text:
Mixture
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see Mix (disambiguation).
In chemistry, a mixture is a material made up of two or more different substances which are mixed but are not combined chemically. A mixture refers to the physical combination of two or more substances in which the identities are retained and are mixed in the form of solutions, suspensions, and colloids.[1][2]
Mixtures are one product of a mechanical blending or mixing chemical substances such as elements and compounds, without chemical bonding or other chemical change, so that each ingredient substance retains its own chemical properties and makeup.[3] Despite that there are no chemical changes to its constituents, the physical properties of a mixture, such as its melting point, may differ from those of the components. Some mixtures can be separated into their components by using physical (mechanical or thermal) means. Azeotropes are one kind of mixture that usually pose considerable difficulties regarding the separation processes required to obtain their constituents (physical or chemical processes or, even a blend of them).[4][5][6]
Characteristics of mixture[edit]
Mixtures can be either homogeneous or heterogeneous. A homogeneous mixture is a type of mixture in which the composition is uniform and every part of the solution has the same properties. Examples of homogeneous mixtures include alloys and alcohol in water. A heterogeneous mixture is a type of mixture in which the components can be seen, as there are two or more phases present. One example of a mixture is air. Air is a homogeneous mixture of the gaseous substances nitrogen, oxygen, and smaller amounts of other substances. Salt, sugar, and many other substances dissolve in water to form homogeneous mixtures. A homogeneous mixture in which there is both a solute and solvent present is also a solution. Mixtures can have any amounts of ingredients.
The following table shows the main properties of the three families of mixtures.
Solution
Colloid
Suspension
Homogeneity
Homogeneous Visually homogeneous
but microscopically heterogeneous
Heterogeneous
Particle size
< 1 nm 1 nm – 1 μm > 1 μm
Physically stable
Yes Yes Needs stabilizing agents
Exhibits Tyndall effect
No Yes Yes
Separates by centrifugation
No Yes Yes
Separates by decantation
No No Yes
The following table shows examples of the three types of mixtures.
Dispersion medium (Mixture phase)
Dissolved or dispersed phase
Solution
Colloid
Suspension (Coarse dispersion)
Gas
Gas Gas mixture: air (oxygen and other gases in nitrogen) None None
Liquid None Liquid aerosol:[7]
fog, mist, vapor, hair sprays Spray
Solid None Solid aerosol:[7]
smoke, cloud, air particulates Dust
Liquid
Gas Solution:
oxygen in water Liquid foam:
whipped cream, shaving cream Sea foam, Beer head
Liquid Solution:
alcoholic beverages Emulsion:
milk, mayonnaise, hand cream Vinaigrette
Solid Solution:
sugar in water Liquid sol:
pigmented ink, blood Suspension:
mud (soil, clay or silt particles are suspended in water), chalk powder suspended in water
Solid
Gas Solution:
hydrogen in metals Solid foam:
aerogel, styrofoam, pumice Foam:
dry sponge
Liquid Solution:
amalgam (mercury in gold), hexane in paraffin wax Gel:
agar, gelatin, silicagel, opal Wet sponge
Solid Solution:
alloys, plasticizers in plastics Solid sol:
cranberry glass Clay, Silt, Sand, Gravel, Granite
Physics and chemistry[edit]
A heterogeneous mixture is a mixture of two or more chemical substances (elements or compounds). Examples are: mixtures of sand and water or sand and iron filings, a conglomerate rock, water and oil, a portion salad, trail mix, and concrete (not cement). A mixture of powdered silver metal and powdered gold metal would represent a heterogeneous mixture of two elements.
Making a distinction between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures is a matter of the scale of sampling. On a coarse enough scale, any mixture can be said to be homogeneous, if the entire article is allowed to count as a "sample" of it. On a fine enough scale, any mixture can be said to be heterogeneous, because a sample could be as small as a single molecule. In practical terms, if the property of interest of the mixture is the same regardless of which sample of it is taken for the examination used, the mixture is homogeneous.
