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List of Major League Baseball players with a home run in their first major league at bat
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Gary Gaetti is the all-time leader in home runs among the players who hit a home run in their first MLB at bat.
This is a list of the 118 Major League Baseball (MLB) players who hit a home run in their first major league at bat through May 28, 2017.
Contents
[hide]
1 Key
2 List
3 See also
4 External links
Key[edit]
#
Denotes the home run was hit on the first pitch
&
Denotes the home run was a grand slam
†
Inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame
*
Denotes the player is still active
!
Denotes the home runs were hit consecutively
^
Denotes the home run was as a pinch-hitter
List[edit]
Hall of Fame pitcher Hoyt Wilhelm homered in his first at bat. He never hit another home run in his Major League career.
Gene Lamont hit four career home runs.
Daniel Nava is one of four players to hit a grand slam in his first MLB at bat, and one of two to hit it on the first pitch.
Player
Team
Date
Career HR
Joe Harrington Boston Beaneaters September 10, 1895 3
Bill Duggleby& Philadelphia Phillies April 21, 1898 6
Johnny Bates Boston Beaneaters April 12, 1906 25
Luke Stuart St. Louis Browns August 8, 1921 1
Walter Mueller# Pittsburgh Pirates May 7, 1922 2
Earl Averill† Cleveland Indians April 16, 1929 238
Clise Dudley# Brooklyn Dodgers April 27, 1929 3
Gordon Slade Brooklyn Dodgers May 24, 1930 8
Eddie Morgan# St. Louis Cardinals April 14, 1936 1
Ace Parker Philadelphia Phillies April 30, 1937 2
Gene Hasson Philadelphia Athletics September 9, 1937 4
Ernie Koy Brooklyn Dodgers April 19, 1938 36
Heinie Mueller Philadelphia Phillies April 19, 1938 17
Bill LeFebvre# Boston Red Sox June 10, 1938 1
Clyde Vollmer# Cincinnati Reds May 31, 1942 69
Paul Gillespie Chicago Cubs September 11, 1942 6
Buddy Kerr New York Giants September 8, 1943 31
Hack Miller Detroit Tigers April 23, 1944 1
Whitey Lockman New York Giants July 5, 1945 114
Eddie Pellagrini Boston Red Sox April 22, 1946 20
Dan Bankhead Brooklyn Dodgers August 26, 1947 1
George Vico# Detroit Tigers April 20, 1948 12
Les Layton New York Giants May 21, 1948 2
Ed Sanicki Philadelphia Phillies September 14, 1949 3
Ted Tappe Cincinnati Reds September 14, 1950 5
Bob Nieman St. Louis Browns September 14, 1951 125
Hoyt Wilhelm† New York Giants April 23, 1952 1
Wally Moon St. Louis Cardinals April 13, 1954 142
Chuck Tanner# Milwaukee Braves April 12, 1955 21
Bill White New York Giants May 7, 1956 202
Frank Ernaga Chicago Cubs May 24, 1957 2
Don Leppert Pittsburgh Pirates June 18, 1961 15
Cuno Barragan Chicago Cubs September 1, 1961 1
Bob Tillman Boston Red Sox May 19, 1962 79
John Kennedy^ Washington Senators September 5, 1962 32
Buster Narum Baltimore Orioles May 5, 1963 3
Gates Brown Detroit Tigers June 19, 1963 84
Bert Campaneris# Kansas City Athletics July 23, 1964 79
Bill Roman Detroit Tigers September 30, 1964 1
Brant Alyea# Washington Senators September 12, 1965 38
John Miller New York Yankees September 11, 1966 2
Rick Renick Minnesota Twins July 11, 1968 20
Joe Keough Oakland Athletics August 7, 1968 9
Gene Lamont Detroit Tigers September 2, 1970 4
Don Rose# California Angels May 24, 1972 1
Benny Ayala New York Mets August 27, 1974 38
Reggie Sanders Detroit Tigers September 1, 1974 3
John Montefusco San Francisco Giants September 3, 1974 4
José Sosa Houston Astros July 30, 1975 1
Dave McKay Minnesota Twins August 22, 1975 21
Alvis Woods# Toronto Blue Jays April 7, 1977 35
Dave Machemer California Angels June 21, 1978 1
Johnnie LeMaster San Francisco Giants September 2, 1975 22
Bob Horner Atlanta Braves June 16, 1978 218
Tim Wallach Montreal Expos September 6, 1980 260
Gary Gaetti Minnesota Twins September 20, 1981 360
Carmelo Martínez Chicago Cubs August 22, 1983 108
Mike Fitzgerald New York Mets September 13, 1983 48
Andre David Minnesota Twins June 29, 1984 1
Will Clark San Francisco Giants April 8, 1986 284
Terry Steinbach Oakland Athletics September 12, 1986 162
Jay Bell# Cleveland Indians September 29, 1986 195
Ricky Jordan Philadelphia Phillies July 17, 1988 55
Junior Félix# Toronto Blue Jays May 4, 1989 55
José Offerman Los Angeles Dodgers August 19, 1990 57
Dave Eiland San Diego Padres April 10, 1992 1
Jim Bullinger# Chicago Cubs June 8, 1992 4
Jay Gainer# Colorado Rockies May 14, 1993 3
Mitch Lyden Florida Marlins June 16, 1993 1
Garey Ingram Los Angeles Dodgers May 19, 1994 3
Jon Nunnally Kansas City Royals April 29, 1995 42
Jermaine Dye Atlanta Braves May 17, 1996 325
Dustin Hermanson Montreal Expos April 16, 1997 2
Brad Fullmer Montreal Expos September 2, 1997 114
Marlon Anderson Philadelphia Phillies September 8, 1998 63
Carlos Lee Chicago White Sox May 7, 1999 358
Guillermo Mota Montreal Expos June 9, 1999 2
Esteban Yan# Tampa Bay Devil Rays June 4, 2000 1
Alex Cabrera Arizona Diamondbacks June 26, 2000 5
Keith McDonald St. Louis Cardinals July 4, 2000 3
Chris Richard# St. Louis Cardinals July 17, 2000 34
Gene Stechschulte# St. Louis Cardinals April 17, 2001 1
Marcus Thames# New York Yankees June 10, 2002 115
Miguel Olivo Chicago White Sox September 15, 2002 145
Dave Matranga Houston Astros June 27, 2003 1
Kazuo Matsui# New York Mets April 6, 2004 32
Héctor Luna St. Louis Cardinals April 8, 2004 15
Greg Dobbs Seattle Mariners September 8, 2004 46
Andy Phillips# New York Yankees September 26, 2004 14
Mike Jacobs New York Mets August 21, 2005 100
Jeremy Hermida& Florida Marlins August 31, 2005 65
Mike Napoli* Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim May 4, 2006 267
Adam Wainwright*# St. Louis Cardinals May 24, 2006 10
Kevin Kouzmanoff#& Cleveland Indians September 2, 2006 87
Charlton Jimerson Houston Astros September 4, 2006 2
Josh Fields Chicago White Sox September 18, 2006 34
Elijah Dukes Tampa Bay Devil Rays April 2, 2007 31
Mark Worrell St. Louis Cardinals June 5, 2008 1
Lou Montañez Baltimore Orioles August 6, 2008 5
Mark Saccomanno# Houston Astros September 8, 2008 1
Jordan Schafer* Atlanta Braves April 5, 2009 12
Gerardo Parra* Arizona Diamondbacks May 13, 2009 71
John Hester Arizona Diamondbacks August 28, 2009 6
Jason Heyward* Atlanta Braves April 5, 2010 115
Luke Hughes Minnesota Twins April 28, 2010 8
Starlin Castro* Chicago Cubs May 7, 2010 99
Daniel Nava&#* Boston Red Sox June 12, 2010 29
J. P. Arencibia# Toronto Blue Jays August 7, 2010 80
