text:
History of laws concerning immigration and naturalization in the United States
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This is a history of laws concerning immigration and naturalization in the United States.
Contents
[hide]
1 18th century
2 19th century
3 20th century
3.1 1960s
3.2 1980s
3.3 1990s
4 21st century
4.1 Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act (S.744)
4.2 Executive actions
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
18th century[edit]
The United States Constitution was adopted on September 17, 1787. Article I, section 8, clause 4 of the Constitution expressly gives the United States Congress the power to establish a uniform rule of naturalization.[1]
Pursuant to this power, Congress in 1790 passed the first naturalization law for the United States, the Naturalization Act of 1790. The law enabled those who had resided in the country for two years and had kept their current state of residence for a year to apply for citizenship. However it restricted naturalization to "free white persons" of "good moral character".
The Naturalization Act of 1795 increased the residency requirement to five years residence and added a requirement to give a three years notice of intention to apply for citizenship, and the Naturalization Act of 1798 further increased the residency requirement to 14 years and required five years notice of intent to apply for citizenship.
19th century[edit]
The Naturalization Law of 1802 repealed the Naturalization Act of 1798.
The Fourteenth Amendment, passed in 1868, protects children born in the United States. The phrase: "All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside" was interpreted by the Supreme Court in the 1898 case United States v. Wong Kim Ark as covering everyone born in the U.S. to parents who had at the time a permanent domicile and residence in the United States, regardless of the parents' citizenship, with the exception of the children of diplomats and Native Americans. See the articles jus soli (birthplace) and jus sanguinis (bloodline) for further discussion.
In 1870, the law was broadened to allow blacks to be naturalized.[2] Asian immigrants were excluded from naturalization but not from living in the United States. There were also significant restrictions on some Asians at the state level; in California, for example, non-citizen Asians were not allowed to own land.
After the immigration of 123,000 Chinese in the 1870s, who joined the 105,000 who had immigrated between 1850 and 1870, Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882 which targeted a single ethnic group by specifically limiting further Chinese immigration. Chinese had immigrated to the Western United States as a result of unsettled conditions in China, the availability of jobs working on railroads, and the Gold Rush that was going on at that time in California. The expression "Yellow Peril" became popular at this time.
The act excluded Chinese laborers from immigrating to the United States for ten years and was the first immigration law passed by Congress. Laborers in the United States and laborers with work visas received a certificate of residency and were allowed to travel in and out of the United States. Amendments made in 1884 tightened the provisions that allowed previous immigrants to leave and return, and clarified that the law applied to ethnic Chinese regardless of their country of origin. The act was renewed in 1892 by the Geary Act for another ten years, and in 1902 with no terminal date. It was repealed in 1943, although large scale Chinese immigration did not occur until 1965.[citation needed]
20th century[edit]
The Empire of Japan's State Department negotiated the so-called Gentlemen's Agreement in 1907, a protocol where Japan agreed to stop issuing passports to its citizens who wanted to emigrate to the United States. In practice, the Japanese government compromised with its prospective emigrants and continued to give passports to the Territory of Hawaii where many Japanese resided. Once in Hawaii, it was easy for the Japanese to continue on to Japanese settlements on the west coast if they so desired. In the decade of 1901 to 1910, 129,000 Japanese immigrated to the United States or Hawaii; nearly all were males and on five-year work contracts and 117,000 more came in the decades from 1911 to 1930. How many of them stayed and how many returned at the end of their contracts is unknown but it is estimated that about one-half returned. Again this immigrant flow was at least 80% male and the demand for female Japanese immigrants almost immediately arose. This need was met in part by what are called "postcard wives" who immigrated to new husbands who had chosen them on the basis of their pictures (similar marriages also occurred in nearly all cultures throughout the female-scarce west). The Japanese government finally quit issuing passports to the Territory of Hawaii for single women in the 1920s.
Congress also banned persons because of poor health or lack of education. An 1882 law banned entry of "lunatics" and infectious disease carriers. After President William McKinley was assassinated by an anarchist of immigrant parentage, Congress enacted the Anarchist Exclusion Act in 1901 to exclude known anarchist agitators.[3] A literacy requirement was added in the Immigration Act of 1917.
In 1921 the United States Congress passed the Emergency Quota Act, which established national immigration quotas. The quotas were based on the number of foreign-born residents of each nationality who were living in the United States as of the 1910 census.
The crucial 1923 Supreme Court case United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind created the official stance to classify South Asian Indians as non-white, which at the time allowed Indians who had already been naturalized to be retroactively stripped of their citizenship after prosecutors argued that they had gained their citizenship illegally.[4] The California Alien Land Law of 1913, overturned in 1952 by the holding in Sei Fujii v. California, 38 Cal. 2d 718, and other similar laws prohibited aliens from owning land property, thus effectively stripping Indian Americans of land rights. While the decision was placating Asiatic Exclusion League (AEL) demands, spurned by growing outrage at the Turban Tide/Hindoo Invasion [sic] alongside the pre-existing outrage at the "Yellow Peril", and while more recent legislation influenced by the civil-rights movement has removed much of the statutory discrimination against Asians, no case has overturned this 1923 classification.
A more complex quota plan, the National Origins Formula, replaced this "emergency" system under the Immigration Act of 1924 (Johnson-Reed Act). The reference census used was changed to that of 1890, which greatly reduced the number of Southern and Eastern European immigrants. An annual ceiling of 154,227 was set for the Eastern Hemisphere. Each country had a quota proportional to its population in the U.S. as of the 1890 census.
In 1932 President Hoover and the State Department essentially shut down immigration during the Great Depression as immigration went from 236,000 in 1929 to 23,000 in 1933. This was accompanied by voluntary repatriation to Europe and Mexico, and coerced repatriation and deportation of between 500,000 and 2 million Mexican Americans, mostly citizens, in the Mexican Repatriation. Total immigration in the decade of 1931 to 1940 was 528,000 averaging less than 53,000 a year.
The Chinese exclusion laws were repealed in 1943. The Luce-Celler Act of 1946 ended discrimination against Indian Americans and Filipinos, who were accorded the right to naturalization, and allowed a quota of 100 immigrants per year.
The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 (the McCarran-Walter Act) revised the quotas again, basing them on the 1920 census. For the first time in American history, racial distinctions were omitted from the U.S. Code. As could be expected, most of the quota allocation went to immigrants from Ireland, the United Kingdom and Germany who already had relatives in the United States.[citation needed] The anti-subversive features of this law are still in force.[citation needed]
1960s[edit]
The Immigration and Nationality Act Amendments of 1965 (the Hart-Celler Act) abolished the system of national-origin quotas. There was, for the first time, a limitation on Western Hemisphere immigration (120,000 per year), with the Eastern Hemisphere limited to 170,000. The law changed the preference system for immigrants. Specifically, the law provided preference to immigrants with skills needed in the U.S. workforce, refugees and asylum seekers, as well as family members of U.S. citizens. Family reunification became the cornerstone of the bill. At the time, the then-chairman of the Senate Immigration Subcommittee Edward Kennedy remarked that "the bill will not flood our cities with immigrants. It will not upset the ethnic mix of our society. It will not relax the standards of admission. It will not cause American workers to lose their jobs." (U.S. Senate, Subcommittee on Immigration and Naturalization of the Committee on the Judiciary, Washington, D.C., Feb. 10, 1965. pp. 1–3.)
