April 2007". CNN. 28 October 1999. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
Jump up ^ ""Blue Angels Pilot Ejects Before Plane Crashes", ''Fox News'', 2 December 2004, accessed 23 April 2007". Fox News. 1 December 2011. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
Jump up ^ U.S. Navy "Blue Angels" jet crashes. Reuters
Jump up ^ "Botched Maneuver Caused Blue Angels Pilot's Death: Investigation". Retrieved January 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Blue Angels pilot killed in Tennessee crash". Retrieved April 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ Johnny Magda findagrave.com
Jump up ^ "The Blue Angels". 26 September 1960 – via IMDb.
Jump up ^ "Threshold: The Blue Angels Experience". 1 September 1975 – via IMDb.
Jump up ^ Blue Angels: A Year in the Life Archived 11 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ ""Blue Angels: A Year in the Life" (2005)". Imdb.com. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Mythbusters Episode Features Blue Angels, June 10th - Aero-News Network".
Jump up ^ "Shadows of Power". jameswhuston.com. Retrieved 1 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "Star Wars: Blogs - Keeper of the Holocron's Blog - The Blue Angels/Star Wars connection". 1 March 2009. Archived from the original on 1 March 2009. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "Jayson Thiessen (@goldenrusset)". Twitter.com. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "Combat pilot in two wars led Blue Angels". Los Angeles Times. 7 December 2007. Archived from the original on 6 February 2008. Retrieved 13 December 2007.
Further reading[edit]
(2012). "My incredible flight aboard the Blue Angels" By Charles Atkeison
Blue Angels Timeline (1946–1980) accessed 10 November 2005.
"Grumman and the Blue Angels" article by William C. Barto at the Grumman Memorial Park official website – accessed 15 October 2005.
"First Blue: The story of World War II Ace Butch Voris and the Creation of the Blue Angels" by Robert K. Wilcox, Thomas Dunne Books/St.Martins Press, 2004, robertkwilcox.com
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Blue Angels.
Blue Angels, official U.S. Navy web site
Complete Blue Angels History
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North & South (TV serial)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the British television series. For the unrelated American television miniseries, see North and South (miniseries). For other uses, see North and South.
North & South
British DVD cover
Written by
Elizabeth Gaskell (novel), Sandy Welch (writer)
Directed by
Brian Percival
Starring
Daniela Denby-Ashe
Richard Armitage
Sinéad Cusack
Jo Joyner
Composer(s)
Martin Phipps
Country of origin
United Kingdom
No. of episodes
4
Production
Producer(s)
Kate Bartlett
Running time
235 min. (4 parts)
Release
Original network
BBC One
Original release
14 November (2004-11-14) – 5 December 2004 (2004-12-05)
North & South is a British television drama series, produced by the BBC and originally broadcast in four episodes on BBC One in November and December 2004. It follows the story of Margaret Hale (Daniela Denby-Ashe), a young woman from southern England who has to move to the North after her father decides to leave the clergy. The family struggles to adjust itself to the industrial town's customs, especially after meeting the Thorntons, a proud family of cotton mill owners who seem to despise their social inferiors. The story explores the issues of class and gender, as Margaret's sympathy for the town mill workers clashes with her growing attraction to John Thornton (Richard Armitage).
The serial is based on the 1855 Victorian novel North and South by Elizabeth Gaskell and takes place in the years surrounding the Great Exhibition of 1851. It was adapted for television by Sandy Welch and directed by Brian Percival.
Contents
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Origins
3.2 Casting
3.3 Filming
3.4 Music
4 Reception
5 References
6 External links
Plot[edit]
Margaret Hale (Daniela Denby-Ashe) and her parents Maria (Lesley Manville) and Richard (Tim Pigott-Smith) live in the idyllic town in Helstone in Hampshire. At the wedding of her cousin, Edith, Margaret is approached by Edith's new brother-in-law, Henry Lennox (John Light). Lennox visits Helstone a while later and proposes marriage to Margaret; she refuses him.
