text:
Only by the Night
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Only by the Night
Studio album by Kings of Leon
Released
September 19, 2008
Recorded
February–June 2008
Studio
Blackbird Studios in Nashville, Tennessee
Genre
Alternative rock
Southern rock
Length
42:55
Label
The Control Group, RCA
Producer
Jacquire King, Angelo Petraglia
Kings of Leon chronology
Because of the Times
(2007)Because of the Times2007 Only by the Night
(2008) Come Around Sundown
(2010)Come Around Sundown2010
Alternative cover
UK album cover
Singles from Only by the Night
"Sex on Fire"
Released: September 15, 2008
"Use Somebody"
Released: December 8, 2008
"Revelry"
Released: March 2, 2009
"Notion"
Released: June 29, 2009
"Crawl"
Released: October 27, 2009
"Frontier City"
Released: January 1, 2010/April 12, 2011 (re-release)
"Use Somebody"
Kings of Leon's "Use Somebody" from Only by the Night
Problems playing this file? See media help.
Only by the Night is the fourth studio album by American alternative rock band Kings of Leon, released worldwide in September 2008. Writing for the band's fourth album commenced just days after the release of their third, Because of the Times. The album was recorded by producers Angelo Petraglia and Jacquire King through February 2008 in Nashville's Blackbird Studios.
Only by the Night experienced commercial success, peaking inside the top 10 of over 10 different countries. The album was certified the best-selling album in Australia, certified nine times platinum. It also went on to be the highest selling album of 2008 in Australia, the third best selling album of 2008 in the UK, winning two Brit Awards, and the 18th best-selling album of the 2000s in the UK.[1][2] Furthermore, two singles from the album have found high chartings, "Sex on Fire" coming in at number one in Ireland, the UK, Australia, and on the United States' Hot Modern Rock Tracks, and at number two in New Zealand. The album's second single "Use Somebody" also charted at number two in the UK, and at number two in Australia, along with being the band's first top 10 hit in the U.S. The album was nominated for Best Rock Album at the 2009 Grammy Award with the song "Sex on Fire" receiving two nominations itself.[3]
"Sex on Fire" came in at number one on the Triple J Hottest 100, 2008, with "Use Somebody" number three, "Closer" number 24 and "Crawl" number 70.
Contents
[hide]
1 Production and recording history
2 Release
3 Critical reception
3.1 Accolades
4 Commercial performance
5 Track listing
6 Personnel
7 Charts
7.1 Weekly charts
7.2 Year-end charts
8 Certifications
9 Awards
10 Release history
11 References
Production and recording history[edit]
In September 2007, lead singer Caleb Followill confirmed to NME that tracks were already being worked on for a fourth album,[4] only a few days after the release of the band's third album, Because of the Times. Recording began in February 2008 in Nashville's Blackbird Studios with assistant engineer, Lowell Reynolds. On June 23, 2008, the release date of September 22, 2008 was set, and also the new title was announced.
Release[edit]
"Crawl" was released via the band's website as a free download for a short time, although it was not the first proper single. The first single "Sex on Fire", was released on September 15, 2008. The same day, music website Last.fm was the first to make the entire album available for streaming.[5] The music video for "Sex on Fire" was later made available to stream on their website and YouTube channel. The song "Use Somebody" was announced as the second single, which was released in December 2008. The song was a massive hit in the United States, peaking at #4 on the Billboard Hot 100, and was a hit in the United Kingdom, Australia and several other countries. The third single released from the album was "Revelry", released on March 2, 2009.
"Notion" is the fourth single from the album. The video was released on June 1 and the song appear on radios on June 29.[6] The song has been another success from the group, peaking at #1 on the Billboard Alternative Songs.
In Australia, the song "Manhattan" was released to radio as the fourth single. The song spent four weeks on the singles chart and peaked at number 38[7] and reached number two on the National Airplay Chart.[8] The song has also had heavy rotation on UK radio station's such as Xfm. Another big hit was the album's opening track "Closer", which features a three note riff by bass player Jared Followill that utilises a Boss ME50 multi-effects pedal to add a distinctive octave sweep reminiscent of the DigiTech Whammy.[9]
Critical reception[edit]
Professional ratings
Aggregate scores
Source
Rating
Metacritic 63/100[10]
Review scores
Source
Rating
AllMusic [11]
The A.V. Club B−[12]
Entertainment Weekly B+[13]
The Guardian [14]
Los Angeles Times [15]
NME 7/10[16]
Pitchfork 3.8/10[17]
Q [18]
Rolling Stone [19]
Spin [20]
Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 63/100 based on 30 critics, indicating "generally favorable" reviews[10]. A discrepancy between ratings of the North American and the UK press can be noted. The U.S. online publications Pitchfork Media, PopMatters and JustPressPlay gave the album a 3.8/10, 2/10 and 4/10 respectively, while the album received ratings of 5/5 and 4.5/5 from the UK's The Observer and Virgin Media. Record sales showed it chasing Coldplay's Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends for the fastest selling album of the year in Ireland and the UK.[21]
Accolades[edit]
Only by the Night received a nomination for Best Rock Album at the 51st Grammy Awards with the single "Sex on Fire" receiving two nominations for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal and Best Rock Song.[3] "Sex on Fire" was awarded with the Grammy for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals on February 8.
At the 52nd Grammy Awards the song "Use Somebody" won the Record of the Year, Best Rock Song and the Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal.
The album was also awarded "2008 Album of the Year" by the UK's Q Magazine,[22] as well as Rolling Stone voting it as the 20th best album out of their top 50 Best Albums of 2008.[23] The album was also awarded Best International Album at the BRIT Awards, the Meteors and the Juno Awards.
Commercial performance[edit]
Only by the Night was a massive success in the United Kingdom. At the end of September 2008, the album entered the UK Albums Chart at number one, with first week sales of over 220,000 copies.[24] In February 2009, it was announced that Only by the Night is currently the biggest selling digital album of all-time in the UK, surpassing Amy Winehouse's Back to Black. Sales for 2008, in which Only by the Night was the third biggest selling album of the year, were 1,181,640 and a similar level of 1,078,555 for 2009, when it became the fifth biggest selling album of the year. It sold a further 340,000 units in 2010 and was placed at number 31 on the year-end chart. As of March 27, 2011, Only by the Night has spent 131 consecutive weeks inside the Top 75. As of October 2016, it has sold 2,916,779 copies in the UK.[25]
In the U.S., the album debuted at number five on the Billboard 200, but fell to 20 the following week. It then dropped as low as 78, but then gradually moved back up the chart. After 48 weeks on the chart, the album managed to outpeak its debut position, climbing to number four. It has also managed to achieve a 2× Platinum certification for shipping three million copies.[26] In Canada, the album debuted at number four on the Canadian Albums Chart,[27] eventually peaking at number two.[28]