Gy's sampling theory quantitavely defines the heterogeneity of a particle as:[8]
h i = ( c i − c batch ) m i c batch m aver . {\displaystyle h_{i}={\frac {(c_{i}-c_{\text{batch}})m_{i}}{c_{\text{batch}}m_{\text{aver}}}}.}
where h i {\displaystyle h_{i}} , c i {\displaystyle c_{i}} , c batch {\displaystyle c_{\text{batch}}} , m i {\displaystyle m_{i}} , and m aver {\displaystyle m_{\text{aver}}} are respectively: the heterogeneity of the i {\displaystyle i} th particle of the population, the mass concentration of the property of interest in the i {\displaystyle i} th particle of the population, the mass concentration of the property of interest in the population, the mass of the i {\displaystyle i} th particle in the population, and the average mass of a particle in the population.
During sampling of heterogeneous mixtures of particles, the variance of the sampling error is generally non-zero.
Pierre Gy derived, from the Poisson sampling model, the following formula for the variance of the sampling error in the mass concentration in a sample:
V = 1 ( ∑ i = 1 N q i m i ) 2 ∑ i = 1 N q i ( 1 − q i ) m i 2 ( a i − ∑ j = 1 N q j a j m j ∑ j = 1 N q j m j ) 2 . {\displaystyle V={\frac {1}{(\sum _{i=1}^{N}q_{i}m_{i})^{2}}}\sum _{i=1}^{N}q_{i}(1-q_{i})m_{i}^{2}\left(a_{i}-{\frac {\sum _{j=1}^{N}q_{j}a_{j}m_{j}}{\sum _{j=1}^{N}q_{j}m_{j}}}\right)^{2}.}
in which V is the variance of the sampling error, N is the number of particles in the population (before the sample was taken), q i is the probability of including the ith particle of the population in the sample (i.e. the first-order inclusion probability of the ith particle), m i is the mass of the ith particle of the population and a i is the mass concentration of the property of interest in the ith particle of the population.
The above equation for the variance of the sampling error is an approximation based on a linearization of the mass concentration in a sample.
In the theory of Gy, correct sampling is defined as a sampling scenario in which all particles have the same probability of being included in the sample. This implies that q i no longer depends on i, and can therefore be replaced by the symbol q. Gy's equation for the variance of the sampling error becomes:
V = 1 − q q M batch 2 ∑ i = 1 N m i 2 ( a i − a batch ) 2 . {\displaystyle V={\frac {1-q}{qM_{\text{batch}}^{2}}}\sum _{i=1}^{N}m_{i}^{2}\left(a_{i}-a_{\text{batch}}\right)^{2}.}
where abatch is that concentration of the property of interest in the population from which the sample is to be drawn and Mbatch is the mass of the population from which the sample is to be drawn.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Whitten K.W., Gailey K. D. and Davis R. E. (1992). General chemistry, 4th Ed. Philadelphia: Saunders College Publishing. ISBN 0-03-072373-6.
Jump up ^ Petrucci R. H., Harwood W. S., Herring F. G. (2002). General Chemistry, 8th Ed. New York: Prentice-Hall. ISBN 0-13-014329-4. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ De Paula, Julio; Atkins, P. W. Atkins' Physical Chemistry (7th ed.). ISBN 0-19-879285-9.
Jump up ^ Alberts B.; et al. (2002). Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4th Ed. Garland Science. ISBN 0-8153-4072-9. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
Jump up ^ Laidler K. J. (1978). Physical chemistry with biological applications. Benjamin/Cummings. Menlo Park. ISBN 0-8053-5680-0.
Jump up ^ Weast R. C., Ed. (1990). CRC Handbook of chemistry and physics. Boca Raton: Chemical Rubber Publishing Company. ISBN 0-8493-0470-9.
^ Jump up to: a b Everett, D. H. (23 July 1971). Manual of Symbols and Terminology for Physicochemical Quantities and Units. Appendix II Definitions, Terminology and Symbols in Colloid and Surface Chemistry. Part I (PDF) (Report). London: International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry: Division of Physical Chemistry. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 October 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Gy, P (1979). Sampling of Particulate Materials: Theory and Practice. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "mixture".
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text:
Ada Nicodemou
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Ada Nicodemou
Άντα Νικοδήμου
Nicodemou at the 2016 Logie Awards
Born
(1977-05-14) 14 May 1977 (age 41)
Larnaca, Cyprus
Occupation
Actress
Years active
1994–present
Notable work
Heartbreak High (1994–97)
Breakers (1998–99)
Home and Away (2000–)
Spouse(s)
Chrys Xipolitas (m. 2007–2016) (Div.)