1980s[edit]
The Refugee Act of 1980 established policies for refugees, redefining "refugee" according to United Nations norms. A target for refugees was set at 50,000 and the worldwide ceiling for immigrants was reduced to 270,000 annually.
In 1986, the Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) was passed, creating for the first time penalties for employers who knowingly hired undocumented immigrants. IRCA also contained an amnesty for about 3 million undocumented immigrants already in the United States, and mandated the intensification of some of the activities of the United States Border Patrol or INS (now part of Department of Homeland Security).
1990s[edit]
The U.S. Commission on Immigration Reform, led by former Rep. Barbara Jordan, ran from 1990 to 1997. The Commission covered many facets of immigration policy, but started from the perception that the "credibility of immigration policy can be measured by a simple yardstick: people who should get in, do get in; people who should not get in, are kept out; and people who are judged deportable are required to leave".[5] From there, in a series of four reports, the commission looked at all aspects of immigration policy.[6] In the first, it found that enforcement was lax and needed improvement on the border and internally. For internal enforcement, it recommended that an automated employment verification system be created to enable employers to distinguish between legal and illegal workers. The second report discussed legal immigration issues and suggested that immediate family members and skilled workers receive priority. The third report covered refugee and asylum issues. Finally, the fourth report reiterated the major points of the previous reports and the need for a new immigration policy. Few of these suggestions were implemented.
The Immigration Act of 1990 (IMMACT) modified and expanded the 1965 act; it significantly increased the total immigration limit to 700,000 and increased visas by 40 percent. Family reunification was retained as the main immigration criterion, with significant increases in employment-related immigration.
Several pieces of legislation signed into law in 1996 marked a turn towards harsher policies for both legal and illegal immigrants. The Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (AEDPA) and Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) vastly increased the categories of criminal activity for which immigrants, including green card holders, can be deported and imposed mandatory detention for certain types of deportation cases. As a result, well over 2 million individuals have been deported since 1996.[7]
21st century[edit]
The terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001 affected American perspectives on many issues, including immigration. A total of 20 foreign terrorists were involved, 19 of whom took part in the attacks that caused the deaths of 2,977 victims, most of them civilians. The terrorists had entered the United States on tourist or student visas. Four of them, however, had violated the terms of their visas. The attack exposed long-standing weaknesses in the U.S. immigration system that included failures in the areas of visa processing, internal enforcement, and information sharing.[8]
The REAL ID Act of 2005 changed some visa limits, tightened restrictions on asylum applications and made it easier to exclude suspected terrorists, and removed restrictions on building border fences.
In 2005, Senators John McCain and Ted Kennedy revived the discussion of comprehensive immigration reform with the proposal of the Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act, incorporating legalization, guest worker programs, and enhanced border security. The bill was never voted on in the Senate, but portions are incorporated in later Senate proposals.
In 2006, the House of Representatives and the Senate produced their own, conflicting bills. In December 2005, the House passed the Border Protection, Anti-terrorism, and Illegal Immigration Control Act of 2005, which was sponsored by Rep. James Sensenbrenner (R-WI). The act was limited to enforcement and focused on both the border and the interior. In the Senate, the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2006 (CIRA) was sponsored by Sen. Arlen Specter (R-PA) and passed in May 2006. CIRA would have given a path to eventual citizenship to a majority of undocumented immigrants already in the country as well as dramatically increased legal immigration. Although the bills passed their respective chambers, no compromise bill emerged.[9]
In 2007, the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007 was discussed in the Senate, which would have given a path to eventual citizenship to a large majority of illegal entrants in the country, significantly increased legal immigration and increased enforcement. The bill failed to pass a cloture vote, essentially killing it.[10]
Individual components of various reform packages have been separately introduced and pursued in the Congress. The DREAM Act is a bill initially introduced in 2001, incorporated in the various comprehensive reform bills, and then separately reintroduced in 2009 and 2010. The bill would provide legal residency and a path to citizenship for undocumented immigrants who graduate from U.S. high schools and attend college or join the military.
Immigrant visa limits set by Congress remain at 700,000 for the combined categories of employment, family preference, and family immediate. There are additional provisions for diversity and a small number of special visas. In 2008 immigration in these categories totaled slightly less than 750,000 and similar totals (representing maximums allowed by Congress) have been tallied in recent years.[11]
Naturalization numbers have ranged from about 500,000 to just over 1,000,000 per year since the early 1990s, with peak years in 1996 and 2008 each around 1,040,000. These numbers add up to more than the number of visas issued in those years because as many as 2.7 million of those who were granted amnesty by IRCA in 1986 have converted or will convert to citizenship.[12] In general, immigrants become eligible for citizenship after five years of residence. Many do not immediately apply, or do not pass the test on the first attempt. This means that the counts for visas and the counts for naturalization will always remain out of step, though in the long run the naturalizations add up to somewhat less than the visas.
These numbers are separate from illegal immigration, which peaked at probably over 1 million per year around the year 2000 and has probably declined to about 500,000 per year by 2009, which seems comparable or perhaps less than the outflow returning to their native countries.[13] Some of the legal immigrant categories may include former illegal immigrants who have come current on legal applications and passed background checks; these individuals are included in the count of legal visas, not as a separate or additional number.
For Mexico and the Philippines, the only categories of immigrant visa available in practice are those for immediate dependent family of U.S. citizens. Persons who applied since 1994 have not been in the categories for adult children and siblings, and trends show that these data are unlikely to change. In fact, the trend has recently been moving in the opposite direction. Immigrant work visas run about 6 to 8 years behind current.[clarification needed][citation needed] While the government does not publish data on the number of pending applications, the evidence is that the backlog in those categories dwarfs the yearly quotas.
Legal immigration visas should not be confused with temporary work permits. Permits for seasonal labor (about 285,000 in 2008) or students (about 917,000 in 2008)[14] generally do not permit conversion to immigrant status. Even those who are legally authorized to work temporarily in the United States (such as H1-B workers) must apply for permanent residence separately, and gain no advantage from their temporary employment authorization. This is unlike many other countries, whose laws provide for permanent residence after a certain number of years of legal employment. Temporary workers, therefore, do not form a distinctly counted source of immigration.[15]
Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act (S.744)[edit]
On April 17, 2013, the so-called "Gang of Eight" in the United States Senate introduced S.744, the long-awaited Senate version of the immigration reform bill proposed in Congress.[16] Text of the proposed legislation was promptly released on the website of Senator Charles Schumer. The bill has not been taken up by the United States House of Representatives.[17]
Executive actions[edit]
On November 21, 2014, president Barack Obama signed two executive actions which had the effect of delaying deportation for millions of illegal immigrants. The orders apply to parents of United States citizens and young people brought into the country illegally.[18]
