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Dream of the Rood
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The medieval manuscript of The Dream of the Rood
The Dream of the Rood is one of the Christian poems in the corpus of Old English literature and an example of the genre of dream poetry. Like most Old English poetry, it is written in alliterative verse. Rood is from the Old English word rod 'pole', or more specifically 'crucifix'. Preserved in the 10th-century Vercelli Book, the poem may be as old as the 8th-century Ruthwell Cross, and is considered one of the oldest works of Old English literature.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background information
2 Possible authorship
3 The Poem
4 Structure of the Poem
5 Paganism and Christianity
6 Other Interpretations
7 See also
8 Notes
9 Further reading
10 External links
Background information[edit]
A part of The Dream of the Rood can be found on the 8th century Ruthwell Cross, which was an 18 feet (5.5 m), free standing Anglo-Saxon cross that was perhaps intended as a 'conversion tool'.[1] At each side of the vine-tracery are carved runes. There is an excerpt on the cross that was written in runes along with scenes from the Gospels, lives of saints, images of Jesus healing the blind, the Annunciation, and the story of Egypt, as well as Lating antiphons and decorative scroll-work. Although it was torn down and destroyed during a Protestant revolt, it was reconstructed as much as possible after the fear of iconography passed.[2] Fortunately during that time of religious unrest, those words that were in the runes were still protected in the Vercelli Book, so called because the book is kept in the Italian city of Vercelli. The Vercelli Book, which can be dated to the 10th century, includes twenty-three homilies interspersed with six poems: The Dream of the Rood, Andreas, The Fates of the Apostles, Soul and Body, Elene and a poetic, homiletic fragment.
Possible authorship[edit]
The Ruthwell Cross
The author of Dream of the Rood is unknown, but by knowing the approximate date of the Ruthwell Cross, scholars have been able to suggest possible authors. These include the Anglo-Saxon poets Cædmon and Cynewulf.
Knowledge about Cædmon, who flourished in the middle of the 7th century, comes from Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to Bede, Cædmon was an illiterate herdsman who one night dreamt how to praise God by singing beautiful Christian verses. Cædmon then became the foremost Christian poet, who led the way for others such as Bede and Cynewulf.[3] Old English scholar and noted commentator on the Ruthwell Cross Daniel H. Haigh argues that the inscription of the Ruthwell Cross must be fragments of one of Cædmon's lost poems, stating "On this monument, erected about A.D. 665, we have fragments of a religious poem of very high character, and that there was but one man living in England at that time worthy to be named as a religious poet, and that was Caedmon".[4] Another runic scholar, George Stephens contends that the very language and structure of the verses in Dream of the Rood could only have come from the 7th century and a time before Bede. Considering that the only Christian poet before Bede was Cædmon, Stephens makes the point that there could have been no one else during this time period or living in the same area that could have authored the poem other than Cædmon. Furthermore, Stephens claims that there is a runic inscription on the Ruthwell Cross, that, when translated, comes to mean "Caedmon made me".[5] Despite this evidence most scholars reject the Haigh and Stephens assertion that there is in fact such an inscription.
Cynewulf lived roughly c. 770–840 AD, yet very little is known about his life.[6] The only information scholars have on Cynewulf's life is what they can discover from his poetry. Two of Cynewulf's signed poems were discovered in the Vercelli Book, which includes Cynewulf's holy cross poem "Elene" as well as Dream of the Rood.[7] Where many scholars will argue that all of the poems in the Vercelli are in fact Cynewulf's, the noted German scholar Franz Dietrich demonstrates that the similarities between Cynewulf's "Elene" and The Dream of the Rood reveals that the two must have been authored by the same individual. Dietrich makes four main arguments: one, the theme of both poems is the cross, and more importantly, in both poems, the cross suffers with Christ; two, in "Elene" Cynewulf seems to make clear references to the same cross in Dream of the Rood; three, in "Elene" and his other poems Cynewulf usually speaks of himself, which makes it quite possible that the dreamer in Dream of the Rood is none other than Cynewulf himself; and finally four, "In both poems the author represents himself as old, having lost joys or friends and as ready to depart.[8]
The Poem[edit]
The poem is set up with the narrator having a dream. In this dream or vision he is speaking to the Cross on which Jesus was crucified. The poem itself is divided up into three separate sections: the first part (ll. 1–27), the second part (ll. 28–121) and the third part (ll. 122–156).[9] In section one, the narrator has a vision of the Cross. Initially when the dreamer sees the Cross, he notes how it is covered with gems. He is aware of how wretched he is compared to how glorious the tree is. However, he comes to see that amidst the beautiful stones it is stained with blood.[10] In section two, the Cross shares its account of Jesus' death. The Crucifixion story is told from the perspective of the Cross. It begins with the enemy coming to cut the tree down and carrying it away. The tree learns that it is not to be the bearer of a criminal, but instead Christ crucified. The Lord and the Cross become one, and they stand together as victors, refusing to fall, taking on insurmountable pain for the sake of mankind. It is not just Christ, but the Cross as well that is pierced with nails. Adelhied L. J. Thieme remarks, "The cross itself is portrayed as his lord's retainer whose most outstanding characteristic is that of unwavering loyalty".[11] The Rood and Christ are one in the portrayal of the Passion—they are both pierced with nails, mocked and tortured. Then, just as with Christ, the Cross is resurrected, and adorned with gold and silver.[12] It is honoured above all trees just as Jesus is honoured above all men. The Cross then charges the visionary to share all that he has seen with others. In section three, the author gives his reflections about this vision. The vision ends, and the man is left with his thoughts. He gives praise to God for what he has seen and is filled with hope for eternal life and his desire to once again be near the glorious Cross.[13]
Structure of the Poem[edit]
There are various, alternative readings of the structure of the poem, given the many components of the poem and the lack of clear divisions. Scholars like Faith H. Patten divide the poem into three parts, based on who is speaking: Introductory Section (lines 1-26), Speech of the Cross (lines 28-121), and Closing Section (lines 122-156).[14] Though the most obvious way to divide the poem, this does not take into account thematic unity or differences in tone.[15] Constance B. Hieatt distinguishes between portions of the Cross's speech based on speaker, subject, and verbal parallels, resulting in: Prologue (lines 1-27), Vision I (lines 28-77): history of the Rood, Vision II (lines 78-94): explanation of the Rood’s glory, Vision III (lines 95-121): the Rood’s message to mankind, and Epilogue (lines 122-156).[16] M. I. Del Mastro suggests the image of concentric circles, similar to a chiasmus, repetitive and reflective of the increased importance in the center: the narrator-dreamer’s circle (lines 1-27), the rood’s circle (lines 28-38), Christ’s circle (lines 39-73a), the rood’s circle (lines 73b-121), and the narrator-dreamer’s circle (lines 122-156).[17]