Margaret's father, a clergyman, decides to leave the Church of England and become a Nonconformist when he realises his doubts of the doctrines of the Church. To avoid gossip, the family move to the (fictional) industrial town of Milton, Darkshire, in the north of England. Thanks to his friend, Mr. Bell (Brian Protheroe), Mr. Hale is able to find a house and gains employment as a private tutor. One of his pupils is local mill-owner John Thornton (Richard Armitage), who gets off to a bad start with Margaret when she witnesses him beating a worker whom he has caught smoking in the mill, thus endangering all the workers. Gradually, Margaret gets used to Thornton, but his mother Hannah (Sinéad Cusack) and sister Fanny (Jo Joyner) disapprove of her, believing her haughty and alien to the customs of the North. In the meantime, Margaret attempts to do charitable work among the working classes, and thus comes into contact with Nicholas Higgins (Brendan Coyle) and his daughter, Bessy (Anna Maxwell Martin), who contracted Pneumoconiosis from exposure to the cotton-fibres in the mills. When Bessy became ill at Hamper's Mill, her father moved her to Marlborough Mills, Thornton's mill, because the working environment is better there. In a meeting with fellow mill owners, Thornton says he had a wheel for ventilation installed in all of the rooms of his factory in order to maintain a healthier workforce, despite the fact that it costs a great deal of money. The other industrialists had refused to install a wheel because of the expense.
Margaret's mother is falling ill. Mrs. Hale desires to see her son, Frederick (Rupert Evans), before she dies. Frederick, a naval officer, was involved in a mutiny and he cannot return to England without risking his life. However, without telling her father, Margaret writes to her brother in Cádiz, Spain, to tell him that their mother is dying. Margaret calls on the Thorntons to borrow a water mattress for her mother and is trapped while mill workers riot during a strike. When the angry mob threatens John's safety as he confronts them after Margaret's goading, Margaret defends him from the rioters and is injured by a thrown stone.
Margaret recovers and returns home, telling nobody about what had happened at the Mill, mainly to protect the health of her mother. When Thornton proposes to her the next day, she scorns him, thinking he believes himself superior because of the difference in their financial circumstances. He denies this and tells her that he is in love with her, but she insists that her actions were not personal.
Meanwhile, Bessy Higgins dies and Thornton stops coming for lessons from Mr. Hale. As a distraction for Mrs. Hale and for herself, Margaret visits the Great Exhibition with her Aunt Shaw (Jane Booker), her cousin Edith and Edith's husband. Margaret meets Thornton at the exhibition, where he is discussing the machinery with a group of gentlemen, all of whom are listening with great respect and admiration for his simple good sense. Margaret is embarrassed to meet Thornton so soon after her rejection but defends him when Henry Lennox (John Light), Edith's brother-in-law and an admirer of Margaret, tries to belittle him for being in trade. As Margaret observes them together, Henry's sophistication and reliance on fashionable wit and sarcasm compares unfavourably with Thornton's honesty.
When Margaret returns home, her mother has taken a turn for the worse. Margaret's brother arrives just in time to see his mother, and she dies shortly after. While Frederick is in the house, Thornton comes to visit his friend Mr. Hale, but he cannot be allowed in, in case he sees Fred. Thornton interprets this as Margaret refusing to see him. The family's servant, Miss Dixon (Pauline Quirke), bumps into Leonards, a former member of Frederick's crew in Milton town, who offers to split the reward money for Frederick's capture with her. Dixon refuses, informing the Hales; it is decided that Frederick must leave at once, before he is discovered and arrested. He and Margaret are seen together at the railway station by Thornton, who mistakenly assumes that Frederick is Margaret's lover. Leonards spies him and Margaret at the station, and in the brief scuffle Fred pushes him down the stairs. It is later revealed that he died in hospital. Margaret denies to the police that she was at the station, in order to protect Fred, but Thornton, who is the magistrate and saw her there, is morally tested, but ultimately calls off the impending inquiry for the sake of Margaret.
Thornton gives employment to Higgins who seeks work to care for Boucher's childeren after his death, and master and hand get along surprisingly well, despite their differences. They come up with a plan to feed the workers cheaply in a communal kitchen, and Thornton comes to a greater understanding with his workers as they share ideas. However, losses faced during the strike have put Thornton's business in trouble, and he is forced to close the mill.
