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Line of Duty
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Line of Duty
Genre
British police drama
Crime
Detective fiction
Thriller
Created by
Jed Mercurio
Written by
Jed Mercurio
Directed by
David Caffrey
Douglas Mackinnon
Daniel Nettheim
Michael Keillor
John Strickland
Jed Mercurio
Starring
Martin Compston
Vicky McClure
Adrian Dunbar
Craig Parkinson
Lennie James
Keeley Hawes
Daniel Mays
Thandie Newton
Theme music composer

Carly Paradis
Country of origin
United Kingdom
Original language(s)
English
No. of series
4
No. of episodes
23 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Stephen Wright (BBC)
Simon Heath (World Productions)
Jed Mercurio (Series 2–4)
Producer(s)
Jed Mercurio (Series 1)
Peter Norris (Series 2–3)
Cait Collins (Series 4)
Production location(s)
Birmingham (Series 1)
Belfast (Series 2–4)
Cinematography
Ruairi O'Brien(Series 1–2)
Peter Robertson(Series 3)
Anna Valdez Hanks(Series 4)
Stephen Murphy(Series 4)
Running time
56 – 58 minutes
Production company(s)
World Productions
Distributor
Content Media
Release
Original network
BBC Two (2012–16)
BBC One (2017–)
Picture format
16:9 1080i
Audio format
Dolby Digital
Original release
26 June 2012 (2012-06-26) – present
External links
BBC website
Production website
Line of Duty is a BBC police procedural television series created by Jed Mercurio. The first series premiered on 26 June 2012 and became BBC Two's best-performing drama series in 10 years with a consolidated audience of 4.1 million viewers.[1] The drama was recommissioned for a second series and the first episode was broadcast on 12 February 2014.[2] The second series achieved widespread public and critical acclaim[3] and on 8 April 2014, the BBC commissioned a further two series back to back.[4][5] The third series broadcast was on 24 March 2016, and the fourth on 26 March 2017 on BBC One. A fifth series has been confirmed for 2019[6] and the BBC has also ordered a sixth series.[7]
It is the most popular drama series broadcast on BBC Two in the multi-channel era[8] and is a winner of the Royal Television Society Award[9] and Broadcasting Press Guild Award for Best Drama Series.[10] Line of Duty was included in a list of the Top 50 BBC Two shows of all-time[11] and in a list of the 80 best BBC shows of all time.[12] It was the highest-ranked current series in a list of the best cop shows of all time[13] and in a poll of the best British crime dramas of all time.[14]
In the United States, the first series was aired on Hulu in August 2012 as an exclusive series.[15]
Contents
1 Main cast and characters
1.1 AC-12 personnel
1.2 AC-12 suspects
2 Supporting cast and characters
2.1 AC-12 personnel
2.2 TO-20 personnel
2.3 Armed Response personnel
2.4 Operation Trapdoor personnel
2.5 Other police personnel
2.6 Other supporting cast and characters
3 Production
3.1 Inspiration
3.2 Locations
4 Series overview
5 Episodes
6 Awards and nominations
7 Censure by Ofcom
8 Home media releases
9 References
10 External links
Main cast and characters[edit]
AC-12 personnel[edit]
Martin Compston as Detective Sergeant Steve Arnott
Arnott is a detective sergeant assigned to AC-12, the anti-corruption unit within Central Police. He initially served as an anti-terrorism officer, but was transferred after he refused to collude with his colleagues following the shooting death of an innocent man. During series three, Arnott is accused of being a gangland informant known as The Caddy, framed for the murder of DI Lindsay Denton, and is later arrested. He is cleared of all charges.
Vicky McClure as Detective Sergeant Kate Fleming
Fleming is an undercover specialist. A consummate professional, Kate is willing to investigate officers inside and outside AC-12. In series two, Kate begins investigating DI Lindsay Denton. Initially a detective constable, she is promoted to detective sergeant at the end of series three. Kate has a son; her ex-husband retains custody.
Adrian Dunbar as Superintendent Ted Hastings
Hastings, a superintendent, is the senior investigating officer of AC-12. He personally recruited Arnott, Fleming and Cottan, and has a black-and-white view of the law. In series three, it is revealed that Hastings is a Freemason, which causes both Arnott and Fleming to doubt his commitment to AC-12.
Craig Parkinson as Detective Inspector Matthew "Dot" Cottan (series 1–3)
Originally a DS attached to TO-20, Cottan is promoted to DI and transfers to AC-9 at the close of the Tony Gates investigation. During the Lindsey Denton investigation, he transfers to AC-12. Acting as Fleming and Arnott's supervising officer, Cotton oversees numerous anti-corruption investigations, though he is later revealed to be the notorious "Caddy". In series 3, he shoots and kills Lindsay Denton, and is later shot and killed himself.
AC-12 suspects[edit]
Lennie James as Detective Chief Inspector Anthony "Tony" Gates (series 1)
As the head of the serious crime unit TO-20, Tony Gates is renowned for returning the best crime figures of any unit in Central Police. It is this reputation, however, that leads AC-12 to his team. Suspected of corruption, Gates faces an internal affairs investigation that adds further complications to his troubled home-life.