In Australia, the album has been certified 9× Platinum, selling over 630,000 copies.[29] It re-entered the Australia charts at 43 in September 2010.[30] The album was the highest selling album of 2008 in Australia.[31] The album has also been a hit in New Zealand, spending over thirty consecutive weeks in the top ten, including nine non-consecutive weeks at number one. It finished 2008 as the second highest selling album and has been certified 5× Platinum by RIANZ.[32]
In Germany, Only by the Night has spent 104 weeks on the country's Albums Chart making it the 50th album to spend two years or longer on that chart.[33]
Worldwide sales of the album exceed 6.2 million copies, according to a press release by the band.[34]
Track listing[edit]
All lyrics written by Caleb Followill; all music composed by Caleb Followill, Nathan Followill, Jared Followill and Matthew Followill.
No.
Title
Length
1. "Closer" 3:57
2. "Crawl" 4:06
3. "Sex on Fire" 3:23
4. "Use Somebody" 3:51
5. "Manhattan" 3:24
6. "Revelry" 3:21
7. "17" 3:05
8. "Notion" 3:00
9. "I Want You" 5:07
10. "Be Somebody" 3:47
11. "Cold Desert" 5:34
Total length: 42:55
Vinyl and iTunes deluxe bonus track
No.
Title
Length
12. "Frontier City" 3:37
Japanese bonus tracks
No.
Title
Length
12. "Beneath the Surface" 2:48
13. "The Bucket" (CSS Remix) 3:44
Live from the Hammersmith Apollo 2007 (Target exclusive bonus disc)
No.
Title
Length
1. "King of the Rodeo" (live) 2:48
2. "Slow Night, So Long" (live) 3:09
3. "Fans" (live) 4:01
4. "Molly's Chambers" (live) 2:25
5. "My Party" (live) 4:01
6. "Arizona" (live) 4:48
7. "Charmer" (live) 3:34
Australian tour edition Live in London DVD
No.
Title
Length
1. "Use Somebody"
2. "On Call"
3. "Sex on Fire"
4. "Crawl"
5. "Manhattan"
Personnel[edit]
Kings of Leon
Caleb Followill – vocals, rhythm guitar
Matthew Followill – lead guitar, vocals, keyboards on "Frontier City" and "Notion"
Jared Followill – bass guitar, vocals
Nathan Followill – drums, percussion, vocals
Additional personnel
Angelo Petraglia – production, keyboards on "Revelry"
Jacquire King – production, keyboards on "Use Somebody"
Alex Fraser – triangle
Lowell Reynolds – second engineer
Ken Levitan & Andy Mendelsohn for Vector – management
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (2008–10)
Peak
position
Australian Albums (ARIA)[35] 1
Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)[36] 6
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[37] 1
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)[38] 1
Canadian Albums (Billboard)[28] 2
Danish Albums (Hitlisten)[39] 5
Dutch Albums (MegaCharts)[40] 10
Finnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista)[41] 6
French Albums (SNEP)[42] 38
German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[43] 16
Irish Albums (IRMA)[44] 1
Italian Albums (FIMI)[45] 51
Mexican Albums (Top 100 Mexico)[46] 27
New Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[47] 1
Norwegian Albums (VG-lista)[48] 8
Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan)[49] 4
Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[50] 10
UK Albums (OCC)[51] 1
US Billboard 200[52] 4
US Billboard Digital Albums[53] 4
US Billboard Top Internet Albums[54] 4
US Billboard Alternative Albums[55] 4
US Billboard Rock Chart[56] 4
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2008)
Position
Australian Albums (ARIA)[57]
1
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[58]
29
Dutch Albums (MegaCharts)[59]
64
Irish Albums (IRMA)[60]
12
New Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[61]
2
UK Albums (OCC)[62]
3
Worldwide (IFPI)
21
Chart (2009)
Position
Australian Albums (ARIA)[63]
7
Austria (IFPI)[64]
37
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[65]
1
Canadian Albums (Billboard)[66][not in citation given]
7
Danish Albums (IFPI)[67]
17
Dutch Albums (MegaCharts)[68]
10
European Top 100 Albums (Billboard)[69]
2
German Albums (Media Control Charts)[70]
37
Irish Albums (IRMA)[60]
12
New Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[61]
8
Swiss Albums (Media Control Europe)[71]
48
UK Albums (OCC)[72]
5
US Billboard 200[73]
11
Chart (2010)
Position
European Top 100 Albums (Billboard)[74]
44
German Albums (Media Control Charts)[75]
96
UK Albums (OCC)[76]
31
US Billboard 200
50
Chart (2012)
Position
Belgian Midprice Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[77]
29
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Australia (ARIA)[29]
9× Platinum 630,000^
Austria (IFPI Austria)[78]
2× Platinum 40,000*
Belgium (BEA)[79]
2× Platinum 60,000*
Canada (Music Canada)[80]
4× Platinum 320,000^
Denmark (IFPI Denmark)[81]
Platinum 30,000^
Finland (Musiikkituottajat)[82]
Gold 12,344[82]
Germany (BVMI)[83]
3× Platinum 600,000^
Ireland (IRMA)[84]
5× Platinum 75,000^
Italy (FIMI)[85]
Gold 35,000*
New Zealand (RMNZ)[32]
5× Platinum 75,000^
Poland (ZPAV)[86]
Platinum 20,000*
South Africa (RISA)[87]
Platinum 40,000x
Sweden (GLF)[88]
Gold 20,000^
Switzerland (IFPI Switzerland)[89]
Gold 15,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)[90]
9× Platinum 2,916,779[25]
United States (RIAA)[26]
2× Platinum 2,000,000^
Summaries
GCC (IFPI Middle East)[91]
Platinum 6,000*
Europe (IFPI)[92]
3× Platinum 3,000,000*
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
Awards[edit]
Year
Nominee/work
Award
Result
2009 Best International Album Brit Awards Won
Best Rock Album Grammy Awards Nominated
Best International Album Meteor Awards Won
Best Album NME Awards Won
Choice Music: Album (Group) Teen Choice Awards Nominated
2010 Best International Album Juno Awards Won
Release history[edit]
Country
Date
Label
Format
Catalogue #
Australia / Republic of Ireland September 19, 2008 Sony / Sony BMG CD, download 88697327122
United Kingdom September 22, 2008 Columbia / RCA CD, download 88697351992
RCA Victor Europe LP 732712
United States September 23, 2008 RCA CD, download 88697-32712-2
Control 2xLP 40243
Brazil October 24, 2008 Sony BMG CD, download 886973271223
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Radio 1 to reveal best-selling singles and albums of the Noughties". Press Office. British Broadcasting Corporation. 14 December 2009. Retrieved 24 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Certification List". Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved 2009-01-02.
^ Jump up to: a b "The 51ts Annual Grammy Awards Nominations List". The Recording Academy. 2008-12-03. Archived from the original on 2008-12-04. Retrieved 2008-12-04.
Jump up ^ The Followill boys are ready to go on new record. NME, September 3, 2007
Jump up ^ "Exclusive global premiere of new Kings of Leon album". Columbia.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2012-02-14. Retrieved 2012-10-15.
Jump up ^ "Kings Of Leon Premier "Notion" Music Video". Elbo.ws. 2009-06-03. Archived from the original on 2011-09-30. Retrieved 2012-10-15.
Jump up ^ "Top 50 Singles Chart – Australian Record Industry Association". Ariacharts.com.au. 2009-03-06. Archived from the original on 2009-03-06. Retrieved 2012-10-15.
Jump up ^ "Australian Music Report Weekly Hot 100". Aumreport.com. Archived from the original on 2010-03-07. Retrieved 2012-10-15.
Jump up ^ "Closer by Kings of Leon Songfacts". Songfacts.com. Retrieved 2012-10-15.
^ Jump up to: a b "Reviews for Only By The Night by Kings of Leon". Metacritic. Retrieved December 28, 2015.
Jump up ^ Leahey, Andrew. "Only by the Night – Kings of Leon". AllMusic. Retrieved December 28, 2015.
