text:
Day of the Dead
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the Mexican holiday. For other uses, see Day of the Dead (disambiguation).
Day of the Dead
Día de Muertos altar commemorating a deceased man in Milpa Alta, México DF
Observed by
Mexico, and regions with large Hispanic populations
Type
Cultural
Syncretic Christian
Significance
Prayer and remembrance of friends and family members who have died
Celebrations
Creation of altars to remember the dead, traditional dishes for Day of the Dead
Begins
October 31
Ends
November 2
Date
October 31
Next time
31 October 2018 (2018-10-31)
Frequency
Annual
Related to
All Saints' Day
The Day of the Dead (Spanish: Día de Muertos) is a Mexican holiday celebrated throughout Mexico, in particular the Central and South regions, and by people of Mexican ancestry living in other places, especially the United States. It is acknowledged internationally in many other cultures. The multi-day holiday focuses on gatherings of family and friends to pray for and remember friends and family members who have died, and help support their spiritual journey. In 2008, the tradition was inscribed in the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO.[1]
The holiday is sometimes called Día de los Muertos[2][3] in Anglophone countries, a back-translation of its original name, Día de Muertos. It is particularly celebrated in Mexico where the day is a public holiday. Prior to Spanish colonization in the 16th century, the celebration took place at the beginning of summer. Gradually, it was associated with October 31, November 1, and November 2 to coincide with the Western Christianity triduum of Allhallowtide: All Saints' Eve, All Saints' Day, and All Souls' Day.[4][5] Traditions connected with the holiday include building private altars called ofrendas, honoring the deceased using calaveras, aztec marigolds, and the favorite foods and beverages of the departed, and visiting graves with these as gifts.[6] Visitors also leave possessions of the deceased at the graves.
Scholars trace the origins of the modern Mexican holiday to indigenous observances dating back hundreds of years and to an Aztec festival dedicated to the goddess Mictecacihuatl. The holiday has spread throughout the world, being absorbed into other deep traditions in honor of the dead. It has become a national symbol and as such is taught (for educational purposes) in the nation's schools. Many families celebrate a traditional "All Saints' Day" associated with the Catholic Church.
Originally, the Day of the Dead as such was not celebrated in northern Mexico, where it was unknown until the 20th century because its indigenous people had different traditions. The people and the church rejected it as a day related to syncretizing pagan elements with Catholic Christianity. They held the traditional 'All Saints' Day' in the same way as other Christians in the world. There was limited Mesoamerican influence in this region, and relatively few indigenous inhabitants from the regions of Southern Mexico, where the holiday was celebrated. In the early 21st century in northern Mexico, Día de Muertos is observed because the Mexican government made it a national holiday based on educational policies from the 1960s; it has introduced this holiday as a unifying national tradition based on indigenous traditions.[7][8][9]
The Mexican Day of the Dead celebration is similar to other societies' observances of a time to honor the dead. The Spanish tradition, for instance, includes festivals and parades, as well as gatherings of families at cemeteries to pray for their deceased loved ones at the end of the day.[10]
Contents
[hide]
1 Observance in Mexico
1.1 Origins
1.2 Beliefs
1.3 Food
2 Observances outside Mexico
2.1 Americas
2.1.1 Belize
2.1.2 Bolivia
2.1.3 Brazil
2.1.4 Guatemala
2.1.5 Ecuador
2.1.6 Peru
2.1.7 United States
2.1.7.1 California
2.2 Asia
2.2.1 Goa, India
2.2.2 The Philippines
2.3 Europe
2.4 Oceania
3 Similar traditions
4 In popular culture
5 See also
6 References
6.1 Notes
7 Further reading
Observance in Mexico
Origins
Woman lighting copal incense at the cemetery during the "Alumbrada" vigil in San Andrés Mixquic
The Day of the Dead celebrations in Mexico developed from ancient traditions among its pre-Columbian cultures. Rituals celebrating the deaths of ancestors had been observed by these civilizations perhaps for as long as 2,500–3,000 years.[11] The festival that developed into the modern Day of the Dead fell in the ninth month of the Aztec calendar, about the beginning of August, and was celebrated for an entire month. The festivities were dedicated to the goddess[12] known as the "Lady of the Dead", corresponding to the modern La Calavera Catrina.
By the late 20th century in most regions of Mexico, practices had developed to honor dead children and infants on November 1, and to honor deceased adults on November 2. November 1 is generally referred to as Día de los Inocentes ("Day of the Innocents") but also as Día de los Angelitos ("Day of the Little Angels"); November 2 is referred to as Día de los Muertos or Día de los Difuntos ("Day of the Dead").[13]
Beliefs
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Frances Ann Day summarizes the three-day celebration, the Day of the Dead:
“ On October 31, All Hallows Eve, the children make a children's altar to invite the angelitos (spirits of dead children) to come back for a visit. November 1 is All Saints Day, and the adult spirits will come to visit. November 2 is All Souls Day, when families go to the cemetery to decorate the graves and tombs of their relatives. The three-day fiesta is filled with marigolds, the flowers of the dead; muertos (the bread of the dead); sugar skulls; cardboard skeletons; tissue paper decorations; fruit and nuts; incense, and other traditional foods and decorations. ”
— Latina and Latino Voices in Literature[4]
People go to cemeteries to be with the souls of the departed and build private altars containing the favorite foods and beverages, as well as photos and memorabilia, of the departed. The intent is to encourage visits by the souls, so the souls will hear the prayers and the comments of the living directed to them. Celebrations can take a humorous tone, as celebrants remember funny events and anecdotes about the departed.[13]
Mexican cempasúchil (marigold) is the traditional flower used to honor the dead
Cempasúchil, alfeñiques and papel picado used to decorate an altar
Plans for the day are made throughout the year, including gathering the goods to be offered to the dead. During the three-day period families usually clean and decorate graves;[12] most visit the cemeteries where their loved ones are buried and decorate their graves with ofrendas (altars), which often include orange Mexican marigolds (Tagetes erecta) called cempasúchil (originally named cempoaxochitl, Nāhuatl for "twenty flowers"). In modern Mexico the marigold is sometimes called Flor de Muerto (Flower of Dead). These flowers are thought to attract souls of the dead to the offerings.
Toys are brought for dead children (los angelitos, or "the little angels"), and bottles of tequila, mezcal or pulque or jars of atole for adults. Families will also offer trinkets or the deceased's favorite candies on the grave. Some families have ofrendas in homes, usually with foods such as candied pumpkin, pan de muerto ("bread of dead"), and sugar skulls; and beverages such as atole. The ofrendas are left out in the homes as a welcoming gesture for the deceased.[12] Some people believe the spirits of the dead eat the "spiritual essence" of the ofrendas food, so though the celebrators eat the food after the festivities, they believe it lacks nutritional value. Pillows and blankets are left out so the deceased can rest after their long journey. In some parts of Mexico, such as the towns of Mixquic, Pátzcuaro and Janitzio, people spend all night beside the graves of their relatives. In many places, people have picnics at the grave site, as well.
Families tidying and decorating graves at a cemetery in Almoloya del Río in the State of Mexico, 1995
Some families build altars or small shrines in their homes;[12] these sometimes feature a Christian cross, statues or pictures of the Blessed Virgin Mary, pictures of deceased relatives and other people, scores of candles, and an ofrenda. Traditionally, families spend some time around the altar, praying and telling anecdotes about the deceased. In some locations, celebrants wear shells on their clothing, so when they dance, the noise will wake up the dead; some will also dress up as the deceased.
Public schools at all levels build altars with ofrendas, usually omitting the religious symbols. Government offices usually have at least a small altar, as this holiday is seen as important to the Mexican heritage.
Those with a distinctive talent for writing sometimes create short poems, called calaveras (skulls), mocking epitaphs of friends, describing interesting habits and attitudes or funny anecdotes. This custom originated in the 18th or 19th century after a newspaper published a poem narrating a dream of a cemetery in the future, "and all of us were dead", proceeding to read the tombstones. Newspapers dedicate calaveras to public figures, with cartoons of skeletons in the style of the famous calaveras of José Guadalupe Posada, a Mexican illustrator. Theatrical presentations of Don Juan Tenorio by José Zorrilla (1817–1893) are also traditional on this day.
Modern representations of Catrina
José Guadalupe Posada created a famous print of a figure he called La Calavera Catrina ("The Elegant Skull") as a parody of a Mexican upper-class female. Posada's striking image of a costumed female with a skeleton face has become associated with the Day of the Dead, and Catrina figures often are a prominent part of modern Day of the Dead observances.
A common symbol of the holiday is the skull (in Spanish calavera), which celebrants represent in masks, called calacas (colloquial term for skeleton), and foods such as sugar or chocolate skulls, which are inscribed with the name of the recipient on the forehead. Sugar skulls can be given as gifts to both the living and the dead. Other holiday foods include pan de muerto, a sweet egg bread made in various shapes from plain rounds to skulls and rabbits, often decorated with white frosting to look like twisted bones.
The traditions and activities that take place in celebration of the Day of the Dead are not universal, often varying from town to town. For example, in the town of Pátzcuaro on the Lago de Pátzcuaro in Michoacán, the tradition is very different if the deceased is a child rather than an adult. On November 1 of the year after a child's death, the godparents set a table in the parents' home with sweets, fruits, pan de muerto, a cross, a rosary (used to ask the Virgin Mary to pray for them) and candles. This is meant to celebrate the child's life, in respect and appreciation for the parents. There is also dancing with colorful costumes, often with skull-shaped masks and devil masks in the plaza or garden of the town. At midnight on November 2, the people light candles and ride winged boats called mariposas (butterflies) to Janitzio, an island in the middle of the lake where there is a cemetery, to honor and celebrate the lives of the dead there.
