text:
Hooked on a Feeling
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For the album of the same name by Blue Swede, see Hooked on a Feeling (album).
"Hooked on a Feeling"
Single by B. J. Thomas
from the album On My Way
B-side
"I've Been Down This Road Before"
Released
October 29, 1968
Genre
Pop
Length
2:48
Label
Scepter Records
Songwriter(s)
Mark James
Producer(s)
Chips Moman
B. J. Thomas singles chronology
"The Eyes of a New York Woman"
(1968) "Hooked on a Feeling"
(1968) "It's Only Love"
(1969)
"The Eyes of a New York Woman"
(1968) “Hooked on a Feeling”
(1968) "It's Only Love"
(1969)
"Hooked on a Feeling"
Single by Blue Swede
from the album Hooked on a Feeling
B-side
"Gotta Have Your Love"
Released
February 1974
Format
7"
Recorded
1973
Genre
Pop rock
Length
2:48
Label
EMI Svenska
Songwriter(s)
Mark James
Producer(s)
Bengt Palmers
Blue Swede singles chronology
"Hooked on a Feeling"
(1974) "Silly Milly"
(1974)
"Hooked on a Feeling"
(1974) "Silly Milly"
(1974)
“Hooked on a Feeling” is a 1968 pop song written by Mark James and originally performed by B. J. Thomas. Thomas's version featured the sound of the electric sitar, and reached number five in 1969 on the Billboard Hot 100.[1] It has been recorded by many other artists, including Blue Swede, whose version reached number one in the United States in 1974.[2] The Blue Swede version made singer Björn Skifs' "Ooga-Chaka-Ooga-Ooga" intro well known (and famous in Sweden at the time), although it had been used originally by British musician Jonathan King in his 1971 version of the song.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Chart performance
1.1 Weekly charts
1.2 Year-end charts
2 Blue Swede cover
3 Chart history
3.1 Weekly charts
3.2 Year-end charts
4 Different versions
5 In popular culture
6 References
7 External links
Chart performance[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1968–69)
Peak
position
Canada RPM 3
New Zealand (Listener)[4] 10
US Billboard Hot 100[5] 5
US Cash Box Top 100 5
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1969)
Rank
Canada[6] 31
US Billboard Hot 100[7] 99
Blue Swede cover[edit]
In 1974, the Swedish pop group Blue Swede did a cover version, which included the "ooga chaka" introduction from Jonathan King's 1971 cover. Their arrangement was inspired by a bootleg recording of Do You Like Worms? from the unfinished album Smile by the Beach Boys.[8] The Blue Swede version of the song also tweaked the lyrics to avoid a drug reference.[9] This version reached number one in the United States.[2] Billboard ranked it as the No. 20 song for 1974.
Original lyrics
Blue Swede lyrics
"I got it bad for you, girl,
but I don't need a cure.
I'll just stay addicted
and hope I can endure
all the good love…" "Got a bug from you, girl,
but I don't need no cure.
I just stay a victim,
if I can for sure
All the good love…"
Chart history[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1974)
Peak
position
Australia KMR[10] 4
Canada RPM Top Singles[11] 2
New Zealand (Listener)[12] 7
US Billboard Hot 100[13] 1
US Billboard Adult Contemporary[14] 31
US Cash Box Top 100[15] 1
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1974)
Rank
Australia [16] 29
Canada [17] 27
US Billboard Hot 100[18] 20
US Cash Box [19] 34
Different versions[edit]
In 1971, English musician Jonathan King recorded a cover version of the song, adding ooga chaka jungle chants. King described it as "a reggae rhythm by male voices". His version reached number 23 on the UK Singles Chart in November 1971[20] and downloads of his original version increased both when Guardians of the Galaxy was released and again when it was shown on TV as well as when the chant was used in trailers for Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 in 2017.[21]
In 1978, a cover version by Canadian country music artist Carroll Baker peaked at number 1 on the RPM Country Tracks chart[22] and number 15 Adult Contemporary.[23]
David Hasselhoff covered the song on his album Hooked on a Feeling in 1997.[24]
The band The Offspring sample the "ooga chaka" chorus in their song "Special Delivery", from the album, Conspiracy of One (2000).[25]
In 2013, B. J. Thomas included "Hooked on a Feeling" in duet with Sara Niemietz, on The Living Room Sessions. The album includes new interpretations of many of Thomas' greatest hits, with production and instrumental arrangements by Kyle Lehning, and was released on the Wrinkled Records label.[26][27]
In popular culture[edit]
Wilson Bryan Key, author of Subliminal Seduction, claimed in 1976 that the "ooga-chaka" chant was actually communicating the phrase "who got sucked off?" He credits the song's success to this embedded phrase, though he offers no evidence for any of these claims.[28]
The song has been revived from time to time as a cultural touchstone of the 1970s, such as on the Reservoir Dogs soundtrack in 1992,[29] and as the "dancing baby" song in the Ally McBeal TV show.[30]
The chorus from the song was sung by Captain Hook on "Far, Far Away Idol" on the Shrek 2 DVD.