Brandon Guyer* Tampa Bay Rays May 6, 2011 25
Tommy Milone*# Washington Nationals September 3, 2011 1
Brett Pill San Francisco Giants September 6, 2011 9
Starling Marte*# Pittsburgh Pirates July 26, 2012 65
Eddy Rodríguez* San Diego Padres August 2, 2012 1
Jurickson Profar* Texas Rangers September 2, 2012 12
Jorge Soler* Chicago Cubs August 27, 2014 29
Eddie Rosario*# Minnesota Twins May 6, 2015 50
Daniel Norris* Detroit Tigers August 19, 2015 1
Willson Contreras*# Chicago Cubs June 19, 2016 33
Tyler Austin!* New York Yankees August 13, 2016 7
Aaron Judge!* New York Yankees August 13, 2016 56
Paul DeJong* St. Louis Cardinals May 28, 2017 25
See also[edit]
Baseball portal
List of Major League Baseball players with a home run in their final major league at bat
External links[edit]
Baseball Almanac
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What's done is done
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"What's done is done" is an idiom in English.
The expression uses the word "done" in the sense of "finished" or "settled", a usage which dates back to the first half of the 15th century.[1]
Contents
1 Meaning
2 Etymology
3 See also
4 References
Meaning[edit]
It usually means something along the line of: the consequence of a situation (which was once within your control), is now out of your control, that is, "there's no changing the past, so learn from it and move on."
Etymology[edit]
One of the first-recorded uses of this phrase was by the character Lady Macbeth in Act 3, Scene 2 of the tragedy play Macbeth (early 17th century), by the English playwright William Shakespeare, who said: "Things without all remedy Should be without regard: what's done, is done"[2] and "Give me your hand. What's done cannot be undone. – To bed, to bed, to bed!"[3]
Shakespeare did not coin the phrase; it is actually a derivative of the early 14th-century French proverb: Mez quant ja est la chose fecte, ne peut pas bien estre desfecte, which is translated into English as "But when a thing is already done, it cannot be undone".[4]
It was first used in the Mahabharata when Vidura tells Dhritarashta when Dhritarashta realises the consequences of his actions.
See also[edit]
Linguistics portal
List of idioms in the English language
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "What does "what's done is done" mean?". Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company (via yourdictionary.com). Retrieved December 6, 2011.
Jump up ^ "What's Done is Done – Shakespeare Quotes". eNotes. Retrieved December 6, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Macbeth: Act 5, Scene 1, Page 3". SparkNotes. Retrieved December 6, 2011.
Jump up ^ Bruce, Elyse (June 29, 2010). "What's Done Is Done". Idiomation (via WordPress. Retrieved December 6, 2011.
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Group decision-making
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Group decision-making (also known as collaborative decision-making) is a situation faced when individuals collectively make a choice from the alternatives before them. The decision is then no longer attributable to any single individual who is a member of the group. This is because all the individuals and social group processes such as social influence contribute to the outcome. The decisions made by groups are often different from those made by individuals. Group polarization is one clear example: groups tend to make decisions that are more extreme than those of its individual members, in the direction of the individual inclinations.[1]
There is much debate as to whether this difference results in decisions that are better or worse. According to the idea of synergy, decisions made collectively tend to be more effective than decisions made by a single individual. However, there are also examples where the decisions made by a group are flawed, such as the Bay of Pigs invasion, the incident on which the groupthink model of group decision-making is based.[2]
Factors that impact other social group behaviours also affect group decisions. For example, groups high in cohesion, in combination with other antecedent conditions (e.g. ideological homogeneity and insulation from dissenting opinions) have been noted to have a negative effect on group decision-making and hence on group effectiveness.[2] Moreover, when individuals make decisions as part of a group, there is a tendency to exhibit a bias towards discussing shared information (i.e. shared information bias), as opposed to unshared information.
Contents
[hide]
1 Group decision-making in psychology
2 Formal systems
3 Decision-making in social settings
3.1 Social decision schemes
3.2 Normative model of decision-making
4 Decision support systems
5 Group discussion pitfalls
6 Cognitive limitations and subsequent error
6.1 "Sins of commission"
6.2 "Sins of omission"
6.3 "Sins of imprecision"
7 See also
8 References
Group decision-making in psychology[edit]
The social identity approach suggests a more general approach to group decision-making than the popular groupthink model, which is a narrow look at situations where group and other decision-making is flawed. Social identity analysis suggests that the changes which occur during collective decision-making is part of rational psychological processes which build on the essence of the group in ways that are psychologically efficient, grounded in the social reality experienced by members of the group and have the potential to have a positive impact on society.[3]
Formal systems[edit]
Consensus decision-making
Tries to avoid "winners" and "losers". Consensus requires that a majority approve a given course of action, but that the minority agree to go along with the course of action. In other words, if the minority opposes the course of action, consensus requires that the course of action be modified to remove objectionable features.
Voting-based methods
Range voting lets each member score one or more of the available options. The option with the highest average is chosen. This method has experimentally been shown to produce the lowest Bayesian regret among common voting methods, even when voters are strategic.[citation needed]
Majority requires support from more than 50% of the members of the group. Thus, the bar for action is lower than with unanimity and a group of "losers" is implicit to this rule.[citation needed]
Plurality, where the largest block in a group decides, even if it falls short of a majority.