In contrast, the town of Ocotepec, north of Cuernavaca in the State of Morelos, opens its doors to visitors in exchange for veladoras (small wax candles) to show respect for the recently deceased. In return the visitors receive tamales and atole. This is done only by the owners of the house where someone in the household has died in the previous year. Many people of the surrounding areas arrive early to eat for free and enjoy the elaborate altars set up to receive the visitors.
In some parts of the country (especially the cities, where in recent years other customs have been displaced) children in costumes roam the streets, knocking on people's doors for a calaverita, a small gift of candies or money; they also ask passersby for it. This relatively recent custom is similar to that of Halloween's trick-or-treating in the United States.
Some people believe possessing Day of the Dead items can bring good luck. Many people get tattoos or have dolls of the dead to carry with them. They also clean their houses and prepare the favorite dishes of their deceased loved ones to place upon their altar or ofrenda.
Food
During Day of the Dead festivities, food is both eaten by living people and given to the spirits of their departed ancestors as ofrendas ("offerings").[14] Tamales are one of the most common dishes prepared for this day for both purposes.[15]
Pan de muerto and calaveras are associated specifically with Day of the Dead. Pan de muerto is a type of sweet roll shaped like a bun, topped with sugar, and often decorated with bone-shaped phalanges pieces.[16] Calaveras, or sugar skulls, display colorful designs to represent the vitality and individual personality of the departed.[15]
In addition to food, drink is also important to the tradition of Day of the Dead. Historically, the main alcoholic drink was pulque while today families will commonly drink the favorite beverage of their deceased ancestors.[15] Other drinks associated with the holiday are atole and champurrado, warm, thick, non-alcoholic masa drinks.
Jamaican iced tea is a popular herbal tea made of the flowers and leaves of the Jamaican hibiscus plant (Hibiscus sabdariffa), known as flor de Jamaica in Mexico. It is served cold and quite sweet with a lot of ice. The ruby-red beverage is called hibiscus tea in English-speaking countries and called agua de Jamaica (water of Jamaica) in Spanish.[17]
Observances outside Mexico
See also: Festival of the Dead
Americas
Belize
In Belize, Day of the Dead is practiced by people of the Yucatec Maya ethnicity. The celebration is known as Hanal Pixan which means "food for the souls" in their language. Altars are constructed and decorated with food, drinks, candies, and candles put on them.
Bolivia
Día de las Ñatitas ("Day of the Skulls") is a festival celebrated in La Paz, Bolivia, on May 5. In pre-Columbian times indigenous Andeans had a tradition of sharing a day with the bones of their ancestors on the third year after burial. Today families keep only the skulls for such rituals. Traditionally, the skulls of family members are kept at home to watch over the family and protect them during the year. On November 9, the family crowns the skulls with fresh flowers, sometimes also dressing them in various garments, and making offerings of cigarettes, coca leaves, alcohol, and various other items in thanks for the year's protection. The skulls are also sometimes taken to the central cemetery in La Paz for a special Mass and blessing.[18][19][20]
Brazil
The Brazilian public holiday of Finados (Day of the Dead) is celebrated on November 2. Similar to other Day of the Dead celebrations, people go to cemeteries and churches with flowers and candles and offer prayers. The celebration is intended as a positive honoring of the dead. Memorializing the dead draws from indigenous, African and European Catholic origins.
Guatemala
Guatemalan celebrations of the Day of the Dead, on November 1, are highlighted by the construction and flying of giant kites[21] in addition to the traditional visits to grave sites of ancestors. A big event also is the consumption of fiambre, which is made only for this day during the year.
Ecuador
In Ecuador the Day of the Dead is observed to some extent by all parts of society, though it is especially important to the indigenous Kichwa peoples, who make up an estimated quarter of the population. Indigena families gather together in the community cemetery with offerings of food for a day-long remembrance of their ancestors and lost loved ones. Ceremonial foods include colada morada, a spiced fruit porridge that derives its deep purple color from the Andean blackberry and purple maize. This is typically consumed with guagua de pan, a bread shaped like a swaddled infant, though variations include many pigs—the latter being traditional to the city of Loja. The bread, which is wheat flour-based today, but was made with masa in the pre-Columbian era, can be made savory with cheese inside or sweet with a filling of guava paste. These traditions have permeated mainstream society, as well, where food establishments add both colada morada and gaugua de pan to their menus for the season. Many non-indigenous Ecuadorians visit the graves of the deceased, cleaning and bringing flowers, or preparing the traditional foods, too.[22]
Peru
Usually people visit the cemetery and bring flowers to decorate the graves of dead relatives. Sometimes people play music at the cemetery.[23]
United States
An ánima for the dead
Women with calaveras makeup celebrating Dia de Muertos in the Mission District of San Francisco, California
In many American communities with Mexican residents, Day of the Dead celebrations are very similar to those held in Mexico. In some of these communities, in states such as Texas,[24] New Mexico,[25] and Arizona,[26] the celebrations tend to be mostly traditional. The All Souls Procession has been an annual Tucson, Arizona event since 1990. The event combines elements of traditional Day of the Dead celebrations with those of pagan harvest festivals. People wearing masks carry signs honoring the dead and an urn in which people can place slips of paper with prayers on them to be burned.[27] Likewise, Old Town San Diego, California annually hosts a traditional two-day celebration culminating in a candlelight procession to the historic El Campo Santo Cemetery.[28]
In Missoula, Montana, celebrants wearing skeleton costumes and walking on stilts, riding novelty bicycles, and traveling on skis parade through town.[29]
The festival also is held annually at historic Forest Hills Cemetery in Boston's Jamaica Plain neighborhood. Sponsored by Forest Hills Educational Trust and the folkloric performance group La Piñata, the Day of the Dead festivities celebrate the cycle of life and death. People bring offerings of flowers, photos, mementos, and food for their departed loved ones, which they place at an elaborately and colorfully decorated altar. A program of traditional music and dance also accompanies the community event.
The Smithsonian Institution, in collaboration with the University of Texas at El Paso and Second Life, have created a Smithsonian Latino Virtual Museum and accompanying multimedia e-book: Día de los Muertos: Day of the Dead. The project's website contains some of the text and images which explain the origins of some of the customary core practices related to the Day of the Dead, such as the background beliefs and the offrenda (the special altar commemorating one's deceased loved one).[30] The Made For iTunes multimedia e-book version provides additional content, such as further details; additional photo galleries; pop-up profiles of influential Latino artists and cultural figures over the decades; and video clips[31] of interviews with artists who make Dia de Muertos-themed artwork, explanations and performances of Aztec and other traditional dances, an animation short that explains the customs to children, virtual poetry readings in English and Spanish.[32][33]
California
Corazon del Pueblo in Fruitvale, Oakland, California, 2016
Santa Ana, California is said to hold the "largest event in Southern California" honoring Día de Muertos, called the annual Noche de Altares, which began in 2002.[34] The celebration of the Day of the Dead in Santa Ana has grown to two large events with the creation of an event held at the Santa Ana Regional Transportation Center for the first time on November 1, 2015.[35]
In other communities, interactions between Mexican traditions and American culture are resulting in celebrations in which Mexican traditions are being extended to make artistic or sometimes political statements. For example, in Los Angeles, California, the Self Help Graphics & Art Mexican-American cultural center presents an annual Day of the Dead celebration that includes both traditional and political elements, such as altars to honor the victims of the Iraq War, highlighting the high casualty rate among Latino soldiers. An updated, intercultural version of the Day of the Dead is also evolving at Hollywood Forever Cemetery.[36] There, in a mixture of Native Californian art, Mexican traditions and Hollywood hip, conventional altars are set up side-by-side with altars to Jayne Mansfield and Johnny Ramone. Colorful native dancers and music intermix with performance artists, while sly pranksters play on traditional themes.
Similar traditional and intercultural updating of Mexican celebrations are held in San Francisco. For example, the Galería de la Raza, SomArts Cultural Center, Mission Cultural Center, de Young Museum and altars at Garfield Square by the Marigold Project.[37] Oakland is home to Corazon Del Pueblo in the Fruitvale district. Corazon Del Pueblo has a shop offering handcrafted Mexican gifts and a museum devoted to Day of the Dead artifacts. Also, the Fruitvale district in Oakland serves as the hub of the Dia de Muertos annual festival which occurs the last weekend of October. Here, a mix of several Mexican traditions come together with traditional Aztec dancers, regional Mexican music, and other Mexican artisans to celebrate the day.[38]
Asia
Goa, India
The Catholic traditions were initiated with the arrival of the Portuguese in 1510. The Almacho Dis (Souls Day) is commemorated on Nov 2, following all Saints Day (Nov. 1). On this day, the forgotten souls are remembered and spiritual charity is done though prayer for the deceased family and ancestral souls. Charity is practiced also by offering food for the poor called beggars lunch (bikareanchem jevonn) where the poor are invited for lunch, from the village and treated with dignity and respect. The invited down trodden are served as guest and usually commences with prayers for the deceased souls. Following mass on all souls day, the deceased visit the graveyard of the deceased souls and pray and also decorate their graves.[39]
The Philippines
While ancestor veneration is an ancient part of Filipino culture, the modern observance is believed to have been imported from Mexico when the islands (as part of the Spanish East Indies) were governed from Mexico City as part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain.[citation needed] During the holiday (observed every November 1), Filipinos customarily visit family tombs and other graves, which they repair and clean. Entire families spend a night or two at their loved ones' tombs, passing time with card games, eating, drinking, singing and dancing. Prayers such as the rosary are often said for the deceased, who are normally offered candles, flowers, food, and even liquor. Some Catholic Chinese Filipino families additionally offer joss sticks to the dead, and observe customs otherwise associated with the Hungry Ghost Festival.