Jump up ^ Mincher, Chris (September 22, 2008). "Kings Of Leon: Only By The Night". The A.V. Club. Retrieved December 28, 2015.
Jump up ^ Wood, Mikael (September 17, 2008). "Only by the Night". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved December 28, 2015.
Jump up ^ Petridis, Alexis (September 19, 2008). "Pop and rock review: Kings of Leon, Only By the Night". The Guardian. London. Retrieved December 28, 2015.
Jump up ^ Brown, August (September 23, 2008). "Kings of Leon make the leap". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 28, 2015.
Jump up ^ Haynes, Gavin (September 17, 2008). "Kings Of Leon: Only By The Night". NME. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved October 15, 2012.
Jump up ^ Cohen, Ian (September 16, 2008). "Kings of Leon: Only By the Night". Pitchfork. Retrieved October 15, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Kings of Leon: Only by the Night". Q (267): 134. October 2008.
Jump up ^ Hoard, Christian (October 2, 2008). "Only By The Night". Rolling Stone. Retrieved December 28, 2015.
Jump up ^ Uhelszki, Jaan (October 2008). "Southern Journey". Spin. 24 (10): 108. Retrieved December 28, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Coldplay in album battle with Kings of Leon". Belfasttelegraph.co.uk. 2008-09-25. Retrieved 2012-10-15.
Jump up ^ "Q Magazine's 50 best albums of 2008". Q Magazine. Archived from the original on 2011-08-11. Retrieved 2008-12-08.
Jump up ^ "Search Articles, Artists, Reviews, Videos, Music and Movies". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 2009-03-18. Retrieved 2012-10-15.
Jump up ^ "Kings Of Leon reign over charts". BBC News. September 28, 2008. Retrieved May 20, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Jones, Alan (October 21, 2016). "Official Charts Analysis: Kings of Leon score fifth No.1 album". Music Week. Intent Media. Retrieved October 21, 2016. (Subscription required (help)).
^ Jump up to: a b "American album certifications – Kings of Leon – Only by the Night". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Album, then click SEARCH
Jump up ^ "Kings of Leon new record, Only by the Night, album debuts at #4 on the Billboard Top 200 in the U.S. and #4 on Soundscan sales chart in Canada". Punk.bz. Archived from the original on 2013-01-01. Retrieved 2008-11-24.
^ Jump up to: a b "Kings of Leon Chart History (Canadian Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved 2014-01-09.
^ Jump up to: a b "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2010 Albums". Australian Recording Industry Association.
Jump up ^ "Australian Record Industry Association". Ariacharts.com.au. 2009-03-06. Archived from the original on 2009-03-06. Retrieved 2012-10-15.
Jump up ^ "Kings of the Aussie chart". Herald Sun. January 2, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "Latest Gold / Platinum Albums". Radioscope. 17 July 2011. Archived from the original on 2011-07-24.
Jump up ^ Chartsurfer.de. "Dauerbrenner Deutschland | Album-Charts | Top 100 Auswertung (ab Monat 07/1962)". Chartsurfer.de. Retrieved 2011-09-19.
Jump up ^ "kings leon to headline at hyde park" (Press release). Kings of Leon. Archived from the original on 2012-07-22. Retrieved 2012-10-15.
Jump up ^ "Australiancharts.com – Kings of Leon – Only by the Night". Hung Medien. Retrieved 2008-11-24.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Kings of Leon – Only by the Night" (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved 2008-11-24.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Kings of Leon – Only by the Night" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved 2008-11-24.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Kings of Leon – Only by the Night" (in French). Hung Medien. Retrieved 2008-11-24.
Jump up ^ "Danishcharts.com – Kings of Leon – Only by the Night". Hung Medien. Retrieved 2008-11-24.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Kings of Leon – Only by the Night" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved 2008-11-24.
Jump up ^ "Kings of Leon: Only by the Night" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland. Retrieved 2008-11-24.
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – Kings of Leon – Only by the Night". Hung Medien. Retrieved 2008-11-24.
Jump up ^ "Longplay-Chartverfolgung at Musicline" (in German). Musicline.de. Phononet GmbH. Retrieved 2008-11-24.
Jump up ^ Kings Of Leon – Only By The Night at acharts.us
Jump up ^ "Italiancharts.com – Kings of Leon – Only by the Night". Hung Medien. Retrieved 2008-11-24.
Jump up ^ "Mexicancharts.com – Kings of Leon – Only by the Night". Hung Medien. Retrieved 2008-11-24.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Kings of Leon – Only by the Night". Hung Medien. Retrieved 2008-11-24.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Kings of Leon – Only by the Night". Hung Medien. Retrieved 2008-11-24.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Kings of Leon – Only by the Night". Hung Medien. Retrieved 2008-11-24.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Kings of Leon – Only by the Night". Hung Medien. Retrieved 2008-11-24.
Jump up ^ "Kings of Leon | Artist | Official Charts". UK Albums Chart. Retrieved 2014-3-23.
Jump up ^ "Kings of Leon Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved 2014-3-23.
Jump up ^ "Top Digital Albums – Only by the Night". Billboard. Archived from the original on 2009-01-14. Retrieved 2008-11-24.
Jump up ^ {{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/305936/kings-leon/chart?f=938 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114035501/http://https://www.billboard.com/artist/Illegal name entered kings//kings%2F/chart?f=Invalid chart name entered {{{chart}}}
Jump up ^ "Top Modern Rock/Alternative Albums – Only by the Night". Billboard. Archived from the original on 2009-01-14. Retrieved 2008-11-24.
Jump up ^ "Top Rock Albums – Only by the Night". Billboard. Archived from the original on 2009-01-14. Retrieved 2008-11-24.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Top 100 Albums 2008". Aria.com.au. Retrieved 2012-10-15.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop Belgian Charts". Ultratop.be. Retrieved 2012-10-15.
Jump up ^ Steffen Hung. "Dutch charts portal". Dutchcharts.nl. Retrieved 2012-10-15.
^ Jump up to: a b "IRMA - Irish Charts - Best of 2006". Irma.ie. Retrieved 2012-10-15.
^ Jump up to: a b "RIANZ". RIANZ. Archived from the original on 2008-09-15. Retrieved 2012-10-15.
Jump up ^ "End of Year Charts: 2008" (PDF). UKChartsPlus. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Top 100 Albums 2008". Aria.com.au. Retrieved 2012-10-15.
Jump up ^ Steffen Hung (2009-12-25). "Jahreshitparade 2009 –". Austriancharts.at. Retrieved 2012-10-15.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop Belgian Charts". Ultratop.be. Retrieved 2012-10-15.
Jump up ^ "Canadian Albums". Billboard.com. 2009-12-31. Retrieved 2012-10-15.
Jump up ^ "Hitlisten.NU". Hitlisterne.dk. 2011-07-19. Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2012-10-15.
Jump up ^ "dutchcharts.nl – Dutch charts portal". Dutchcharts.nl. 2010-09-02. Archived from the original on 2010-09-02. Retrieved 2012-10-15.
Jump up ^ "European Albums". Billboard.com. 2009-12-31. Retrieved 2012-10-15.
Jump up ^ "VIVA Album Jahrescharts – 2009 | Charts". VIVA.tv. Retrieved 2012-10-15.
Jump up ^ Steffen Hung. "Swiss Year-End Charts 2009 –". Swisscharts.com. Retrieved 2012-10-15.