Paganism and Christianity[edit]
Like many poems of the Anglo-Saxon period, The Dream of the Rood exhibits many Christian and pre-Christian images, but in the end is a Christian piece.[18] Examining the poem as a pre-Christian (or pagan) piece is difficult, as the scribes who wrote it down were Christian monks who lived in a time when Christianity was firmly established (at least among the aristocracy) in Anglo-Saxon England.[19] Anglo-Saxon influence can be identified by the use of a complex, echoing structure, allusions, repetition, verbal parallels, the ambiguity and wordplay of the Riddles, and the language of heroic poetry and elegy.[20] Some scholars have argued that there is a prevalence of pagan elements within the poem, claiming that the idea of a talking tree is animistic. The belief in the spiritual nature of natural objects, it has been argued, recognises the tree as an object of worship. In Heathen Gods in Old English Literature, Richard North stresses the importance of the sacrifice of the tree in accordance with pagan virtues. He states that "the image of Christ's death was constructed in this poem with reference to an Anglian ideology on the world tree".[21] North suggests that the author of The Dream of the Rood "uses the language of this myth of Ingui in order to present the Passion to his newly Christianized countrymen as a story from their native tradition".[21] Furthermore, the tree's triumph over death is celebrated by adorning the cross with gold and jewels. Work of the period is notable for its synthetic employment of 'Pagan' and 'Christian' imagery as can be seen on the Franks Casket or the Kirkby Stephen cross shaft which appears to conflate the image of Christ crucified with that of Woden/Odin bound upon the Tree of Life.[22] Others have read the poem's blend of Christian themes with the heroic conventions as an Anglo-Saxon embrace and re-imagining, rather than conquest, of Christianity.[23]
The poem may also be viewed as both Christian and pre-Christian. Bruce Mitchell notes that The Dream of the Rood is "the central literary document for understanding [the] resolution of competing cultures which was the presiding concern of the Christian Anglo-Saxons".[18] Within the single culture of the Anglo-Saxons is the conflicting Germanic heroic tradition and the Christian doctrine of forgiveness and self-sacrifice, the influences of which are readily seen in the poetry of the period. Thus, for instance, in The Dream of the Rood, Christ is presented as a "heroic warrior, eagerly leaping on the Cross to do battle with death; the Cross is a loyal retainer who is painfully and paradoxically forced to participate in his Lord's execution".[24] Christ can also be seen as "an Anglo-Saxon warrior lord, who is served by his thanes, especially on the cross and who rewards them at the feast of glory in Heaven".[25] Thus, the crucifixion of Christ is a victory, because Christ could have fought His enemies, but chose to die. John Canuteson believes that the poem "show[s] Christ's willingness, indeed His eagerness, to embrace His fate, [and] it also reveals the physical details of what happens to a man, rather than a god, on the Cross".[26] This image of Christ as a 'heroic lord' or a 'heroic warrior' is seen frequently in Anglo-Saxon (and Germanic) literature and follows in line with the theme of understanding Christianity through pre-Christian Germanic tradition. In this way, "the poem resolves not only the pagan-Christian tensions within Anglo-Saxon culture but also current doctrinal discussions concerning the nature of Christ, who was both God and man, both human and divine".[27]
Other Interpretations[edit]
J.A. Burrow notes an interesting paradox within the poem in how the Cross is set up to be the way to Salvation: the Cross states that it cannot fall and it must stay strong to fulfill the will of God. However, to fulfill this grace of God, the Cross has to be a critical component in Jesus' death.[28] This puts a whole new light on the actions of Jesus during the Crucifixion. Neither Jesus nor the Cross is given the role of the helpless victim in the poem, but instead both stand firm. The Cross says, Jesus is depicted as the strong conqueror and is made to appear a "heroic German lord, one who dies to save his troops".[29] Instead of accepting crucifixion, he 'embraces' the Cross and takes on all the sins of mankind.
Rebecca Hinton identifies the resemblance of the poem to early medieval Irish sacramental Penance, with the parallels between the concept of sin, the object of confession, and the role of the confessor. She traces the establishment of the practice of Penance in England from Theodore of Tarsus, archbishop of Canterbury from 668 to 690, deriving from the Irish confession philosophy. Within the poem, Hinton reads the dream as a confession of sorts, ending with the narrator invigorated, his "spirit longing to start."[30]
See also[edit]
Anglo-Saxon futhorc
Brussels Cross
Holy rood
Howard Ferguson – composer of a setting of Dream of the Rood
Legend of the Rood
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Schapiro, Meyer (September 1944). "The Religious Meaning of the Ruthwell Cross". The Art Bulletin. 26 (4). JSTOR 3046964.
Jump up ^ O Carragain, Eamonn. Ritual and the Rood: Liturgical Images and the Poems of The Dream of the Rood Tradition. London, University of Toronto Press, 2005, p. 7, 228
Jump up ^ Bede (731). Bede's Ecclesiastical History of England.
Jump up ^ Cook, Albert S., ed. The Dream of the Rood: An Old English Poem Attributed to Cynewulf. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1905. 27 Sep 2007, p. 6
Jump up ^ Cook, Albert S., ed. The Dream of the Rood: An Old English Poem Attributed to Cynewulf. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1905. 27 Sep 2007, p. 7
Jump up ^ Krstovic, Jelena. ed. "The Dream of the Rood: Introduction." Classical and Medieval Literature Criticism. Vol 14. Gale Group, Inc., 1995. enotes.com. 2006. 27 September 2007
Jump up ^ Drabble, Margaret. ed. "The Vercelli Book: Introduction." The Oxford Companion to English Literature. Ed. 5th Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985. 27 Sep 2007, p. 2
Jump up ^ Cook, Albert S., ed. The Dream of the Rood: An Old English Poem Attributed to Cynewulf. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1905. 27 Sep 2007, p. 12-13
Jump up ^ Acevedo Butcher, Carmen, The Dream of the Rood and Its Unique, Penitential Language "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 2012-05-03. . Rome (GA), 2003. p. 2
Jump up ^ Bradley, S.A.J. Anglo-Saxon Poetry. Ed. S.A.J. Bradley. London, Everyman, 1982, p. 160
Jump up ^ Thieme, Adelheid L. J. (1998). "Gift Giving as a Vital Element of Salvation in "The Dream of the Rood"". South Atlantic Review. South Atlantic Modern Language Association. 63 (2): 108–23. doi:10.2307/3201041. ISSN 0277-335X. JSTOR 3201041 – via JSTOR. (Registration required (help)).
