text:
Boston
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This article is about the city in the U.S. state of Massachusetts. For other uses, see Boston (disambiguation).
Capital of Massachusetts
State capital and city in Massachusetts, United States
Boston, Massachusetts
State capital and city
City of Boston
Clockwise from top: Back Bay skyline, Fenway Park, Christian Science Center, Boston Common, the Financial District, and the Massachusetts State House

Flag
Seal
Nickname(s): See Boston nicknames
Motto(s): Sicut patribus sit Deus nobis (Latin)
"As God was with our fathers, so may He be with us"

Location in Suffolk County
and the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.
Boston
Location in the United States
Coordinates: 42°21′29″N 71°03′49″W / 42.35806°N 71.06361°W / 42.35806; -71.06361Coordinates: 42°21′29″N 71°03′49″W / 42.35806°N 71.06361°W / 42.35806; -71.06361
Country
United States
State
Massachusetts
County
Suffolk
Historic countries
England
Great Britain
Historic colonies
Massachusetts Bay Colony in the Province of Massachusetts Bay
Settled (town)
September 7, 1630
(date of naming, Old Style)[a]
Incorporated (city)
March 4, 1822
Named for
Boston, Lincolnshire
Government
• Type
Strong mayor / Council
• Mayor
Marty Walsh (D)
• Council
Boston City Council
Area
• State capital and city
89.63 sq mi (232.14 km2)
• Land
48.42 sq mi (125.41 km2)
• Water
41.21 sq mi (106.73 km2)
• Urban
1,770 sq mi (4,600 km2)
• Metro
4,500 sq mi (11,700 km2)
• CSA
10,600 sq mi (27,600 km2)
Elevation
141 ft (43 m)
Population (2010)[2][3][4][5][6]
• State capital and city
617,594
• Estimate (2017)[3]
685,094
• Density
14,149/sq mi (5,463/km2)
• Urban
4,180,000 (US: 10th)
• Metro
4,628,910 (US: 10th)[1]
• CSA
8,041,303 (US: 6th)
• Demonym
Bostonian
Time zone
EST (UTC−5)
• Summer (DST)
EDT (UTC−4)
ZIP Codes
53 ZIP codes[7][show]
02108–02137, 02163, 02196, 02199, 02201, 02203, 02204, 02205, 02206, 02210, 02211, 02212, 02215, 02217, 02222, 02126, 02228, 02241, 02266, 02283, 02284, 02293, 02295, 02297, 02298, 02467 (also includes parts of Newton and Brookline)
Area codes
617 and 857
FIPS code
25-07000
GNIS feature ID
0617565
GDP
USD 371 billion [8]
Website
Boston.gov
Boston (/ˈbɔːstən/ ( listen) BAWSS-tən) is the capital city and most populous municipality[9] of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. The city proper covers 48 square miles (124 km2) with an estimated population of 685,094 in 2017,[3] making it also the most populous city in the New England region.[2] Boston is the seat of Suffolk County as well, although the county government was disbanded on July 1, 1999.[10] The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area known as Greater Boston, a metropolitan statistical area (MSA) home to a census-estimated 4.8 million people in 2016 and ranking as the tenth-largest such area in the country.[11] As a combined statistical area (CSA), this wider commuting region is home to some 8.2 million people, making it the sixth-largest in the United States.[12]
Boston is one of the oldest cities in the United States, founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from England.[13][14] It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution, such as the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, the Battle of Bunker Hill, and the Siege of Boston. Upon U.S. independence from Great Britain, it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education and culture.[15][16] The city has expanded beyond the original peninsula through land reclamation and municipal annexation. Its rich history attracts many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone drawing more than 20 million visitors per year.[17] Boston's many firsts include the United States' first public or state school (Boston Latin School, 1635),[18] first subway system (Tremont Street Subway, 1897),[19] and first public park (Boston Common, 1634).
The Boston area's many colleges and universities make it an international center of higher education,[20] including law, medicine, engineering, and business, and the city is considered to be a world leader in innovation and entrepreneurship, with nearly 2,000 start-ups.[21][22][23] Boston's economic base also includes finance,[24] professional and business services, biotechnology, information technology, and government activities.[25] Households in the city claim the highest average rate of philanthropy in the United States;[26] businesses and institutions rank among the top in the country for environmental sustainability and investment.[27] The city has one of the highest costs of living in the United States[28][29] as it has undergone gentrification,[30] though it remains high on world livability rankings.[31]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Colonial
1.2 Revolution and the Siege of Boston
1.3 Post-revolution and the War of 1812
1.4 19th century
1.5 20th century
1.6 21st century
2 Geography
2.1 Cityscapes
2.2 Neighborhoods
2.3 Climate
3 Demographics
3.1 Demographic breakdown by ZIP Code
3.1.1 Income
3.2 Religion
4 Economy
5 Education
5.1 Primary and secondary education
5.2 Higher education
6 Public safety
7 Culture
8 Environment
8.1 Pollution control
8.2 Water purity and availability
9 Sports
10 Parks and recreation
11 Government and politics
12 Media
12.1 Newspapers
12.2 Radio and television
12.3 Film
13 Healthcare
14 Infrastructure
14.1 Transportation
15 Twin towns and sister cities
16 See also
17 Notes
18 References
18.1 Sources
19 Further reading
20 External links
History[edit]
Main articles: History of Boston and Timeline of Boston
Colonial[edit]
A south east view of the great town of Boston in New England in America, c. 1730
Boston's early European settlers had first called the area Trimountaine (after its "three mountains," only traces of which remain today) but later renamed it Boston after Boston, Lincolnshire, England, the origin of several prominent colonists. The renaming on September 7, 1630, (Old Style)[32][b] was by Puritan colonists from England[14][33] who had moved over from Charlestown earlier that year in quest of fresh water. Their settlement was initially limited to the Shawmut Peninsula, at that time surrounded by the Massachusetts Bay and Charles River and connected to the mainland by a narrow isthmus. The peninsula is thought to have been inhabited as early as 5000 BC.[34]
In 1629, the Massachusetts Bay Colony's first governor John Winthrop led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement, a key founding document of the city. Puritan ethics and their focus on education influenced its early history;[35] America's first public school was founded in Boston in 1635.[18] Over the next 130 years, the city participated in four French and Indian Wars, until the British defeated the French and their Indian allies in North America.
Boston was the largest town in British America until Philadelphia grew larger in the mid-18th century.[36] Boston's proximity to the ocean made it a lively port, and the city primarily engaged in shipping and fishing during its colonial days. However, Boston stagnated in the decades prior to the Revolution. By the mid-18th century, New York City and Philadelphia surpassed Boston in wealth. Boston encountered financial difficulties even as other cities in New England grew rapidly.[37][38]
Revolution and the Siege of Boston[edit]
See also: Boston campaign and Siege of Boston
In 1773, a group of Boston rebels threw a shipment of tea by the British East India Company into Boston Harbor as a response to the Tea Act, in an event known as the Boston Tea Party.
Map showing a British tactical evaluation of Boston in 1775
Many of the crucial events of the American Revolution[39] occurred in or near Boston. Boston's penchant for mob action along with the colonists' growing distrust in Britain fostered a revolutionary spirit in the city.[37] When the British government passed the Stamp Act in 1765, a Boston mob ravaged the homes of Andrew Oliver, the official tasked with enforcing the Act, and Thomas Hutchinson, then the Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts.[37][40] The British sent two regiments to Boston in 1768 in an attempt to quell the angry colonists. This did not sit well with the colonists. In 1770, during the Boston Massacre, the army killed several people in response to a mob in Boston. The colonists compelled the British to withdraw their troops. The event was widely publicized and fueled a revolutionary movement in America.[38]
In 1773, Britain passed the Tea Act. Many of the colonists saw the act as an attempt to force them to accept the taxes established by the Townshend Acts. The act prompted the Boston Tea Party, where a group of rebels threw an entire shipment of tea sent by the British East India Company into Boston Harbor. The Boston Tea Party was a key event leading up to the revolution, as the British government responded furiously with the Intolerable Acts, demanding compensation for the lost tea from the rebels.[37] This angered the colonists further and led to the American Revolutionary War. The war began in the area surrounding Boston with the Battles of Lexington and Concord.[37][41]
Boston itself was besieged for almost a year during the Siege of Boston, which began on April 19, 1775. The New England militia impeded the movement of the British Army. William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe, then the commander-in-chief of the British forces in North America, led the British army in the siege. On June 17, the British captured the Charlestown peninsula in Boston, during the Battle of Bunker Hill. The British army outnumbered the militia stationed there, but it was a Pyrrhic victory for the British because their army suffered devastating casualties. It was also a testament to the power and courage of the militia, as their stubborn defending made it difficult for the British to capture Charlestown without losing many troops.[42]
Several weeks later, George Washington took over the militia after the Continental Congress established the Continental Army to unify the revolutionary effort. Both sides faced difficulties and supply shortages in the siege, and the fighting was limited to small-scale raids and skirmishes. On March 4, 1776, Washington commanded his army to fortify Dorchester Heights, an area of Boston. The army placed cannons there to repel a British invasion against their stake in Boston. Washington was confident that the army would be able to repel a small-scale invasion with their fortifications. Howe planned an invasion into Boston, but bad weather delayed their advance. Howe reconsidered his invasion, and decided to withdraw. British troops evacuated Boston on March 17, which solidified the revolutionaries' control of the city.[41][42]
Post-revolution and the War of 1812[edit]
State Street, 1801
View of Boston from Dorchester Heights, 1841
After the Revolution, Boston's long seafaring tradition helped make it one of the world's wealthiest international ports, with the slave trade,[43] rum, fish, salt, and tobacco being particularly important.[44] Boston's harbor activity was significantly curtailed by the Embargo Act of 1807 (adopted during the Napoleonic Wars) and the War of 1812. Foreign trade returned after these hostilities, but Boston's merchants had found alternatives for their capital investments in the interim. Manufacturing became an important component of the city's economy, and the city's industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance by the mid-19th century. Boston remained one of the nation's largest manufacturing centers until the early 20th century, and was known for its garment production and leather-goods industries.[45] A network of small rivers bordering the city and connecting it to the surrounding region facilitated shipment of goods and led to a proliferation of mills and factories. Later, a dense network of railroads furthered the region's industry and commerce.[46]
Tremont Street, 1843
During this period, Boston flourished culturally, as well, admired for its rarefied literary life and generous artistic patronage,[47][48] with members of old Boston families—eventually dubbed Boston Brahmins—coming to be regarded as the nation's social and cultural elites.[49]
Boston was an early port of the Atlantic triangular slave trade in the New England colonies, but was soon overtaken by Salem, Massachusetts and Newport, Rhode Island.[50] Boston eventually became a center of the abolitionist movement.[51] The city reacted strongly to the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850,[52] contributing to President Franklin Pierce's attempt to make an example of Boston after the Anthony Burns Fugitive Slave Case.[53][54]
In 1822,[15] the citizens of Boston voted to change the official name from the "Town of Boston" to the "City of Boston", and on March 4, 1822, the people of Boston accepted the charter incorporating the City.[55] At the time Boston was chartered as a city, the population was about 46,226, while the area of the city was only 4.7 square miles (12 km2).[55]
Cutting down Beacon Hill in 1811; a view from the north toward the Massachusetts State House[56]
The Old City Hall was home to the Boston city council from 1865 to 1969.
Haymarket Square, 1909
19th century[edit]
In the 1820s, Boston's population grew rapidly, and the city's ethnic composition changed dramatically with the first wave of European immigrants. Irish immigrants dominated the first wave of newcomers during this period, especially following the Irish Potato Famine; by 1850, about 35,000 Irish lived in Boston.[57] In the latter half of the 19th century, the city saw increasing numbers of Irish, Germans, Lebanese, Syrians,[58] French Canadians, and Russian and Polish Jews settling in the city. By the end of the 19th century, Boston's core neighborhoods had become enclaves of ethnically distinct immigrants. Italians inhabited the North End,[59] Irish dominated South Boston and Charlestown, and Russian Jews lived in the West End. Irish and Italian immigrants brought with them Roman Catholicism. Currently, Catholics make up Boston's largest religious community,[60] and the Irish have played a major role in Boston politics since the early 20th century; prominent figures include the Kennedys, Tip O'Neill, and John F. Fitzgerald.[61]
Between 1631 and 1890, the city tripled its area through land reclamation by filling in marshes, mud flats, and gaps between wharves along the waterfront.[62] The largest reclamation efforts took place during the 19th century; beginning in 1807, the crown of Beacon Hill was used to fill in a 50-acre (20 ha) mill pond that later became the Haymarket Square area. The present-day State House sits atop this lowered Beacon Hill. Reclamation projects in the middle of the century created significant parts of the South End, the West End, the Financial District, and Chinatown.
After the Great Boston fire of 1872, workers used building rubble as landfill along the downtown waterfront. During the mid-to-late 19th century, workers filled almost 600 acres (2.4 km2) of brackish Charles River marshlands west of Boston Common with gravel brought by rail from the hills of Needham Heights. The city annexed the adjacent towns of South Boston (1804), East Boston (1836), Roxbury (1868), Dorchester (including present-day Mattapan and a portion of South Boston) (1870), Brighton (including present-day Allston) (1874), West Roxbury (including present-day Jamaica Plain and Roslindale) (1874), Charlestown (1874), and Hyde Park (1912).[63][64] Other proposals were unsuccessful for the annexation of Brookline, Cambridge,[65] and Chelsea.[66][67]
20th century[edit]
The city went into decline by the early to mid-20th century, as factories became old and obsolete and businesses moved out of the region for cheaper labor elsewhere.[68] Boston responded by initiating various urban renewal projects, under the direction of the Boston Redevelopment Authority (BRA) established in 1957. In 1958, BRA initiated a project to improve the historic West End neighborhood. Extensive demolition was met with strong public opposition.[69]
The BRA subsequently re-evaluated its approach to urban renewal in its future projects, including the construction of Government Center. In 1965, the Columbia Point Health Center opened in the Dorchester neighborhood, the first Community Health Center in the United States. It mostly served the massive Columbia Point public housing complex adjoining it, which was built in 1953. The health center is still in operation and was rededicated in 1990 as the Geiger-Gibson Community Health Center.[70] The Columbia Point complex itself was redeveloped and revitalized from 1984 to 1990 into a mixed-income residential development called Harbor Point Apartments.[71]
By the 1970s, the city's economy had recovered after 30 years of economic downturn. A large number of high-rises were constructed in the Financial District and in Boston's Back Bay during this period.[72] This boom continued into the mid-1980s and resumed after a few pauses. Hospitals such as Massachusetts General Hospital, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Brigham and Women's Hospital lead the nation in medical innovation and patient care. Schools such as Boston College, Boston University, the Harvard Medical School, Tufts University School of Medicine, Northeastern University, Massachusetts College of Art and Design, Wentworth Institute of Technology, Berklee College of Music, and Boston Conservatory attract students to the area. Nevertheless, the city experienced conflict starting in 1974 over desegregation busing, which resulted in unrest and violence around public schools throughout the mid-1970s.[73]
Back Bay
21st century[edit]
Boston is an intellectual, technological, and political center but has lost some important regional institutions,[74] including the loss to mergers and acquisitions of local financial institutions such as FleetBoston Financial, which was acquired by Charlotte-based Bank of America in 2004.[75] Boston-based department stores Jordan Marsh and Filene's have both merged into the Cincinnati–based Macy's.[76] The 1993 acquisition of The Boston Globe by The New York Times[77] was reversed in 2013 when it was re-sold to Boston businessman John W. Henry. In 2016, it was announced that General Electric would be moving its corporate headquarters from Connecticut to the Innovation District in South Boston, joining many other companies in this rapidly developing neighborhood.
Boston has experienced gentrification in the latter half of the 20th century,[78] with housing prices increasing sharply since the 1990s.[29] Living expenses have risen; Boston has one of the highest costs of living in the United States[79] and was ranked the 129th-most expensive major city in the world in a 2011 survey of 214 cities.[80] Despite cost of living issues, Boston ranks high on livability ratings, ranking 36th worldwide in quality of living in 2011 in a survey of 221 major cities.[81]
On April 15, 2013, two Chechen Islamist brothers detonated a pair of bombs near the finish line of the Boston Marathon, killing three people and injuring roughly 264.[82]
In 2016, Boston briefly shouldered a bid as the US applicant for the 2024 Summer Olympics. The bid was supported by the mayor and a coalition of business leaders and local philanthropists, but was eventually dropped due to public opposition.[83] The USOC then selected Los Angeles to be the American candidate with Los Angeles ultimately securing the right to host the 2028 Summer Olympics.
Geography[edit]
Boston as seen from the International Space Station (ISS)
Boston has an area of 89.63 square miles (232.1 km2)—48.4 square miles (125.4 km2) (54.0%) of land and 41.2 square miles (106.7 km2) (46.0%) of water. The city's official elevation, as measured at Logan International Airport, is 19 ft (5.8 m) above sea level.[84] The highest point in Boston is Bellevue Hill at 330 feet (100 m) above sea level, and the lowest point is at sea level.[85] Situated onshore of the Atlantic Ocean, Boston is the only state capital in the contiguous United States with an oceanic shoreline.[86]
The geographical center of Boston is in Roxbury. Due north of the center we find the South End. This is not to be confused with South Boston which lies directly east from the South End. North of the South End is East Boston and southwest of East Boston is the North End.
—  Author, Unknown – A common local colloquialism
Boston is surrounded by the "Greater Boston" region and is contiguously bordered by the cities and towns of Winthrop, Revere, Chelsea, Everett, Somerville, Cambridge, Watertown, Newton, Brookline, Needham, Dedham, Canton, Milton, and Quincy. The Charles River separates Boston from Watertown and the majority of Cambridge, and the mass of Boston from its own Charlestown neighborhood. To the east lie Boston Harbor and the Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area (which includes part of the city's territory, specifically Calf Island, Gallops Island, Great Brewster Island, Green Island, Little Brewster Island, Little Calf Island, Long Island, Lovells Island, Middle Brewster Island, Nixes Mate, Outer Brewster Island, Rainsford Island, Shag Rocks, Spectacle Island, The Graves, and Thompson Island). The Neponset River forms the boundary between Boston's southern neighborhoods and the city of Quincy and the town of Milton. The Mystic River separates Charlestown from Chelsea and Everett, and Chelsea Creek and Boston Harbor separate East Boston from Boston proper.[87]
Cityscapes[edit]
Sailboats on the Charles River overlook the Boston skyline, as seen from Cambridge.
From left to right: Boston City Hall, the West End, the North End, Charlestown, Boston Harbor, and East Boston
Sunset view of the Boston skyline and Charles River
Neighborhoods[edit]
Main article: Neighborhoods in Boston
200 Clarendon Street is the tallest building in Boston, with a roof height of 790 feet (240 m).
Boston is sometimes called a "city of neighborhoods" because of the profusion of diverse subsections; the city government's Office of Neighborhood Services has officially designated 23 neighborhoods.[88] More than two-thirds of inner Boston's modern land area did not exist when the city was founded. Instead, it was created via the gradual filling in of the surrounding tidal areas over the centuries,[62] with earth from leveling or lowering Boston's three original hills (the "Trimountain", after which Tremont Street is named) and with gravel brought by train from Needham to fill the Back Bay.[16]
Downtown and its immediate surroundings consist largely of low-rise masonry buildings (often Federal style and Greek Revival) interspersed with modern highrises, in the Financial District, Government Center, and South Boston.[89] Back Bay includes many prominent landmarks, such as the Boston Public Library, Christian Science Center, Copley Square, Newbury Street, and New England's two tallest buildings: the John Hancock Tower and the Prudential Center.[90] Near the John Hancock Tower is the old John Hancock Building with its prominent illuminated beacon, the color of which forecasts the weather.[91] Smaller commercial areas are interspersed among areas of single-family homes and wooden/brick multi-family row houses. The South End Historic District is the largest surviving contiguous Victorian-era neighborhood in the US.[92] The geography of downtown and South Boston was particularly affected by the Central Artery/Tunnel Project (known unofficially as the "Big Dig") which removed the unsightly elevated Central Artery and incorporated new green spaces and open areas.[93]
Climate[edit]
Boston, MA
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D
3.4
36
22
3.3
39
25
4.3
45
31
3.7
56
41
3.5
66
50
3.7
76
60
3.4
81
65
3.4
80
65
3.4
72
57
3.9
61
47
4
52
38
3.8
41
28
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
showMetric conversion
J F M A M J J A S O N D
85
2
−5
83
4
−4
110
7
0
95
13
5
89
19
10
93
24
15
87
27
19
85
26
18
87
22
14
100
16
8
101
11
3
96
5
−2
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
A graph of cumulative winter snowfall at Logan International Airport from 1938–2015. The four winters with the greatest amount of snowfall are highlighted. The snowfall data, which was collected by NOAA, is from the weather station at the airport.
Under the Köppen climate classification, Boston has a hot summer humid continental climate (Köppen Dfa).[94] Summers are typically warm and humid, while winters are cold and stormy, with occasional periods of heavy snow. Spring and fall are usually cool to mild, with varying conditions dependent on wind direction and jet stream positioning. Prevailing wind patterns that blow offshore minimize the influence of the Atlantic Ocean; however, in winter areas near the immediate coast will often see more rain than snow as warm air is drawn off the Atlantic at times.[95] The city lies at the transition between USDA plant hardiness zones 6b (most of the city) and 7a (Downtown, South Boston, and East Boston neighborhoods).[96]
The hottest month is July, with a mean temperature of 73.4 °F (23.0 °C). The coldest month is January, with a mean of 29.0 °F (−1.7 °C). Periods exceeding 90 °F (32 °C) in summer and below freezing in winter are not uncommon but rarely extended, with about 13 and 25 days per year seeing each, respectively.[97] The most recent sub-0 °F (−18 °C) reading occurred on January 7, 2018, when the temperature dipped down to −2 °F (−19 °C).[97] In addition, several decades may pass between 100 °F (38 °C) readings, with the most recent such occurrence on July 22, 2011, when the temperature reached 103 °F (39 °C).[97] The city's average window for freezing temperatures is November 9 through April 5.[97][c] Official temperature records have ranged from −18 °F (−28 °C) on February 9, 1934, up to 104 °F (40 °C) on July 4, 1911; the record cold daily maximum is 2 °F (−17 °C) on December 30, 1917, while, conversely, the record warm daily minimum is 83 °F (28 °C) on August 2, 1975.[98]
Boston's coastal location on the North Atlantic moderates its temperature but makes the city very prone to Nor'easter weather systems that can produce much snow and rain.[95] The city averages 43.8 inches (1,110 mm) of precipitation a year, with 43.8 inches (111 cm) of snowfall per season.[97] Snowfall increases dramatically as one goes inland away from the city (especially north and west of the city)—away from the moderating influence of the ocean.[99] Most snowfall occurs from mid-November through early April, and snow is rare in May and October.[100][101] There is also high year-to-year variability in snowfall; for instance, the winter of 2011–12 saw only 9.3 in (23.6 cm) of accumulating snow, but the previous winter, the corresponding figure was 81.0 in (2.06 m).[97][d]
Boston's skyline in the background, with fall foliage in the foreground
Fog is fairly common, particularly in spring and early summer. Due to its situation along the North Atlantic, the city often receives sea breezes, especially in the late spring, when water temperatures are still quite cold and temperatures at the coast can be more than 20 °F (11 °C) colder than a few miles inland, sometimes dropping by that amount near midday.[102][103] Thunderstorms occur from May to September, that are occasionally severe with large hail, damaging winds and heavy downpours.[95] Although downtown Boston has never been struck by a violent tornado, the city itself has experienced many tornado warnings. Damaging storms are more common to areas north, west, and northwest of the city.[104] Boston has a relatively sunny climate for a coastal city at its latitude, averaging over 2,300 hours of sunshine per annum.

