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Courteney Cox
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For the American musician, see Courtney Cox (musician).
Courteney Cox
Cox in 2009
Born
Courteney Bass Cox
(1964-06-15) June 15, 1964 (age 53)
Birmingham, Alabama, U.S.
Nationality
American
Other names
Courteney Cox Arquette
Education
Mountain Brook High School
Mount Vernon College
Occupation
Actress, film producer, film director
Years active
1984–present
Known for
Friends
Scream film series
Cougar Town
Spouse(s)
David Arquette
(m. 1999; div. 2013)
Partner(s)
Michael Keaton (1989-1995)
Johnny McDaid (2013–present)
Children
1
Parent(s)
Richard Lewis Cox (father)
Courteney Copeland Bass (mother)
Hunter Copeland (stepfather)
Relatives
Virginia Cox (sister)
Dorothy Cox (sister)
Richard Cox, Jr. (brother)
Courteney Bass Cox (born June 15, 1964)[1][2] is an American actress, producer, and director. She is best known for her roles as Monica Geller on the NBC sitcom Friends, Gale Weathers in the horror series Scream, and Jules Cobb in the ABC/TBS sitcom Cougar Town, for which she earned her first Golden Globe nomination. Cox also starred in the FX series Dirt. She owns a production company, called Coquette Productions, which was created by Cox and her then-husband David Arquette. Cox also worked as a director on her sitcom Cougar Town and the television film Talhotblond.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
2.1 Early career
2.2 Friends
2.3 Film career
2.4 Later work
3 Personal life
4 Filmography
4.1 Film
4.2 Television
4.3 Other Work
5 Awards and Nominations
6 References
7 External links
Early life[edit]
Cox was born and raised in Birmingham, Alabama.[3][4] She is a daughter of businessman Richard Lewis Cox (January 28, 1931 – September 3, 2001)[5] and Courteney Copeland (née Bass).[6][7] Cox has two older sisters, Virginia and Dorothy, and an older brother, Richard Jr. Her parents divorced in 1974 and her mother then married businessman Hunter Copeland (uncle to music promoter and business manager Ian Copeland).[8] After graduating from Mountain Brook High School, Cox left for Mount Vernon College in Washington, D.C., but did not complete her architecture course, opting instead to pursue a career in modeling and acting.[9] She has English ancestry.[10][11][12]
Career[edit]
Early career[edit]
Cox appeared in the 1984 music video for Bruce Springsteen's "Dancing in the Dark" as the young woman pulled onstage at the St. Paul Civic Center to dance with Springsteen. Her early television work includes a starring role in the short-lived television series Misfits of Science (1985), and later in a recurring role as Lauren Miller, the girlfriend of Alex P. Keaton (Michael J. Fox) in the TV series Family Ties (1987–89). Her early film roles include Masters of the Universe (1987), Cocoon: The Return (1988), and I'll Be Home for Christmas (1988). She played Jewel Jagger, the hard-as-nails assistant of Larry Burrows (James Belushi), in Mr. Destiny (1990). In 1993, she co-starred in the short-lived CBS sitcom The Trouble with Larry with Bronson Pinchot and Perry King. The following year, shortly before the debut of the sitcom Friends, Cox appeared with Jim Carrey in Ace Ventura: Pet Detective and as Jerry Seinfeld's girlfriend, Meryl, in the Seinfeld episode "The Wife". In 1995, she was cast in Toad the Wet Sprocket's music video "Good Intentions". The song is also on the Friends soundtrack.
Friends[edit]
Cox in September 1995
Later in 1994, Cox was asked to audition for the part of Rachel Green on a new sitcom, Friends; she was cast as Monica Geller, instead.[13]
At first the most famous cast member of the new show, Cox joined fellow castmates Jennifer Aniston (Rachel Green), Lisa Kudrow (Phoebe Buffay), Matt LeBlanc (Joey Tribbiani), Matthew Perry (Chandler Bing) and David Schwimmer (Ross Geller) for what became her most famous role, lasting for 10 seasons until 2004. According to the Guinness Book of World Records (2005), Cox (along with her female costars) became the highest-paid TV actress of all time, with her US$1 million-per-episode paycheck for the final two seasons of Friends.
Between seasons five and six, Cox married David Arquette, and changed her name to Courteney Cox Arquette. An in-joke reference to this is made in the beginning credits of the episode "The One After Vegas", where the rest of the cast has "Arquette" added to their names. The dedication "For Courteney and David, who did get married" – a reference to Monica and Chandler's decision not to marry in the episode – appears during the fade out to the tag scene.[14]
Film career[edit]
Cox also appeared in the high-profile Hollywood films, Scream (1996), Scream 2 (1997), and Scream 3 (2000), as reporter Gale Weathers. She met her husband, David Arquette, who played her on-screen love interest Dwight "Dewey" Riley, while filming the first Scream film. Both Cox and Arquette reprised their respective roles from the Scream trilogy in 2011's Scream 4. The film was released in theaters April 15, 2011.[15]
Her other films include Ace Ventura: Pet Detective with Jim Carrey (1994), The Runner (1999), 3000 Miles to Graceland (2001), and The Shrink Is In (2001). In late 2003, Cox and Arquette produced one season of the reality television series Mix It Up. The lifestyle show, which aired on the We cable channel, struggled with low ratings and was not renewed for a second season.
Later work[edit]
Cox at Paleyfest in 2010
After the conclusion of Friends, Cox was producer Marc Cherry's first choice to be offered a starring role as Susan Mayer on Desperate Housewives, but Cox was unavailable due to her pregnancy and the role later went to Teri Hatcher.[16] A few years later, Cox signed a deal with ABC Studios (formerly Touchstone Television) to star in her own series.
After Friends, Cox starred in the independent film November (2005) which had a limited theatrical release; costarred with Tim Allen in the critically derided Zoom (2006), and cameoed in the big-budget remake of The Longest Yard (2005) as Lena, the girlfriend of Paul Crewe (Adam Sandler). She voiced Daisy in the animated film Barnyard (2006). A Friends reunion film was rumored to be in production following the success of Sex and the City (2008),[17] but this has been denied by Warner Bros. and others.