Children
1
Ada Nicodemou (born 14 May 1977) is a Greek Cypriot-born Australian actress, best known for her role as Leah Patterson-Baker in the soap opera Home and Away, as host of the reality series Please Marry My Boy, and as Dujour (the "white rabbit" girl) in The Matrix.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Personal life
4 Filmography
4.1 Television
4.2 Film
5 Awards and nominations
6 References
7 External links
Early life[edit]
Nicodemou was born in Larnaca, Cyprus.[1]
Career[edit]
From 1998 until 1999, she appeared in Channel Ten's Breakers.
In 2005 Nicodemou was a contestant and winner along with dance partner Aric Yegudkin on Season 3 of Dancing with the Stars.[2]
Personal life[edit]
Nicodemou married Chrys Xipolitas in 2007.[3] They separated in 2010, but reconciled the following month.[4] On 22 August 2012, Nicodemou and Xipolitas had a son, Johnas.[5] Nicodemou and Xipolitas separated in late 2015.[6]
Ada Nicodemou in 2018
Since 2005 Nicodemou has been an ambassador of the PixiFoto Foundation that raises funds for a Childhood Blindness Prevention program in Africa. She is also an ambassador for Save our Sons, a charity supporting Duchenne muscular dystrophy and the National Breast Cancer Foundation.[7]
Filmography[edit]
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1994–1997 Heartbreak High Katerina "Kat" Ioannou Regular character
1995 Police Rescue Anastasia Skouras 12 episodes
1998–1999 Breakers Fiona Motson Regular character
2000 BeastMaster The Nymph 1 episode, "Riddle of the Nymph"
2000 Pizza Policewoman 1 episode, "Crime Pizza"
2000– Home and Away Leah Patterson-Baker Regular character
2009 Beauty and the Geek Australia Judge 1 Episode
2012 Please Marry My Boy Host All Episodes
2018 Drop Dead Weird Agent 1 Episode
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
1999 The Matrix Dujour (the "white rabbit" girl)
2007 Almost Trixie Hart
Awards and nominations[edit]
At the Logie Awards, Nicodemou has been nominated for:
the Gold Logie award in 2001, 2002 and 2006
Most Popular Actress award in 2002 and 2006
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Croffey, Amy (2 June 2016). "Home and Away's Ada Nicodemou on life after marriage split and Pia Miller diva claims". Retrieved 28 April 2017 – via The Sydney Morning Herald.
Jump up ^ "Ada takes out Dancing With The Stars - TV & Radio - Entertainment". theage.com.au. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ada's big fat Greek wedding". Sunday Telegraph. 18 February 2007. Retrieved 31 July 2009.
Jump up ^ "Love split still raw for Ada Nicodemou". The Daily Telegraph. 13 April 2010. Retrieved 13 April 2010.
Jump up ^ "Ada Nicodemou welcomes a baby boy". Channel 5. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
Jump up ^ Halliwell, Elle (18 April 2016). "Ada Nicodemou's husband Chrys Xipolitas opens up about parenting after a split". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 10 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Ada Nicodemou". sydneyweekender.com.au. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
External links[edit]
Ada Nicodemou on IMDb
Ada Nicodemou at the Official Home and Away website
Preceded by
Tom Williams & Kym Johnson Dancing with the Stars (Australia) winner
Season 3 (Late 2005 with Aric Yegudkin) Succeeded by
Grant Denyer & Amanda Garner
hide
v
t
e
Dancing with the Stars (Australian TV series)
Seasons
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Celebrity winners
Bec Cartwright
Tom Williams
Ada Nicodemou
Grant Denyer
Anthony Koutoufides
Kate Ceberano
Bridie Carter
Luke Jacobz
Adam Brand
Rob Palmer
Manu Feildel
Johnny Ruffo
Cosentino
David Rodan
Emma Freedman
Professional winners
Kym Johnson
Aric Yegudkin
Amanda Garner
Natalie Lowe
Luda Kroitor
Jade Hatcher
Alana Patience
Jessica Raffa
Melanie Hooper
Related
Strictly Dancing
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ada_Nicodemou&oldid=834317320"
Categories:
1977 births
Australian people of Greek Cypriot descent
Australian actors of Greek descent
Australian television actresses
Cypriot emigrants to Australia
Dancing with the Stars (Australian TV series) winners
People from Larnaca
Living people
20th-century Australian actresses
21st-century Australian actresses
Australian film actresses
Actresses of Greek descent
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text:
American Eagle (airline brand)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the airline brand. For other uses, see American Eagle (disambiguation).