The 2014 feature film Guardians of the Galaxy,[31] which featured the brass fanfare and title lyrics of the Blue Swede cover version prominently in its trailers and theatrical release, resulted in a significant spike in sales for the recording;[32] the film's soundtrack reached the top of the Billboard 200 chart in August 2014.[33] The song was also featured heavily in the teaser trailer for the 2017 sequel, Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2.[34] despite not using the song in the actual film.[35]
In 2015, the Toronto Blue Jays began using the Blue Swede rendition in a commercial featuring newly acquired David Price and Troy Tulowitzki.[36] The song is played at the Rogers Centre before the bottom of the 8th inning, similar to the usage of "Sweet Caroline" at games in Fenway Park in Boston.
The song is also the anthem for the Northwestern University Sailing Team
The song is additionally the anthem for Zahm House at the University of Notre Dame
In 2016, the song's cover, by Blue Swede, was featured in the documentary Holy Hell. The documentary is about the '80s West Hollywood cult Buddhafield and its manipulative and abusive leader. The song plays at the beginning as footage of members of the cult are shown outdoors reaching for the Sun in a euphoric and trance like state as the song's refrain "I'm hooked on a feeling, I'm high on believing" plays on.[37]
In the spring of 2017, this song titled as Feelin' Hooked is featured on the Telus Mobility television commercial in Canada.[38]
A 1993 episode of the animated series Animaniacs is called Hooked on a Ceiling. This is a play-on of the song.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "BJ Thomas". Credits. AllMusic. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Blue Swede". Hooked on a Feeling. AllMusic. 1974. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "What does 'Ooga Chaka' mean in these two songs? - Quora". www.quora.com.
Jump up ^ "flavour of new zealand - search listener". www.flavourofnz.co.nz.
Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955-2002
Jump up ^ "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada". Collectionscanada.gc.ca. Retrieved 2016-10-02.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Hits of 1969/Top 100 Songs of 1969". Musicoutfitters.com. Retrieved 2016-10-02.
Jump up ^ Lewis, Randy (April 24, 2014). "Stagecoach 2010: B.J. Thomas, hooked on Brian Wilson". The Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ Sakamoto, John (22 August 2014). "A brief history of ‘ouga chaka’". Toronto Star. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970-1992. St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
Jump up ^ "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada". Collectionscanada.gc.ca. 1974-04-20. Retrieved 2017-04-04.
Jump up ^ [ Flavour of New Zealand, 1 June 1974]
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (1993). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961–1993. Record Research. p. 30.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (1993). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961–1993. Record Research. p. 30.
Jump up ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles, April 6, 1974
Jump up ^ "Forum - 1970 (ARIA Charts: Special Occasion Charts)". Australian-charts.com. Archived from the original on 2016-10-20. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
Jump up ^ Canada, Library and Archives (July 13, 2017). "Image : RPM Weekly".
Jump up ^ Musicoutfitters.com
Jump up ^ Cash Box Year-End Charts: Top 100 Pop Singles, December 28, 1974
Jump up ^ Bronson, Fred (May 30, 1998). "'Chaka' Can and 'Honestly' Does". Billboard. New York. Retrieved September 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ https://img.discogs.com/Z31eLoL364rf2vWrstgbwXSFsQo=/fit-in/300x300/filters:strip_icc():format(jpeg):mode_rgb():quality(40)/discogs-images/R-4693264-1451471138-3319.jpeg.jpg
Jump up ^ "RPM Country Singles for December 23, 1978". RPM. Retrieved 15 March 2011.
Jump up ^ Canada, Library and Archives (17 July 2013). "Image : RPM Weekly".
