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Tubbataha Reef
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Tubbataha Reef
Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park
Whitetip reef shark at Tubbataha
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Location
Philippines
Coordinates
8°57′12″N 119°52′03″E / 8.9533°N 119.8675°E / 8.9533; 119.8675
Criteria
Natural: (vii), (ix), (x) [1]
Reference
653
Inscription
1993 (17th Session)
Extensions
2009
Ramsar Wetland
Designated
November 12, 1999 [2]
Website
www.tubbatahareef.org
Location of Tubbataha Reef
[edit on Wikidata]
The Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park (Filipino: Bahurang Tubbataha) is a protected area of the Philippines located in the middle of the Sulu Sea. The marine and bird sanctuary consists of two huge atolls (named the North Atoll and South Atoll) and the smaller Jessie Beazley Reef covering a total area of 97,030 hectares (239,800 acres; 374.6 sq mi). It is located 150 kilometres (93 mi) southeast of Puerto Princesa City, the capital of Palawan province.[3] The uninhabited islands and reefs are part of the island municipality of Cagayancillo, Palawan, located roughly 130 kilometres (81 mi) to the northeast of the reef.[3]
In December 1993, the UNESCO declared the Tubbataha Reefs National Park as a World Heritage Site as a unique example of an atoll reef with a very high density of marine species; the North Islet serving as a nesting site for birds and marine turtles. The site is an excellent example of a pristine coral reef with a spectacular 100-m perpendicular wall, extensive lagoons and two coral islands.[4] In 1999, Ramsar listed Tubbataha as one of the Wetlands of International Importance.[5] In 2008, the reef was nominated at the New 7 Wonders of Nature.[6]
The national park and the rest of the Philippine archipelago is part of the Coral Triangle, recognized as a center of marine biodiversity containing 75% of the described coral species and 40% of the world's reef fish.[7] The area is under a grave threat due to overfishing and destructive fishing practices.[8] Research of scientists visiting the reefs since the 1980s revealed that the Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park contains no less than 600 fish species, 360 coral species, 11 shark species, 13 dolphin and whale species, and 100 bird species. The reefs also serve as a nesting ground for Hawksbill and Green sea turtles.
Contents
[hide]
1 Geography
1.1 Jessie Beazley Reef
2 Geology
3 History
3.1 Etymology
3.2 Protection
3.3 Recognition
4 Management
5 Ecology
6 Tourism
7 Ship grounding incidents
7.1 Rainbow Warrior
7.2 USS Guardian
7.3 F/V Min Long Yu
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Geography[edit]
The natural park is located near the middle of Sulu Sea, 150 kilometres (93 mi) southeast of Puerto Princesa City, Palawan covering a total of 97,030 hectares (239,800 acres; 374.6 sq mi).[3]
Jessie Beazley Reef[edit]
The smaller Jessie Beazley Reef is located about 20 kilometres (12 mi) north of the two atolls.
Geology[edit]
The Tubbataha Reef is situated on the Cagayan Ridge, composing of extinct underwater volcanoes. Being a true atoll structure, it is believed that the atolls of Tubbataha were formed thousands of years ago as fringing reefs and volcanic islands. This is based on Charles Darwin's theory that atolls are formed when a volcano erupts and afterwards an island is born. When the volcanoes became extinct and the islands subsided over a long time, only the corals remain, growing towards the sunlight. The very big corals seen today surrounding the lagoons are originally the fringing reefs.[9]
History[edit]
Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park, driftwood, palms, and birds
Etymology[edit]
The word tubbataha is a combination of two Sama-Bajau words: tubba and taha, which together means "a long reef exposed at low tide". Historically, Sama-Bajau peoples, who have a nomadic lifestyle, visit the reef from time to time. Although people from the islands of Cagayancillo are frequent visitors of the reef. They used the native vessel banka to sail and fish on "Gusong", their local name for the Tubbataha.[10]
Protection[edit]
Tubbataha's isolation, located in the middle of the Sulu Sea far from inhabitants of the nearest populated islands, had preserved its marine resources from over-exploitation over the years. The two islets in Tubbataha have no source of freshwater thus preventing habitation.