Delphi method
This method is a structured communication technique for groups, originally developed for collaborative forecasting but also used for policy-making.
Dotmocracy
A facilitation method that relies on the use of forms called "dotmocracy sheets" to allow large groups to brainstorm collectively and recognize agreement on an unlimited number of ideas they have authored.
Decision-making in social settings[edit]
Decision-making in groups is sometimes examined separately as process and outcome. Process refers to the group interactions. Some relevant ideas include coalitions among participants as well as influence and persuasion. The use of politics is often judged negatively, but it is a useful way to approach problems when preferences among actors are in conflict, when dependencies exist that cannot be avoided, when there are no super-ordinate authorities, and when the technical or scientific merit of the options is ambiguous.
In addition to the different processes involved in making decisions, group decision support systems (GDSSs) may have different decision rules. A decision rule is the GDSS protocol a group uses to choose among scenario planning alternatives.
Gathering
Involves all participants acknowledging each other's needs and opinions and tends towards a problem solving approach in which as many needs and opinions as possible can be satisfied. It allows for multiple outcomes and does not require agreement from some for others to act.
Sub-committee
Involves assigning responsibility for evaluation of a decision to a sub-set of a larger group, which then comes back to the larger group with recommendations for action. Using a sub-committee is more common in larger governance groups, such as a legislature. Sometimes a sub-committee includes those individuals most affected by a decision, although at other times it is useful for the larger group to have a sub-committee that involves more neutral participants.
Participatory
Each participant has a say that is directly proportional to the degree that particular decision would affect the individual. Those not affected by a decision would have no say and those exclusively affected by a decision would have full say. Likewise, those most affected would have the most say while those least affected would have the least say.
Plurality and dictatorship are less desirable as decision rules because they do not require the involvement of the broader group to determine a choice. Thus, they do not engender commitment to the course of action chosen. An absence of commitment from individuals in the group can be problematic during the implementation phase of a decision.
There are no perfect decision-making rules. Depending on how the rules are implemented in practice and the situation, all of these can lead to situations where either no decision is made, or to situations where decisions made are inconsistent with one another over time.
Social decision schemes[edit]
Sometimes, groups may have established and clearly defined standards for making decisions, such as bylaws and statutes. However, it is often the case that the decision-making process is less formal, and might even be implicitly accepted. Social decision schemes are the methods used by a group to combine individual responses to come up with a single group decision. There are a number of these schemes, but the following are the most common:
Delegation
An individual, subgroup or external party makes the decision on behalf of the group. For instance, in an "authority scheme", the leader makes the decision or, in an oligarchy, a coalition of leading figures makes the decision.
Averaging
Each group member makes their own private and independent decision and all are later "averaged" to produce a decision.
Plurality
Group members vote on their preferences, either privately or publicly. These votes are then used to select a decision, either by simple majority, supermajority or other more or less complicated voting system.[citation needed]
Unanimity
A consensus scheme whereby the group discusses the issue until it reaches a unanimous agreement. This decision rule is what dictates the decision-making for most juries.
Random
The group leaves the choice to chance. For example, picking a number between 1 and 10 or flipping a coin.[4]
There are strengths and weaknesses to each of these social decision schemes. Delegation saves time and is a good method for less important decisions, but ignored members might react negatively. Averaging responses will cancel out extreme opinions, but the final decision might disappoint many members. Plurality is the most consistent scheme when superior decisions are being made, and it involves the least amount of effort.[4] Voting, however, may lead to members feeling alienated when they lose a close vote, or to internal politics, or to conformity to other opinions.[5] Consensus schemes involve members more deeply, and tend to lead to high levels of commitment. But, it might be difficult for the group to reach such decisions.[6]
Normative model of decision-making[edit]
Groups have many advantages and disadvantages when making decisions. Groups, by definition, are composed of two or more people, and for this reason naturally have access to more information and have a greater capacity to process this information.[7] However, they also present a number of liabilities to decision-making, such as requiring more time to make choices and by consequence rushing to a low-quality agreement in order to be timely. Some issues are also so simple that a group decision-making process leads to too many cooks in the kitchen: for such trivial issues, having a group make the decision is overkill and can lead to failure. Because groups offer both advantages and disadvantages in making decisions, Victor Vroom developed a normative model of decision-making[8] that suggests different decision-making methods should be selected depending on the situation. In this model, Vroom identified five different decision-making processes.[7]
Decide
The leader of the group uses other group members as sources of information, but makes the final decision independently and does not explain to group members why s/he required that information.
Consult (individual)
The leader talks to each group member alone and never consults a group meeting. S/he then makes the final decision in light of the information obtained in this manner.
Consult (group)
The group and the leader meet and s/he consults the entire group at once, asking for opinions and information, then comes to a decision.
Facilitate
The leader takes on a cooperative holistic approach, collaborating with the group as a whole as they work toward a unified and consensual decision. The leader is non-directive and never imposes a particular solution on the group. In this case, the final decision is one made by the group, not by the leader.
Delegate
The leader takes a backseat approach, passing the problem over to the group. The leader is supportive, but allows the group to come to a decision without their direct collaboration.
Decision support systems[edit]
The idea of using computerized support systems is discussed by James Reason under the heading of intelligent decision support systems in his work on the topic of human error. James Reason notes that events subsequent to The Three Mile accident have not inspired great confidence in the efficacy of some of these methods. In the Davis-Besse accident, for example, both independent safety parameter display systems were out of action before and during the event.[9]
Decision-making software is essential for autonomous robots and for different forms of active decision support for industrial operators, designers and managers.
Due to the large number of considerations involved in many decisions, computer-based decision support systems (DSS) have been developed to assist decision-makers in considering the implications of various courses of thinking. They can help reduce the risk of human errors. DSSs which try to realize some human-cognitive decision-making functions are called Intelligent Decision Support Systems (IDSS).[10] On the other hand, an active and intelligent DSS is an important tool for the design of complex engineering systems and the management of large technological and business projects.[11]
Group discussion pitfalls[edit]
Groups have greater informational and motivational resources, and therefore have the potential to outperform individuals. However they do not always reach this potential. Groups often lack proper communication skills. On the sender side this means that group members may lack the skills needed to express themselves clearly. On the receiver side this means that miscommunication can result from information processing limitations and faulty listening habits of human beings. In cases where an individual controls the group it may prevent others from contributing meaningfully.[12]
It is also the case that groups sometimes use discussion to avoid rather than make a decision. Avoidance tactics include the following:[7]
Procrastination
Replacing high-priority tasks with tasks of lower priority. The group postpones the decision rather than studying the alternatives and discussing their relative merits.