Europe
In Christian Europe, Roman Catholic customs absorbed pagan traditions. All Saints Day and All Souls Day became the autumnal celebration of the dead. Over many centuries, rites which had occurred in cultivated fields, where the souls of the dead were thought to leave after the harvest, to cemeteries.
In many countries with a Roman Catholic heritage, All Saints Day and All Souls Day have evolved traditions in which people take the day off work, go to cemeteries with candles and flowers, and give presents to children, usually sweets and toys.[10][40] In Portugal and Spain ofrendas ("offerings") are made on this day. In Spain, the play Don Juan Tenorio is traditionally performed.[10] In Belgium, France, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain, people bring flowers (typically chrysanthemums in France and northern Europe) to the graves of dead relatives and say prayers over the dead.
In Eastern Europe holiday is called Dziady and also has pagan origins. In Belarus the ancient tradition involved cooking ritual dishes for supper. Part of each dish was put into a separate plate and left overnight for the dead ancestors. Public meetings are often organized on this day to commemorate the victims of Soviet political repressions.
As part of a promotion by the Mexican embassy in Prague, Czech Republic, since the late 20th century, some local citizens join in a Mexican-style Day of the Dead. A theatre group produces events featuring masks, candles, and sugar skulls.[41]
Oceania
Mexican-style Day of the Dead celebrations occur in major cities in Australia, Fiji, and Indonesia. Additionally, prominent celebrations are held in Wellington, New Zealand, complete with altars celebrating the deceased with flowers and gifts.[42]
Similar traditions
Many other cultures around the world have similar traditions of a day set aside to visit the graves of deceased family members. Often included in these traditions are celebrations, food, and beverages, in addition to prayers and remembrances of the departed.
In some African cultures, visits to ancestors' graves, the leaving of food and gifts, and the asking of protection from them serve as important parts of traditional rituals. One such ritual is held just before the start of the hunting season.[43]
The Qingming Festival (simplified Chinese: 清明节; traditional Chinese: 清明節; pinyin: qīng míng jié) is a traditional Chinese festival usually occurring around April 5 of the Gregorian calendar. Along with Double Ninth Festival on the 9th day of the 9th month in the Chinese calendar, it is a time to tend to the graves of departed ones. In addition, in the Chinese tradition, the seventh month in the Chinese calendar is called the Ghost Month (鬼月), in which ghosts and spirits come out from the underworld to visit earth.
The Bon Festival (O-bon (お盆), or only Bon (盆)), is a Japanese Buddhist holiday held in August to honor the spirits of departed ancestors. It is derived in part from the Chinese observance of the Ghost Month, and was affixed to the solar calendar along with other traditional Japanese holidays.
In Korea, Chuseok (추석, 秋夕; also called Hangawi) is a major traditional holiday. People go where the spirits of their ancestors are enshrined, and perform ancestral worship rituals early in the morning. They visit the tombs of immediate ancestors to trim plants, clean the area around the tomb, and offer food, drink, and crops to their ancestors.
During the Nepalese holiday of Gai Jatra ("Cow Pilgrimage"), every family who has lost a member during the previous year creates a tai out of bamboo branches, cloth, and paper decorations, in which are placed portraits of the deceased. As a cow traditionally leads the spirits of the dead into the afterlife, an actual or symbolic cow is used depending on local custom. The festival is also a time to dress up in a costume reminiscent of the western Halloween, with popular subjects including political commentary and satire.[44]
In popular culture
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Disneyland Resorts' annual "Halloween Time" celebrates the art and traditions of Dias de los Muertos located at Frontierland.[45][46][47]
The 1998 Grim Fandango video game features Mexican Day of the Dead iconography with Aztec and Egyptian influences.[48]
The 2014 The Book of Life film follows a bullfighter who, on the Day of the Dead, embarks on an afterlife adventure.[49]
In the 2015 James Bond film, Spectre, the opening sequence featured a Day of the Dead parade in Mexico City. At the time, no such parade took place in Mexico City; one year later, due to the interest in the film and the government desire to promote the pre-Hispanic Mexican culture, the federal and local authorities decided to organize an actual "Día de Muertos" parade through Paseo de la Reforma and Centro Historico on October 29, 2016, which was attended by 250,000 people.[50][51][52]
The 2016 Elena of Avalor season one episode "A Night to Remember" focused on Dias de los Muertos.[53]
The 2017 Pixar film Coco features the Dias de los Muertos holiday as a major element in its plot.[54]
See also
Literary Calaverita
Danse Macabre
Samhain
Skull art
Thursday of the Dead
Veneration of the dead
Walpurgis Night
References
Notes
Jump up ^ "Indigenous festivity dedicated to the dead". UNESCO. Retrieved October 31, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Dia de los Muertos". El Museo del Barrio. Retrieved October 31, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Austin Days of the Dead". Retrieved October 31, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Day, Frances Ann (2003). Latina and Latino Voices in Literature. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 72. ISBN 978-0313323942.
Jump up ^ Lumaban, Weely A. (October–November 2008). "All Soul's Day". The Bread Basket. Vol. V no. 3. Rex Bookstore, Inc. pp. 23–23.
Jump up ^ "Dia de los Muertos". National Geographic Society.
Jump up ^ Lee, Stacy (2002). Mexico and the United States. Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 0761474021.
Jump up ^ Cazares, Eduardo (November 2, 2015). "Día de Muertos en Nuevo León". Diario Cultura. Diario Cultura.mx.
Jump up ^ Mendoza, Gustavo. "Hasta en el velorio, las penas con pan son menos". Milenio.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Dia de Todos los Santos: All Saints' Day in Spain". don Quijote. Ideal Education Group S.L. Retrieved September 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Miller, Carlos (2005). "History: Indigenous people wouldn't let 'Day of the Dead' die". The Arizona Republic. Day of the Dead — Día De Los Muertos. Retrieved November 28, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Salvador, R. J. (2003). John D. Morgan and Pittu Laungani, ed. Death and Bereavement Around the World: Death and Bereavement in the Americas. Death, Value and Meaning Series, Vol. II. Amityville, New York: Baywood Publishing Company. pp. 75–76. ISBN 0-89503-232-5.
^ Jump up to: a b Palfrey, Dale Hoyt (1995). "The Day of the Dead". Día de los Muertos Index. Access Mexico Connect. Retrieved November 28, 2007.
Jump up ^ Turim, Gayle (November 2, 2012). "Day of the Dead Sweets and Treats". History Stories. History Channel. Retrieved July 1, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Godoy, Maria. "Sugar Skulls, Tamales And More: Why Is That Food On The Day Of The Dead Altar?". NPR. Retrieved October 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ Castella, Krystina (October 2010). "Pan de Muerto Recipe". Epicurious. Retrieved July 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Jamaica iced tea". Cooking in Mexico. Archived from the original on November 4, 2011. Retrieved October 23, 2011.
Jump up ^ Guidi, Ruxandra (November 9, 2007). "Las Natitas". BBC. Archived from the original on December 6, 2008.
Jump up ^ Smith, Fiona (November 8, 2005). "Bolivians Honor Skull-Toting Tradition". Associated Press. Retrieved December 30, 2007.
Jump up ^ "All Saints day in Bolivia — "The skull festival"". Bolivia Line (May 2005). Retrieved December 20, 2007.
Jump up ^ Burlingame, Betsy; Wood, Joshua. "Visit to cemetery in Guatemala". Expatexchange.com. Retrieved August 13, 2009.
Jump up ^ Ortiz, Gonzalo (October 30, 2010). "Diversity in Remembering the Dead". InterPress Service News Agency. Archived from the original on November 4, 2010. Retrieved October 30, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Perú: así se vivió Día de todos los santos en cementerios de Lima". Peru. peru.com. January 1, 2016. Retrieved October 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ Wise, Danno. "Port Isabel's Day of the Dead Celebration". Texas Travel. About.com. Retrieved November 28, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Dia de los Muertos". visitalbuquerque.org. Retrieved November 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ Hedding, Judy. "Day of the Dead". Phoenix. About.com. Retrieved November 28, 2007.
Jump up ^ White, Erin (November 5, 2006). "All Souls Procession". Arizona Daily Star. Retrieved November 28, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Old Town San Diego's Dia de los Muertos". Retrieved October 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ Saroff, Steve S. (November 2, 2006). "Missoula Day of the Dead Parade, November 2nd 2006, 6pm. Intersection of Higgins and Broadway". Saroff Photography. Retrieved August 13, 2009.
Jump up ^ Smithsonian Latino Virtual Museum. Día de los Muertos: Day of the Dead (Version 1.2 ed.).
Jump up ^ "Smithsonian Latino Virtual Museum". Ustream.
Jump up ^ Smithsonian Latino Virtual Museum. "Day of the Dead". Theater of the Dead.
Jump up ^ Smithsonian Institution. "Smithsonian-UTEP Día de los Muertos Festival: A 2D and 3D Experience!". Smithsonian Latino Virtual Museum Press Release. Archived from the original on November 6, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Less-scary holiday: Some faith groups offer alternatives to Halloween trick-or-treating". The Orange County Register.
Jump up ^ "Viva la Vida or Noche de Altares? Santa Ana's downtown division fuels dueling Day of the Dead events". The Orange County Register.
Jump up ^ "Making a night of Day of the Dead" Los Angeles Times October 18, 2006. Retrieved November 26, 2006.
Jump up ^ "Dia de los Muertos [Day of the Dead] – San Francisco". Retrieved October 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ Elliott, Vicky (October 27, 2000). "Lively Petaluma festival marks Day of the Dead". The San Francisco Chronicle.
Jump up ^ "Photograph of cemetery decorated with flowers" (GIF), UCAnews, Union of Catholic Asian News (UCAN), November 2011
Jump up ^ "All Saints Day celebrations in Italy". ITALY Magazine. Retrieved October 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ Day of the Dead in Prague, Radio Czech.
Jump up ^ "Day of the Dead in Wellington, New Zealand". Scoop.co.nz. October 27, 2007. Retrieved August 13, 2009.
Jump up ^ Kopytoff, Igor (1971). "Ancestors as Elders". Africa. Cambridge University Press. 41: 129–42. Archived from the original on August 17, 2000.