See also[edit]
Alien and Sedition Acts
Citizenship of the United States
Ellis Island
Eugenics in the United States
Family reunification
Guest Worker Program
History of immigration to the United States
Illegal immigration to the United States
Immigration and Naturalization Service
Immigration detention
Immigration reform in the United States
Immigration Restriction League
Judicial aspects of race in the United States
List of United States immigration laws
Literacy test
Racism in the United States
Republicans for Immigration Reform
United States nationality law
References[edit]
Jump up ^ The relevant enumerated power reads: "To establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization..."
Jump up ^ "Race, Nationality, and Reality: INS Administration of Racial Provisions in U.S. Immigration and Nationality Law Since 1898, Part 1". National Archives. Retrieved 2015-06-02.
Jump up ^ "Key Dates and Landmarks in United States Immigration History". Harvard University Library Open Collections Program. Retrieved 2015-06-04.
Jump up ^ Coulson, Doug (2015). "British Imperialism, the Indian Independence Movement, and the Racial Eligibility Provisions of the Naturalization Act: United States v. Thind Revisited". Georgetown Journal of Law & Modern Critical Race Perspectives. 7: 1–42. SSRN 2610266  .
Jump up ^ "Becoming an American: Immigration & Immigrant Policy" (PDF). U.S. Commission on Immigration Reform. September 1997. Retrieved 2013-11-08.
Jump up ^ "Reports to Congress". U.S. Commission on Immigration Reform. 1998-04-10. Retrieved 2013-11-08.
Jump up ^ "The Great Explusion". Economist. February 8, 2013. Retrieved 2014-12-16.
Jump up ^ Kephart, Janice (September 2005). "Moving Beyond the 9/11 Staff Report on Terrorist Travel". Center for Immigration Studies. Retrieved 2013-11-08.
Jump up ^ North, David. "Immigration History". Center for Immigration Studies. Retrieved 2013-11-08.
Jump up ^ Gaouette, Nicole (June 29, 2007). "Senate buries immigration bill". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2013-11-08.
Jump up ^ "How the United States Immigration System Works". Immigration Policy Center. March 1, 2014. Retrieved 2014-12-16.
Jump up ^ Lee, James; Rytina, Nancy (March 2009). "Naturalizations in the United States: 2008" (PDF). Department of Homeland Security Office of Immigration Statistics. Retrieved 2013-11-08.
Jump up ^ "Trends in Unauthorized Immigration: Undocumented Inflow Now Trails Legal Inflow" (PDF). Pew Hispanic Center. October 2, 2008. Retrieved 2013-11-08.
Jump up ^ Monger, Randall; Barr, Macreadie (April 2009). "Nonimmigrant Admissions to the United States: 2008" (PDF). Department of Homeland Security Office of Immigration Statistics. Retrieved 2013-11-08.
Jump up ^ "Temporary (Nonimmigrant) Workers". U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. 2009-12-20. Retrieved 2013-11-08.
Jump up ^ "Bill text. Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act". Library of Congress. 2013-06-27. Retrieved 2014-12-01.
Jump up ^ "US Immigration Reform Issues since 2013". Migration as a travel business. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "Obama signs executive action delaying deportations for millions of illegal immigrants". Fox News. 21 November 2014. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
External links[edit]
History of Legislation from the U.S. Citizenship & Immigration Services:
Legislation from 1790 - 1900
Legislation from 1901 - 1940
Legislation from 1941 - 1960
Legislation from 1961 - 1980
Legislation from 1981 - 1996
How Democracy Works Now: Twelve Stories — Series page, a documentary film series that examines the American political system through the lens of immigration reform during 2001–2007
Bolger, Eilleen. Background History of the United States Naturalization Process, archive
Center for Immigration Studies. Historical Overview of Immigration Policy
Ellis Island and Immigration Regulation. U.S. immigration policy of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century.
Immigration Policy Center. History of Immigration.
Smith, Marian. '"Any woman who is now or may hereafter be married . . ." Women and Naturalization, ca. 1802-1940'. Prologue, Summer 1998, vol. 30, no. 2.
[hide]
v
t
e
Immigration to the United States and related topics
Relevant colonial era,
United States and
international laws
Colonial era
Nationality law in the American Colonies
Plantation Act 1740
18th century
Naturalization Act 1790 / 1795 / 1798
19th century
Naturalization Law 1802
Civil Rights Act of 1866
14th Amendment (1868)
Naturalization Act 1870
Page Act (1875)
Immigration Act of 1882
Chinese Exclusion (1882)
Scott Act (1888)
Immigration Act of 1891
Geary Act (1892)
1900–1949
Naturalization Act 1906
Gentlemen's Agreement (1907)
Immigration Act of 1907
Immigration Act 1917 (Asian Barred Zone)
Emergency Quota Act (1921)
Cable Act (1922)
Immigration Act 1924
Tydings–McDuffie Act (1934)
Filipino Repatriation Act (1935)
Nationality Act of 1940
Bracero Program (1942–1964)
Magnuson Act (1943)
War Brides Act (1945)
Luce–Celler Act (1946)
1950–1999
UN Refugee Convention (1951)
Immigration and Nationality Act 1952 / 1965
Refugee Act (1980)
Immigration Reform and Control Act (1986)
American Homecoming Act (1989)
Immigration Act 1990
Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) (1996)
Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act (NACARA) (1997)
American Competitiveness and Workforce Improvement Act (ACWIA) (1998)
21st century
American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act (AC21) (2000)
Legal Immigration Family Equity Act (LIFE Act) (2000)
H-1B Visa Reform Act (2004)
REAL ID Act (2005)
Secure Fence Act (2006)
DACA (2012)
Executive Order 13769 (2017)
Executive Order 13780 (2017)
Visas and policies
Visa policy
Permanent residence
Visa Waiver Program
Temporary protected status
Asylum
Green Card Lottery
US-VISIT
Security Advisory Opinion
E-Verify
Section 287(g)
National Origins Formula
Government
organizations
Department of Homeland Security
Immigration and Customs Enforcement
U.S. Border Patrol
U.S. Customs and Border Protection
Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS)
Board of Immigration Appeals
Supreme Court cases
United States v. Wong Kim Ark (1898)
United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind (1923)
United States v. Brignoni-Ponce (1975)
Chamber of Commerce v. Whiting (2011)
Related issues
and events
Economic impact
Eugenics in the United States
Guest worker program
Human trafficking
Human smuggling
Coyotaje
Immigration reform
Immigration reduction
Mexico–United States barrier
Labor shortage
March for America
Illegal immigrant population
Reverse immigration
2006 protests
Unaccompanied minors from Central America
List of people deported from the United States
Geography
Mexico–United States border
Canada–United States border
United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints
Proposed legislation
DREAM Act (2001–2010)
H.R. 4437 (2005)
McCain–Kennedy (2005)
SKIL (2006)
Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2006
STRIVE Act (2007)
Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2007
Uniting American Families Act (2000–2013)
Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013
SAFE Act (2015)
RAISE Act (2017)
Immigration stations
and points of entry
Angel Island
Castle Garden
East Boston
Ellis Island
Sullivan's Island
Washington Avenue
Operations
"Wetback" (1954)
"Peter Pan" (1960–1962)
"Babylift" (1975)
"Gatekeeper" (1994)
"Endgame" (2003–2012)
"Front Line" (2004–2005)
"Streamline" (2005–present)
"Return to Sender" (2006–2007)
"Jump Start" (2006–2008)
"Phalanx" (2010–2016)
State legislation
California DREAM Act (2006–2010)
Arizona SB 1070 (2010)
Alabama HB 56 (2011)
Non-governmental
organizations
Arizona Border Recon
Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights of Los Angeles
Coalition for Comprehensive Immigration Reform
National Immigration Forum
Center for Community Change
We Are America Alliance
CASA of Maryland
Mexica Movement
Mexicans Without Borders
Federation for American Immigration Reform
Minuteman Project
Minuteman Civil Defense Corps
California Coalition for Immigration Reform
Save Our State
Center for Immigration Studies
National Korean American Service & Education Consortium (NAKASEC)
NumbersUSA
Negative Population Growth
Migration Policy Institute
Utah Compact
Center for Migration Studies of New York
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_laws_concerning_immigration_and_naturalization_in_the_United_States&oldid=838023554"
Categories:
History of immigration to the United States
Legal history of the United States
United States immigration law
Hidden categories:
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017
Articles with unsourced statements from May 2008
Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2010
Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 24 April 2018, at 13:28.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href title