Jump up ^ "David Hasselhoff Hooked on a Feeling". AllMusic. 1999. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
Jump up ^ Jonas, Liana (2000). "The Offspring Conspiracy of One". AllMusic. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
Jump up ^ Lousararian, Lori (18 June 2013). "B.J. Thomas to Duet With Sara Niemietz On "Hooked On A Feeling" At The Grand Ole Opry". The Living Room Sessions. Wrinkled Records. Archived from the original on 20 July 2013. Retrieved 20 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Thomas Erlewine, Stephen. "The Living Room Sessions". Review. AllMusic. Retrieved 20 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Key, Wilson Bryan (1976). Media Sexploitation. Prentice-Hall. pp. 116–117. ISBN 0135730066.
Jump up ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas (1992). "Reservoir Dogs [Original Motion Picture Soundtrack]". AllMusic. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
Jump up ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas (1998). "Songs from Ally McBeal". AllMusic. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Ashurst, Sam (February 19, 2014). "Guardians Of The Galaxy: James Gunn's Trailer Breakdown: Star Lord's Walkman". Total Film. Archived from the original on February 19, 2014. Retrieved February 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ Caulfield, Keith (20 February 2014). "Blue Swede's 'Hooked On a Feeling' Sales Soar Thanks To 'Guardians of the Galaxy' Trailer". Billboard.com. Retrieved 3 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Wood, Mikael (August 13, 2014). "'Guardians of the Galaxy' soundtrack shoots to No. 1 on Billboard 200". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ Anderton, Ethan (October 19, 2016). "‘Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2’ Teaser Trailer Is Hooked On A Feeling Again". /Film. Archived from the original on October 23, 2016. Retrieved October 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ Dornbush, Jonathon (19 April 2017). "Guardians of the Galaxy Awesome Mix Vol. 2 Tracklist Revealed, Release Date Announced".
Jump up ^ "Toronto Blue Jays: hooked on a feeling commercial". YouTube. Retrieved 2016-10-02.
Jump up ^ "DARK SIDE OF THE POWER OF BELIEF IS BROUGHT TO LIGHT IN “HOLY HELL”" Retrieved September 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ Feelin' Hooked YouTube video from Telus April 2017
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
Song Facts
Preceded by
"Sunshine on My Shoulders" by John Denver Billboard Hot 100 number-one single (Blue Swede version)
April 6, 1974 (one week) Succeeded by
"Bennie and the Jets" by Elton John
Preceded by
"That's What You Do to Me" by Charly McClain RPM Country Tracks number-one single (Carroll Baker version)
December 23, 1978 - December 30, 1978 (two weeks) Succeeded by
"Burgers and Fries" by Charley Pride
[show]
v
t
e
B. J. Thomas
Albums
On My Way
Longhorns & Londonbridges
Reunion
You Gave Me Love (When Nobody Gave Me a Prayer)
Love Shines
The Living Room Sessions
Singles
"I'm So Lonesome I Could Cry"
"Hooked on a Feeling"
"Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head"
"I Just Can't Help Believing"
"Most of All"
"Long Ago Tomorrow"
"Rock and Roll Lullaby"
"(Hey Won't You Play) Another Somebody Done Somebody Wrong Song"
"Don't Worry Baby"
"I Recall a Gypsy Woman"
"Whatever Happened to Old-Fashioned Love"
"New Looks from an Old Lover"
"Two Car Garage"
"Night Life"
"As Long As We Got Each Other"
Book:B. J. Thomas
[show]
v
t
e
Carroll Baker
Notable singles
"It's Late (And I Have to Go)"
"I've Never Been This Far Before"
"The Hungry Fire of Love"
"One Night of Cheatin'"
"Tonight with Love"
"Why I Had to Pass This Way"
"It's My Party"
"The Morning After Baby Let Me Down"
"I Might as Well Believe (I'll Live Forever)"
"Portrait in the Window"
"Hooked on a Feeling"
"I'm Getting High Remembering"
"Hollywood Love"
"Still Falling in Love"
"I'm So Excited"
"You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'"
"It's Only Make Believe"
Related articles
Discography
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hooked_on_a_Feeling&oldid=802611329"
Categories:
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1974 singles
B. J. Thomas songs
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Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
Carroll Baker songs
RPM Country Tracks number-one singles
Songs written by Mark James (songwriter)
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text:
Appendicular skeleton
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Appendicular skeleton
Human appendicular skeleton
Details
Identifiers
Latin
skeleton appendiculare
TA
A02.0.00.010
FMA
71222
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
The appendicular skeleton is the portion of the skeleton of vertebrates consisting of the bones that support the appendages. Appendages appeared as fins in early fish, and subsequently evolved into the limbs of tetrapods. The appendicular skeleton includes the skeletal elements within the limbs, as well as supporting pectoral and pelvic girdles in the case of tetrapods (these are lacking in fish).[1] The word appendicular is the adjective of the noun appendage, which itself means a part that is joined to something larger.