Jump up ^ Martin, Caroline (September 1, 2006). "A Nepali Day of the Dead: An American citizen reporter visits the Gai Jatra festival". OhmyNews. Retrieved June 11, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Día de los Muertos". Disneyland. Disney. 2017. Retrieved September 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Glover, Erin (October 10, 2012). "Celebrate Día de los Muertos During Halloween Time at Disneyland Park". Disney Parks Blog. Disneyland Resort.
Jump up ^ Glover, Erin (October 29, 2014). "Dia de los Muertos at Disneyland Park". Disney Parks Blog. Disneyland Resort.
Jump up ^ Senior, Tom (January 27, 2015). "Grim Fandango Remastered Review". PC Gamer.
Jump up ^ Amidi, Amid (January 24, 2013). "El Tigre" Creator Jorge Gutierrez Moves Into Features with "Book of Life". Cartoon Brew. Retrieved October 17, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Mexico City stages first Day of the Dead parade". BBC. October 29, 2016. Retrieved November 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Fotogalería: Desfile por Día de Muertos reúne a 250 mil personas". Excélsior (in Spanish). October 29, 2016. Retrieved November 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Galerías Archivo". Televisa News.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (October 19, 2016). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 10.16.2016". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved October 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ Barnes, Brooks (August 15, 2015). "Disney Announces Its Coming Slate of Animated Films at D23 Expo". The New York Times. Retrieved August 15, 2015.
Further reading
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Day of the Dead.
Andrade, Mary J. Day of the Dead A Passion for Life – Día de los Muertos Pasión por la Vida. La Oferta Publishing, 2007. ISBN 978-0-9791624-04
Anguiano, Mariana, et al. Las tradiciones de Día de Muertos en México. Mexico City 1987.
Brandes, Stanley (1997). "Sugar, Colonialism, and Death: On the Origins of Mexico's Day of the Dead". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 39 (2): 270–299. doi:10.1017/S0010417500020624.
Brandes, Stanley (1998). "The Day of the Dead, Halloween, and the Quest for Mexican National Identity". Journal of American Folklore. 442: 359–80. doi:10.2307/541045.
Brandes, Stanley (1998). "Iconography in Mexico's Day of the Dead". Ethnohistory. Duke University Press. 45 (2): 181–218.
Brandes, Stanley (December 15, 2006). Skulls to the Living, Bread to the Dead. Blackwell Publishing. p. 232. ISBN 1-4051-5247-8.
Cadafalch, Antoni. The Day of the Dead. Korero Books, 2011. ISBN 978-1-907621-01-7
Carmichael, Elizabeth; Sayer, Chloe. The Skeleton at the Feast: The Day of the Dead in Mexico. Great Britain: The Bath Press, 1991. ISBN 0-7141-2503-2
Conklin, Paul. "Death Takes a Holiday". U.S. Catholic 66 (2001): 38–41.
Garcia-Rivera, Alex. "Death Takes a Holiday". U.S. Catholic 62 (1997): 50.
Haley, Shawn D.; Fukuda, Curt. Day of the Dead: When Two Worlds Meet in Oaxaca. Berhahn Books, 2004. ISBN 1-84545-083-3
Lane, Sarah and Marilyn Turkovich, Días de los Muertos/Days of the Dead. Chicago 1987.
Lomnitz, Claudio. Death and the Idea of Mexico. Zone Books, 2005. ISBN 1-890951-53-6
Matos Moctezuma, Eduardo, et al. "Miccahuitl: El culto a la muerte," Special issue of Artes de México 145 (1971)
Nutini, Hugo G. Todos Santos in Rural Tlaxcala: A Syncretic, Expressive, and Symbolic Analysis of the Cult of the Dead. Princeton 1988.
Oliver Vega, Beatriz, et al. The Days of the Dead, a Mexican Tradition. Mexico City 1988.
Roy, Ann. "A Crack Between the Worlds". Commonwealth 122 (1995) : 13–16.
[show]
v
t
e
UNESCO Oral and Intangible Heritage: representative list
Africa
Aka music
Chopi timbila
Garifuna culture
Afounkaha Gbofe
Gelede
Gule Wamkulu
Ifá
Ijele Masquerade
Kamablon re-roofing
Kankurang
Manden Charter
Mbende Jerusarema
Sosso Bala
Ugandan barkcloth making
Vimbuza healing dance
Yaaral & Degal
Zafimaniry woodcrafting
Zambian Makishi Festival
Arab States
Ahellil
Al-Sirah Al-Hilaliyyah
Bedu culture at Petra and Wadi Rum
Iraqi maqam
Jemaa el-Fnaa
Palestinian Hikaye
Shashmaqam
Song of Sana'a
Taghribat Bani Hilal
Tan-Tan Moussem
Asia & Pacific
Acupuncture & Moxibustion
Ainu dance
Akiu no Taue Odori
Akyn
Angklung
"Arirang"
Bakhshi music
Batik
Baul
Beijing opera
Boysun District
Bunraku
Cantonese opera
Ca trù
Chakkirako
Cheoyongmu
Chhau dance
Chinese architecture
Chinese block printing
Chinese calligraphy
Chinese paper cutting
Chinese seal engraving
Chinese shadow puppetry
Daemokjang
Daimokutate
Dainichido Bugaku
Darangen Epic
Dragon Boat Festival
Drametse Ngacham
Epic of King Gesar
Gagaku
Gagok
Ganggangsullae
Gangneung Danoje Festival
Gimjang
Gióng Festival
Gong culture
Grand Song
Guqin
Guqin music
Hayachine Kagura
Hitachi Furyumono
Hua'er
Hudhud Chant
Indonesian kris
Jamdani
Jeju Chilmeoridang Yeongdeunggut
Jultagi
Kabuki
Kalbelia
Kashan rug
Katta Ashula
Khoomei
Koshikijima no Toshidon
Kumiodori
Kunqu
Kutiyattam
Ladakh chant
Lakalaka
Lenj boats
Lhamo
Longquan celadon
Mak yong
Mangal Shobhajatra
Mazu belief
Meshrep
Mibu no Hana Taue
Morin khuur
Mosie ramie
Mudiyett
Muqam
Naadam
Namsadang Nori
Nanyin
Naqqāli
Nhã nhạc
Noh
Oku-noto no Aenokoto
Pahlevani and zoorkhaneh rituals
Pansori
Pungmul
Quan họ
Radif
Ramlila
Ramman
Royal Ballet of Cambodia
Regong arts
Royal Ancestral Ritual
Sada Shin Noh
Saman dance
Sand drawing
Sbek Toch
Sekishu-Banshi
Shiraz rug
Taekkyeon
Ta'zīye
Urtiin Duu
Vedic chanting
Wayang
Xi'an ensemble
Xuan paper
Yamahoko
Yeongsanjae
Yūki-tsumugi
Yunjin
Europe
& N. America
Albanian iso-polyphony
Ashik
Ashiqs of Azerbaijan
Aubusson tapestry
Azerbaijani rug
weaving
Azerbaijani tar
Baltic song and dance celebrations
Bećarac
Busójárás
Căluş
Cante Alentejano
Cantu a tenore
Carnival of Aalst
Carnival of Binche
Castell
Chovgan
Christmas Tsars
Council of Wise Men of the plain of Murcia & Water Tribunal of the plain of Valencia
Copper craftsmanship of Lahij
Cremona violins
Croatian lacemaking
Daina
Daredevils of Sassoun
Doina
Duduk
Fado
Falconry
Falles of the Pyrenees
Festivity of 'la Mare de Déu de la Salut' of Algemesí
Festivity of Saint Blaise
Flamenco
French timber framing scribing
Fujara
Georgian vocal polyphony
Horezu ceramics
Houtem Jaarmarkt
Hrvatsko Zagorje toys
Istrian scale
Jem
Karagöz and Hacivat
Kelaghayi
Keşkek
Khachkar
Kihnu culture
Kırkpınar
Klapa
Kryždirbystė
Kvevri wine
La Patum
Lefkaritika
Licitar
Ljelje/Kraljice
Makishi Festival
Maldovan Christmas Carols
Maloya
Manas
Meddah
Mediterranean diet
Mesir Macunu
Mugham
Mystery Play of Elche
Nestinarstvo
Nijemo Kolo
Nowruz
Azerbaijani
Indian
Iranian
Turkish
Ojkanje
Olonkho
Opera dei Pupi
Petrykivka decorative painting
Procession of the Holy Blood
Sama
Semeiskie culture
Seto Leelo
Silbo Gomero
Sinjska alka
Slovácko Verbuňk
Turkish Sohbet
The Song of the Sibyl
Suiti culture
Sutartinės
Táncház
Turkish coffee
Viennese cafes
Wajãpi culture
Za križen
Zvončari
Caribbean
& Latin America
Carnaval de Barranquilla
Brotherhood of the Holy Spirit of the Congos of Villa Mella
Candombe
Carnaval de Negros y Blancos
Carnaval de Oruro
Círio de Nazaré
Cocolo
Costa Rican oxherding
Dancing Devils of Yare
Danza de los Voladores
Danza de tijeras
Frevo
Garifuna culture
Gióng Festival
Harakmbut
Huaconada
Indigenous Day of the Dead
Kallawaya culture
Mexican cuisine
Moore Town's Maroon Heritage
Palenque de San Basilio
Panama hat
Parachico
Peña de Bernal
Pirekua
Popayán Holy Week processions
Pütchipü'ü
Quyllur Rit'i
Rabinal Achí
Samba de Roda
South Pacific Colombian marimba
Tango
Taquile textiles
La Tumba Francesa
Vallenato
Wajãpi culture
Yaokwa
Záparo culture
[show]
v
t
e
Ghosts
List of ghosts
Manifestations
Haunted locations
Haunted highways
Haunted house
Haunted trains
Haunted ships
Hungry ghost
Phantom vehicle
Poltergeist
Residual haunting
Vengeful ghost
By continent
and culture
African
South Africa
Asian
South Asian
Bengali
Burmese
Chinese
locations
Ghost Festival
Filipino
locations
India
Japanese
Onryō
Korean
Malay
Thai
locations
Tibetan
Vietnamese
Europe
France
Slavic religion
Romania
United Kingdom
Scotland
North America
Canada
Caribbean
Navajo
Ghost sickness
Ghost Dance
Mexican
locations
Day of the Dead
United States
District of Columbia
South America
Colombia
Oceania
Maori
Polynesian
History
Mesopotamian
Ancient Egyptian culture
Classical Antiquity
Ghosts in English-speaking cultures
Ghosts in Spanish-speaking cultures
Parapsychology
Apparitional experience
Electronic voice phenomenon
kaidan
Ghost hunting
Séance
Mediumship
Spirit photography
Popular culture
Films about ghosts
India
Stories about ghosts
Halloween
Samhain
Paranormal television
Court cases
Booty v Barnaby
Related
Fear of ghosts
Spectrophilia
Spiritualism
Spiritism
The Ghost Club
Category
[hide]
v
t
e
Halloween
Main topics
History
Samhain • Allhallowtide
Symbols
Activities
Trick-or-treating
Geography
Christian observances
Traditions
Abstinence from meat
Apple bobbing
Cards
Costumes
Food
Ghost tours
Jack-o'-lantern
Lighting candles on graves
Prayer for the dead
Soul cake
Events
Bonfire
Great Pumpkin
Haunted attraction
Pumpkin queen
Media
Television
Films
Books
Music
Albums
Songs
Related
events
Festival of the Dead
Bon Festival
Chuseok
Día de Muertos
Gai Jatra
Pitri Paksha
Qingming Festival
Totensonntag
Zhōng yuán jié
Veneration of the dead
Death anniversary
Death customs
Kaddish
Yizkor
Other events
Allantide
Beggars Night
Devil's Night
Eid il-Burbara
Hop-tu-Naa
Korochun
Krampus
Mischief Night
Namahage
Old Halloween
Saci day
Superstition
Walpurgis Night
Will-o'-the-wisp
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Day_of_the_Dead&oldid=818684922"
Categories:
Day of the Dead
Folk festivals in Mexico
Religious holidays
Mexican culture
Mexican-American culture
Latin American culture
Latin American folklore
November observances
Mexican folklore
Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity
Halloween
October observances
Observances honoring the dead
Religious festivals in Mexico
Parades in Mexico
Festivals in El Salvador
Allhallowtide
Autumn events in Mexico
Hidden categories:
CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)
Use mdy dates from November 2017
Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages
Infobox holiday fixed day
Articles containing Spanish-language text
Articles needing additional references from October 2017
All articles needing additional references
Articles with attributed pull quotes
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013
Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text
Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text
Articles containing Japanese-language text
Articles needing additional references from November 2016
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
View source
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikivoyage
Languages
العربية
Azərbaycanca
Беларуская
Български
Català
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Galego
한국어
Հայերեն
Italiano
עברית
Basa Jawa
ქართული
Ladino
Latina
Lumbaart
Bahasa Melayu
Nāhuatl
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
Polski
Português
Русский
Simple English
Suomi
Svenska
தமிழ்
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 5 January 2018, at 00:06.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href title

