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Treaty Clause
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The Treaty Clause is part of Article II, Section 2, Clause 2, of the United States Constitution, that empowers the President of the United States to propose and chiefly negotiate agreements between the United States and other countries, which, upon receiving the advice and consent of a two-thirds supermajority vote of the United States Senate, become treaties under international law.
Contents
[hide]
1 Text
2 One of three types of international accord
3 Repeal
4 Scope of presidential powers
5 See also
6 Further reading
7 References
8 External links
Text[edit]
[The President] shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur...
One of three types of international accord[edit]
The body of law governing U.S. foreign policy recognizes three mechanisms by which the United States enters into binding international obligations. The term "treaty" is used in a more restricted legal sense than in international law. U.S. law distinguishes what it calls treaties from congressional-executive agreements and executive agreements.[1] All three classes are considered treaties under international law; they are distinct only from the perspective of internal United States law. Distinctions among the three concern their method of ratification: by two-thirds of the Senate, by normal legislative process, or by the President alone, respectively. The Treaty Clause empowers the President to make or enter into treaties with the "advice and consent" of two-thirds of the Senate. In contrast, normal legislation becomes law after approval by simple majorities in both the Senate and the House of Representatives and the signature of the President.
Throughout American history, presidents have also made international agreements through congressional-executive agreements, that are ratified with only a majority from both houses of Congress, or executive agreements, made by the President—in the exercise of his Constitutional executive powers—alone.[1] Though the Constitution does not expressly provide for any alternative to the Article II treaty procedure, Article I, Section 10 of the Constitution does distinguish between treaties (which states are forbidden to make) and agreements (which states may make with the consent of Congress).[2] The Supreme Court has considered congressional-executive and executive agreements to be valid, and they have been common throughout American history. Thomas Jefferson explained that the Article II treaty procedure is not necessary when there is no long-term commitment:
It is desirable, in many instances, to exchange mutual advantages by Legislative Acts rather than by treaty: because the former, though understood to be in consideration of each other, and therefore greatly respected, yet when they become too inconvenient, can be dropped at the will of either party: whereas stipulations by treaty are forever irrevocable but by joint consent....[3]
A further distinction embodied in U.S. law is between self-executing treaties, which do not require additional legislative action, and non-self-executing treaties which do require the enactment of new laws.[1][4] These various distinctions of procedure and terminology do not affect the binding status of accords under international law. Nevertheless, they do have major implications under U.S. domestic law. In Missouri v. Holland, the Supreme Court ruled that the power to make treaties under the U.S. Constitution is a power separate from the other enumerated powers of the federal government, and hence the federal government can use treaties to legislate in areas which would otherwise fall within the exclusive authority of the states. By contrast, a congressional-executive agreement can only cover matters which the Constitution explicitly places within the powers of Congress and the President.[1] Likewise, a sole-executive agreement can only cover matters within the President's authority or matters in which Congress has delegated authority to the President.[1] For example, a treaty may prohibit states from imposing capital punishment on foreign nationals, but a congressional-executive agreement or sole-executive agreement cannot.
In general, arms control agreements are often ratified by the treaty mechanism.[5] At the same time, trade agreements (such as the North American Free Trade Agreement and United States accession to the World Trade Organization) are generally voted on as a CEA, and such agreements typically include an explicit right to withdraw after giving sufficient written notice to the other parties.[6] If an international commercial accord contains binding "treaty" commitments, then a two-thirds vote of the Senate may be required.[7]
Between 1946 and 1999, the United States completed nearly 16,000 international agreements. Only 912 of those agreements were treaties, submitted to the Senate for approval as outlined in Article II of the Constitution. Since the Franklin Roosevelt presidency, only 6% of international accords have been completed as Article II treaties.[1] Most of these executive agreements consist of congressional-executive agreements.
Repeal[edit]
American law is that international accords become part of the body of U.S. federal law.[1] Consequently, Congress can modify or repeal treaties by subsequent legislative action, even if this amounts to a violation of the treaty under international law. This was held, for instance, in the Head Money Cases. The most recent changes will be enforced by U.S. courts entirely independent of whether the international community still considers the old treaty obligations binding upon the U.S.[1]
Additionally, an international accord that is inconsistent with the U.S. Constitution is void under domestic U.S. law, the same as any other federal law in conflict with the Constitution. This principle was most clearly established in the case of Reid v. Covert.[8] The Supreme Court could rule an Article II treaty provision to be unconstitutional and void under domestic law, although it has not yet done so.