Jump up ^ "End of Year Charts: 2009" (PDF). UKChartsPlus. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Music Charts, Most Popular Music, Music by Genre & Top Music Charts". Billboard.com. 2011-12-31. Retrieved 2012-10-15.
Jump up ^ "European Albums". Billboard. 2010-12-31. Retrieved 2012-10-15.
Jump up ^ "VIVA Album Top 50 - Alle Musikvideos - Chart". VIVA.tv. Archived from the original on 2011-01-08. Retrieved 2012-10-15.
Jump up ^ "End of Year Charts: 2010" (PDF). UKChartsPlus. Retrieved August 10, 2011.
Jump up ^ "ultratop.be - ULTRATOP BELGIAN CHARTS". Ultratop.
Jump up ^ "Austrian album certifications – Kings of Leon – Only by the Night" (in German). IFPI Austria. Enter Kings of Leon in the field Interpret. Enter Only by the Night in the field Titel. Select album in the field Format. Click Suchen
Jump up ^ "Ultratop − Goud en Platina – 2010". Ultratop. Hung Medien.
Jump up ^ "Canadian album certifications – Kings of Leon – Only by the Night". Music Canada.
Jump up ^ "Danish album certifications – Kings of Leon – Only by the Night". IFPI Denmark. Click on næste to go to page 41 if certification from official website
^ Jump up to: a b "Kings of Leon" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland.
Jump up ^ "GOLD/PLATIN/DIAMOND- Auszeichnungen in Deutschland" (PDF). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. September 22, 2016. Retrieved September 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Irish album certifications – Kings of Leon – Only by the Night". Irish Recorded Music Association.
Jump up ^ "Italian album certifications – Kings of Leon – Only by the Night" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana.
Jump up ^ "Polish album certifications – Kings of Leon – Only by the Night" (in Polish). Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry.
Jump up ^ "Kings Of The Road: Kings Of Leon". Billboard.com. Archived from the original on 2009-05-03.
Jump up ^ "Guld- och Platinacertifikat − År 2009" (PDF) (in Swedish). IFPI Sweden.
Jump up ^ "The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community: Awards (Kings of Leon; 'Only by the Night')". IFPI Switzerland. Hung Medien.
Jump up ^ "British album certifications – Kings of Leon – Only by the Night". British Phonographic Industry. Enter Only by the Night in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ "IFPI Middle East Awards – 2009". IFPI Middle East.
Jump up ^ "IFPI Platinum Europe Awards – 2009". International Federation of the Phonographic Industry.
Preceded by
Death Magnetic by Metallica Australian ARIA Albums Chart number-one album (first run)
September 29, 2008 – October 26, 2008 Succeeded by
Black Ice by AC/DC
Preceded by
Death Magnetic by Metallica New Zealand RIANZ Albums Chart number-one album (first run)
September 29, 2008 – October 27, 2008 Succeeded by
Black Ice by AC/DC
Preceded by
Death Magnetic by Metallica UK Albums Chart number-one album (first run)
September 29, 2008 – October 5, 2008 (2 weeks) Succeeded by
Dig Out Your Soul by Oasis
Preceded by
Funhouse by Pink Australian ARIA Albums Chart number-one album (second run)
January 4, 2009 – February 14, 2009 Succeeded by
It's Not Me, It's You by Lily Allen
Preceded by
The Circus by Take That UK Albums Chart number-one album (second run)
January 11, 2009 Succeeded by
The Script by The Script
Preceded by
Wit Licht by Marco Borsato Belgian (Flanders) Albums Chart number-one album (first run)
January 24, 2009 (1 week) Succeeded by
The Crying Light by Antony and the Johnsons
Preceded by
Working on a Dream by Bruce Springsteen Belgian (Flanders) Albums Chart number-one album (second run)
February 21–28, 2009 (2 weeks) Succeeded by
No Line on the Horizon by U2
Preceded by
Now You're Gone - The Album by Basshunter New Zealand RIANZ Albums Chart number-one album (second run)
23 February 2009 – 9 March 2009 Succeeded by
No Line on the Horizon by U2
Preceded by
Fearless by Taylor Swift New Zealand RIANZ Albums Chart number-one album (third run)
30 March 2009 – 20 April 2009 Succeeded by
Passione by Paul Potts
Preceded by
We Zijn Hier Nu Toch by Yevgueni Belgian (Flanders) Albums Chart number-one album (third run)
April 11, 2009 (1 week) Succeeded by
Zingt Ann Cristy – Een beetje anNders by Free Souffriau
Preceded by
It's Not Me, It's You by Lily Allen UK Albums Chart number-one album (third run)
February 22, 2009 – March 1, 2009 Succeeded by
Invaders Must Die by The Prodigy
Preceded by
No Line on the Horizon by U2 Australian ARIA Albums Chart number-one album (third run)
March 23, 2009 – April 20, 2009 Succeeded by
It's Not Me, It's You by Lily Allen
[hide]
v
t
e
Kings of Leon
Caleb Followill
Jared Followill
Matthew Followill
Nathan Followill
Studio albums
Youth & Young Manhood
Aha Shake Heartbreak
Because of the Times
Only by the Night
Come Around Sundown
Mechanical Bull
Walls
EPs
Holy Roller Novocaine
What I Saw
Day Old Belgian Blues
Singles
"Molly's Chambers"
"Wasted Time"
"California Waiting"
"The Bucket"
"Four Kicks"
"King of the Rodeo"
"On Call"
"Fans"
"Charmer"
"Sex on Fire"
"Use Somebody"
"Revelry"
"Notion"
"Crawl"
"Radioactive"
"Pyro"
"Back Down South"
"Supersoaker"
"Wait for Me"
"Temple"
"Beautiful War"
"Don't Matter"
"Family Tree"
"Waste a Moment"
"Reverend"
Tours
Only by the Night World Tour (2008–10)
Come Around Sundown World Tour (2010–11)
Mechanical Bull Tour (2014)
Walls Tour (2017)
Home media
Live at the O2 London, England
Talihina Sky
Related articles
Discography
List of songs recorded by Kings of Leon
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Only_by_the_Night&oldid=815285057"
Categories:
2008 albums
Kings of Leon albums
RCA Records albums
Albums produced by Jacquire King
Hidden categories:
Pages containing links to subscription-only content
Articles using Billboard ID with invalid artist
Articles using BillboardChartNum with invalid chart name
CS1 German-language sources (de)
CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi)
CS1 Italian-language sources (it)
CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)
CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)
Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows
Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters
Articles with hAudio microformats
All articles with failed verification
Articles with failed verification from December 2010
Certification Table Entry usages for Australia
Certification Table Entry usages for Austria
Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium
Certification Table Entry usages for Canada
Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark
Certification Table Entry usages for Finland
Certification Table Entry usages for Germany
Certification Table Entry usages for Ireland
Certification Table Entry usages for Italy
Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand
Certification Table Entry usages for Poland
Certification Table Entry usages for unsupported region
Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden
Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland
Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom
Certification Table Entry usages for United States
Certification Table Entry usages for GCC
Certification Table Entry usages for Europe
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Deutsch
Español
Français
Galego
Italiano
עברית
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Polski
Português
Русский
Suomi
Svenska
ไทย
Edit links
This page was last edited on 13 December 2017, at 22:56.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: i