Contents
[hide]
1 Human structure
2 Additional images
3 See also
4 References
Human structure[edit]
Of the 206 bones in the human skeleton, the appendicular skeleton comprises 126. Functionally it is involved in locomotion (lower limbs) of the axial skeleton and manipulation of objects in the environment (upper limbs).
The appendicular skeleton forms during development from cartilage, by the process of endochondral ossification.
The appendicular skeleton is divided into six major regions:
Pectoral girdles (4 bones) - Left and right clavicle (2) and scapula (2).
Arms and forearms (6 bones) - Left and right humerus (2) (arm), ulna (2) and radius (2) (forearm).
Hands (54 bones) - Left and right carpals (16) (wrist), metacarpals (10), proximal phalanges (10), intermediate phalanges (8) and distal phalanges (10).
Pelvis (2 bones) - Left and right hip bone (2).
Thighs and legs (8 bones) - Left and right femur (2) (thigh), patella (2) (knee), tibia (2) and fibula (2) (leg).
Feet and ankles (52 bones) - Left and right tarsals (14) (ankle), metatarsals (10), proximal phalanges (10), intermediate phalanges (8) and distal phalanges (10).
It is important to realize that through anatomical variation it is common for the skeleton to have many accessory bones (sutural bones in the skull, cervical ribs, lumbar ribs and even extra lumbar vertebrae).
The appendicular skeleton of 126 bones and the axial skeleton of 80 bones together form the complete skeleton of 206 bones in the human body. Unlike the axial skeleton, the appendicular skeleton is unfused. This allows for a much greater range of motion.[2]
Additional images[edit]
Appendicular skeleton (shown in red).
Illustration depicting anterior and posterior view of appendicular skeleton
See also[edit]
Axial skeleton
pectoral girdle
pelvic girdle
Legs
Bones
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Skeleton Encyclopædia Britannica. Updated 24 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Vizniak, N.A., 2008, Quick Reference Clinical Consultant Muscle Manual, Professional Health Systems Inc, Canada
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Appendicular skeleton.
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Bones in the human skeleton
Axial skeleton
Skull
Neurocranium
occipital
parietal
frontal
temporal
sphenoid
ethmoid
Face
nasal
maxilla
lacrimal
zygomatic
palatine
inferior nasal conchae
vomer
mandible
hyoid
Ear
ossicles
malleus
incus
stapes
Thorax
sternum
rib cage
rib
Vertebral column
vertebrae
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thoracic
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coccyx
Appendicular
Shoulder
clavicle
scapula
Arm
humerus
ulna
radius
Hand
carpals (scaphoid, lunate bone, triquetral, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate)
metacarpals
phalanges (prox, int, dist)
Pelvis
ilium
ischium
pubis
Leg
femur
patella
fibula
tibia
Foot
tarsals
heelbone
anklebone
navicular
cuneiform
cuboid
metatarsals
phalanges
proximal
intermediate
distal
accessory
accessory navicular
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Svalbard Global Seed Vault
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Svalbard Global Seed Vault
Svalbard globale frøhvelv
Location within Svalbard
General information
Status
Complete
Type
Seed bank
Location
Spitsbergen
Town or city
Longyearbyen
Country
Norway
Coordinates
78°14′09″N 15°29′29″E / 78.235867°N 15.491374°E / 78.235867; 15.491374Coordinates: 78°14′09″N 15°29′29″E / 78.235867°N 15.491374°E / 78.235867; 15.491374
Elevation
130 m (430 ft)
Groundbreaking
19 June 2006[1]
Opened
26 February 2008[2]
Cost
45 million kr (US$9 million)
Technical details
Floor count
1
Floor area
~1,000 m2 (~11,000 sq ft)[3]
Awards and prizes
Norwegian Lighting Prize for 2009
No.6 TIME's Best Inventions of 2008
Website
Official website
