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Wizard (Middle-earth)
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Races of
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Ainur
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Maiar
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Hobbits
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In the fiction of J. R. R. Tolkien, the Wizards of Middle-earth are a group of beings outwardly resembling Men but possessing much greater physical and mental power. They are also called the Istari (Quenya for "Wise Ones") by the Elves.[1]:388 The Sindarin word is Ithryn (sing. Ithron).[2]:448: "Istari" They were sent by the Valar to assist the people of Middle-earth to contest Sauron.[1]:388
The wizards of Middle-earth were Maiar: spirits of the same order as the Valar, but lesser in power.[1]:389 The first three of these five wizards were known in the Mannish tongues of the Lord of the Rings series as Saruman "man of skill" (Rohirric), Gandalf "elf of the staff" (northern Men), and Radagast "tender of beasts" (possibly Westron).[1]:390–391 Tolkien never provided non-Elvish names for the other two; one tradition gives their names in Valinor as Alatar and Pallando,[1]:393 and another as Morinehtar and Rómestámo in Middle-earth.[3] Each wizard in the series had robes of a characteristic colour: white for Saruman (the chief and the most powerful of the five), grey for Gandalf, brown for Radagast, and sea-blue for Alatar and Pallando (known consequently as the Blue Wizards or "Ithryn Luin"). Gandalf and Saruman both play important roles in The Lord of the Rings, while Radagast appears only briefly. Alatar and Pallando do not feature in the story, as they are said to have journeyed far into the east after their arrival in Middle-earth.[1]:390
Tolkien gives multiple names for all of them. In Quenya, Saruman was Curumo ("skillful one"); Gandalf was Olórin ("dreaming" or "dreamer"); and Radagast was Aiwendil ("friend of birds").[1]:389–392 The Quenya names Morinehtar ("darkness-slayer") and Rómestámo ("east-helper") are given for Alatar and Pallando, though it is not clear which name goes with which wizard. Other names are noted in individual articles.
As the Istari were Maiar, each one served a Vala in some way. Saruman was the servant and helper of Aulë, and so learned much in the art of craftsmanship, mechanics, and metal-working, as was seen in the later Third Age. Gandalf was the servant of Manwë or Varda, but was a lover of the Gardens of Lórien, and so knew much of the hopes and dreams of Men and Elves. Radagast, servant of Yavanna, loved the things of nature, both Kelvar and Olvar. As each of these Istari learned from their Vala, so they acted in Middle-earth.[1]
Contents
1 Internal history
1.1 Arrival
1.2 Purpose
1.3 Later events
1.4 Other wizards
2 Adaptations
2.1 Film
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Internal history[edit]
Arrival[edit]
They came to Middle-earth around the year 1000 of the Third Age, when the forest of 'Greenwood the Great' fell under shadow and became known as Mirkwood. The wizards already appeared old when they entered Middle-earth. They were "clothed" in the bodies of old Men, as the Valar wished them to guide the inhabitants of Middle-earth by persuasion and encouragement, not by force or fear. They were forbidden to dominate the free peoples of Middle-earth or to match Sauron's power with power. However, they aged very slowly and were in fact immortal. Physically they were "real" Men, and felt all the urges, pleasures and fears of flesh and blood. Therefore, in spite of their specific and unambiguous goal, the Wizards were capable of human feelings; Gandalf, for example, felt great affection for the Hobbits. They could also feel negative human emotions such as greed, jealousy, and lust for power. It is hinted in the essay in Unfinished Tales that the Blue Wizards may have fallen prey to these temptations, though information published in The Peoples of Middle-earth seems to contradict this version of their history.
Although immortal, their physical bodies could be destroyed by violence – thus Gandalf truly died in the fight with Durin's Bane, beyond the power of the Valar to resurrect him; Eru Ilúvatar intervened to send Gandalf back.[4] Similarly, Saruman was killed when his throat was cut by his servant in The Return of the King. The Istari also carried staves, which seem to aid their magic. When Saruman is defeated at Isengard, Gandalf casts him from the White Council and breaks his staff.