In the 1980s, fishermen reaching Tubbataha increased in numbers with the advent in motorized bangkas, instead of the traditional sailboats. Fish had declined in other fishing grounds because of overfishing and soon Tubbataha became a fishing destination because of its abundant marine life. Many fishermen used destructive fishing techniques like cyanide and dynamite fishing to maximize their catch.[10]
Scuba divers and environmentalists campaigned to make the reefs a national marine park. With the endorsement of the Provincial Government of Palawan, on August 11, 1988, President Corazon Aquino signed Proclamation no. 306 establishing the two Tubbataha Reefs as a national marine park with an area of 332 square kilometres (82,000 acres). This was the first time that the Philippines have declared a marine area as a national park.[10][11]
In the early years of law enforcement by the Presidential Task Force, the rangers were housed in a simple canvas tent. In 1996 a wooden structure was built but shifting sand soon rendered its foundations unstable. At present, the marine park rangers are housed in a styrofoam-reinforced concrete structure on the Southeast Islet on Tubbatha’s North Atoll.[12]
The National Marine Park was enlarged in 2006 to include the Jessie Beazley Reef. President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo signed Proclamation no. 1126 on August 23, which increased the boundaries of the park by 200% to 970.30 square kilometres (239,770 acres). The national park was also reclassified as a natural park. It is guarded by armed rangers 24 hours/7 days a week.[11][13]
In 2013, during the 25th anniversary of the Tubbataha Reef's national park declaration, the World Wildlife Fund announced plans to construct a modernized ranger station on a different site to effectively monitor and deal with illegal poaching activities. The said project would cost PHP 50 million pesos..
Recognition[edit]
It was declared a World Heritage Site by the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in December 1993 and falls under the protective management of the Department of National Defense (DND) of the Philippines. It is under technical supervision by the Palawan Council for Sustainable Development (PCSD) and the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR).
In 1999, Ramsar listed Tubbataha as one of the Wetlands of International Importance because of the variety of its marine life species and valuable role as a habitat for various animals.[5]
The Tubbataha Reef Natural Park was nominated by New7Wonders Foundation in the New 7 Wonders of Nature in 2007 but lost.[6]
In November 2015, Tubbataha was declared by the ASEAN's Centre for Biodiversity as the 35th ASEAN Heritage Park.[14]
On July 25, 2017, the Tubbataha Reef was designated as a Particularly Sensitive Sea Area (PSSA)—and an “area to be avoided”—by the International Maritime Organization. [15]
Management[edit]
Although the reefs are geographically part of the island municipality of Cagayancillo, Palawan, located roughly 130 kilometres (81 mi) to the northeast of the reef,[3] the park is managed by the Tubbataha Management Office (TMO) in Puerto Princesa. The islands are uninhabited except for the rotating 10 - 12 park rangers at the Ranger's Station located at the southernmost tip of the North Atoll. The combined team from the Philippine Navy, Philippine Coast Guard, Municipality of Cagayancillo and the TMO. Stationed for two months at a time, their job is to protect the park from illegal activities including fishing and collection of other marine life.[16]
Ecology[edit]
Battery of Barracuda taken in Tubbataha
Over 1000 species of marine life inhabit the reef with many considered as endangered. Animal species found include manta rays, lionfish, sea turtles, clownfish, and sharks. Tubbataha has become a popular site for seasoned sport divers because of its coral "walls" where the shallow coral reef abruptly ends giving way to great depths. These "walls" are also habitats for many colonies of fish. Giant trevally (jacks), hammerhead sharks, barracudas, manta rays, palm-sized Moorish idols, napoleon wrasse, parrotfish, and moray eels live in the sanctuary. There also have been reported sightings of whale sharks and tiger sharks. Tubbataha is even home to cetaceans and the hawksbill sea turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata) which are critically endangered species.