The Svalbard Global Seed Vault (Norwegian: Svalbard globale frøhvelv) is a secure seed bank on the Norwegian island of Spitsbergen near Longyearbyen in the remote Arctic Svalbard archipelago, about 1,300 kilometres (810 mi) from the North Pole.[4] Conservationist Cary Fowler, in association with the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR),[5] started the vault to preserve a wide variety of plant seeds that are duplicate samples, or "spare" copies, of seeds held in gene banks worldwide. The seed vault is an attempt to ensure against the loss of seeds in other genebanks during large-scale regional or global crises. The seed vault is managed under terms spelled out in a tripartite agreement between the Norwegian government, the Crop Trust and the Nordic Genetic Resource Center (NordGen).[6]
The Norwegian government entirely funded the vault's approximately 45 million kr (US$9 million) construction.[7] Storing seeds in the vault is free to end users, with Norway and the Crop Trust paying for operational costs. Primary funding for the Trust comes from organisations such as the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and from various governments worldwide.[8]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Construction
2.1 Public art
3 Mission
4 Access to seeds
5 Seed storage
6 Crop Trust
7 Awards and honors
8 Capacity
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
History[edit]
The Nordic Gene Bank (NGB) has, since 1984, stored backup Nordic plant germplasm via frozen seeds in an abandoned coal mine at Svalbard, over the years depositing more than 10,000 seed samples of more than 2,000 cultivars for 300 different species.[citation needed] In January 2008, the Nordic Gene Bank merged with two other Nordic conservation groups to form NordGen.[9]
The Svalbard Global Seed Vault officially opened on 26 February 2008,[2] although the first seeds arrived in January 2008.[10] Five percent of the seeds in the vault, about 18,000 samples with 500 seeds each, came from the Centre for Genetic Resources of the Netherlands (CGN), part of Wageningen University, Netherlands.[11]
As part of the vault's first anniversary, more than 90,000 food crop seed samples were placed into storage, bringing the total number of seed samples to 400,000.[12] Among the new seeds are included 32 varieties of potatoes from Ireland's national gene banks and 20,000 new samples from the U.S. Agricultural Research Service.[13] Other seed samples came from Canada and Switzerland, as well as international seed researchers from Colombia, Mexico and Syria.[14] This 4-tonne (3.9-long-ton; 4.4-short-ton) shipment brought the total number of seeds stored in the vault to over 20 million.[12] As of this anniversary, the vault contained samples from approximately one-third of the world's most important food crop varieties.[14] Also part of the anniversary, experts on food production and climate change met for a three-day conference in Longyearbyen.[15]
Japanese sculptor Mitsuaki Tanabe (田辺光彰) presented a work to the vault named "The Seed 2009 / Momi In-Situ Conservation".[16] In 2010 a delegation of seven U.S. congressmen handed over a number of different varieties of chili pepper.[17]
By 2013, approximately one-third of the genera diversity stored in gene banks globally was represented at the Seed Vault.[18]
In October 2016, the seed vault experienced an unusually large degree of water intrusion due to higher than average temperatures and heavy rainfall. While it is common for some water to seep into the vault's 100-metre (328 ft) entrance tunnel during the warmer spring months, in this case the water encroached 15 metres (49 ft) into the tunnel before freezing.[19] As a result, Norwegian public works agency Statsbygg plans to make improvements to the tunnel to prevent any such intrusion in the future, including waterproofing the tunnel walls, removing heat sources from the tunnel, and digging exterior drainage ditches.[20]
Construction[edit]
Cary Fowler at the Seed Vault during its construction
Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, and Iceland's prime ministers ceremonially laid "the first stone" on 19 June 2006.[1]
The seedbank is 120 metres (390 ft) inside a sandstone mountain on Spitsbergen Island,[21] and employs robust security systems. Seeds are packaged in special three-ply foil packets and heat sealed to exclude moisture.[22] The facility is managed by the Nordic Genetic Resource Center, though there are no permanent staff on-site.