American Eagle
IATA
ICAO
Callsign
Various Various See Operators
Founded
1984 (1984) in Fort Worth, Texas[1]
1998 (1998) (second incarnation from Simmons Airlines)
AOC #
Various
Hubs
Charlotte
Chicago–O'Hare[2]
Dallas/Fort Worth
Los Angeles
Miami
New York–JFK
New York–LaGuardia
Philadelphia
Phoenix–Sky Harbor
Washington–National
Frequent-flyer program
AAdvantage
Alliance
Oneworld (affiliate)
Fleet size
603
Destinations
242[3]
Company slogan
The World's Greatest Flyers Fly American.
Parent company
American Airlines Group
Traded as
NASDAQ: AAL
Headquarters
CentrePort, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
Key people
Doug Parker (Chairman & CEO)
Robert Isom (President)[4]
Revenue
See parent
Operating income
See parent
Net income
See parent
Total assets
See parent
Total equity
See parent
Website
www.aa.com
An American Eagle Bombardier CRJ-700 departing Los Angeles International Airport, California (2014).
An American Eagle Embraer ERJ-145 parked at Joplin Regional Airport, Missouri (2014).
An American Eagle Embraer 175 landing at Newark Liberty International Airport, New Jersey (2014).
American Eagle DHC-8 at Charlotte Douglas International Airport, North Carolina (2016).
American Eagle is an American brand name for the regional branch of American Airlines, under which ten individual regional airlines operate short- and medium-haul feeder flights. Three of these airlines, Envoy Air (formerly American Eagle Airlines), Piedmont Airlines and PSA Airlines, are wholly owned subsidiaries of American Airlines Group. Just like the regional brands of the other two major airlines (Delta Connection and United Express), American Airlines' regional brand accounts for more than 60% of American Airlines flights.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Recent developments
2 Operators and fleet
2.1 Former operators
2.2 Historical turboprop fleet
3 Destinations
4 Accidents and incidents
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
Prior to the Airline Deregulation Act in 1978, most major US air carriers had maintained close relationships with independent regional carriers in order to feed passengers from smaller markets into the larger cities, and, in turn, onto the larger legacy carriers. In the post-regulation era, the hub-and-spoke system gained prominence, and in order to feed traffic from smaller markets into these newly established hubs, the major carriers outsourced regional operations to these smaller carriers. These relationships included the use of code sharing, shared branding, and listing regional partners in the computer reservations systems of the mainline carrier.
American Eagle commenced service on November 1, 1984 with a flight from Fayetteville, Arkansas to Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport (DFW) . This flight was operated by Metroflight Airlines (a wholly owned subsidiary of Metro Airlines), using a Convair 580 turboprop aircraft. Metroflight also operated de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter commuter turboprop aircraft on American Eagle flights serving DFW.[5] Other operators contracted by American Airlines to fly the American Eagle banner during this time included Air Midwest, Air Virginia (later AV Air), Chaparral Airlines, Command Airways, Simmons Airlines, and Wings West.
On September 15, 1986, Executive Airlines joined the American Eagle system. With hub operations at Luis Munoz Marin International Airport in San Juan, Puerto Rico, the addition of Executive Airways to the American Eagle family opened up an extensive inter-island network throughout the Caribbean.
Between 1987 and 1989 AMR Corp. (parent corporation of American Airlines) gradually acquired most its regional carriers, starting with Simmons Airlines. By 1991, AMR had consolidated its wholly owned regional carriers into four separate entities: Executive Airlines, Flagship Airlines, Simmons Airlines, and Wings West.[6] AMR would later purchase the assets of bankrupt Metro Airlines in 1993. At this point, AMR owned all of the airlines that were operating for American Eagle.
On May 15, 1998, Flagship Airlines and Wings West were merged into Simmons Airlines, with the new entity given the name American Eagle Airlines. Along with Executive Airlines, these would be the only two operators using the American Eagle brand name for the next fourteen years.[6]
After American Airlines acquired Trans World Airlines (TWA) in 2001, it retained the contracts with the carriers that operated under the Trans World Express banner, which, at the time, included Chautauqua Airlines, Corporate Airlines, and Trans States Airlines. However, instead of being integrated into the American Eagle brand, these carriers operated under a separate regional brand known as American Connection. This brand name was used for thirteen years before being discontinued in 2014.