Cox starred as Lucy Spiller, a cynical tabloid editor, in Dirt (2007), a television drama for FX. Cox and her husband David Arquette were the executive producers of the series.[18] According to Cox, the series was canceled after the second season in 2008.[19] In July 2008, Entertainment Weekly announced that Cox had signed on to star in a three-episode arc for the television series Scrubs.[20]
In 2009, Cox began her roles as the star of the single-camera comedy series on ABC called Cougar Town, playing a newly single 40-year-old mother on the hunt for new experiences.[21][22][23] It is notably Cox's most successful work since Friends. The show's third season was to premiere in November 2011, but was moved to February 14, 2012. In the third season, Cox directed two of the show's 15 episodes of that season. The show's fourth season premiered on January 8, 2013. She also starred in a three-episode arc on former Friends co-star Lisa Kudrow's online web series Web Therapy (2009).
In June 2012, Cox directed and made a cameo appearance in a Lifetime television movie called Talhotblond, which premiered on the network on June 23, 2012.[24]
Personal life[edit]
Cox's previous boyfriends include rock promoter Ian Copeland,[25] Michael Keaton, and Adam Duritz of Counting Crows.
Cox married actor David Arquette on June 12, 1999.[26] Their daughter, Coco Riley Arquette, was born on June 13, 2004,[27][28][29] and Cox suffered from postpartum depression.[30] Her close friend Jennifer Aniston is Coco's godmother.[31] On October 11, 2010, it was announced that Cox and Arquette had separated, though they still maintain a close friendship and ongoing business relationship in Coquette Productions.[32][33][34] In June 2012, Arquette filed for divorce after nearly two years of separation from Cox.[35] The divorce became final in May 2013.[36]
Cox began dating Snow Patrol band member Johnny McDaid in late 2013.[37] The couple announced their engagement on Twitter on June 26, 2014.[38]
On the Season 9 premiere episode of the American genealogy documentary show Who Do You Think You Are?, it was discovered that Cox is descended from several key players involved in the deposing and likely murder of King Edward II of England, and also a direct descendant of William the Conqueror (her 26x great-grandfather).[39] Cox is practitioner of Budokan karate.[40][41]
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1987 Down Twisted Tarah film debut
1987 Masters of the Universe Julie Winston
1988 Cocoon: The Return Sara
1990 Shaking the Tree Kathleen
1990 Mr. Destiny Jewel Jagger
1991 Blue Desert Lisa Roberts
1992 The Opposite Sex and How to Live with Them Carrie Davenport
1994 Ace Ventura: Pet Detective Melissa Robinson
1996 Scream Gale Weathers
1997 Commandments Rachel Luce
1997 Scream 2 Gale Weathers
1999 The Runner Karina
2000 Scream 3 Gale Weathers
2001 3000 Miles to Graceland Cybil Waingrow
2001 The Shrink Is In Samantha Crumb also Executive Producer
2001 Get Well Soon Lily Charles
2004 November Sophie Jacobs
2005 The Longest Yard Lena uncredited
2006 Barnyard Daisy the Cow voice role
2006 Zoom Marsha Holloway
2006 The Tripper Dog Lover Hippie credited as Courteney Cox-Arquette
also Executive Producer
2008 Alien Love Triangle Alice Short Film
2008 The Monday Before Thanksgiving Cece Short Film
also Director/Writer
2008 Bedtime Stories Wendy
2008 The Butler's in Love
Short Film
Executive Producer
2011 Scream 4 Gale Weathers-Riley
2014 Just Before I Go
Director/Producer
2012 Got Rights Celebrity Short Film
2016 Mothers and Daughters Beth
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1984 As the World Turns Bunny television debut
Episode: "1.5000"
1985 Code Name: Foxfire Flight Attendant uncredited
Episode: "Slay It Again, Sam"