Spitsbergen was considered ideal because it lacked tectonic activity and had permafrost, which aids preservation. Its being 130 metres (430 ft) above sea level will keep the site dry even if the ice caps melt.[21] Locally mined coal provides power for refrigeration units that further cool the seeds to the internationally recommended standard of −18 °C (−0.4 °F).[23] If the equipment fails, at least several weeks will elapse before the facility rises to the surrounding sandstone bedrock's temperature of −3 °C (27 °F),[4] and is estimated to take two centuries to warm to 0 °C (32 °F).[24]
A feasibility study prior to construction determined that the vault could preserve most major food crops' seeds for hundreds of years. Some, including those of important grains, could potentially remain viable for thousands of years.[25]
Public art[edit]
Entrance to the Seed Vault at dusk, highlighting its illuminated artwork
Running the length of the facility's roof and down the front face to the entryway is an illuminated artwork named Perpetual Repercussion by Norwegian artist Dyveke Sanne that marks the location of the vault from a distance.[26] In Norway, government-funded construction projects exceeding a certain cost must include artwork. KORO, the Norwegian State agency overseeing art in public spaces, engaged the artist to install lighting that highlights the importance and qualities of Arctic light. The roof and vault entrance are filled with highly reflective stainless steel, mirrors, and prisms. The installation reflects polar light in the summer months, while in the winter, a network of 200 fibre-optic cables gives the piece a muted greenish-turquoise and white light.[27]
Mission[edit]
The Svalbard Global Seed Vault's mission is to provide a safety net against accidental loss of diversity in traditional genebanks. While the popular press has emphasized its possible utility in the event of a major regional or global catastrophe, it will be more frequently accessed when genebanks lose samples due to mismanagement, accident, equipment failures, funding cuts, and natural disasters. These events occur with some regularity. War and civil strife have a history of destroying some genebanks. The national seed bank of the Philippines was damaged by flooding and later destroyed by a fire; the seed banks of Afghanistan and Iraq have been lost completely.[24] According to The Economist, "the Svalbard vault is a backup for the world's 1,750 seed banks, storehouses of agricultural biodiversity."[24] Norwegian law has prohibited the storing of genetically modified seeds at the vault.[28]
The adjacent Arctic World Archive provides a similar service for data, which is etched as code into reels of film. Project lead Piql of Norway states that the film, when properly preserved, should last for 1,000 years.[29]
Access to seeds[edit]
Vault seed samples are copies of samples stored in the depositing genebanks. Researchers, plant breeders, and other groups wishing to access seed samples cannot do so through the seed vault; they must instead request samples from the depositing genebanks. The samples stored in the genebanks will, in most cases, be accessible in accordance with the terms and conditions of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, approved by 118 countries or parties.[25][30]
The seed vault functions like a safe deposit box in a bank. The bank owns the building and the depositor owns the contents of his or her box. The Government of Norway owns the facility and the depositing genebanks own the seeds they send. The deposit of samples in Svalbard does not constitute a legal transfer of genetic resources. In genebank terminology this is called a "black box" arrangement. Each depositor signs a Deposit Agreement with NordGen, acting on behalf of Norway. The Agreement makes clear that Norway does not claim ownership over the deposited samples and that ownership remains with the depositor, who has the sole right of access to those materials in the seed vault. No one has access to anyone else's seeds from the seed vault.[25][31] The database of samples and depositors is maintained by NordGen.[32]
The Syrian Civil War caused another seed bank, the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, to move its headquarters from Aleppo to Beirut. Due to difficulties by ICARDA in transferring its collection, in 2015 the Svalbard Vault authorized the first withdrawal of seeds in its history.[33][34][35]
Seed storage[edit]
Seed storage containers on metal shelving inside the vault
The seeds are stored in sealed three-ply foil packages,[22] then placed into plastic tote containers on metal shelving racks. The storage rooms are kept at −18 °C (−0.4 °F). The low temperature and limited access to oxygen will ensure low metabolic activity and delay seed aging. The permafrost surrounding the facility will help maintain the low temperature of the seeds should the electricity supply fail.[7][31] In the years since its opening, the vault saw minor water intrusion at its entrance during the annual spring permafrost thawing; warmer temperatures and heavy rainfall in October 2016 caused significantly greater amounts of water to inundate the entrance, but the facility's design ensured that the water froze after several meters and the seeds were not endangered.[19][36]
Crop Trust[edit]
The Crop Trust, formerly known as the Global Crop Diversity Trust, has played a key role in the planning of the seed vault and is coordinating shipments of seed samples to the Vault in conjunction with the Nordic Genetic Resource Center. The Trust will provide most of the annual operating costs for the facility, and has set aside endowment funds to do so, while the Norwegian government will finance upkeep of the structure itself. With support from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and other donors, the Crop Trust is assisting selected genebanks in developing countries as well as the international agricultural research centers in packaging and shipping seeds to the seed vault. An International Advisory Council is being established to provide guidance and advice. It will include representatives from the FAO, the CGIAR, the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources and other institutions.[citation needed]
Awards and honors[edit]
Svalbard Global Seed Vault ranked at No. 6 on Time's Best Inventions of 2008.[37] It was awarded the Norwegian Lighting Prize for 2009.[38]
Capacity[edit]
A seed sample consists of around 500 seeds sealed in an airtight aluminum bag, and the facility has a storage capacity of 4.5 million seed samples.[39]
Year
Species
Total samples
Ref.