Even after his staff is broken, however, Saruman retains persuasive power over the heart and will of men. Similarly, when Gandalf's staff is broken at the Bridge of Khazad-dûm he is still able to slay the Balrog, showing that a wizard's strength was not entirely dependent on his staff.
Purpose[edit]
Though the Valar intervened only rarely in Middle-earth, they sent the wizards as emissaries from Valinor because they had not forsaken the Men and Elves of Middle-earth. In imposing the prohibition against using force to compel the Children of Eru, the Valar sought with the wizards to avoid repeating an ancient error. They had tried direct intervention in the destiny of the Elves in the Years of the Trees by leading the Eldar into the West, but this resulted in many bloody wars and confrontations. In the struggle against the Dark Lord, they hoped instead to help Men achieve their own destiny. Thus Gandalf and the other wizards were meant to use their great wisdom to persuade Men to courses of action which would achieve Men's own goals, rather than trying to dominate them, hence their power was ultimately restricted. Saruman failed in this when he tried to set himself up as a commander in opposition to Sauron, but Gandalf remained faithful to his charge.
The wizards landed at the Grey Havens in the North-west of Middle-earth, for the Valar felt that Arnor and Gondor, remnants of Elendil's old kingdom, had the greatest hope of mounting resistance against Sauron. Few of Middle-earth's inhabitants knew who the wizards really were; the wizards did not share their identities and purposes widely. Most thought they were Elves or wise Men; the name Gandalf, meaning "Wand-elf", reflects the belief that he was an Elf.
Saruman originally was the most powerful of the five and was head of the White Council. In T.A. 2759 he took over the defence of Isengard with the consent of the Steward of Gondor, who gave him the key to Orthanc. Saruman was learned in the lore of the Rings of Power, and gradually became corrupted by desire for the Rings and by Sauron's direct influence through the palantír of Orthanc. Eventually he took the title "Saruman of Many Colours" and took robes to match. He assisted Sauron in the War of the Ring, biding time to secure the One Ring for himself, in order to supplant Sauron, but his plans and forces were thwarted by the power of the Ents. Gandalf broke his staff and cast him from the White Council. However, Saruman later invaded the hobbit lands of the Shire, ruling as a petty lord, but was eventually overthrown again by the hobbits. He was finally murdered by his servant Gríma Wormtongue.
Later events[edit]
During the War of the Ring, it was Gandalf who led the Free Peoples to victory over Sauron. He also became "Gandalf the White", and defeated the traitorous Saruman. After the destruction of Sauron's forces in front of the Black Gate at the mountainous borders of Mordor, Gandalf left Middle-earth and went over the Sea to Aman, along with the Ring-bearers and many of the Elves.
In the course of The Lord of the Rings, it is never made clear what exactly Gandalf and Saruman are. Treebeard tells Merry and Pippin that the wizards appeared after the Great Ships came over the Sea (ca. T.A. 1000, according to Appendix B, some 2,000 years before the time of The Lord of the Rings), but little else is revealed in the narrative. Riding with Pippin to Minas Tirith at the end of Book III, Gandalf ponders the ability of the palantíri to see into the past, and recalls events in Valinor from the Years of the Trees—though whether from his own memory is not clear.[5] Later in Minas Tirith, Pippin wonders what Gandalf really is, and realizes that this is the first time in his life that he has done so.
The essay given in Unfinished Tales was originally begun in order to be included in the appendices of The Lord of the Rings, but was not completed in time. A more explanatory passage on the nature of the wizards is found at the end of The Silmarillion.