1985-1986 Misfits of Science Gloria Dinallo series regular; 16 episodes
1986 The Love Boat Carol Episode: "Daredevil/Picture Me a Spy/Sleeper"
1986 Sylvan in Paradise Lucy Apple Television Movie
1986 Murder, She Wrote Carol Bannister 2 episodes
1987 If It's Tuesday, It Still Must Be Belgium Hana Wyskocki Television Movie
1987 I'll Be Home for Christmas Nora Bundy Television Movie
1987-1989 Family Ties Lauren Miller recurring role; 19 episodes
1989 Roxanne: The Prize Pulitzer Jacquie Kimberly Television Movie
1989 Till We Meet Again Marie-Frederique 'Freddy' de Lancel Television Miniseries
2 episodes
1990 Curiosity Kills Gwen Television Movie
1991 Morton & Hayes Princess Lucy Episode: "Oafs Overboard"
1992 Battling for Baby Katherine Television Movie
1992 Dream On Alisha Episode: "Come and Knock on Our Door..."
1993 The Trouble with Larry Gabriella Easden recurring role; 7 episodes
1994 Seinfeld Meryl Episode: "The Wife"
1994-2004 Friends Monica Geller series regular; 236 episodes
1995 Sketch Artist II: Hands That See Emmy Television Movie
1995 The Larry Sanders Show Herself Episode: "Larry's Big Idea"
1995 Saturday Night LIVE! Herself Host
Episode: "Courteney Cox/Dave Matthews Band"
1999 Happily Every After: Fairy Tales for Every Child Emerald Salt Port voice role
Episode: "Three Little Pigs"
2000 WCW Monday Nitro Herself credited as Courteney Cox-Arquette
Episode: "#5.33"
2003 MADtv Herself Episode: "#9.3"
2004 Mix It Up
4 episodes
Executive Producer
2005 Dirt Squirrel
Television Movie
Executive Producer
2005 Talk Show Diaries
Television Movie
Executive Producer
2005 The MidNightly News
Television Movie
Executive Producer
2005-2007 Daisy Does America
8 episodes
Executive Producer
2007-2008 Dirt Lucy Spiller series regular; 20 episodes
also Executive Producer
2009-2015 Cougar Town Jules Cobb series regular; 102 episodes
also Director/Executive Producer
2009 Scrubs Dr. Maddox 3 episodes
2009 Web Therapy Serena Duvall Episode: "Psychic Analysis"
2011 Private Practice Woman uncredited
Episode: "Step One"
2012 TalhotBlond Amanda Television Movie
also Director/Producer
2013 Go On Talia Episode: "Matchup Problems"
2013 Tripaholics
Television Movie
Executive Producer
2014-2016 Drunk History Edith Wilson 2 episodes
2014-2017 Celebrity Name Game Herself 14 episodes
also Executive Producer
2015 Barley Famous Herself Episode: "Favorite Socks"
2016 Charity Case Hailey Television Movie
also Executive Producer
2016 Running Wild with Bear Grylls Herself Television Documentary
Episode: "Courteney Cox" S03E03
2017 Who Do You Think You Are? Herself Television Documentary
Episode: "Courteney Cox"
2017 Off Camera with Sam Jones Herself Episode: "Courteney Cox"
2017 The Gong Show Herself Guest Judge
Episode: "Will Arnett/Courteney Cox/Isla Fisher"
Other Work[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1984 Bruce Springsteen: Dancing in the Dark Woman Music Video/Video Short
1996 Counting Crows: A Long Decemberr Woman Music Video/Video Short
2009 The Rembrandts: I'll Be There for You Monica Geller Music Video/Video Short
2009 Web Therapy Serena DuVall Web Series
3 episodes
Awards and Nominations[edit]
Courteney has received multiple awards and nominations throughout her career for her work in both film and television. Her most awarded role was as Monica Geller on the sitcom Friends (1994-2004), a role which she received a Screen Actors Guild award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series in 1996. Later she received a Golden Globe award nomination for her performance as Jules Cobb on the sitcom Cougar Town (2009-2015) for Best Lead Actress in a Television Series - Comedy or Musical in 2010.
American Comedy awards
Year
Category
Title
Results
Lost to
Ref
1995 Funniest Supporting Female Performer in a Television Series Friends Nominated Julia Louis-Dreyfus (Seinfeld) [42]
1999 Nominated Doris Roberts (Everybody Loves Raymond) [43]
Blockbuster Entertainment awards
Year
Category
Title
Results
Lost to
Ref
1998 Favorite Actress - Horror Scream 2 Nominated Neve Campbell (Scream 2) [44]
2001 Favorite Actress - Horror (Internet Only) Scream 3 Nominated Neve Campbell (Scream 3) [45]
Critics Choice Television awards
Year
Category
Title
Results
Lost to
Ref
2011 Best Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Cougar Town Nominated Tina Fey (30 Rock) [46]
Gold Derby awards
Year
Category
Title
Results
Lost to
Ref
2010 Best Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Cougar Town Won
[47]
2011 Nominated Amy Poehler (Parks and Recreation) [48]
Golden Apple awards
Year
Category
Title
Results
Lost to
Ref
1995 Female Discovery of the Year
Won
[49]
Golden Globe awards
Year
Category
Title
Results
Lost to
Ref
2010 Best Lead Actress in a Television Series - Comedy or Musical Cougar Town Nominated Toni Collette (United States of Tara) [50]
Golden Raspberry awards
Year
Category
Title
Results
Lost to
Ref
2002 Worst Supporting Actress 3000 Miles to Graceland Nominated Estella Warren (Driven, Planet of the Apes) [51]
Worst Screen Couple (shared with Kevin Costner) Nominated Tom Green (Freddy Got Fingered)
Online Film & Television Association awards
Year
Category
Title
Results
Lost to
Ref
1997 Best Ensemble in a Series Friends Nominated Cast of (ER) [52]
Best Ensemble in a Comedy Series Won
1998 Best Ensemble in a Series Nominated Cast of (ER) [53]
Best Ensemble in a Comedy Series Nominated Cast of (Ally McBeal)
1999 Nominated [54]
2000 Nominated Cast of (Will & Grace) [55]
2001 Nominated [56]
Nickelodeon Kid's Choice awards
Year
Category
Title
Results
Lost to
Ref
1997 Favorite Television Actress Friends Nominated Tia & Tamera Mowry (Sister, Sister) [57]
2000 Favorite Television Friends (shared with Jennifer Aniston, Lisa Kudrow) Nominated Ben Savage, Ryder Strong (Boy Meets World) [58]
People's Choice awards
Year
Category
Title
Results
Lost to
Ref
1995 Favorite Performer in a New Television Program Friends Won
[59]
2011 Favorite Television Comedy Actress Cougar Town Nominated Jane Lynch (Glee) [60]
2012 Nominated Lea Michele (Glee) [61]
2014 Favorite Cable Television Actress Nominated Lucy Hale (Pretty Little Liars) [62]
2015 Nominated Angie Harmon (Rizzoli & Isles) [63]
Saturn awards
Year
Category
Title
Results
Lost to
Ref
1998 Best Supporting Actress Scream 2 Nominated Gloria Stewart (Titanic) [64]
Screen Actors Guild awards
Year
Category
Title
Results
Lost to
Ref
1996 Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Friends Won
[65]