Keeley Hawes as Detective Inspector Lindsay Denton (series 2 & 3)
Denton organises a convoy to transport a protected witness which is ambushed, resulting in the deaths of all the other police officers. As the only police survivor, Denton is arrested, charged with conspiracy to commit murder. She attempts to convince AC-12 of her innocence and regain her reputation, but eventually receives a life sentence. In series 3, Denton is granted an appeal, and is acquitted on the basis of an improper sexual relationship Arnott had with her while she was being investigated. She discovers crucial evidence pertaining to the Danny Waldron murder investigation and historical child sex abuse, but after refusing to accept a bribe to conceal that evidence, she is murdered by "The Caddy", a corrupt officer.
Daniel Mays as Sergeant Danny Waldron (series 3)
Danny and his armed response unit are investigated by AC-12, as a matter of routine, following the shooting of a suspect during an operation. When Arnott and Fleming discover the shooting may not have been lawful, a deeper investigation is initiated. Danny is shot and killed by a colleague, and his death results in the opening of an investigation into historic child sex abuse, as well as leading to the unmasking of "The Caddy".
Thandie Newton as Detective Chief Inspector Roseanne "Roz" Huntley (series 4)
Huntley is the senior investigating officer of Operation Trapdoor and at the centre of an AC-12 investigation for mishandling evidence.
Supporting cast and characters[edit]
AC-12 personnel[edit]
Jessica Raine as Detective Constable Georgia Trotman (series 2)
Assigned to AC-12 following a stint as a patrol officer, Trotman is briefly partnered with Steve Arnott during the initial stages of the Lindsay Denton investigation before being pushed out of a hospital window and killed.
Polly Walker as Gill Biggeloe (series 3)
Following the Lindsay Denton investigation, Biggeloe – a Police and Crime Commissioner legal counsellor – is assigned to AC-12 in order to ensure its credibility is maintained. However, her presence is disliked by Hastings and Arnott, and numerous conversations imply a "politicisation" of the department by the Police and Crime Commissioner. She later tenders her resignation at the end of Series 3.
Maya Sondhi as Police Constable Maneet Bindra (series 3 & 4)
Maneet is first seen during the Danny Waldron investigation and later handing sensitive material to ACC Derek Hilton during Series 4.
Royce Pierreson as Detective Constable Jamie Desford (series 4)
Jamie is first seen during the Roz Huntley investigation.
TO-20 personnel[edit]
Neil Morrissey as DC Nigel Morton (series 1–3)
Claire Keelan as DS Leah Janson (series 1)
Nigel Boyle as DI, later DCI, Ian Buckells (series 1 & 4)
Faraz Ayub as DC Deepak Kapoor (series 1)
Armed Response personnel[edit]
Arsher Ali as PC Harinderpal "Hari" Bains (series 3)
Leanne Best as PC Jackie Brickford (series 3)
Will Mellor as PC Rod Kennedy (series 3)
Lisa Palfrey as Insp. McAndrew (series 3)
Operation Trapdoor personnel[edit]
Jason Watkins as FC Tim Ifield (series 4)
Claudia Jessie as DC Jodie Taylor (series 4)
Mark Stobbart as DS Neil Twyler (series 4)
Other police personnel[edit]
Paul Higgins as Chief Supt., later ACC, Derek Hilton (series 1 & 4)
Owen Teale as Chief Insp. Philip Osborne (series 1)
Fiona Boylan as PC Karen Larkin (Series 1)
Neet Mohan as PC Simon Bannerjee (Series 1)
Darren Morfitt as Sergeant Colin Brackley (Series 1)
Allison McKenzie as DS Jayne Akers (Series 2)
Tony Pitts as DCS Lester Hargreaves (series 2 & 4)
Christina Chong as DS Nicola Rogerson (series 2)
Mark Bonnar as DCC Mike Dryden (series 2)
Steve Toussaint as Chief Supt. Mallick (series 2)
Sacha Dhawan as DS Manish Prasad (series 2)
Henry Pettigrew as DC Jeremy Cole (Series 2)
Michael Nardone as Sgt. O'Neill (Series 2)
David Maybrick as Sgt. Alex Wallis (Series 2)
Antonio Magro as PC Vincent Butler (Series 2)
Aiysha Hart as DS Sam Railston (series 3 & 4)
Shaun Parkes as Chief Supt. Terry Reynolds (series 3)
George Costigan as Former Chief Supt. Patrick Fairbank (series 3)
Mandana Jones as Supt. Summers (Series 3)
Anneika Rose as PC Farida Jatri (Series 4)
Vineeta Rishi as Rupal Pandit, Forensic Coordinator (Series 4)
Other supporting cast and characters[edit]
Gina McKee as Jackie Laverty (series 1)
Kate Ashfield as Jools Gates (series 1)
Brian McCardie as Tommy Hunter (series 1 & 2)
Gregory Piper as Ryan Pilkington (Series 1)
Lauren O'Rourke as Keely Pilkington (Series 1)
Marie Critchley as Jane Hargreaves, Social Worker (Series 1)
Alison Lintott as Rita Bennett Civilian Police investigator (Series 1)
Andrea Irvine as Roisin Hastings (Series 2)
Niall Macgregor as Richard Akers (Series 2)
Richard Huw as Nick Ronson, Evening Post Journalist (Series 2)
Charlotte Spencer as Carly Kirk (Series 2)
Liz White as Jo Dwyer (series 2)
Jonas Armstrong as Joe Nash (series 3)
Lee Ingleby as Nick Huntley (series 4)
Gaite Jansen as Hana Reznikova (series 4)
Scott Reid as Michael Farmer (series 4)
Patrick Baladi as Jimmy Lakewell (series 4)
Production[edit]
Series one and two were created and written by Jed Mercurio and produced by World Productions, on behalf of BBC Two. David Caffrey and Douglas Mackinnon directed series one. Mackinnon was retained as director for series two's first three episodes, whilst Daniel Nettheim directed series two's last three episodes. Mercurio produced series one and acted as executive producer for series two, with Peter Norris taking over as producer for series two.