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: colspan class style

values: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-style: italic; background-color: lightsteelblue

attrs: colspan style

value: span

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em .1em .2em 0

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em 0 .2em .1em

values: background: transparent; width: 100%; min-width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse

values:
/wiki/File:OBTN.jpg
image
UK album cover

values: position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 110px; right: 0px; bottom: 0px; height: 0px; width: 0px;

values: left: 50%; top: 50%; margin-left: -35px; margin-top: -27.5px;

values: width:220px width: 220px; position: relative;

values: List of best-selling albums of the 2000s (decade) in the United Kingdom

values: Edit section: Production and recording history

values:
/wiki/Jared_Followill
mw-redirect
Jared Followill

values: float:right;clear:right;width:24.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:center;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;padding:0;border-spacing:0

values:
/wiki/Pitchfork_Media
mw-redirect
Pitchfork Media

values: Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends

values: Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal

values:
/wiki/2009_BRIT_Awards
mw-redirect
2009 BRIT Awards

values:
/wiki/GfK_Entertainment
mw-redirect
GfK Entertainment

values: padding:0 10px 0 0;text-align:right;background-color:#eee

values:
tlheader mbox-text
3
text-align:left;background-color:#fff

values:
/wiki/Slow_Night,_So_Long
mw-redirect
Slow Night, So Long

values:
/wiki/Caleb_Followill
mw-redirect
Caleb Followill

values:
/wiki/Matthew_Followill
mw-redirect
Matthew Followill

values:
/wiki/Nathan_Followill
mw-redirect
Nathan Followill

values:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values: Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique

values:
/wiki/Digital_Albums
mw-redirect
Digital Albums

values:
/wiki/Alternative_Albums
mw-redirect
Alternative Albums

values: Australian Recording Industry Association

values: The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (December 2010)

values:
/wiki/Media_Control_Charts
mw-redirect
Media Control Charts

values: wikitable sortable plainrowheaders jquery-tablesorter

values: border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; border: 0; background:transparent; width:100%;

values:
col
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

attrs: scope data-sort-type class tabindex role title

values:
col
number
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values: Federation of the Italian Music Industry

values: Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry

values: Recording Industry Association of America

values: Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf

values:
/wiki/Grammy_Awards
mw-redirect
Grammy Awards

values:
/wiki/Meteor_Awards
mw-redirect
Meteor Awards

values:
/wiki/Juno_Awards
mw-redirect
Juno Awards

values:
wikitable plainrowheaders
table-layout: fixed; margin-right: 0;

values:
/wiki/Paid_download
mw-redirect
Paid download

values:
nofollow
http://www.columbia.co.uk/news/10385/0/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.aumreport.com/amr100.html

values: The site requires a paid subscription to access this page.

values:
/wiki/Phononet_GmbH
mw-redirect
Phononet GmbH

values:
nofollow
external text
http://acharts.us/album/37833

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.irma.ie/best2009.htm#albums

values:
nofollow
external text
http://austriancharts.at/2009_album.asp

values:
nofollow
external text
http://hitlisterne.dk/yearlist.asp

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.ifpi.at/?section=goldplatin

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.ifpi.dk/?q=certificeringer

values:
nofollow
https://www.bpi.co.uk/bpi-awards/
external text

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Recording Industry Association of New Zealand

values: List of number-one albums in 2008 (New Zealand)

values: List of UK Albums Chart number ones of the 2000s

values:
/wiki/The_Script_(band)
mw-redirect
The Script (band)

values:
/wiki/Ultratop_50
mw-redirect
Ultratop 50

values:
/wiki/Now_You%27re_Gone_-_The_Album
mw-redirect
Now You're Gone - The Album

values:
Kings_of_Leon
fn org
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em

values:
navbox-abovebelow
2
background: #EEEEEE;

values:
row
navbox-group
width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;

values: nowraplinks vcard hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Albums produced by Jacquire King

values: Category:Pages containing links to subscription-only content

values: Category:Articles using Billboard ID with invalid artist

values: Category:Articles using BillboardChartNum with invalid chart name

values: Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)

values: Category:CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi)

values: Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)

values: Category:CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)

values: Category:CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)

values: Category:Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows

values: Category:Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters

values: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

values: Category:All articles with failed verification

values: Category:Articles with failed verification from December 2010

values: Category:Certification Table Entry usages for Australia

values: Category:Certification Table Entry usages for Austria

values: Category:Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium

values: Category:Certification Table Entry usages for Canada

values: Category:Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark

values: Category:Certification Table Entry usages for Finland

values: Category:Certification Table Entry usages for Germany

values: Category:Certification Table Entry usages for Ireland

values: Category:Certification Table Entry usages for Italy

values: Category:Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand

values: Category:Certification Table Entry usages for Poland

values: Category:Certification Table Entry usages for unsupported region

values: Category:Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden

values: Category:Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland

values: Category:Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom

values: Category:Certification Table Entry usages for United States

values: Category:Certification Table Entry usages for GCC

values: Category:Certification Table Entry usages for Europe

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Only_by_the_Night
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: オンリー・バイ・ザ・ナイト – Japanese

values: โอลีบายเดอะไนต์ – Thai

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Only_by_the_Night rootpage-Only_by_the_Night skin-vector action-view


text:
Chemical kinetics
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Reaction rate tends to increase with concentration – a phenomenon explained by collision theory.
Part of a series on
Chemical engineering
Outline
History
Index
Fundamentals
Industry
Engineer
Process
Unit operations
Kinetics
Transport phenomena
Unit processes
Chemical plant
Chemical reactor
Separation processes
Aspects
Heat transfer
Mass transfer
Fluid dynamics