1999 Nominated Cast of (Ally McBeal) [66]
2000 Nominated Cast of (Frasier) [67]
2001 Nominated Cast of (Will & Grace) [68]
2002 Nominated Cast of (Sex and the City) [69]
2003 Nominated Cast of (Everybody Loves Raymond) [70]
2004 Nominated Cast of (Sex and the City) [71]
Teen Choice awards
Year
Category
Title
Results
Lost to
Ref
2000 Choice Movie - Chemistry (shared with David Arquette) Scream 3 Won
[72]
2002 Choice TV Actress - Comedy Friends Nominated Jennifer Aniston (Friends) [73]
2003 Nominated [74]
2005 Choice Movie - Hissy Fit The Longest Yard Nominated Jon Heder (Napoleon Dynamite) [75]
The Stinkers Bad Movie awards
Year
Category
Title
Results
Lost to
Ref
2001 Worst Supporting Actress 3000 Miles to Graceland Nominated Tori Spelling (Scary Movie 2) [76]
Most Annoying Fake Accent - Female Nominated Jennifer Lopez (Angel Eyes)
2006 Worst Supporting Actress Zoom Nominated Cindy Cheung (Lady in the Water) [77]
The Streamy awards
Year
Category
Title
Results
Lost to
Ref
2010 Best Guest Star in a Web Series Web Therapy Nominated Weird Al Yankovic (Know Your Meme) [78]
TV Guide awards
Year
Category
Title
Results
Lost to
Ref
2000 Editor's Choice award Friends Won
[79]
TV Land awards
Year
Category
Title
Results
Lost to
Ref
2006 Most Wonderful Wedding (shared with Matthew Perry) Friends Nominated Erin Moran, Scott Baio (Happy Days) [80]
2007 Break-Up That Was So Bad It Was Good (shared with Michael J. Fox) Family Ties Nominated Ted Danson, Shelley Long (Cheers) [81]
Women in Film Crystal + Lucy awards
Year
Category
Title
Results
Lost to
Ref
2010 Lucy award
Won
[82]
Women's Image Network awards
Year
Category
Title
Results
Lost to
Ref
2010 Actress Comedy Series Cougar Town Nominated Cheryl Hines (Curb Your Enthusiasm) [83]
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External links[edit]
Courteney Cox on IMDb
Courteney Cox at People.com
Courteney Cox on Twitter
[hide]
v
t
e
Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series (1994–1999)
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Islam in Africa
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The Mosque of the Companions, Massawa, reportedly Africa's oldest mosque[1]
Islam by country
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Islam portal
v
t
e
Africa was the first continent into which Islam spread from Southwest Asia, during the early 7th century CE. Almost one-third of the world's Muslim population resides in the continent. Muslims crossed current Djibouti and Somalia to seek refuge in present-day Eritrea and Ethiopia during the Hijrah (Arabic: هِـجْـرَة, 'Migration') to the Kingdom of Aksum.[2] Most Muslims in Africa are Sunni; the complexity of Islam in Africa is revealed in the various schools of thought, traditions, and voices in many African countries. The practice of Islam on the continent is not static and is constantly being reshaped by prevalent social, economic, and political conditions. Generally Islam in Africa often adapted to African cultural contexts and belief systems forming Africa's own orthodoxies.[citation needed]
It was estimated in 2002 that Muslims constitute 48% of the population of Africa.[3] Islam has a large presence in North Africa, the Horn of Africa, the Swahili Coast, and much of West Africa, with minority immigrant populations in South Africa.
Contents
1 History
2 Characteristics
3 Shari'ah
4 Sects
4.1 Sufism
4.2 Salafism
5 Notable kingdoms and sultanates
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
History[edit]
Main articles: Muslim conquest of North Africa, Muslim conquest of the Maghreb, Muslim conquest of the Sudan, Shirazi era, Migration to Abyssinia, and Swahili Coast
The presence of Islam in Africa can be traced to the 7th century CE, when in Rajab 8 BH, or May 614 CE, Muhammad advised a number of his early disciples, who were facing persecution by the polytheistic inhabitants of the Mecca, to seek refuge across the Red Sea in Axum. In the Muslim tradition, this event is known as the first hijrah, or migration. Twenty three Muslims migrated to Abyssinia where they were protected by its king, Armah An-Najāshī (Arabic: الـنَّـجَـاشِي), who later accepted Islam. They were followed by 101 Muslims later in the same year. Most of those Muslims returned to Medina in 7 AH / 628 CE but some settled in the neighboring Zeila, which was at that time part of Bilād al-Barbar (Arabic: بِـلَاد الْـبَـرْبَـر, "Land of the Berber(s)"). Once in Zeila, they built the Masjid al-Qiblaṫayn (Arabic: مَـسْـجـد الْـقِـبْـلَـتَـيْـن, "Mosque of the two Qiblahs") in 627 CE. This mosque has two Qiblas because it was built before the Prophet switched the Qiblah from Jerusalem to Mecca. They also reportedly built Africa's oldest mosque, that is the Mosque of the Companions in the Eritrean city of Massawa.[1]
The Great Mosque of Kairouan (also known as the Mosque of Uqba), founded in 670 by the Arab general and conqueror Uqba Ibn Nafi, is the oldest mosque in Northwest Africa,[4] located in the city of Kairouan, Tunisia
In 20 H / 641 CE, during the reign of Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab, Muslim troops took over current Egypt and conquered current Libya the following year. Muslims then expanded to current Tunisia in 27 H / 647 CE, during the reign of the third Muslim Caliph Uthman Ibn Affan. The conquest of North Africa continued under the Umayyad dynasty, which annexed parts of Algeria around 61 H/680 CE and Morocco the following year. From the latter Muslim troops crossed the Strait of Gibraltar to Europe in 92 H/711 CE. Islam gained momentum during the 10th century in West Africa with the start of the Almoravid dynasty movement on the Senegal River and as rulers and kings embraced Islam.[citation needed] Islam then spread slowly in much of the continent through trade and preaching. During this period these Muslims from North and West Africa came to be known by Europeans at large as Moors and were depicted by Europeans as black, swarthy or tawny in skin color.[5] By the 9th century, Muslim Sultanates started being established in the Horn of Africa, and by the 12th century the Kilwa Sultanate had spread as far south as Mozambique. Islam only crossed deeper into Malawi and Congo in the second half of the 19th century under the Zanzibar Sultanate. Then the British brought their labor force from India, including some Muslim-Indian nationals, to their colonies in Africa towards the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries.