Other wizards[edit]
In the Second Age, at least a thousand years before the Wizards described above, the Númenóreans referred to Sauron as Zigûr, which means 'wizard' in their Adûnaic language.[6]
Adaptations[edit]
Film[edit]
In Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit film trilogies, three of the Istari are featured as characters: Saruman (portrayed by Christopher Lee), Gandalf (played by Ian McKellen), and Radagast (portrayed by Sylvester McCoy). Gandalf mentions the two Blue Wizards in The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey, but comments that he cannot recall their names; this is a reference to the fact that they went unnamed in both The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings. In The Hobbit films, it is Radagast who first discovers the presence of the Necromancer at Dol Guldur, and alerts Gandalf who in turn informs the White Council, including Saruman. Gandalf is quick to deduce the Necromancer's true identity, but Saruman is reluctant to accept that Sauron could have returned. At the behest of Galadriel, Gandalf and Radagast meet at the tomb of the Nine Kings of Men, and then travel to Dol Guldur. Radagast is then sent to take word to the White Council while Gandalf enters Dol Guldur alone, where he confronts and is captured by Sauron. The White Council arrived in force to rescue him, with Saruman, Elrond, and Galadriel confronting the evil there while Radagast took Gandalf to safety. Saruman later forbade pursuit of Sauron, feeling that their foe would never be able to rise again, while Gandalf and Radagast later took part in The Battle of the Five Armies.
As in the novels, Saruman later joined forces with Sauron, though he retained his white robes and was not shown to be seeking the One Ring for his own use. He and Gandalf are the only wizards featured or mentioned in the Lord of the Rings films, and for the most part go through the same experiences as in the novels. However, as seen in the extended edition of The Return of the King, Saruman is killed by Wormtongue atop Orthanc rather than in The Shire. The films place a greater emphasis on the connection between the Wizards' powers being manifested through their staffs: Gandalf and Saruman are visibly seen employing their staffs in their battle inside Orthanc, and Gandalf is rendered helpless when Saruman takes his staff from him. In a departure from the books, Gandalf's staff is shattered during his confrontation with the Witch-king.
See also[edit]
Middle-earth portal
Vala
Maia
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Essay on "The Istari" in Unfinished Tales.
Jump up ^ Index entries in Unfinished Tales.
Jump up ^ The History of Middle-earth, Vol. XII (The Peoples of Middle-earth), p. 384–385.
Jump up ^ In Letters, #156, pp 202–3, Tolkien clearly implies that the 'Authority' who sent Gandalf back was above the Valar (who are bound by Arda's space and time, while Gandalf went beyond time). Tolkien clearly intends this as an example of Eru intervening to change the course of the world.
Jump up ^ The Two Towers, Book III, "The Palantír", p. 204.
Jump up ^ J. R. R. Tolkien (1992), Sauron Defeated, Harper Collins, part 3 'The Drowning of Anadûnê' p. 437; ISBN 0-261-10240-0
External links[edit]
"Wizards". Tolkien Gateway.
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text:
Head shake
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A head shake is a gesture.
Contents
[hide]
1 To indicate rejection
2 Origin
3 Types
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
To indicate rejection[edit]
Different cultures assign different meanings to the gesture. Shaking to indicate "no" is widespread, and appears in a large number of diverse cultural and linguistic groups. Areas in which head shaking generally takes this meaning include the Indian subcontinent, the Middle East, Africa, Southeast Asia, Europe (Greece included), South America, North America and Australia.
However, in some Southeastern European areas such as Bulgaria and southern Albania, it is used for the opposite purpose, to indicate affirmation, meaning "yes". In those regions, nodding in fact means "no" as well, the complete reverse of most other places in the world.[citation needed]
Origin[edit]
There are varying theories as to why head shake is so frequently used to mean "no". One simple theory is that it is most common form of expressing negative reaction, indicating that one disagrees with the other person. It has also been stated[1] that babies, when hungry, search for their mother's milk by moving their heads vertically, but decline milk by turning their head from side to side.
An early survey of head shake and other gestures was The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, written by Charles Darwin in 1872. Darwin wrote to missionaries in many parts of the world asking for information on local gestures, and concluded that shaking head for "no" was common to many different groups.