Jump up ^ Galloway, Andrew (1994). "Dream-Theory in The Dream of the Rood and The Wanderer". The Review of English Studies. Oxford University Press. 45 (180): 475–85. ISSN 1471-6968. JSTOR 517806 – via JSTOR. (Registration required (help)).
Jump up ^ Lapidge, Michael. The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England. England, 1991.
Jump up ^ Patten, Faith H. (1968). "Structure and Meaning in The Dream of the Rood". XLIX: 385–401. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Shimonaga, Yuki (2010). "The Structure and Thematic Unity of The Dream of the Rood". Multiple Perspectives On English Philology and History of Linguistics: 183–202.
Jump up ^ Hieatt, Constance B. (1971). "Dream Frame and Verbal Echo in The Dream of the Rood". Neuphilologische Mitteilungen. 72: 251–263.
Jump up ^ Del Mastro, M. I. (1976). "The Dream of the Rood and the Militia Christi: Perspectives in Paradox". American Benedictine Review. 27: 170–76.
^ Jump up to: a b Mitchell, Bruce. A Guide to Old English. Sixth Edition. Massachusetts. Blackwell Publishers, 2001, p. 256
Jump up ^ Mitchell, Bruce. A Guide to Old English. Sixth Edition. Massachusetts. Blackwell Publishers, 2001, p. 139-140
Jump up ^ Chaganti, Seeta (January 2010). "Vestigial Signs: Inscription, Performance, and The Dream of the Rood". PMLA. 125: 48–72. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b North, Richard. Heathen Gods in Old English Literature. Cambridge University Press, 1997, p. 273
Jump up ^ Anglo-saxon Art, Leslie Webster, British Museum Press, 2012
Jump up ^ Black, Joseph, ed. (2011). The Broadview Anthology of British Literature (2nd ed.). Peteborough, Ontario: Broadview Press. pp. 58–60. ISBN 978-1-55481-048-2.
Jump up ^ Black, Joseph ed., Supplement to Broadview Anthology of British Literature. Broadview Press, 2007, p. 23
Jump up ^ Dockray-Miller, Mary. "The Feminized Cross of 'The Dream of the Rood.'" Philogical Quarterly, Vol 76. 1997, p. 1, 3
Jump up ^ Canuteson, John. "The Crucifixion and Second Coming of Christ." Modern Philology, Vol. 66, No. 4, May 1969, p. 296
Jump up ^ Mitchell, Bruce. A Guide to Old English. Sixth Edition. Massachusetts. Blackwell Publishers, 2001, p. 257
Jump up ^ Burrow, J.A. "An Approach to The Dream of the Rood." Neophilologus. 43(1959), p. 125.
Jump up ^ Treharne, Elaine. "The Dream of the Rood." Old and Middle English c.890-c.1400: An Anthology. Malden, MA, Blackwell, 2004, p. 108
Jump up ^ Hinton, Rebecca (1996). "The Dream of the Rood". Explicator. 54: 77. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Further reading[edit]
Hunter Blair, Peter (1970). The World of Bede. London: Secker & Warburg. ISBN 0-436-05010-2. Retrieved 27 September 2007.
Swanton, Michael (2004) [1970]. The Dream of the Rood. Exeter: University of Exeter Press. ISBN 0-85989-503-3.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
The Dream of the Rood
Modern English Translation
BBC Tyne – 'Dream of the Rood' vocal piece wins top prize
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The Rhyming Poem
The Panther
The Whale
The Partridge
Soul and Body II
Deor
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Riddles 1-59
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Mercedes-Benz Stadium
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Not to be confused with the Mercedes-Benz Superdome in New Orleans or other stadiums named Mercedes-Benz Arena.
"New Atlanta Stadium" redirects here. For the new Atlanta Braves stadium, see SunTrust Park.
Mercedes-Benz Stadium
Near completion in August 2017
Former names
New Atlanta Stadium (planning/construction)
Address
1 AMB Drive NW
Location
Atlanta, Georgia
Coordinates
33°45′18″N 84°24′04″W / 33.755°N 84.401°W / 33.755; -84.401Coordinates: 33°45′18″N 84°24′04″W / 33.755°N 84.401°W / 33.755; -84.401
Public transit
Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority
Green Line
Blue Line
Vine City
Dome / GWCC / Philips Arena / CNN Center
Owner
Georgia World Congress Center Authority[1]
Operator
AMB Sports and Entertainment Group
Capacity
Football: 71,000
(expandable to 83,000)
Soccer: 42,500
(expandable to at least 71,874)[2][3][4]
Field size
Football: 120 yd × 53.333 yd (109.7 m × 48.8 m)[5]
Soccer: 115 yd × 75 yd (105 m × 69 m)[6]
Surface
FieldTurf Revolution 360[7]
Construction
Broke ground
May 19, 2014[8][9]
Opened
August 26, 2017
Construction cost
$1.6 billion (projected)
Architect
HOK[10]
tvsdesign[11]
Goode Van Slyke[11]
Stanley Beaman & Sears[11]
Project manager
Darden & Company [12]
Structural engineer
BuroHappold Engineering/Hoberman[13]
Services engineer
WSP[13]
General contractor
HHRM JV (Comprising Hunt Construction Group, Holder Construction, H. J. Russell & Co. & C. D. Moody Construction Co.)[11]
Tenants
Atlanta Falcons (NFL) (2017–present)
Atlanta United FC (MLS) (2017–present)
Peach Bowl (NCAA) (2017–present)
Celebration Bowl (NCAA) (2017–present)
Website
MercedesBenzStadium.com
The Mercedes-Benz Stadium[14] is a multi-purpose retractable roof stadium located in Atlanta, Georgia. The home of the Atlanta Falcons of the National Football League (NFL) and Atlanta United FC of Major League Soccer (MLS), it replaced the adjacent Georgia Dome, the Falcons' home stadium for a quarter century, from 1992 through 2016. This stadium holds the record of the world's largest halo board and is one of few stadiums with retractable roofs.