Inspiration[edit]
Although the police refused to co-operate with the programme's producers, the production team was advised anonymously by serving officers and by retired police officers. Use was made of anonymous police blogs.[16]
Locations[edit]
Series one was filmed in Birmingham (including pub interiors in the Queens Arms)[17] and series two, three and four in Northern Ireland by BBC Northern Ireland. The name of the city is not mentioned. Maps of Birmingham appear on walls and telephone numbers use an 0121 area code, so would indicate Birmingham. The police force referred to in multiple series is the fictional Central Constabulary with the equally fictional East Midlands Constabulary also mentioned. A photo gallery of exterior scenes from series two shows the 4th Street Station on Ormeau Avenue in Belfast.[18]
Series overview[edit]
Series
Episodes
Originally aired
DVD release date
Series premiere
Series finale
Region 2
Region 1
1 5 26 June 2012 24 July 2012 3 February 2014 29 October 2013
2 6 12 February 2014 19 March 2014 24 March 2014 2 September 2014
3 6 24 March 2016 28 April 2016 2 May 2016 9 August 2016
4 6 26 March 2017 30 April 2017 8 May 2017 26 September 2017
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of Line of Duty episodes
Awards and nominations[edit]
Year
Association
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
2012 2012 Royal Television Society Awards Actor (Male) Lennie James Nominated
Drama Series Line of Duty 1 Nominated
Writer – Drama Jed Mercurio Nominated
2012 Royal Television Society Midlands Awards Best Drama/Fictional Programme Line of Duty 1 Won
Best Acting Performance (Male) Lennie James Won
Best Acting Newcomer Gregory Piper Won
2012 Crime Thriller Awards The TV Dagger Line of Duty 1 Nominated
2013 2013 Broadcast Awards Best Drama Series or Serial Line of Duty 1 Nominated
2013 South Bank Sky Arts Awards TV Drama Line of Duty 1 Nominated
Broadcasting Press Guild Awards Best TV Drama Line of Duty 1 Nominated
2014 2014 Freesat Awards Best TV Drama Line of Duty 2 Won
2014 Crime Thriller Awards The TV Dagger Line of Duty 2 Nominated
Best Actress Dagger Keeley Hawes Won
Best Supporting Actress Dagger Vicky McClure Nominated
BAFTA Scotland Best Actor – Television Mark Bonnar Nominated
2014 Royal Television Society Craft & Design Awards Best Editing – Drama Andrew McClelland Won
2015 Writers' Guild of Great Britain TV Drama – Long Form Jed Mercurio Nominated
2015 Broadcast Awards Best Drama Series or Serial Line of Duty 2 Nominated
International Programme Sales Line of Duty 2 Nominated
Broadcasting Press Guild Awards Best Drama Series Line of Duty 2 Nominated
Best Drama Writer Jed Mercurio Nominated
2015 Royal Television Society Awards Best Drama Series Line of Duty 2 Won
BAFTA Television Craft Awards Writer - Drama Jed Mercurio Nominated
BAFTA Television Awards Leading Actress Keeley Hawes Nominated
Supporting Actress Vicky McClure Nominated
Drama Series Line of Duty 2 Nominated
2015 South Bank Sky Arts Awards TV Drama Line of Duty 2 Nominated
Royal Television Society Northern Ireland Awards Best Drama Line of Duty 2 Won
2016 TV Choice Awards Best Drama Series Line of Duty 3 Nominated
BAFTA Scotland Best Director – Television Michael Keillor Nominated
Royal Television Society Northern Ireland Best Drama Line of Duty 3 Nominated
2017 Broadcast Awards Best Drama Series or Serial Line of Duty 3 Nominated
Broadcasting Press Guild Awards Best TV Drama Series Line of Duty 3 Nominated
Broadcasting Press Guild Awards Best Actress Keeley Hawes Won
2017 Royal Television Society Awards Drama Series Line of Duty 3 Nominated
2017 Royal Television Society Awards Writer – Drama Jed Mercurio Nominated
BAFTA Television Awards Supporting Actor Daniel Mays Nominated
Virgin TV's Must-See Moment Urgent Exit Required Nominated
Celtic Media Festival Best Drama Series Line of Duty 3 Won
Diversity in Media Awards TV Programme of the Year Line of Duty 3 Nominated
TV Moment of the Year Urgent Exit Required Nominated
TV Moment of the Year DCI Roz Huntley Interview Nominated
TV Choice Awards Best Drama Line of Duty 4 Nominated
British Screenwriters' Awards Best Crime Writing on Television Jed Mercurio Won
Royal Television Society Northern Ireland Best Drama Line of Duty 4 Won
2018 Writers' Guild of Great Britain TV Drama – Long Form Jed Mercurio Nominated
National Television Awards Crime Drama Line of Duty 4 Nominated
Irish Film and Television Academy Drama Line of Duty 4 Nominated
Actor in a Leading Role - Drama Adrian Dunbar Nominated
Broadcasting Press Guild Awards Best Drama Series Line of Duty 4 Won
Best Actress Thandie Newton Nominated
Writer's Award Jed Mercurio Won
Royal Television Society Actor (Female) Thandie Newton Nominated
Voice of the Listener & Viewer Awards for Excellence in Broadcasting Best TV Drama Programme Line of Duty 4 Won
BAFTA Television Craft Awards Editing: Fiction Andrew McClelland Nominated
BAFTA Television Awards Leading Actress Thandie Newton Nominated
Supporting Actor Adrian Dunbar Nominated
Drama Series Line of Duty 4 Nominated
Virgin TV's Must-See Moment Huntley's Narrow Escape Nominated
Televisual Bulldog Awards Best Drama Series Line of Duty 4 Won
South Bank Sky Arts Awards TV Drama Line of Duty 4 Nominated