Recent developments[edit]
This section is about an event or subject that may not be current but does not specify the time period. Please help improve it to include this information. The talk page may contain suggestions. (November 2017)
As part of its restructuring and emergence from chapter 11 bankruptcy, AMR announced that it would start contracting American Eagle flying to carriers outside of its wholly owned subsidiaries. On November 15, 2012, SkyWest Airlines and ExpressJet Airlines, both subsidiaries of SkyWest, Inc. began operations for American Eagle.[7] On August 1, 2013, Republic Airlines a subsidiary of Republic Airways Holdings, commenced flying operations under the American Eagle branding as part of a 12-year capacity purchase agreement to operate Embraer E-175 aircraft for American Eagle.[8]
On September 12, 2012 AMR announced the discontinuation of the AmericanConnection brand, and all operations were going to be integrated into the American Eagle brand.[9] However, Chautauqua Airlines, a subsidiary of Republic Airways Holdings and the only operator of American Connection flights at the time of the announcement, opted not to renew its contract. All AmericanConnection flights ended on August 19, 2014.
American Eagle service operated by Executive Airlines ceased operations on March 31, 2013. At the same time, its base at San Juan was dehubbed.
Due to the fact that an increasing number of other carriers were being contracted to fly under the American Eagle brand, it was announced on January 15, 2014 that American Eagle Airlines would change its name to Envoy Air. The name change took effect on April 15, 2014.
Compass Airlines, a subsidiary of Trans States Holdings, began American Eagle operations on March 27, 2015, as part of a deal to operate 20 new Embraer E-175 aircraft on behalf of American. These aircraft are based at American’s Los Angeles hub.[10]
Air Wisconsin has announced it will exclusively fly as United Express beginning March 2018, ending their involvement in operating flights under the American Eagle brand.[11]
Operators and fleet[edit]
As of December 2017, the combined American Eagle branded fleet consists of the following regional jet aircraft:
American Eagle is the regional marketing brand of American Airlines. Currently, several airlines fly as American Eagle. Chautauqua's last scheduled flight with AmericanConnection was on August 18, 2014, and Envoy Air, a wholly owned subsidiary of American Airlines Group, was previously known as American Eagle Airlines prior to the merger with US Airways. PSA Airlines, a wholly owned subsidiary of American Airlines Group and an operator for US Airways Express, began operating new Bombardier CRJ900 next generation regional jet aircraft in American Eagle livery since Spring 2014. As of May 20, 2014, PSA has taken delivery of three CRJ900s. On May 19, 2014, Mesa Airlines agreed to add another six Bombardier CRJ900 regional jets to its fleet, and operate them as American Eagle. American has also purchased 44 Embraer E-175 regional jets to be placed at Envoy Air.
American Eagle
Airline
IATA Service
ICAO Code
Callsign
Aircraft
In fleet
Passengers
Parent
F
Y+
Y
Total
Compass Airlines CP CPZ Compass Embraer E175 20 12 20 44 76 Trans States Holdings
Envoy Air MQ ENY Envoy Bombardier CRJ700 33[12] 9 8 46 63 American Airlines Group
9 8 48 65
Embraer ERJ140 17 — — 44 44
Embraer ERJ145 73 — — 50 50
Embraer E175 44 12 20 44 76
ExpressJet EV ASQ Acey Bombardier CRJ700 12 (plus 8 from current DC ops) 9 8 48 65 SkyWest, Inc.
Mesa Airlines[13] YV ASH Air Shuttle Bombardier CRJ900 64[14] 9 — 70 79 Mesa Air Group
9 — 67 76
12 — 67 79
Piedmont Airlines EN PDT Piedmont deHavilland Canada Dash 8-300 11 — 4 44 48 American Airlines Group
Embraer ERJ145 38 — — 50 50
PSA Airlines OH JIA Blue Streak Bombardier CRJ200 35 — — 50 50 American Airlines Group
Bombardier CRJ700 35 9 8 46 63
Bombardier CRJ900 54 12 32 32 76
Republic Airline YX RPA Brickyard Embraer E175 84 12 20 44 76 Republic Airways Holdings
SkyWest Airlines OO SKW SkyWest Bombardier CRJ200 10 — — 50 50 SkyWest, Inc.