showClimate data for Boston (Logan Airport), 1981−2010 normals,[e] extremes 1872−present[f]
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °F (°C)
72
(22) 73
(23) 89
(32) 94
(34) 97
(36) 100
(38) 104
(40) 102
(39) 102
(39) 90
(32) 83
(28) 76
(24) 104
(40)
Mean maximum °F (°C)
56.4
(13.6) 57.7
(14.3) 67.6
(19.8) 80.7
(27.1) 87.3
(30.7) 92.1
(33.4) 94.9
(34.9) 93.3
(34.1) 87.9
(31.1) 79.1
(26.2) 70.5
(21.4) 61.3
(16.3) 96.2
(35.7)
Average high °F (°C)
35.8
(2.1) 38.7
(3.7) 45.4
(7.4) 55.6
(13.1) 66.0
(18.9) 75.9
(24.4) 81.4
(27.4) 79.6
(26.4) 72.4
(22.4) 61.4
(16.3) 51.5
(10.8) 41.2
(5.1) 58.8
(14.9)
Daily mean °F (°C)
29.0
(−1.7) 31.7
(−0.2) 38.3
(3.5) 48.1
(8.9) 57.9
(14.4) 67.7
(19.8) 73.4
(23) 72.1
(22.3) 64.9
(18.3) 54.0
(12.2) 44.7
(7.1) 34.7
(1.5) 51.5
(10.8)
Average low °F (°C)
22.2
(−5.4) 24.7
(−4.1) 31.1
(−0.5) 40.6
(4.8) 49.9
(9.9) 59.5
(15.3) 65.4
(18.6) 64.6
(18.1) 57.4
(14.1) 46.5
(8.1) 38.0
(3.3) 28.2
(−2.1) 44.1
(6.7)
Mean minimum °F (°C)
4.1
(−15.5) 8.5
(−13.1) 14.7
(−9.6) 30.7
(−0.7) 40.8
(4.9) 49.6
(9.8) 57.3
(14.1) 55.4
(13) 45.8
(7.7) 34.9
(1.6) 24.2
(−4.3) 11.1
(−11.6) 2.3
(−16.5)
Record low °F (°C)
−13
(−25) −18
(−28) −8
(−22) 11
(−12) 31
(−1) 41
(5) 50
(10) 46
(8) 34
(1) 25
(−4) −2
(−19) −17
(−27) −18
(−28)
Average precipitation inches (mm)
3.36
(85.3) 3.25
(82.6) 4.32
(109.7) 3.74
(95) 3.49
(88.6) 3.68
(93.5) 3.43
(87.1) 3.35
(85.1) 3.44
(87.4) 3.94
(100.1) 3.99
(101.3) 3.78
(96) 43.77
(1,111.8)
Average snowfall inches (cm)
12.9
(32.8) 10.9
(27.7) 7.8
(19.8) 1.9
(4.8) 0
(0) 0
(0) 0
(0) 0
(0) 0
(0) trace 1.3
(3.3) 9.0
(22.9) 43.8
(111.3)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)
11.3 9.8 11.6 11.2 12.0 10.9 9.6 9.4 8.6 9.4 10.6 11.6 126.0
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)
6.7 5.3 4.2 0.7 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.8 4.6 22.4
Average relative humidity (%)
62.3 62.0 63.1 63.0 66.7 68.5 68.4 70.8 71.8 68.5 67.5 65.4 66.5
Mean monthly sunshine hours
163.4 168.4 213.7 227.2 267.3 286.5 300.9 277.3 237.1 206.3 143.2 142.3 2,633.6
Percent possible sunshine
56 57 58 57 59 63 65 64 63 60 49 50 59
Source: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961−1990)[106][97][107]
Demographics[edit]
See also: Chinese Americans in Boston, History of the Irish in Boston, Vietnamese in Boston, and LGBT culture in Boston
Per capita income in the Greater Boston area, by US Census block group, 2000. The dashed line shows the boundary of the City of Boston.
U.S. Navy sailors march in Boston's annual St. Patrick's Day Parade. Irish Americans constitute the largest ethnicity in Boston.
Historical population
Year
Pop.
±%
1722
10,567 —
1765
15,520 +46.9%
1790
18,320 +18.0%
1800
24,937 +36.1%
1810
33,787 +35.5%
1820
43,298 +28.1%
1830
61,392 +41.8%
1840
93,383 +52.1%
1850
136,881 +46.6%
1860
177,840 +29.9%
1870
250,526 +40.9%
1880
362,839 +44.8%
1890
448,477 +23.6%
1900
560,892 +25.1%
1910
670,585 +19.6%
1920
748,060 +11.6%
1930
781,188 +4.4%
1940
770,816 −1.3%
1950
801,444 +4.0%
1960
697,197 −13.0%
1970
641,071 −8.1%
1980
562,994 −12.2%
1990
574,283 +2.0%
2000
589,141 +2.6%
2010
617,594 +4.8%
2017
685,094 +10.9%
* = population estimate.
Source: United States Census records and Population Estimates Program data.[108][109][110][111][112][113][114][115][116][117][118][119]
Source: U.S. Decennial Census[120]
In 2016, Boston was estimated to have 673,184 residents (a density of 13,841 persons/sq mi, or 5,344/km2) living in 272,481 housing units[2]—a 9% population increase over 2010. The city is the third-most densely populated large U.S. city of over half a million residents. Some 1.2 million persons may be within Boston's boundaries during work hours, and as many as 2 million during special events. This fluctuation of people is caused by hundreds of thousands of suburban residents who travel to the city for work, education, health care, and special events.[121]
In the city, the population was spread out with 21.9% at age 19 and under, 14.3% from 20 to 24, 33.2% from 25 to 44, 20.4% from 45 to 64, and 10.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30.8 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.9 males.[122] There were 252,699 households, of which 20.4% had children under the age of 18 living in them, 25.5% were married couples living together, 16.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 54.0% were non-families. 37.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 3.08.[122] Boston has one of the largest LGBT populations in the United States.
The median household income in Boston was $51,739, while the median income for a family was $61,035. Full-time year-round male workers had a median income of $52,544 versus $46,540 for full-time year-round female workers. The per capita income for the city was $33,158. 21.4% of the population and 16.0% of families are below the poverty line. Of the total population, 28.8% of those under the age of 18 and 20.4% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.[123]
In 1950, Whites represented 94.7% of Boston's population.[124] From the 1950s to the end of the 20th century, the proportion of non-Hispanic whites in the city declined; in 2000, non-Hispanic whites made up 49.5% of the city's population, making the city majority minority for the first time. However, in the 21st century, the city has experienced significant gentrification, in which affluent whites have moved into formerly non-white areas. In 2006, the US Census Bureau estimated that non-Hispanic whites again formed a slight majority. But as of 2010[update], in part due to the housing crash, as well as increased efforts to make more affordable housing more available, the non-white population has rebounded. This may also have to do with increased Latin American and Asian populations and more clarity surrounding US Census statistics, which indicate a non-Hispanic white population of 47 percent (some reports give slightly lower figures).[125][126][127]
Race/ethnicity composition
Race/ethnicity
2015[128]
1990[124]
1970[124]
1940[124]
White (includes White Hispanics) 62.1% 62.8% 81.8% 96.7%
Black 24.7% 25.6% 16.3% 3.1%
Asian 9.1% 5.3% 1.3% 0.2%
Native American 0.8% 0.3% 0.2% –
Two or more races 3.1% – – –
Hispanic or Latino (of any race) 22.1% 10.8% 2.8% [129] 0.1%
Non-Hispanic whites 46.2% 59.0% 79.5% [129] 96.6%
Chinatown, with its paifang gate, is home to many Chinese and also Vietnamese restaurants.
People of Irish descent form the largest single ethnic group in the city, making up 15.8% of the population, followed by Italians, accounting for 8.3% of the population. People of West Indian and Caribbean ancestry are another sizable group, at 6.0%,[130] about half of whom are of Haitian ancestry. Over 27,000 Chinese Americans made their home in Boston city proper in 2013,[131] and the city hosts a growing Chinatown accommodating heavily traveled Chinese-owned bus lines to and from Chinatown, Manhattan in New York City. Some neighborhoods, such as Dorchester, have received an influx of people of Vietnamese ancestry in recent decades. Neighborhoods such as Jamaica Plain and Roslindale have experienced a growing number of Dominican Americans.[132] The city and greater area also has a growing immigrant population of South Asians, including the tenth-largest Indian population in the country.
Map of racial distribution in Boston, 2010 U.S. Census. Each dot is 25 people: White, Black, Asian, Hispanic, or Other (yellow)
Boston gay pride march, held annually in June
The city, especially the East Boston neighborhood, has a significant Hispanic population. In 2010, Hispanics in Boston were mostly of Puerto Rican (30,506 or 4.9% of total city population), Dominican (25,648 or 4.2% of total city population), Salvadoran (10,850 or 1.8% of city population), Colombian (6,649 or 1.1% of total city population), Mexican (5,961 or 1.0% of total city population), and Guatemalan (4,451 or 0.7% of total city population) ethnic origin. Hispanics of all national origins totaled 107,917 in 2010. In Greater Boston, these numbers grew significantly, with Puerto Ricans numbering 175,000+, Dominicans 95,000+, Salvadorans 40,000+, Guatemalans 31,000+, Mexicans 25,000+, and Colombians numbering 22,000+.[133]
Demographic breakdown by ZIP Code[edit]
Income[edit]
See also: List of Massachusetts locations by per capita income
Data is from the 2008–2012 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates.[134][135][136]
Rank
ZIP code (ZCTA)
Per capita
income
Median
household
income
Median
family
income
Population
Number of
households
1 02110 (Financial District) $152,007 $123,795 $196,518 1,486 981
2 02199 (Prudential Center) $151,060 $107,159 $146,786 1,290 823
3 02210 (Fort Point) $93,078 $111,061 $223,411 1,905 1,088
4 02109 (North End) $88,921 $128,022 $162,045 4,277 2,190
5 02116 (Back Bay/Bay Village) $81,458 $87,630 $134,875 21,318 10,938
6 02108 (Beacon Hill/Financial District) $78,569 $95,753 $153,618 4,155 2,337
7 02114 (Beacon Hill/West End) $65,865 $79,734 $169,107 11,933 6,752
8 02111 (Chinatown/Financial District/Leather District) $56,716 $44,758 $88,333 7,616 3,390
9 02129 (Charlestown) $56,267 $89,105 $98,445 17,052 8,083
10 02467 (Chestnut Hill) $53,382 $113,952 $148,396 22,796 6,351
11 02113 (North End) $52,905 $64,413 $112,589 7,276 4,329
12 02132 (West Roxbury) $44,306 $82,421 $110,219 27,163 11,013
13 02118 (South End) $43,887 $50,000 $49,090 26,779 12,512
14 02130 (Jamaica Plain) $42,916 $74,198 $95,426 36,866 15,306
15 02127 (South Boston) $42,854 $67,012 $68,110 32,547 14,994
Massachusetts $35,485 $66,658 $84,380 6,560,595 2,525,694
Boston $33,589 $53,136 $63,230 619,662 248,704
Suffolk County $32,429 $52,700 $61,796 724,502 287,442
16 02135 (Brighton) $31,773 $50,291 $62,602 38,839 18,336
17 02131 (Roslindale) $29,486 $61,099 $70,598 30,370 11,282
United States $28,051 $53,046 $64,585 309,138,711 115,226,802
18 02136 (Hyde Park) $28,009 $57,080 $74,734 29,219 10,650
19 02134 (Allston) $25,319 $37,638 $49,355 20,478 8,916
20 02128 (East Boston) $23,450 $49,549 $49,470 41,680 14,965
21 02122 (Dorchester-Fields Corner) $23,432 $51,798 $50,246 25,437 8,216
22 02124 (Dorchester-Codman Square-Ashmont) $23,115 $48,329 $55,031 49,867 17,275
23 02125 (Dorchester-Uphams Corner-Savin Hill) $22,158 $42,298 $44,397 31,996 11,481
24 02163 (Allston-Harvard Business School) $21,915 $43,889 $91,190 1,842 562
25 02115 (Back Bay/Fenway–Kenmore) $21,654 $23,677 $50,303 29,178 9,958
26 02126 (Mattapan) $20,649 $43,532 $52,774 27,335 9,510
27 02215 (Fenway-Kenmore) $19,082 $30,823 $72,583 23,719 7,995
28 02119 (Roxbury) $18,998 $27,051 $35,311 24,237 9,769
29 02121 (Dorchester-Mount Bowdoin) $18,226 $30,419 $35,439 26,801 9,739
30 02120 (Mission Hill) $17,390 $32,367 $29,583 13,217 4,509
Religion[edit]
Old South Church, a United Church of Christ congregation first organized in 1669
According to a 2014 study by the Pew Research Center, 57% of the population of the city identified themselves as Christians, with 25% professing attendance at a variety of churches that could be considered Protestant, and 29% professing Roman Catholic beliefs.[137][138] while 33% claim no religious affiliation. The same study says that other religions (including Judaism, Buddhism, Islam, and Hinduism) collectively make up about 10% of the population.
As of 2010[update] the Catholic Church had the highest number of adherents as a single denomination in the Boston-Cambridge-Newton Metro area, with more than two million members and 339 churches, followed by the Episcopal Church with 58,000 adherents in 160 churches. The United Church of Christ had 55,000 members and 213 churches.[139] The UCC is the successor of the city's Puritan religious traditions. Old South Church in Boston is one of the oldest congregations in the United States. It was organized in 1669 by dissenters from the First Church in Boston (1630). Past members include Samuel Adams, William Dawes, Benjamin Franklin, Samuel Sewall, and Phillis Wheatley. In 1773, Adams gave the signals from the Old South Meeting House that started the Boston Tea Party.
The city has a sizable Jewish population with an estimated 248,000 Jews within the Boston metro area.[140] More than half of Jewish households in the Greater Boston area reside in the city itself, Brookline, Newton, Cambridge, Somerville, or adjacent towns.[140]
Economy[edit]
See also: Major companies in Greater Boston
Distribution of the Boston metropolitan NECTA labor force, 2004 annual averages[45]
A global city, Boston is placed among the top 30 most economically powerful cities in the world.[141] Encompassing $363 billion, the Greater Boston metropolitan area has the sixth-largest economy in the country and 12th-largest in the world.[142]
Boston's colleges and universities exert a significant impact on the regional economy. Boston attracts more than 350,000 college students from around the world, who contribute more than US$4.8 billion annually to the city's economy.[143][144] The area's schools are major employers and attract industries to the city and surrounding region. The city is home to a number of technology companies and is a hub for biotechnology, with the Milken Institute rating Boston as the top life sciences cluster in the country.[145] Boston receives the highest absolute amount of annual funding from the National Institutes of Health of all cities in the United States.[146]
The city is considered highly innovative for a variety of reasons, including the presence of academia, access to venture capital, and the presence of many high-tech companies.[22][147] The Route 128 corridor and Greater Boston continue to be a major center for venture capital investment,[148] and high technology remains an important sector.
Tourism also composes a large part of Boston's economy, with 21.2 million domestic and international visitors spending $8.3 billion in 2011;[149] excluding visitors from Canada and Mexico, over 1.4 million international tourists visited Boston in 2014, with those from China and the United Kingdom leading the list.[150] Boston's status as a state capital as well as the regional home of federal agencies has rendered law and government to be another major component of the city's economy.[45][151] The city is a major seaport along the East Coast of the United States and the oldest continuously operated industrial and fishing port in the Western Hemisphere.[152]
The financial services industry is important to Boston, especially involving mutual funds and insurance.[45] In the 2017 Global Financial Centres Index, Boston was ranked as having the ninth-most competitive financial center in the world and the fourth-most competitive in the United States.[153] Boston-based Fidelity Investments helped popularize the mutual fund in the 1980s and has made Boston one of the top financial centers in the United States.[24][154] The city is home to the headquarters of Santander Bank, and Boston is a center for venture capital firms. State Street Corporation, which specializes in asset management and custody services, is based in the city. Boston is a printing and publishing center[155]—Houghton Mifflin Harcourt is headquartered within the city, along with Bedford-St. Martin's Press and Beacon Press. Pearson PLC publishing units also employ several hundred people in Boston. The city is home to three major convention centers—the Hynes Convention Center in the Back Bay, and the Seaport World Trade Center and Boston Convention and Exhibition Center on the South Boston waterfront.[156] The General Electric Corporation announced in January 2016 its decision to move the company's global headquarters to the Seaport District in Boston, from Fairfield, Connecticut, citing factors including Boston's preeminence in the realm of higher education.[157] Boston is home to the headquarters of several major athletic and footwear companies including Converse, New Balance, and Reebok. Rockport, Puma and Wolverine World Wide, Inc. headquarters or regional offices[158] are located just outside the city.[159]
Education[edit]
Primary and secondary education[edit]
Boston Latin School was established in 1635 and is the oldest public high school in the US.
The Boston Public Schools enroll 57,000 students attending 145 schools, including the renowned Boston Latin Academy, John D. O'Bryant School of Math & Science, and Boston Latin School. The Boston Latin School was established in 1635 and is the oldest public high school in the US. Boston also operates the United States' second-oldest public high school and its oldest public elementary school.[18] The system's students are 40% Hispanic or Latino, 35% Black or African American, 13% White, and 9% Asian.[160] There are private, parochial, and charter schools as well, and approximately 3,300 minority students attend participating suburban schools through the Metropolitan Educational Opportunity Council.[161]
Higher education[edit]
See also: List of colleges and universities in metropolitan Boston
Map of Boston-area universities
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is often cited as among the world's top universities.
Some of the most renowned and highly ranked universities in the world are located near Boston.[162][163] Three universities with a major presence in the city, Harvard, MIT, and Tufts, are located just outside of Boston in the cities of Cambridge and Somerville, known as the Brainpower Triangle.[164] Harvard is the nation's oldest institute of higher education and is centered across the Charles River in Cambridge, though the majority of its land holdings and a substantial amount of its educational activities are in Boston. Its business, medical, dental, and public health schools are located in Boston's Allston and Longwood neighborhoods, and Harvard has plans for additional expansion into Allston.[165]
The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) originated in Boston and was long known as "Boston Tech"; it moved across the river to Cambridge in 1916.[166] Tufts University's main campus is north of the city in Somerville and Medford, though it locates its medical and dental schools in Boston's Chinatown at Tufts Medical Center, a 451-bed academic medical institution that is home to both a full-service hospital for adults and the Floating Hospital for Children.[167]
Four members of the Association of American Universities are in Greater Boston (more than any other metropolitan area): Harvard University, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston University, and Brandeis University.[168] Furthermore, Greater Boston contains seven Highest Research Activity (R1) Universities as per the Carnegie Classification. This includes, in addition to the aforementioned four, Boston College, Northeastern University, and Tufts University. This is, by a large margin, the highest concentration of such institutions in a single metropolitan area. Hospitals, universities, and research institutions in Greater Boston received more than $1.77 billion in National Institutes of Health grants in 2013, more money than any other American metropolitan area.[169]
Greater Boston has more than 100 colleges and universities, with 250,000 students enrolled in Boston and Cambridge alone.[170] The city's largest private universities include Boston University (also the city's fourth-largest employer),[171] with its main campus along Commonwealth Avenue and a medical campus in the South End; Northeastern University in the Fenway area;[172] Suffolk University near Beacon Hill, which includes law school and business school;[173] and Boston College, which straddles the Boston (Brighton)–Newton border.[174] Boston's only public university is the University of Massachusetts Boston on Columbia Point in Dorchester. Roxbury Community College and Bunker Hill Community College are the city's two public community colleges. Altogether, Boston's colleges and universities employ more than 42,600 people, accounting for nearly seven percent of the city's workforce.[175]
Harvard Business School, one of the country's top business schools
Smaller private schools include Babson College, Bentley University, Boston Architectural College, Emmanuel College, Fisher College, MGH Institute of Health Professions, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Simmons College, Wellesley College, Wheelock College, Wentworth Institute of Technology, New England School of Law (originally established as America's first all female law school),[176] and Emerson College.[177]
Metropolitan Boston is home to several conservatories and art schools, including Lesley University College of Art and Design, Massachusetts College of Art, the School of the Museum of Fine Arts, New England Institute of Art, New England School of Art and Design (Suffolk University), Longy School of Music of Bard College, and the New England Conservatory (the oldest independent conservatory in the United States).[178] Other conservatories include the Boston Conservatory and Berklee College of Music, which has made Boston an important city for jazz music.[179]
Public safety[edit]
A Boston Police cruiser on Beacon Street
Like many major American cities, Boston has seen a great reduction in violent crime since the early 1990s. Boston's low crime rate since the 1990s has been credited to the Boston Police Department's collaboration with neighborhood groups and church parishes to prevent youths from joining gangs, as well as involvement from the United States Attorney and District Attorney's offices. This helped lead in part to what has been touted as the "Boston Miracle". Murders in the city dropped from 152 in 1990 (for a murder rate of 26.5 per 100,000 people) to just 31—not one of them a juvenile—in 1999 (for a murder rate of 5.26 per 100,000).[180]
In 2008, there were 62 reported homicides.[181] Through December 30, 2016, major crime was down seven percent and there were 46 homicides compared to 40 in 2015.[182]
Culture[edit]
Main article: Culture in Boston
See also: List of annual events in Boston, List of arts organizations in Boston, and Sites of interest in Boston
The Old State House, a museum on the Freedom Trail and the site of the Boston Massacre
Hanover Street in the North End is known for its restaurants.
Boston shares many cultural roots with greater New England, including a dialect of the non-rhotic Eastern New England accent known as the Boston accent[183] and a regional cuisine with a large emphasis on seafood, salt, and dairy products.[184] Boston also has its own collection of neologisms known as Boston slang.[185]