value: p

attrs: role tabindex class

values: button 0 togglelink

attrs: class dir

values: toctitle ltr

value: li

values: Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/President_Hoover
mw-redirect
President Hoover

values:
/wiki/Luce-Celler_Act_of_1946
mw-redirect
Luce-Celler Act of 1946

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2008)

values:
/wiki/Edward_Kennedy
mw-redirect
Edward Kennedy

values: United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary

values: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

values: Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986

values:
/wiki/Undocumented_immigrants_(U.S.)
mw-redirect
Undocumented immigrants (U.S.)

values:
/wiki/Department_of_Homeland_Security
mw-redirect
Department of Homeland Security

values: U.S. Commission on Immigration Reform (page does not exist)

values: Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996

values:
/wiki/Mandatory_detention
mw-redirect
Mandatory detention

values:
/wiki/REAL_ID_Act
mw-redirect
REAL ID Act

values: Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act

values: Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007

values:
/wiki/The_Dream_Act
mw-redirect
The Dream Act

values: The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2010)

values:
noprint Inline-Template
margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2010)

values: Edit section: Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act (S.744)

values:
/wiki/Guest_Worker_Program
mw-redirect
Guest Worker Program

values: History of immigration to the United States

values: Illegal immigration to the United States

values: Judicial aspects of race in the United States

values:
/wiki/Harvard_University_Library
mw-redirect
Harvard University Library

values:
nofollow
external text
//ssrn.com/abstract=2610266

values:
nofollow
external text
http://cis.org/ImmigrationHistory

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Template:Immigration to the United States

values: Template talk:Immigration to the United States

values: Nationality law in the American Colonies

values: Convention relating to the Status of Refugees

values: Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996

values: Immigration and Nationality Act Section 287(g)

values: United States Department of Homeland Security

values: U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement

values:
/wiki/U.S._Border_Patrol
mw-redirect
U.S. Border Patrol

values: Category:United States immigration and naturalization case law

values: Economic impact of illegal immigrants in the United States

values: Immigration reduction in the United States

values: Illegal immigrant population of the United States

values: Reverse immigration in the United States

values: 2006 United States immigration reform protests

values: List of people deported or removed from the United States

values: Border Protection, Anti-terrorism and Illegal Immigration Control Act of 2005

values: Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2006

values: Security Through Regularized Immigration and a Vibrant Economy Act of 2007

values: Coalition for Comprehensive Immigration Reform

values:
/wiki/CASA_of_Maryland
mw-redirect
CASA of Maryland

values: Federation for American Immigration Reform

values: California Coalition for Immigration Reform

values: Center for Migration Studies of New York

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:History of immigration to the United States

values: Category:Legal history of the United States

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2008

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2010

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-History_of_laws_concerning_immigration_and_naturalization_in_the_United_States rootpage-History_of_laws_concerning_immigration_and_naturalization_in_the_United_States skin-vector action-view