The gesture is possibly ancient in origin. In the biblical book of Job, there is a reference to it:
4 I also could talk as you do, were you in my place. I could declaim over you, or wag my head at you;
5 I could strengthen you with talk, or shake my head with silent lips.
—Job 16:4–5[2]
Types[edit]
This gesture can be classified into two types based on the speed of delivery:[3]
Fast: If the listener is shaking his or her head in quick succession, it implies that he or she disagrees with the speaker and wants to take the speaker's role.
Slow: A slow head shake implies that the listener does not agree with the speaker's message but does not want to interrupt the speaker.
See also[edit]
Head bobble
Nod
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Darwin, Charles. The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1913; Page 272, accessed through Google Book Search.
Jump up ^ Text from the New American bible, http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0839/__PF1.HTM
Jump up ^ Kuhnke, Elizabeth. Body Language For Dummies. Page 49, accessed through Google Book Search
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Head turning.
The Straight Dope
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text:
List of broadband providers in the United States
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
Residential[edit]
Altice USA (including Optimum Online and Suddenlink Communications)
Armstrong Zoom
AT&T Internet Services
Atlantic Broadband
B2X Online - VA
Bernard Telephone Co
CenturyLink
Charter Communications (including Bright House Networks and Spectrum_Internet formerly Time Warner Cable)
Cincinnati Bell
Comcast High Speed Internet (also known as Xfinity)
Comelec
Consolidated Communications (including FairPoint Communications and SureWest)
Cox Communications
CS Technologies, Inc.
Exede Internet
Google Fiber
HughesNet
Interlync Internet Services
ImOn Communications
Mediacom
Midcontinent Communications
MV Link
RCN Corporation (acquired by TPG)
Rise Broadband
Shentel
Sonic.net
South Slope
Sprint (including Clearwire)
Ting Internet
USA Communications
PenTeleData
Windstream (including Earthlink)
Verizon High Speed Internet
WideOpenWest (wow!)
Business[edit]
B2X Online - VA
Broadview
CenturyLink
Digital West
Hurricane Electric
Interlync Internet Services
IT7 Networks
MegaPath
Skyriver
Ting Internet
Towerstream
Stealth Communications
Windstream
{{Navbox
| name = Internet service providers of the United States
| title = Internet service providers of the United States | state = autocollapse | bodyclass = hlist

| groupstyle = text-align: left;

| group1 = Cable ISP

| list1 =
[[Adams Cable]
Allegiance Communications
Altice USA
Optimum
Suddenlink Communications
Armstrong
Atlantic Broadband
Blue Ridge Communications
Blue Stream
Broadstripe
Buckeye Broadband
Cable One
Charter Spectrum
Comcast Xfinity
Consolidated Communications
FairPoint Communications
Cox Communications
Docomo Pacific
Emery Telcom
Full Channel
GCI
Hargray
Mediacom
Midco
Northland Communications
OneLink Communications
Satview Broadband
Service Electric
Shentel
SRT Communications
TDS Telecom
TPG
Grande Communications
RCN Corporation
Wave Broadband
TruVista Communications
WOW!

| group2 = Satellite ISP | list2 =
Dish (HughesNet)
Exede

| group3 = Fiber ISP | list3 =
AT&T Fiber
CenturyLink
Cincinnati Bell FiOptics
Claro
Consolidated Communications
FairPoint Communications
Digital West
EPB
Frontier FiOS
Google Fiber
GTA Teleguam
Hawaiian Telcom
Midco
NEP Telephone
Sonic.net
TDS Telecom
Verizon FiOS
Windstream
| group4 = Copper / DSL ISP | list4 =
AT&T Internet (U-Verse)
CenturyLink
Consolidated Communications
FairPoint Communications
Digital West
Frontier Communications
TDS Telecom
Verizon
Windstream

| group5 = Defunct ISP | list5 =
AGIS
ANS
Atala T
Boston CitiNet
ATMNet
Excite@Home
Prodigy
Pure TalkUSA
Texas.net
WorldWide Access
}}

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text:
Farmington River
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the river of the same name in Liberia, see Farmington River (Liberia).