Margaret's father visits Mr. Bell in Oxford, and dies there. With no family to keep her in Milton, Margaret leaves the north to stay with her aunt in London. After a few months living with the Shaws, Margaret visits Helstone with Mr. Bell, and meets the new vicar and his wife. Margaret is disappointed to find Helstone much changed, and realises that she has romanticised and idealised her childhood home, and starts to truly recognise the merits of life in Milton.
As Margaret's godfather, Mr. Bell makes over his significant fortune to her when he finds out that he has a terminal illness and chooses to move to Argentina for the better climate. Margaret hence becomes the owner of Marlborough Mills and John Thornton's landlord. Margaret visits Milton with Henry Lennox, who is now acting as her financial advisor; she speaks with Mrs. Thornton at Malborough Mills, expressing her realisation of Mr. Thornton's true character. Meanwhile, Thornton, having discovered the truth about Fred being Margaret's brother from Higgins, goes south to see Margaret's home town of Helstone. At a railway station halfway between Milton and Helstone, Margaret and Thornton cross paths on their respective return journeys. She proposes a business deal by which the factory can be reopened; after this the two share a kiss. Margaret bids farewell to Henry, and gets on the train "home" to Milton with Thornton.
Cast[edit]
Daniela Denby-Ashe – Margaret Hale
Richard Armitage – John Thornton
Tim Pigott-Smith – Mr Richard Hale
Lesley Manville – Mrs Maria Hale
Sinéad Cusack – Mrs Hannah Thornton
Jo Joyner – Fanny Thornton
Brendan Coyle – Mr Nicholas Higgins
Anna Maxwell Martin – Bessy Higgins
Kay Lyon – Mary Higgins
Pauline Quirke – Dixon
Rupert Evans – Frederick Hale
Brian Protheroe – Mr. Bell
John Light – Henry Lennox
Emma Ferguson – Edith Shaw Lennox
Jane Booker – Aunt Shaw
Will Houston – John Boucher
Production[edit]
A spinning room in the Helmshore Mills Textile Museum.
Origins[edit]
Sandy Welch started adapting Elizabeth Gaskell's 1855 North and South in 2001, making a few changes to emphasise the industrial landscape of the story. Welch's story, for example, begins and ends with the main character Margaret Hale travelling by train, which is not the starting and ending point of the novel (although Gaskell describes the Hales travelling from the South to the North by train). Welch also made the main characters visit the Great Exhibition of 1851. These are changes Welch believed Gaskell would have done "if she'd had the time", since Gaskell had complained of being under pressure to complete the novel by her editor Charles Dickens.[1] In the summer of 2003 Kate Bartlett was brought to the project as a producer and a ten-week period of pre-production started at the beginning of February.
Casting[edit]
Daniela Denby-Ashe had not originally auditioned for the role of Margaret Hale but for that of Fanny Thornton,[2] and was not sure she would be participating on the project, but the producers had been looking for the right Margaret for a long time and Denby-Ashe's "directness, energy and charm" as well as the chemistry she had with would-be co-star Richard Armitage proved decisive. Armitage himself had been the first actor to read for the role of John Thornton and even though his performance had impressed producer Kate Bartlett and casting director Jill Trevellick, they still had to see many other possible Thorntons.[3] Three weeks after casting had begun, Trevellick decided to recapitulate the first auditions, realising that Armitage was "perfect".[1][4]
Filming[edit]
A Bluebell Railway carriage, similar to the one used on the final scene
Filming took place from the end of April 2004 until July 2004.[2] Gaskell's fictional town of Milton, Darkshire, was loosely based on Manchester, but the producers decided to shoot many of the town scenes in Edinburgh, which maintains more of its visual and architectural heritage from the industrial Victorian era.[1] Keighley in West Yorkshire became one of the main locations, the cotton mill's exteriors were filmed at Dalton Mill. The scenes inside the mill were shot at Helmshore Textile Museum in Rossendale and Queen Street Mill on the outskirts of Burnley, Lancashire. London was another main location, all the interior scenes were shot at the Ealing Studios in west London and the Great Exhibition scene was shot at Alexandra Palace in North London.[5] Other locations were Selkirk, a town in the Scottish Borders,[6] Burnley in Lancashire, and the Bluebell Railway in Sussex, where the final and the beginning scenes were shot.[2] Additional railway sequences were filmed in Yorkshire, using carriages provided by the Vintage Carriages Trust
As a costume drama, North & South required substantial work from the art department. In 2005 the serial's production designer Simon Elliot received a British Academy Television Award nomination for Best Production Design.[4]
Music[edit]