Bombardier CRJ700 38 6 16 48 70
Trans States Airlines AX LOF Waterski Embraer ERJ145 18 — — 50 50 Trans States Holdings
Total
603
Former operators[edit]
Airline
Years of operation
Notes
Air Midwest 1985–1988 Assets acquired by AMR and integrated into Nashville Eagle
American Eagle Airlines 1998–2014 Rebranded as Envoy Air
AVAir (formerly Air Virginia) 1985–1988 Declared Bankruptcy: Assets acquired by AMR and integrated into Nashville Eagle
Chaparral Airlines 1984–1990 Acquired by AMR in 1987.
Merged with Metroflight Airlines
Command Airways 1986–1991 Acquired by AMR in 1988.
Merged with Nashville Eagle to form Flagship Airlines
Executive Airlines 1986–2013 Acquired by AMR in 1989.
Flagship Airlines 1991–1998 Merged with Simmons Airlines and Wings West Airlines to form American Eagle Airlines
Metroflight Airlines, a division of Metro Airlines 1984–1993 Declared Bankruptcy: Assets acquired by AMR and integrated into Simmons Airlines
Nashville Eagle 1988–1991 Merged with Command Airways to form Flagship Airlines
Simmons Airlines 1985–1998 Acquired by AMR in 1987.
Merged with Flagship Airlines and Wings West Airlines to form American Eagle Airlines
Wings West Airlines 1986–1998 Acquired by AMR in 1987.
Merged with Flagship Airlines and Simmons Airlines to form American Eagle Airlines
Air Wisconsin Transferred exclusively to United Express
• In January 1988, Nashville Eagle became AMR Corp.’s first and only start-up airline, using equipment acquired from Air Midwest.
• Business Express was acquired by AMR Eagle Holdings Corporation in March 1999,[15] although it never flew under the American Eagle brand before being fully integrated into American Eagle Airlines, Inc. in December 2000.
Historical turboprop fleet[edit]
An American Eagle ATR 72 operated by Executive Airlines at Joplin Regional Airport. (2011)
A Saab 340BPlus formerly operated by American Eagle at Los Angeles International Airport. (2007)
The American Eagle brand, through its various regional and commuter airline partners, operated a variety of twin turboprop aircraft over the years including the following types:
ATR-42
ATR-72
Beechcraft 99
British Aerospace BAe Jetstream 31 and 32 models
de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter
CASA 212
Convair 580
Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner
Grumman Gulfstream I (stretched G-IC model)
NAMC YS-11
Short 330
Short 360
Saab 340
Piedmont Airlines, a regional carrier wholly owned by American Airlines Group, and acquired through the merger with US Airways, was operating a fleet of Bombardier (formerly de Havilland Canada) DHC-8 Dash 8 turboprops for the US Airways Express regional brand. These aircraft have been or will be rebranded as American Eagle as the merger process is now fully complete.
Destinations[edit]
Main article: American Eagle destinations
Accidents and incidents[edit]
On May 8, 1987, American Eagle Flight 5452, operated by regional airline Executive Airlines, a CASA 212-200, was on a domestically scheduled passenger flight between San Juan, Puerto Rico-Mayaguez, Puerto Rico when it crashed short of Runway 09 while landing at Mayaguez. After impacting, the plane continued through a chain-link fence and a ditch. Of the six occupants onboard (four passengers and two crew), two were killed. The cause of the crash was determined to be improper maintenance in setting the flight idle propeller and engine fuel flow.