The Mosque of Islamic Solidarity in Mogadishu, Somalia is the largest mosque in the Horn of Africa
Islam was introduced to the northern Somali coast early on from the Arabian peninsula, shortly after the hijra. Zeila's two-mihrab Masjid al-Qiblatayn dates to the 7th century, and is the oldest mosque in the city.[6] In the late 9th century, Al-Yaqubi wrote that Muslims were living along the northern Somali seaboard.[7] He also mentioned that the Adal kingdom had its capital in the city,[7][8] suggesting that the Adal Sultanate with Zeila as its headquarters dates back to at least the 9th or 10th century. According to I.M. Lewis, the polity was governed by local dynasties, who also ruled over the similarly-established Sultanate of Mogadishu in the littoral Benadir region to the south. Adal's history from this founding period forth would be characterized by a succession of battles with neighbouring Abyssinia.[8]The local Somalis adopted the Islamic faith well before the faith even took root in its place of origin.[9]
In the following centuries, the consolidation of Muslim trading networks, connected by lineage, trade, and Sufi brotherhoods, had reached a crescendo in West Africa, enabling Muslims to wield tremendous political influence and power. During the reign of Umar II, the then governor of Africa, Ismail ibn Abdullah, was said to have won the Berbers to Islam by his just administration. Other early notable missionaries include Abdallah ibn Yasin, who started a movement which caused thousands of Berbers to accept Islam.[10]
El-Tabia Mosque in Aswan, Egypt
The History of Islam in Africa and accounts of how the religion spread, especially in North and the Horn of Africa have always been contentious. Head of Awqaf Africa London, Sheikh Dr. Abu-Abdullah Adelabu has written in his Movements of Islam in face of the Empires and Kingdoms in Yorubaland claims about the early arrival of Islam in the southwestern Nigeria. He seconded the Arab anthropologist Abduhu Badawi on the argument that the early Muslim missionaries had benefited their works from the fall of Kush in southern Sudan and the prosperity of the politically multicultural Abbasid period in the continent which, according to him, had created several streams of migration, moving west in the mid-9th century into Sub-Saharan Africa.[11] Adelabu pointed at the popularity and influences of the Abbasid Dynasty (750-1258), the second great dynasty with the rulers carrying the title of 'Caliph' as fostering peaceful and prosperous migration of the intercultural Muslims from the Nile Valley to Niger as well as of the Arab traders from the desert to Benue. Adelabu's claim seems to be in line with the conventional historical view that the conquest of North Africa by the Umayyad Caliphate between AD 647–709 effectively ended Christianity in Africa for several centuries.[12]
Minaret of the Malindi Mosque in Stone Town, Zanzibar
Similarly, in the Swahili coast, Islam made its way inland - spreading at the expense of traditional African religions.[13] This expansion of Islam in Africa not only led to the formation of new communities in Africa, but it also reconfigured existing African communities and empires to be based on Islamic models.[14] Indeed, in the middle of the 11th century, the Kanem Empire, whose influence extended into Sudan, converted to Islam. At the same time but more toward West Africa, the reigning ruler of the Bornu Empire embraced Islam.[10] As these kingdoms adopted Islam, their subjects thereafter followed suit. In praising the Africans' zealousness to Islam, the 14th-century explorer Ibn Battuta stated that mosques were so crowded on Fridays, that unless one went very early, it was impossible to find a place to sit.[10]
In the 16th century, the Ouaddai Empire and the Kingdom of Kano embraced Islam, and later toward the 18th century, the Nigeria based Sokoto Caliphate led by Usman dan Fodio exerted considerable effort in spreading Islam.[10]
Today, Islam is the predominant religion of the northern half of Africa, mainly concentrated in North Africa, the Horn of Africa and the Sahel, as well as West Africa.[citation needed]
Characteristics[edit]
The 12th-century Sankore Madrasah, Timbuktu, Mali. One of the earliest universities in the world. The three mosques of Sankoré, Djinguereber Mosque and Sidi Yahya compose the famous University of Timbuktu. Madrasah (Arabic: مَـدْرَسَـة) means 'school' or 'university' in Arabic, and in other languages associated with Muslim people.
Islam has been in Africa for so long, since its emergence on the Arabian peninsula, that some scholars have argued that it is a traditional African religion.[15]
Although the majority of Muslims in Africa are Sunni or Sufi, the complexity of Islam in Africa is revealed in the various schools of thought, traditions, and voices that constantly contend for dominance in many African countries. Islam in Africa is not static and is constantly being reshaped by prevalent social, economic and political conditions.[14]
Islam in Africa is often adapted to local cultural contexts and belief systems, thereby forming the continent's own orthodoxies. Different societies in Africa have generally appropriated Islam in both more inclusive ways, or in the more radical ways, as with the Almoravid movement in the Maghreb and Sahara.[16]
Additionally, Islam in Africa has both local and global dimensions. On the local level, experts assert that Muslims (including African Muslims) operate with considerable autonomy and do not have an international organization that regulates their religious practices. This fact accounts for the differences and varieties in Islamic practices throughout the African continent. On the global level, Muslims in Africa are also part of the Ummah (Arabic: أُمَّـة, Islamic community worldwide), and follow global issues and current events that affect the Muslim world with keen interest. With globalization and new initiatives in information technology, Muslims in Africa have developed and maintained close connections with the wider Muslim world.[14]
Analysts argue that Muslims in Africa, like other Muslims in Asia, the Middle East and the rest of the world, seem to be locked into an intense struggle regarding the future direction of Islam. At core of the struggle are questions about the way in which Muslims should practice their faith. The scholars assert that the majority seems to prefer to remain on the moderate, tolerant course that Islam has historically followed. However, a relatively small, but growing group would like to establish a stricter form of the religion, one that informs and controls all aspects of society.[14]
Shari'ah[edit]
The 13th-century Larabanga Mosque of Ghana, one of the oldest surviving mosques in West Africa
The Sharīʿah (Arabic: شَـرِيـعَـة) of Islam broadly influences the legal code in most Islamic countries, but the extent of its impact varies widely. In Africa, most states limit the use of Sharia to "personal-status law" for issues such as marriage, divorce, inheritance and child custody. With the exception of northern Nigeria in West Africa, secularism does not seem to face any serious threat in Africa, even though the new Islamic revival is having a great impact upon segments of Muslim populations. Cohabitation or coexistence between Muslims and non-Muslims remains, for the most part, peaceful.[14]
Nigeria is home to Africa's largest Muslim population. In 1999, Nigeria’s northern states adopted the Sharia penal code, but punishments have been rare. In fact, dozens of women convicted of adultery and sentenced to stoning to death have later been freed. Egypt, one of the largest Muslim states in Africa, claims Sharia as the main source of its legislation, yet its penal and civil codes are based largely on French law.[14]
Sects[edit]
The Abuja National Mosque in Abuja, Nigeria
Muslims in Africa mostly belong to the Sunni denomination, although there are also a significant number of Shias and Ibadi adherents. In addition, Sufism, the mystical dimension of Islam, has a presence. The Maliki madh'hab is the dominant school of jurisprudence amongst most of the continent's Sunni communities, while the Shafi'i madh'hab is prevalent in the Horn of Africa, eastern Egypt, and the Swahili Coast. The Hanafi fiqh is also followed in western Egypt.