Bolstering
The group may quickly or arbitrarily formulate a decision without thinking things through to completion. They then bolster their decision by exaggerating the favorable consequences of the decision and minimizing the importance of unfavorable consequences.
Denying responsibility
The group delegates the decision to a subcommittee or diffuses accountability throughout the entire group, thereby avoiding responsibility.
Muddling through
The group muddles through the issue by considering only a very narrow range of alternatives that differ to only a small degree from the existing choice.
"Satisficing"
A combination of the words "satisfy" and "suffice". Members accept a low-risk, easy solution instead of searching for the best solution.
Trivialization
The group will avoid dealing with larger issues by focusing on minor issues.
Two fundamental "laws" that groups all too often obey:
Parkinson’s Law
"A task will expand to fill the time available for its completion."
Law of triviality
"The amount of time a group spends discussing an issue will be in inverse proportion to the consequentiality of the issue."
(For example, a committee discusses an expenditure of $20 million for 3 minutes and one for $500 for 15 minutes.)
Failure to share information
Research using the hidden profiles task shows that lack of information sharing is a common problem in group decision making. This happens when certain members of the group have information that is not known by all of the members in the group. If the members were to all combine all of their information, they would be more likely to make an optimal decision. But if people do not share all of their information, the group may make a sub-optimal decision. Stasser and Titus have shown that partial sharing of information can lead to a wrong decision. [13] And Lu and Yuan found that groups were eight times more likely to correctly answer a problem when all of the group members had all of the information rather than when some information was only known by select group members. [14]
Cognitive limitations and subsequent error[edit]
Individuals in a group decision-making setting are often functioning under substantial cognitive demands. As a result, cognitive and motivational biases can often affect group decision-making adversely. According to Forsyth,[7] there are three categories of potential biases that a group can fall victim to when engaging in decision-making:
"Sins of commission"[edit]
The misuse, abuse and/or inappropriate use of information, including:
Belief perseverance
A group utilises information in their decision-making that has already been deemed inaccurate.
Sunk cost bias
A group remains committed to a given plan primarily due to the investment already made in that plan, regardless of how inefficient and/or ineffective it may have become.
Extra-evidentiary bias
A group choosing to use some information despite having been told it should be ignored.
Hindsight bias
Group members falsely over-estimate the accuracy of and/or the relevance of their past knowledge of a given outcome.
"Sins of omission"[edit]
Overlooking useful information. This can include:
Base rate bias
Group members ignore applicable information they have concerning basic trends/tendencies.
Fundamental attribution error
Group members base their decisions on inaccurate appraisals of individuals' behavior--namely, overestimating internal factors (e.g., personality) and underestimating external or contextual factors. (Note: This phenomenon is reliably observed in individualist cultures, not in collectivist cultures.[15])
"Sins of imprecision"[edit]
Relying too heavily on heuristics that over-simplify complex decisions. This can include:
Availability heuristic
Group members rely on information that is readily available.
Conjunctive bias
When groups are not aware that the probability of a given event occurring is the least upper bound on the probability of that event and any other given event occurring together; thus if the probability of the second event is less than one, the occurrence of the pair will always be less likely than the first event alone.
Representativeness heuristic
Group members rely too heavily on decision-making factors that seem meaningful but are, in fact, more or less misleading.
See also[edit]
Social choice theory
Judge–advisor system
Shared information bias
Think tanks
Collaborative decision-making software
Collective problem solving
Online participation
Deliberation
Low-information rationality
Open assessment
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Moscovici, S.; M. Zavalloni (1969). "The group as a polarizer of attitudes". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 12 (2): 125–135. DOI:10.1037/h0027568
^ Jump up to: a b Janis, I. L. (1972). Victims of groupthink. Boston, MA: Houghton-Mifflin.
Jump up ^ Haslam, S. A. (2001). Psychology in organisations: The social identity approach. London: Sage. p. 177.
^ Jump up to: a b Hastie; Kameda (2005). Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ Davis; et al. (1988). Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ Kameda; et al. (2002). Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b c d Forsyth, D. R. (2006). Decision making. In Forsyth, D. R. , Group Dynamics (5th Ed.) (P. 317-349) Belmont: CA, Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.
Jump up ^ Vroom, V. H. (2003). Educating managers in decision-making and leadership. Management Decision, 10, 968–978
Jump up ^ James Reason (1990). Human Error. Ashgate. ISBN 1-84014-104-2
Jump up ^ See, for example, "An Approach to the Intelligent Decision Advisor (IDA) for Emergency Managers, 1999".
Jump up ^ See, for example, "Decision engineering, an approach to Business Process Reengineering (BPR) in a strained industrial and business environment".
Jump up ^ Alan Briskin (1 March 2011). The Power of Collective Wisdom and the Trap of Collective Folly (Large Print 16pt). ReadHowYouWant.com. ISBN 978-1-4587-3224-8.
Jump up ^ Stasser, G., & Titus, W. (1985). Pooling of unshared information in group decision making. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 1467-1478.
Jump up ^ Lu, L., Yuan, Y. C., & McLeod, P. L. (2012). Twenty-Five Years of Hidden Profiles in Group Decision Making A Meta-Analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 16(1), 54-75.
Jump up ^ Li, Chen; Chen, Wuqing (2006). "Cultural Limitations of the Fundamental Attribution Error". Advances in Psychological Science. 14 (06): 938–943. Retrieved 12/19/2016. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
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Charmed (season 4)
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Charmed (season 4)
DVD cover
Starring
Holly Marie Combs
Alyssa Milano
Brian Krause
Julian McMahon
Dorian Gregory
Rose McGowan
No. of episodes
22
Release
Original network
The WB
Original release
October 4, 2001 (2001-10-04) – May 16, 2002 (2002-05-16)
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 3
Next →
Season 5
List of Charmed episodes
The fourth season of Charmed, an American supernatural drama television series, began airing on October 4, 2001 on The WB. Airing on Thursdays at 9:00 pm, the season consisted of 22 episodes and concluded its airing on May 16, 2002. This season also saw the introduction of Rose McGowan as Paige Matthews—half-sister to Prue, Piper and Phoebe—and a slight alteration of the opening credits, due to the third season departure of Shannen Doherty as Prue. Paramount Home Entertainment released the complete fourth season in a six-disc boxed set on February 28, 2006.