Farmington River
River
Looking downstream on the Farmington River in Simsbury, Connecticut
Country
United States
State
Massachusetts & Connecticut
Primary source
outlet of Hayden Pond (West Branch of the Farmington River) [1]
- location Otis, Berkshire County, Massachusetts
Secondary source
Barkhamsted Reservoir (East Branch of the Farmington River) [2]
- location Hartland, Hartford County, Connecticut
Source confluence
confluence of the East Branch and West Branch
- location New Hartford, Litchfield County, Connecticut
Mouth
confluence with Connecticut River
- location Windsor, Hartford County, Connecticut
- coordinates 41°50′37.3596″N 72°37′52.6368″W / 41.843711000°N 72.631288000°W / 41.843711000; -72.631288000Coordinates: 41°50′37.3596″N 72°37′52.6368″W / 41.843711000°N 72.631288000°W / 41.843711000; -72.631288000
Length
80.4 mi (129 km), from source of West Branch
Basin
602 sq mi (1,559 km2)
The Farmington River is a river, 46.7 miles (75.2 km)[3] in length along its main stem, which is located in northwest Connecticut with major tributaries extending into southwest Massachusetts. Via its longest branch (the West Branch), the Farmington's length increases to 80.4 miles (129.4 km), making it the Connecticut River's longest tributary by a mere 2.3 miles (3.7 km) over the major river directly to its north, the Westfield River.[3] The Farmington River's watershed covers 609 square miles (1,580 km2). The river historically played an important role in small-scale manufacturing in towns along its course, but it is now mainly used for recreation and drinking water. The Farmington River Watershed Association[4] is a non-profit organization for conservation and preservation of this river.
Headwaters for both main branches of the Farmington River, referred to as the East Branch and West Branch, are found in southwestern Massachusetts, though only the West Branch officially begins north of the Connecticut border. The West Branch rises at the outlet of Hayden Pond in Otis, Massachusetts. In 1994, a 14-mile (23 km) stretch of the branch was designated a National Wild and Scenic River.[5] The East Branch begins in Hartland, Connecticut at the confluence of Pond, Hubbard and Valley Brooks.[1] However, this branch has been impounded along the first 11 miles of its course to form the Barkhamsted Reservoir and Lake McDonough; it does not assume a particularly river-like appearance until it exits Lake McDonough in New Hartford, Connecticut. The East Branch and West Branch join in New Hartford, Connecticut just about one mile south of Lake McDonough. Upper reaches of the river flow mostly southward, but the river turns northward in Farmington, Connecticut and then runs mostly north and east until it flows into the Connecticut River near the Loomis Chaffee School in Windsor, Connecticut.
Contents
[hide]
1 Boating
2 Dams and power generation
3 History
3.1 Historical crossings
4 Natural resources
5 Photographs of notable places
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Boating[edit]
There are several whitewater sections.[6][7] One of these, the so-called "Upper Farmington" section of the West Branch in New Boston, Massachusetts, is about 7 miles (11 km) long. It is Class 2 through farm and woods scenery to an iron bridge, where kayak and canoe slalom races are held. Below the bridge the river becomes Class 3-4, very technical at low water, and technical and pushy at higher water, with a short gorge with several abrupt drops.
Tariffville Gorge Dam
The biggest of these is about four feet at Decoration Rock. Below, the river continues fast and technical with many rocks and constant maneuvering required. The river is continuously rapid, leading through larger drops at Battering Ram rapid and Corkscrew. Eventually it flattens to Class 2 until a final, ledge rapid at Bear's Den, just above the reservoir. The Upper Farmington is barely runnable (very scratchy with many exposed rocks and pinning possibilities) during fall dam releases, and is a much better run at levels of about 600 cubic feet per second (16,990 l/s), or about 5 feet (1.5 m) on the internet gauge for that section. A second whitewater section is found in Tariffville, Connecticut, one mile (1.6 km) of technical Class 3 water which is runnable all year round. The river is normally paddled at levels between 1.5 and 2.75 feet (45–75 cm) on the internet gauge;[8] above 2.5 feet (75 cm) it becomes significantly heavier and more dangerous. This section includes the famous T-ville Hole, where kayakers can practice hole surfing and freestyle moves above a flat pool. Below the Hole is a broken dam, where the river funnels through an abrupt four foot drop into a large wave. This area is popular with swimmers in summer, and it is risky due to heavy currents and undercut rocks.