Edinburgh TV Awards Best UK Drama Line of Duty 4 Pending
Censure by Ofcom[edit]
Following the complaint of one viewer, the media regulator Ofcom found the BBC had breached Rule 1.28 of the Code in 2012, specifically that there was a "serious lapse" in its duty of care for a 13-year-old actor, Gregory Piper, who had appeared in scenes which were "of a particularly violent nature and included sexually explicit language" by breaching broadcasting rules requiring that "due care must be taken over the physical and emotional welfare and the dignity of people under 18".[19] In its full report, Ofcom cited the programme's failure to involve an independent expert, such as a child psychiatrist, to determine the actor's intellectual and emotional capacity to participate in the controversial scenes and that programme makers had not followed the best practice advice of the BBC's Editorial Policy Unit. However, the regulator found that there was no actual harm, distress or anxiety caused to the child actor.[20]
Home media releases[edit]
Online
iTunes releases for Line of Duty
Name
Release date
Ep #
Additional Information
Line of Duty, Series One 30 August 2013[21] 5
The complete first series
Ability to buy single episode(s) or whole series
Rated "Caution" by iTunes
Standard-definition versions
Line of Duty, Series Two 12 February 2014[22] 6
The complete second series
Ability to buy single episode(s) or whole series
Rated "Caution" by iTunes
High-definition & Standard-definition version
Line of Duty, Series One & Two 26 June 2012[23] 11
The complete first and second series
Ability to buy single episode(s) or whole series one and two
Rated "Caution" by iTunes
Standard-definition version
Blinkbox releases for Line of Duty
Name
Release date
Ep #
Additional Information
Line of Duty, Series One 2013[24] 5
The complete first series
Ability to buy single episode(s) or whole series
Certificate 15
Standard-definition version
Line of Duty, Series Two 2014[25] 6
The complete second series
Ability to buy single episode(s) or whole series
Certificate 15
High-definition & Standard-definition versions
BBC Store releases for Line of Duty
Name
Release date
Line of Duty, Series One – Three 2016
Line of Duty, Series Four 2017
DVD
DVD releases for Line of Duty
Name
Release dates
Ep #
Additional Information
Region 2
Line of Duty Series 1
(DVD) 3 February 2014[26] 5 The two-disc box set includes all five episodes from series one, with a classification age of 15.
Running time: 300 minutes.
Line of Duty Series 2
(DVD) 24 March 2014[27] 6 The two-disc box set includes all six episodes from series two, with a classification age of 15.
Running time: 360 minutes.
Line of Duty Series 1&2
(DVD) 24 March 2014[28] 11 The four-disc box set includes all eleven episodes from series one and two, with a classification age of 15.
Running time: 660 minutes.
Blu-ray
Blu-ray releases for Line of Duty
Name
Release dates
Ep #
Additional Information
Region B
Line of Duty: Series 1
(Blu-ray) 10 April 2015[29] 5 The two-disc box set includes all five episodes from series one, with a classification age of 16.
Running time: 300 minutes.
Audio: English: DTS-HD Master Audio 5.1
Line of Duty: Series 2
(Blu-ray) 25 September 2015[30] 6 The two-disc box set includes all six episodes from series two, with a classification age of 16.
Running time: 369 minutes.
Audio: English: DTS-HD Master Audio 5.1
Line of Duty: Series 3
(Blu-ray) 20 January 2017[31] 6 The two-disc box set includes all six episodes from series Three, with a classification age of 16.
Running time: 390 minutes.
Audio: English: DTS-HD Master Audio 5.1
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Jed Mercurio: taking aim at target culture | In-depth | Broadcast Archived 2 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Sperling, Daniel (25 July 2012). "'Line of Duty' renewed for second series by BBC". DigitalSpy. Archived from the original on 27 July 2012. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
Jump up ^ Moir, Jan (17 March 2014). "Is Line of Duty the best cop show ever?". Daily Mail. Archived from the original on 18 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Sweeney, Mark (8 April 2014). "Line of Duty set to return for third and fourth series". Guardian. Archived from the original on 14 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "Express.co.uk". 28 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Jefferies, Mark (30 April 2017). "When is Line of Duty series 5? Creator Jed Mercurio reveals details after gripping season finale". The Mirror. Archived from the original on 6 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Mellor, Louisa (5 May 2017). "Line Of Duty: renewed for series 6". Den of Geek. Archived from the original on 8 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Plunkett, John (28 April 2016). "Line of Duty outranks Wolf Hall to take BBC2 ratings crown". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 31 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "RTS Programme Awards 2015". Archived from the original on 7 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Dowell, Ben (16 March 2018). "The Crown star Claire Foy among the winners at the Broadcasting Press Guild Awards". Radio Times.