Contents
1 Cast and characters
1.1 Main
1.2 Recurring
1.3 Guest
1.4 Special musical guest
2 Episode list
3 Notes
4 Reception
5 References
6 External links
Cast and characters[edit]
Main[edit]
Alyssa Milano as Phoebe Halliwell
Rose McGowan as Paige Matthews
Holly Marie Combs as Piper Halliwell
Brian Krause as Leo Wyatt
Julian McMahon as Cole Turner[a]
Dorian Gregory as Darryl Morris[b]
Recurring[edit]
Jennifer Rhodes as Penny Halliwell
James Read as Victor Bennett
Finola Hughes as Patty Halliwell
Krista Allen as The Source's Oracle
Ben Guillory and Peter Woodward as The Source of All Evil
Jesse Woodrow as Glen Balland
Debbi Morgan as The Seer
Rebecca Balding as Elise Rothman
Tony Amendola and Michael Des Barres as Dark Priest
Deborah Keller as Julie
Guest[edit]
Jordan Bridges as Shane
James Hong as Zen Master
Daniel Dae Kim as Yen Lo
Robert Englund as Gammill
Charlie Weber as The Prince
Bethany Joy Lenz as Lady Julia
Alex Breckenridge as Michelle Miglis
Patrick Fischler as Foreman
Cleo King as Tanya
Ray Wise as Ludlow
Frances Bay as Old Phoebe Halliwell
Coolio as Lazarus Demon
Costas Mandylor as Rick Lang
Louis Mandylor as Nathan Lang
Armin Shimerman as Wizard
Jaime Gomez as Greg Conroy
Carel Struycken as The Tall Man
Dakin Matthews as Angel of Destiny
Bruce Campbell as Agent Jackman
Special musical guest[edit]
Dave Navarro
Rebekah Ryan
Episode list[edit]
See also: List of Charmed episodes
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
US viewers
(millions)
67
68
1
2 "Charmed Again" Michael Schultz Brad Kern October 4, 2001 (2001-10-04) 4301801 6.0[1]
Leo was able to save Piper, but was unable to heal Prue. Piper and Phoebe must now deal with the loss of their oldest sister, and the loss of the Power of Three. However, The Source discovers an unknown sister named Paige Matthews, the daughter of Patty and her Whitelighter, Sam, who had been kept hidden. Paige, the now-youngest Halliwell can restore the Power of Three and reunite the sisters' strength as witches.
Piper and Phoebe must find Paige to destroy the demon Shax and to stop The Source from getting to her first, allowing them to become once again the Charmed Ones and re-constituting the Power of Three.
69
3 "Hell Hath No Fury" Chris Long Krista Vernoff October 11, 2001 (2001-10-11) 4301069 5.0[2]
Paige takes the Book of Shadows into her work to cast spells which help her co-workers. Meanwhile, Piper, who is filled with anger over the death of Prue and the recent actions of Paige, is turned into a member of a supernatural band of vigilantes known as the Furies.
70
4 "Enter the Demon" Joel J. Feigenbaum Daniel Cerone October 18, 2001 (2001-10-18) 4301071 5.7[3]
Paige makes a major blunder when carelessly mixing potions for Piper while secretly wishing she could be in Phoebe's shoes training for combat, and ends up switching bodies with Phoebe. While the two sisters try to reverse the spell and struggle to harness each other's powers, they must battle a Zen Master's powerful disciple who has turned evil against his mentor and opened up a portal between two worlds.
71
5 "Size Matters" Noel Nosseck Nell Scovell October 25, 2001 (2001-10-25) 4301070 5.3[4]
Phoebe and Piper do not take Paige seriously when she has a weird feeling about a creepy old house, landing Phoebe in the clutches of a hideous demon named Gammill (Robert Englund) and shrunk to a powerless five inches tall. When Paige and Piper also walk into the demon's trap, his collection is complete.
72
6 "A Knight to Remember" David Straiton Alison Schapker & Monica Breen November 1, 2001 (2001-11-01) 4301072 4.7[5]
Paige's favorite (self-made) childhood fairy tale—which she could never remember being able to recall parts of - suddenly becomes real, bringing her face-to-face with her past life as an Evil Enchantress from Medieval times and into the arms of a knight in shining armor. Phoebe and Piper go back in time to vanquish the Evil Enchantress and end up trapped in the Dark Ages, leaving Paige and Leo to rescue them. At the same time, Piper and Phoebe have to periodically fight an electrical demon who is plaguing them, but they need the Power of Three spell to vanquish it. Piper and Phoebe put forward the idea to Paige that she should move into the manor with them.
73
7 "Brain Drain" John Behring Curtis Kheel November 8, 2001 (2001-11-08) 4301073 4.7[6]
After being warned about the chameleon demon by Cole, Piper wants to give the source an agreement of peace. When Piper, Phoebe, and Paige go to vanquish a demon The Souce kidnap Piper and brain wash her. The Source sends Piper into a deep coma, where she perceives an alternate reality thanks to a demon named Alastair. Everyone in Pipers alternate reality plays on her deepest desire. Phoebe and Paige must find a way to return her to reality and save her from giving up their powers while she is delusional. Leo ultimately comes and heals pipers mind which brought her back to reality.
74
8 "Black as Cole" Les Landau Abbey Campbell, Brad Kern & Nell Scovell November 15, 2001 (2001-11-15) 4301074 5.1[7]
In the midst of mulling over his marriage proposal, Phoebe faces her inner demons while she also comes face-to-face with Cole's demonic past. When a demon from the brotherhood arises killing witches, A victim whose fiance was killed by Cole seeks revenge. The A.D.A lures one of Leo’s charges revealing his true identity. Cole embraces his demonic side completely to kill Saks. To being Cole’s humanity back he strips his powers. Meanwhile, Paige encourages Piper and Leo to test their readiness to become parents.
75
9 "Muse to My Ears" Joel J. Feigenbaum Krista Vernoff December 13, 2001 (2001-12-13) 4301075 4.5[8]
Phoebe, Paige, and Piper must stop warlocks who are enslaving the world's muses to use their divine creative inspiration for evil. In the midst of the assault, Cole becomes testy about Phoebe's rebuffing his marriage proposal and is concerned that without his demonic powers he can no longer protect the love of his life.
76
10 "A Paige from the Past" James L. Conway Daniel Cerone January 17, 2002 (2002-01-17) 4301076 3.4[9]
With Leo as her guide, Paige goes back in time to her teenage years, in an attempt to resolve her feelings about the accident that killed her parents. Meanwhile, Piper must prevent ghosts, who have inhabited Phoebe's and Cole's bodies, from fulfilling their mission.
77
11 "Trial by Magic" Chip Scott Laughlin Michael Gleason January 24, 2002 (2002-01-24) 4301077 4.1[10]
While serving on jury for a murder trial, Phoebe has a premonition that reveals the defendant is innocent despite the overwhelming evidence against him. As she desperately stalls in the jury room, Piper, Paige, and Leo frantically try to discover the real killer in time to free the wrongly accused man.