In Goldwater v. Carter,[9] Congress challenged the constitutionality of then-president Jimmy Carter's unilateral termination of a defense treaty. The case went before the Supreme Court and was never heard; a majority of six Justices ruled that the case should be dismissed without hearing an oral argument, holding that "The issue at hand ... was essentially a political question and could not be reviewed by the court, as Congress had not issued a formal opposition." In his opinion, Justice Brennan dissented, "The issue of decision making authority must be resolved as a matter of constitutional law, not political discretion; accordingly, it falls within the competence of the courts". Presently, there is no official Supreme Court ruling on whether the President has the power to break a treaty without the approval of Congress, and the courts also declined to interfere when President George W. Bush unilaterally withdrew the United States from the ABM Treaty in 2002, six months after giving the required notice of intent.[10]
Scope of presidential powers[edit]
Presidents have regarded the Article II treaty process as necessary where an international accord would bind a future president. For example, Theodore Roosevelt explained:
The Constitution did not explicitly give me power to bring about the necessary agreement with Santo Domingo. But the Constitution did not forbid my doing what I did. I put the agreement into effect, and I continued its execution for two years before the Senate acted; and I would have continued it until the end of my term, if necessary, without any action by Congress. But it was far preferable that there should be action by Congress, so that we might be proceeding under a treaty which was the law of the land and not merely by a direction of the Chief Executive which would lapse when that particular executive left office. I therefore did my best to get the Senate to ratify what I had done.[11]
A sole-executive agreement can only be negotiated and entered into through the president's authority (1) in foreign policy, (2) as commander-in-chief of the armed forces, (3) from a prior act of Congress, or (4) from a prior treaty.[1] Agreements beyond these competencies must have the approval of Congress (for congressional-executive agreements) or the Senate (for treaties).
In 1972, Congress passed legislation requiring the president to notify Congress of any executive agreements that are formed.[12]
Although the nondelegation doctrine prevents Congress from delegating its legislative authority to the executive branch, Congress has allowed the executive to act as Congress's "agent" in trade negotiations, such as by setting tariffs, and, in the case of Trade Promotion Authority, by solely authoring the implementing legislation for trade agreements. The constitutionality of this delegation was upheld by the Supreme Court in Field v. Clark (1892).
See also[edit]
Appointments Clause
Foreign policy of the United States
Jus tractatuum
List of United States treaties
Supremacy Clause
Further reading[edit]
Warren F. Kimball, Alliances, Coalitions, and Ententes - The American alliance system: an unamerican tradition
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Treaties and other International Agreements: the Role of the United States Senate (Congressional Research Service 2001).
Jump up ^ The Supreme Court has ruled that the words "treaty" and "agreement" were technical terms of international diplomacy, when the Constitution was written. See Holmes v. Jennison, 39 U.S. 540 (1840): "A few extracts from an eminent writer on the laws of nations, showing the manner in which these different words have been used, and the different meanings sometimes attached to them, will, perhaps, contribute to explain the reason for using them all in the Constitution....Vattel, page 192, sec. 152, says: 'A treaty, in Latin foedus, is a compact made with a view to the public welfare, by the superior power, either for perpetuity, or for a considerable time.' Section 153. 'The compacts which have temporary matters for their object, are called agreements, conventions, and pacts. They are accomplished by one single act, and not by repeated acts. These compacts are perfected in their execution once for all; treaties receive a successive execution, whose duration equals that of the treaty.' Section 154....After reading these extracts, we can be at no loss to comprehend the intention of the framers of the Constitution in using all these words, 'treaty,' 'compact,' 'agreement.'"
Jump up ^ Jefferson, Thomas. "Report of the Secretary of State to the President" (January 18, 1791) quoted in The Jeffersonian Cyclopedia (1900).
Jump up ^ Medellin v. Texas, 2008
Jump up ^ Charnovitz, Steve. "Analysis of Congressional-Executive Agreements", American Journal of International Law (2004).
Jump up ^ Hyman, Andrew. "The Unconstitutionality of Long-Term Nuclear Pacts that are Rejected by Over One-Third of the Senate", Denver Journal of International Law and Policy (1995).
Jump up ^ Sherman, Roger. “Observations on the Alterations Proposed as Amendments to the New Federal Constitution” (1788) reprinted in Essays on the Constitution of the United States, Published During its Discussion by the People, 1787-1788 (Paul Leicester Ford ed. 1892), page 235: “It is provided by the constitution that no commercial treaty shall be made by the president without the consent of two-thirds of the senators present....” Retrieved 2008-04-12.
Jump up ^ Reid v. Covert, 354 U.S. 1 (1957).
Jump up ^ Goldwater v. Carter, 444 U.S. 996 (1979).
Jump up ^ Ackerman, David. “Withdrawal from the ABM Treaty: Legal Considerations”, CRS Report for Congress (2002-12-31).
Jump up ^ Roosevelt, Theodore. An Autobiography, page 510 (1913).
Jump up ^ 1 U.S.C. 112(b). Via Findlaw. Retrieved 2008-04-12.