Process design
Process control
Chemical thermodynamics
Reaction engineering
Category
v
t
e
Chemical kinetics, also known as reaction kinetics, is the study of rates of chemical processes. Chemical kinetics includes investigations of how different experimental conditions can influence the speed of a chemical reaction and yield information about the reaction's mechanism and transition states, as well as the construction of mathematical models that can describe the characteristics of a chemical reaction.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Factors affecting reaction rate
2.1 Nature of the reactants
2.2 Physical state
2.3 Surface area of solids
2.4 Concentration
2.5 Temperature
2.6 Catalysts
2.7 Pressure
3 Experimental methods
3.1 Fast reactions
4 Equilibrium
5 Free energy
6 Applications and models
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
In 1864, Peter Waage and Cato Guldberg pioneered the development of chemical kinetics by formulating the law of mass action, which states that the speed of a chemical reaction is proportional to the quantity of the reacting substances.[1][2][3]
Van 't Hoff studied chemical dynamics and published in 1884 his famous "Etudes de dynamique chimique".[4] In 1901 he was awarded by the first Nobel Prize in Chemistry "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions".[5] After van 't Hoff, chemical kinetics deals with the experimental determination of reaction rates from which rate laws and rate constants are derived. Relatively simple rate laws exist for zero order reactions (for which reaction rates are independent of concentration), first order reactions, and second order reactions, and can be derived for others. Elementary reactions follow the law of mass action, but the rate law of stepwise reactions has to be derived by combining the rate laws of the various elementary steps, and can become rather complex. In consecutive reactions, the rate-determining step often determines the kinetics. In consecutive first order reactions, a steady state approximation can simplify the rate law. The activation energy for a reaction is experimentally determined through the Arrhenius equation and the Eyring equation. The main factors that influence the reaction rate include: the physical state of the reactants, the concentrations of the reactants, the temperature at which the reaction occurs, and whether or not any catalysts are present in the reaction.
Gorban and Yablonsky have suggested that the history of chemical dynamics can be divided into three eras.[6] The first is the van 't Hoff wave searching for the general laws of chemical reactions and relating kinetics to thermodynamics. The second may be called the Semenov--Hinshelwood wave with emphasis on reaction mechanisms, especially for chain reactions. The third is associated with Aris and the detailed mathematical description of chemical reaction networks.
Factors affecting reaction rate[edit]
Nature of the reactants[edit]
Depending upon what substances are reacting, the reaction rate varies. Acid/base reactions, the formation of salts, and ion exchange are fast reactions. When covalent bond formation takes place between the molecules and when large molecules are formed, the reactions tend to be very slow. Nature and strength of bonds in reactant molecules greatly influence the rate of its transformation into products.
Physical state[edit]
The physical state (solid, liquid, or gas) of a reactant is also an important factor of the rate of change. When reactants are in the same phase, as in aqueous solution, thermal motion brings them into contact. However, when they are in different phases, the reaction is limited to the interface between the reactants. Reaction can occur only at their area of contact; in the case of a liquid and a gas, at the surface of the liquid. Vigorous shaking and stirring may be needed to bring the reaction to completion. This means that the more finely divided a solid or liquid reactant the greater its surface area per unit volume and the more contact it with the other reactant, thus the faster the reaction. To make an analogy, for example, when one starts a fire, one uses wood chips and small branches — one does not start with large logs right away. In organic chemistry, on water reactions are the exception to the rule that homogeneous reactions take place faster than heterogeneous reactions.
Surface area of solids[edit]
In a solid, only those particles that are at the surface can be involved in a reaction. Crushing a solid into smaller parts means that more particles are present at the surface, and the frequency of collisions between these and reactant particles increases, and so reaction occurs more rapidly. For example, Sherbet (powder) is a mixture of very fine powder of malic acid (a weak organic acid) and sodium hydrogen carbonate. On contact with the saliva in the mouth, these chemicals quickly dissolve and react, releasing carbon dioxide and providing for the fizzy sensation. Also, fireworks manufacturers modify the surface area of solid reactants to control the rate at which the fuels in fireworks are oxidised, using this to create different effects. For example, finely divided aluminium confined in a shell explodes violently. If larger pieces of aluminium are used, the reaction is slower and sparks are seen as pieces of burning metal are ejected.
Concentration[edit]
Main article: Rate equation
The reactions are due to collisions of reactant species. The frequency with which the molecules or ions collide depends upon their concentrations. The more crowded the molecules are, the more likely they are to collide and react with one another. Thus, an increase in the concentrations of the reactants will usually result in the corresponding increase in the reaction rate, while a decrease in the concentrations will usually have a reverse effect. For example, combustion will occur more rapidly in pure oxygen than in air (21% oxygen).
The rate equation shows the detailed dependence of the reaction rate on the concentrations of reactants and other species present. Different mathematical forms are possible depending on the reaction mechanism. The actual rate equation for a given reaction is determined experimentally and provides information about the reaction mechanism.
Temperature[edit]
Main article: Arrhenius equation
Temperature usually has a major effect on the rate of a chemical reaction. Molecules at a higher temperature have more thermal energy. Although collision frequency is greater at higher temperatures, this alone contributes only a very small proportion to the increase in rate of reaction. Much more important is the fact that the proportion of reactant molecules with sufficient energy to react (energy greater than activation energy: E > Ea) is significantly higher and is explained in detail by the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution of molecular energies.
The 'rule of thumb' that the rate of chemical reactions doubles for every 10 °C temperature rise is a common misconception. This may have been generalized from the special case of biological systems, where the α (temperature coefficient) is often between 1.5 and 2.5.
A reaction's kinetics can also be studied with a temperature jump approach. This involves using a sharp rise in temperature and observing the relaxation time of the return to equilibrium. A particularly useful form of temperature jump apparatus is a shock tube, which can rapidly jump a gas's temperature by more than 1000 degrees.
Catalysts[edit]
Main article: Catalysis
Generic potential energy diagram showing the effect of a catalyst in a hypothetical endothermic chemical reaction. The presence of the catalyst opens a different reaction pathway (shown in red) with a lower activation energy. The final result and the overall thermodynamics are the same.
A catalyst is a substance that alters the rate of a chemical reaction but remains chemically unchanged afterwards. The catalyst increases the rate of the reaction by providing a different reaction mechanism to occur with a lower activation energy. In autocatalysis a reaction product is itself a catalyst for that reaction leading to positive feedback. Proteins that act as catalysts in biochemical reactions are called enzymes. Michaelis–Menten kinetics describe the rate of enzyme mediated reactions. A catalyst does not affect the position of the equilibrium, as the catalyst speeds up the backward and forward reactions equally.
In certain organic molecules, specific substituents can have an influence on reaction rate in neighbouring group participation.[citation needed]
Pressure[edit]
Increasing the pressure in a gaseous reaction will increase the number of collisions between reactants, increasing the rate of reaction. This is because the activity of a gas is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas. This is similar to the effect of increasing the concentration of a solution.
In addition to this straightforward mass-action effect, the rate coefficients themselves can change due to pressure. The rate coefficients and products of many high-temperature gas-phase reactions change if an inert gas is added to the mixture; variations on this effect are called fall-off and chemical activation. These phenomena are due to exothermic or endothermic reactions occurring faster than heat transfer, causing the reacting molecules to have non-thermal energy distributions (non-Boltzmann distribution). Increasing the pressure increases the heat transfer rate between the reacting molecules and the rest of the system, reducing this effect.
Condensed-phase rate coefficients can also be affected by (very high) pressure; this is a completely different effect than fall-off or chemical-activation. It is often studied using diamond anvils.
A reaction's kinetics can also be studied with a pressure jump approach. This involves making fast changes in pressure and observing the relaxation time of the return to equilibrium.
Experimental methods[edit]