78
12 "Lost and Bound" Noel Nosseck Nell Scovell January 31, 2002 (2002-01-31) 4301078 3.9[11]
When Paige discovers that an 11-year-old runaway named Tyler is a Firestarter Witch, she whisks him to the manor for safekeeping, but soon discovers that his foster parents are demonic bounty hunters who are trying to take him to a Demon Academy where he will become a bodyguard for The Source. Meanwhile, Phoebe is given Grams' wedding ring by Cole, but to their surprise the ring has been cursed to transform the wearer into a traditional 1950s suburban housewife.
79
13 "Charmed and Dangerous" Jon Pare Alison Schapker & Monica Breen February 7, 2002 (2002-02-07) 943A55 4.7[12]
The Source breaks an age-old agreement between good and evil by stealing The Hollow, an ancient vapor which he uses to absorb Piper and Paige's powers. Meanwhile, Phoebe must allow Cole to help them, despite her having a premonition involving Cole sacrificing his life to save her from evil, but there may be more to the premonition that Phoebe cannot see.
80
14 "The Three Faces of Phoebe" Joel J. Feigenbaum Curtis Kheel February 14, 2002 (2002-02-14) 4301080 4.7[13]
Phoebe develops a case of cold feet over marrying Cole and casts a spell which brings a young innocent Phoebe and an old cynical Phoebe to the Manor to help her make a decision. Meanwhile, while Cole is horrified to find that The Source is now taking over his entire being, The Source's chief rival, who believes that he is dead, is convinced by the Seer to kill the Charmed Ones in order to earn the allegiance of the entire Underworld.
81
15 "Marry-Go-Round" Chris Long Daniel Cerone March 14, 2002 (2002-03-14) 4301081 4.5[14]
As Phoebe prepares for her wedding day, she is completely unaware that The Source has taken over Cole's body. Meanwhile, when the Seer tells Cole that if he can marry Phoebe in a "dark way", it will insure that their future son will be the most powerful, evil being ever.
82
16 "The Fifth Halliwell" David Straiton Krista Vernoff March 21, 2002 (2002-03-21) 4301082 4.8[15]
Paige, who feels like a fifth wheel among her happily married sisters and their husbands, becomes firmly convinced that Cole is still evil. Cole, the new Source, and the Seer secretly plot to impregnate Phoebe. Meanwhile, the sisters try to save a columnist as Cole tries to get Paige out of the way through his demonic contacts in The Underworld.
83
17 "Saving Private Leo" John Behring Daniel Cerone & Doug E. Jones March 28, 2002 (2002-03-28) 4301083 3.9[16]
When two ghosts from Leo's past return to seek revenge, Leo faces his demons by submitting, causing Piper's life to be threatened, and leaving Paige to deal with the situation. Meanwhile, Cole tries to convince Phoebe they need a home of their own.
84
18 "Bite Me" John T. Kretchmer Curtis Kheel April 18, 2002 (2002-04-18) 4301084 3.6[17]
A Vampire Queen tries to dethrone Cole as ruler of The Underworld and attempts to turn Paige against her sisters by turning her into a vampire. Meanwhile, Phoebe begins to feel under the weather and gets surprising news.
85
19 "We're Off to See the Wizard" Timothy Lonsdale Alison Schapker & Monica Breen April 25, 2002 (2002-04-25) 4301085 4.2[18]
Phoebe tells Piper and Paige that she is pregnant, and that Cole is the father. Meanwhile, Piper and Paige team up with a wizard to stop the coronation of the new Source, unaware that it is Cole and Phoebe is soon to be his Queen of the Underworld.
86
20 "Long Live the Queen" Jon Paré Krista Vernoff May 2, 2002 (2002-05-02) 4301086 4.7[19]
Phoebe accepts her new role in Cole's life, but she still sets out to save an innocent after she has a premonition and even seeks her sisters' help in protecting the man. Meanwhile, Piper's heart doesn't seem to be in it as she prepares to defend her family against any new threats from The Underworld.
87
21 "Womb Raider" Mel Damski Daniel Cerone May 9, 2002 (2002-05-09) 4301087 5.0[20]
The Seer plans to steal Phoebe's unborn baby so she can raise the child to become the next Source and prevent the throne from passing on to another demon. Meanwhile, the baby begins to take over control of Phoebe's body, which proves dangerous to Paige.
88
22 "Witch Way Now?" Brad Kern Brad Kern May 16, 2002 (2002-05-16) 4301088 5.2[21]
When the Angel of Destiny offers the sisters a chance to relinquish their powers and lead normal lives as a reward for vanquishing the Source of All Evil, their decision is put on the back burner. The sisters try to avoid an FBI agent who has them under surveillance, while also dealing with Cole's calls for help, who is trapped in another realm, holding onto his love for Phoebe. Meanwhile, Piper finds out that she is pregnant.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ McMahon is only credited for the episodes he appears in.
Jump up ^ Gregory is only credited for the episodes he appears in.
Reception[edit]
In 2016, Gavin Hetherington of SpoilerTV ran a series of Charmed articles in the run-up to the 10th anniversary of the series finale. The fourth was a complete season review of season four, in which Gavin comments that the season was certainly different to season four with the introduction of Paige following Prue's death.[22] He said that Paige's introduction "made sense", and that "the pace goes a little quick here." He concludes that it is one of the good seasons of the show, and especially complimented Rose McGowan's portrayal of Paige.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Tv Ratings: Thursday October 4, 2001". TvTango. Archived from the original on 2014-03-28.
Jump up ^ "Tv Ratings: Thursday October 11, 2001". TvTango.
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Bahubali
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see Baahubali (disambiguation).
Bahubali
Jain deity
The 59 ft high Gommateshwara statue at Shravanabelagola, Karnataka, was built in 981 A.D
Other names
Gommateshwara
Height
525 bows (157.5 metres)
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Bahubali (English: One With Strong Arms), a much revered figure among Jains, was the son of Adinath, the first tirthankara of Jainism, and the younger brother of Bharata Chakravartin. He is said to have meditated motionless for one year in a standing posture (kayotsarga) and that during this time, climbing plants grew around his legs. After his year of meditation, Bahubali is said to have attained omniscience (Kevala Gyana). According to Jain texts, Bahubali attained liberation from the cycle of births and deaths (moksha) at Mount Kailash and is revered as a liberated soul (Siddha) by the Jains.