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Day_of_the_Dead_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Day of the Dead (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: th

value: tr

attrs: href class

values:
/wiki/M%C3%A9xico_DF
mw-redirect
México DF

value: td

attrs: colspan style

values:
/wiki/Mexican_people
mw-redirect
Mexican people

values:
/wiki/All_Saints%27_Eve
mw-redirect
All Saints' Eve

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Ancestor_worship
mw-redirect
Ancestor worship

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values: width: 20px; vertical-align: top; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: left; padding: 10px 10px;

values: vertical-align: top; border: none; padding: 4px 10px;

values: width: 20px; vertical-align: bottom; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: right; padding: 10px 10px;

values: border: none; padding-right: 4%; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;

values: margin:auto; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; background-color: transparent; width: auto;

values:
/wiki/Ofrenda_(ritual_offering)
mw-redirect
Ofrenda (ritual offering)

values:
/wiki/Nahuatl_language
mw-redirect
Nahuatl language

values:
/wiki/Soul_(spirit)
mw-redirect
Soul (spirit)

values:
/wiki/Sugar_skull
mw-redirect
Sugar skull

values:
/wiki/Blessed_Virgin_Mary
mw-redirect
Blessed Virgin Mary

values:
/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Zorrilla_y_Moral
mw-redirect
José Zorrilla y Moral

values:
/wiki/Lago_de_P%C3%A1tzcuaro
mw-redirect
Lago de Pátzcuaro

values:
/wiki/Hibiscus_sabdariffa
mw-redirect
Hibiscus sabdariffa

values:
/wiki/Yucatec_Maya
mw-redirect
Yucatec Maya

values:
/wiki/Guagua_de_pan
mw-redirect
Guagua de pan

values:
/wiki/Guava_paste
mw-redirect
Guava paste

values:
/wiki/Mission_District
mw-redirect
Mission District

values: Santa Ana Regional Transportation Center

values:
/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California
mw-redirect
Los Angeles, California

values:
/wiki/San_Francisco,_California
mw-redirect
San Francisco, California

values:
/wiki/De_Young_Museum
mw-redirect
De Young Museum

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2013)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Filipino_people
mw-redirect
Filipino people

values:
/wiki/Joss_sticks
mw-redirect
Joss sticks

values:
/wiki/Hungry_Ghost_Festival
mw-redirect
Hungry Ghost Festival

values:
/wiki/All_Saints_Day
mw-redirect
All Saints Day

values:
/wiki/All_Souls_Day
mw-redirect
All Souls Day

values:
/wiki/Soviet_political_repressions
mw-redirect
Soviet political repressions

values:
/wiki/Prague,_Czech_Republic
mw-redirect
Prague, Czech Republic

values:
nofollow
http://www.elmuseo.org/dod/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://austindaysofthedead.com/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://sddayofthedead.org/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.latino.si.edu/DayoftheDead/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.dayofthedeadsf.org

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.radio.cz/en/article/84857

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307%2F541045

values: Template:UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity

values: Template talk:UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity

values: UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists

values:
/wiki/Garifuna_people
mw-redirect
Garifuna people

values:
/wiki/Manden_Charter
mw-redirect
Manden Charter

values:
/wiki/Mbende_Jerusarema
mw-redirect
Mbende Jerusarema

values:
/wiki/Ugandan_barkcloth
mw-redirect
Ugandan barkcloth

values:
/wiki/Zambian_Makishi_Festival
mw-redirect
Zambian Makishi Festival

values: Logo of Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage

values:
navbox-image
5
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/Song_of_Sana%27a
mw-redirect
Song of Sana'a

values:
/wiki/Duanwu_Festival
mw-redirect
Duanwu Festival

values:
/wiki/Gangneung_Danoje_Festival
mw-redirect
Gangneung Danoje Festival

values:
/wiki/Dong_people#Culture
mw-redirect
Dong people

values: Jeju Chilmeoridang Yeongdeunggut (page does not exist)

values: Koshikijima no Toshidon (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Ladakh_chant
mw-redirect
Ladakh chant

values:
/wiki/Mazu_(goddess)
mw-redirect
Mazu (goddess)

values:
/wiki/Namsadang_Nori
mw-redirect
Namsadang Nori

values: Oku-noto no Aenokoto (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Royal_Ballet_of_Cambodia
mw-redirect
Royal Ballet of Cambodia

values:
/wiki/Sada_Shin_Noh
mw-redirect
Sada Shin Noh

values: Baltic song and dance celebrations (page does not exist)

values: Rite of the Kalyady Tsars (page does not exist)

values: Council of Wise Men of the plain of Murcia

values:
/wiki/Copper_craftsmanship_of_Lahij
mw-redirect
Copper craftsmanship of Lahij

values:
/wiki/Cremona_violins
mw-redirect
Cremona violins

values: Falles of the Pyrenees (page does not exist)

values: Festivity of 'la Mare de Déu de la Salut' of Algemesí

values: Festivity of Saint Blaise (page does not exist)

values: French timber framing scribing (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Georgian_vocal_polyphony
mw-redirect
Georgian vocal polyphony

values:
/wiki/Houtem_Jaarmarkt
mw-redirect
Houtem Jaarmarkt

values:
/wiki/Kihnu_culture
mw-redirect
Kihnu culture

values:
/wiki/Makishi_Festival
mw-redirect
Makishi Festival

values: Maldovan Christmas Carols (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Ojkanje_singing
mw-redirect
Ojkanje singing

values:
/wiki/Petrykivsky_Painting
mw-redirect
Petrykivsky Painting

values:
/wiki/Semeiskie_culture
mw-redirect
Semeiskie culture

values:
/wiki/Silbo_Gomero_language
mw-redirect
Silbo Gomero language

values:
/wiki/Slov%C3%A1cko_Verbu%C5%88k
mw-redirect
Slovácko Verbuňk

values:
/wiki/Suiti_culture
mw-redirect
Suiti culture

values:
/wiki/Waj%C3%A3pi_culture
mw-redirect
Wajãpi culture

values:
/wiki/Carnaval_de_Negros_y_Blancos
mw-redirect
Carnaval de Negros y Blancos

values:
/wiki/C%C3%ADrio_de_Nazar%C3%A9
mw-redirect
Círio de Nazaré

values: Costa Rican oxherding (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Garifuna_culture
mw-redirect
Garifuna culture

values:
/wiki/Palenque_de_San_Basilio
mw-redirect
Palenque de San Basilio

values: Popayán Holy Week processions (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Quyllur_Rit%27i
mw-redirect
Quyllur Rit'i

values:
/wiki/Samba_de_Roda
mw-redirect
Samba de Roda

values: South Pacific Colombian marimba (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Tango_(dance)
mw-redirect
Tango (dance)

values:
/wiki/La_Tumba_Francesa
mw-redirect
La Tumba Francesa

values:
/wiki/Wayampi_people
mw-redirect
Wayampi people

values:
/wiki/Enawene_Nawe_people
mw-redirect
Enawene Nawe people

values:
/wiki/Z%C3%A1paro_culture
mw-redirect
Záparo culture

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: List of reportedly haunted locations in South Africa

values: List of reportedly haunted locations in China

values: List of haunted locations in the Philippines

values: List of reportedly haunted locations in India

values:
/wiki/Malay_ghost_myths
mw-redirect
Malay ghost myths

values: List of reportedly haunted locations in Thailand

values: List of reportedly haunted locations in France

values: List of reportedly haunted locations in Romania

values: Reportedly haunted locations in the United Kingdom

values: Reportedly haunted locations in Scotland

values: List of reportedly haunted locations in Canada

values: List of reportedly haunted locations in Mexico

values: List of reportedly haunted locations in the United States

values: Reportedly haunted locations in the District of Columbia

values: List of reportedly haunted locations in Colombia

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
navbox-image
6
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/Pitri_Paksha
mw-redirect
Pitri Paksha

values:
/wiki/Death_customs
mw-redirect
Death customs

values:
/wiki/Old_Halloween
mw-redirect
Old Halloween

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible expanded navbox-inner

values: Category:Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity

values: Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)

values: Category:Use mdy dates from November 2017

values: Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages

values: Category:Articles containing Spanish-language text

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from October 2017

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:Articles with attributed pull quotes

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013

values: Category:Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text

values: Category:Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Japanese-language text

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from November 2016

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Day_of_the_Dead
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
This page is protected.
You can view its source [ctrl-alt-e]