Vivid corals cover more than two-thirds of the area and the waters around the reef are places of refuge for numerous marine lives. The seemingly diverse ecosystem of this sanctuary rivals the Great Barrier Reef – having 350 coral species and 500 fish species. In June 2009 an outbreak of the crown-of-thorns starfish was observed, possibly affecting the ecological functioning of this relatively pristine coral reef.[17]
Tourism[edit]
Tubbataha is considered as one of the best dive sites in the world according to CNN Travel[18] Trips to Tubbataha National Marine Park from Puerto Princesa operates during the diving season from mid-March to mid-June, the period where the waves are calmest, skies clear and water visibility of about 30 to 45 metres (98 to 148 ft). The park is about ten hours by boat from the city. All trips are vessel-based or "liveaboard" as there are no accommodation facilities. Visitors stay on the yacht/boat throughout their stay in the park.[19] During the diving season, ships dedicated for diving are usually booked years in advance especially during Easter and the Asian holidays called "Golden Week".[13]
As of March 2011, the park entrance fee for individuals is pegged at USD $75.00 or PHP 3,000.00.[20] In September 2010, Palawan governor Abraham Kahlil Mitra announced that local residents of Palawan province can enter the Tubbataha Reef without paying the conservation fee.[21] It is advised that divers book their trips towards the middle or end of April as calm seas from April to June has a short window.[22]
Tubbataha Reef as it appeared on the 2010 series of the ₱1000 bill
Although the sand bars around Tubbataha are considered off limits to human beings, tourists are allowed to set foot at the Ranger Station where they can purchase souvenirs and tour the facility.
₱1000 bill- The park is featured on the reverse side of the 2010 series of the Philippine one thousand peso bill.
Ship grounding incidents[edit]
Rainbow Warrior[edit]
On October 31, 2005, the Greenpeace ship Rainbow Warrior ran aground on Tubbataha Reef damaging approximately 100 square metres (1,100 sq ft) of reef for which they paid a fine of about $7,000.[23] Greenpeace blamed the accident on inaccurate charts provided by the Philippine government.[24] The BBC quoted Greenpeace official Red Constantino as saying "The chart indicated we were a mile and a half" from the coral reef when the ship ran aground.[24] Greenpeace paid the fine anyhow.[24]
USS Guardian[edit]
See also: USS Guardian grounding
On January 17, 2013, the US Navy minesweeper USS Guardian ran aground at Tubbataha Reef.[25][26] The U.S. Government initially blamed the grounding on faulty maps.[27] Between 2011 and January 2013, before the grounding of the USS Guardian, there were eleven incidents involving ships, including two Philippine ships.[28] The U.S. Navy concluded that towing the ship off the reef would cause more damage and decided to dismantle the ship in place.[27] On March 30, the last section of the ship was removed from the reef.[27] No evidence of fuel leakage from the grounded vessel were found.[29]
On April 8, 2013 the U.S. Navy turned over digital navigation charts and other relevant documents and data of the Guardian to the Philippine Maritime Casualty Investigating Team (MCIT) and responded to various technical and substantive queries.[30] The MCIT conducted its own independent investigation and made recommendations on how to avoid such incidents in the future.[30]
The U.S. Government apologized for the incident and relieved five officers from duty.[31] The initial investigation clearly indicated that these officers did not adhere to standard US Navy navigation procedures.[31]
The World Wide Fund for Nature–Philippines and the Tubbataha Management Office, measured the damage area at 2,345.67 square meters (25,248.6 sq ft).[32] The U.S. Federal Government was assessed a fine of 24,000 Philippine pesos (about US$600) per square meter.[citation needed] On January 20, 2015, the United States Government paid to the Philippine government a total of 87 million Philippine pesos, or US$1.97 million – 59 million Philippine pesos for the damage and another 29 million pesos to reimburse for services provided by the Philippine Coast Guard.[31]
The USS Guardian aground in January 2013
The USS Guardian aground as seen from above.
The ship on March 12, 2013 as it was being salvaged by Jascon25.
F/V Min Long Yu[edit]
On April 8, 2013, the F/V Min Long Yu, a Chinese fishing vessel, ran aground some 1.1 nautical miles (2.0 km; 1.3 mi) nautical miles east of the Tubbataha Reef ranger station. The fishing vessel had 12 crew members and was suspected of illegal fishing. On board, what was found instead were 400 boxes of frozen scaly anteaters (locally called as pangolin), sources unknown at the time of arrest.[33][34]
See also[edit]
List of World Heritage Sites in the Philippines
List of protected areas of the Philippines
List of reefs
ASEAN Heritage Parks
National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/653.