Opened in 2017, the Mercedes-Benz Stadium is owned by the state of Georgia through the Georgia World Congress Center Authority, and operated by AMB Group, the parent organization of the Falcons and Atlanta United. The total cost was estimated at $1.6 billion, as of June 2016.[15] The stadium officially opened on August 26 with a Falcons preseason game against the Arizona Cardinals, despite the retractable roof system being incomplete at the time.[16][17]
Contents
[hide]
1 Proposal timeline
1.1 2010
1.2 2011
1.3 2012
1.4 2013
1.5 2014
1.6 2015
2 Design
2.1 Construction delays
3 Costs and funding
4 Events
4.1 College sports
4.2 Soccer
4.3 Concerts
4.4 Other major events
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Proposal timeline[edit]
2010[edit]
In May 2010, it was reported by multiple news outlets that the Atlanta Falcons were interested in demolishing the Georgia Dome and replacing it with a newly constructed open-air stadium.[18][19][20] The team was pursuing a new stadium because of the team's desire to play outdoors, as well as Falcons team owner Arthur Blank's interest in hosting another Super Bowl.[19] The stadium was also pursued as a possible bid for a venue of an upcoming FIFA World Cup.[21]
2011[edit]
Kansas City-based architectural firm Populous released comprehensive plans for the proposed stadium in February 2011.[22] Populous' early cost estimate for the project was $700 million.[23] According to the master plan, the stadium would have a maximum capacity of 71,000, but can expand to 75,000 for special events such as the Super Bowl. It will also feature multiple club levels, suites and exhibition area.[22]
2012[edit]
In April 2012, Populous released a new price estimate of $947.7 million, which was significantly higher than the previous proposal of $700 million.[24] In April 2012, The Atlanta Journal-Constitution reported that if a deal is reached, the new stadium's construction would be expected to begin in 2014, with the Falcons to begin regular-season play in 2017.[25][26] The proposed location of the new stadium is a large parking lot in Atlanta's Vine City neighborhood, which is less than a mile north of the Georgia Dome's current location.[27] Once construction is complete, the Georgia Dome would subsequently be demolished.[26]
On August 24, The Atlanta Journal-Constitution reported that an official deal could be reached on the construction of a new stadium by the end of 2012.[28] They also reported on September 10 that Atlanta mayor Kasim Reed said site improvements could likely bump the total cost to $1.2 billion; however, that does not increase the actual building cost, which still remains at an estimated $948 million.[29]
On December 10, the Georgia World Congress Center Authority, in a unanimous decision, approved the blueprint and most of the agreement terms for the new stadium plans. According to The Atlanta Journal-Constitution article, the term sheet is non-binding and changes could be made at any time as regards stadium construction. Stadium location, however, is yet to be worked out; proposed locations being reported are within walking distance of the Georgia Dome, with one site located one-half mile north, and the other one block directly south, at the one of the stadium's existing parking lots.[30] The project made national headlines for the first time in 2012 on December 15, with team owner Arthur Blank stating in The New York Times that he would rather a new stadium be constructed than a "remodeling job" of the Georgia Dome.[31]
2013[edit]
During a January 10, 2013 press conference, Atlanta mayor Kasim Reed expressed his optimism and confidence in the construction of the new stadium; he also mentioned the possibility of the new stadium helping the city compete for its first Major League Soccer team.[32]
Aerial photo showing land next to Georgia Dome cleared for construction of the new stadium.
On March 7, 2013, the Atlanta Falcons and the city of Atlanta agreed to build the new downtown stadium. The maximum public contribution for the project is $200 million, coming from the hotel-motel tax in Atlanta and unincorporated Fulton County. The Atlanta City Council officially approved the stadium on March 19, 2013. The council voted, 11–4, in favor of the use of city hotel-motel taxes to pay $200 million toward construction costs and potentially several times that toward costs of financing, maintaining and operating the stadium through 2050.[33] On May 21, 2013, the NFL approved a $200 million loan to the Falcons organization for the purpose of building the stadium.[34]
On June 18, 2013, it was announced that the Falcons have completed a full conceptual design of the proposed new stadium, and that they have secured the initial approval to proceed with the schematic design phase. According to Doug Farrar's Shutdown Corner, "The stadium will seat approximately 70,000 people, with 180 luxury suites and 7,500 club seats." The main agency involved will be 360 Architecture, partnered with three other architectural firms.[35]
2014[edit]
Arthur Blank indicated the groundbreaking of the stadium would be conducted the last week of March 2014.[36][37][38] Just after Martin Luther King, Jr. Drive was closed permanently, the Mount Vernon Baptist Church held its last Sunday service on March 9 before the historic church was demolished. Due to legal issues surrounding the issuing of bonds, the stadium did not break ground in March 2014.[39] Instead the ground was officially broken in a ceremony led by Mayor Kasim Reed on May 19, 2014.[40]
2015[edit]
Play media
Construction site in November, 2015.
In a live broadcast on August 24, 2015, owner Arthur Blank announced that the new title of the stadium would be Mercedes-Benz Stadium. As the New Orleans Saints, the Falcons' archrivals in the NFC South, play in the Mercedes-Benz Superdome, this gave the division two stadiums that were sponsored by the same company. A new logo was also introduced. Steve Cannon, then CEO of Mercedes-Benz USA, also spoke at the event about the company's corporate move from New Jersey to Atlanta. Other speakers included Georgia Governor Nathan Deal and Atlanta Mayor Kasim Reed.