Sufism[edit]
The Khartoum-Karima Mosque in Sudan, Nile Valley
Sufism, which focuses on the mystical elements of Islam, has many orders as well as followers in West Africa and Sudan, and, like other orders, strives to know God through meditation and emotion. Sufis may be Sunni or Shi’ite, and their ceremonies may involve chanting, music, dancing, and meditation.[14]
Many Sufis in Africa are syncretic where they practise Sufism with traditional folklore beliefs. Salafis criticize the folklorists Sufis, who they claim have incorporated "un-Islamic" beliefs into their practices, such as celebrating the several events, visiting the shrines of "Islamic saints", dancing during prayer (the whirling dervishes).[17]
The Great Mosque of Touba, is one of the largest mosques in Senegal, West Africa
West Africa and Sudan have various Sufi orders regarded skeptically by the more doctrinally strict branches of Islam in the Middle East. Most orders in West Africa emphasize the role of a spiritual guide, marabout or possessing supernatural power, regarded as an Africanization of Islam. In Senegal and Gambia, Mouridism Sufis claim to have several million adherents and have drawn criticism for their veneration of Mouridism’s founder Amadou Bamba. The Tijani is the most popular Sufi order in West Africa, with a large following in Mauritania, Mali, Niger, Senegal and Gambia.[14]
Salafism[edit]
Relatively recently, Salafism has begun spreading in Africa, as a result of many Muslim Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) such as the World Muslim League, the World Assembly for Muslim Youth, and the Federation of Mab and Islamic Schools primarily funded by Salafi governments in the Arab states of the Persian Gulf. These Salafist organizations, often based out of Saudi Arabia, promote a form of conservative reformism and regard Sufism as "heterodox" and contrary to their interpretation of traditional Islam.[14] Such NGOs have built Salafi-dominated mosques and Islamic centers in Africa, and many are staffed by puritanical African Muslims, often trained in the Middle East. Academic scholarships to study in Islamic universities in the Middle East are also offered to further Salafism.[14]
Notable kingdoms and sultanates[edit]
Kanem Empire (700 - 1376)
Caliphate of Córdoba (756 – 1031)
Idrisid dynasty (789 - 974)
Sultanate of Mogadishu (c. 900 - 16th century)
Maghrawa dynasty (987 - 1070)
Kingdom of Kano (1000 - 1805)
Almoravid dynasty (1073 – 1147)
Kilwa Sultanate (12th century – 1505)
Almohad dynasty (1147 – 1269)
Mali Empire (1230s – 1600s)
Marinid dynasty (1258 – 1420)
Ajuran Sultanate (13th century - 17th century)
Ifat Sultanate (1285 - 1415)
Warsangali Sultanate (1298–present)
Songhai Empire (1340 - 1591)
Bornu Empire (1369 - 1893)
Adal Sultanate (1415 - 1555)
Wattasid dynasty (1420 – 1554)
Sennar Sultanate (1502 - 1821)
Saadi dynasty (1554 – 1659)
Dendi Kingdom (1591 - 1901)
Sultanate of Darfur (1603 - 1874)
Alaouite dynasty (1666 - current)
Kong Empire (1710 - 1894)
Majeerteen Sultanate (mid-18th century – early 20th century)
Imamate of Futa Jallon (1727 - 1896)
Imamate of Futa Toro (1776 - 1861)
Sokoto Caliphate (1804 - 1903)
Kingdom of Gomma (early 19th century – 1886)
Kingdom of Jimma (1830 – 1932)
Kingdom of Gumma (1840 – 1902)
Wassoulou Empire (1878 - 1898)
Sultanate of Hobyo (1880s - 1920s)
Dervish State (1896 - 1920)
Emirate of Harar (967-1887)
See also[edit]
List of mosques in Africa
Trade & Pilgrimage Routes of Ghana
Islam in South Asia
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Reid, Richard J. (12 January 2012). "The Islamic Frontier in Eastern Africa". A History of Modern Africa: 1800 to the Present. John Wiley and Sons. p. 106. ISBN 0470658983. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Muslim Societies in African History (New Approaches to African History), David Robinson, Chapter 1.
Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. Britannica Book of the Year 2003. Encyclopædia Britannica, (2003) ISBN 9780852299562 p.306
According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, as of mid-2002, there were 376,453,000 Christians, 329,869,000 Muslims and 98,734,000 people who practiced traditional religions in Africa. Ian S. Markham,(A World Religions Reader. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 1996.) is cited by Morehouse University as giving the mid-1990s figure of 278,250,800 Muslims in Africa, but still as 40.8% of the total population. These numbers are estimates, and remain a matter of conjecture. See Amadu Jacky Kaba. The spread of Christianity and Islam in Africa: a survey and analysis of the numbers and percentages of Christians, Muslims and those who practice indigenous religions. The Western Journal of Black Studies, Vol 29, Number 2, June 2005. Discusses the estimations of various almanacs and encyclopedium, placing Britannica's estimate as the most agreed figure. Notes the figure presented at the World Christian Encyclopedia, summarized here, as being an outlier. On rates of growth, Islam and Pentecostal Christianity are highest, see: The List: The World’s Fastest-Growing Religions, Foreign Policy, May 2007.