External links[edit]
Treaties Pending in the Senate
List of rejected treaties and other info
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Josh Gad
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Josh Gad
Gad at the 41st Annie Awards in 2014
Born
Joshua Ilan Gad
(1981-02-23) February 23, 1981 (age 37)
Hollywood, Florida, U.S.
Alma mater
Carnegie Mellon College of Fine Arts
Occupation
Actor, comedian, singer
Years active
2002–present
Known for
Frozen
The Book of Mormon
Beauty and the Beast
Spouse(s)
Ida Darvish (m. 2008)
Children
2
Joshua Ilan Gad[1] (born February 23, 1981[2]) is an American actor, comedian, and singer. He is known for voicing Olaf in Frozen, playing Elder Arnold Cunningham in the Broadway musical The Book of Mormon, and playing LeFou in the live action adaptation of Disney's Beauty and the Beast.
He has also appeared in ER, The Daily Show, Modern Family, New Girl, Bored to Death, and Numb3rs.
Gad played Skip Gilchrist in the political sitcom 1600 Penn on NBC, and a fictionalized version of himself on FX's The Comedians, alongside Billy Crystal. His other film roles include The Rocker, The Internship, 21, Love & Other Drugs, Frozen, Jobs, Pixels, The Wedding Ringer, The Angry Birds Movie, A Dog's Purpose, Marshall, and Agatha Christie's Murder on the Orient Express. He will star in the upcoming Netflix movie Super-Normal.
Contents
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Personal life
4 Filmography
4.1 Film
4.2 Television
4.3 Video games
4.4 Theater
4.5 Web
5 References
6 External links
Early life[edit]
Joshua Ilan Gad was born in Hollywood, Florida, on February 23, 1981.[2] His mother, Susan,[3] is a real estate agent and his stepfather is an investment advisor, and he has two brothers and a stepsister.[1] He was raised Jewish[4][5] as his father Sam (Shmuel) Gad is a Jewish emigrant from Afghanistan and his mother, who was born in Germany, is of Ashkenazi Jewish descent.[6][7][8][9]
Gad attended University School of Nova Southeastern University, graduating in 1999. While there, he won the National Forensics League (NFL) National Tournament Championships for Original Oratory in 1998, and for Humorous Interpretation and Original Oratory in 1999.[10] He then attended the Carnegie Mellon College of Fine Arts, where he graduated in 2003 with a Bachelor of Fine Arts in drama. During this time, he undertook a semester-long exchange at the National Institute of Dramatic Art.[11]
Career[edit]
Gad portrayed news director Ryan Church on the Fox sitcom Back to You, which lasted one season from 2007 to 2008. Gad appeared as a correspondent on The Daily Show on May 5, 2009, and became a regular correspondent on June 2, 2009.[12] His signature segments include "The War on Christmas", in which he played an oversexed Benjamin Franklin, and "Chubby Chasers", in which he reported on Michelle Obama's efforts to curb childhood obesity.[13]
Gad at the 2010 Streamy Awards
In 2008, he played a supporting role in the film 21, and a leading role in The Rocker. In 2010, he had a role in Love & Other Drugs, and a guest role on the Bored to Death episode "Make it Quick, Fitzgerald!". He was cast in the American version of the British sitcom No Heroics.[14] In the pilot, Gad played 'Horse Force', a former classmate from Superhero College, who can summon horses and works at a bar where the group hangs out. The show was not picked up.[15]
Gad originated the role of Elder Cunningham in the Broadway musical The Book of Mormon. His last performance was June 6, 2012. The show opened at the Eugene O'Neill Theatre on March 24, 2011.[16] Gad was nominated for the 2011 Tony Award for Best Leading Actor in a Musical, along with his co-star Andrew Rannells.[17] Both lost to Norbert Leo Butz in Catch Me If You Can.[18]
In 2011, Gad had a cameo appearance in ABC's hit show, Modern Family, in Season 3's Thanksgiving episode. In 2011, Gad voiced "Mondo" in the MTV animated series Good Vibes. He also made an appearance as Bump in the 2011 comedy road trip film Mardi Gras: Spring Break.[19]
In 2012, he voiced the molehog Louis in Ice Age: Continental Drift. He also played 'Bear Claw' on an episode of New Girl. In 2012, he starred in the independent romantic comedy She Wants Me. In 2013, he appeared as Skip Gilchrist in NBC's 1600 Penn, of which he is also a co-creator and executive producer.[20] Also in 2013, he played Andrew (Headphones) in the film The Internship and starred as Steve Wozniak in the film Jobs. The same year, he voiced 'Olaf' in Frozen, re-collaborating with co-songwriter Robert Lopez from The Book of Mormon. In 2014, Gad co-starred in Zach Braff's film Wish I Was Here, playing the main character's brother.[21]
In 2013, Gad's name was briefly attached to the role of Sam Kinison in a biopic that was then under ongoing consideration.[22][23][24] He wrote an article entitled "Technology pundit (for a day)", which appeared in USA Today on August 12, 2013.[25]
In December 2013, it was announced Gad will star and co-write the film version of Gilligan's Island.[26] In April 2014, it was announced that Gad and Ryan Dixon will be developing a live-action family adventure-comedy for Disney.[27] In 2014, he had a guest voice role on Phineas and Ferb.