In the nineteenth century, the Old Corner Bookstore became a gathering place for writers, including Emerson, Thoreau, and Margaret Fuller. Here James Russell Lowell printed the first editions of The Atlantic Monthly.
In the early 1800s, William Tudor wrote that Boston was "'perhaps the most perfect and certainly the best-regulated democracy that ever existed. There is something so impossible in the immortal fame of Athens, that the very name makes everything modern shrink from comparison; but since the days of that glorious city I know of none that has approached so near in some points, distant as it may still be from that illustrious model.'[186] From this, Boston has been called the "Athens of America" (also a nickname of Philadelphia[187]) for its literary culture, earning a reputation as "the intellectual capital of the United States."[188]
In the nineteenth century, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Margaret Fuller, James Russell Lowell, and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow wrote in Boston. Some consider the Old Corner Bookstore to be the "cradle of American literature," the place where these writers met and where The Atlantic Monthly was first published.[189] In 1852, the Boston Public Library was founded as the first free library in the United States.[188] Boston's literary culture continues today thanks to the city's many universities and the Boston Book Festival.
Symphony Hall, home of the Boston Symphony Orchestra
Jordan Hall at the New England Conservatory
Music is afforded a high degree of civic support in Boston. The Boston Symphony Orchestra is one of the "Big Five," a group of the greatest American orchestras, and the classical music magazine Gramophone called it one of the "world's best" orchestras.[190] Symphony Hall (located west of Back Bay) is home to the Boston Symphony Orchestra and the related Boston Youth Symphony Orchestra, which is the largest youth orchestra in the nation, and to the Boston Pops Orchestra. The British newspaper The Guardian called Boston Symphony Hall "one of the top venues for classical music in the world," adding that "Symphony Hall in Boston was where science became an essential part of concert hall design."[191] Other concerts are held at the New England Conservatory's Jordan Hall. The Boston Ballet performs at the Boston Opera House. Other performing-arts organizations located in the city include the Boston Lyric Opera Company, Opera Boston, Boston Baroque (the first permanent Baroque orchestra in the US),[192] and the Handel and Haydn Society (one of the oldest choral companies in the United States).[193] The city is a center for contemporary classical music with a number of performing groups, several of which are associated with the city's conservatories and universities. These include the Boston Modern Orchestra Project and Boston Musica Viva.[192] Several theaters are located in or near the Theater District south of Boston Common, including the Cutler Majestic Theatre, Citi Performing Arts Center, the Colonial Theater, and the Orpheum Theatre.[194]
There are several major annual events, such as First Night which occurs on New Year's Eve, the Boston Early Music Festival, the annual Boston Arts Festival at Christopher Columbus Waterfront Park, the annual Boston gay pride parade and festival held in June, and Italian summer feasts in the North End honoring Catholic saints.[195] The city is the site of several events during the Fourth of July period. They include the week-long Harborfest festivities[196] and a Boston Pops concert accompanied by fireworks on the banks of the Charles River.[197]
Museum of Fine Arts
Several historic sites relating to the American Revolution period are preserved as part of the Boston National Historical Park because of the city's prominent role. Many are found along the Freedom Trail, which is marked by a red line of bricks embedded in the ground.
The city is also home to several art museums and galleries, including the Museum of Fine Arts and the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum.[198] The Institute of Contemporary Art is housed in a contemporary building designed by Diller Scofidio + Renfro in the Seaport District.[199] Boston's South End Art and Design District (SoWa) and Newbury St. are both art gallery destinations.[200][201] Columbia Point is the location of the University of Massachusetts Boston, the Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate, the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, and the Massachusetts Archives and Commonwealth Museum. The Boston Athenæum (one of the oldest independent libraries in the United States),[202] Boston Children's Museum, Bull & Finch Pub (whose building is known from the television show Cheers),[203] Museum of Science, and the New England Aquarium are within the city.
Boston has been a noted religious center from its earliest days. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston serves nearly 300 parishes and is based in the Cathedral of the Holy Cross (1875) in the South End, while the Episcopal Diocese of Massachusetts serves just under 200 congregations, with the Cathedral Church of St. Paul (1819) as its episcopal seat. Unitarian Universalism has its headquarters on Beacon Hill. The Christian Scientists are headquartered in Back Bay at the Mother Church (1894). The oldest church in Boston is First Church in Boston, founded in 1630.[204] King's Chapel was the city's first Anglican church, founded in 1686 and converted to Unitarianism in 1785. Other churches include Christ Church (better known as Old North Church, 1723), the oldest church building in the city, Trinity Church (1733), Park Street Church (1809), Old South Church (1874), Jubilee Christian Church, and Basilica and Shrine of Our Lady of Perpetual Help on Mission Hill (1878).[205]
Environment[edit]
Pollution control[edit]
Air quality in Boston is generally very good. Between 2004–2013, there were only four days in which the air was unhealthy for the general public, according to the EPA.[206]
Some of the cleaner energy facilities in Boston include the Allston green district, with three ecologically compatible housing facilities.[207] Boston is also breaking ground on multiple green affordable housing facilities to help reduce the carbon impact of the city while simultaneously making these initiatives financially available to a greater population. Boston's climate plan is updated every three years and was most recently modified in 2013. This legislature includes the Building Energy Reporting and Disclosure Ordinance, which requires the city's larger buildings to disclose their yearly energy and water use statistics and to partake in an energy assessment every five years. These statistics are made public by the city, thereby increasing incentives for buildings to be more environmentally conscious.[208]
Mayor Thomas Menino introduced the Renew Boston Whole Building Incentive which reduces the cost of living in buildings that are deemed energy efficient. This gives people an opportunity to find housing in neighborhoods that support the environment. The ultimate goal of this initiative is to enlist 500 Bostonians to participate in a free, in-home energy assessment.[208]
Water purity and availability[edit]
Many older buildings in certain areas of Boston are supported by wooden piles driven into the area's fill; these piles remain sound if submerged in water, but are subject to dry rot if exposed to air for long periods.[209] Ground water levels have been dropping in many areas of the city, due in part to an increase in the amount of rainwater discharged directly into sewers rather than absorbed by the ground. The Boston Groundwater Trust coordinates monitoring ground water levels throughout the city via a network of public and private monitoring wells.[210] However, Boston's drinking water supply from the Quabbin and Wachusett Reservoirs[211] is one of the very few in the country so pure as to satisfy the Federal Clean Water Act without filtration.[212]
Sports[edit]
Main article: Sports in Boston
Boston has teams in the four major North American professional sports leagues plus Major League Soccer, and has won 37 championships in these leagues, As of 2017[update]. It is one of five cities (along with Chicago, Los Angeles, New York and Philadelphia) to have won championships in all four major sports. It has been suggested[213][214][215] that Boston is the new "TitleTown, USA", as the city's professional sports teams have won ten championships since 2001: Patriots (2001, 2003, 2004, 2014, and 2016), Red Sox (2004, 2007, and 2013), Celtics (2008), and Bruins (2011). This love of sports made Boston the United States Olympic Committee's choice to bid to hold the 2024 Summer Olympic Games, but the city cited financial concerns when it withdrew its bid on July 27, 2015.[216]
Fenway Park is the oldest professional baseball stadium still in use.
The Boston Red Sox, a founding member of the American League of Major League Baseball in 1901, play their home games at Fenway Park, near Kenmore Square in the city's Fenway section. Built in 1912, it is the oldest sports arena or stadium in active use in the United States among the four major professional American sports leagues, Major League Baseball, the National Football League, National Basketball Association, and the National Hockey League.[217] Boston was the site of the first game of the first modern World Series, in 1903. The series was played between the AL Champion Boston Americans and the NL champion Pittsburgh Pirates.[218][219] Persistent reports that the team was known in 1903 as the "Boston Pilgrims" appear to be unfounded.[220] Boston's first professional baseball team was the Red Stockings, one of the charter members of the National Association in 1871, and of the National League in 1876. The team played under that name until 1883, under the name Beaneaters until 1911, and under the name Braves from 1912 until they moved to Milwaukee after the 1952 season. Since 1966 they have played in Atlanta as the Atlanta Braves.[221]
The Celtics play at the TD Garden.
The TD Garden, formerly called the FleetCenter and built to replace the old, since-demolished Boston Garden, is adjoined to North Station and is the home of two major league teams: the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League and the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association. The arena seats 18,624 for basketball games and 17,565 for ice hockey games. The Bruins were the first American member of the National Hockey League and an Original Six franchise.[222] The Boston Celtics were founding members of the Basketball Association of America, one of the two leagues that merged to form the NBA.[223] The Celtics have the distinction of having won more championships than any other NBA team, with seventeen.[224]
While they have played in suburban Foxborough since 1971, the New England Patriots of the National Football League were founded in 1960 as the Boston Patriots, changing their name after relocating. The team won the Super Bowl after the 2001, 2003, 2004, 2014, and 2016 seasons.[225] They share Gillette Stadium with the New England Revolution of Major League Soccer. The Boston Breakers of Women's Professional Soccer, which formed in 2009, play their home games at Dilboy Stadium in Somerville.[226] The Boston Storm of the United Women's Lacrosse League was formed in 2015.[227]
Harvard Stadium, the first collegiate athletic stadium built in the U.S.
The area's many colleges and universities are active in college athletics. Four NCAA Division I members play in the city—Boston College, Boston University, Harvard University, and Northeastern University. Of the four, only Boston College participates in college football at the highest level, the Football Bowl Subdivision. Harvard participates in the second-highest level, the Football Championship Subdivision. The Boston Cannons of the MLL play at Harvard Stadium.
One of the best known sporting events in the city is the Boston Marathon, the 26.2-mile (42.2 km) race which is the world's oldest annual marathon,[228] run on Patriots' Day in April. On April 15, 2013, two explosions killed three people and injured hundreds at the marathon.[82] Another major annual event is the Head of the Charles Regatta, held in October.[229]
Parks and recreation[edit]
Boston Common seen from the Prudential Tower
Boston Common, located near the Financial District and Beacon Hill, is the oldest public park in the United States.[230] Along with the adjacent Boston Public Garden, it is part of the Emerald Necklace, a string of parks designed by Frederick Law Olmsted to encircle the city. The Emerald Necklace includes Jamaica Pond, Boston's largest body of freshwater, and Franklin Park, the city's largest park and home of the Franklin Park Zoo.[231] Another major park is the Esplanade, located along the banks of the Charles River. The Hatch Shell, an outdoor concert venue, is located adjacent to the Charles River Esplanade. Other parks are scattered throughout the city, with the major parks and beaches located near Castle Island; in Charlestown; and along the Dorchester, South Boston, and East Boston shorelines.[232]
Boston's park system is well-reputed nationally. In its 2013 ParkScore ranking, The Trust for Public Land reported that Boston was tied with Sacramento and San Francisco for having the third-best park system among the 50 most populous US cities.[233] ParkScore ranks city park systems by a formula that analyzes the city's median park size, park acres as percent of city area, the percent of residents within a half-mile of a park, spending of park services per resident, and the number of playgrounds per 10,000 residents.
Government and politics[edit]
See also: Boston City Hall, Boston Emergency Medical Services, Boston Finance Commission, Boston Fire Department, Boston Police Department, List of mayors of Boston, and List of members of Boston City Council
The Massachusetts State House, seat of the Government of Massachusetts, on Beacon Hill
Boston has a strong mayor – council government system in which the mayor (elected every fourth year) has extensive executive power. Marty Walsh became Mayor in January 2014, his predecessor Thomas Menino's twenty-year tenure having been the longest in the city's history.[234] The Boston City Council is elected every two years; there are nine district seats, and four citywide "at-large" seats.[235] The School Committee, which oversees the Boston Public Schools, is appointed by the mayor.[236]
In addition to city government, numerous commissions and state authorities—including the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation, the Boston Public Health Commission, the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority (MWRA), and the Massachusetts Port Authority (Massport)—play a role in the life of Bostonians. As the capital of Massachusetts, Boston plays a major role in state politics.
The city has several federal facilities, including the John F. Kennedy Federal Office Building, the Thomas P. O'Neill Jr. Federal Building,[237] the John W. McCormack Post Office and Courthouse, the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit, and the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts. Both courts are housed in the John Joseph Moakley United States Courthouse.
Federally, Boston is split between two congressional districts. The northern three-fourths of the city is in the 7th district, represented by Mike Capuano since 1998. The southern fourth is in the 8th district, represented by Stephen Lynch.[238] Both are Democrats; a Republican has not represented a significant portion of Boston in over a century. The state's senior member of the United States Senate is Democrat Elizabeth Warren, first elected in 2012. The state's junior member of the United States Senate is Democrat Ed Markey, who was elected in 2013 to succeed John Kerry after Kerry's appointment and confirmation as the United States Secretary of State.
The city uses an algorithm created by the Walsh administration, called CityScore, to measure the effectiveness of various city services. This score is available on a public online dashboard and allows city managers in police, fire, schools, emergency management services, and 3-1-1 to take action and make adjustments in areas of concern.[239]
Voter registration and party enrollment As of October 2012[update][240]
Party
Number of voters
Percentage
Democratic 211,257 54.58%
Republican 25,903 6.69%
Green-Rainbow 686 0.17%
Unaffiliated 147,813 38.19%
Total
387,040
100%
Media[edit]
Main article: Media in Boston
Newspapers[edit]
The Boston Globe and the Boston Herald are two of the city's major daily newspapers. The city is also served by other publications such as Boston magazine, The Improper Bostonian, DigBoston, and the Boston edition of Metro. The Christian Science Monitor, headquartered in Boston, was formerly a worldwide daily newspaper but ended publication of daily print editions in 2009, switching to continuous online and weekly magazine format publications.[241] The Boston Globe also releases a teen publication to the city's public high schools, called Teens in Print or T.i.P., which is written by the city's teens and delivered quarterly within the school year.[242]
The city's growing Latino population has given rise to a number of local and regional Spanish-language newspapers. These include El Planeta (owned by the former publisher of The Boston Phoenix), El Mundo, and La Semana. Siglo21, with its main offices in nearby Lawrence, is also widely distributed.[243]
There are a number of weekly newspapers dedicated to Boston neighborhoods. Among them is South Boston Online, (founded in 1999) which appears in print and online, and covers events in South Boston and the Seaport District.
Various LGBT publications serve the city's large LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender) population such as The Rainbow Times, the only minority and lesbian-owned LGBT news magazine. Founded in 2006, The Rainbow Times is now based out of Boston, but serves all of New England.[244]
Radio and television[edit]
Boston is the largest broadcasting market in New England, with the radio market being the 9th largest in the United States.[245] Several major AM stations include talk radio WRKO, sports/talk station WEEI, and CBS Radio WBZ.[246] WBZ (AM) broadcasts a news radio format. A variety of commercial FM radio formats serve the area, as do NPR stations WBUR and WGBH. College and university radio stations include WERS (Emerson), WHRB (Harvard), WUMB (UMass Boston), WMBR (MIT), WZBC (Boston College), WMFO (Tufts University), WBRS (Brandeis University), WTBU (Boston University, campus and web only), WRBB (Northeastern University) and WMLN-FM (Curry College).
The Boston television DMA, which also includes Manchester, New Hampshire, is the 8th largest in the United States.[247] The city is served by stations representing every major American network, including WBZ-TV 4 and its sister station WSBK-TV 38 (the former a CBS O&O, the latter an MyNetwork TV affiliate), WCVB-TV 5 and its sister station WMUR-TV 9 (both ABC), WHDH 7 and its sister station WLVI 56 (the former an independent station, the latter a CW affiliate), WBTS-LD 8 (a NBC O&O), and WFXT 25 (Fox). The city is also home to PBS member station WGBH-TV 2, a major producer of PBS programs,[248] which also operates WGBX 44. Spanish-language television networks, including Azteca (WFXZ-CD 24), Univision (WUNI 27), Telemundo (WNEU 60, a sister station to WBTS-LD), and UniMás (WUTF-DT 66), have a presence in the region, with WNEU and WUTF serving as network owned-and-operated stations. Most of the area's television stations have their transmitters in nearby Needham and Newton along the Route 128 corridor.[249] Six Boston television stations are carried by Canadian satellite television provider Bell TV and by cable television providers in Canada.
Film[edit]
See also: List of movies filmed in Boston
Films have been made in Boston since as early as 1903, and it continues to be both a popular setting and a popular site for location shooting.[250][251]
Healthcare[edit]
See also: List of hospitals in Boston
Harvard Medical School, one of the most prestigious medical schools in the world
The Longwood Medical and Academic Area, adjacent to the Fenway district, is home to a large number of medical and research facilities, including Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston Children's Hospital, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Joslin Diabetes Center, and the Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences.[252] Prominent medical facilities, including Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital are located in the Beacon Hill area. St. Elizabeth's Medical Center is in Brighton Center of the city's Brighton neighborhood. New England Baptist Hospital is in Mission Hill. The city has Veterans Affairs medical centers in the Jamaica Plain and West Roxbury neighborhoods.[253] The Boston Public Health Commission, an agency of the Massachusetts government, oversees health concerns for city residents.[254] Boston EMS provides pre-hospital emergency medical services to residents and visitors.
Many of Boston's medical facilities are associated with universities. The facilities in the Longwood Medical and Academic Area and in Massachusetts General Hospital are affiliated with Harvard Medical School.[255] Tufts Medical Center (formerly Tufts-New England Medical Center), located in the southern portion of the Chinatown neighborhood, is affiliated with Tufts University School of Medicine. Boston Medical Center, located in the South End neighborhood, is the primary teaching facility for the Boston University School of Medicine as well as the largest trauma center in the Boston area;[256] it was formed by the merger of Boston University Hospital and Boston City Hospital, which was the first municipal hospital in the United States.[257]
Infrastructure[edit]
Main article: Infrastructure in Boston
Transportation[edit]
Main article: Transportation in Boston
South Station, the busiest rail hub in New England, is a terminus of Amtrak and numerous MBTA rail lines.
An MBTA Red Line train departing Boston for Cambridge. Bostonians depend heavily on public transit, with over 1.3 million Bostonians riding the city's buses and trains daily (2013).[258]
Hubway bikes in Boston