Martin Phipps composed the score for North & South. The short piano tune is played throughout the whole series in different rhythms. The music is especially loud and clear whenever there is a turning point in the relationship between Margaret and Thornton.[2][5]
Reception[edit]
Edinburgh's William Street on May 2004 adapted for North & South
As the BBC had low expectations for the series, it was not well publicised and went almost unnoticed by critics. Audiences, however, were more receptive; hours after the first episode aired in November 2004, the message board of the programme’s website crashed because of the number of visitors the site was receiving, forcing host bbc.co.uk to shut it down.[7] This sudden interest on the serial was attributed to Richard Armitage, a relatively unknown actor, whose portrayal of the emotionally restrained John Thornton drew parallels with Colin Firth's portrayal of Fitzwilliam Darcy on the BBC's 1995 mini-series Pride and Prejudice, and the reception he later received.[8][9] Armitage himself claims that the series was a success because of the "industrial landscape and the attention [that the series gives] to the working classes and the way they develop".[10] The reaction to the series was a surprise to the BBC, who then decided to release the DVD on 11 April 2005.[9][11]
North & South was voted "Best Drama" in the BBC drama website's annual poll in 2004.[12] Richard Armitage was voted "Most Desirable Drama Star" and "Best Actor",[13][14] Daniela Denby-Ashe was voted "Best Actress" (Sinead Cusack came in third) and three different scenes were voted as the year's "Favourite Moments", with the final scene winning the number one spot.[15][16]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Shannon, Sarah (10 November 2004). "Love in a cold climate". The Independent. Retrieved on 23 March 2008
^ Jump up to: a b c d Bartlett, Kate; Percival, Brian and Welch, Sandy. Audio commentary. North and South. Dir. Percival, Brian. Perf. Daniela Denby-Ashe, and Richard Armitage. 2004. DVD. BBC DVD, 2005.
Jump up ^ "Interview with Richard Armitage". Special feature. North and South. Dir. Percival, Brian. Perf. Daniela Denby-Ashe, and Richard Armitage. 2004. DVD. BBC DVD, 2005.
^ Jump up to: a b Staff writer (June 2007). "A Northern Tale". The DVD Collection.
^ Jump up to: a b "Backstage "North and South" - Soundtrack and Location information". BBC.co.uk. Archived from the original on 23 June 2006. Retrieved 23 March 2008.
Jump up ^ BBC Press Office (30 April 2004). "BBC ONE explores love across the social divide in an adaptation of Elizabeth Gaskell's North and South". Press release. Retrieved on 26 April 2008.
Jump up ^ Kinnes, Sally (30 April 2006). "Move over Darcey". The Sunday Times. Retrieved on 23 March 2008
Jump up ^ Hall, Jane (23 December 2004). "Britain's newest heart-throb". Western Mail. Retrieved on 23 March 2008
^ Jump up to: a b Wark, Penny (13 April 2005). "In a swoon over me? Surely not". Times Online. Retrieved on 23 March 2008
Jump up ^ "The Pat Marsh Show" - Interview with Richard Armitage (13 April 2005). BBC Radio Kent.
Jump up ^ Ashworth, Anne (23 December 2004). "A dashing object of desire". The Times. Retrieved on 23 March 2008
Jump up ^ "Best Drama". BBC Drama - Best of 2004. BBC.co.uk. Retrieved 9 May 2008.
Jump up ^ "Most Desirable Drama Star". BBC Drama - Best of 2004. BBC.co.uk. Retrieved 9 May 2008.
Jump up ^ "Best Actor". BBC Drama - Best of 2004. BBC.co.uk. Retrieved 9 May 2008.
Jump up ^ "Best Actress". BBC Drama - Best of 2004. BBC.co.uk. Retrieved 9 May 2008.
Jump up ^ "Favourite Moment". BBC Drama - Best of 2004. BBC.co.uk. Retrieved 9 May 2008.
External links[edit]
Television in the United Kingdom portal
2000s portal
North & South at BBC Online
North & South on IMDb
VCT filming: North & South
North and South 2004 (unofficial) site
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_%26_South_(TV_serial)&oldid=857068962"
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values: Category:Television series set in the 1850s

values: Category:Television programmes based on British novels

values: Category:2000s British drama television series

values: Category:2004 British television programme debuts

values: Category:2004 British television programme endings

values: Category:2000s British television miniseries

values: Category:Costume drama television series

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values: شمال وجنوب (مسلسل قصير) – Arabic

values: Norte & Sur (serie de televisión BBC) – Spanish

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values: Nord e Sud (miniserie televisiva 2004) – Italian

values: צפון ודרום (מיני-סדרה בריטית) – Hebrew

values: North and South (serial din 2004) – Romanian

values: Север и Юг (мини-сериал, 2004) – Russian

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