Satan's Kingdom offers tubing on the Farmington River.
There have been at least three fatal drownings in the Tariffville Gorge section, primarily people who were not properly prepared or trained for the heavy rapids and pinning obstacles in the gorge. Paddlers without helmets, lifejackets and Class 3 whitewater skills should end downriver trips at Tariffville Park, just above the start of the gorge.
Other whitewater areas include Satan's Kingdom in New Hartford, Connecticut, which is popular with tubers, and the Crystal Rapids section in Collinsville and Unionville, Connecticut, which is about four miles (6 km) of Class 1-3 training waters with a bicycle and pedestrian path on the right side of the river. Entrance to the park is free. A service will also pick tubers up and drop them off at certain points.
Dams and power generation[edit]
The west branch of the river includes two hydroelectric dams in West Hartland and Colebrook, run by Connecticut's Metropolitan District Commission.
Colebrook River Reservoir on the West Branch Farmington River in Colebrook, Connecticut.
The largest dam on the east branch is the Saville Dam, which impounds the Barkhamsted Reservoir.
The Rainbow Dam, a 68-foot (21 m) dam with a hydroelectric generator and a fish ladder, dams the river at Windsor, a few miles before the river flows into the Connecticut River.
A number of other dams have been built on the river since European settlement, usually to power mills and other industry. A few, such as in Collinsville, are still mostly intact. The Collinsville Renewable Energy Promotion Act (H.R. 316;113th Congress) would instruct the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission to issue licenses to the town of Canton, Connecticut to restart two small power dams along the river.[9] The bill passed the United States House of Representatives on February 12, 2013, but has not yet become law.
Water released from or flowing over the Otis Reservoir dam enters the Farmington River just North of Reservoir Road in Otis, Massachusetts. Significant quantities of water are released during the fall in order to drop the reservoir water level for the winter.
History[edit]
The Farmington River was the home of a Native American indigenous people called the Massaco, who inhabited the Simsbury and Canton area of Connecticut. One of the eighteen bands of the Wappinger, they lived and fished along the river, which later acquired the name "Farmington"[10]
The Farmington River was one of the Massaco's chief fishing grounds.
The land of the Massaco was subsequently purchased by the Dutch. This and its settlement during the era of the Connecticut Colony are described in the early history of Simsbury.
The Spoonville Dam, built on the Farmington River in 1899 below the Tariffville Gorge in East Granby, was breached in the Flood of 1955 and remained as a partial dam for several decades before being removed in July 2012.[11] The dam, as well as the bridge crossing the Farmington River downstream at Route 187, derived its name from the silver plating factory erected in 1840 on the north bank of the river. It was the first factory of its kind in the United States.[12]
Historical crossings[edit]
Several old bridges constructed in the 19th century and early 20th century still span the Farmington River to this day. Among these are:
Farmington River Railroad Bridge, a stone arch bridge in Windsor, Connecticut built in 1867[13]
Drake Hill Road Bridge, a Parker through-truss bridge in Simsbury, Connecticut constructed in 1892[14]
Town Bridge, a Parker through-truss bridge in Canton, Connecticut constructed by the Berlin Iron Bridge Company in 1895[15]
Richards Corner Bridge, a Pratt through-truss bridge in New Hartford, Connecticut built in 1930 which spans the East Branch Farmington River[16]
Pleasant Valley Bridge, a Parker through-truss bridge in Barkhamsted, Connecticut built in 1939[17]
Unionville Bridge, a Warren through-truss bridge in Farmington, Connecticut built in 1939[18]
Natural resources[edit]
The Farmington River and its tributaries are known to contain 11 species of freshwater mussels.[19] The Farmington has the highest mussel species diversity of any tributary to the Connecticut, lacking only the Yellow lampmussel, which is found only in the mainstem of the Connecticut from Turners Falls, MA downriver to Windsor, CT.[19]
Photographs of notable places[edit]
Drake Hill Road Bridge, built in 1892 to span the Farmington River in Simsbury, Connecticut
Historic mills along the Farmington River in the Collinsville section of Canton, Connecticut.