Logan Airport, located in East Boston and operated by the Massachusetts Port Authority (Massport), is Boston's principal airport.[259] Nearby general aviation airports are Beverly Municipal Airport to the north, Hanscom Field to the west, and Norwood Memorial Airport to the south. Massport also operates several major facilities within the Port of Boston, including a cruise ship terminal and facilities to handle bulk and container cargo in South Boston, and other facilities in Charlestown and East Boston.[260]
Leonard P. Zakim Bunker Hill Memorial Bridge crosses the Charles River from Downtown Boston.
Downtown Boston's streets grew organically, so they do not form a planned grid,[261] unlike those in later-developed Back Bay, East Boston, the South End, and South Boston. Boston is the eastern terminus of I-90, which in Massachusetts runs along the Massachusetts Turnpike. The elevated portion of the Central Artery, which carried most of the through traffic in downtown Boston, was replaced with the O'Neill Tunnel during the Big Dig, substantially completed in early 2006.
With nearly a third of Bostonians using public transit for their commute to work, Boston has the fifth-highest rate of public transit usage in the country.[262] The city of Boston has a higher than average percentage of households without a car. In 2015, 35.4 percent of Boston households lacked a car, which decreased slightly to 33.8 percent in 2016. The national average was 8.7 percent in 2016. Boston averaged 0.94 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8.[263] Boston's subway system, the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA—known as the "T") operates the oldest underground rapid transit system in the Americas, and is the fourth-busiest rapid transit system in the country,[19] with 65.5 miles (105 km) of track on four lines.[264] The MBTA also operates busy bus and commuter rail networks, and water shuttles.[264]
Amtrak's Northeast Corridor and Chicago lines originate at South Station, which serves as a major intermodal transportation hub, and stop at Back Bay. Fast Northeast Corridor trains, which serve New York City, Washington, D.C., and points in between, also stop at Route 128 Station in the southwestern suburbs of Boston.[265] Meanwhile, Amtrak's Downeaster service to Maine originates at North Station,[266] despite the current lack of a dedicated passenger rail link between the two railhubs, other than the "T" subway lines.
Nicknamed "The Walking City", Boston hosts more pedestrian commuters than do other comparably populated cities. Owing to factors such as necessity, the compactness of the city and large student population, 13 percent of the population commutes by foot, making it the highest percentage of pedestrian commuters in the country out of the major American cities.[267] In 2011, Walk Score ranked Boston the third most walkable city in the United States.[268][269] As of 2015[update], Walk Score still ranks Boston as the third most walkable US city, with a Walk Score of 80, a Transit Score of 75, and a Bike Score of 70.[270]
Between 1999 and 2006, Bicycling magazine named Boston three times as one of the worst cities in the US for cycling;[271] regardless, it has one of the highest rates of bicycle commuting.[272] In 2008, as a consequence of improvements made to bicycling conditions within the city, the same magazine put Boston on its "Five for the Future" list as a "Future Best City" for biking,[273][274] and Boston's bicycle commuting percentage increased from 1% in 2000 to 2.1% in 2009.[275] The bikeshare program called Hubway launched in late July 2011,[276] logging more than 140,000 rides before the close of its first season.[277] The neighboring municipalities of Cambridge, Somerville, and Brookline joined the Hubway program in the summer of 2012.[278] In 2016, there are 1,461 bikes and 158 docking stations across the city.[279] PBSC Urban Solutions provides bicycles and technology for this bike-sharing system.[280]
In 2013, the Boston-Cambridge-Newton metropolitan statistical area (Boston MSA) had the seventh-lowest percentage of workers who commuted by private automobile (75.6 percent), with 6.2 percent of area workers traveling via rail transit. During the period starting in 2006 and ending in 2013, the Boston MSA had the greatest percentage decline of workers commuting by automobile (3.3 percent) among MSAs with more than a half-million residents.[281]
Twin towns and sister cities[edit]
Main article: Sister cities of Boston
Boston has nine official sister cities as recognized by Sister Cities International.[282]
City
Country
Since
References
Kyoto Japan 1959 [283]
Strasbourg France 1960 [284][285]
Barcelona Spain 1980 [286][287]
Hangzhou China 1982 [282]
Padua Italy 1983 [288]
Melbourne Australia 1985
[289]
Taipei Taiwan 1996 [290]
Sekondi-Takoradi Ghana 2001 [282]
Belfast Northern Ireland 2014 [291]
Boston has less formal friendship or partnership relationships with three additional cities.
City
Country
Since
References
Boston, Lincolnshire United Kingdom 1999 [292][293][294]
Haifa Israel 1999 [295]
Valladolid Spain 2007 [296]
In 1900, Americans from Boston bought a piece of land in Bellville, Western Cape, South Africa and developed it for residential purposes. In memory of their hometown, they called it Boston.
See also[edit]
Boston portal
North America portal
United States portal
Massachusetts portal
Boston City League (high school athletic conference)
Boston nicknames
Boston–Halifax relations
List of diplomatic missions in Boston
List of people from Boston
List of tallest buildings in Boston
National Register of Historic Places listings in Boston
Boston bid for the 2024 Summer Olympics
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ On the New Style (modern) calendar, anniversaries fall on September 17.
Jump up ^ On the New Style (modern) calendar, anniversaries of the original Old Style date fall on September 17.
Jump up ^ The average number of days with a low at or below freezing is 94.
Jump up ^ Seasonal snowfall accumulation has ranged from 9.0 in (22.9 cm) in 1936–37 to 110.6 in (2.81 m) in 2014–15.
Jump up ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010.
Jump up ^ Official records for Boston were kept at downtown from January 1872 to December 1935, and at Logan Airport (KBOS) since January 1936.[105]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Thomas, G. Scott. "Boston's population stays flat, but still ranks as 10th-largest in U.S. (BBJ DataCenter)". bizjournals.com. Retrieved May 4, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Population and Housing Occupancy Status: 2010 – State – County Subdivision, 2010 Census Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171) Summary File". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 23, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Alphabetically sorted list of Census 2000 Urbanized Areas". United States Census Bureau, Geography Division. Archived from the original (TXT) on June 13, 2002. Retrieved April 11, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Table 1. Annual Estimates of the Population of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2011 (CBSA-EST2011-01)". United States Census Bureau, Population Division. Archived from the original (CSV) on April 27, 2012. Retrieved January 18, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Table 2. Annual Estimates of the Population of Combined Statistical Areas: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2011 (CBSA-EST2011-02)". United States Census Bureau, Population Division. Archived from the original (CSV) on January 17, 2013. Retrieved January 18, 2013.
Jump up ^ "ZIP Code Lookup – Search By City". United States Postal Service. Archived from the original on September 3, 2007. Retrieved April 20, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Total Real Gross Domestic Product for Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH (MSA)". Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. Archived from the original on December 27, 2017. Retrieved December 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Population and Housing Occupancy Status: 2010 – State – County Subdivision 2010 Census Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171) Summary File". United States Census Bureau. 2010. Retrieved March 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ "List of intact or abandoned Massachusetts county governments". sec.state.ma.us. Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Retrieved October 31, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2016 Population Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2016 Population Estimates Boston-Worcester-Providence, MA-RI-NH-CT CSA". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Banner, David. "Boston History – The History of Boston, Massachusetts". SearchBoston. Archived from the original on March 15, 2009. Retrieved April 20, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Kennedy 1994, pp. 11–12.
^ Jump up to: a b "About Boston". City of Boston. Retrieved May 1, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Morris 2005, p. 8.
Jump up ^ "Top 25 Most Visited Tourist Destinations in America". The Travelers Zone. May 10, 2008. Retrieved February 14, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c "BPS at a Glance". Boston Public Schools. March 14, 2007. Archived from the original on April 3, 2007. Retrieved April 28, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Hull 2011, p. 42.
Jump up ^ "World Reputation Rankings". April 21, 2016. Retrieved May 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Venture Investment - Regional Aggregate Data". National Venture Capital Association and PricewaterhouseCoopers. Retrieved April 22, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Kirsner, Scott (July 20, 2010). "Boston is #1 ... But will we hold on to the top spot? – Innovation Economy". The Boston Globe. Retrieved August 30, 2010.
Jump up ^ Innovation that Matters 2016 (Report). US Chamber of Commerce. 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Yeandle, Mark (March 2011). "The Global Financial Centres Index 9" (PDF). The Z/Yen Group. p. 4. Retrieved January 31, 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Boston Economy in 2010" (PDF). Boston Redevelopment Authority. January 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 30, 2012. Retrieved March 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Transfer of Wealth in Boston" (PDF). The Boston Foundation. March 2013. Retrieved December 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Boston Ranked Most Energy-Efficient City in the United States". City Government of Boston. September 18, 2013. Retrieved December 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ "In the wake of the Ghost Ship fire, examining Oakland's 'staggering' rent hikes". December 10, 2016. Retrieved December 12, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Heudorfer, Bonnie; Bluestone, Barry. "The Greater Boston Housing Report Card" (PDF). Center for Urban and Regional Policy (CURP), Northeastern University. p. 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2006. Retrieved December 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Tom Acitelli (December 7, 2016). "Which Boston neighborhoods will gentrify next?". Vox Media. Retrieved December 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Quality of Living global city rankings 2010 – Mercer survey". Mercer. May 26, 2010. Archived from the original on August 12, 2011. Retrieved August 20, 2011.
Jump up ^ Drake, Samuel Adams (1872). Old Landmarks and Historic Personages of Boston. p. 6.
Jump up ^ "Archives Guide ~ Town of Boston". City of Boston. 2013. Archived from the original on April 20, 2013. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Archaeology of the Central Artery Project: Highway to the Past". Commonwealth Museum – Massachusetts Historical Commission. 2007. Retrieved April 6, 2007.
Jump up ^ Christopher 2006, p. 46.
Jump up ^ ""Growth" to Boston in its Heyday, 1640s to 1730s" (PDF). Boston History & Innovation Collaborative. 2006. p. 2. Retrieved March 5, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Smith, Robert W. (2005). Encyclopedia of the New American Nation (1st ed.). Detroit, MI: Charles Scribners & Sons. pp. 214–219. ISBN 978-0684313467.
^ Jump up to: a b Bunker, Nick (2014). An Empire on the Edge: How Britain Came to Fight America. Knopf. ISBN 978-0307594846.
Jump up ^ Morris 2005, p. 7.
Jump up ^ Morgan, Edmund S. (1946). "Thomas Hutchinson and the Stamp Act". The New England Quarterly. 21 (4): 459–492. doi:10.2307/361566.
^ Jump up to: a b Frothingham, Jr, Richard (1851). History of the Siege of Boston and of the Battles of Lexington, Concord, and Bunker Hill. Little and Brown.
^ Jump up to: a b French, Allen (1911). The Siege of Boston. McMillan.
Jump up ^ "New England's hidden history". Boston.com. Retrieved 2016-05-22.
Jump up ^ "Colonial Boston". University Archives. Archived from the original on February 7, 2009. Retrieved May 2, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Boston Economy". City-Data.com. Advameg Inc. 2007. Retrieved June 20, 2007.
Jump up ^ Kennedy 1994, p. 46.
Jump up ^ "Home page" (Exhibition at Boston Public Library and Massachusetts Historical Society). Forgotten Chapters of Boston's Literary History. The Trustees of Boston College. March 28 – July 30, 2012. Retrieved May 22, 2012.
Jump up ^ "An Interactive Map of Literary Boston: 1794–1862" (Exhibition). Forgotten Chapters of Boston's Literary History. The Trustees of Boston College. March 28 – July 30, 2012. Retrieved May 22, 2012.
Jump up ^ Kennedy 1994, p. 44.
Jump up ^ Dilworth, Richardson. Cities in American Political History. Sage Publications. p. 28.
Jump up ^ "Boston African American National Historic Site". National Park Service. April 28, 2007. Retrieved May 8, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Fugitive Slave Law". The Massachusetts Historical Society. Retrieved May 2, 2009.
Jump up ^ "The "Trial" of Anthony Burns". The Massachusetts Historical Society. Retrieved May 2, 2009.
Jump up ^ "150th Anniversary of Anthony Burns Fugitive Slave Case". Suffolk University. April 24, 2004. Archived from the original on 2008-05-20. Retrieved May 2, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b State Street Trust Company; Walton Advertising & Printing Company (1922). Boston: one hundred years a city (TXT). 2. Boston: State Street Trust Company. Retrieved April 20, 2009.
Jump up ^ Whitehill, Walter Muir (1968). Boston: A Topographical History (Second ed.). pp. 81–84.
Jump up ^ "People & Events: Boston's Immigrant Population". WGBH/PBS Online (American Experience). 2003. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved May 4, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Immigration Records". The National Archives. Archived from the original on January 14, 2009. Retrieved January 7, 2009.
Jump up ^ Puleo, Stephen (2007). "Epilogue: Today". The Boston Italians (illustrated ed.). Beacon Press. ISBN 978-0-8070-5036-1. Retrieved May 16, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Boston People". City-Data.com. Advameg Inc. 2007. Retrieved May 5, 2007.
Jump up ^ Bolino 2012, pp. 285–286.
^ Jump up to: a b "The History of Land Fill in Boston". iBoston.org. 2006. Retrieved January 9, 2006. . Also see Howe, Jeffery (1996). "Boston: History of the Landfills". Boston College. Retrieved April 30, 2007.
Jump up ^ Historical Atlas of Massachusetts. University of Massachusetts. 1991. p. 37.
Jump up ^ Holleran, Michael (2001). "Problems with Change". Boston's Changeful Times: Origins of Preservation and Planning in America. The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-8018-6644-9. Retrieved August 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Boston's Annexation Schemes.; Proposal To Absorb Cambridge And Other Near-By Towns" (PDF). The New York Times. March 26, 1892. p. 11. Archived from the original on March 27, 1892. Retrieved August 21, 2010.
Jump up ^ Rezendes, Michael (October 13, 1991). "Has the time for Chelsea's annexation to Boston come? The Hub hasn't grown since 1912, and something has to follow that beleaguered community's receivership". The Boston Globe. p. 80. Retrieved August 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ Estes, Andrea; Cafasso, Ed (September 9, 1991). "Flynn offers to annex Chelsea". Boston Herald. p. 1. Retrieved August 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ Bluestone & Stevenson 2002, p. 13.
Jump up ^ Collins, Monica (August 7, 2005). "Born Again". The Boston Globe. Retrieved May 8, 2007.
Jump up ^ Roessner, Jane (2000). A Decent Place to Live: from Columbia Point to Harbor Point – A Community History. Boston: Northeastern University Press. p. 80. ISBN 978-1-55553-436-3.
Jump up ^ Cf. Roessner, p.293. "The HOPE VI housing program, inspired in part by the success of Harbor Point, was created by legislation passed by Congress in 1992."
Jump up ^ Kennedy 1994, p. 195.
Jump up ^ Kennedy 1994, pp. 194–195.
Jump up ^ Feeney, Mark; Mehegan, David (April 15, 2005). "Atlantic, 148-year institution, leaving city". The Boston Globe. Retrieved March 31, 2007.
Jump up ^ "FleetBoston, Bank of America Merger Approved by Fed". The Boston Globe. March 9, 2004. Retrieved March 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ Abelson, Jenn; Palmer, Jr., Thomas C. (July 29, 2005). "It's Official: Filene's Brand Will Be Gone". The Boston Globe. Retrieved March 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ Glaberson, William (June 11, 1993). "Largest Newspaper Deal in U.S. – N.Y. Times Buys Boston Globe for $1.1 Billion". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. p. B-12. Retrieved March 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ Hampson, Rick (April 19, 2005). "Studies: Gentrification a boost for everyone". USA Today. Retrieved May 2, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Cost of Living Index for Selected U.S. Cities, 2005". Information Please Database. Pearson Education. 2007. Retrieved May 2, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Worldwide Cost of Living Survey 2011 – City Ranking". Mercer. July 12, 2011. Retrieved February 21, 2013.
Jump up ^ "2011 Quality of Living worldwide city rankings – Mercer survey". Mercer. November 29, 2011. Archived from the original on November 28, 2012. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b McConville, Christine (April 23, 2013). "Marathon injury toll jumps to 260". Boston Herald. Retrieved April 24, 2013.
Jump up ^ "The life and death of Boston's Olympic bid". August 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Elevation data – Boston". U.S. Geological Survey. 2007.
Jump up ^ "Bellevue Hill, Massachusetts". Peakbagger.com.
Jump up ^ United States Embassy. "Boston, Massachusetts: America's City of Firsts". Retrieved December 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Kings Chapel Burying Ground, USGS Boston South (MA) Topo Map". TopoZone. 2006. Archived from the original on June 29, 2012. Retrieved January 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Official list of Boston neighborhoods". Cityofboston.gov. March 24, 2011. Retrieved September 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ Shand-Tucci, Douglass (1999). Built in Boston: City & Suburb, 1800–2000 (2 ed.). University of Massachusetts Press. pp. 11, 294–299. ISBN 978-1-55849-201-1.
Jump up ^ "Boston Skyscrapers". Emporis.com. 2005. Retrieved May 15, 2005.
Jump up ^ Hull 2011, p. 91.
Jump up ^ "Our History". South End Historical Society. 2013. Retrieved February 17, 2013.
Jump up ^ Morris 2005, pp. 54, 102.
Jump up ^ "World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated". University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna. November 6, 2008. Archived from the original on September 6, 2010. Retrieved 2018-05-05.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Weather". City of Boston Film Bureau. 2007. Archived from the original on 2013-02-01. Retrieved April 29, 2007.
Jump up ^ "USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map". United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2018-03-22.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2017-02-25.
Jump up ^ "Threaded Extremes". National Weather Service. Retrieved June 28, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Massachusetts – Climate". City-Data.com. Advameg Inc. 2005. Retrieved April 29, 2007.
Jump up ^ "May in the Northeast". Intellicast.com. 2003. Archived from the original on April 29, 2007. Retrieved April 29, 2007.
Jump up ^ Wangsness, Lisa (October 30, 2005). "Snowstorm packs October surprise". The Boston Globe. Retrieved April 29, 2007.
Jump up ^ Ryan, Andrew (July 11, 2007). "Sea breeze keeps Boston 25 degrees cooler while others swelter". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on November 7, 2013. Retrieved March 31, 2009.
Jump up ^ Ryan, Andrew (June 9, 2008). "Boston sea breeze drops temperature 20 degrees in 20 minutes". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on April 13, 2014. Retrieved March 31, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Tornadoes in Massachusetts". Tornado History Project. 2013. Retrieved February 24, 2013.
Jump up ^ ThreadEx
Jump up ^ "Station Name: MA BOSTON LOGAN INTL AP". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2013-03-24.
Jump up ^ "WMO Climate Normals for BOSTON/LOGAN INT'L AIRPORT, MA 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2014-03-11.
Jump up ^ "Total Population (P1), 2010 Census Summary File 1". American FactFinder, All County Subdivisions within Massachusetts. United States Census Bureau. 2010.
Jump up ^ "Massachusetts by Place and County Subdivision - GCT-T1. Population Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
Jump up ^ "1990 Census of Population, General Population Characteristics: Massachusetts" (PDF). US Census Bureau. December 1990. Table 76: General Characteristics of Persons, Households, and Families: 1990. 1990 CP-1-23. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
Jump up ^ "1980 Census of the Population, Number of Inhabitants: Massachusetts" (PDF). US Census Bureau. December 1981. Table 4. Populations of County Subdivisions: 1960 to 1980. PC80-1-A23. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
Jump up ^ "1950 Census of Population" (PDF). Bureau of the Census. 1952. Section 6, Pages 21-10 and 21-11, Massachusetts Table 6. Population of Counties by Minor Civil Divisions: 1930 to 1950. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