The experimental determination of reaction rates involves measuring how the concentrations of reactants or products change over time. For example, the concentration of a reactant can be measured by spectrophotometry at a wavelength where no other reactant or product in the system absorbs light.
For reactions which take at least several minutes, it is possible to start the observations after the reactants have been mixed at the temperature of interest.
Fast reactions[edit]
For faster reactions, the time required to mix the reactants and bring them to a specified temperature may be comparable or longer than the half-life of the reaction.[7] Special methods to start fast reactions without slow mixing step include
Stopped flow methods, which can reduce the mixing time to the order of a millisecond[7][8][9]
Chemical relaxation methods such as temperature jump and pressure jump, in which a pre-mixed system initially at equilibrium is perturbed by rapid heating or depressurization so that it is no longer at equilibrium, and the relaxation back to equilibrium is observed.[7][10][11][12] For example, this method has been used to study the neutralization H3O+ + OH− with a half-life of 1 μs or less under ordinary conditions.[7][12]
Flash photolysis, in which a laser pulse produces highly excited species such as free radicals, whose reactions are then studied.[9][13][14][15]
Equilibrium[edit]
While chemical kinetics is concerned with the rate of a chemical reaction, thermodynamics determines the extent to which reactions occur. In a reversible reaction, chemical equilibrium is reached when the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal (the principle of detailed balance) and the concentrations of the reactants and products no longer change. This is demonstrated by, for example, the Haber–Bosch process for combining nitrogen and hydrogen to produce ammonia. Chemical clock reactions such as the Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction demonstrate that component concentrations can oscillate for a long time before finally attaining the equilibrium.
Free energy[edit]
In general terms, the free energy change (ΔG) of a reaction determines whether a chemical change will take place, but kinetics describes how fast the reaction is. A reaction can be very exothermic and have a very positive entropy change but will not happen in practice if the reaction is too slow. If a reactant can produce two different products, the thermodynamically most stable one will in general form, except in special circumstances when the reaction is said to be under kinetic reaction control. The Curtin–Hammett principle applies when determining the product ratio for two reactants interconverting rapidly, each going to a different product. It is possible to make predictions about reaction rate constants for a reaction from free-energy relationships.
The kinetic isotope effect is the difference in the rate of a chemical reaction when an atom in one of the reactants is replaced by one of its isotopes.
Chemical kinetics provides information on residence time and heat transfer in a chemical reactor in chemical engineering and the molar mass distribution in polymer chemistry.
Applications and models[edit]
The mathematical models that describe chemical reaction kinetics provide chemists and chemical engineers with tools to better understand and describe chemical processes such as food decomposition, microorganism growth, stratospheric ozone decomposition, and the complex chemistry of biological systems. These models can also be used in the design or modification of chemical reactors to optimize product yield, more efficiently separate products, and eliminate environmentally harmful by-products. When performing catalytic cracking of heavy hydrocarbons into gasoline and light gas, for example, kinetic models can be used to find the temperature and pressure at which the highest yield of heavy hydrocarbons into gasoline will occur.
Chemical Kinetics is frequently validated and explored through modeling in specialized packages as a function of ordinary differential equation-solving (ODE-solving) and curve-fitting.[16]
See also[edit]
Autocatalytic reactions and order creation
Detonation
Electrochemical kinetics
Flame speed
Heterogenous catalysis
Intrinsic low-dimensional manifold
MLAB chemical kinetics modeling package
Nonthermal surface reaction
PottersWheel Matlab toolbox to fit chemical rate constants to experimental data
Reaction progress kinetic analysis
References[edit]
Jump up ^ C.M. Guldberg and P. Waage,"Studies Concerning Affinity" Forhandlinger i Videnskabs-Selskabet i Christiania (1864), 35
Jump up ^ P. Waage, "Experiments for Determining the Affinity Law" ,Forhandlinger i Videnskabs-Selskabet i Christiania, (1864) 92.
Jump up ^ C.M. Guldberg, "Concerning the Laws of Chemical Affinity", Forhandlinger i Videnskabs-Selskabet i Christiania (1864) 111
Jump up ^ Hoff, J. H. van't (Jacobus Henricus van't); Cohen, Ernst; Ewan, Thomas (1896-01-01). Studies in chemical dynamics. Amsterdam : F. Muller ; London : Williams & Norgate.
Jump up ^ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1901, Nobel Prizes and Laureates, official website.
Jump up ^ A.N. Gorban, G.S. Yablonsky Three Waves of Chemical Dynamics, Mathematical Modelling of Natural Phenomena 10(5) (2015), p. 1–5.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Laidler, K. J. Chemical Kinetics (3rd ed., Harper and Row 1987) p.33-39 ISBN 0-06-043862-2
Jump up ^ Espenson, J.H. Chemical Kinetics and Reaction Mechanisms (2nd ed., McGraw-Hill 2002), p.254-256 ISBN 0-07-288362-6
^ Jump up to: a b Atkins P. and de Paula J., Physical Chemistry (8th ed., W.H. Freeman 2006) p.793 ISBN 0-7167-8759-8
Jump up ^ Espenson, J.H. Chemical Kinetics and Reaction Mechanisms (2nd ed., McGraw-Hill 2002), p.256-8 ISBN 0-07-288362-6
Jump up ^ Steinfeld J.I., Francisco J.S. and Hase W.L. Chemical Kinetics and Dynamics (2nd ed., Prentice-Hall 1999) p.140-3 ISBN 0-13-737123-3
^ Jump up to: a b Atkins P. and de Paula J., Physical Chemistry (8th ed., W.H. Freeman 2006) pp.805-7 ISBN 0-7167-8759-8
Jump up ^ Laidler, K.J. Chemical Kinetics (3rd ed., Harper and Row 1987) p.359-360 ISBN 0-06-043862-2
Jump up ^ Espenson, J.H. Chemical Kinetics and Reaction Mechanisms (2nd ed., McGraw-Hill 2002), p.264-6 ISBN 0-07-288362-6
Jump up ^ Steinfeld J.I., Francisco J.S. and Hase W.L. Chemical Kinetics and Dynamics (2nd ed., Prentice-Hall 1999) p.94-97 ISBN 0-13-737123-3
Jump up ^ "Chemical Kinetics: Simple Binding: F + G ⇋ B" (PDF). Civilized Software, Inc. Retrieved 2015-09-01.
External links[edit]
Library resources about
Chemical kinetics
Resources in your library
Chemistry applets
University of Waterloo
Chemical Kinetics of Gas Phase Reactions
Kinpy: Python code generator for solving kinetic equations
[show]
v
t
e
Basic reaction mechanisms
Nucleophilic substitutions
Unimolecular nucleophilic substitution (SN1)
Bimolecular nucleophilic substitution (SN2)
Nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr)
Nucleophilic internal substitution (SNi)
Nucleophilic acyl substitution
Elimination reactions
Unimolecular elimination (E1)
E1cB-elimination reaction
Bimolecular elimination (E2)
Addition reactions
Electrophilic addition
Nucleophilic addition
Free-radical addition
Cycloaddition
Related topics
Elementary reaction
Molecularity
Stereochemistry
Catalysis
Collision theory
Solvent effects
Arrow pushing
Chemical kinetics
Rate equation
Rate-determining step
[show]
v
t
e
Branches of chemistry
Dictionary of chemical formulas
List of biomolecules
List of inorganic compounds
Periodic table
Physical
Chemical kinetics
Chemical physics
Nuclear chemistry
Electrochemistry
Femtochemistry
Geochemistry
Photochemistry
Quantum chemistry
Solid-state chemistry
Spectroscopy
Surface science
Thermochemistry
Organic
Biochemistry
Bioorganic chemistry
Biophysical chemistry
Chemical biology
Clinical chemistry
Fullerene chemistry
Medicinal chemistry
Neurochemistry
Pharmacy
Physical organic chemistry
Polymer chemistry
Inorganic
Bioinorganic chemistry
Cluster chemistry
Coordination chemistry
Materials science
Organometallic chemistry
Others
Actinide chemistry
Analytical chemistry
Astrochemistry
Chemistry education
Clay chemistry
Click chemistry
Computational chemistry
Cosmochemistry
Environmental chemistry
Food chemistry
Forensic chemistry
Green chemistry
Post-mortem chemistry
Supramolecular chemistry
Theoretical chemistry
Wet chemistry
Category
Portal
Commons
WikiProject
[show]
v
t
e
Chemical engineering topics
History
History of chemical engineering
Concepts
Unit operations
Unit processes
Chemical engineer
Chemical process
Unit operations
Momentum transfer
Heat transfer
Mass transfer
Unit process
Chemical reaction engineering
Chemical kinetics
Chemical process modeling
Branches
Process design
Fluid dynamics
Chemical plant design
Chemical thermodynamics
Transport phenomena
Others
Outline of chemical engineering
Index of chemical engineering articles
Education for Chemical Engineers
List of chemical engineers
List of chemical engineering societies
List of chemical process simulators
Category
Portal:Engineering
Authority control
GND: 4048655-2
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chemical_kinetics&oldid=793796814"
Categories:
Chemical reactions
Chemical kinetics
Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff
Hidden categories:
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Afrikaans
العربية
Bân-lâm-gú
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
Bosanski
Català
Čeština
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
ქართული
Limburgs
Lumbaart
Magyar
Македонски
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
日本語
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Sicilianu
සිංහල
Simple English
Slovenščina
کوردی
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
தமிழ்
తెలుగు
ไทย
Українська
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 4 August 2017, at 00:55.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: img