2008 (Feb) 268,000 [40]
2010 500,000 [41]
2013 (Feb) 774,601 [18]
2014 (Feb) 820,619 [42]
2015 (May) 4,000 840,000 [43][44]
2016 (Oct) 880,000 [45]
2017 (Feb) 930,821 [46]
See also[edit]
Arctic policy of Norway
Center of origin
Frozen zoo, a similar concept, but for animals
Millennium Seed Bank Partnership
Orthodox seed
Recalcitrant seed
Survivalism
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Work begins on Arctic seed vault". BBC News. 19 June 2006. Retrieved 3 July 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Mellgren, Doug (27 February 2008). "'Doomsday' seed vault opens in Arctic". MSNBC.com. Associated Press. Retrieved 3 July 2011.
Jump up ^ "Description of the facility". Norwegian Ministry of Agriculture and Food. Archived from the original on 25 February 2012. Retrieved 15 April 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Charles, Daniel (23 June 2006). "A 'Forever' Seed Bank Takes Root in the Arctic". Science. 312 (5781): 1730–1731. doi:10.1126/science.312.5781.1730b. PMID 16794050.
Jump up ^ Siebert, Charles (July 2011). "Food Ark". National Geographic. 220 (1): 108–131. OCLC 741814684.
Jump up ^ "What is NordGen?". Nordic Genetic Resource Center. Archived from the original on 21 April 2012. Retrieved 15 April 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Svalbard Global Seed Vault: Frequently Asked Questions". Norwegian Ministry of Agriculture and Food. Archived from the original on 21 October 2011. Retrieved 3 July 2011.
Jump up ^ "Our Donors". The Crop Trust. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "About Us". Nordic Genetic Resources Center. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Kinver, Mark (31 January 2008). "'Doomsday' seeds arrive in Norway". BBC News. Retrieved 3 July 2011.
Jump up ^ Aarden, Marieke (26 February 2008). "Opslag met miljarden zaden, voor tijden van oorlog". de Volkskrant (in Dutch). Retrieved 3 July 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Walsh, Bryan (27 February 2009). "The Planet's Ultimate Backup Plan: Svalbard". Time. Retrieved 1 March 2009.
Jump up ^ "ARS ships more seeds to genebank facility in Norway". High Plains Journal. 2 March 2009. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Young, Linda (26 February 2009). "Global Seed Vault Marks First Anniversary; 20 Million Seeds From One-Third Of Earth's Food Crops Now Stored In Case Of Disaster". All Headline News. Retrieved 1 March 2009. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "More seeds for 'doomsday vault'". BBC News. 26 February 2009. Retrieved 27 February 2009.
Jump up ^ 日本人彫刻家の作品が種子貯蔵庫へ (in Japanese). Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2009. Archived from the original on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 3 July 2011.
Jump up ^ Kinver, Mark (13 July 2010). "'Red hot' chillies arrive at frozen seed vault". BBC News. Retrieved 3 July 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Westengen, Ola T.; Jeppson, Simon; Guarino, Luigi (May 2013). "Global Ex-Situ Crop Diversity Conservation and the Svalbard Global Seed Vault: Assessing the Current Status". PLOS ONE. 8 (5). e64146. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0064146. PMC 3650076  . PMID 23671707.
^ Jump up to: a b Griggs, Mary Beth (22 May 2017). "Turns out the Svalbard seed vault is probably fine". Popular Science. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Aschim, Hege Njaa (20 May 2017). "Improvements on the Svalbard Global Seed Vault". Norwegian Directorate of Public Construction and Property. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Deep Freeze". Modern Marvels. Season 14. Episode 34. 25 September 2007. History.