February 19, 1988: American Eagle Flight 3378, a Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner operated by AVAir, was on a regularly scheduled flight between Raleigh-Richmond when it crashed into a reservoir about a mile from Raleigh-Durham International Airport, from where it had departed, in the vicinity of Cary, North Carolina. The aircraft departed during low-ceiling, low-visibility, and night conditions. Analysis of radar data indicated the aircraft was in a 45-degree descending turn. Both crew members and all 10 passengers were killed.[16]
On June 7, 1992, American Eagle Flight 5456, operated by regional airline Executive Airlines, was on a regular flight between San Juan, Puerto Rico and Mayaguez, Puerto Rico when it lost control and crashed nose-down about 3/4 mile from the Mayaguez, Puerto Rico airport. Both crew and all three passengers were killed. The aircraft involved was a CASA 212-200.[17]
October 31, 1994: American Eagle Flight 4184, an ATR 72 operated by AMR's regional airline Simmons Airlines, crashed near Roselawn, Indiana. The aircraft inverted, dived, and crashed from a holding pattern at 10,000 feet (3050 m) "after a ridge of ice accreted beyond the deice boots" resulting in an unexpected aileron hinge moment reversal that subsequently resulted in the loss of control. The four crew and 64 passengers were all killed. In the months following the accident, American Eagle redeployed its ATR fleet to Miami and the Caribbean where icing is not an issue. The aircraft manufacturer, ATR, has since improved the anti-ice boots. The American Eagle aircraft were modified with the updated deicing system. All ATR 72s were retired from American Eagle's fleet in 2013.
December 13, 1994: American Eagle Flight 3379, operated by AMR's regional airline Flagship Airlines,[18] a Jetstream 31, was on a regularly scheduled Raleigh-Greensboro-Raleigh service when it crashed into a wooded area about four miles southwest of the Raleigh-Durham International Airport in the vicinity of Morrisville, NC. Of the 20 onboard (18 passengers and two crewmembers) 15 were killed while the five survivors received serious injuries. The probable cause of the crash was the pilot not following proper procedure in an engine-failure situation.[19]
July 9, 1995: American Eagle Flight 4127, an ATR 72 operated by Simmons Airlines, experienced a loss of the rear cabin entry door during its climb after taking off from O'Hare International Airport in Chicago. The cabin door opened shortly after the first officer began to pressurize the cabin; therefore, only a slight pressure differential existed between the cabin pressure and the atmospheric pressure. Lack of damage indicates the door was unlocked/unlatched when it opened. The airplane was one of fifteen aircraft equipped with a new handrail and door handle design which was different than the majority of the ATR 72 fleet. The old handle was pulled down to latch/lock the door and pushed up to unlatch/unlock the door. The direction of motion was reversed so that the handle was pushed up to latch/lock the door and pulled down to unlatch/unlock the door. A private citizen located the separated door in approximately two feet of water in the Des Plaines River on July 10, 1995. Following this incident, ATR designed another new door handle design which returns the handle motion to push up to unlatch/unlock, and pull down to latch/lock.[20]
On May 9, 2004, American Eagle Flight 5401, an ATR-72 operated by Executive Airlines, crashed in San Juan, Puerto Rico after the captain lost control of the aircraft while landing. Seventeen people were injured, but there were no fatalities.[21]
January 2006: American Eagle Flight 3008 from San Luis Obispo to Los Angeles, a Saab 340B+ operated by American Eagle Airlines, encountered icing at 11,000 feet and regained control only at 6,500 feet, after some 50 seconds' descent. During the incident, in which no one was injured, the autopilot disconnected, the stall alarm/clacker sounded, and the plane rolled sharply left and right, experienced vibration, and pitched down. Manual deice boots were activated and ice could be heard shedding off and striking the fuselage.[22][23] The NTSB report on this incident referenced three other Saab 340 icing incidents, as well as the Flight 4184 incident referenced above. The three were Nov. 11, 1998, in Eildon Weir, Victoria, Australia; June 28, 2002, in Bathurst, New South Wales, Australia; and June 18, 2004, in Albury, New South Wales, Australia.[24][25]
On February 15, 2017, American Eagle Flight 5320, heading to Gulfport–Biloxi International Airport struck a deer while taking off from runway 36 center. The Bombardier CRJ900 was forced to turn around and abort the flight. The plane could be seen trailing a vapor stream from the right wing as it circled back to land. Officials said there was a fuel leak, and crews sprayed the plane with foam. There were no injuries.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "History of American Airlines". American Airlines Inc. 2015. Archived from the original on 2012-05-26. Retrieved December 28, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The American Eagle Network". American Airlines, Inc. 2015. Retrieved December 28, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Regional Airline Affiliate". American Airlines, Inc. 2015. Retrieved December 28, 2015.
Jump up ^ "American Airlines Group Executive Leadership Team". American Airlines, Inc. 2015. Archived from the original on 2016-03-16. Retrieved December 28, 2015.