Jump up ^ Hogan, Michael et all (18 April 2014). "The Top 50 BBC Two shows of all-time". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Tate, Gabriel; et al. (2 November 2016). "The 80 Best BBC Shows of All Time". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 7 November 2016. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
Jump up ^ Ross, Graeme (12 November 2016). "The 20 Greatest TV Cop Shows of All Time". The Independent. Archived from the original on 13 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Brown, David (3 July 2018). "Inspector Morse named the greatest British crime drama of all time". Radio Times.
Jump up ^ Thomas, June (24 August 2012), "The Global Network", Slate, archived from the original on 2 February 2013, retrieved 28 January 2013
Jump up ^ Jed Mercurio (26 June 2012). "Line of Duty – a police drama that swaps reassurance for reality". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 12 March 2016. Retrieved 26 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "Line of Duty". Archived from the original on 15 February 2015. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Behind the Scenes Photo Gallery". BBC. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
Jump up ^ BBC censured over violent Line of Duty scene featuring child actor Archived 27 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine., The Guardian, 17 December 2012. Accessed 27 April 2013.
Jump up ^ Ofcom Broadcast Bulletin Issue number 220 (PDF), 17 December 2012, pp. 5–17, archived (PDF) from the original on 24 December 2012
Jump up ^ "Line of Duty – Series One (iTunes)". Apple Inc. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Line of Duty – Series Two (iTunes)". Apple Inc. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Line of Duty – Series 1&2 (iTunes)". Apple Inc. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Line of Duty – Series (Blinkbox)". blinkbox Entertainment Limited. Archived from the original on 18 May 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Line of Duty – Series 2 (Blinkbox)". blinkbox Entertainment Limited. Archived from the original on 18 May 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Line of Duty – Series One [DVD]". BBC Worldwide LTD. Archived from the original on 3 March 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Line of Duty – Series Two [DVD]". BBC Worldwide LTD. Archived from the original on 27 February 2014. Retrieved 18 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Line of Duty – Series 1&2 [DVD]". BBC Worldwide LTD. Archived from the original on 26 March 2015. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Line of Duty – Series One [Blu-ray]". BBC Worldwide LTD. Retrieved 10 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Line of Duty – Series Two [Blu-ray]". BBC Worldwide. Retrieved 25 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "Line of Duty – Series 3 [Blu-ray]". BBC Worldwide. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
External links[edit]
Line of Duty at BBC Programmes
Line of Duty at Hulu
Line of Duty on IMDb
Line of Duty at epguides.com
Line of Duty at TV.com
Line of Duty, scripts at BBC TV Drama archive
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Line_of_Duty&oldid=855163134"
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Automotive navigation system
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Navigation with Gosmore, an open source routing software, on a personal navigation assistant with free map data from OpenStreetMap.
An automotive navigation system is part of the automobile controls or a third party add-on used to find direction in an automobile. It typically uses a satellite navigation device to get its position data which is then correlated to a position on a road. When directions are needed routing can be calculated. On the fly traffic information can be used to adjust the route.
Dead reckoning using distance data from sensors attached to the drivetrain, a gyroscope and an accelerometer can be used for greater reliability, as GPS signal loss and/or multipath can occur due to urban canyons or tunnels.
Mathematically, automotive navigation is based on the shortest path problem, within graph theory, which examines how to identify the path that best meets some criteria (shortest, cheapest, fastest, etc.) between two points in a large network.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Technology
2.1 Navigation Data Standard (NDS)
2.1.1 Media
2.2 Real-time data
2.3 Integration and other functions
2.4 Original factory equipment
2.5 SMS
3 See also
4 References
History[edit]
Automotive navigation systems represent a convergence of a number of diverse technologies many of which have been available for many years, but were too costly or inaccessible. Limitations such as batteries, display, and processing power had to be overcome before the product became commercially viable.[1]
1961: Hidetsugu Yagi designed a wireless-based navigation system. This design was still primitive and intended for military-use.
1966: General Motors Research (GMR) was working on a non-satellite-based navigation and assistance system called DAIR (Driver Aid, Information & Routing). After initial tests GM found that it was not a scalable or practical way to provide navigation assistance. Decades later, however, the concept would be reborn as OnStar (founded 1996).[2]
1973: Japan's Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) and Fuji Heavy Industries sponsored CATC (Comprehensive Automobile Traffic Control), a Japanese research project on automobile navigation systems.[3]
1979: MITI established JSK (Association of Electronic Technology for Automobile Traffic and Driving) in Japan.[3]
1980: Electronic Auto Compass with new mechanism on the Toyota Crown.
1981: The earlier research of CATC leads to the first generation of automobile navigation systems from Japanese companies Honda, Nissan and Toyota. They used dead reckoning technology.[3]
1981: Honda's Electro Gyro-Cator was the first commercially available car navigation system. It used inertial navigation systems, which tracked the distance traveled, the start point, and direction headed.[4] It was also the first with a map display.[3]
1981: Navigation computer on the Toyota Celica (NAVICOM).[5]
1983: Etak was founded. It made an early system that used map-matching to improve on dead reckoning instrumentation. Digital map information was stored on standard cassette tapes.[6]
1987: Toyota introduced the World's first CD-ROM-based navigation system on the Toyota Crown.[7]
1990: Mazda Eunos Cosmo became the first car with built-in GPS-navigation system[8]
1991: Toyota introduced GPS car navigation on the Toyota Soarer.