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: يوم الموتى – Arabic

values: Дзень Мёртвых – Belarusian

values: Ден на мъртвите – Bulgarian

values: Ημέρα των νεκρών – Greek

values: روز مردگان – Persian

values: Մեռյալների օր (տոն) – Armenian

values: יום המתים – Hebrew

values:
https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dina_Pati
Dina Pati – Javanese
jv
jv
interlanguage-link-target

values: გარდაცვლილთა დღე – Georgian

values:
https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xantoloh
Xantoloh – Nāhuatl
nah
nah
interlanguage-link-target

values: ਮੁਰਦਿਆਂ ਦਾ ਦਿਨ – Punjabi

values: День мёртвых – Russian

values: இறந்தோர் நாள் – Tamil

values: День мертвих – Ukrainian

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Day_of_the_Dead rootpage-Day_of_the_Dead skin-vector action-view


text:
Maxwell Air Force Base
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Maxwell Air Force Base
Part of Air Education and Training Command (AETC)
Located in Montgomery, Alabama
Air Command and Staff College trains strategic leaders at Maxwell AFB
Coordinates
32°22′45″N 086°21′45″W / 32.37917°N 86.36250°W / 32.37917; -86.36250 (Maxwell AFB)
Site information
Controlled by
United States Air Force
Site history
Built
1910
In use
1910–present
Garrison information
Garrison
42d Air Base Wing
Airfield information
IATA: MXF
ICAO: KMXF
FAA LID: MXF
Summary
Elevation AMSL
171 ft / 52 m
Coordinates
32°22′45″N 086°21′45″W / 32.37917°N 86.36250°W / 32.37917; -86.36250Coordinates: 32°22′45″N 086°21′45″W / 32.37917°N 86.36250°W / 32.37917; -86.36250
Website
www.maxwell.af.mil
Map
KMXF
Location of Maxwell Air Force Base
Runways
Direction
Length
Surface
ft
m
15/33 8,013 2,442 Asphalt
18/36 (assault training rwy) 3,015 919 Asphalt
Maxwell Air Force Base (IATA: MXF, ICAO: KMXF, FAA LID: MXF), officially known as Maxwell-Gunter Air Force Base, is a United States Air Force (USAF) installation under the Air Education and Training Command (AETC). The installation is located in Montgomery, Alabama, US. Occupying the site of the first Wright Flying School, it was named in honor of Second Lieutenant William C. Maxwell, a native of Atmore, Alabama.
The base is the headquarters of Air University (AU), a major component of Air Education and Training Command (AETC), and is the U.S. Air Force's center for Joint Professional Military Education (PME). The host wing for Maxwell-Gunter is the 42d Air Base Wing (42 ABW).
The Air Force Reserve Command's 908th Airlift Wing (908 AW) is a tenant unit and the only operational flying unit at Maxwell. The 908 AW and its subordinate 357th Airlift Squadron (357 AS) operates eight C-130H Hercules aircraft for theater airlift in support of combatant commanders worldwide. As an AFRC airlift unit, the 908th is operationally gained by the Air Mobility Command (AMC).
Gunter Annex is a separate installation under the 42 ABW. Originally known as Gunter Field, it later became known as Gunter Air Force Station (Gunter AFS) when its runways were closed and its operational flying activity eliminated. It was later renamed Gunter Air Force Base (Gunter AFB) during the 1980s. As a hedge against future Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) closure actions, Gunter AFB was consolidated under Maxwell AFB in March 1992 to create a combined installation known as Maxwell/Gunter AFB.
Maxwell AFB is also the site of Federal Prison Camp, Montgomery, a minimum security facility for male inmates.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Origins
1.2 Between the wars
1.3 World War II
1.4 Postwar / Cold War / present
2 Popular culture
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
History[edit]
Origins[edit]
Toward the end of February 1910, the Wright Brothers decided to open one of the world's earliest flying schools at the site that would subsequently become Maxwell AFB. The Wrights taught the principles of flying, including take-offs, balancing, turns, and landings. The Wright Flying School closed on May 26, 1910.[1]
The field served as a repair depot during World War I. In fact, the depot built the first plane made in Montgomery and exhibited it at the field on September 20, 1918. Repair activity at the depot was sharply curtailed at the end of the war.
Between the wars[edit]
Second Lieutenant William C. Maxwell, for whom the base is named.
The Aviation Repair Depot's land was leased by the U.S. Army during World War I, and later purchased on January 11, 1920 for $34,327. Diminished postwar activity caused the U.S. War Department in 1919 to announce that it planned to close thirty-two facilities around the country, including the Aviation Repair Depot. In 1919, the Aviation Repair Depot had a $27,000 monthly civilian payroll in 1919, and was a vital part of the city's economy. The loss of the field would have been a serious blow to the local Montgomery economy. The field remained open into the early 1920s only because the War Department was slow in closing facilities. After this initial reprieve, the War Department announced in 1922 that facilities on the original closure list would indeed close in the very near future. City officials were not surprised to hear that Aviation Repair Depot remained on the list, because 350 civilian employees had been laid off in June 1921. On November 8, 1922, the War Department redesignated the depot as Maxwell Field in honor of Atmore, Alabama native, Second Lieutenant William C. Maxwell. On 12 August 1920, engine trouble forced Lieutenant Maxwell to attempt to land his DH-4 in a sugarcane field in the Philippines. Maneuvering to avoid a group of children playing below, he struck a flagpole hidden by the tall sugarcane and was killed instantly. On the recommendation of his former commanding officer, Major Roy C. Brown, the Montgomery Air Intermediate Depot, Montgomery, Alabama, was renamed Maxwell Field.[2] In 1923, it was one of three U.S. Army Air Service aviation depots. Maxwell Field repaired aircraft engines in support of flying training missions such as those at Taylor Field, southeast of Montgomery.
Maxwell Field, as most Army air stations and depots developed during World War I, was on leased properties with temporary buildings being the mainstay of construction. These temporary buildings/shacks were built to last two to five years. By the mid-1920s, these dilapidated wartime buildings had become a national disgrace. Congressional investigations also showed that the manning strength of the U.S. Army's air arm was seriously deficient. These critical situations eventually led to the Air Corps Act of 1926 and the two major programs that dramatically transformed Army airfields. The Air Corps Act changed the name and status of the Army Air Service to the U.S. Army Air Corps and authorized a five-year expansion program. In the late 1920s and early 1930s, this program and its companion, the 1926 Army Housing Program, produced well-designed, substantial, permanent buildings and infrastructure at all Army airfields retained after World War I.
Taking up the cause of Maxwell Field was freshman Congressman J. Lister Hill, a World War I veteran who served with the 17th and 71st U.S. Infantry Regiments. He, as well as other Montgomery leaders, recognized the historical significance of the Wright Brother’s first military flying school and the potential of Maxwell Field to the local economy. In 1925 Hill, a member of the House Military Affairs Committee, affixed an amendment to a military appropriations bill providing $200,000 for the construction of permanent buildings at Maxwell Field. This amendment did not have the approval of the War Department nor the Army Air Corps, but as a result of this massive spending on Maxwell Field, the War Department kept it open. Hill recognized that to keep Maxwell Field open, it needed to be fiscally or militarily valuable to the War Department.
In September 1927, Hill met with Major General Mason M. Patrick, chief of the Army Air Corps, and his assistant, Brigadier General James E. Fechet, to discuss the placement of an attack group at Maxwell Field. Both made it clear that Maxwell Field was too close to Montgomery and was not a suitable location for an attack group. In fact, they asked Hill as "a friend of the Air Corps" not to "embarrass" the Corps by asking that the group be placed there. They warned that if he persisted, they would "very much oppose" the effort. However, General Patrick not wanting to alienate the new and up and coming Congressman (who was also a member of the House Military Affairs Committee) sought to appease Hill by offering to create an observation squadron at Maxwell Field. Hill welcomed the gesture; however, the creation of an observation squadron fell short of the long term on-going mission sought by Hill for Maxwell Field.
Hill continued to argue for the attack group to be placed at Maxwell Field. He argued that because of the permanent buildings scheduled to be built, it would be fiscally advantageous for the placement of the attack group at Maxwell Field. Hill's arguments were an extension of ones that had been presented to him by Major Roy S. Brown, former commandant of Maxwell Field from 1922-1925. In 1927, Major Brown was the commander of the Air Corps Tactical School located at Langley Field, Virginia. Major Brown urged Hill to keep his name out of it because of the easily traceable insider information. Hill, frustrated with the lack of positive response from Generals Patrick and Fechet, moved up the chain of command and passed on the correspondence he had with General Fechet to Secretary of War Dwight Davis, Assistant Secretary of War for Air F. Trubee Davison, and Army Chief of Staff Charles P. Summerall. His request to them was given the answer: that they would give the matter "full consideration."
The depot's first official flying mission was carried out after that. Observation missions originated there in 1927–1929. Pilots from the field were also involved in completing the first leg of a test designed to establish an airmail route between the Gulf Coast and the northern Great Lakes area. The successful test played a major role in the eventual establishment of permanent airmail service in the Southeast.
By early 1928, the decision of basing a new Army Air Corps attack group had come down to Shreveport, Louisiana, and Montgomery. Both cities vied for the federal money to be spent in their respective local areas, but Shreveport the more economically developed city than its counterpart Montgomery won the day. In April 1928 Hill, via his contacts in the War Department, found out that Montgomery would not be getting the attack group. Flexing his congressional muscle, Hill persuaded Assistant Secretary Davidson and now chief of the Air Corps Major General Fechet to hold off the official announcement until Montgomery had a second look by the War Department. During the interim Montgomery leaders had set forth actions to acquire over 600 acres (2 km2) for Maxwell Field’s expansion in hopes of wooing the War Department into placing the attack group in Montgomery.
In May 1928 General Benjamin Foulois, General Fechet's assistant, during an inspection visit with Third Army commander General Frank Parker to Maxwell Field mentioned that the Air Corps Tactical School would be moving from Langley Field to a still undecided location. During his stay General Foulois met with local Chamber of Commerce chairman Jesse Hearin and Maxwell Field post commandant, Major Walter R. Weaver. Hearin and Weaver touted the feasibility of Maxwell Field and the Montgomery area for the placement of the attack group at Maxwell Field. However, General Foulois guided the conversation towards the impending movement of the Air Corps Tactical School and he favored Maxwell Field for the new home. Hearin immediately worked up an option on another one thousand acres (4 km²) for the Air Corps Tactical School should Montgomery not be favored with the attack group.
In July 1928, word "via rumor" of the decision for the establishment of an attack group came out that Shreveport was indeed the victor of the final decision. In December 1928, after much debate and political maneuvering it was announced officially by the Assistant Secretary of War that Shreveport would be getting the attack group and that the Army Air Corps Tactical School (ACTS) would be coming to Maxwell Field. The move to Maxwell Field from Langley Field was initially expected to increase Maxwell Field's population by eighty officers and 300 enlisted. It was expected that the ACTS would be to the Army Air Corps what Fort Benning, Georgia was to the infantry.
On January 15, 1929, it was announced that the ACTS would be twice as large as originally planned. On February 11, it was announced that $1,644,298 had been allowed for ACTS construction. This was not including an additional $324,000 the Secretary of War had approved previously for non-commissioned officer barracks and a school building after a conference with Congressman Hill. On March 12, a conference between a Major Kennedy, Chief of Buildings and Grounds of the Army Air Corps and commandant of the ACTS, and Congressman Lister Hill to determine the locations of the buildings and types of construction. In March 1929, personnel at Maxwell provided flood relief to citizens of Montgomery. This was the first time at which food and supplies were airdropped by U.S. military forces during a major civilian emergency.
On July 9, 1929, Captain Walter J. Reed and a battery of attorneys checked titles for the land. The War Department also announced the same day that the plan had changed to where the ACTS would now be four times as large as originally planned with 200 officers and 1,000 enlisted men. At the time, this made Maxwell Field the largest (as far as personnel) Army Air Corps installation in the southeast. Approximately 300 signatures to the deed of the land occupied by the Air Corps Tactical School were signed, of which one was signed by a minor. Chairman of the Montgomery Chamber of Commerce James Hearin said, "...several cases had to be taken to court." Despite the obvious rush for signatures, by October 5, deeds to the land were signed and mailed to the War Department.
On December 17, 1929, Congressman Lister Hill introduced a bill to appropriate $320,000 for the acquiring of 1,075 acres (4 km2) of land in Montgomery County as a part of an expansion program for Maxwell Field. This was a particularly bold move at the time by Hill because of the stock market crash. Effects of the crash had yet to take place; however, the panic caused by the crash had certainly captured Montgomery’s attention.
Austin Hall was built in 1931 to serve as the Air Corps Tactical School's main building.