Design[edit]
Atlanta Falcon sculpture outside the stadium
Interior of the stadium in August 2017
Animation of the pinwheel-shaped roof opening
The winning design, submitted by HOK,[41] featured an eight-panel retractable roof that resembled a pinwheel, and a glass wall that would open with the roof to allow in fresh air.[42]
The roof design included eight triangular translucent panels, that when opened would create the illusion of a bird's wings extended. Surrounding the opening of the roof would be a halo video board that would enclose the playing surface, stretching from one of the 10-yard lines to the other and then curving around the end zones to complete the oval.[43] Each of the eight panels operates on two parallel rails; one rail is responsible for moving the panel while the other rail stabilizes the panel.[17]
In January 2015, the Falcons announced the hiring of Daktronics, a South Dakota-based firm, to build the stadium's electronics display. The announced features included a circular 58-by-1,100-foot (18 by 335 m) circular LED board that would ring the opening of the stadium's roof, and would be "three times as large as the current largest single display board in the NFL" installed at EverBank Field in Jacksonville (also built by Daktronics). In addition, the company installed more than 20,000 square feet (1,900 m2) of other LED boards, including field-level advertising boards for soccer games.[44]
The design included a 100-yard bar that would stretch the length of the football field in the upper concourse, along with a fantasy football lounge and premium club seating at field level, behind the teams' benches.[45]
The stadium also incorporated contemporary art into its interior and exterior design, with over 180 specially commissioned works, including pieces by Nari Ward, Hank Willis Thomas, and Steven and William Ladd. The centerpiece of the art collection was to be Gábor Miklós Szőke’s steel sculpture "Rise Up," which the artist claimed would be the largest freestanding bird sculpture in the world. The falcon, perched atop a 13-foot-tall bronze football, is 41 feet high, with a wingspan of 70 feet. The over-73,000-pound artwork, stands in front of the stadium, and as tall as a four-story building. [46]
Architect Bill Johnson said the circular opening in the roof was inspired by the Roman Pantheon ("Pantheon" was also the working name for the building design). The roof was designed to be made of a clear, lightweight polymer material that can adjust its opacity to control light, and much of the exterior will be clear polymer or glass to allow views to the outside. The middle concourse and upper bowl were eliminated in the east end zone to allow for an unobstructed view of the Atlanta skyline.[42]
Atlanta United FC General Manager Jim Smith said the design had "soccer in mind from the very beginning", pointing to the retracting lower bowl seats to widen the field, and mechanized curtains that limit the capacity to about 42,500 and make the stadium feel more intimate.[47]
The stadium features a Chick-fil-A location, a business that famously closes on Sundays, despite its main tenant, the Falcons, playing most of their home games on Sundays. The location opens when the Falcons have a Monday night or Thursday night home game, as well as non-Sunday home games of Atlanta United FC and other events at the stadium. On Sundays, the digital signs will be flipped and concessionaire Levy Restaurants will sell non-branded food and drinks at the location[48]
Construction delays[edit]
The Mercedes-Benz Stadium's projected opening date was delayed three times due to the complexity of the eight-panel retractable roof. The stadium was originally intended to open on March 1, 2017; however, the opening date was later delayed to June 1, 2017, then to July 30, 2017, and then to August 26, 2017. Steve Cannon, CEO of the Atlanta Falcons' parent company AMB Group, stated that the Falcons' preseason schedule and the Chick-fil-a Kickoff Games would not be affected by the new opening date; however, three of Atlanta United's matches would be affected. The July 30 game against Orlando City SC was moved to Atlanta United's interim home of Bobby Dodd Stadium for July 29 while two home matches scheduled in August were moved to later dates. Additionally, the Georgia Dome's demolition was put on hold until the new stadium's certificate of occupancy could be issued.[16] On June 9, 2017, stadium officials announced that they were confident that Mercedes-Benz Stadium would open as scheduled, and demolition of the Georgia Dome had resumed, and the Dome was demolished on November 20, 2017.[49]
On July 25, 2017, stadium officials reported that the roof would be in the closed position during the Falcons' preseason games and the Chick-fil-A Kickoff games while contractors continue to fine tune the roof to allow all eight panels to work in sync. Falcons' President Rich McKay also stated that the roof would remain closed whenever outside temperatures exceed 80 °F (27 °C).[50] On August 16, 2017, WXIA reported that construction of the retractable roof system was intentionally delayed by stadium and construction officials to ensure the roof's long term operability and to ensure that other parts of the stadium would be completed on time.[51]
On September 10, 2017, the Falcons announced that, contrary to earlier plans, the stadium roof would in fact be open during the Falcons home opener on September 17 against the Green Bay Packers if weather permitted.[52] On October 6, 2017, stadium officials announced that the roof would be opened, weather permitting, for Atlanta United's regular season finale against Toronto FC on October 22; stadium officials also stated that the roof would remain closed for the remainder of the Falcons' regular season as well as for any home matches hosted by Atlanta United during the 2017 MLS Cup Playoffs as contractors continue to work on fully mechanizing the roof.[53]
Costs and funding[edit]
In December 2014, the Georgia World Congress Center's board of governors approved a resolution to raise the cost of the stadium to $1.2 billion. The stadium was initially slated to cost $1 billion, then rose to $1.2 billion in October 2013.[54]
The city has agreed to contribute $200 million in stadium bonds, but with additional tax revenues[55] and with the state of Georgia contributing $40 million for parking expansion, public spending is expected to reach near $600 million.[56]
In January 2015, the Falcons announced the sale of personal seat licenses (PSL) costing up to $45,000 per seat, depending on the section of the stadium. The most expensive tickets is priced at $385 per game, in addition to one-time PSL fees, for the first three years.[57]
On August 21, 2015, the Atlanta Journal-Constitution reported that Mercedes-Benz would acquire the naming rights for the stadium, and this was later confirmed by a press conference at the stadium site on August 24. Under the stadium deal with the city of Atlanta and the Georgia World Congress Center Authority, the Falcons organization controls the stadium's naming rights and receives all related revenue. Then-Mercedes-Benz USA CEO Steve Cannon, who would subsequently join the Falcons' organization in 2016 as CEO of AMB Group,[58] stated that the sponsorship would last 27 years, calling it the largest marketing deal in Mercedes-Benz' history, but Cannon would not disclose the full value of the deal. Mercedes-Benz also holds a 10-year naming rights contract for the former Louisiana Superdome signed in 2011.[59]
Events[edit]
College sports[edit]
In April 2014, the Peach Bowl, one of the six rotating semifinal sites for the College Football Playoff, announced it would move to the new stadium from the Georgia Dome beginning with the 2017 season.[60]
On November 15, 2014, the NCAA announced Mercedes-Benz Stadium will hold the men's college basketball Final Four in 2020.[61]
On July 9, 2015, the Chick-fil-A Peach Bowl announced the stadium would host the college football Chick-fil-A Kickoff Game on September 2, 2017, featuring the Alabama Crimson Tide and the Florida State Seminoles.[62] On July 20, 2015, it was announced the stadium would feature a second Chick-fil-A Kickoff Game on September 4, 2017, between the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets and the Tennessee Volunteers.[63]
On September 8, 2015, it was announced that the SEC Championship Game would be held at the stadium beginning in 2017 and remain there until 2027.[64]
On November 4, 2015, it was announced that the 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship would be held at the stadium on January 8, 2018, beating out Houston, Miami Gardens, and Santa Clara.[65]
Soccer[edit]
On October 22, 2017, Atlanta United played an MLS regular season match versus Toronto FC at Mercedes-Benz Stadium in front of 71,874 spectators, beating the record they set for the largest crowd in a stand-alone MLS match in September against Orlando City (which also marked the first time the roof was opened for a soccer game). Atlanta United also set the single-season record for attendance. [66]
On October 23, 2017, MLS announced that the 2018 MLS All-Star Game will take place at Mercedes-Benz Stadium. The date and opponent are to be determined. [67]
Concerts[edit]
The inaugural concert at Mercedes-Benz Stadium, featuring Garth Brooks, received widespread scorn, including demands for refunds, due to the reported abysmal acoustics that many attendees deemed unfit for concert sound. The stadium authority stated that plans are underway to help improve the acoustical quality of the stadium. [68]

Date
Artist
Opening act(s)
Tour / Concert name
Attendance
Revenue
Notes
October 12, 2017 Garth Brooks
Trisha Yearwood N/A The Garth Brooks World Tour with Trisha Yearwood TBA TBA First concert held at the stadium[69]
May 26, 2018 Kenny Chesney Thomas Rhett
Old Dominion
Brandon Lay Trip Around the Sun Tour TBA TBA
August 10, 2018 Taylor Swift TBA Taylor Swift's Reputation Stadium Tour TBA TBA [70]
August 11, 2018
November 10, 2018 Ed Sheeran TBA ÷ Tour TBA TBA [71]
Other major events[edit]
On May 24, 2016, the NFL announced that the stadium would host Super Bowl LIII in 2019.[72]
On March 3, 2018, the stadium will host a round of the AMA Supercross Championship, replacing the Georgia Dome which had been part of the schedule since 1993.