Jump up ^ "Ramsar List". Ramsar.org. Retrieved 13 April 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Location of Tubbataha Reef". Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park. Missing or empty |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "World Heritage List - Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park". UNESCO.
^ Jump up to: a b "Global and Ecological Significance of Tubbataha". Official Website of the Tubbataha Reefs National Park. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Aie Balagtas See (14 August 2008). "4 RP bets in New 7 Wonders of Nature drop in rankings". GMA News. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Coral Triangle". website. The Nature Convservancy. Retrieved 24 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Mnepornuc (2009-08-05). "Saving the Coral Triangle". National Geographic Intelligent Travel. Retrieved on 2013-11-24.
Jump up ^ "Formation of Tubbataha". Official Website of the Tubbataha Reefs National Park. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c "History of Tubbataha". Official Website of the Tubbataha Reefs National Park. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Protected areas in Region IV-B MIMAROPA". Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau. Retrieved on 2013-11-24.
Jump up ^ "Law Enforcement". Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park. Retrieved on 2013-11-24.
^ Jump up to: a b Ma. Ceres P. Doyo (23 January 2013). "Human Face: Finding Nemo in Tubbataha". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
Jump up ^ Tan, Lara (2015-11-05). "Tubbataha Reef officially launched as 35th ASEAN Heritage Park". CNN Philippines. Retrieved 2015-11-06.
Jump up ^ "Tubbataha Reefs protected from international shipping impacts". World Heritage Committee.
Jump up ^ "The Tubbataha Protected Area Management Board". Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park Official Website. Retrieved on 2013-11-24.
Jump up ^ Bos, Arthur (2009). "Crown-of-thorns Outbreak at the Tubbataha Reefs UNESCO World Heritage Site" (PDF). Zoological Studies. 49 (1): 124.
Jump up ^ "Into the deep: World's 50 best dive sites". CNN Travel. 6 April 2012. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "Tourism - Dive Tubbataha". Official website of the Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "Permits & Fees". Official Website of the Tubbataha Reefs National Park. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "Tubbataha National Marine Park offers free entrance fee for Palaweños". Balita.ph. 25 September 2010. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "Tubbataha Reefs - A marine protected area that works - A Case Study on the Philippines" (PDF). WWF Philippines. 2006. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
Jump up ^ The Guardian (AP) (1 November 2005). "Greenpeace admits damaging coral reef". Retrieved 22 January 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c BBC News (1 November 2005). "Greenpeace fined for reef damage". Retrieved 22 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Agence France-Presse (17 January 2013). "US minesweeper stuck on reef off Philippines". ABC News. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Ian Johnston (17 January 2013). "US Navy ship stuck on reef nearly a day after running aground off Philippines". NBC News. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c "US Navy ship removed from Tubbataha Reef". Philippine Daily Inquirer. March 30, 2013. Retrieved 30 March 2013. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
Jump up ^ Esplanada, Jerry E. (March 22, 2013). "US invites PH to Tubbataha probe". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 27 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Agence France-Presse (17 January 2013). "U.S. Minesweeper Runs Aground in Philippines". Defense News. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b SDR/Sunnex (April 8, 2013). "US Navy turns over USS Guardian's data to Manila's probing team". Sun-Star. Retrieved 9 April 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Lee-Brago, Pia (Feb 19, 2015). "US pays P87 M for Tubbataha damage". Philippine Star. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Yap, DJ (April 7, 2013). "‘Not a penny over $1.4M for Tubbataha damage’". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 7 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "AFTER USS GUARDIAN | Chinese vessel runs aground in Tubbataha". InterAksyon. Retrieved 9 April 2013.
Jump up ^ (2013-04-19). "Chinese fishing vessel pulled-out from Tubbataha". Philippine Coast Guard Website. Retrieved on 2013-11-24.
External links[edit]
Tubbataha Reef Marine Park - UNESCO World Heritage Centre
Tubbataha Reefs National Marine Park - The Official Tubbataha Reefs National Marine Park Website
Palawan Council for Sustainable Development
Sulu Sea. Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. P.Saundry & C.J.Cleveland. Washington DC by C.Michael Hogan. 2011.
Tubbataha Reef- Cagayancillo - . Tubbataha Reef is recognised as one of the most remarkable coral reefs on our planet.