In 2015, Gad starred alongside Kevin Hart and Kaley Cuoco in The Wedding Ringer, co-starred with Billy Crystal on the FX comedy series The Comedians, which premiered on April 9,[28] and starred alongside Adam Sandler and Peter Dinklage in Pixels, about video game players who are recruited by the military to fight 1980s-era video game characters who have attacked the earth.[29]
In September 2016, it was announced that Gad will co-write and star in the Amazon limited-series adaptation of the non-fiction book Toy Wars, by G. Wayne Miller, which follows the real-life battle between American toy giants Hasbro, the company behind GI Joe, Transformer and My Little Pony toys, and Barbie-maker Mattel in the 1980s and 1990s.[30]
In 2017, Gad voiced the dog Bailey in A Dog's Purpose,[31] a film billed as "a celebration of the special connection between humans and their dogs."[32] Also that year, he played LeFou in the live-action film remake of Disney's Beauty and the Beast, co-starring with Emma Watson;[33] starred in Reginald Hudlin's biographical drama Marshall, alongside Chadwick Boseman and Beauty and the Beast co-star Dan Stevens; and played Hector MacQueen in a film adaptation of Agatha Christie's detective novel Murder on the Orient Express, directed by and starring Kenneth Branagh, alongside Johnny Depp, Michelle Pfeiffer, Judi Dench, and Daisy Ridley.
In addition, Gad will also be starring with Lupita Nyong'o and Alexander England in Abe Forsythe's Australian zombie romantic-comedy, horror film crossover, entitled Little Monsters.[34]
Personal life[edit]
Gad married actress Ida Darvish in 2008. They have two daughters.[35][36] Gad has stated that he loves the traditional aspects of Judaism and celebrates some traditions of his wife's religion (Catholicism), and considers himself spiritual but not religious.[4]
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2002 Mary and Joe Angel
2007 Watching the Detectives Mark
2008 21 Miles
The Rocker Matt
2009 Crossing Over Howie
The Lost Nomads: Get Lost! Gigi
Miss Piggy
Jose Sanchez
The Clown
Spatula Lover
Big Guy Rodney Short role
2010 Marmaduke Bandana Dog (voice)
Love & Other Drugs Josh Randall
2011 Mardi Gras: Spring Break Bartholomew T. "Bump" Brown
2012 She Wants Me Sam Baum
Ice Age: Continental Drift Louis (voice)
Thanks for Sharing Neil
2013 Jobs Steve Wozniak
The Internship That Headphones Guy
Frozen Olaf (voice) Annie Award for Voice Acting in a Feature Production
2014 Wish I Was Here Noah Bloom
2015 The Wedding Ringer Doug Harris
Frozen Fever Olaf (voice) Short film
Pixels Ludlow Lamonsoff
2016 The Angry Birds Movie Chuck (voice) [37]
2017 A Dog's Purpose Bailey, Buddy, Tino, Ellie, and Waffles (voices)
Beauty and the Beast LeFou
Marshall Sam Friedman
Murder on the Orient Express Hector MacQueen
Olaf's Frozen Adventure Olaf (voice) Short film
2018 Little Monsters[38] Teddy McGiggle Post-production
2019 Artemis Fowl Mulch Diggums Filming
The Angry Birds Movie 2 Chuck (voice) In production
Frozen 2 Olaf (voice) In production
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2005 ER Sgt. Bruce Larabee Episode: "Here and There"
2007–2008 Back to You Ryan Church Main role; 17 episodes
2008 American Dad! Art (voice) Episode: "Pulling Double Booty"
2008–2009 Numb3rs Roy McGill 2 episodes
2009 Waiting to Die Simon Movie
2009 No Heroics Horseforce Movie
2009 Party Down Jeffrey Ells Episode: "California College Conservative Union Caucus"
2009 Woke Up Dead Matt 21 episodes
2009–2011 The Daily Show with Jon Stewart Correspondent
2011 The Cleveland Show Droopy / Pimp (voice) Episode: "Our Gang"
2011 Californication Doctor 2 episodes
2011 Gigi: Almost American Gigi 10 episodes
2011 Modern Family Kenneth Ploufe Episode: "Punkin Chunkin"
2011 Good Vibes Mondo (voice) Main role; 12 episodes
2012–2013 1600 Penn Skip Gilchrist Main role; 13 episodes; also co-creator and executive producer
2012–2015 New Girl Bearclaw Eps. "Katie", "Birthday", "Walk of Shame"
2013 Hollywood Game Night Himself Episode: "America's Got Game Night"
2014 Monsters vs. Aliens Internet (voice) Episode: "Bride of the Internet"
2015 The Comedians Josh Main role
2015 Sesame Street Vincent Van Stop Episode: "Bert's Sign Painting Challenge[39]
2015 The Daily Show with Jon Stewart Himself Episode #2,677; cameo
2015 Phineas and Ferb Wendell (voice) 2 episodes
2015 TripTank Louis (voice) 1 episode
2016 Sofia the First Olaf (voice) Episode: "The Secret Library: Olaf and the Tale of Miss Nettle"