text:
Allegory of the Cave
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Plato's Allegory of the Cave by Jan Saenredam, according to Cornelis van Haarlem, 1604, Albertina, Vienna
Part of a series on
Platonism
Plato from Raphael's The School of Athens (1509–1511)
Early life
Works
Epistemology
Idealism / realism
Demiurge
Theory of forms
Theory of soul
Transcendentals
Form of the Good
Third man argument
Euthyphro dilemma
Five regimes
Philosopher king
Plato's unwritten doctrines
political philosophy
Allegories and metaphors
Atlantis
Ring of Gyges
The Cave
The Divided Line
The Sun
Ship of State
Myth of Er
The Chariot
Related articles
Commentaries
The Academy in Athens
Socratic problem
Middle Platonism
Neoplatonism
and Christianity
Allegorical interpretations of Plato
Socratic fallacy
Philosophy portal
v
t
e
The Allegory of the Cave, or Plato's Cave, was presented by the Greek philosopher Plato in his work Republic (514a–520a) to compare "the effect of education (παιδεία) and the lack of it on our nature". It is written as a dialogue between Plato's brother Glaucon and his mentor Socrates, narrated by the latter. The allegory is presented after the analogy of the sun (508b–509c) and the analogy of the divided line (509d–511e). All three are characterized in relation to dialectic at the end of Books VII and VIII (531d–534e).
Plato has Socrates describe a group of people who have lived chained to the wall of a cave all of their lives, facing a blank wall. The people watch shadows projected on the wall from objects passing in front of a fire behind them, and give names to these shadows. The shadows are the prisoners' reality. Socrates explains how the philosopher is like a prisoner who is freed from the cave and comes to understand that the shadows on the wall are not reality at all, for he can perceive the true form of reality rather than the manufactured reality that is the shadows seen by the prisoners. The inmates of this place do not even desire to leave their prison, for they know no better life. The prisoners manage to break their bonds one day, and discover that their reality was not what they thought it was. They discovered the sun, which Plato uses as an analogy for the fire that man cannot see behind. Like the fire that cast light on the walls of the cave, the human condition is forever bound to the impressions that are received through the senses. Even if these interpretations (or, in Kantian terminology, intuitions) are an absurd misrepresentation of reality, we cannot somehow break free from the bonds of our human condition—we cannot free ourselves from phenomenal state just as the prisoners could not free themselves from their chains. If, however, we were to miraculously escape our bondage, we would find a world that we could not understand—the sun is incomprehensible for someone who has never seen it. In other words, we would encounter another "realm", a place incomprehensible because, theoretically, it is the source of a higher reality than the one we have always known; it is the realm of pure Form, pure fact.[1]
Socrates remarks that this allegory can be paired with previous writings, namely the analogy of the sun and the analogy of the divided line.
Contents
1 Terminology
2 Summary
2.1 Imprisonment in the cave
2.2 Departure from the cave
2.3 Return to the cave
3 Symbolism
4 Themes in the allegory appearing elsewhere in Plato's work
5 Scholarly discussion
6 Influence
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Terminology[edit]
The allegory of the cave is also called the analogy of the cave, myth of the cave, metaphor of the cave, parable of the cave, and Plato's Cave.[2]
Summary[edit]
Allegory of the Cave. Left (From top to bottom): The Sun; Natural things; Shadows of natural things; Fire; Artificial objects; Shadows of artificial objects; Allegory level.
Right (From top to bottom): "Good" idea, Ideas, Mathematical objects, Light, Creatures and Objects, Image, Analogy of the Sun, and the Analogy of the Divided Line.
Imprisonment in the cave[edit]
Plato begins by having Socrates ask Glaucon to imagine a cave where people have been imprisoned from birth. These prisoners are chained so that their legs and necks are fixed, forcing them to gaze at the wall in front of them and not look around at the cave, each other, or themselves (514a–b).[3] Behind the prisoners is a fire, and between the fire and the prisoners is a raised walkway with a low wall, behind which people walk carrying objects or puppets "of men and other living things" (514b).[3] The people walk behind the wall so their bodies do not cast shadows for the prisoners to see, but the objects they carry do ("just as puppet showmen have screens in front of them at which they work their puppets" (514a)[3]). The prisoners cannot see any of what is happening behind them, they are only able to see the shadows cast upon the cave wall in front of them. The sounds of the people talking echo off the walls, and the prisoners believe these sounds come from the shadows (514c).[3]
Socrates suggests that the shadows are reality for the prisoners because they have never seen anything else; they do not realize that what they see are shadows of objects in front of a fire, much less that these objects are inspired by real things outside the cave which they do not see (514b-515a).[3]
Departure from the cave[edit]
Plato then supposes that one prisoner is freed. This prisoner would look around and see the fire. The light would hurt his eyes and make it difficult for him to see the objects casting the shadows. If he were told that what he is seeing is real instead of the other version of reality he sees on the wall, he would not believe it. In his pain, Plato continues, the freed prisoner would turn away and run back to what he is accustomed to (that is, the shadows of the carried objects). He writes "... it would hurt his eyes, and he would escape by turning away to the things which he was able to look at, and these he would believe to be clearer than what was being shown to him."[3]
Plato continues: "Suppose... that someone should drag him... by force, up the rough ascent, the steep way up, and never stop until he could drag him out into the light of the sun."[3] The prisoner would be angry and in pain, and this would only worsen when the radiant light of the sun overwhelms his eyes and blinds him.[3]
"Slowly, his eyes adjust to the light of the sun. First he can only see shadows. Gradually he can see the reflections of people and things in water and then later see the people and things themselves. Eventually, he is able to look at the stars and moon at night until finally he can look upon the sun itself (516a)."[3] Only after he can look straight at the sun "is he able to reason about it" and what it is (516b).[3] (See also Plato's Analogy of the Sun, which occurs near the end of The Republic, Book VI.[4])
Return to the cave[edit]
Plato continues, saying that the freed prisoner would think that the world outside the cave was superior to the world he experienced in the cave; "he would bless himself for the change, and pity [the other prisoners]" and would want to bring his fellow cave dwellers out of the cave and into the sunlight (516c).[3]
The returning prisoner, whose eyes have become accustomed to the sunlight, would be blind when he re-enters the cave, just as he was when he was first exposed to the sun (516e).[3] The prisoners, according to Plato, would infer from the returning man's blindness that the journey out of the cave had harmed him and that they should not undertake a similar journey. Plato concludes that the prisoners, if they were able, would therefore reach out and kill anyone who attempted to drag them out of the cave (517a).[3]
Symbolism[edit]
"Plato's Cave Allegory" by Markus Maurer
The allegory contains many forms of symbolism used to describe the illusions of the world. The cave represents the superficial world for the prisoners. The chains that prevent the prisoners from leaving the cave represent ignorance, meaning the chains are stopping them from learning the truth. The shadows that cast on the walls of the cave represent the superficial truth, which is an illusion that the prisoners see in the cave. The freed prisoner represents those in society who see the physical world for the illusion that it is. The sun that is glaring the eyes of the prisoners represents the real truth of the actual world.[3]
Themes in the allegory appearing elsewhere in Plato's work[edit]
The allegory is probably related to Plato's theory of Forms, according to which the "Forms" (or "Ideas"), and not the material world known to us through sensation, possess the highest and most fundamental kind of reality. Only knowledge of the Forms constitutes real knowledge or what Socrates considers "the good".[5] Socrates informs Glaucon that the most excellent people must follow the highest of all studies, which is to behold the Good. Those who have ascended to this highest level, however, must not remain there but must return to the cave and dwell with the prisoners, sharing in their labors and honors.
Plato's Phaedo contains similar imagery to that of the allegory of the Cave; a philosopher recognizes that before philosophy, his soul was "a veritable prisoner fast bound within his body... and that instead of investigating reality of itself and in itself is compelled to peer through the bars of a prison."[6]
Scholarly discussion[edit]
Scholars debate the possible interpretations of the allegory of the Cave, either looking at it from an epistemological standpoint – one based on the study of how Plato believes we come to know things – or through a political (Politeia) lens.[6] Much of the scholarship on the allegory falls between these two perspectives, with some completely independent of either. The epistemological view and the political view, fathered by Richard Lewis Nettleship and A.S. Ferguson respectively, tend to be discussed most frequently.[6] Nettleship interprets the allegory of the cave as representative of our innate intellectual incapacity, in order to contrast our lesser understanding with that of the philosopher, as well as an allegory about people who are unable or unwilling to seek truth and wisdom.[7] Ferguson, on the other hand, bases his interpretation of the allegory on the claim that the cave is an allegory of human nature and that it symbolizes the opposition between the philosopher and the corruption of the prevailing political condition.[7][8]