On January 25, 1930, President Herbert Hoover asked Congress to re-appropriate an additional $100,000 for the main school building at Maxwell Field. President Hoover’s policy was to speed public works to offset unemployment. In February 1930, Congressman Hill’s resolution was passed in the House of Representatives and 80 acres (320,000 m2) were to be added to Maxwell Field for expansion purposes. George B. Ford and Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr., were hired by the Army Quartermaster Corps and they designed the overall layout of ACTS at Maxwell. Ford used an approach that clustered similar functions together. This technique provided plenty of open space and gave each cluster a distinct appearance.
On September 17, 1931, the first ACTS training occurred at Maxwell Field. Forty-one students met at 8:40 a.m. in the operations office conference room for general instruction. Classes were divided into sections, with some pilots sent on check flights, while others were sent out to become familiar with the surrounding countryside to become familiar with emergency landing field locations.
On the morning of September 22, 1931, opening exercises of the Air Corps Tactical School were held. On September 24, the Air Corps Tactical School was officially launched. The address was made by Major General James E. Fechet, chief of the Army Air Corps also attending were Congressman Lister Hill and commandant of the Air Corps Tactical School, Major John F. Curry. General Fechet, along with announcing his impending retirement, declared that the forty-one student officers could be future generals of the Air Corps. At a later luncheon, General Fechet also lauded Montgomery’s attitude toward the Air Corps.
The 1931-1932 faculty included Army Air Corps (AC), Army Infantry (Inf), Army Chemical Warfare Service (CWS), and Army Field Artillery (FA) instructors. Initially, the school's curriculum reflected the dominating influence of Brigadier General Billy Mitchell. Mitchell was a strong believer in the importance of gaining and maintaining air superiority during a conflict. He argued strongly for pursuit (e.g., "fighter") aircraft in combination with bombers and regarded enemy pursuit forces as the most serious threat to successful bombing operations and felt that the task of American pursuit was not necessarily to escort bombers, but to also seek out and attack enemy fighters. During the first five years of the school's operation, Mitchell's beliefs formed the basis for instruction at the tactical school. However, by the mid-1930s the school's emphasis had shifted from pursuit to bombardment aviation.
On July 16, 1933, Congressman Lister Hill secured approval from the War Department for $1,650,075 for immediate spending at Maxwell Field. Hill’s request was justified by increased enrollment at the Air Corps Tactical School and the desperate need for employment for the local Montgomery population. At the start of October 1933 bids opened for four construction projects that were to start immediately; 1933-1934 construction at Maxwell Field later employed an average of 500 plus workers.
World War II[edit]
World War II Maxwell Field Postcard
Maxwell Field 1943 photo pictorial
The Air Corps Tactical School opened July 15, 1931. The school evolved into the Army Air Corps (later, U.S. Air Force's) first tactical center until the imminence of American involvement in World War II forced a suspension of classes in June 1940 that resulted in permanent closure of the school. One of the school's notable achievements was its development of two aerial acrobatic teams: the "Three Men on a Flying Trapeze", put together by then-Captain Claire L. Chennault in 1932, and the Skylarks in 1935.
In 1940, it was announced that the installation was to be converted into a pilot-training center. On 8 July 1940 the Army Air Corps redesignated its training center at Maxwell Field, Alabama as the Southeast Air Corps Training Center. The Southeast Air Corps Training Center at Maxwell handled flying training (basic, primary and advanced) at airfields in the Eastern United States.
Overhead Maxwell Field in 1937
An Air Force Pilot School (preflight) was also activated which instructed Aviation Cadets in the mechanics and physics of flight and required the cadets to pass courses in mathematics and the hard sciences. Then the cadets were taught to apply their knowledge practically by teaching them aeronautics, deflection shooting, and thinking in three dimensions. In June 1941, the Army Air Corps became the U.S. Army Air Forces, and on 8 January 1943, the War Department constituted and redesignated the school as the 74th Flying Training Wing (preflight).
During following years, Maxwell was home to six different schools that trained U.S. military aviators and their support teams for wartime service. As World War II progressed, the number of required pilot trainees declined, and the Army Air Forces decided not to send more aircrew trainees to Maxwell Field. The following known sub-bases and auxiliaries were constructed to support the flying school:
Passmore Auxiliary Field 32°21′30″N 086°32′00″W / 32.35833°N 86.53333°W / 32.35833; -86.53333
Troy Auxiliary Field 32°51′44″N 086°00′45″W / 32.86222°N 86.01250°W / 32.86222; -86.01250
Autaugaville Auxiliary Field 32°25′30″N 086°41′10″W / 32.42500°N 86.68611°W / 32.42500; -86.68611
On 31 July 1943, the Southeast Air Corps Training Center was redesignated as the Eastern Flying Training Command. Also in July, the Army Air Forces announced a specialized school for pilots of four-engine aircraft. The first B-24 Liberator landed at the field later that month and in early 1945, B-29 Superfortress bomber training replaced the B-24 program.
Postwar / Cold War / present[edit]
Training at Maxwell continued until 15 December 1945, when the Eastern Flying Training Command was inactivated and was consolidated into the Central Flying Training Command at Randolph Field, Texas.
Air University, an institution providing continuing military education for Army Air Forces personnel, was established at Maxwell in 1946, prior to the U.S. Air Force becoming an independent service the following year. Today, it remains the main focus of base activities at Maxwell. In 1992, the 3800th Air Base Wing (3800 ABW) was disbanded and the 502d Air Base Wing (502 BW) took over as the host wing, which two years later gave way to the current 42d Air Base Wing.
As home of the Air University, Maxwell became the postgraduate academic center of the U.S. Air Force. Air University evolved first as an institution influenced by air power as shaped in World War II, then by the Cold War under the threat of nuclear annihilation, and by air power as applied during the Cold War's Korean and Vietnam conflicts. In the early twenty-first century, the emphasis shifted to air power's role in confronting international and transnational terrorism by both state-sponsored and non-state actors. AU grew materially from inadequate quarters, classrooms, and instructional technology into a campus that is as modern and up-to-date as those of any other in the U. S. armed forces. Construction of Maxwell's Academic Circle, Air University's primary education complex, began in the 1950s. Its centerpiece was the Air University Library, eventually one of several major libraries on a military installation.
Over the years, other activities were established or relocated to Maxwell AFB, to include Headquarters, Civil Air Patrol - USAF; the Air Force Reserve's 908th Tactical Air Support Group (908 TASG), which evolved into the present day 908th Airlift Wing; the Ira C. Eaker Center for Professional Development; the Air Force Financial Systems Operation office (SAF/FM); the Center for Aerospace Doctrine, Research and Education (CADRE); and the Air Force Historical Research Agency, a support organization and repository for air power scholars and AU students. In 1994, Air Force Officer Training School (OTS) was also relocated from Lackland AFB/Medina Annex, Texas to Maxwell AFB, joining the national headquarters of the Air Force's other non-Academy officer accession source, Air Force ROTC.[3]
Popular culture[edit]
Maxwell AFB appears in the video game Tom Clancy's EndWar as a possible battlefield.[4]
See also[edit]
United States Air Force portal
Military of the United States portal
World War II portal
World War I portal
Air Training Command
Air Education and Training Command
Air and Space Basic Course
Air University
Squadron Officer School
Air Command and Staff College
Air War College
Gunter Annex
Alabama World War II Army Airfields
74th Flying Training Wing (World War II)
Air Corps Tactical School
Civil Air Patrol
ROTC
AFROTC
Air Force Officer Training School
908th Airlift Wing
References[edit]
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website http://www.afhra.af.mil/.
Jump up ^ "Wright Brothers Flying School". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved December 10, 2009.
Jump up ^ http://www.historicmarkers.com/component/content/article/1331-montgomery/65961-lt-william-c-maxwell
Jump up ^ "Maxwell Air Force Base and Gunter Annex | Encyclopedia of Alabama". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved 2016-07-14.
Jump up ^ Ubisoft (2008). "Locations". Ubisoft. Retrieved 1 April 2011.
Shaw, Frederick J. (2004), Locating Air Force Base Sites History’s Legacy, Air Force History and Museums Program, United States Air Force, Washington DC, 2004.
Manning, Thomas A. (2005), History of Air Education and Training Command, 1942–2002. Office of History and Research, Headquarters, AETC, Randolph AFB, Texas ASIN: B000NYX3PC
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Maxwell-Gunter Air Force Base.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Maxwell Field (Airfield).
Maxwell Air Force Base, Ala. The Intellectual and Leadership Center of the Air Force
Maxwell Air Force Base on Twitter
Maxwell Air Force Base on Facebook
Air University
42nd Air Base Wing
BRAC 2005: Closings, Realignments to Reshape Infrastructure
Aviation: From Sand Dunes to Sonic Booms, a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary
National HQ Civil Air Patrol Homepage
Maxwell-Gunter AFB FamCamp Information
FAA Airport Diagram (PDF), effective September 14, 2017
FAA Terminal Procedures for MXF, effective September 14, 2017
Resources for this U.S. military airport:
FAA airport information for MXF
AirNav airport information for KMXF
ASN accident history for MXF
NOAA/NWS latest weather observations
SkyVector aeronautical chart for KMXF
[show]
v
t
e
Current military installations of Alabama
Army
Arsenal
Redstone Arsenal
Depot
Anniston Army Depot
Fort
Fort Rucker
Air Field
Cairns
Redstone
Heliport
Hanchey
Hunt
Knox
Lowe
Shell
Air National Guard
Birmingham
Montgomery
Range
Fort Rucker
Redstone
Navy
Outlying Field
Barin Field
Brewton Field
Evergreen Field
Silverhill
Summerdale
Air Force
Air Force Base
Maxwell-Gunter
Air National Guard Base
Birmingham
Dannelly Field
Air National Guard Station
Abston
Dothan
Coast Guard
Aids to Navigation Teams
Mobile
Air Station
Mobile
Sector
Mobile
[show]
v
t
e
Air Education and Training Command (AETC)
Air Forces
Second
Nineteenth
Air University
Bases
Altus
Columbus
Goodfellow
Gunter Annex
Keesler
Lackland
Laughlin
Luke
Maxwell
Randolph
Sheppard
Tyndall
Vance
Wings
12th Flying Training
14th Flying Training
17th Training
33d Fighter
37th Training
42d Air Base
47th Flying Training
56th Fighter
58th Special Operations
59th Medical
71st Flying Training
80th Flying Training
81st Training
82d Training
97th Air Mobility
314th Airlift
502d Air Base
Groups
336th Training Group
381st Training Group
[show]
Army Air Forces Training Command
Flying Training
Flying Schools
Eastern Flying Training Command
Central Flying Training Command
Western Flying Training Command
Specialized Schools
Bombardier
Contract Flying
Glider Training
Gunnery
Navigator
Technical Training
Eastern Technical Training Command
Central Technical Training Command
Western Technical Training Command
[show]
v
t
e
Airports in Alabama
Primary
Birmingham–Shuttlesworth
Dothan Regional
Huntsville Intl
Mobile Regional
Montgomery Regional–Dannelly
Non-primary
Northwest Alabama
Reliever
Bessemer
St. Clair County
General
Abbeville
Albertville–Brumlik
Anniston
Arthur
Ashland–Lineville
Atmore
Auburn University–Pitts
Bay Minette
Bibb County
Blackwell
Brewton
Butler–Choctaw County
Callahan
Camden
Centre Municipal
Centre–Piedmont–Cherokee County
Chilton County–Gragg/Wade
Clayton
Courtland
Cullman–Folsom
Dauphin Island
Demopolis–Sawyer
Downer
Gulf Shores-Jack Edwards
Enterprise
Florala
Foley
Folsom
Franklin
Geneva
Greensboro
Grove Hill
Guntersville–Starnes
Hartselle–Morgan County
Headland
Isbell
Jackson
Lanett
Mac Crenshaw
Madison County–Sharp
Marion County–Fite
Middleton
Mobile–Brookley
Mobile–Downtown
Monroe County
Moton Field
North Pickens
Northeast Alabama
Posey
Prattville–Grouby
Pryor Field
Roanoke
Robbins
Russell
Russellville–Pugh
St. Elmo
Scottsboro–Word
Shelby County
South Alabama–Benton
Sylacauga
Talladega
Tuscaloosa
Vaiden
Walker–Bevill
Weedon
Wetumpka
Public use
Addison
Ardmore
Double Springs–Winston County
Eutaw
Fish River
Fort Deposit–Lowndes County
Hazel Green
Hubbard Landing
Jones
Lamar County
Logan–Samson
McMinn
Moontown
Moundville
Pine Hill
Ray
Reeves
Reynolds–North Mobile County
Sikes
Skyharbor
Stevenson
Wilcox
Private use
Sharpe
Military
NOLF Barin
Birmingham ANGB
Fort Rucker
Cairns AAF
Hanchey AHP
Lowe AHP
Maxwell–Gunter AFB
Gunter Annex
CGATC Mobile
Montgomery ANGB
Redstone Arsenal
Redstone AAF
St. Elmo AAF
NOLF Summerdale
Defunct
Anderson AF
Anniston AFB
Bates AAF
Birmingham AAB/AAF
Brookley AFB (Brookely AAF)
Brundidge
Courtland AAF
Craig AFB
Anniston AFB
Craig AAF
Selfield AAF
Danelly (Gunter AAF #6)
Decatur Field
Demopolis AAF
Dothan Municipal (Napier AAF #2)
Fort McClellan AAF
Henderson
Moton Field (old)
Napier AAF
Selma–Selfield
Tallassee–Reeves (Griel AAF #1)
Taylor (Gunter AAF #5)
Troy AAF
Tuskegee AAF
Van De Graaff
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maxwell_Air_Force_Base&oldid=784128601"
Categories:
1918 establishments in Alabama
Airfields of the United States Army Air Service
Airfields of the United States Army Air Corps
Airfields of the United States Army Air Forces in Alabama
Bases of the United States Air Force
Montgomery, Alabama
Airports in Alabama
Military installations in Alabama
Initial United States Air Force installations
USAF Air University Installations
Hidden categories:
Pages using deprecated image syntax
Coordinates on Wikidata
Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Air Force Historical Research Agency
Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Čeština
Deutsch
Diné bizaad
فارسی
Norsk
Тоҷикӣ
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 6 June 2017, at 16:36.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: span