Jump up ^ Hans Kung, Tracing the Way : Spiritual Dimensions of the World Religions. Continuum International Publishing Group. 2006. page 248
Jump up ^ Nehemia Levtzion and Randall L. Pouwels (eds). The History of Islam in Africa. page 1. Ohio University Press, 2000
Jump up ^ Briggs, Phillip (2012). Somaliland. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 7. ISBN 1841623717.
^ Jump up to: a b Encyclopedia Americana, Volume 25. Americana Corporation. 1965. p. 255.
^ Jump up to: a b Lewis, I.M. (1955). Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar and Saho. International African Institute. p. 140.
Jump up ^ "A Country Study: Somalia from The Library of Congress". Retrieved 15 February 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d The preaching of Islam: a history of the propagation of the Muslim faith By Sir Thomas Walker Arnold, pg.261-
Jump up ^ Abduhu Badawi: Ma'a Harak ul-Islam fi Ifriqiyah (Siding Islamic Movement in Africa) 1979 Cairo page 175
Jump up ^ [1] Archived July 22, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "African Religion Diaspora and Continent". Dr. Kofi Asare Opoku.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Hussein D. Hassan."Islam in Africa" (RS22873). Congressional Research Service (May 9, 2008). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
Jump up ^ African traditional religion in the modern world - Douglas E. Thomas page 125
Jump up ^ Muslim societies in African history David Robinson -
Jump up ^ John Pike (2012-08-17). "Sufi Islam". Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 2013-11-23.
Further reading[edit]
J. Spencer Trimingham, History of Islam in West Africa. Oxford University Press, 1962.
Nehemia Levtzion and Randall L. Pouwels (eds). The History of Islam in Africa. Ohio University Press, 2000.
David Robinson. Muslim Societies in African History. Cambridge University Press, 2004.
Bruce S. Hall, A History of Race in Muslim West Africa, 1600-1960. Cambridge University Press, 2011, ISBN 9781107002876.
Paul Schrijver (2006), Bibliography on Islam in contemporary Sub-Saharan Africa, Research Report, Leiden: African Studies Centre, ISBN 9789054480679 . Updated online version
Chopra, R.M., "SUFISM" (Origin,Growth,Eclipse,Resurgence), 2016, Anuradha Prakashan, New Delhi. ISBN 978-93-85083-52-5.
External links[edit]
Online bibliography Islam in Africa (AfricaBib, African Studies Centre, Leiden)
The Story of Africa: Islam, from the BBC Worldservice.
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values: الإسلام في أفريقيا – Arabic

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text:
Sheree J. Wilson
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Sheree J. Wilson
Wilson on the 2008 Trail of Tears Memorial Ride
Born
Sheree Julienne Wilson
(1958-12-12) December 12, 1958 (age 58)
Rochester, Minnesota, U.S.
Occupation
Actress
Years active
1984–present
Spouse(s)
Paul DeRobbio (m. 1991–2004)
Children
Luke (b. 1990)
Nicolas (b. 1997)
Website
Official website
Sheree Julienne Wilson (born on December 12, 1958[1]) is an American actress, producer, businesswoman, and model. She is best known for her roles as April Stevens Ewing on the American primetime television series Dallas (1986–1991) and as Alex Cahill-Walker on the television series Walker, Texas Ranger (1993–2001).[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Personal life
4 Filmography
4.1 Film
4.2 Television
4.3 Stage
5 References
6 External links
Early life[edit]
Wilson was born in Rochester, Minnesota. The daughter of two IBM executives, Wilson moved to Colorado at the age of nine and graduated from Fairview High School. In 1981, she received a degree in fashion merchandising and business from the University of Colorado Boulder.[3]
Career[edit]
While working in Denver on a fashion shoot, one of the photographers mistook Wilson for a model and then introduced her to a New York modeling agent who signed her on the spot. Wilson then moved to Manhattan, and within 18 months, she had appeared in over 30 commercial campaigns for Clairol, Sea Breeze, Keri-Lotion, and Maybelline. Her print work ran in such popular magazines as Mademoiselle, Glamour, and Redbook.
After three years of modeling, Wilson moved to Los Angeles for a career in acting. Her first roles included the black comedy film Crimewave (1984) directed by Sam Raimi, Velvet (1984), an ABC/Aaron Spelling television movie opposite Leah Ayres, Shari Belafonte, and Mary Margaret Humes, and a guest role on the espionage series Cover Up (1984). She had a lead role with Tim Robbins in the comedy motion picture Fraternity Vacation (1985) and also appeared in a CBS television miniseries Kane & Abel (1985) with Peter Strauss. This immediately led to Our Family Honor (1985-1986), an NBC drama about Irish cops versus the Mafia, in which she co-starred with Ray Liotta, Michael Madsen, and Eli Wallach. Her career continued to flourish with a role in the television movie News at Eleven (1986) alongside Martin Sheen.
Wilson gained the role as April Stevens Ewing on the CBS soap opera Dallas (1986–1991). Her character was gunned down in the fourth episode of the final season during her honeymoon (with new husband Bobby Ewing) in Paris. She continued to make some appearances in Bobby's dream sequences later that season. In reality, Wilson was killed off and left the series due to maternity.[3] Her performance earned her the Soap Opera Digest Award for Best Death Scene in 1991, as well as four other nominations. In 2006, she attended the TV Land Award ceremony for Dallas and in November 2008, the Dallas 30th anniversary reunion party at Southfork Ranch in Parker, Texas, with cast members Larry Hagman, Patrick Duffy, Linda Gray, Ken Kercheval, Steve Kanaly, and Charlene Tilton.