Cleavages have emerged within these respective camps of thought, however. Much of the modern scholarly debate surrounding the allegory has emerged from Martin Heidegger's exploration of the allegory, and philosophy as a whole, through the lens of human freedom in his book The Essence of Human Freedom: An Introduction to Philosophy and The Essence of Truth: On Plato's Cave Allegory and Theaetetus.[8] In response, Hannah Arendt, an advocate of the political interpretation of the allegory, suggests that through the allegory, Plato "wanted to apply his own theory of ideas to politics".[9] Conversely, Heidegger argues that the essence of truth is a way of being and not an object.[10] Arendt criticised Heidegger's interpretation of the allegory, writing that "Heidegger…is off base in using the cave simile to interpret and 'criticize' Plato's theory of ideas".[9]
Influence[edit]
The themes and imagery of Plato's cave have appeared throughout Western thought and culture. Some examples include:
Evolutionary biologist Jeremy Griffith's book A Species In Denial includes the chapter "Deciphering Plato's Cave Allegory".[11]
The films The Conformist, The Matrix, Dark City, The Truman Show and City of Ember model Plato's Allegory of the Cave.[12][13]
The Cave by José Saramago culminates in the discovery of Plato's Cave underneath the Center, "an immense complex fusing the functions of an office tower, a shopping mall and a condominium."[14]
Emma Donoghue acknowledges the influence of Plato's Allegory of the Cave on her novel Room.[15]
Ray Bradbury's novel Fahrenheit 451 explores the themes of reality and perception also explored in Plato's Allegory of the Cave and Bradbury references Plato's work in the novel.[16][17]
José Carlos Somoza's novel The Athenian Murders is presented as a murder mystery but features many references to Plato's philosophy including the allegory of the cave.[18]
Novelist James Reich argues Nicholas Ray's film Rebel Without a Cause, starring James Dean, Natalie Wood, and Sal Mineo as John "Plato" Crawford is influenced by and enacts aspects of the allegory of the cave.[19]
The 2013 movie After the Dark also features a scene which references Plato's Cave.[how?]
See also[edit]
Archetype
Analogy of the Sun
Analogy of the Divided Line
Intelligibility (philosophy)
The Form of the Good
Nous – Noumenon
Plato's Republic in popular culture
Phaneron
Allegorical interpretations of Plato
Flatland
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Ferguson, A. S. "Plato's Simile of Light. (Part II.) The Allegory of the Cave (Continued)". The Classical Quarterly 16, no. 1 (1922): 15–28. JSTOR 636164.
Jump up ^ The various English names of this allegory were often traditionally capitalized as if they were the names of a chapter in Plato's text, which is not correct, or according to an older style that capitalized all (famous) allegories and theories and even concepts. Wikipedia's manual of style does not follow this older practice, and neither do many modern publications in reliable sources nor, for example, the Encyclopædia Britannica and the Columbia Encyclopedia.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Plato. Rouse, W.H.D., ed. The Republic Book VII. Penguin Group Inc. pp. 365–401.
Jump up ^ Jowett, B. (ed.) (1941). Plato's The Republic. New York: The Modern Library. OCLC 964319.
Jump up ^ Watt, Stephen (1997), "Introduction: The Theory of Forms (Books 5–7)", Plato: Republic, London: Wordsworth Editions, pp. xiv–xvi, ISBN 978-1-85326-483-2
Jump up ^ Elliott, R. K. (1967). "Socrates and Plato's Cave". Kant-Studien. 58 (2): 138.
Jump up ^ Hall, Dale. "INTERPRETING PLATO'S CAVE AS AN ALLEGORY OF THE HUMAN CONDITION." Apeiron: A Journal for Ancient Philosophy and Science 14, no. 2 (1980): 74-86. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40913453.
Jump up ^ McNiell, William. "Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews." The Essence of Human Freedom: An Introduction to Philosophy and The Essence of Truth: On Plato's Cave Allegory and Theaetetus // Reviews // Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews // University of Notre Dame. Accessed December 09, 2016. http://ndpr.nd.edu/news/23227/.
^ Jump up to: a b Abensour, Miguel. Against the Sovereignty of Philosophy over Politics: Arendt's Reading of Plato's Cave Allegory Social Research; Winter 2007; 74, 4; ProQuest Social Sciences Premium Collection pg. 955
Jump up ^ Powell, Sally. "Discovering the Unhidden: Heidegger's Interpretation of Plato's Allegory of the Cave and Its Implications for Psychotherapy." Existential Analysis 22, no. 1 (January 2011). Accessed December 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ Griffith, Jeremy (2003). A Species in Denial. Sydney: WTM Publishing & Communications. p. 83. ISBN 978-1-74129-000-4.
Jump up ^ The Matrix and Philosophy: Welcome to the Desert of the Real by William Irwin. Open Court Publishing, 2002. ISBN 0-8126-9501-1. "Written for those fans of the film who are already philosophers."
Jump up ^ "Prisoners of Plato in The Conformist". YouTube. Retrieved 2018-05-31.
Jump up ^ Keates, Jonathan. "Shadows on the Wall". The New York Times. Retrieved 24 November 2002.
Jump up ^ "Q & A with Emma Donoghue – Spoiler-friendly Discussion of Room (showing 1–50 of 55)". www.goodreads.com. Retrieved 2016-01-30.
Jump up ^ "Parallels between Ray Bradbury's Fahrenheit 69 and Plato's 'Allegory of the Cave'". [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Bradbury, Ray (1953). Fahrenheit 451. The Random House Publishing Group. p. 151. ISBN 978-0-758-77616-7.
Jump up ^ Somoza, Jose Carlos (2003). The Athenian Murders. ABACUS. ISBN 978-0349116181.
Jump up ^ "Plato's Cave: Rebel Without a Cause and Platonic Allegory – OUTSIDER ACADEMY". Retrieved 2017-06-25. [permanent dead link]
Further reading[edit]
The following is a list of supplementary scholarly literature on the Allegory of the Cave that includes articles from epistemological, political, alternative, and independent viewpoints on the allegory:
Alan Kim: Shades of Truth: Phenomenological Perspectives on the Allegory of the Cave
Gabriel Zamosc: The Political Significance of Plato's Allegory of the Cave
Dimitra Mitta: Reading Platonic Myths from a Ritualistic Point of View: Gyges' Ring and the Cave Allegory
William McNiell: The Essence of Human Freedom: An Introduction to Philosophy and the Essence of Truth: On Plato's Cave Allegory and Thaetetus
Maureen Eckert: Cinematic Spelunking Inside Plato's Cave
Boaz Tsabar: "Poverty and Resourcefulness": On the Formative Significance of Eros in Educational Practice
J. Malcolm: The Cave Revisited
N. R. Murphy: The 'Simile of Light' in Plato's Republic
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Allegory of the Cave
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
The Republic/Book VII
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Allegory of the cave.
Allegory of the Cave at PhilPapers
Ted-ed: Plato's Allegory of the Cave
Animated interpretation of Plato's Allegory of the Cave
Plato: The Republic at Project Gutenberg
Plato: The Allegory of the Cave, from The Republic at University of Washington – Faculty
Plato: Book VII of The Republic, Allegory of the Cave at Shippensburg University
hide
v
t
e
Plato
Life
Early life
Platonism
Platonic epistemology
Platonic idealism
Platonic realism
Platonic love
Neoplatonism and Gnosticism
Platonism in the Renaissance
Demiurge
Theory of Forms
Transcendentals
Form of the Good
Third man argument
Euthyphro dilemma
Five regimes
Philosopher king
Unwritten doctrines
Cultural influence of Plato's Republic
Works
Uncontested
Apology
Charmides
Cratylus
Critias
Crito
Euthydemus
Euthyphro
Gorgias
Hippias Minor
Ion
Laches
Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 228
Laws
Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 23
Lysis
Menexenus
Meno
Parmenides
Phaedo
Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 229
Phaedrus
Philebus
Protagoras
Republic
Sophist
Statesman
Symposium
Theaetetus
Timaeus
Of doubtful
authenticity
Axiochus
Clitophon
Definitions
Demodocus
Epigrams
Epinomis
Epistles
Letter I
Letter II
Letter IV
Letter V
Letter VI
Letter VII
Letter IX
Letter X
Letter XI
Letter XII
Eryxias
First Alcibiades
Halcyon
Hipparchus
Hippias Major
Minos
On Justice
On Virtue
Rival Lovers
Second Alcibiades
Sisyphus
Theages
Allegories and metaphors
Atlantis
Ring of Gyges
The Cave
The Divided Line
The Sun
Ship of State
Myth of Er
The Chariot
Allegorical interpretations of Plato
Related
Commentaries
The Academy in Athens
Socratic problem
Middle Platonism
Neoplatonism
and Christianity
Poitier Meets Plato
List of speakers in Plato's dialogues
Plato's Dream
Family
Ariston of Athens (father)
Pyrilampes (stepfather)
Perictione (mother)
Adeimantus of Collytus (brother)
Glaucon (brother)
Potone (sister)
Speusippus (nephew)
Authority control
BNF: cb12127441d (data)
LCCN: sh85103329
SUDOC: 029708028
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allegory_of_the_Cave&oldid=866510255"
Categories:
Allegory
Analogy
Concepts in epistemology
Platonism
Philosophy of education
Fictional caves
Hidden categories:
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from December 2017
Articles with permanently dead external links
Articles with dead external links from July 2018
Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2018
Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikiquote
Languages
Afrikaans
العربية
Azərbaycanca
Български
Brezhoneg
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Ελληνικά
Emiliàn e rumagnòl
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Galego
한국어
हिन्दी
Bahasa Indonesia
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
Basa Jawa
Кыргызча
Latina
Lietuvių
Limburgs
Magyar
മലയാളം
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Occitan
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
Pälzisch
Polski
Português
Русский
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Suomi
Svenska
తెలుగు
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
中文
40 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 30 October 2018, at 19:43 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: img