See also[edit]
SunTrust Park
References[edit]
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External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mercedes-Benz Stadium.
Official website
New Stadium Project (NSP)
Master Plan Phase III – New Open Air NFL Stadium
[show]Events and tenants
Preceded by
Georgia Dome Home of the Atlanta Falcons
2017–present Succeeded by
none
Preceded by
Bobby Dodd Stadium Home of Atlanta United FC
2017–present Succeeded by
none
Preceded by
Raymond James Stadium Home of the
College Football Playoff National Championship
2018 Succeeded by
Levi's Stadium
Preceded by
Georgia Dome Home of the Chick-Fil-A Peach Bowl
2017–present Succeeded by
none
Preceded by
Georgia Dome Home of the SEC Championship Game
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none
Preceded by
U.S. Bank Stadium Host of
Super Bowl LIII
2019 Succeeded by
Hard Rock Stadium
Preceded by
U.S. Bank Stadium NCAA Men's Division I
Basketball Tournament
Finals Venue
2020 Succeeded by
Lucas Oil Stadium
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Residential
(former)
Asa G. Candler Jr. (Callanwolde)
Water T. Candler (Lullwater)* Joel Chandler Harris (Wren's Nest)
Alonzo F. Herndon
Edward H. Inman (Swan House)
Martin Luther King, Jr.
Ferdinand McMillan (The Castle)
Margaret Mitchell
Edward C. Peters (Ivy Hall)
Amos Giles Rhodes (Rhodes Hall)
Rufus M. Rose
Craigie House
Skyscrapers
Historic
(pre-WWII)
Candler (1906)
Flatiron (1897)
Healey (1914)
Hurt (1926)
J. Mack Robinson (Empire) (1901)
The Metropolitan (1911)
Rhodes-Haverty (1929)
Southern Bell (1929)
William-Oliver (1930)
Winecoff Hotel (1913)
Downtown
25 Park Place (Trust Company of Georgia)
55 Marietta Street (Fulton National Bank)
191 Peachtree Tower
Centennial Tower
Equitable
Five Points Plaza
Fourth National Bank building
Georgia Power
Georgia-Pacific Tower
Hyatt Regency Atlanta
Marriott Marquis
One Park Tower
Peachtree Center
Peachtree Summit
State of Georgia Building
SunTrust Plaza
TWELVE Centennial Park
Westin Peachtree Plaza Hotel
Midtown
12th & Midtown (1010 Midtown
10 Sixty Five Midtown
1075 Peachtree)
1100 Peachtree
1180 Peachtree
1280 West
AT&T Midtown Center
Atlantic Center Plaza
Atlantic Station (171 17th Street
The Atlantic)
Bank of America Plaza
The Campanile
Coca-Cola
Colony Square
CNN Center
Four Seasons Hotel Atlanta/GLG Grand
Georgian Terrace Hotel
Mayfair Condominiums
One Atlantic Center (IBM Tower)
Promenade II
Spire
ViewPoint
Buckhead
2828 Peachtree
3344 Peachtree
3630 Peachtree
Atlanta Financial Center
Atlanta Plaza
Buckhead Grand
Mandarin Oriental
Paramount at Buckhead
Park Avenue Condominiums
Park Place
The Pinnacle
Realm
Resurgens Plaza
Terminus
Tower Place
Perimeter Center
Concourse Corporate Center V & VI (King & Queen towers)
Park Towers I & II
Three Ravinia Drive
Sports venues
Bobby Dodd Stadium
Georgia State Stadium
GSU Sports Arena
McCamish Pavilion
Mercedes-Benz Stadium
Philips Arena
SunTrust Park
[show]
Former
688 Club
Atlanta Cabana Motel
Atlanta Hotel
Atlanta–Fulton County Stadium
Atlanta (Confederate) Rolling Mill
Atlantic Steel Mill
Centennial Olympic Stadium†
Coca-Cola Olympic City
DeGive's Opera House
Equitable Building (1892)
Fourth National Bank
Georgia Dome
3rd Georgia Governor's Mansion (John H. James mansion)
Henry Grady Hotel
Hotel Aragon
Kimball House
Loew's Grand Theatre
Masonic Temple
National Museum of Patriotism
Omni Coliseum
Paramount Theater
Piedmont Hotel
Ponce de Leon amusement park
Ponce de Leon Park (ballpark)
Ponce de Leon Springs
Republic Block
Rich's
Riverbend Apartments
Roxy Theatre
SciTrek
State Square
Terminal Station
Trout House
Turner Broadcasting tower
Turner Field†
Union Stations: 1853
1871
1930
Post Office and Customs House/City Hall (1911-1930)
Washington Hall
† – Centennial Olympic Stadium was rebuilt in 1997 as Turner Field. In turn, Turner Field was rebuilt as Georgia State Stadium in 2017.