Bahubali is also called Gommateshwara because of the Gommateshwara statue dedicated to him. The statue was built by the Ganga dynasty minister and commander Chavundaraya; it is a 57-foot (17 m) monolith (statue carved from a single piece of rock) situated above a hill in Shravanabelagola in the Hassan district, Karnataka state, India. It was built in around 981 A.D. and is one of the largest free-standing statues in the world.
Contents
[hide]
1 Legends
1.1 Family life
1.2 Renunciation
2 Statues
2.1 Shravanabelagola
2.2 Karkala
2.3 Dharmastala
2.4 Venur
2.5 Gommatagiri
2.6 Kumbhoj
2.7 Aretipur
3 In literature
3.1 Sanskrit
3.2 Kannada
4 Images
5 See also
6 References
6.1 Citations
6.2 Sources
7 External links
Legends[edit]
The Ādi purāṇa, a 9th-century Sanskrit poem, deals with the ten lives of the first tirthankara, Rishabhanatha and his two sons Bharata and Bahubali. It was composed by Jinasena, a Digambara monk.[1]
Family life[edit]
According to Jain texts, Bahubali was born to Rishabhanatha and Sunanda during the Ikshvaku dynasty in Ayodhya.[2][3][4][5] He is said to have excelled in studying medicine, archery, floriculture, and the knowledge of precious gems. Bahubali had a son named Somakirti (also known as Mahabala).[6] When Rishabhanatha decided to become a monk, he distributed his kingdom among his 100 sons. Bharata was gifted the kingdom of Vinita (Ayodhya) and Bahubali got the kingdom of Asmaka from South India, having Podanapur as its capital.[7] After winning six divisions of earth in all directions (digvijaya), Bharata proceeded to his capital Ayodhyapuri with a huge army and divine chakra-ratna—spinning, disk-like super weapon with serrated edges.[7] But the chakra-ratna stopped on its own at the entrance of Ayodhyapuri, signalling to the emperor that his 99 brothers have yet not submitted to his authority.[8] Bharata's 98 brothers became Jain monks' and submitted their kingdoms to him. Bahubali was endowed with the final and superior body of extraordinary sturdiness and strength (vajra-ṛṣabhanārācasaṃhanana) like Bharata.[9] He hurled open defiance at the chakravartin and challenged him to a fight.[10]
The ministers on both sides gave the following argument to prevent war; "The brothers themselves, cannot be killed by any means; they are in their last incarnations in transmigration, and possess bodies which no weapon may mortally wound in warfare! Let them fight out the issue by themselves in other ways."[11] It was then decided that to settle the dispute, three kinds of contests between Bharata and Bahubali would be held. These were eye-fight (staring at each other), water-fight (jala-yuddha), and wrestling (malla-yuddha). Bahubali won all the three contests over his elder brother, Bharata.[7][12]
Renunciation[edit]
Sculpture depicting Bahubali's meditation in Kayotsarga posture with vines enveloped around his body (Photo: Badami caves)
After the fight, Bahubali was filled with disgust at the world and developed a desire for renunciation. Bahubali abandoned his clothes and kingdom to become a Digambara monk and began meditating with great resolve to attain omniscience (Kevala Gyana).[13]
He is said to have meditated motionless in a standing posture (kayotsarga) for a year, during which time climbing plants grew around his legs.[14] However, he was adamant and continued his practice unmindful of the vines, ants, and dust that enveloped his body. According to Jain text Ādi purāṇa, on the last day of Bahubali's one year long fast, Bharata came in all humility to Bahubali and worshiped him with veneration and respect. A painful regret that he had been the cause of his elder brother's humiliation had been disturbing Bahubali's meditation; this was dispersed when Bharata worshipped him.[15] Bahubali was then able to destroy the four kinds of inimical karmas, including the knowledge obscuring karma, and he attained omniscience (kevala gyana). He was now revered as an omniscient being (Kevali).[14] Bahubali finally attained liberation (moksha) and became a pure, liberated soul (siddha).[16] He is said to be the first Digambara monk to have attained moksha in the present half-cycle of time (Avasarpiṇī).[2]
Statues[edit]
There are five monolithic statues of Bahubali measuring more than 6 m (20 feet) in height in Karnataka:
17.4 m (57 feet) at Shravanabelagola in Hassan District in 981 AD[2][17][18]
12.8 m (42 feet) at Karkala in Udupi District in 1430 AD[18]
11.9 m (39 feet) at Dharmasthala in Dakshina Kannada District in 1973 AD[18]
10.7 m (35 feet) at Venur in Dakshina Kannada District in 1604 AD[18]
6 m (20 feet) at Gommatagiri in Mysore District in 12th Century AD[19]
Shravanabelagola[edit]
Main article: Gommateshwara statue
The monolithic statue of Bahubali at Shravanabelagola, located 158 km (98 mi) from Bangalore, was carved from a single block of granite. The statue was commissioned by the Ganga dynasty minister and commander Chavundaraya; it is 57-foot (17 m) tall and is situated above a hill in Shravanabelagola, in the Hassan district of Karnataka. It was built in and around 981 A.D. and is one of the largest free-standing statues in the world.[2][3][20] The statue is visible from 25 kilometres (16 mi) away. Shravanabelagola has remained a centre of pilgrimage (tirtha) for the Jains.[21]
Karkala[edit]
Main article: Karkala
Bahubali monolith of Karkala
Karkala is known for its 42 ft (13 m) monolithic statue of Gomateshwara Bahubali, which is believed to have been built around 1432 and is the second-tallest statue in the State.[22][18] The statue is built on an elevated platform on top of a rocky hill. It was consecrated on 13 February 1432 by Veera Pandya Bhairarasa Wodeyar, scion of the Bhairarasa Dynasty, feudatory of the Vijayanagar Ruler.[18][23]
Dharmastala[edit]
Bahubali monolith of Dharmasthala (1973 CE)
Main article: Dharmastala
A 39-foot (12 m) high statue with a 13-foot (4.0 m) pedestal that weighs about 175 t (175,000 kg) is installed at Dharmasthala in Karnataka.[24][18]
Venur[edit]
Bahubali monolith of Venur
Main article: Venur
Venur is a small town in Dakshina Kannada district, Karnataka state, situated on the bank of the Gurupura River. Thimmanna Ajila built a 38-foot (12 m) colossus of Gommateshwara there in 1604 AD.[22][18][25] The staue at Venur is the shortest of the three Gommateshwaras within 250 km (160 mi) around it. It stands in an enclosure on the same pattern as that of the statue at Shravanabelagola. The Kings of Ajila Dynasty ruled here from 1154 to 1786.[26]
Gommatagiri[edit]
Main article: Gommatagiri
Bahubali monolith of Gommatagiri, Mysore
Gommatagiri is an acclaimed Jain centre. The 12th-century granite statue of Bahubali, also known as Gomateshwara, is erected atop a 50-metre (160 ft) tall hillock called 'Shravana Gudda'.[19] The Jain centre attracts many pilgrims during the annual Mahamastakabhisheka in September.[22][19] The statue at Gommatagiri is very similar to the 58-foot (18 m) Gommateshwara statue in Shravanabelagola, except that it is smaller. Historians attribute the statue to an early Vijayanagar period.[19]
Kumbhoj[edit]
28-foot (8.5 m)-high monolith of Bahubali at Kumbhoj
Main article: Kumbhoj
Kumbhoj is the name of an ancient town located in Kolhapur district, Maharashtra. The town is about eight kilometers from Hatkanangale, about twenty seven kilometers from Kolhapur. The famous Jain pilgrimage centre where a 28-foot (8.5 m)-high statue of Bahubali is installed is 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) from the Kumbhoj city.[27]
Aretipur[edit]
There is a 10-foot (3.0 m)-high statue of Bahubali at Aretipur, Near Kokrebellur Village of Madur Taluk Mandya district.[28]
In 2016, the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) excavated another 13 ft (4.0 m)-high statue of Bahubali made in the 3rd – 9th centuries in Aretipur.[29] ASI has also excavated an 8th-century statue of Bahubali in Aretipur, Maddur, Mandya, Karnataka, that is 3 feet (0.91 m) wide and 3.5 ft (1.1 m) tall.[30]
In literature[edit]
Poem by Boppanna
The life-story of Bahubali has been discussed in many works.