2016 Lip Sync Battle Himself / Donald Trump Episode: "Josh Gad vs. Kaley Cuoco"
2016 Talking Dead Himself Guest
2016 LEGO Frozen Northern Lights Olaf (voice) Special
2017 Star Wars Rebels Controller (voice) Episode: "Double Agent Droid"
2017 South Park Marcus Preston (voice) Episode: "Hummels & Heroin"
Video games[edit]
Year
Title
Role
2012 MIB: Alien Crisis Emilio Chauncey, Handsome Guest, Khnemu
2013 Frozen: Olaf's Quest Olaf
2015 Disney Infinity 3.0[40]
2019 Kingdom Hearts III
Theater[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2005 The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee William Barfée Circle in the Square Theatre
2011 The Book of Mormon Elder Cunningham Eugene O'Neill Theatre
Web[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2013 Kevin Pollak's Chat Show Himself/Guest Podcast
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "PLAYBILL.COM'S CUE & A: Book of Mormon Star Josh Gad". Playbill.
^ Jump up to: a b "Josh Gad biography". Biography.com. Retrieved September 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Twitter". Mobile.twitter.com. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Eric Spitznagel (June 9, 2011). "Josh Gad Has No Formal Musical Training and Five-to-Two Odds That He'll Win the Tony Award for Best Lead Actor in a Musical". Vanity Fair. Retrieved January 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ Ellen Gamerman. "A Missionary From the Borscht Belt". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved April 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Josh Gad Talks "Gigi: Almost American", "The Book Of Mormon", And Physical Comedy". Complex. March 25, 2011. Retrieved February 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Josh Gad combats sadness with laughter". inquirer.net. Retrieved April 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ "To Have and Have Knot: Exploring Family Ties in 'Wish I Was Here'". Jewish Exponent. July 2014. Retrieved April 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Diversions - SD JEWISH JOURNAL". Sdjewishjournal.com. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Nationals History". Speechanddebate.org. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Beauty and the Beast's Josh Gad: controversy over the gay LeFou 'very blown out of proportion'". The Sydney Morning Herald. March 9, 2017. Retrieved March 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ Matt Tobey (May 6, 2009). "Josh Gad on the Daily Show". Comedy Central. Retrieved August 8, 2011.
Jump up ^ Rudolph, Ileane (July 27, 2015). "Alumni Association: A roundup of The Daily Show's coolest Graduates". TV Guide, pp. 21-22.
Jump up ^ "Freddie Prinze Jr. cast in 'No Heroics". The Hollywood Reporter. March 18, 2009. Archived from the original on March 21, 2009. Retrieved August 8, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Scrubs Renewed for Season 9". IGN. May 14, 2009. Retrieved August 8, 2011.
Jump up ^ "About the Show". The Book of Mormon Musical. 2011. Retrieved August 8, 2011.
Jump up ^ BWW Staff writers (May 3, 2011). "2011 Tony Nominations Announced! 'The Book of Mormon' Leads With 14!". Broadway World. Retrieved August 8, 2011.
Jump up ^ Jones, Kenneth "War Horse, Book of Mormon, Anything Goes, Normal Heart Win 2011 Tony Awards" Archived 2011-06-14 at the Wayback Machine. playbill.com, June 12, 2011
Jump up ^ "Mardi Gras: Spring Break (2010/2011)". Covering Media. April 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ Haithman, Diane. "'1600 Penn' To Have Media Figures As Guests, But Not Politicians: TCA". Deadline.com. Retrieved 4 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Josh Gad Joins Zach Braff's 'Wish I Was Here'". variety.com. May 15, 2013. Retrieved August 11, 2013.
Jump up ^ Lesnick, Silas (August 5, 2013). "Josh Gad to Headline Kinison". ComingSoon.net. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ Sneider, Jeff (November 17, 2010). "HBO's Sam Kinison Biopic Now Heading for the Big Screen". TheWrap. Retrieved January 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ Fleming, Michael (November 17, 2008). "'Brother Sam' set for HBO". Variety. Retrieved January 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ Josh Gad's latest role: Technology pundit (for a day), usatoday.com, August 11, 2013; retrieved August 24, 2013.
Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr. "'Gilligan's Island' Movie Relaunch To Star Josh Gad - Deadline". Deadline.