[show]
Planned
Atlanta Multi-Modal Passenger Terminal
Atlanta Symphony Center
[show]
v
t
e
Current NCAA Division I FBS bowl game stadiums
Alamodome (Alamo)
Albertsons Stadium (Famous Idaho Potato)
Aloha Stadium (Hawaii)
Amon G. Carter Stadium (Armed Forces)
Arizona Stadium (Arizona)
AT&T Stadium (Cotton)
Bank of America Stadium (Belk)
Camping World Stadium (Cure, Russell Athletic, Citrus)
Chase Field (Cactus)
Cotton Bowl (Heart of Dallas)
Cramton Bowl (Camellia)
Dreamstyle Stadium (New Mexico)
EverBank Field (TaxSlayer)
FAU Stadium (Boca Raton)
Ford Field (Quick Lane)
Hard Rock Stadium (Orange)
Independence Stadium (Independence)
Ladd–Peebles Stadium (Dollar General, Senior)
Legion Field (Birmingham)
Levi's Stadium (Foster Farms)
Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium (Liberty)
Mercedes-Benz Stadium (Peach)
Mercedes-Benz Superdome (New Orleans, Sugar)
Navy–Marine Corps Memorial Stadium (Military)
Nissan Stadium (Music City)
NRG Stadium (Texas)
Qualcomm Stadium (Holiday)
Raymond James Stadium (Outback)
Rose Bowl (Rose)
Sam Boyd Stadium (Las Vegas)
Sun Bowl (Sun)
Thomas Robinson Stadium (Bahamas)
Toyota Stadium (Frisco}
Tropicana Field (Gasparilla, East–West Shrine)
University of Phoenix Stadium (Fiesta)
Yankee Stadium (Pinstripe)
College Football Playoff games shown in italics
[show]
v
t
e
College Football Playoff
Championships
Overview
College Football Playoff National Championship
Games
2014–15
2015–16
2016–17
2017–18
2018–19
2019–20
Semifinal Bowls
Rose
2014 (Jan 2015)
2017 (Jan 2018)
Sugar
2014 (Jan 2015)
2017 (Jan 2018)
Orange
2015 (Dec 2015)
2018
Cotton
2015 (Dec 2015)
2018
Peach
2016 (Dec 2016)
2019
Fiesta
2016 (Dec 2016)
2019
Other
List of College Football Playoff games
New Year's Six
College Football Playoff National Championship Trophy
NCAA Division I FBS champions
Mythical national championship
Plus-One system
Power Five conferences
Championship games for each season are played in January of the following year
[show]
v
t
e
Current stadiums of the National Football League
American Football
Conference
East
Gillette Stadium
Hard Rock Stadium
MetLife Stadium1
New Era Field
North
FirstEnergy Stadium
Heinz Field
M&T Bank Stadium
Paul Brown Stadium
South
EverBank Field
Lucas Oil Stadium
Nissan Stadium
NRG Stadium
West
Arrowhead Stadium
Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum
Sports Authority Field at Mile High
StubHub Center
National Football
Conference
East
AT&T Stadium
FedExField
Lincoln Financial Field
MetLife Stadium1
North
Ford Field
Lambeau Field
Soldier Field
U.S. Bank Stadium
South
Bank of America Stadium
Mercedes-Benz Stadium
Mercedes-Benz Superdome
Raymond James Stadium
West
CenturyLink Field
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
Levi's Stadium
University of Phoenix Stadium
Hall of Fame Game
Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium
International Series
Wembley Stadium
Twickenham Stadium
Estadio Azteca
1 Both the New York Giants (NFC) and the New York Jets (AFC) share the same venue.
[show]
v
t
e
Indoor stadiums of the National Football League
Current venues
Fixed
Ford Field (Detroit)
Mercedes-Benz Superdome (New Orleans)
U.S. Bank Stadium (Minnesota)
Retractable
AT&T Stadium (Dallas)
Lucas Oil Stadium (Indianapolis)
Mercedes-Benz Stadium (Atlanta)
NRG Stadium (Houston)
University of Phoenix Stadium (Arizona)
Defunct venues
Astrodome (Houston)
The Dome at America's Center (St. Louis)
Georgia Dome (Atlanta)
Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome (Minnesota)
Kingdome (Seattle)
RCA Dome (Indianapolis)
Silverdome (Detroit)
Temporary venues
Alamodome (New Orleans)
Rogers Centre (Buffalo)
Atlanta portal
American football portal
Soccer in the United States portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mercedes-Benz_Stadium&oldid=815591866"
Categories:
Sports venues in Atlanta
Atlanta Falcons stadiums
Mercedes-Benz
National Football League venues
Major League Soccer stadiums
NCAA bowl game venues
Sports venues completed in 2017
Retractable-roof stadiums in the United States
Atlanta United FC
American football venues in Georgia (U.S. state)
Soccer venues in Georgia (U.S. state)
Indoor arenas in Georgia (U.S. state)
2017 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
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text:
Romanian identity card
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Carte de identitate
The model issued starting with 2009, that specifies the Romanian nationality and not the parent's first name
Issued by
Romania
Valid in
Europe (except Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine)[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]
Faroe Islands
French overseas territories
Georgia
Greenland (de facto)
Jordan (on organized tours through Aqaba airport)
Type of document
Identity card,
optional replacement for passport in the listed countries
Purpose
proof of identity
Eligibility requirements
Romanian citizen over 14 years of age (mandatory), Proof of residence
Expiration
4 years
5 years
10 years
50 years
The Identity card (Romanian: Carte de identitate) is the document issued to every Romanian citizen at 14 years of age (it is compulsory at 14). The only exemption are Romanian citizens domiciled abroad. If they establish a temporary residence in Romania, then they may apply for a "Carte de identitate provizorie", which is valid for one year (renewable).
The Identity Card is issued by the Directorate for Persons Record and Databases Management, subordinated to the Romanian Ministry of Administration and Interior.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Information provided
2.1 Series of the ID card
3 CNP
4 Future
5 Citizens who live abroad
6 Travel
7 Gallery
8 See also
9 References
History[edit]
The first identity cards were issued to Romanian citizens as a result of Decree № 947 of 24.03.1921 which approved the Implementing Regulations of the Law nr.812 of 03.19.1915.
These documents were called bulletins registration office population and their contents match the information on your civil status, nickname, home address, occupation and semnalmentele holder (stature, hair, forehead, eyebrows, eyes, nose, mouth, chin, face, complexion special marks).
Although the regulation has established a pattern of ballot enrollment in public office, because they were made for each county, they were different in size, color and sometimes even content.
Since 1949, which marked the establishment registrar in Romania, identity cards had been issued to Romanian citizens were printed in unique throughout the country and called identity (Romanian: identitate).
These included fewer than the previous data about the holder, the holder's photograph and they apply is issued valid for 10 years. In time, identity card content has undergone some changes in that, since 1980 it could be entered two shelf life, by applying a second photo on the first closing date. In this way, Romanian citizen may be the same ID card holder for 20 years. At first, the identity card was made 8 file their number is reduced to 4 in 1990.