In 1993, following guest roles in the television series Matlock (opposite Clarence Gilyard's former acting mentor, Andy Griffith) and Renegade (opposite Lorenzo Lamas), Wilson played the lead female role in Hellbound opposite Chuck Norris, which led to her best-known role as Alexandra "Alex" Cahill-Walker also opposite Norris in Walker, Texas Ranger (1993-2001).[3][4] In 2005 she reprised her role in the television movie Walker, Texas Ranger: Trial by Fire which ended with her character being the victim of a courthouse shooting. This left many viewers to believe that there would be a follow-up movie which was severely impaired when CBS said that they would no longer be producing "Sunday Night Movie of the Week" projects. She also co-starred in the Showtime movie Past Tense (1994).
In 2006, Wilson appeared in Fragile, the first short film by documentary filmmaker Fredric Lean.[5] She played the lead role in television movies Mystery Woman: Game Time (2005) and Anna's Storm (2007).[6] She produced and starred in independent films Killing Down (2006), The Gundown (2011), Easy Rider: The Ride Back (2012), and Dug Up (2013). She co-starred in the television series Pink (2007-2008) and had a guest role in the television series DeVanity (2014). She played a major role in the television movie Christmas Belle (2013).
In 2016, Wilson began performing in the role of Miss Daisy Werthan in the Neil Simon Film Festival's Driving Miss Daisy opposite her former Walker, Texas Ranger co-star, Clarence Gilyard.[7][8]
Personal life[edit]
Wilson was married (now divorced) to Paul DeRobbio and has two sons; Luke and Nicolas.[9]
Wilson has been active in the National Multiple Sclerosis Society, Trail of Tears Remembrance Motorcycle Ride, Wings for Life aimed at healing spinal cord injuries, and White Bridle Humane Society, a horse rescue equine therapy nonprofit organization for children with developmental disabilities located in Texas.[10] Wilson also created a line of beauty therapy skin care products.[11]
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1984 Velvet Ellen Stockwell Television film
1985 Crimewave Nancy
1985 Fraternity Vacation Ashley Taylor
1986 News at Eleven Christine Arnold Television film
1994 Past Tense Emily Talbert Television film
1994 Walker Texas Ranger 3: Deadly Reunion Alex Cahill
1994 Hellbound Leslie
2003 Midnight Expression Mary Drake Short film
2004 Birdie and Bogey Shelia
2005 Mystery Woman: Game Time Jody Fiske Television film
2005 Walker, Texas Ranger: Trial by Fire Alex Cahill-Walker Television film
2006 Killing Down Rachel
2006 Fragile Sophie Short film
2007 Anna's Storm Mayor Anna Davenport-Baxter Television film
2011 The Gundown Sarah Morgan Also producer
2012 Dug Up Mona Walker Also producer
2013 A Country Christmas Bonnie Branson
2013 Easy Rider: The Ride Back Shane Williams Also producer
2013 Christmas Belle Angie
2014 Jail Wagon Martha Also producer
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1984 Cover Up Rachel Episode: "Death in Vogue"
1985–1986 Our Family Honor Rita Danzig Series regular, 13 episodes
1985 Kane & Abel Melanie LeRoy Mini-Series
1986–1991 Dallas April Stevens Series regular, 112 episodes
TV Land Pop Culture Award (2006)
Soap Opera Digest Award for Best Death Scene (1991)
Nominated — Soap Opera Digest Award for Outstanding Villainess: Prime Time (1988)
Nominated — Soap Opera Digest Award for Outstanding Actress in a Supporting Role: Prime Time (1989)
Nominated — Soap Opera Digest Award for Outstanding Lead Actress: Prime Time (1990)
Nominated — Soap Opera Digest Award for Outstanding Heroine: Prime Time (1991)
1991 Matlock Claire Mayfield Episode: "The Dame"
1992 Renegade Lisa Stone Episode: "Final Judgement"
1993–2001 Walker, Texas Ranger Alex Cahill Series regular, 196 episodes
1995 Burke's Law Jensen Farnsworth Episode: "Who Killed the King of the Country Club?"
1999 Sons of Thunder Alex Cahill 2 episodes
2005 Walker, Texas Ranger: Trial by Fire Alex Cahill TV movie
2014 DeVanity[12] Claudia Muller Episode: "Death Becomes Him Part I"
Stage[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2016–present Driving Miss Daisy Miss Daisy Werthan
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Sheree J. Wilson Biography (1958-)". Filmreference.com. Retrieved 2013-09-26.
Jump up ^ "biography". Shereejwilson.com. Retrieved 2013-09-26.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Sheree J Wilson". Movies.yahoo.com. Retrieved 2013-09-26.
Jump up ^ "WITH AN EYE ON . . . : Sheree J. Wilson feels very much at home on the 'Walker, Texas' range — Los Angeles Times". Articles.latimes.com. 1994-07-31. Retrieved 2013-09-26.
Jump up ^ "Sheree J.Wilson is 'Fragile' in the Directorial Debut Film by Frederic Galfo". PRWeb.
Jump up ^ Anna's Storm a tLifetime
Jump up ^ "The Neil Simon Festival's Driving Miss Daisy". Retrieved 8 February 2016.
Jump up ^ Adrian Gomez — Journal Arts & Entertainment Editor. "Popejoy Hall features Pulitzer Prize-winning 'Driving Miss Daisy'". Retrieved 8 February 2016. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ "Sheree J. Wilson". TV.com. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "Sheree J. Wilson Official Website". Retrieved 8 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "Interview with Sheree J Wilson". Retrieved 8 February 2016.
Jump up ^ Newcomb, Roger (2013-08-21). "DALLAS Star Sheree J. Wilson Joins DEVANITY". We Love Soaps. Retrieved 2013-09-26.
External links[edit]
Sheree J. Wilson on IMDb
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WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 7165354
LCCN: no2007041106
ISNI: 0000 0001 1467 0433
BNF: cb140420737 (data)
IATH: w6ms4p4x
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheree_J._Wilson&oldid=801250919"
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