A stone arch bridge built in 1867 which still spans the Farmington River in Windsor, Connecticut.
The Saville Dam impounds the East Branch Farmington River to form Barkhamsted Reservoir.
Town Bridge, built in 1895 over the Farmington River in Canton, Connecticut.
See also[edit]
List of rivers of Connecticut
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Farmington River Watershed: Water Quality Assessment Report (PDF). Massachusetts: Commonwealth of Massachusetts. 2001. p. 9.
Jump up ^ Farmington River Watershed Summary (PDF). Connecticut: Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection. 2012. p. 1. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline data. The National Map Archived 2012-04-05 at WebCite, accessed April 1, 2011
Jump up ^ "Farmington River Watershed Association". Farmington River Watershed Association. Retrieved 23 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "Wild & Scenic". Farmington River Watershed Association. Farmington River Watershed Association. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "Tariffville (Route 189) to Highway 187 (Tariffville Gorge) (Tville)". American Whitewater. Retrieved 23 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "Farmington, W. Branch, Massachusetts, US". American Whitewater. Retrieved 23 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "USGS Real-Time Water Data for Connecticut". USGS. Retrieved 23 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "H.R 316 - 113th Congress". United States Congress. Retrieved 12 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "New York Indian Tribes". Access Genealogy.com. Archived from the original on December 15, 2010. Retrieved September 29, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Spoonville Dam is gone!". Farmington River Watershed Association. Farmington River Watershed Association. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
Jump up ^ Federal Writers' Project. Connecticut: A Guide to Its Roads, Lore and People. US History Publishers. p. 500. ISBN 978-1-60354-007-0. Retrieved 23 September 2010.
Jump up ^ Susan Babbitt (February 15, 1972). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Farmington River Railroad Bridge" (pdf). National Park Service.
Jump up ^ Clouette, Matthew (February 20, 1984). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Drake Hill Road Bridge" (PDF). National Park Service. and Accompanying photos, exterior and interior, from 1983
Jump up ^ Bruce Clouette & Hoang Tinh (April 30, 1998). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Town Bridge" (pdf). National Park Service.
Jump up ^ "Richards Corner Bridge". Bridgehunter.com: Historic and Notable Bridges of the U.S. Retrieved 22 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Pleasant Valley Bridge". Bridgehunter.com: Historic and Notable Bridges of the U.S. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "Unionville Bridge". Bridgehunter.com: Historic and Notable Bridges of the U.S. Retrieved 22 March 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Nedeau, E.J. 2008. Freshwater Mussels and the Connecticut River Watershed. Connecticut River Watershed Council, Greenfield, MA." (PDF). Retrieved 2012-02-06.