1991: Mitsubishi introduced GPS car navigation on the Mitsubishi Debonair (MMCS: Mitsubishi Multi Communication System).[9]
1992: Voice assisted GPS navigation system on the Toyota Celsior.
1993: The Austrian channel ORF airs a presentation of the software company bitMAP and its head Werner Liebig's invention, an electronic city map including street names and house numbers, using a satellite-based navigation system. bitMAP attends Comdex in Las Vegas the same year, but doesn't manage to market itself properly.
1994: BMW 7 series E38 first European model featuring GPS navigation. The navigation system was developed in cooperation with Philips (Philips CARIN).[10]
1995: Oldsmobile introduced the first GPS navigation system available in a United States production car, called GuideStar.[11]
1995: Device called "Mobile Assistant" or short, MASS, produced by Munich-based company ComRoad AG, won the title "Best Product in Mobile Computing" on CeBit by magazine Byte. It offered turn-by-turn navigation via wireless internet connection, with both GPS and speed sensor in the car.
1997: Navigation system using Differential GPS developed as a factory-installed option on the Toyota Prius[12]
1998: First DVD-based navigation system introduced on the Toyota Progres.
2000: The United States made a more accurate GPS signal available for civilian use.[13]
2003: Toyota introduced the first Hard disk drive-based navigation system and the industry's first DVD-based navigation system with a built-in Electronic throttle control
2007: Toyota introduced Map on Demand, a technology for distributing map updates to car navigation systems, developed as the first of its kind in the world
2008: World's first navigation system-linked brake assist function and Navigation system linked to Adaptive Variable Suspension System (NAVI/AI-AVS) on Toyota Crown
Technology[edit]
The road database is a vector map. Street names or numbers and house numbers, as well as points of interest (waypoints), are encoded as geographic coordinates. This enables users to find a desired destination by street address or as geographic coordinates. (See map database management.)
Map database formats are almost uniformly proprietary, with no industry standards for satellite navigation maps, although some companies are trying to address this with SDAL and Navigation Data Standard (NDS). Map data vendors such as Tele Atlas and Navteq create the base map in a GDF (Geographic Data Files) format, but each electronics manufacturer compiles it in an optimized, usually proprietary manner. GDF is not a CD standard for car navigation systems. GDF is used and converted onto the CD-ROM in the internal format of the navigation system. CDF (CARiN Database Format) is a proprietary navigation map format created by Philips.
SDAL is a proprietary map format developed by Navteq, which was released royalty free in the hope that it would become an industry standard for digital navigation maps, has not been very widely adopted by the industry. Vendors who used this format include:
Microsoft
Magellan
Pioneer
Panasonic
Clarion
InfoGation
Navigation Data Standard (NDS)[edit]
The Navigation Data Standard (NDS) initiative, is an industry grouping of car manufacturers, navigation system suppliers and map data suppliers whose objective is the standardization of the data format used in car navigation systems, as well as allow a map update capability. The NDS effort began in 2004 and became a registered association in 2009.[14] Standardization would improve interoperability, specifically by allowing the same navigation maps to be used in navigation systems from 20 manufacturers.[15] Companies involved include BMW, Volkswagen, Daimler, Renault, ADIT, Aisin AW, Alpine Electronics, Navigon, Navis-AMS, Bosch, DENSO, Mitsubishi, Harman International Industries, Panasonic, Preh Car Connect formerly TechniSat, PTV, Continental AG, Clarion, Navteq, Navinfo, TomTom and Zenrin.
Media[edit]
The road database may be stored in solid state read-only memory (ROM), optical media (CD or DVD), solid state flash memory, magnetic media (hard disk), or a combination. A common scheme is to have a base map permanently stored in ROM that can be augmented with detailed information for a region the user is interested in. A ROM is always programmed at the factory; the other media may be preprogrammed, downloaded from a CD or DVD via a computer or wireless connection (bluetooth, Wi-Fi), or directly used utilizing a card reader.
Some navigation device makers provide free map updates for their customers. These updates are often obtained from the vendor's website, which is accessed by connecting the navigation device to a PC.
Real-time data[edit]
Main article: Integration of traffic data with navigation systems
Some systems can receive and display information on traffic congestion using either TMC, RDS, or by GPRS/3G data transmission via mobile phones.
Integration and other functions[edit]
The color LCD screens on some automotive navigation systems can also be used to display television broadcasts or DVD movies.
A few systems integrate (or communicate) with mobile phones for hands-free talking and SMS messaging (i.e., using Bluetooth or Wi-Fi).
Automotive navigation systems can include personal information management for meetings, which can be combined with a traffic and public transport information system.
Original factory equipment[edit]
Many vehicle manufacturers offer a GPS navigation device as an option in their vehicles. Customers whose vehicles did not ship with GPS can therefore purchase and retrofit the original factory-supplied GPS unit. In some cases this can be a straightforward "plug-and-play" installation if the required wiring harness is already present in the vehicle. However, with some manufacturers, new wiring is required, making the installation more complex.
The primary benefit of this approach is an integrated and factory-standard installation. Many original systems also contain a gyrocompass and/or an accelerometer and may accept input from the vehicle's speed sensors and reverse gear engagement signal output, thereby allowing them to navigate via dead reckoning when a GPS signal is temporarily unavailable.[16] However, the costs can be considerably higher than other options.