Jump up ^ "1920 Census of Population" (PDF). Bureau of the Census. Number of Inhabitants, by Counties and Minor Civil Divisions. Pages 21-5 through 21-7. Massachusetts Table 2. Population of Counties by Minor Civil Divisions: 1920, 1910, and 1920. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
Jump up ^ "1890 Census of the Population" (PDF). Department of the Interior, Census Office. Pages 179 through 182. Massachusetts Table 5. Population of States and Territories by Minor Civil Divisions: 1880 and 1890. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
Jump up ^ "1870 Census of the Population" (PDF). Department of the Interior, Census Office. 1872. Pages 217 through 220. Table IX. Population of Minor Civil Divisions, &c. Massachusetts. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
Jump up ^ "1860 Census" (PDF). Department of the Interior, Census Office. 1864. Pages 220 through 226. State of Massachusetts Table No. 3. Populations of Cities, Towns, &c. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
Jump up ^ "1850 Census" (PDF). Department of the Interior, Census Office. 1854. Pages 338 through 393. Populations of Cities, Towns, &c. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
Jump up ^ "1950 Census of Population" (PDF). 1: Number of Inhabitants. Bureau of the Census. 1952. Section 6, Pages 21–07 through 21-09, Massachusetts Table 4. Population of Urban Places of 10,000 or more from Earliest Census to 1920. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
Jump up ^ United States Census Bureau. "Table 3. Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places in Massachusetts: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2011 (SUB-EST2011-03-25)". Archived from the original on March 9, 2013. Retrieved January 18, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Archived from the original on May 12, 2015. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Boston's Population Doubles – Every Day" (PDF). Boston Redevelopment Authority – Insight Reports. December 1996. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 23, 2013. Retrieved May 6, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Boston city, Massachusetts—DP02, Selected Social Characteristics in the United States 2007–2011 American Community Surver 5-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. 2011. Archived from the original on August 15, 2014. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Boston city, Massachusetts—DP03. Selected Economic Characteristics 2007–2011 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. 2011. Archived from the original on September 16, 2013. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Massachusetts – Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on August 6, 2012. Retrieved April 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Boston, Massachusetts". Sperling's BestPlaces. 2008. Archived from the original on March 18, 2008. Retrieved April 6, 2008.
Jump up ^ Jonas, Michael (August 3, 2008). "Majority-minority no more?". The Boston Globe. Retrieved November 30, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Boston 2010 Census: Facts & Figures". Boston Redevelopment Authority News. March 23, 2011. Archived from the original on January 18, 2012. Retrieved February 13, 2012.
Jump up ^ "QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau.
^ Jump up to: a b From 15% sample
Jump up ^ "Boston city, Massachusetts—DP02, Selected Social Characteristics in the United States 2007–2011 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. 2011. Archived from the original on August 15, 2014. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "SELECTED POPULATION PROFILE IN THE UNITED STATES 2011-2013 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates - Chinese alone, Boston city, Massachusetts". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ "New Bostonians 2009" (PDF). Boston Redevelopment Authority/Research Division. October 2009. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ Data Access and Dissemination Systems (DADS). "American FactFinder – Results". census.gov. Archived from the original on December 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ "SELECTED ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS 2008–2012 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved March 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ "ACS DEMOGRAPHIC AND HOUSING ESTIMATES 2008–2012 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved March 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ "HOUSEHOLDS AND FAMILIES 2008–2012 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved March 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ Major U.S. metropolitan areas differ in their religious profiles, Pew Research Center
Jump up ^ "America's Changing Religious Landscape". Pew Research Center: Religion & Public Life. May 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Association of Religion Data Archives - Maps & Reports".
^ Jump up to: a b "2015 Greater Boston Jewish Community Study" (PDF). Maurice and Marilyn Cohen Center for Modern Jewish Studies, Brandeis University. Retrieved November 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ Florida, Richard (May 8, 2012). "What Is the World's Most Economically Powerful City?". The Atlantic Monthly Group. Retrieved February 21, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Global city GDP rankings 2008–2025". Pricewaterhouse Coopers. Archived from the original on May 13, 2011. Retrieved November 20, 2009.
Jump up ^ McSweeney, Denis M. "The prominence of Boston area colleges and universities" (PDF). Retrieved April 25, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Leadership Through Innovation: The History of Boston's Economy" (PDF). Boston Redevelopment Authority. 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 6, 2010. Retrieved May 6, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Milken report: The Hub is still tops in life sciences". The Boston Globe. May 19, 2009. Archived from the original on May 23, 2009. Retrieved August 25, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 NIH Cities". SSTI.org. 2004. Retrieved February 19, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Boston: The City of Innovation". TalentCulture. August 2, 2010. Retrieved August 30, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Venture Investment - Regional Aggregate Data". National Venture Capital Association. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Tourism Statistics & Reports". Greater Boston Convention and Visitors Bureau. 2009–2011. Retrieved February 20, 2013.
Jump up ^ "GBCVB, Massport Celebrate Record Number of International Visitors in 2014". Greater Boston Convention and Visitors Bureau. August 21, 2015. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ CASE STUDY: City of Boston, Massachusetts;Cost Plans for Governments
Jump up ^ "About the Port – History". Massport. 2007. Archived from the original on July 2, 2007. Retrieved April 28, 2007.
Jump up ^ "The Global Financial Centres Index 21" (PDF). Long Finance. March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Top 10 Cities For A Career In Finance". Investopedia.com. Retrieved May 13, 2010.
Jump up ^ "History of Boston's Economy – Growth and Transition 1970–1998" (PDF). Boston Redevelopment Authority. November 1999. p. 9. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 23, 2013. Retrieved March 12, 2013.
Jump up ^ Morris, Marie (2006). Frommer's Boston 2007 (2 ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-470-08401-4.
Jump up ^ "General Electric To Move Corporate Headquarters To Boston". CBS Local Media. January 13, 2016. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Top shoe brands, like Reebok and Converse, move headquarters to Boston". Omaha.com. Retrieved 2017-01-19.
Jump up ^ "Reebok Is Moving to Boston". Boston Magazine. Retrieved 2017-01-19.
Jump up ^ "BPS at a glance" (PDF). bostonpublicschools.org.
Jump up ^ "Metco Program". Massachusetts Department of Elementary & Secondary Education. June 16, 2011. Retrieved February 20, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Academic Ranking of World Universities 2015". ShanghaiRanking Consultancy. Retrieved January 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ "CWUR 2015 – World University Rankings". Center for World University Rankings. Retrieved January 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Brainpower Triangle Cambridge Massachusetts - New Media Technology and Tech Clusters". the New Media. Archived from the original on July 14, 2016. Retrieved May 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ Kladko, Brian (April 20, 2007). "Crimson Tide". Boston Business Journal. Retrieved April 28, 2007.
Jump up ^ "The MIT Press: When MIT Was "Boston Tech"". The MIT Press. 2013. Retrieved March 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Boston Campus Map". Tufts University. 2013. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "MEMBER INSTITUTIONS AND YEARS OF ADMISSION". Association of American Universities. Retrieved July 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ Jan, Tracy (April 2, 2014). "Rural states seek to sap research funds from Boston". The Boston Globe.
Jump up ^ "City of Boston". Boston University. 2014. Archived from the original on 2014-02-22. Retrieved February 9, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Largest Employers in the City of Boston" (PDF). Boston Redevelopment Authority. 1996–1997. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 23, 2013. Retrieved May 6, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Northeastern University". U.S. News and World Reports. 2013. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Suffolk University". U.S. News and World Reports. 2013. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ Laczkoski, Michelle (February 27, 2006). "BC outlines move into Allston-Brighton". The Daily Free Press. Boston University. Retrieved May 6, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Boston By The Numbers". City of Boston. Retrieved June 9, 2014.
Jump up ^ "History of NESL". New England School of Law. 2010. Retrieved October 17, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Emerson College". U.S. News and World Reports. 2013. Archived from the original on January 30, 2013. Retrieved February 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ "A Brief History of New England Conservatory". New England Conservatory of Music. 2007. Archived from the original on November 20, 2008. Retrieved April 28, 2007.
Jump up ^ Everett, Carole J. (2009). College Guide for Performing Arts Majors: The Real-World Admission Guide for Dance, Music, and Theater Majors. Peterson's. pp. 199–200. ISBN 978-0-7689-2698-9.
Jump up ^ Winship, Christopher (March 2002). "End of a Miracle?" (PDF). Harvard University. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 22, 2012. Retrieved February 19, 2007.
Jump up ^ "2008 Crime Summary Report" (PDF). The Boston Police Department Office Research and Development. 2008. p. 5. Retrieved February 20, 2013.
Jump up ^ Ransom, Jan (2016-12-31). "Boston's homicides up slightly, shootings down". Boston Globe. Retrieved 2016-12-31.
Jump up ^ Vorhees 2009, p. 52.
Jump up ^ Vorhees 2009, pp. 148–151.
Jump up ^ Baker, Billy (May 25, 2008). "Wicked good Bostonisms come, and mostly go". The Boston Globe. Retrieved May 2, 2009.
Jump up ^ Vennochi, Joan (October 24, 2017). "NAACP report shows a side of Boston that Amazon isn't seeing". The Boston Globe. Retrieved October 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ "LCP Art & Artifacts". Library Company of Philadelphia. 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Bross, Tom; Harris, Patricia; Lyon, David (2008). Boston. London: Dorling Kindersley. p. 22.
Jump up ^ Bross, Tom; Harris, Patricia; Lyon, David (2008). Boston. London: Dorling Kindersley. p. 59.
Jump up ^ "The world's greatest orchestras". Gramophone.
Jump up ^ Cox, Trevor (March 5, 2015). "10 of the world's best concert halls". The Guardian.
^ Jump up to: a b Hull 2011, p. 175.
Jump up ^ "Who We Are". Handel and Haydn Society. 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-04-27. Retrieved April 28, 2007.
Jump up ^ Hull 2011, pp. 53–55.
Jump up ^ Hull 2011, p. 207.
Jump up ^ "Boston Harborfest – About". Boston Harborfest Inc. 2013. Archived from the original on May 6, 2013. Retrieved March 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Our Story: About Us". Boston 4 Celebrations Foundation. 2010. Archived from the original on February 23, 2013. Retrieved March 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ Hull 2011, pp. 104–108.
Jump up ^ Ouroussoff, Nicolai (December 8, 2006). "Expansive Vistas Both Inside and Out". The New York Times. Retrieved March 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Art Galleries".
Jump up ^ "Art Galleries on Newbury Street, Boston".
Jump up ^ "History of The Boston Athenaeum". Boston Athenæum. 2012. Retrieved March 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ Hull 2011, p. 164.
Jump up ^ "First Church in Boston History". First Church in Boston. Retrieved November 12, 2013.
Jump up ^ Riess, Jana (2002). The Spiritual Traveler: Boston and New England: A Guide to Sacred Sites and Peaceful Places. Hidden Spring. pp. 64–125. ISBN 978-1-58768-008-3.
Jump up ^ "EPA AirCompare Historical Profile". Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Green District Allston". Encore Realty.
^ Jump up to: a b "About Your Community". goodguide.com.
Jump up ^ "Where Has All the Water Gone? Left Piles Rotting ..." bsces.org. Archived from the original on November 28, 2014.
Jump up ^ Groundwater, CityofBoston.gov
Jump up ^ "Your Drinking Water: Massachusetts Water Resources Authority, 2006 Drinking Water Report" (Press release). Massachusetts Water Resources Authority. June 19, 2007.
Jump up ^ Abraham, Yvonne (July 22, 2007). "Pure water, right on Tap". The Boston Globe. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
Jump up ^ Zezima, Katie (June 16, 2011). "Long Memory or Short, Boston Fans Savor Success". The New York Times. Retrieved June 16, 2011.
Jump up ^ "The New Title Town USA - Video - SI.com". Sports Illustrated. February 4, 2012. Archived from the original on 2012-02-05. Retrieved February 4, 2012.
Jump up ^ "SPORTS CHART OF THE DAY: Boston Is The New "Title Town"". Business Insider. June 16, 2011. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ Arsenault, Mark (November 23, 2014). "Boston bidders hope time is right for frugal Games". The Boston Globe.
Jump up ^ "Fenway Park". ESPN. 2013. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ Abrams, Roger I. (February 19, 2007). "Hall of Fame third baseman led Boston to first AL pennant". National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum. Archived from the original on September 2, 2007. Retrieved April 1, 2009.
Jump up ^ "1903 World Series – Major League Baseball: World Series History". Major League Baseball at MLB.com. 2007. Retrieved February 18, 2007. Please note: This source, like many others, uses the erroneous "Pilgrims" name that is debunked by the Nowlin reference following.
Jump up ^ Bill Nowlin (2008). "The Boston Pilgrims Never Existed". Baseball Almanac. Retrieved April 3, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Braves History". Atlanta Brave (MLB). 2013. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ "National Hockey League (NHL) Expansion History". Rauzulu's Street. 2004. Retrieved April 1, 2009.
Jump up ^ "NBA History – NBA Growth Timetable". Basketball.com. Archived from the original on March 31, 2009. Retrieved April 1, 2009.
Jump up ^ "NBA Finals: All-Time Champions". NBA. 2007. Retrieved February 20, 2007.
Jump up ^ "The History of the New England Patriots". New England Patriots. 2007. Archived from the original on May 19, 2011. Retrieved April 29, 2007.
Jump up ^ Springer, Shira (April 11, 2009). "Breakers shoot for foothold in local market". The Boston Globe. Retrieved June 27, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Play It Forward Sport and STX Announce Semi-Professional Women's Lacrosse League" (Press release). www.playitforwardsport.org. May 21, 2015. Archived from the original on June 25, 2016. Retrieved June 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ "B.A.A. Boston Marathon Race Facts". Boston Athletic Association. 2007. Retrieved April 29, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Crimson Rules College Lightweights at Head of the Charles". Harvard Athletic Communications. October 23, 2011. Retrieved May 6, 2012.
Jump up ^ Morris 2005, p. 61.
Jump up ^ "Franklin Park". City of Boston. 2007. Retrieved April 28, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Open Space Plan 2008–2014: Section 3 Community Setting" (PDF). City of Boston Parks & Recreation. January 2008. Retrieved February 21, 2013.
Jump up ^ Randall, Eric. "Boston has one of the best park systems in the country". June 5, 2013. Boston Magazine. Retrieved on July 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ Patton, Zach (January 2012). "The Boss of Boston: Mayor Thomas Menino". Governing. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Boston City Charter" (PDF). City of Boston. July 2007. p. 59. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Boston Public Schools at a Glance: School Committee". Boston Public Schools. March 14, 2007. Archived from the original on April 3, 2007. Retrieved April 28, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Massachusetts Real Estate Portfolio". United States General Services Administration. Retrieved March 11, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Massachusetts's Representatives – Congressional District Maps". GovTrack.us. 2007. Retrieved April 28, 2007.
Jump up ^ Irons, Meghan E. (2016-08-17). "City Hall is always above average – if you ask City Hall". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 2016-08-18.
Jump up ^ "The Commonwealth of Massachusetts: Enrollment Breakdown as of 10/17/2012" (PDF). Massachusetts Elections Division. November 1, 2012. p. 16. Retrieved March 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Editor's message about changes at the Monitor". The Christian Science Monitor. March 27, 2009. Retrieved July 13, 2009.
Jump up ^ "WriteBoston – T.i.P". City of Boston. 2007. Archived from the original on February 7, 2007. Retrieved April 28, 2007.
Jump up ^ Diaz, Johnny (September 6, 2008). "A new day dawns for a Spanish-language publication". The Boston Globe. Retrieved February 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ Diaz, Johnny (January 26, 2011). "Bay Windows acquires monthly paper". The Boston Globe. Retrieved February 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Arbitron – Market Ranks and Schedule, 1–50". Arbitron. Fall 2005. Retrieved February 18, 2007.
Jump up ^ "AM Broadcast Classes; Clear, Regional, and Local Channels". Federal Communications Commission. January 20, 2012. Archived from the original on 2012-04-30. Retrieved February 20, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Nielsen Survey" (PDF). nielsen.com.
Jump up ^ "About Us: From our President". WGBH. 2013. Archived from the original on March 5, 2013. Retrieved March 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Route 128 tower complex". The Boston Radio Archives. 2007. Retrieved April 28, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Made In Mass". MAFilm.org. MA Film Office. Retrieved February 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ "New England Film". NewEnglandFilm.com. NewEnglandFilm. Retrieved February 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ "About MASCO". MASCO – Medical Academic and Scientific Community Organization. 2007. Retrieved May 6, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Facility Listing Report". United States Department of Veterans Affairs. 2007. Archived from the original on March 24, 2007. Retrieved April 28, 2007.
Jump up ^ "About BPHC – The Nation's First Health Department". Boston Public Health Commission. 2013. Archived from the original on April 17, 2009. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Hospital Overview". Massachusetts General Hospital. 2013. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Boston Medical Center – Facts" (PDF). Boston Medical Center. November 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 3, 2007. Retrieved February 21, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Boston Medical Center". Children's Hospital Boston. 2007. Archived from the original on August 15, 2007. Retrieved November 14, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Statistics" (PDF). apta.com.
Jump up ^ "About Logan". Massport. 2007. Archived from the original on May 21, 2007. Retrieved May 9, 2007.
Jump up ^ "About Port of Boston". Massport. 2013. Archived from the original on February 25, 2013. Retrieved March 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ Shurtleff, Arthur A. (January 1911). "The Street Plan of the Metropolitan District of Boston". Landscape Architecture 1: 71–83. Archived from the original on October 29, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Census and You" (PDF). US Census Bureau. January 1996. p. 12. Retrieved February 19, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Car Ownership in U.S. Cities Data and Map". Governing. Retrieved May 3, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Boston: Light Rail Transit Overview". Light Rail Progress. May 2003. Retrieved February 19, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Westwood—Route 128 Station, MA (RTE)". Amtrak. 2007. Archived from the original on August 22, 2008. Retrieved May 9, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Boston—South Station, MA (BOS)". Amtrak. 2007. Archived from the original on April 18, 2008. Retrieved May 9, 2007.
Jump up ^ Of cities over 250,000 "Carfree Database Results – Highest percentage (Cities over 250,000)". Bikes at Work Inc. 2007. Retrieved February 26, 2007.
Jump up ^ Said, Carolyn (July 20, 2011). "S.F., Oakland in top 10 most walkable U.S. cities". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved July 20, 2011.
Jump up ^ "The 10 most walkable U.S. cities". MarketWatch. 2011. Retrieved July 20, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Boston". Walk Score. Walk Score. Retrieved June 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ Zezima, Katie (August 8, 2009). "Boston Tries to Shed Longtime Reputation as Cyclists' Minefield". The New York Times. Retrieved May 24, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Bicycle Commuting and Facilities in Major U.S. Cities: If You Build Them, Commuters Will Use Them – Another Look" (PDF). Dill bike facilities. 2003. p. 5. Retrieved April 4, 2007.