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

attrs: href class title

attrs: class style

value: td

value: tr

value: th

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values:
/wiki/Analogy_of_the_Sun
mw-redirect
Analogy of the Sun

values:
/wiki/Analogy_of_the_Divided_Line
mw-redirect
Analogy of the Divided Line

values: Edit section: Themes in the allegory appearing elsewhere in Plato's work

values:
/wiki/Theory_of_Forms
mw-redirect
Theory of Forms

values: Please clarify the following statement or statements with a good explanation from a reliable source. (September 2018)

values:
/wiki/The_Form_of_the_Good
mw-redirect
The Form of the Good

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.jstor.org/stable/636164

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/964319

values:
nofollow
external text
http://philpapers.org/rec/ZAMTPS

values:
nofollow
external text
http://kernos.revues.org/815

values:
nofollow
external text
http://ndpr.nd.edu/news/23227/?id=1160

values:
nofollow
http://platosallegory.com/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/1497

values:
/wiki/Shippensburg_University
mw-redirect
Shippensburg University

values: Plato Silanion Musei Capitolini MC1377.jpg

values:
navbox-image
5
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

attrs: alt src width height style srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.idref.fr/029708028

values: Category:All articles with dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from December 2017

values: Category:Articles with permanently dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from July 2018

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2018

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values:
/wiki/Allegory_of_the_Cave
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-af
display: none;

values: كهف أفلاطون – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values: Мит за пещерата – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-br
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values: Αλληγορία του Σπηλαίου – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values: Alegorìa dla cavèrna – Emiliano-Romagnolo

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eml
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: تمثیل غار – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values: 동굴의 비유 – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: गुफ़ा की कथा – Hindi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: משל המערה של אפלטון – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-jv
display: none;

values: Платондун үңкүрү – Kyrgyz

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ky
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-li
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

values: ਗੁਫ਼ਾ ਦਾ ਰੂਪਕ – Punjabi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values: Миф о пещере – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values: Мит о пећини – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: ప్లేటో తత్త్వములు – Telugu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-te
display: none;

values: อุปมานิทัศน์เรื่องถ้ำ – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Міф про печеру – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Allegory_of_the_Cave rootpage-Allegory_of_the_Cave skin-vector action-view