Jump up ^ "Josh Gad Developing Family Comedy-Adventure Film At Disney". Deadline.com. Retrieved April 23, 2014.
Jump up ^ Maane Khatchatourian. "Watch: Billy Crystal and Josh Gad in 'The Comedians' First Trailer". Variety.
Jump up ^ Sneider, Jeff (February 26, 2014). "Adam Sandler to Star in Sony's Big-Budget Video Game Movie 'Pixels'". thewrap.com. Retrieved March 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ "'Toy Wars' Drama From Josh Gad, Josh Schwartz & Seth Gordon Set at Amazon". Retrieved September 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Josh Gad is Reincarnated Over and Over in the A Dog's Purpose Trailer". 2016-08-26. Retrieved 2016-08-26.
Jump up ^ "A Dog's Purpose filmmakers face animal cruelty accusations - BBC News", Bbc.com, 19 January 2017, retrieved 21 January 2017
Jump up ^ Kit, Borys (March 13, 2015). "Josh Gad Joining Disney's Live-Action 'Beauty and the Beast' (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved March 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ Clark, Stewart (2017-10-30). "Lupita Nyong'o, Josh Gad to Star in Zombie Rom-Com 'Little Monsters'". Variety. Retrieved 2017-10-30.
Jump up ^ Ann Oldenburg (February 18, 2014). "Josh Gad welcomes baby girl". USA Today.
Jump up ^ Erin Hill (June 14, 2011). "Bryce Dallas Howard: I've Always Wanted My Dad to Direct Me". Parade.com. Retrieved August 8, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Angry Birds Movie Voice Cast Announced, Includes Game of Thrones and SNL Vets". Yahoo News. October 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ Hipes, Patrick (October 30, 2017). "Lupita Nyong'o & Josh Gad To Star In Zombie Comedy 'Little Monsters'". Deadline.com. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Sesame Street Season 45 Episode 4520 - Bert's Sign Painting Challenge". Muppet Central Forum.
Jump up ^ Avalanche Software. Disney Infinity 3.0. Scene: Closing credits, 5:39 in, Featuring the Voice Talents of.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Josh Gad.
Josh Gad at the Internet Broadway Database
Josh Gad on IMDb
Josh Gad at the TCM Movie Database
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The Hand That Rocks the Cradle (film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Hand That Rocks the Cradle
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Curtis Hanson
Produced by
David Madden
Ferdinand Abardo
Written by
Amanda Silver
Starring
Annabella Sciorra
Rebecca De Mornay
Matt McCoy
Ernie Hudson
Music by
Graeme Revell
Cinematography
Robert Elswit
Edited by
John F. Link
Production
companies
Hollywood Pictures
Interscope Communications
Nomura Babcock & Brown
Distributed by
Buena Vista Pictures
Release date
January 10, 1992 (1992-01-10)
Running time
110 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$11.7 million
Box office
$88 million
The Hand That Rocks the Cradle is a 1992 American psychological thriller film directed by Curtis Hanson, and starring Annabella Sciorra and Rebecca De Mornay. The tale follows a vengeful, psychopathic[1] nanny out to destroy a naive woman and steal her family. The original music score was composed by Graeme Revell.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Filming locations
4 Reception
5 Home media
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
Claire Bartel is happily married and pregnant with her second child. At a routine check-up, she is sexually molested by her new obstetrician, Dr. Victor Mott. Traumatized, she tells her husband Michael, who encourages her to report him to the state medical board. Her initial accusation prompts four more women to come forward with similar accusations, and multiple charges are prepared against Dr. Mott by the district attorney's office. Upon seeing a news report about the charges, Dr. Mott commits suicide to avoid being arrested and tried. Later, Dr. Mott's pregnant widow is told by her lawyers that her husband's assets have been frozen because of the lawsuits and that she will lose her luxurious home. Mrs. Mott goes into early labor after fainting from the stressful news her lawyer gives her, causing her to lose her baby and, after hemorrhaging, is given an emergency hysterectomy. While recovering in the hospital, she sees a news story featuring Claire as the woman who went to the state medical board, leading Mrs. Mott to swear vengeance.
Claire eventually gives birth to a boy named Joey, and, looking for a nanny, hires Mrs. Mott under the alias "Peyton Flanders". Mrs. Mott begins waging a campaign to undermine Claire. She begins frequently breastfeeding Joey in secret, effectively brainwashing him to believe that Mott is his mother (which causes him to reject Claire, as he no longer take Claire's milk) and encourages her daughter Emma to keep secrets from her mother and tries to turn her against Claire. She also secretly destroys Michael's office proposal. Knowing that Claire's close friend Marlene had been Michael's ex-girlfriend before he married Claire, Mrs. Mott also suggests to Michael that he arrange a surprise party for Claire, leading Marlene and Michael to meet in secret. Claire accuses Michael of having an affair with Marlene, only to find the party-goers waiting in the next room.