Jump up ^ Katie Zezima (August 9, 2009). "Boston Tries to Shed Longtime Reputation as Cyclists' Minefield". The New York Times. Retrieved August 16, 2009.
Jump up ^ "A Future Best City: Boston". Rodale Inc. Archived from the original on February 11, 2010. Retrieved August 16, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Is Bicycle Commuting Really Catching On? And if So, Where?". The Atlantic Media Company. Retrieved December 28, 2011.
Jump up ^ Moskowitz, Eric (April 21, 2011). "Hub set to launch bike-share program". The Boston Globe. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ Fox, Jeremy C. (March 29, 2012). "Hubway bike system to be fully launched by April 1". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on May 14, 2012. Retrieved April 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ Franzini, Laura E. (August 8, 2012). "Hubway expands to Brookline, Somerville, Cambridge". The Boston Globe. Retrieved March 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Hubway Bikes Boston | PBSC". Retrieved 2016-08-03.
Jump up ^ RedEye. "Divvy may test-drive helmet vending machines at stations". Retrieved 2016-08-03.
Jump up ^ McKenzie, Brian (August 2015). "Who Drives to Work? Commuting by Automobile in the United States: 2013" (PDF). American Survey Reports. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Boston Sister Cities". The City of Boston. Archived from the original on February 8, 2009. Retrieved April 5, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Sister Cities of Kyoto City". City of Kyoto. Archived from the original on January 21, 2014. Retrieved January 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Strasbourg, twin city". City and Urban Community of Strasbourg. Archived from the original on July 28, 2013. Retrieved February 17, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Highlights of fifty years 1960–2010". Boston/Strasbourg Sister City Association (BSSCA). Retrieved February 17, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Twinning agreements – Boston". Barcelona City Council. Archived from the original on May 12, 2008. Retrieved April 5, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Barcelona internacional – Ciutats agermanades" (in Catalan). 2006–2009 Ajuntament de Barcelona. Archived from the original on February 16, 2009. Retrieved July 13, 2009.
Jump up ^ "The twin cities of Padua". Padovanet (in Italian). Comune di Padova. June 4, 2008. Retrieved April 5, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Sister cities – Boston". City of Melbourne. Archived from the original on 2009-09-21. Retrieved April 5, 2009.
Jump up ^ "International Sister Cities". Taipei City Council. Archived from the original on May 20, 2011. Retrieved April 5, 2009.
Jump up ^ Ellement, John (May 12, 2014). "Boston signs sister city agreement with Belfast". Boston Globe. Retrieved May 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Town twinning". Boston Borough Council. Archived from the original on May 20, 2011. Retrieved April 5, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Partnership of the Historic Bostons". Partnership of the Historic Bostons. Retrieved April 5, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Strasbourg, Twin City". Strasbourg.eu & Communauté Urbaine. Archived from the original on July 28, 2013. Retrieved August 21, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Boston" (in Hebrew). Haifa Municipality. Retrieved April 5, 2009.
Jump up ^ Press Office of the Municipality of Valladolid (September 18, 2007). "Valladolid and Boston have signed a protocol of friendship between the two cities" (in Spanish). Ayuntamiento de Valladolid. Archived from the original on March 28, 2010. Retrieved April 5, 2009.
Sources[edit]
Bluestone, Barry; Stevenson, Mary Huff (2002). The Boston Renaissance: Race, Space, and Economic Change in an American Metropolis. Russell Sage Foundation. ISBN 978-1-61044-072-1.
Bolino, August C. (2012). Men of Massachusetts: Bay State Contributors to American Society. iUniverse. ISBN 978-1-4759-3376-5.
Christopher, Paul J. (2006). 50 Plus One Greatest Cities in the World You Should Visit. Encouragement Press, LLC. ISBN 978-1-933766-01-0.
Hull, Sarah (2011). The Rough Guide to Boston (6 ed.). Penguin. ISBN 978-1-4053-8247-2.
Kennedy, Lawrence W. (1994). Planning the City Upon a Hill: Boston Since 1630. University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 978-0-87023-923-6.
Morris, Jerry (2005). The Boston Globe Guide to Boston. Globe Pequot. ISBN 978-0-7627-3430-6.
Vorhees, Mara (2009). Lonely Planet Boston City Guide (4 ed.). Lonely Planet. ISBN 978-1-74179-178-5.
Wechter, Eric B.; et al. (2009). Fodor's Boston 2009. Random House Digital, Inc. ISBN 978-1-4000-0699-1.
Further reading[edit]
Main article: Bibliography of Boston
Beagle, Jonathan M.; Penn, Elan (2006). Boston: A Pictorial Celebration. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. ISBN 978-1-4027-1977-6.
Brown, Robin; The Boston Globe (2009). Boston's Secret Spaces: 50 Hidden Corners In and Around the Hub (1 ed.). Globe Pequot. ISBN 978-0-7627-5062-7.
Hantover, Jeffrey; King, Gilbert (2008). City in Time: Boston. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. ISBN 978-1-4027-3300-0.
O'Connell, James C. (2013). The Hub's Metropolis: Greater Boston's Development from Railroad Suburbs to Smart Growth. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-01875-3.
O'Connor, Thomas H. (2000). Boston: A to Z. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-00310-1.
Price, Michael; Sammarco, Anthony Mitchell (2000). Boston's immigrants, 1840–1925. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7524-0921-4.
Krieger, Alex; Cobb, David; Turner, Amy, eds. (2001). Mapping Boston. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-61173-2.
Seasholes, Nancy S. (2003). Gaining Ground: A History of Landmaking in Boston. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-19494-5.
Shand-Tucci, Douglass (1999). Built in Boston: City & Suburb, 1800–2000 (2 ed.). University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 978-1-55849-201-1.
Southworth, Michael; Southworth, Susan (2008). AIA Guide to Boston, 3rd Edition: Contemporary Landmarks, Urban Design, Parks, Historic Buildings and Neighborhoods (3 ed.). Globe Pequot. ISBN 978-0-7627-4337-7.
Vrabel, Jim; Bostonian Society (2004). When in Boston: A Time Line & Almanac. Northeastern University Press. ISBN 978-1-55553-620-6.
Whitehill, Walter Muir; Kennedy, Lawrence W. (2000). Boston: A Topographical History (3 ed.). Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-00268-5.
External links[edit]
show
Find more aboutBostonat Wikipedia's sister projects
Definitions from Wiktionary
Media from Wikimedia Commons
News from Wikinews
Quotations from Wikiquote
Texts from Wikisource
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Travel guide from Wikivoyage
Learning resources from Wikiversity
Official website
"Boston". The New Student's Reference Work. 1914.
Historical Maps of Boston from the Norman B. Leventhal Map Center at the Boston Public Library
Boston Streets: Mapping Directory Data from Tufts University, with support from the Institute of Museum and Library Services and The Bostonian Society
NewEnglandFilm official website
Massachusetts Film Office official website
Maps of income, landfill growth, public transport, and squares from Radical Cartography
Boston Evening Transcript, Google news archive. —PDFs of 14,086 issues, dating from 1851 to 1915.
Boston at Curlie (based on DMOZ)
show
v
t
e
City of Boston
Topics
Accent
Annual events
Arts
Bibliography
Culture
Demographics
Diplomatic missions
Economy
Education
Colleges and universities
Geography
Historic Places
Northern
Southern
History
Timeline
Media
Nicknames
People
Politics
Port
Public Library
Public Schools
Sister cities
Skyscrapers
Songs
Transportation
Attractions
Boston Common
Boston Convention and Exhibition Center
Boston Irish Famine Memorial
Boston Tea Party Ships and Museum
Bunker Hill Monument
Faneuil Hall
Fenway Park
Franklin Park Zoo
Freedom Trail
Hynes Convention Center
Institute of Contemporary Art
Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum
John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum
Museum of Fine Arts
Museum of Science
New England Aquarium
Old North Church
Paul Revere House
Symphony Hall
TD Garden
USS Constitution
Museum
Business
districts
Back Bay
Downtown
Fenway–Kenmore
Financial District
Government Center
Innovation district
North End
Route 128 corridor
South End
List of companies in Boston
Government
City council
City Hall
Elections
Emergency Medical Services (EMS)
FinComm
Fire
Housing (BHA)
Mayor
Police
Boston Planning and Development Agency
Neighborhoods
Allston–Brighton
Allston
Brighton
Back Bay
Bay Village
Beacon Hill
Downtown Boston
Financial District
Government Center
Charlestown
Chinatown
Dorchester
Columbia Point
South Bay
East Boston
Fenway–Kenmore
Harbor Islands
Hyde Park
Readville
Jamaica Plain
Forest Hills
Leather District
Mattapan
Mission Hill
Longwood
North End
Roslindale
Roxbury
Fort Hill
South Boston
Fort Point
South End
West End
West Roxbury
Chestnut Hill
Sports
Boston Bruins
Boston Celtics
Boston Red Sox
New England Patriots
New England Revolution
Suffolk County
Boston-Cambridge Metro
Massachusetts
United States
show
v
t
e
Boston Landmarks
African Meeting House
Boston Athenæum
Boston Children's Museum
Boston Common
Boston Convention and Exhibition Center
Boston Navy Yard
Boston Public Garden
Boston Public Library
Boston Tea Party Ships and Museum
Citi Performing Arts Center
Downtown Crossing
Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate
Faneuil Hall
Fenway Park
Franklin Park Zoo
Freedom Trail
Harvard University
Institute of Contemporary Art
Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum
John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Massachusetts State House
Museum of Fine Arts
Museum of Science
New England Aquarium
New England Holocaust Memorial
Newbury Street
Old North Church
Paul Revere House
Prudential Center
Samuel Adams (Whitney)
South Station
Symphony Hall
TD Garden
Trinity Church
USS Constitution
Museum
show
Other articles relating to Boston
show
v
t
e
Municipalities and communities of Suffolk County, Massachusetts, United States
County seat: Boston
Cities
Boston
Chelsea
Revere
Winthrop
Neighborhoods
Allston
Back Bay
Bay Village
Beacon Hill
Charlestown
Chinatown/Leather District
Dorchester
Downtown Boston
East Boston
Fenway-Kenmore
Hyde Park
Jamaica Plain
Mattapan
Mission Hill
North End
Roslindale
Roxbury
South Boston
South End
West End
West Roxbury
show
v
t
e
Region of Greater Boston
Counties
Belknap, NH
Bristol, MA
Bristol, RI
Essex, MA
Hillsborough, NH
Kent, RI
Merrimack, NH
Middlesex, MA
Newport, RI
Norfolk, MA
Plymouth, MA
Providence, RI
Rockingham, NH
Strafford, NH
Suffolk, MA
Washington, RI
Worcester, MA
Major cities
Boston
Cities and towns
100k-250k
Cambridge
Lowell
Manchester
Providence
Worcester
Cities and towns
25k-100k
Andover
Arlington
Attleboro
Beverly
Billerica
Braintree
Bridgewater
Brockton
Brookline
Chelmsford
Chelsea
Concord (New Hampshire)
Coventry
Cranston
Cumberland
Danvers
Dartmouth
Derry
Dover (New Hampshire)
Dracut
East Providence
Everett
Fall River
Fitchburg
Framingham
Franklin
Gloucester
Haverhill
Johnston
Lawrence
Leominster
Lexington
Lynn
Malden
Marlborough
Marshfield
Medford
Melrose
Merrimack (New Hampshire)
Methuen
Milford (Massachusetts)
Milton
Nashua
Natick
Needham
New Bedford
Newport
Newton
North Andover
North Attleboro
North Kingstown
North Providence
Norwood
Pawtucket
Peabody
Plymouth
Quincy
Revere
Rochester
Salem (Massachusetts)
Salem (New Hampshire)
Saugus
Shrewsbury
Somerville
South Kingstown
Stoughton
Taunton
Tewksbury
Wakefield
Waltham
Warwick
Watertown
Wellesley
West Warwick
Weymouth
Woburn
Woonsocket
Cities and towns
10k-25k
Abington
Acton
Acushnet
Amesbury
Amherst (New Hampshire)
Ashland
Athol
Auburn
Barrington
Bedford (Massachusetts)
Bedford (New Hampshire)
Bellingham
Belmont
Beverly
Bristol
Burlington
Burrillville
Canton
Carver
Central Falls
Charlton
Clinton
Concord (Massachusetts)
Dedham
Dudley
Duxbury
East Bridgewater
East Greenwich
Easton
Exeter
Fairhaven
Foxborough
Gardner
Goffstown
Grafton
Groton
Hampton
Hanover
Hanson
Hingham
Holbrook
Holden
Holliston
Hooksett
Hopkinton
Hudson (Massachusetts)
Hudson (New Hampshire)
Hull
Ipswich
Kingston
Laconia
Lakeville
Leicester
Lincoln (Rhode Island)
Londonderry
Lunenburg
Lynnfield
Mansfield
Marblehead
Maynard
Medfield
Medway
Middleborough
Middletown
Milford (New Hampshire)
Millbury
Narragansett
Newburyport
Norfolk
Northborough
Northbridge
North Reading
North Smithfield
Norton
Norwell
Oxford
Peabody
Pelham
Pembroke
Pepperell
Portsmouth (Rhode Island)
Portsmouth (New Hampshire)
Randolph
Raymond
Raynham
Reading
Rehoboth
Rockland
Scituate (Massachusetts)
Scituate (Rhode Island)
Seekonk
Sharon
Smithfield
Somerset
Somersworth
Southbridge
Stoneham
Spencer
Sudbury
Swampscott
Swansea
Tiverton
Tyngsborough
Uxbridge
Walpole
Wareham
Warren (Rhode Island)
Wayland
Webster
Westborough
Westerly
Westford
Weston
Westport
Westwood
Whitman
Wilmington
Winchendon
Winchester
Windham
Winthrop
Wrentham
Sub-regions
Boston Proper
Central Massachusetts
Merrimack Valley
MetroWest
North Shore
Rhode Island
South Coast
South Shore
show
v
t
e
Commonwealth of Massachusetts
Boston (capital)
Topics
Index
Administrative divisions
Congressional districts
Elections
Geography
Geology
Government
History
Images
Law
Music
People
State symbols
Transportation
Villages
Tourist attractions
Windmills
Society
Culture
Crime
Demographics
Economy
Education
Politics
Sports
Regions
The Berkshires
Blackstone Valley
Cape Ann
Cape Cod
Central Massachusetts
Greater Boston
Housatonic Valley
The Islands
Merrimack Valley
MetroWest
Montachusett-North County
North Shore
Pioneer Valley
Quabbin-Swift River Valley
South Coast
South County
South Shore
Southeastern Massachusetts
Western Massachusetts
Counties
Barnstable
Berkshire
Bristol
Dukes
Essex
Franklin
Hampden
Hampshire
Middlesex
Nantucket
Norfolk
Plymouth
Suffolk
Worcester
Cities
Agawam
Amesbury
Attleboro
Barnstable
Beverly
Boston
Braintree
Bridgewater
Brockton
Cambridge
Chelsea
Chicopee
East Longmeadow
Easthampton
Everett
Fall River
Fitchburg
Framingham
Franklin
Gardner
Gloucester
Greenfield
Haverhill
Holyoke
Lawrence
Leominster
Lowell
Lynn
Malden
Marlborough
Medford
Melrose
Methuen
New Bedford
Newburyport
Newton
North Adams
Northampton
Palmer
Peabody
Pittsfield
Quincy
Randolph
Revere
Salem
Somerville
Southbridge
Springfield
Taunton
Waltham
Watertown
Westfield
West Springfield
Weymouth
Winthrop
Woburn
Worcester
Note: Municipalities not listed have a town meeting form of government (see all municipalities)
show
v
t
e
Northeast megalopolis
Major metropolitan areas
(over 1,000,000)
New York
city
Philadelphia
city
Washington
city
Boston
city
Baltimore
city
Providence
city
Hartford
city
Other cities
(over 100,000)
Newark
Jersey City
Yonkers
Worcester
Springfield
Alexandria
Paterson
Bridgeport
Elizabeth
New Haven
Stamford
Allentown
Manchester
Waterbury
Cambridge
Lowell
show
v
t
e
New England
Topics
Autumn
Climate
Cuisine
Culture
Demographics
Economy
Elections
Flag
Geography
Geology
Government
History
New England Colonies
Dominion of New England
New England Confederation
Literature
Place names of Native-American origin
Politics
Sports
States
Connecticut
Maine
Massachusetts
New Hampshire
Rhode Island
Vermont
Major cities
Boston
Bridgeport
Burlington
Concord
Hartford
Lowell
Manchester
New Bedford
New Haven
New London
New Britain
Portland
Providence
Springfield
Stamford
Waterbury
Worcester
State capitals
Augusta
Boston
Concord
Hartford
Montpelier
Providence
Transportation
Passenger rail
MBTA (MA, RI)
Northeast Corridor (CT, MA, RI)
Acela Express (CT, MA, RI)
Downeaster (ME, NH, MA)
Vermonter (CT, MA, NH, VT)
Shore Line East (CT)
Metro-North (CT)
Hartford Line (CT, MA; under construction)
High-speed Northern New England (proposed)
Major Interstates
I-84 (CT, MA)
I-89 (NH, VT)
I-90 (Mass Pike) (MA)
I-91 (CT, MA, VT)
I-93 (MA, NH, VT)
I-95 (CT, RI, MA, NH, ME)
defunct: New England road marking system
Airports
Bradley (CT)
Burlington (VT)
T. F. Green (RI)
Manchester–Boston (NH)
Logan (MA)
Portland (ME)
Category
Portal
Commons
show
v
t
e
Northeastern United States
Topics
Culture
Geography
Government
History
States
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Maryland
Massachusetts
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New York
Maine
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
Vermont
Major cities
Allentown
Baltimore
Boston
Bridgeport
Buffalo
Burlington
Cambridge
Elizabeth
Erie
Hartford
Jersey City
Lowell
Manchester
New Haven
New York City
Newark
Paterson
Philadelphia
Pittsburgh
Portland
Providence
Quincy
Reading
Rochester
Scranton
Springfield
Stamford
Syracuse
Washington, D.C.
Waterbury
Wilmington
Worcester
State capitals
Albany
Annapolis
Augusta
Boston
Concord
Dover
Hartford
Harrisburg
Montpelier
Providence
Trenton
show
v
t
e
Capitals of the United States by jurisdiction
Nation:
US Washington
States:
AL Montgomery
AK Juneau
AZ Phoenix
AR Little Rock
CA Sacramento
CO Denver
CT Hartford
DE Dover
FL Tallahassee
GA Atlanta
HI Honolulu
ID Boise
IL Springfield
IN Indianapolis
IA Des Moines
KS Topeka
KY Frankfort
LA Baton Rouge
ME Augusta
MD Annapolis
MA Boston
MI Lansing
MN Saint Paul
MS Jackson
MO Jefferson City
MT Helena
NE Lincoln
NV Carson City
NH Concord
NJ Trenton
NM Santa Fe
NY Albany
NC Raleigh
ND Bismarck
OH Columbus
OK Oklahoma City
OR Salem
PA Harrisburg
RI Providence
SC Columbia
SD Pierre
TN Nashville
TX Austin
UT Salt Lake City
VT Montpelier
VA Richmond
WA Olympia
WV Charleston
WI Madison
WY Cheyenne
Territories:
AS Pago Pago
GU Hagåtña
MP Saipan
PR San Juan
VI Charlotte Amalie
show
v
t
e
All-America City Award: Hall of Fame
Akron, Ohio
Anchorage, Alaska
Asheville, North Carolina
Baltimore
Boston
Cincinnati
Cleveland
Columbus, Ohio
Dayton, Ohio
Des Moines, Iowa
Edinburg, Texas
Fayetteville, North Carolina
Fort Wayne, Indiana
Fort Worth, Texas
Gastonia, North Carolina
Grand Island, Nebraska
Grand Rapids, Michigan
Hickory, North Carolina
Independence, Missouri
Kansas City, Missouri
Laurinburg, North Carolina
New Haven, Connecticut
Peoria, Illinois
Philadelphia
Phoenix, Arizona
Roanoke, Virginia
Rockville, Maryland
Saint Paul, Minnesota
San Antonio
Seward, Alaska
Shreveport, Louisiana
Tacoma, Washington
Toledo, Ohio
Tupelo, Mississippi
Wichita, Kansas
Worcester, Massachusetts
show
v
t
e
Mayors of cities with populations exceeding 100,000 in Massachusetts
Marty Walsh
(Boston)
Joseph M. Petty
(Worcester)
Domenic Sarno
(Springfield)
Edward J. Kennedy
(Lowell)
Marc McGovern
(Cambridge)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
BNF: cb12038429t (data)
GND: 4007840-1
LCCN: n79045553
NARA: 10045553
NDL: 00629226
VIAF: 133676669
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boston&oldid=846291026"
Categories:
Boston
State capitals in the United States
1630 establishments in Massachusetts
Cities in Massachusetts
Cities in Suffolk County, Massachusetts
County seats in Massachusetts
Greater Boston
Irish-American culture in Boston
Irish-American culture
Populated coastal places in Massachusetts
Populated places established in 1630
Port cities and towns of the United States Atlantic coast
University towns in the United States
Hidden categories:
CS1: Julian–Gregorian uncertainty
CS1 Catalan-language sources (ca)
CS1 Italian-language sources (it)
CS1 Hebrew-language sources (he)
CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)
Articles with short description
Use American English from September 2013
All Wikipedia articles written in American English
Use mdy dates from July 2015
Coordinates on Wikidata
Articles with hAudio microformats
Articles including recorded pronunciations (English)
Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010
All articles containing potentially dated statements
Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017
Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2012
Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015
Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia
Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW
Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW with an wstitle parameter
Articles with Curlie links
Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers
Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Featured articles
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikinews
Wikiquote
Wikivoyage
Languages
Afrikaans
አማርኛ
العربية
Aragonés
ܐܪܡܝܐ
Asturianu
Aymar aru
Azərbaycanca
تۆرکجه
Bamanankan
বাংলা
Bân-lâm-gú
Башҡортса
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
Bislama
Български
བོད་ཡིག
Bosanski
Brezhoneg
Català
Cebuano
Čeština
Chamoru
Corsu
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Dolnoserbski
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Emiliàn e rumagnòl
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Føroyskt
Français
Frysk
Gaeilge
Gaelg
Gàidhlig
Galego
贛語
Gĩkũyũ
客家語/Hak-kâ-ngî
한국어
Hausa
Hawaiʻi
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hornjoserbsce
Hrvatski
Ido
Ilokano
Bahasa Indonesia
Interlingua
Interlingue
Ирон
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
Basa Jawa
ಕನ್ನಡ
Kapampangan
ქართული
Қазақша
Kernowek
Kiswahili
Kreyòl ayisyen
Kurdî
Кыргызча
Кырык мары
Ladino
Latina
Latviešu
Lëtzebuergesch
Lietuvių
Ligure
Lingála
Lumbaart
Magyar
Македонски
Malagasy
മലയാളം
Māori
मराठी
მარგალური
Bahasa Melayu
Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄
Mirandés
Монгол
မြန်မာဘာသာ
Nederlands
नेपाल भाषा
日本語
Нохчийн
Nordfriisk
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Occitan
Олык марий
Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
पालि
پنجابی
Piemontèis
Polski
Ποντιακά
Português
Română
Romani
Runa Simi
Русский
Саха тыла
संस्कृतम्
Sardu
Scots
Shqip
Sicilianu
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Ślůnski
Soomaaliga
کوردی
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
தமிழ்
Taqbaylit
Татарча/tatarça
తెలుగు
ไทย
Türkçe
Twi
Українська
اردو
ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche
Vèneto
Vepsän kel’
Tiếng Việt
Volapük
Winaray
吴语
ייִדיש
Yorùbá
粵語
Zazaki
Žemaitėška
中文
डोटेली
Lingua Franca Nova
146 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 17 June 2018, at 19:13 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: This is a featured article. Click here for more information.