External links[edit]
Farmington River Watershed Association
USGS site
Farmington River Paddling Maps
Farmington River Anglers Association
[show]
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Rivers of Massachusetts
Atlantic Ocean
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Connecticut River watershed
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Hubbard River
Indian Stream
Israel River
Johns River
Little Sugar River
Manhan River
Mascoma River
Mattabesset River
Mill River (Northampton)
Mill River (Springfield)
Millers River
Mink Brook
Mirey Brook
Mohawk River
North Branch Millers River
North Branch Westfield River
North River
Nulhegan River
Oliverian Brook
Ompompanoosuc River
Ottauquechee River
Otter River
Park River
Partridge Brook
Passumpsic River
Perry Stream
Quaboag River
Salmon River
Saxtons River
Scantic River
Seven Mile River
Simms Stream
Sugar River
Tarbell Brook
Upper Ammonoosuc River
Waits River
Ware River
Wells River
West River
Westfield River
Whetstone Brook
White River
Williams River
Lakes
Ashuelot Pond
Back Lake
Ball Mountain Lake
Barkhamsted Reservoir
Lake Beseck
Brooks Pond
Canaan Street Lake
Cedar Pond
Christine Lake
Comerford Reservoir
Connecticut Lakes
Crystal Lake
Dublin Pond
Eastman Pond
Echo Lake
Lake Francis (Murphy Dam)
Goose Pond
Grafton Pond
Granite Lake
Harriman Reservoir
Harvey Lake
Lake Hayward
Lakes of the Clouds
Little Sunapee Lake
Mascoma Lake
McIndoes Reservoir
Lake Monomonac
Moore Reservoir
North Hartland Lake
Pearly Lake
Pocotopaug Lake
Quabbin Reservoir
Lake Rescue
Silver Lake
Spofford Lake
Lake Sunapee
Surry Mountain Lake
Lake Tarleton
Townshend Lake
Lake Wyola
Major cities
(>100k)
Hartford, Connecticut
Springfield, Massachusetts
Smaller cities and towns
(<100k)
Agawam
Ascutney
Barnet
Bath
Beecher Falls
Bellows Falls
Bloomfield
Bradford
Brattleboro
Brunswick
Canaan
Charlestown
Chester
Chesterfield
Chicopee
Claremont
Clarksville
Colebrook
Columbia
Concord
Cornish
Cromwell
Dalton
Deep River
Deerfield
Dummerston
East Haddam
East Hampton
East Hartford
East Hereford
East Windsor
Easthampton
Enfield
Essex
Fairlee
Gill
Gilman
Glastonbury
Greenfield
Groveton
Guildhall
Haddam
Hadley
Hanover
Hartford VT
Hartland
Hatfield
Haverhill
Higganum
Hinsdale
Holyoke
Lancaster
Lebanon
Lemington
Littleton
Longmeadow
Lunenburg
Lyme CT
Lyme NH
Maidstone
Middletown
Millers Falls
Monroe
Montague
Moodus
Newbury
Northampton
Northfield
Northumberland
Norwich
Old Lyme
Old Saybrook
Orford
Piermont
Pittsburg
Plainfield
Portland
Putney
Rockingham
Rocky Hill
Ryegate
South Hadley
South Windsor
Springfield VT
Stewartstown
Stratford
Suffield
Sunderland
Thetford
Thompsonville
Turners Falls
Vernon
Walpole
Waterford
Weathersfield
Wells River
West Lebanon
West Springfield
Westminster
Westmoreland
Wethersfield
Whately
White River Junction
Wilder
Windsor CT
Windsor VT
Windsor Locks
Woodsville
Crossings
Amtrak Old Saybrook – Old Lyme Bridge
Arch Bridge
Bulkeley Bridge
Calvin Coolidge Bridge
Canalside Rail Trail Bridge
Cheshire Bridge
Columbia Bridge
Cornish–Windsor Covered Bridge
Dexter Coffin Bridge
French King Bridge
Gill–Montague Bridge
Janice Peaslee Bridge
Ledyard Bridge
Morey Memorial Bridge
Mount Orne Covered Bridge
Norwottuck Rail Trail Bridge
Piermont Bridge
Pittsburg–Clarksville Covered Bridge
Ranger Bridge
Raymond E. Baldwin Bridge
Sunderland Bridge
Wells River Bridge
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Farmington_River&oldid=802779810"
Categories:
Rivers of Berkshire County, Massachusetts
Farmington, Connecticut
Windsor, Connecticut
Rivers of Hartford County, Connecticut
Rivers of Litchfield County, Connecticut
Tributaries of the Connecticut River
Rivers of Massachusetts
Rivers of Connecticut
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