Solomon, an intellectually disabled handyman who has been assisting the Bartels, discovers Mrs. Mott breastfeeding Joey. Mrs. Mott then plants a pair of Emma's panties in Solomon's toolbox, leading Claire to fire him. Emma tells Claire that Solomon never did anything to her, but Claire refuses to believe Emma, causing her to turn against her mother as Mrs. Mott had planned. Unknown to the family, except for Emma, Solomon begins to keep a watchful eye over them.
Claire begins to doubt "Peyton" and tells Michael so. Mrs. Mott overhears, then sets a trap for Claire in the greenhouse. Meanwhile, Marlene finds out Mrs. Mott's identity; Marlene plans to warn Claire, but Mrs. Mott tricks her into going into the greenhouse, where she is killed by the falling glass. Mrs. Mott, who knows that Claire suffers from asthma, empties all of her inhalers. When Claire finds Marlene's body, she has an asthma attack and is briefly hospitalized. As Michael is distraught over Marlene's death and his wife's condition, Mrs. Mott, wearing a sheer white nightgown, attempts to seduce him; he rejects her advances.
Claire eventually uncovers the truth about Mrs. Mott, confronts her, and reveals the truth about "Peyton" to Michael as Mrs. Mott claims that she and Michael are having an affair. Michael denies this claim and kicks Mrs. Mott out. Claire then tells Michael to call the police as she realizes that Mrs. Mott rigged the greenhouse to kill her and not Marlene. Michael tells Claire to get Emma and Joey so that they can head to a hotel to be safe.
Later, Mrs. Mott breaks into the house and lures Michael down to the basement where she knocks him down the stairs and breaks his legs with a shovel. Mrs. Mott then attempts to take Emma and Joey, but after seeing Mrs. Mott assault her mother, Emma locks Mrs. Mott in the nursery. Mrs. Mott escapes, and hears Joey in the attic. She enters and sees Solomon aiding the children's escape. Claire enters and Mrs. Mott attempts to kill her, but stops after Claire appears to be having another asthma attack, allowing Mrs. Mott to mock her. As Mrs. Mott tries to take Joey, Claire gets back up, having faked her asthma attack, and pushes Mrs. Mott out of the window, impaling her on the picket fence and killing her. Touched at how Solomon risked his life to protect her family, Claire welcomes him back into their lives as they leave the attic while the police and paramedics arrive at the house.
Cast[edit]
Annabella Sciorra as Claire Bartel
Rebecca De Mornay as Mrs. Mott
Matt McCoy as Michael Bartel
Ernie Hudson as Solomon
Julianne Moore as Marlene Craven
Madeline Zima as Emma Bartel
John de Lancie as Dr. Victor Mott
Kevin Skousen as Marty Craven
Filming locations[edit]
Filming locations were Issaquah, Washington; Seattle, Washington (Mott's residence at 2502 37th Ave W in Seattle); and the Bartels' residence at 808 N. Yakima Ave. Tacoma, Washington.[2]
Reception[edit]
The Hand That Rocks the Cradle opened on January 10, 1992, and grossed $7,675,016 in its opening weekend,[3] bringing Hook down to #2 from its four-week stay at #1. The film lasted at #1 for four consecutive weeks, then was upended by Medicine Man, which was also released by Hollywood Pictures. By the end of its run, the film earned a domestic total of $88,036,683.[4][5] It was also placed at #24 in Bravo's special 30 Even Scarier Movie Moments.