^ Jump up to: a b "Svalbard Global Seed Vault". The Crop Trust. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Svalbard Global Seed Vault: From safety in permafrost to optimal conditions". Norwegian Ministry of Agriculture and Food. 20 May 2008. Archived from the original on 2 August 2008. Retrieved 18 July 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Banking against Doomsday". The Economist. 10 March 2012. Retrieved 7 May 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Fowler, Cary (26 February 2008). "The Svalbard Global Seed Vault: Securing the Future of Agriculture" (PDF). Global Crop Diversity Trust.
Jump up ^ "Svalbard Global Seed Vault". KORO: Public Art Norway. Retrieved 14 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Svalbard Global Seed Vault: Lighting Installation". The Crop Trust. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 3 July 2011.
Jump up ^ "FAQ about the Seed Vault - Crop Trust". The Crop Trust. Retrieved 19 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Deamer, Kacey (1 April 2017). "'Doomsday' Library Joins Seed Vault in Arctic Norway". Live Science. Retrieved 4 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "Members: Contracting Parties". PlantTreaty.org. Archived from the original on 22 May 2011. Retrieved 3 July 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Svalbard Global Seed Vault: Management and Operations". Norwegian Ministry of Agriculture and Food. Archived from the original on 27 March 2010. Retrieved 3 July 2011.
Jump up ^ "SGSV by Depositor". Nordic Genetic Resources Center. 24 August 2010. Retrieved 3 July 2011.
Jump up ^ Doyle, Alister (21 September 2015). "Syrian war spurs first withdrawal from doomsday Arctic seed vault". Reuters. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Robins-Early, Nick (22 September 2015). "Syrian War Causes The Global Doomsday Seed Vault's First Withdrawal". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 24 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Dan, Charles (24 September 2015). "Reclaiming Syria's Seeds From An Icy Arctic Vault". NPR. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Netto, Joseph; Simon, Darran (21 May 2017). "Water breaches 'Doomsday' vault entrance, seeds unharmed". CNN. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Best Inventions of 2008: The Global Seed Vault". Time. 29 October 2008. Retrieved 3 July 2011.
Jump up ^ "Svalbard Global Seed Vault: Awarded the Norwegian Lighting Prize for 2009". Norwegian Ministry of Agriculture and Food. 4 November 2009. Retrieved 15 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "More about the physical plant". Norwegian Ministry of Agriculture and Food. 23 February 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Arctic Seed Vault Opens Doors for 100 Million Seeds". Norwegian Ministry of Agriculture and Food. 26 February 2008. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
Jump up ^ MacDougall, Ian (12 March 2010). "Norway Doomsday Seed Vault Hits 1/2 Million Mark". U.S. News & World Report. Associated Press. Retrieved 3 July 2011.
Jump up ^ Dell'Amore, Christine (27 February 2014). "Doomsday Seed Vault's New Adds: "Space Beer" Barley, Brazil Beans". National Geographic. Retrieved 5 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "A global backstop". Norwegian Ministry of Agriculture and Food. 23 February 2015. Retrieved 5 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Straehley, Steve (7 March 2015). "Doomsday Seed Vault Adds Tree Seeds for First Time". AllGov.com. Retrieved 5 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Combatting Climate Change, One Seed at a Time" (Press release). The Crop Trust. 18 October 2016. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Major Deposit to World's Largest Seed Collection in the Arctic" (Press release). The Crop Trust. 22 February 2017. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Svalbard Global Seed Vault.
Wikinews has related news: Seeds placed in Norwegian vault as agricultural 'insurance policy'
Official website
Crop Trust
Nordic Genetic Resource Center
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values: قبو سفالبارد العالمي للبذور – Arabic

values: Сусветнае сховішча насення – Belarusian

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values: Международно семехранилище – Bulgarian

values: Magatzem de llavors de Svalbard – Catalan

values: Мĕнпур тĕнчери вăрăлăх усравлăхĕ – Chuvash

values: Špicberské globální úložiště semen – Czech

values: Παγκόσμια τράπεζα σπόρων Σβάλμπαρντ – Greek

values: Bóveda Global de Semillas de Svalbard – Spanish

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values: כספת הזרעים הגלובלית של סבאלברד – Hebrew

values: Thesaurus seminarius mundanus Svalbardensis – Latin

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values: Svalbard Global Seed Vault – Simple English

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