text:
Hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Filler neck for hydrogen of a BMW, Museum Autovision, Altlußheim, Germany
Tank for liquid hydrogen of Linde, Museum Autovision, Altlußheim, Germany
BMW Hydrogen7
RX-8 hydrogen rotary
BMW H2R
Musashi 9 Liquid hydrogen truck
A hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle (HICEV) is a type of hydrogen vehicle using an internal combustion engine.[1] Hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicles are different from hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (which use electrochemical conversion of hydrogen rather than combustion); the hydrogen internal combustion engine is simply a modified version of the traditional gasoline-powered internal combustion engine.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Low emissions
3 Adaptation of existing engines
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
Francois Isaac de Rivaz designed in 1806 the De Rivaz engine, the first internal combustion engine, which ran on a hydrogen/oxygen mixture.[3] Étienne Lenoir produced the Hippomobile in 1863. Paul Dieges patented in 1970 a modification to internal combustion engines which allowed a gasoline-powered engine to run on hydrogen.[4]
Tokyo City University have been developing hydrogen internal combustion engine from 1970.[5] Recently developed hydrogen fueled Bus[6] and Truck.
Mazda has developed Wankel engines that burn hydrogen. The advantage of using ICE (internal combustion engine) such as wankel and piston engines is that the cost of retooling for production is much lower. Existing-technology ICE can still be used to solve those problems where fuel cells are not a viable solution as yet, for example in cold-weather applications.
Between 2005 - 2007, BMW tested a luxury car named the BMW Hydrogen 7, powered by a hydrogen ICE, which achieved 301 km/h (187 mph) in tests.[citation needed] At least two of these concepts have been manufactured.[citation needed]
HICE forklift trucks have been demonstrated [7] based on converted diesel internal combustion engines with direct injection.[8]
Alset GmbH developed a hybrid hydrogen systems that allows vehicle to use petrol and hydrogen fuels individually or at the same time with an internal combustion engine. This technology was used with Aston Martin Rapide S during the 24 Hours Nürburgring race. The Rapide S was the first vehicle to finish the race with hydrogen technology.[9]
Low emissions[edit]
The combustion of hydrogen with oxygen produces water as its only product:
2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
In contrast, combustion of high temperature combustion fuels, such as kerosene, gasoline, or natural gas, with air can produce oxides of nitrogen, known as NOx. Tuning a hydrogen engine in 1976 to produce the greatest amount of emissions possible resulted in emissions comparable with consumer operated gasoline engines from 1976.[citation needed] [10]
H2 + O2 + N2 → H2O + NOx
Adaptation of existing engines[edit]
The differences between a hydrogen ICE and a traditional gasoline engine include hardened valves and valve seats, stronger connecting rods, non-platinum tipped spark plugs, a higher voltage ignition coil, fuel injectors designed for a gas instead of a liquid, larger crankshaft damper, stronger head gasket material, modified (for supercharger) intake manifold, positive pressure supercharger, and a high temperature engine oil. All modifications would amount to about one point five times (1.5) the current cost of a gasoline engine.[11] These hydrogen engines burn fuel in the same manner that gasoline engines do.
The theoretical maximum power output from a hydrogen engine depends on the air/fuel ratio and fuel injection method used. The stoichiometric air/fuel ratio for hydrogen is 34:1. At this air/fuel ratio, hydrogen will displace 29% of the combustion chamber leaving only 71% for the air. As a result, the energy content of this mixture will be less than it would be if the fuel were gasoline. Since both the carbureted and port injection methods mix the fuel and air prior to it entering the combustion chamber, these systems limit the maximum theoretical power obtainable to approximately 85% of that of gasoline engines. For direct injection systems, which mix the fuel with the air after the intake valve has closed (and thus the combustion chamber has 100% air), the maximum output of the engine can be approximately 15% higher than that for gasoline engines.
Therefore, depending on how the fuel is metered, the maximum output for a hydrogen engine can be either 15% higher or 15% less than that of gasoline if a stoichiometric air/fuel ratio is used. However, at a stoichiometric air/fuel ratio, the combustion temperature is very high and as a result it will form a large amount of nitrogen oxides (NOx), which is a criteria pollutant. Since one of the reasons for using hydrogen is low exhaust emissions, hydrogen engines are not normally designed to run at a stoichiometric air/fuel ratio.
Typically hydrogen engines are designed to use about twice as much air as theoretically required for complete combustion. At this air/fuel ratio, the formation of NOx is reduced to near zero. Unfortunately, this also reduces the power output to about half that of a similarly sized gasoline engine. To make up for the power loss, hydrogen engines are usually larger than gasoline engines, and/or are equipped with turbochargers or superchargers. [12]
See also[edit]
Hydrogen fuel enhancement
Liquid nitrogen vehicle
List of hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicles
Timeline of hydrogen technologies
References[edit]
Jump up ^ INL-Hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicles
Jump up ^ "Hydrogen Use in Internal Combustion Engines" (PDF). US Department of Engergy. December 2001. Retrieved 25 July 2017. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
Jump up ^ Eckermann, Erik (2001). World History of the Automobile. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers. ISBN 0-7680-0800-X.
Jump up ^ US 3844262
Jump up ^ Furuhama, Shouichi (1978). International Journal of Hydrogen Energy Volume 3, Issue 1, 1978, Pages 61–81. Elsevier Ltd.
Jump up ^ Hydrogen Fuel ICE Bus developed by TCU
Jump up ^ Linde X39
Jump up ^ HyICE
Jump up ^ de Paula, Matthew. "Aston Martin Favors Hydrogen Over Hybrids, At Least For Now". Forbes. Forbes Publishing.
Jump up ^ P.C.T. De Boera, W.J. McLeana and H.S. Homana (1976). "Performance and emissions of hydrogen fueled internal combustion engines". International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 1 (2): 153–172. doi:10.1016/0360-3199(76)90068-9.
Jump up ^ Converting of gasoline ICE to hydrogen ICE
Jump up ^ Hydrogen use in internal combustion engines
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle.
EERE-Hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle
[hide]
v
t
e
Alternative fuel vehicles
Compressed-air engine
Compressed air car
Compressed-air vehicle
Tesla turbine
Electric motor
Battery-electric locomotive
Battery electric vehicle
Cater MetroTrolley
Electric aircraft
Electric bicycle
Pedelec
Electric boat
Electric car
Electric platform truck
Electric vehicle
Electric motorcycles and scooters
Electric kick scooter
Gyro flywheel locomotive
Hybrid electric vehicle
Hybrid train
Motorized bicycle
Neighborhood Electric Vehicle
Plug-in electric vehicle
Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle
Solar vehicle
Biofuel ICE
Alcohol fuel
Biodiesel
Biogas
Butanol fuel
Common ethanol fuel mixtures
E85
Ethanol fuel
Flexible-fuel vehicle
Methanol economy
Methanol fuel
Wood gas
Hydrogen
Fuel cell vehicle
Hydrogen economy
Hydrogen vehicle
Hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle
Others
Autogas
Hybrid electric vehicle
Liquid nitrogen vehicle
Natural gas vehicle
Propane
Steam car
Multiple-fuel
Bi-fuel vehicle
Flexible-fuel vehicle
Hybrid vehicle
Multifuel
Plug-in hybrid
Documentaries
Who Killed the Electric Car?
What Is the Electric Car?
Revenge of the Electric Car
See also
Wind-powered vehicle
Zero-emissions vehicle
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_internal_combustion_engine_vehicle&oldid=798262418"
Categories:
Hydrogen vehicles
Hidden categories:
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011
Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 31 August 2017, at 21:58.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values:
/wiki/Francois_Isaac_de_Rivaz
mw-redirect
Francois Isaac de Rivaz

values:
/wiki/Hippomobile_(car)
mw-redirect
Hippomobile (car)

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2011)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/HICE_forklift_truck
mw-redirect
HICE forklift truck

values:
/wiki/Aston_Martin_Rapide_S
mw-redirect
Aston Martin Rapide S

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2012)

values: Edit section: Adaptation of existing engines

values:
/wiki/Liquid_nitrogen_vehicle
mw-redirect
Liquid nitrogen vehicle

values:
nofollow
external text
http://avt.inel.gov/hydrogen.html

values: commons:Category:Hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Hydrogen_internal_combustion_engine_vehicle rootpage-Hydrogen_internal_combustion_engine_vehicle skin-vector action-view