Jump up ^ http://www.departedflights.com, April 15, 1985 Official Airline Guide (OAG), Dallas/Fort Worth flight schedules
^ Jump up to: a b "A Short and Somewhat Confusing History of American Eagle, er, Envoy". crankyflier.com. The Crankey Flier. January 23, 2014. Retrieved June 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ Associated, The (2012-09-12). "American Air signs deal to contract out some flying to SkyWest - Yahoo! News". News.yahoo.com. Retrieved 2012-10-14.
Jump up ^ American Airlines confirms launch of E175 operations | CAPA. Centre for Aviation. Retrieved on 2013-08-16.
Jump up ^ Sky Talk: Eagle won't fly American feed out of LAX, closing pilot and flight attendant base. Blogs.star-telegram.com (2012-09-12). Retrieved on 2013-08-16.
Jump up ^ "Compass Airlines Selected To Operate 20 New Embraer E175 Aircraft Owned By American Airlines". Retrieved 28 August 2014.
Jump up ^ http://www.airwis.com/partners.html
Jump up ^ "Envoy Fleet | Airfleets aviation". Airfleets.net. Retrieved 2016-09-08.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-01-14. Retrieved 2015-07-20.
Jump up ^ "Mesa Airlines Fleet | Airfleets aviation". Airfleets.net. Retrieved 2016-09-08.
Jump up ^ "Company News: American Eagle Air buying Business Express." The New York Times. December 5, 1998 "?". New York Times. December 5, 1998.
Jump up ^ "Scheduled 14 CFR Part 135: Air Taxi & Commuter Accident occurred Friday, February 19, 1988 in CARY, NC : Probable Cause Approval Date: 4/4/1989 : Aircraft: FAIRCHILD SA227-AC, registration: N622AV : Injuries: 12 Fatal". Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved June 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Scheduled 14 CFR Part 135: Air Taxi & Commuter Accident occurred Sunday, June 07, 1992 in MAYAGUEZ : Probable Cause Approval Date: 10/10/1995 Aircraft: CASA 212, registration: N355CA : Injuries: 5 Fatal". Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved June 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ "ASN Aircraft accident British Aerospace 3201 Jetstream 32 N918AE Raleigh/Durham Airport, NC (RDU)". Aviation-safety.net. 1994-12-13. Retrieved 2012-10-14.
Jump up ^ "Accident occurred Tuesday, December 13, 1994 in MORRISVILLE, NC : Probable Cause Approval Date: 6/22/1996 Aircraft: British Aerospace JETSTREAM 3201, registration: N918AE : Injuries: 15 Fatal, 5 Serious". Archived from the original on January 20, 2009. Retrieved June 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Scheduled 14 CFR Part 121: Air Carrier operation of SIMMONS AIRLINES (D.B.A. AMERICAN EAGLE ) : Incident occurred Sunday, July 09, 1995 in CHICAGO, IL : Probable Cause Approval Date: 3/21/1996 Aircraft: ATR 72-212, registration: N440AM : Injuries: 1 Minor, 64 Uninjured." Archived from the original on November 28, 2005. Retrieved June 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Scheduled 14 CFR operation of Executive Airlines (D.B.A. American Eagle) : Accident occurred Sunday, May 09, 2004 in San Juan, PR : Probable Cause Approval Date: 12/8/2005 : Aircraft: ATR 72, registration: N438AT : Injuries: 1 Serious, 19 Minor, 6 Uninjured." Archived from the original on January 20, 2009. Retrieved June 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ NTSB Safety Recommendation July 10, 2006. Addressed to Honorable Marion Blakey, Commissioner, Federal Aviation Authority, pp. 1-4. Retrieved 2-15-09.
Jump up ^ "LAX06IA076". Ntsb.gov. 2006-01-02. Retrieved 2012-10-14.
Jump up ^ "Safety Recommendation" (PDF). Federal Aviation Authority. NTSB. July 10, 2006. pp. 1–4. Retrieved 2009-02-15.
Jump up ^ "Investigation: 200402415 - Saab Aircraft Co SF-340A, VH-KEQ". Atsb.gov.au. Retrieved 2012-10-14.
External links[edit]
American Airlines fleet
[show]
v
t
e
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Current
Air Wisconsin
Compass Airlines
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ExpressJet
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People
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