Law №105 of 1996 on the population register and ID card, as amended and supplemented, created the legislative framework for a new ID i.e. identity card.
As a result, in June 1997 work began issuing the new format of identity card. The new identity document was designed and released into the computerized system is intended to facilitate a number of advantages for both the state and the citizen. The identity card is the document issued to Romanian citizen and proving identity, home address and, where appropriate, address of residence of the proprietor. This document is issued from the age of 14 years. The structures empowered to issue identity documents are public community services for People subordinated to local and county councils and the General Council of the municipality. And the local councils of Bucharest Municipality sectors.
Information provided[edit]
Series and number of the ID card (changes every time the bearer changes the ID card)
CNP (Romanian: Cod Numeric Personal; English: Personal Numerical Code) the same for every ID card of the individual (see below)
Last name
First name(s)
Sex
Parent's first name(s) (usually, the mother's middle name (if any) is not displayed (but registered into the database), due to lack of space)
(Since 2009 they replaced parent's first names with the citizenship.)
Place of birth
Address
Issuing authority
Validity (issuing date (DD.MM.YY) and expiration date (DD.MM.YYY))
Also it has two rows of optical readable information, like the passports.
Series of the ID card[edit]
The series of the ID card are formed of two letters, representing the abbreviation of the county (but not always) (the abbreviation is sometimes the same as the license plate indicative) or of the county's seat that issued the document.
City
County
ID series
License plate
București - DP, DR, DT,
RD, RR, RT,
RX B
Alba Iulia Alba AX AB
Alexandria Teleorman TR TR
Arad Arad AR AR
Bacău Bacău XC BC
Baia Mare Maramureș MM MM
Bistrița Bistrița-Năsăud XB BN
Botoșani Botoșani XT BT
Brașov Brașov BV, ZV BV
Brăila Brăila XR BR
Buftea Ilfov IF IF
Buzău Buzău XZ BZ
Călărași Călărași KL CL
Cluj-Napoca Cluj KX, CJ CJ
Constanța Constanța KT, KZ CT
Craiova Dolj DX, DZ DJ
Deva Hunedoara HD HD
Drobeta Turnu Severin Mehedinți MH MH
Focșani Vrancea VN VN
Galați Galați GL GL
Giurgiu Giurgiu GG GR
Iași Iași MX IS
Miercurea Ciuc Harghita HR HR
Oradea Bihor XH BH
Piatra Neamț Neamț NT NT
Pitești Argeș AS AG
Ploiești Prahova PH, PX PH
Reșița Caraș-Severin KS CS
Râmnicu Vâlcea Vâlcea VX VL
Satu Mare Satu Mare SM SM
Sfântu Gheorghe Covasna KV CV
Sibiu Sibiu SB SB
Slatina Olt OT OT
Slobozia Ialomița SZ IL
Suceava Suceava SV, XV SV
Timișoara Timiș TM,TZ TM
Târgoviște Dâmbovița DD DB
Târgu Jiu Gorj GZ GJ
Târgu Mureș Mureș MS MS
Tulcea Tulcea TC TL
Vaslui Vaslui VS VS
Zalău Sălaj SX SJ
CNP[edit]
The card contains the individual's Cod Numeric Personal (CNP), or Personal Numeric Code, a unique identifying number.
The CNP consist of 13 digits as follows:
1 digit for sex and century of birth: 1, 3, and 5 = male; 2, 4, and 6 = female. 1 and 2 = 20th century, 3 and 4 = 19th century, and 5 and 6 = 21st century. (For legal residents the numbers 7 and 8 are used to encode the sex of the person having the residence permit);
6 digits for birth date in the format YYMMDD
2 digits for place of birth (the code for the county) (For legal residents the numbers encode the region where the person having the residence permit comes from);
3 other digits
1 control digit
The CNP is unique for each person. It is assigned at birth and never changes except in cases of erroneous attribution, sex change or change of status from legal resident to citizen.
Future[edit]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
This article needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (July 2011)
Romania has decided to introduce the Electronic Identification Cards as of January 1, 2011, however the plan to introduce Identity Cards were delayed by two years. As of July 1, 2010 the pilot program of setting up the electronic system for the issuance of the electronic identity card will be initiated. As part of the normative act the central and local authorities as well as the county decentralized services are required to acquire the necessary equipment and programs for the citizens to be able to use without any restrictions the electronic identity card. The step by step program are as follows:
in the county residence municipalities until December 31, 2012
in the other municipalities and towns until December 31, 2013
in communes until December 31, 2014
Citizens who live abroad[edit]
Romanian citizens living abroad can apply for issuing first ID documents provided by law with diplomatic missions or consular offices in that State. The identity card shall be issued as follows:
a) first identity card is issued to the age of 14;
b) for persons aged 14–18 years the term of validity of the card is 4 years;
c) for persons aged 18–25 years the term of validity of the card is 7 years;
d) the cards issued after the age of 25 years are valid for 10 years.
After age 55 years, the identity card is issued with valid permanent.
Travel[edit]
The Identity card can be used instead of the Passport for travel in a number of countries, see list above to the right.
Gallery[edit]
The Romanian identity card. This is the old model, when the country code was ROM and not ROU as in present.
The Romanian identity card. This is the new model, with the country code ROU.
The model issued starting with 2009, that specifies the Romanian nationality.
See also[edit]
National identity cards in the European Union
Romanian nationality law
Romanian passport
Visa policy of Romania
Visa requirements for Romanian citizens
References[edit]
The National Inspectorate for Person's Identity
The Border Police
Regulations on the electronic identity cards The Government of Romania
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ [2]
Jump up ^ [3]
Jump up ^ [4] EU residents will need only ID to enter Macedonia
Jump up ^ [5]
Jump up ^ http://lex.justice.md/index.php?action=view&view=doc&lang=1&id=359340v (Romanian)
Jump up ^ [6]
Jump up ^ [7]
Jump up ^ [8]
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2 Open border with Schengen Area.
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4 Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe. Has a small part of its territory (3%) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace.
5 Azerbaijan (Nagorno-Karabakh) and Georgia (Abkhazia; South Ossetia) are transcontinental countries. Both have a small part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus.
6 Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country. Has a small part of its territories located west of the Urals in Eastern Europe.
7 Armenia and Cyprus (Northern Cyprus) are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio-political connections with Europe.
8 Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and the Middle East. Has a small part of its territory in the Middle East called Sinai Peninsula.
9 Partially recognized.

Biometric identity cards ( ) are indicated in italics.
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