SMS[edit]
Establishing points of interest in real-time and transmitting them via GSM cellular telephone networks using the Short Message Service (SMS) is referred to as Gps2sms. Some vehicles and vessels are equipped with hardware that is able to automatically send an SMS text message when a particular event happens, such as theft, anchor drift or breakdown. The receiving party (e.g., a tow truck) can store the waypoint in a computer system, draw a map indicating the location, or see it in an automotive navigation system.
See also[edit]
Augmented reality
Automatic vehicle location
Autonomous car
GPS eXchange Format
GPS navigation device
Global Positioning System (GPS)
Map database management
Mapscape BV
Mobile data terminal
Navigation Data Standard (NDS)
NavPix
Navteq
Personal navigation assistant (PNA)
TomTom
Traffic Message Channel (TMC)
Hybride Navigation
References[edit]
GRACENOTE
Jump up ^ Cartographies of Travel and Navigation, James R. Akerman, p.277
Jump up ^ http://www.gpspower.net/gps-news/330038-evolution-car-navigation-technology-pictures.html
^ Jump up to: a b c d Cartographies of Travel and Navigation, James R. Akerman, p.279
Jump up ^ http://edition.cnn.com/2017/06/13/world/gallery/japanese-inventions-changed-how-we-live/index.html
Jump up ^ http://7car.tw/articles/read/12512
Jump up ^ "Positioning and Navigation
Jump up ^ "Toyota Crown Royal 1987". favcars.com/. Retrieved 2015-01-19.
Jump up ^ "1993 Eunos/Mazda Cosmo Classic Drive Uncosmopolitan: Meet the Rarest Mazda in America". Motor Trend. TEN: The Enthusiast Network. Retrieved 2015-01-18.
Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RXd32z5vN18
Jump up ^ "20 JAHRE NAVIGATION Was ist aus ihnen geworden?". auto-motor-und-sport.de/. Retrieved 4 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "How In-Dash Navigation Worked In 1992 – Olds Was First". jesda.com/. Retrieved 2015-01-19.
Jump up ^ "Autoradio GPS Android pas cher, Caméra radar de recul - Player Top". www.player-top.fr. Retrieved 2016-07-18.
Jump up ^ "The United States' Decision to Stop Degrading Global Positioning System Accuracy". Clinton4.nara.gov. 2000-05-01. Retrieved 2009-10-18.
Jump up ^ "Short History of NDS" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-11-05.
Jump up ^ "NDS Partners, NDS Association". NDS Association. Archived from the original on 2015-02-13. Retrieved 2015-02-13. External link in |publisher= (help)
Jump up ^ In-Car Positioning and Navigation Technologies—A Survey, I. Skog, and P. Händel, [1]
[show]
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History of autonomous cars
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Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V)
Connected car
Automotive navigation system
Vehicles
Cars
VaMP (1994)
Spirit of Berlin (2007)
General Motors EN-V (2010)
MadeInGermany (2011)
Waymo, formerly Google Car (2012)
Tesla Model S with Autopilot (2015)
LUTZ Pathfinder (2015)
Buses and commercial vehicles
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Council–manager government
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The council–manager government form is one of two predominant forms of local government in the United States and Ireland, the other being the mayor–council government form.[1] Council–manager government form also is used in county governments in the United States. The council–manager form also is used for municipal government in Canada and in Ireland, among many other countries, both for city councils and county councils.
Contents
[hide]
1 Form
2 History in the United States
2.1 Recent hybrids
2.2 “Model City Charter”
3 History in the Republic of Ireland
4 See also
5 Notes
6 External links
Form[edit]
The council–manager form is much like a publicly traded corporation.[2] Under the form, an elected governing body, usually called a council, board of aldermen, or similar title, is responsible for legislative functions such as establishing policy, passing local ordinances, voting appropriations, and developing an overall vision, similar to a corporate board of directors.[3] The legislative body appoints a professional manager to oversee the administrative operations, implement its policies, and advise it. The manager position is similar to that of corporate chief executive officer (CEO), providing professional management to the board of directors. The position of “mayor” present in this type of legislative body is a largely ceremonial title, and may be selected by the council from among its members or elected as an at-large council member with no executive functions,[4] similar to a non-executive chairman in a corporation.
This system of government is used in 40.1% of American cities with populations of 2,500 or more, according to the 2011 Municipal Yearbook published by the International City/County Management Association (ICMA),[5] a professional organization for city managers and other top appointed local government administrators.
History in the United States[edit]
The concept of the council–manager form of government was a product of a confluence of the prevailing modes of thought during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.[6] Probably the foremost influence was the Progressive Movement; following along the thought lines of the movement, the municipal reformers of that time wanted to rid municipalities of the pervasive “political machine” form of government and the abuses of the spoils system. The thought was to have a politically impartial administrator or manager to carry out the administrative function.
Another influence was the “Scientific Management” movement, often associated with Frederick Winslow Taylor. The focus of this movement was to run organizations in an objective, scientific fashion to maximize efficiency, among other things.
A third influence behind the council–manager idea was that of the organizational structure of the for-profit corporation, with its board of directors, which hires a professional CEO to run its operations.[6]
Sumter, South Carolina, has the distinction of being the first city in the United States to implement council–manager government successfully, although Staunton, Virginia is credited as the first American city appointing a city manager in 1908.[7] Some have traced the first occurrence of the manager position to as early as 1904 in Ukiah, California. However, it seems clear that all experts in the field credit the Staunton position as the first one, which began to focus attention on the fledgling profession and caught the eye of Richard S. Childs, who would become known, as the “father” of the council–manager form of government and the Model City Charter.[6][8] The first large city to adopt the council–manager form was Dayton, Ohio, in 1913.