attrs: class id

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

values:
/wiki/Boston_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Boston (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

values: shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux

attrs: colspan style

values:
/wiki/File:Flag_of_Boston.svg
image
Flag of Boston, Massachusetts

values: Location in Suffolk Countyand  the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

values:
/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Massachusetts
mw-redirect
Commonwealth of Massachusetts

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location

values: Seal of Suffolk County, Massachusetts.png

values:
/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Boston
mw-redirect
List of mayors of Boston

values:
/wiki/1_E%2B8_m%C2%B2
mw-redirect
1 E+8 m²

values:
/wiki/Eastern_Daylight_Time
mw-redirect
Eastern Daylight Time

values: font-size: 105%; background: transparent; text-align: left;

values: list-style: none none; margin-left: 0px; text-align: left; font-size: 105%; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: inherit; display: none;

values:
NavFrame collapsed
border: none; padding: 0;
NavFrame1

values: Federal Information Processing Standards

values:
nofollow
https://www.boston.gov/
external text

values: List of colleges and universities in metropolitan Boston

values: Edit section: Revolution and the Siege of Boston

values: Edit section: Post-revolution and the War of 1812

values: Painting with a body of water with sailing ships in the foreground and a city in the background

values: Colored print image of a city square in the 1900s

values: Boston–Brookline annexation debate of 1873

values: Community health centers in the United States

values:
/wiki/Columbia_Point_(Boston)
mw-redirect
Columbia Point (Boston)

values:
/wiki/World%27s_most_liveable_cities
mw-redirect
World's most liveable cities

values: Aerial view of the Boston area from space

values:
/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level
mw-redirect
Above mean sea level

values: Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area

values: Sailboats on the Charles River overlook the Boston skyline, as seen from Cambridge.