Sanskrit[edit]
The Ādi purāṇa composed by Āchārya Jinasena.[citation needed]
Bahubali charitra written in the 9th century A.D.[31]
Kannada[edit]
A 10th-century Kannada text based on the Sanskrit text was written by the poet Adikavi Pampa.[32][33]
A poem dated 1180 was composed by a Jain poet named Boppanna (also known as Sujanottamsa), in praise of Bahubali.[34]
Images[edit]
Pictured below are some of the images depiciting Bahubali that are located at various places in India.
Bahubali statue at YSR state Archaeology Museum, Hyderabad, 12th century
Bahubali monolith of Halebidu
28-foot (8.5 m)-high statue of Bahubali at Teenmurti Temple, Mumbai
Gomateshwara at Kalugumalai Jain Beds, 8th century
Bahubali at Andimalai Caves, 10th century
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bahubali.
God in Jainism
Jain cosmology
Jainism in Karnataka
Statue of Ahimsa
Bawangaja
References[edit]
Citations[edit]
Jump up ^ Granoff 1993, p. 208.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Sangave 1981, p. 66.
^ Jump up to: a b Zimmer 1953, p. 212.
Jump up ^ Champat Rai Jain 1929, p. xv.
Jump up ^ Dundas 2002, p. 120.
Jump up ^ Champat Rai Jain 1929, p. 106.
^ Jump up to: a b c Sangave 1981, p. 67.
Jump up ^ Vijay K. Jain 2013, p. x.
Jump up ^ Vijay K. Jain 2013, p. xi.
Jump up ^ Champat Rai Jain 1929, p. 143.
Jump up ^ Champat Rai Jain 1929, p. 144.
Jump up ^ Champat Rai Jain 1929, p. 105.
Jump up ^ Champat Rai Jain 1929, p. 145.
^ Jump up to: a b Champat Rai Jain 1929, p. 145–146.
Jump up ^ Āchārya Jinasena. Ādipurāṇa. Bharatiya Jnanpith. p. 217. ISBN 978-81-263-1844-5.
Jump up ^ Champat Rai Jain 1929, p. 146.
Jump up ^ Sangave 1981, p. 25.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Pinto, Stanley (21 January 2015), "12-year wait ends, all eyes on 42-ft-tall Karkala Bahubali", The Times of India, Mangaluru, Times News Network
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Gommatagiri statue crying for attention", The Hindu, 22 January 2006
Jump up ^ Rice 1889, p. 53.
Jump up ^ March of Mysore, 3, University of California, 1966, p. 56
^ Jump up to: a b c Sangave 1981, p. 90.
Jump up ^ "Bahubali abhisheka from today", The Hindu, 21 January 2015
Jump up ^ http://www.herenow4u.net/index.php?id=86311
Jump up ^ Titze 1998, p. 48.
Jump up ^ Pinto, Stanley (21 January 2015), "10-day Mahamastakabhisheka at Karkala from today", The Times of India, Mangaluru, TNN
Jump up ^ Sangave 1981, p. 91.
Jump up ^ "Bahubali of Aretipur", Frontline, 29 April 2016
Jump up ^ Girish, M. B. (23 February 2016) [4 December 2015], "Another Jain centre under excavation in Mandya district", Deccan Chronicle
Jump up ^ "Eighth Century Jain Temple Discovered in Maddur", The New Indian Express, Express News Service, 7 January 2015
Jump up ^ Sangave 1981, p. 51.
Jump up ^ "History of Kannada literature", kamat.com
Jump up ^ Students' Britannica India, Volumes 1–5, Popular Prakashan, p. 78, ISBN 0-85229-760-2
Jump up ^ Sangave 1981, p. 84.
Sources[edit]
Dundas, Paul (2002) [1992], The Jains (Second ed.), London and New York City: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-26605-X
Granoff, Phyllis (1993) [1990], The Clever Adulteress and Other Stories: A Treasury of Jaina Literature, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 81-208-1150-X
Jain, Champat Rai (1929), Risabha Deva – The Founder of Jainism, Allahabad: The Indian Press Limited, This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
Jain, Vijay K. (2013), Ācārya Nemichandra's Dravyasaṃgraha, Vikalp Printers, ISBN 978-81-903639-5-2, This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
Rice, Benjamin Lewis (1889), Inscriptions at Sravana Belgola: a chief seat of the Jains, (Archaeological Survey of Mysore), Bangalore: Mysore Govt. Central Press
Sangave, Vilas Adinath (1981), The Sacred Shravanabelagola (A Socio-Religious Study) (1st ed.), Bharatiya Jnanpith
Titze, Kurt (1998), Jainism: A Pictorial Guide to the Religion of Non-Violence (2 ed.), Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 81-208-1534-3
Zimmer, Heinrich (1953) [April 1952], Campbell, Joseph, ed., Philosophies Of India, London, E.C. 4: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd, ISBN 978-81-208-0739-6
External links[edit]
Shri Bahubali
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