Currently, thirty-eight of Virginia's thirty-nine cities have a council–manager form of government, with the capital, Richmond, being the only exception. Richmond switched to a strong-mayor–council plan in 2004, after having had a council–manager system since 1948, as many large cities have because of their greater areas and populations.[citation needed]
The council–manager system has grown considerably in popularity since the start of the 20th century. In 1935, ICMA recognized 418 U.S. cities and seven counties using the system.[citation needed]
The council–manager form of government developed, at least in part, as a response to some perceived limitations of the city commission government form. The council–manager form became the preferred alternative for progressive reform, and after World War I, very few cities adopted the commission form and many cities using the commission plan switched to the council–manager form.[citation needed]
By 2001, 3,302 cities with a population over 2,500 and 371 counties used the council–manager system. Phoenix, Arizona is the largest city in the United States to retain council–manager government.[9]
Recent hybrids[edit]
Indeed, much has been written over the last decade regarding the variety of hybrid forms of local governments that have evolved from the two pure forms (council–manager and mayor–council). The cities that have modified their organizational structure from one of the pure forms now commonly are termed “adaptive” community organizations.[10]
These variations necessitate a delineation of the distinguishing features of the council–manager form of government. ICMA has listed at least three defining characteristics that distinguish a truly council–manager government:
All governmental authority rests with the council, or other sovereign elected body, except for certain duties that are assigned by charter or other law to the manager, however, the manager always is employed at the pleasure of the elected body.
The appointed executive, a manager, officially is allocated the executive or administrative functions in codified form, minimum functions not being at the whim of a mayor, for example.
The manager must be responsible to, hired by, and can be dismissed only by the entire council, not one individual, such as a mayor or chairperson.[11]
“Model City Charter”[edit]
The Model City Charter (MCC), published by the National Civic League, formerly the National Municipal League, is closely associated to the council–manager form of government. The Model City Charter is in its eighth edition, adopted in 2003. Since its second edition, adopted in 1915, the model charter for municipalities has recommended this council–manager form of government.[12][13]
History in the Republic of Ireland[edit]
Main article: Council Manager (Republic of Ireland)
Following the turmoil of World War I (1914–1918), the 1916 rising, the Irish War of Independence (1919–1921), and the Irish Civil War (1921–1923), the Irish government found it necessary to remove the members of several local authorities and replace them temporarily by paid commissioners.
Both Dublin and Cork city councils were so removed. In both cities, there was a body of opinion that the services provided by the councils were delivered more efficiently and fairly under the commissioners than under the previous system, where the executive function had been, in effect, vested in the councils and their committees.
In 1926, a committee of commercial and industrial interests in Cork came together to consider a scheme of city government. Having regard to the city's experience of commissioners and recent experience in the United States a council–manager plan of city government was proposed.
After discussion between the minister for local government and local representatives, the minister, Richard Mulcahy, introduced as a government measure, the Cork City Management Bill (1929) and it became law despite opposition. The minister proposed and the Oireachtas enacted similar provision for Dublin City in 1930. Similar laws were passed for Limerick in 1934 and Waterford in 1939 under the Fianna Fáil government.
Under the County (Management) Act (1940), which was brought into operation in August 1942, a county manager is the manager of every borough or town in that county, but since the 1990s, has the power to delegate these functions to any other officer of that borough or town council.
The system was modified also in subsequent legislation, particularly the City and County Management (Amendment) Act (1955), which made some adjustments to give greater power to the council members, and the Local Government Act 1985, which provided for the council–manager system in Galway City once detached for local government purposes from Galway County.
The above acts have been replaced since that time, in substantially the same form, by the Local Government Act 2001.
See also[edit]
Mayor–council government
City commission government
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Svara, James H. (2008). Strengthening Local Government Leadership and Performance: Reexamining and Updating the Winter Commission Goals. Public Administration Review, December 2008, Special Issue, vol 68, pp S37–S49.
Jump up ^ Local Government Management, ICMA[permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ ICMA information brochure
Jump up ^ ICMA forms of government
Jump up ^ 2011 Municipal Yearbook
^ Jump up to: a b c Stillman, Richard J. (1974). The Rise of the City Manager: A Public Professional in Local Government. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
Jump up ^ "Staunton, Virginia: Birthplace of the Council Manager Form of Government". City of Staunton. Archived from the original on November 20, 2005. Retrieved 2008-11-11.
Jump up ^ Ammons, David N. and Charldean Newell. (1989). City Executives: Leadership Roles, Work Characteristics, and Time Management. State University of NY Press.
Jump up ^ "From the Mayor's Office". City of Phoenix. Archived from the original on 2008-08-22. Retrieved 2008-09-04.
Jump up ^ Carr, Jered B. and Shanthi Karuppusamy. "The Adapted Cities Framework: On Enhancing Its Use in Empirical Research" Urban Affairs Review, 2008, pgs.875–886.
Jump up ^ Svara, James H. and Kimberly L. Nelson. “Taking Stock of the Council–Manager Form at 100”. Public Management Magazine, August 2008. ICMA Publications
Jump up ^ Svara, James, on National Civic League Website
Jump up ^ Public Management Magazine, ICMA, February 2003, Vol 85, Number 3.
External links[edit]
City Mayors feature on US council managers
International City/County Management Association
National Civic League
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