values: Air Command and Staff College trains strategic leaders at Maxwell AFB Alabama.jpg

values: Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location

values: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background-color: #DDDDFF; color: black; font-size: 125%

values: International Air Transport Association airport code

values: International Civil Aviation Organization airport code

values: text-align:center;background-color: #DDDDFF; color: black

values:
/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level
mw-redirect
Above mean sea level

values:
nofollow
http://www.maxwell.af.mil/
external text

values:
/wiki/File:USA_Alabama_location_map.svg
image
KMXF is located in Alabama

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: width: 15%; border:solid 1px #fafafa; border-width:0 1px 0 0; text-align: center;

values: width: 50%; border:solid 1px #fafafa; border-width:0 1px 1px 1px; text-align: center;

values: width: 35%; border:solid 1px #fafafa; border-width:0 0 0 1px; text-align: center;

values: width: 20%; border:solid 1px #fafafa; border-width:1px 1px 0 1px; text-align: center;

values: width:100%; margin:-2px -1px -1px -1px; border-spacing:0;

values: Air University (United States Air Force)

values:
/wiki/C-130_Hercules
mw-redirect
C-130 Hercules

values:
/wiki/Wright_Brothers
mw-redirect
Wright Brothers

attrs: alt src width height class data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/U.S._Army_Air_Service
mw-redirect
U.S. Army Air Service

values:
/wiki/U.S._Army_Air_Corps
mw-redirect
U.S. Army Air Corps

values:
/wiki/Mason_M._Patrick
mw-redirect
Mason M. Patrick

values:
/wiki/James_E._Fechet
mw-redirect
James E. Fechet

values:
/wiki/Langley_Field
mw-redirect
Langley Field

values:
/wiki/Charles_P._Summerall
mw-redirect
Charles P. Summerall

values:
/wiki/Building_800-Austin_Hall
mw-redirect
Building 800-Austin Hall

values: Quartermaster Corps (United States Army)

values:
/wiki/Brigadier_General
mw-redirect
Brigadier General

values:
/wiki/U.S._Air_Force
mw-redirect
U.S. Air Force

values:
/wiki/Claire_L._Chennault
mw-redirect
Claire L. Chennault

values:
/wiki/U.S._Army_Air_Forces
mw-redirect
U.S. Army Air Forces

values: 74th Flying Training Wing (World War II)

values:
/wiki/B-24_Liberator
mw-redirect
B-24 Liberator

values:
/wiki/B-29_Superfortress
mw-redirect
B-29 Superfortress

values: Edit section: Postwar / Cold War / present

values:
/wiki/Randolph_Field
mw-redirect
Randolph Field

values:
/wiki/Lackland_AFB
mw-redirect
Lackland AFB

values:
/wiki/Air_Force_ROTC
mw-redirect
Air Force ROTC

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values: Copyright status of work by the U.S. government

values:
nofollow
http://www.afhra.af.mil/
external free

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: commons:Category:Maxwell-Gunter Air Force Base

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.maxwell.af.mil

values:
nofollow
external text
https://twitter.com/MaxwellAFB

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.facebook.com/MaxwellAFB

values:
nofollow
http://www.maxwell.af.mil/units/au/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.gocivilairpatrol.com:

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.airnav.com/airport/KMXF

values:
/wiki/Military_installations
mw-redirect
Military installations

values:
navbox-image
4
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/Air_Force_Base
mw-redirect
Air Force Base

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Template:USAF Air Education and Training Command

values: Template talk:USAF Air Education and Training Command

values:
/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_USAF.svg
image
United States Air Force Roundrel

values:
/wiki/33d_Fighter_Wing
mw-redirect
33d Fighter Wing

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/Eastern_Flying_Training_Command
mw-redirect
Eastern Flying Training Command

values:
/wiki/Central_Flying_Training_Command
mw-redirect
Central Flying Training Command

values:
/wiki/USAAF_Bombardiers_School
mw-redirect
USAAF Bombardiers School

values:
/wiki/USAAF_Glider_Training_Airfields
mw-redirect
USAAF Glider Training Airfields

values: USAAF Gunnery School (page does not exist)

values: USAAF Navigators School (page does not exist)

values: Army Air Forces Training Command - Patch.png

values:
navbox-image
2
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: USAAF Central Technical Training Command (page does not exist)

values: USAAF Western Technical Training Command

values: Centre–Piedmont–Cherokee County Regional Airport

values:
/wiki/Dauphin_Island_Airport
mw-redirect
Dauphin Island Airport

values: Hartselle–Morgan County Regional Airport

values: Mark Reynolds/North Mobile County Airport

values:
/wiki/Military_airbase
mw-redirect
Military airbase

values: Category:Airfields of the United States Army Air Service

values: Category:Airfields of the United States Army Air Corps

values: Category:Airfields of the United States Army Air Forces in Alabama

values: Category:Bases of the United States Air Force

values: Category:Military installations in Alabama

values: Category:Initial United States Air Force installations

values: Category:USAF Air University Installations

values: Category:Pages using deprecated image syntax

values: Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Air Force Historical Research Agency

values: Category:Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Maxwell_Air_Force_Base
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: Łeezh Łichxíiʼiidi siláołtsooí bichidí naatʼaʼí ńdinibįįhígi – Navajo

values: پایگاه نیروی هوایی ماکسول – Persian

values: Пойгоҳи Нерӯи Ҳавоии Максвел – Tajik

values: 麦克斯韦-甘特空军基地 – Chinese

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Maxwell_Air_Force_Base rootpage-Maxwell_Air_Force_Base skin-vector action-view