values: File:Boston Skyline, SONY NEX-5 Panorama Mode (4765830049).jpg

values: margin-left: auto; margin-right:auto; overflow:hidden; width:auto; max-width:1808px;

values: Sunset view of the Boston skyline and Charles River

values: File:Boston skyline from Cambridge November 2015 panorama 1.jpg

values:
/wiki/200_Clarendon_Street
mw-redirect
200 Clarendon Street

values: List of tallest buildings in the world by height to roof

values:
/wiki/Greek_Revival
mw-redirect
Greek Revival

values: Template:Climate chart/How to read a climate chart

values: padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em; color: red

values: padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em; color: blue

values: width: 100%; margin: 0; float: right; clear: both; text-align: center; border: none; font-size: 90%

values: infobox collapsible collapsed mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values: width: 19.5em; float: right; clear: both; text-align: center; border: solid 1px silver

values: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

values:
/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)
mw-redirect
Precipitation (meteorology)

values: Autumn foliage with a city skyline in the distant background

values: background: #FF0A00; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium

values: background: #FF2700; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium

values: background: #FFB76F; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium

values: background: #FFD3A8; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium

values: background: #FFEFE0; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium

values: background: #8D8DFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium

values: background: #4F4FFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium

values: background: #72FF72; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium

values: background: #7272FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium

values: background: #7B7BFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium

values: background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium

values: background: #0000FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium

values: background: #DDDD00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium

values: background: #FFFF57; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium

values: wikitable collapsible collapsed mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values: width:90%; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height: 1.2em; margin:auto;

values:
/wiki/History_of_the_Irish_in_Boston
mw-redirect
History of the Irish in Boston

values:
/wiki/Vietnamese_in_Boston
mw-redirect
Vietnamese in Boston

values: Map of Boston and the surrounding area displaying per capita income distribution

values:
/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_Day_Parade
mw-redirect
St. Patrick's Day Parade

values: border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:1px 2px;text-align:right

values: width:15em;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;

values: List of United States cities by population density

values:
/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)
mw-redirect
Race (United States Census)

values: plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update

values:
/wiki/Dominican_American
mw-redirect
Dominican American

values: Edit section: Demographic breakdown by ZIP Code

values: List of Massachusetts locations by per capita income

values:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
/wiki/Pearson_PLC
mw-redirect
Pearson PLC

values: Seaport Hotel and Seaport World Trade Center

values:
/wiki/South_Boston_waterfront
mw-redirect
South Boston waterfront

values:
/wiki/General_Electric_Corporation
mw-redirect
General Electric Corporation

values:
/wiki/Seaport_District
mw-redirect
Seaport District

values: Edit section: Primary and secondary education

values: Three-story brick building façade with three white columns surrounding a brown wooden door located on the ground floor

values: John D. O'Bryant School of Mathematics & Science

values: MIT Building 10 and the Great Dome, Cambridge Massachusetts

values:
/wiki/Harvard_School_of_Public_Health
mw-redirect
Harvard School of Public Health

values: History of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology

values: List of research universities in the United States

values: Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education

values:
/wiki/Dorchester,_Massachusetts
mw-redirect
Dorchester, Massachusetts

values:
/wiki/New_England_School_of_Law
mw-redirect
New England School of Law

values: School of the Museum of Fine Arts at Tufts

values: White Boston Police car with blue and gray stripes down the middle

values:
/wiki/Sites_of_interest_in_Boston
mw-redirect
Sites of interest in Boston

values: Colonial style red brick building with a white cupola in an urban setting

values:
/wiki/New_England_cuisine
mw-redirect
New England cuisine

values:
/wiki/The_Atlantic_Monthly
mw-redirect
The Atlantic Monthly

values:
/wiki/New_England_Conservatory
mw-redirect
New England Conservatory

values:
/wiki/Citi_Performing_Arts_Center
mw-redirect
Citi Performing Arts Center

values: Gray stone classical building with columns and art banners on the central façade

values: Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate

values: John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum

values:
/wiki/Bull_%26_Finch_Pub
mw-redirect
Bull & Finch Pub

values:
/wiki/Trinity_Church,_Boston
mw-redirect
Trinity Church, Boston

values: Basilica and Shrine of Our Lady of Perpetual Help

values:
/wiki/Air_quality
mw-redirect
Air quality

values: United States Environmental Protection Agency

values: Edit section: Water purity and availability

values: Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada

values:
/wiki/2024_Summer_Olympic_Games
mw-redirect
2024 Summer Olympic Games

values:
/wiki/Boston_Americans
mw-redirect
Boston Americans

values: National Association of Professional Base Ball Players

values: Professional basketball game between the Celtics and Timberwolves in a crowded arena

values:
/wiki/Boston_Breakers_(WPS)
mw-redirect
Boston Breakers (WPS)

values: National Collegiate Athletic Association

values: NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision

values:
/wiki/Football_Championship_Subdivision
mw-redirect
Football Championship Subdivision

values: City skyline with a body of water in the background and a green park in the foreground

values:
/wiki/Hatch_Shell
mw-redirect
Hatch Shell

values:
/wiki/Trust_for_Public_Land
mw-redirect
Trust for Public Land

values: Red brick building with white columns on the façade and a gold dome on the top

values: Department of Conservation and Recreation

values: Thomas P. O'Neill Jr. Federal Building (Boston)

values: John W. McCormack Post Office and Courthouse

values: United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit

values: United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts

values: John Joseph Moakley United States Courthouse

values: Massachusetts's 7th congressional district

values: Massachusetts's 8th congressional district

values:
/wiki/Stephen_Lynch_(politician)
mw-redirect
Stephen Lynch (politician)

values:
/wiki/National_Public_Radio
mw-redirect
National Public Radio

values:
/wiki/Designated_market_area
mw-redirect
Designated market area

values: List of United States broadcast television networks

values:
/wiki/MyNetwork_TV
mw-redirect
MyNetwork TV

values:
/wiki/Azteca_(TV_network)
mw-redirect
Azteca (TV network)

values:
/wiki/Infrastructure_in_Boston
mw-redirect
Infrastructure in Boston

values: Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority

values: A silver and red rapid transit train departing an above-ground station

values:
/wiki/Beverly_Municipal_Airport
mw-redirect
Beverly Municipal Airport

values: Leonard P. Zakim Bunker Hill Memorial Bridge

values:
/wiki/South_Boston,_Boston
mw-redirect
South Boston, Boston

values:
/wiki/Thomas_P._O%27Neill_Jr._Tunnel
mw-redirect
Thomas P. O'Neill Jr. Tunnel

values: List of U.S. cities with high transit ridership

values: List of United States rapid transit systems by ridership

values:
/wiki/North-South_Rail_Link
mw-redirect
North-South Rail Link

values: List of U.S. cities with most pedestrian commuters

values: Edit section: Twin towns and sister cities

values:
/wiki/Sister_cities_of_Boston
mw-redirect
Sister cities of Boston

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Boston

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: lower-alpha;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://zip4.usps.com/zip4/citytown.jsp

values: Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.zyen.com/GFCI/GFCI%209.pdf

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307%2F361566

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.bostonliteraryhistory.com

values:
/wiki/Sage_Publications
mw-redirect
Sage Publications

values:
nofollow
http://www.nps.gov/boaf/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.suffolk.edu/16075.html

values:
nofollow
http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://threadex.rcc-acis.org/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.doe.mass.edu/metco/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://cwur.org/2015/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://campusmaps.tufts.edu/boston/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.nesl.edu/engaged/history.cfm

values:
/wiki/Boston_Globe
mw-redirect
Boston Globe

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.sowaboston.com/galleries

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.bostonathenaeum.org/node/38

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.wgbh.org/about/index.cfm

values:
nofollow
http://www.mafilm.org/made-in-mass/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.NewEnglandFilm.com

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.masco.org/masco/about-masco

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.bmc.org/about/facts06.pdf

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.massport.com/logan/about.asp

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.walkscore.com/MA/Boston

values:
nofollow
https://www.pbsc.com/city/boston/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.historicbostons.com/
external text

values: clear: both; padding-bottom: 0.75em; text-align: center;

attrs: alt src width height style srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;

values: display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;

values: border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); padding-top: 0.75em; display: none;

values: metadata plainlinks plainlist mbox-small mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values: border:1px solid #aaa; padding:0.75em; background:#f9f9f9;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.cityofboston.gov

values: s:The New Student's Reference Work/Boston

values: Institute of Museum and Library Services

values:
nofollow
http://www.NewEnglandFilm.com/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.mafilm.org/
external text

values:
/wiki/Demographics_of_Boston
mw-redirect
Demographics of Boston

values:
/wiki/Economy_of_Boston
mw-redirect
Economy of Boston

values:
/wiki/Education_in_Boston
mw-redirect
Education in Boston

values:
/wiki/Geography_of_Boston
mw-redirect
Geography of Boston

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in northern Boston

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in southern Boston

values:
/wiki/Politics_of_Boston
mw-redirect
Politics of Boston

values:
navbox-image
6
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/List_of_companies_in_Boston
mw-redirect
List of companies in Boston

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values: Template talk:Suffolk County, Massachusetts

values:
/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts
mw-redirect
Boston, Massachusetts

values:
/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Massachusetts
mw-redirect
List of cities in Massachusetts

values:
navbox-image
2
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/Charlestown,_Massachusetts
mw-redirect
Charlestown, Massachusetts

values:
/wiki/Jamaica_Plain,_Boston
mw-redirect
Jamaica Plain, Boston

values:
/wiki/West_Roxbury,_Boston
mw-redirect
West Roxbury, Boston

values:
col
navbox-title
2
background:#00008B; color: #ffffff;

values:
/wiki/North_Attleboro,_Massachusetts
mw-redirect
North Attleboro, Massachusetts

values: Administrative divisions of Massachusetts

values:
/wiki/Elections_in_Massachusetts
mw-redirect
Elections in Massachusetts

values:
/wiki/Transportation_in_Massachusetts
mw-redirect
Transportation in Massachusetts

values: Category:Tourist attractions in Massachusetts

values:
/wiki/Economy_of_Massachusetts
mw-redirect
Economy of Massachusetts

values:
/wiki/Education_in_Massachusetts
mw-redirect
Education in Massachusetts

values:
/wiki/Quabbin-Swift_River_Valley
mw-redirect
Quabbin-Swift River Valley

values: List of place names of Native American origin in New England

values: List of cities by population in New England

values:
/wiki/Interstate_84_(east)
mw-redirect
Interstate 84 (east)

values:
/wiki/Interstate_90_in_Massachusetts
mw-redirect
Interstate 90 in Massachusetts

values: List of United States cities by population

values: padding:0em 0.25em -moz-column-width: 12em; -webkit-column-width: 12em; column-width: 12em;

values: nowraplinks plainlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values: Template:All-American City Award Hall of Fame

values: Template talk:All-American City Award Hall of Fame

values: Template:Massachusetts cities and mayors of 100,000 population

values: Template talk:Massachusetts cities and mayors of 100,000 population

values: padding:0em 0.25em -moz-column-width: 15em; -webkit-column-width: 15em; column-width: 15em;

values: width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;padding-left:1.0em;

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/4007840-1

values: National Archives and Records Administration

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/133676669

values: Category:State capitals in the United States

values: Category:1630 establishments in Massachusetts

values: Category:Cities in Suffolk County, Massachusetts

values: Category:Irish-American culture in Boston

values: Category:Populated coastal places in Massachusetts

values: Category:Populated places established in 1630

values: Category:Port cities and towns of the United States Atlantic coast

values: Category:University towns in the United States

values: Category:CS1 Catalan-language sources (ca)

values: Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)

values: Category:CS1 Hebrew-language sources (he)

values: Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)

values: Category:Articles with short description

values: Category:Use American English from September 2013

values: Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English

values: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

values: Category:Articles including recorded pronunciations (English)

values: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010

values: Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements

values: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017

values: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2012

values: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015

values: Category:Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia

values: Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW

values: Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW with an wstitle parameter

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values:
/wiki/Boston
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
/w/index.php?title=Boston&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – Afrikaans
af
af
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-af
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-am
display: none;

values: بوسطن – Arabic

values:
https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – Aragonese
an
an
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-an
display: none;

values: ܒܘܣܛܘܢ – Aramaic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-arc
display: none;

values:
https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – Asturian
ast
ast
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values:
https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – Aymara
ay
ay
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ay
display: none;

values:
https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – Azerbaijani
az
az
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-azb
display: none;

values:
https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – Bambara
bm
bm
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bm
display: none;

values: বস্টন – Bangla

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan
display: none;

values: Бостон – Bashkir

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ba
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: Бостан – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values: བོ་སེ་ཊོན། – Tibetan

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bo
display: none;

values:
https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – Bosnian
bs
bs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values:
https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – Breton
br
br
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-br
display: none;

values:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb
display: none;

values:
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – Czech
cs
cs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – Chamorro
ch
ch
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ch
display: none;

values:
https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – Corsican
co
co
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-co
display: none;

values:
https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – Welsh
cy
cy
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cy
display: none;

values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

values:
https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – Lower Sorbian
dsb
dsb
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb
display: none;

values:
https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – Estonian
et
et
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Βοστώνη – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – Emiliano-Romagnolo
eml
eml
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eml
display: none;

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bostono
Bostono – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: بوستون – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – Faroese
fo
fo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fo
display: none;

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values:
https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – Western Frisian
fy
fy
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values:
https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – Manx
gv
gv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gd
display: none;

values:
https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – Galician
gl
gl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gan
display: none;

values:
https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – Kikuyu
ki
ki
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ki
display: none;

values:
https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – Hakka Chinese
hak
hak
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hak
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values:
https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – Hausa
ha
ha
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ha
display: none;

values:
https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokekona
Pokekona – Hawaiian
haw
haw
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-haw
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values: बोस्टन – Hindi

values:
https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – Upper Sorbian
hsb
hsb
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – Ido
io
io
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-io
display: none;

values:
https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – Iloko
ilo
ilo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo
display: none;

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-id
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ia
display: none;

values:
https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – Interlingue
ie
ie
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ie
display: none;

values: Бостон – Ossetic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-os
display: none;

values:
https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – Icelandic
is
is
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: בוסטון – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – Javanese
jv
jv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-jv
display: none;

values: ಬಾಸ್ಟನ್ – Kannada

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kn
display: none;

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-pam badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values: ბოსტონი – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values: Бостон – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values:
https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – Cornish
kw
kw
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kw
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sw
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ht
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ku
display: none;

values: Бостон (Массачусетс) – Kyrgyz

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ky
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj
display: none;

values:
https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – Ladino
lad
lad
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lad
display: none;

values:
https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bostonia
Bostonia – Latin
la
la
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bostona
Bostona – Latvian
lv
lv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – Luxembourgish
lb
lb
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lb
display: none;

values:
https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bostonas
Bostonas – Lithuanian
lt
lt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – Ligurian
lij
lij
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lij
display: none;

values:
https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – Lingala
ln
ln
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ln
display: none;

values:
https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – Lombard
lmo
lmo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mg
display: none;

values: ബോസ്റ്റൺ (മാസച്ച്യൂസെറ്റ്സ്) – Malayalam

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values:
https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – Maori
mi
mi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mi
display: none;

values: बॉस्टन – Marathi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf
display: none;

values:
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – Malay
ms
ms
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ms
display: none;

values:
https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – Min Dong Chinese
cdo
cdo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo
display: none;

values:
https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – Mirandese
mwl
mwl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mn
display: none;

values: ဘော့စတွန်မြို့ – Burmese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-my
display: none;

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: बस्तन – Newari

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-new
display: none;

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values: Бостон – Chechen

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ce
display: none;

values:
https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – Northern Frisian
frr
frr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-frr
display: none;

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values:
https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – Occitan
oc
oc
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr
display: none;

values:
https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – Uzbek
uz
uz
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uz
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pa
display: none;

values: बोस्टन – Pali

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb
display: none;

values:
https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – Piedmontese
pms
pms
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pms
display: none;

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values: Βοστώνη – Pontic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt
display: none;

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pt
display: none;

values:
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values:
https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – Romani
rmy
rmy
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-qu
display: none;

values: Бостон – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ru
display: none;

values: Бостон – Sakha

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sah
display: none;

values: बास्टन् – Sanskrit

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sa
display: none;

values:
https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – Sardinian
sc
sc
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sc
display: none;

values:
https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – Scots
sco
sco
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – Albanian
sq
sq
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sq
display: none;

values:
https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – Sicilian
scn
scn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-scn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values:
https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – Silesian
szl
szl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-szl
display: none;

values:
https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – Somali
so
so
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-so
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb
display: none;

values: Бостон – Serbian

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
display: none;

values: பாஸ்டன் – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values:
https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – Kabyle
kab
kab
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kab
display: none;

values:
https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – Tatar
tt
tt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tt
display: none;

values: బోస్టన్ – Telugu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-te
display: none;

values: บอสตัน – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values:
https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – Twi
tw
tw
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tw
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: بوسٹن – Urdu

values:
https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – Uyghur
ug
ug
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ug
display: none;

values:
https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – Venetian
vec
vec
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vec
display: none;

values:
https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – Veps
vep
vep
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vep
display: none;

values:
https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – Vietnamese
vi
vi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – Volapük
vo
vo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vo
display: none;

values:
https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – Waray
war
war
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-war
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu
display: none;

values: באסטאן – Yiddish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-yi
display: none;

values:
https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – Yoruba
yo
yo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-yo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values:
https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – Zazaki
diq
diq
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-diq
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg
display: none;

values: बोस्टन – Doteli

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-dty
display: none;

values:
https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston – Lingua Franca Nova
lfn
lfn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Boston rootpage-Boston skin-vector action-view