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Mederma
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Mederma is a topical product used to improve scar appearance. It is a gel based on an onion extract and produced by Merz Pharmaceuticals[1] of Frankfurt, Germany, although it is not sold in Germany. Mederma's marketing claims it can make scars "softer, smoother, and less noticeable".[2] Generic versions are sold under the name cepalin.
Contents
[hide]
1 Effectiveness
2 Active ingredient
3 Full ingredients
4 Similar product
5 References
Effectiveness[edit]
One 2006 clinical trial found no statistically significant change in hypertrophic scar appearance from products of this type compared to the standard petrolatum emollient,[3] while a 1999 pilot trial found an onion extract gel less effective than the petrolatum.[4]
In contrast, a 54-person trial in 2010, funded by Merz, found that an onion extract cream improved the appearance of stretch marks.[5]
Basic research and animal testing suggest the gel could be effective. A 1996 study into the therapeutic values of onion and garlic found that they may act as an anti-inflammatory and bacteriostatic[6] and in 2002, researchers found that Mederma improved collagen organization after injury in rabbits.[7]
Active ingredient[edit]
Allium cepa, the common onion, is the active content of Mederma.[7] Onions contain a readily available[8] and highly researched bioflavonoid with antihistamine and antiproliferative effects on both normal and malignant cells.
Full ingredients[edit]
Water (purified), PEG-4, Aloe barbadensis leaf juice, Allium cepa (onion) bulb extract, xanthan gum, allantoin, methylparaben, sorbic acid, fragrance.[9]
Similar product[edit]
Merz Pharmaceuticals also produces Contractubex for scars, which also contains onion extract in addition to other ingredients. Contractubex has been found effective in clinical trials for the prevention of hypertrophic scars and keloids in Chinese patients having laser tattoo removal.[10]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ MEDERMA Skin Care for SCARS
Jump up ^ MEDERMA Skin Care for SCARS Learning Center Archived 2008-05-16 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Chung VQ, Kelley L, Marra D, Jiang SB (February 2006). "Onion extract gel versus petrolatum emollient on new surgical scars: prospective double-blinded study". Dermatol Surg. 32 (2): 193–7. doi:10.1111/j.1524-4725.2006.32045.x. PMID 16442038.
Jump up ^ Jackson BA, Shelton AJ (April 1999). "Pilot study evaluating topical onion extract as treatment for postsurgical scars". Dermatol Surg. 25 (4): 267–9. doi:10.1046/j.1524-4725.1999.08240.x. PMID 10417579.
Jump up ^ WebMD. Onion Cream Treats New Stretch Marks.
Jump up ^ K. Augusti, Therapeutic values of onion (Allium cepa L.) and garlic (Allium sativum L.), Indian J Exp Biol 34 (1996), pp. 634–640.
^ Jump up to: a b Saulis, Alexandrina S. M.D.; Mogford, Jon H.; Mustoe, Thomas A. M.D. (2002). "Effect of Mederma on Hypertrophic Scarring in the Rabbit Ear Model". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 110 (1): 177–183. doi:10.1097/00006534-200207000-00029. PMID 12087249.
Jump up ^ quercetin - Google Product Search
Jump up ^ Mederma Gel patient advice, including possible side effects
Jump up ^ Ho WS, Ying SY, Chan PC, Chan HH (July 2006). "Use of onion extract, heparin, allantoin gel in prevention of scarring in chinese patients having laser removal of tattoos: a prospective randomized controlled trial eczema". Dermatol Surg. 32 (7): 891–6. doi:10.1111/j.1524-4725.2006.32192.x. PMID 16875470.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mederma&oldid=822038764"
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Backshore
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The backshore area of a beach extends from the limit of high water foam lines to dunes or extreme inland limit of the beach.[1] It is only affected by waves during exceptional high tides or severe storms.[2]
Sediments in this area are well-sorted and well-rounded. Its grain sizes are mainly coarse sand and medium sand, which are larger than that in littoral barrier dune.The sedimentary structures include parallel bedding and low-angle cross-bedding.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Department of Defense document "Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms".
Jump up ^ Whittow, John (1984). Dictionary of Physical Geography. London: Penguin, 1984, p. 47. ISBN 0-14-051094-X.
This article about geography terminology is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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