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

attrs: href class title

attrs: href title

attrs: class style

value: td

value: tr

value: th

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;width:18.0em;

values:
/wiki/Cato_Guldberg
mw-redirect
Cato Guldberg

values:
/wiki/Rate_law#Zero-order_reactions
mw-redirect
Rate law

values:
/wiki/Second-order_reaction
mw-redirect
Second-order reaction

values:
/wiki/Physical_state
mw-redirect
Physical state

values:
/wiki/Alexander_Nikolaevich_Gorban
mw-redirect
Alexander Nikolaevich Gorban

values: Edit section: Factors affecting reaction rate

values:
/wiki/Sodium_hydrogen_carbonate
mw-redirect
Sodium hydrogen carbonate

values:
/wiki/Relaxation_time
mw-redirect
Relaxation time

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2014)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Activity_(chemistry)
mw-redirect
Activity (chemistry)

values: Chemical activation (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Diamond_anvil
mw-redirect
Diamond anvil

values:
/wiki/Stopped_flow
mw-redirect
Stopped flow

values:
/wiki/Haber%E2%80%93Bosch_process
mw-redirect
Haber–Bosch process

values:
/wiki/Kinetic_reaction_control
mw-redirect
Kinetic reaction control

values:
/wiki/Catalytic_cracking
mw-redirect
Catalytic cracking

values:
/wiki/Heterogenous_catalysis
mw-redirect
Heterogenous catalysis

values:
plainlist
padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;text-align:left;

values: float:right;clear:right;width:auto;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

values:
nofollow
http://www.Chemked.com/
external text

values:
nofollow
https://code.google.com/p/kinpy/
external text

values:
/wiki/E1_elimination
mw-redirect
E1 elimination

values:
/wiki/E2_elimination
mw-redirect
E2 elimination

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/Coordination_chemistry
mw-redirect
Coordination chemistry

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
navbox-image
6
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
nofollow
external text
http://d-nb.info/gnd/4048655-2

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Chemical_kinetics
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: حركية تفاعل – Arabic

values: Hòa-ha̍k tōng-le̍k-ha̍k – Chinese (Min Nan)

values: Хімічная кінетыка – Belarusian

values: Хімічная кінэтыка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values: Χημική κινητική – Greek

values: سینتیک شیمیایی – Persian

values: 화학반응속도론 – Korean

values: Քիմիական կինետիկա – Armenian

values: रासायनिक गतिकी – Hindi

values: קינטיקה כימית – Hebrew

values: ქიმიური კინეტიკა – Georgian

values:
https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetiek
Kinetiek – Limburgish
li
li
interlanguage-link-target

values: Хемиска кинетика – Macedonian

values: Химическая кинетика – Russian

values: ප්‍රතික්‍රීයකයේ ස්වභාවය – Sinhala

values: کیمیای جووڵەیی – Central Kurdish

values: Хемијска кинетика – Serbian

values: வேதி வினைவேகவியல் – Tamil

values: రసాయన గతి శాస్త్రం – Telugu

values: จลนพลศาสตร์เคมี – Thai

values: Хімічна кінетика – Ukrainian

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Chemical_kinetics rootpage-Chemical_kinetics vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view