The film has received mixed to positive reviews from critics, currently holding a rating of 64% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 47 reviews and a rating of 6.5/10 on IMDb. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A-" on an A+ to F scale.[6]
Gene Siskel stated that he "had trouble accepting the premise of this picture because of the casual way in which the nanny is hired in an early scene by the mother," citing that the premise is unrealistic. However, he gave praise to Julianne Moore's character, saying, "much more believable, is the supporting character of the mother's best friend" and that "the friend is a terrific character, it's too bad she doesn't have more scenes in the picture." He mentioned that his "biggest objection to Hand That Rocks the Cradle is to its scenes with the children in jeopardy or psychic pain." Siskel finally remarked that "there are some fun thrills in The Hand that Rocks the Cradle to be sure, but I found a lot of it distasteful, too." Roger Ebert, however, had a higher opinion of the film, stating that he "found this film worked" and that "It touches on a fear and that's why it appeals to us." Ebert praised De Mornay's performance in the film, saying, "she does, I think, a very good job, a very, very sound job of being the villainess in this film and I think it's an effective performance" and that he found the scenes of the children "very interesting because I saw them as a portrait of the evil of that woman"[7]
Vincent Canby of The New York Times said of the film that "The Hand That Rocks the Cradle" is meant to scare audiences more or less in the way that the patrons of the early nickelodeons were frightened when they saw the image of a train rushing at them. Audiences aren't asked to think, only to react" and that "The Hand That Rocks the Cradle proves again that not thinking isn't especially easy even today. Though Mr. Hanson is a slick movie maker, he is not an especially persuasive one here. Don't be gulled by those who would compare The Hand That Rocks the Cradle to Fatal Attraction, which features three strong characters who, in one way or another, are ready to answer for their actions." He added that "Mr. Hanson creates the occasionally effective shock effect to satisfy those who want to squeal in mock fright. More often the devices he uses are such tired tricks as the crosscutting between two sets of simultaneous, often innocent, actions to create the illusion of suspense that can't be sustained."[8] Rebecca Hawkes of The Daily Telegraph gave the film a rating a 3 stars out of 5 and said that "It’s a tense, viscerally unsettling moment, that helps make the film into something more than just a fun, formulaic thriller",[9] while Sue Heal of The Radio Times rated the film 4 stars out of 5, stated that "This is pure unbridled hokum, of course, but extremely effective until the last 30 minutes, when the plot rapidly self-destructs."[10]
Home media[edit]
The Hand That Rocks the Cradle was released on VHS on July 8, 1992, on DVD on December 8, 1998 and Blu-ray on September 4, 2012. The film was presented in its original widescreen aspect ratio, approximately 1.85.1. The only special feature included on the DVD is the film's original theatrical trailer.
See also[edit]
List of films featuring home invasions
List of films featuring mental disorders
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Leistedt, Samuel J.; Linkowski, Paul (January 2014). "Psychopathy and the Cinema: Fact or Fiction?". Journal of Forensic Sciences. American Academy of Forensic Sciences. 59 (1): 167–174. doi:10.1111/1556-4029.12359. PMID 24329037. Retrieved January 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ Filming locations (IMDb). Retrieved 2013-05-30.
Jump up ^ "Nanny-from-hell Thriller `Cradle` Surpasses `hook`". Chicago Tribune. 1992-01-17. Retrieved 2010-11-18.
Jump up ^ The Hand That smashed the Cradle. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 10 October 2013
Jump up ^ Mathews, Jack (1992-02-03). "COMMENTARY : Why Disney's 'Cradle' Rocked the Nation : Movies: Savvy marketing turns films from the big screen into hot topics for the small screen." The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2010-11-18.
Jump up ^ "CinemaScore". cinemascore.com.
Jump up ^ "Siskel & Ebert Juice The Hand that Rocks the Cradle Freejack 1992". YouTube. August 6, 2015. Retrieved April 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Review/Film; Help Wanted: A Nanny, Duplicity & Malice Req'd". The New York Times. January 10, 1992. Retrieved April 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Hand That Rocks The Cradle, review: 'tense and fun'". The Daily Telegraph. December 30, 2014. Retrieved April 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Hand That Rocks the Cradle". The Radio Times. Retrieved April 7, 2016.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: The Hand That Rocks The Cradle
The Hand That Rocks the Cradle on IMDb
The Hand That Rocks the Cradle at the TCM Movie Database
The Hand That Rocks the Cradle at AllMovie
The Hand That Rocks the Cradle at Box Office Mojo
The Hand That Rocks the Cradle at Rotten Tomatoes
Movie stills
[show]
v
t
e
Films directed by Curtis Hanson
Sweet Kill (1973)
The Little Dragons (1979)
Losin' It (1983)
The Children of Times Square (1986)
The Bedroom Window (1987)
Bad Influence (1990)
The Hand That Rocks the Cradle (1992)
The River Wild (1994)
L.A. Confidential (1997)
Wonder Boys (2000)
8 Mile (2002)
In Her Shoes (2005)
Lucky You (2007)
Too Big to Fail (2011)
Chasing Mavericks (2012)
[show]
v
t
e
Films by Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver
Written and produced
Rise of the Planet of the Apes (2011)
Dawn of the Planet of the Apes (2014)
Written
The Hand That Rocks the Cradle (1992, Silver only)
Eye for an Eye (1996)
The Relic (1997)
Jurassic World (2015)
In the Heart of the Sea (2015)
Avatar 3 (2021)
Produced
Love Shack (2010)
War for the Planet of the Apes (2017)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 214773986
GND: 4688865-2
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Hand_That_Rocks_the_Cradle_(film)&oldid=825294678"
Categories:
1992 films
English-language films
1992 drama films
1990s mystery films
1990s psychological thriller films
American films
American mystery films
American psychological thriller films
American thriller drama films
Films scored by Graeme Revell
Films about narcissism
Films about psychopaths
Films about revenge
Films about stalking
Films directed by Curtis Hanson
Films set in Seattle
Films shot in Washington (state)
Hollywood Pictures films
Home invasions in film
Pregnancy films
Interscope Communications films
Self-harm in fiction
Hidden categories:
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