text:
A Wrinkle in Time
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the 1962 novel. For other uses, see A Wrinkle in Time (disambiguation).
A Wrinkle in Time
First edition dustjacket
Author
Madeleine L'Engle
Illustrator
Ellen Raskin (1960s editions),
Leo and Diane Dillon (current hardcover)
Country
United States
Language
English
Series
Time Quintet
Genre
Young Adult, Science fantasy
Publisher
Farrar, Straus & Giroux
Publication date
January 1, 1962
OCLC
22421788
LC Class
PZ7.L5385 Wr 1962[1]
Followed by
A Wind in the Door
A Wrinkle in Time is a science fantasy novel written by American writer Madeleine L'Engle, first published in 1962, and in 1979 with illustrations by Leo and Diane Dillon.[2] The book won the Newbery Medal, Sequoyah Book Award, and Lewis Carroll Shelf Award, and was runner-up for the Hans Christian Andersen Award.[3][a] It is the first book in L'Engle's Time Quintet, which follows the Murry and O'Keefe families.
The book spawned two film adaptations, both by Disney: a 2003 television film of the same name, and a theatrical film adaptation starring Chris Pine, Zach Galifianakis, Mindy Kaling, Storm Reid, Reese Witherspoon and Oprah Winfrey scheduled for release in the United States in March 2018.
Contents
[hide]
1 Publication history
2 Plot summary
3 Tesseract concept
4 Major themes
5 Reception
6 Characters
6.1 Main characters
6.1.1 Margaret "Meg" Murry
6.1.2 Charles Wallace Murry
6.1.3 Calvin O'Keefe
6.2 Primary immortal characters
6.2.1 Mrs Whatsit
6.2.2 Mrs Who
6.2.3 Mrs Which
6.2.4 The Man with Red Eyes
6.2.5 IT
6.3 The Black Thing
6.4 Sub-characters
6.4.1 Dr. Alexander Murry
6.4.2 Dr. Katherine Murry
6.4.3 Sandy Murry
6.4.4 Dennys Murry
6.4.5 Mrs. Buncombe
6.4.6 Mr. Jenkins
6.5 Supporting alien characters
7 Locations
8 Adaptations
8.1 Audio books
8.2 Film adaptations
8.3 Play
8.4 Opera
8.5 Graphic novel
9 References in popular culture
10 Further reading
10.1 Other books in the series
10.2 Concerning A Wrinkle in Time
11 See also
12 Notes
13 References
14 External links
Publication history[edit]
The book was written between 1959 and 1960.[4] L'Engle wrote repeatedly about the writing of the story and the long struggle to get it published. In A Circle of Quiet (1972),[5] she explains that the book was conceived "during a time of transition." After years of living in rural Goshen, Connecticut and running a general store, L'Engle's family, the Franklins, moved back to New York City, first taking a ten-week camping trip across the country and back again. L'Engle writes that "we drove through a world of deserts and buttes and leafless mountains, wholly new and alien to me. And suddenly into my mind came the names, Mrs Whatsit. Mrs Who. Mrs Which."[6] This was in the spring of 1959. L'Engle was reading about quantum physics at the time, which also made its way into the story.[7] When she completed the book in early 1960, however, it was rejected by at least 26 publishers, because it was, in L'Engle's words, "too different," and "because it deals overtly with the problem of evil, and it was really difficult for children, and was it a children's or an adults' book, anyhow?"[2][6]
In "A Special Message from Madeleine L'Engle" on the Random House website, L'Engle explains another possible reason for the rejections: "A Wrinkle in Time had a female protagonist in a science fiction book," which at the time was uncommon. After trying "forty-odd" publishers (L'Engle later said "twenty-six rejections"), L'Engle's agent returned the manuscript to her. Then at Christmas, L'Engle threw a tea party for her mother. One of the guests happened to know John C. Farrar of Farrar, Straus and Giroux, and insisted that L'Engle should meet with him. Although the publisher did not at the time publish a line of children's books, Farrar met L'Engle, liked the novel, and ultimately published it.[8]
The book has been continuously in print since its first publication. The hardback edition is still published by Farrar, Straus & Giroux. The original blue dust jacket by Ellen Raskin was replaced with new art by Leo and Diane Dillon, with the publication of A Swiftly Tilting Planet in 1978. The book has also been published in a 25th anniversary collectors' edition (limited to 500 signed and numbered copies), at least two book club editions (one hardback, one Scholastic Book Services paperback), as a trade paperback under the Dell Yearling imprint, and as a mass market paperback under the Dell Laurel-Leaf imprint. The cover art on the paperback editions has changed several times since first publication.
The book was reissued by Square Fish in trade and mass market paperback formats in May 2007, along with the rest of the Time Quintet. This new edition includes a previously unpublished interview with L'Engle as well as the text of her Newbery Medal acceptance speech.[9]
Plot summary[edit]
Thirteen-year-old Meg Murry's classmates and teachers see her as a troublesome and stubborn student. Her family knows that she is emotionally immature but also sees her capable of doing great things. The family includes her beautiful scientist mother, her missing scientist father, her athletic 10-year-old twin brothers, Sandy and Dennys; and her five-year-old brother Charles Wallace Murry, a child prodigy genius who can sometimes read Meg's mind.
The book begins with the line "It was a dark and stormy night," an allusion to the opening words in Edward Bulwer-Lytton's 1830 novel Paul Clifford. Unable to sleep during a thunderstorm, Meg descends from her attic room to find Charles Wallace sitting at the table drinking milk and eating bread and jam. They are then joined by their mother, and are visited by their new eccentric neighbor, Mrs Whatsit. In the course of conversation, Mrs Whatsit casually mentions there is such a thing as a tesseract, which causes Dr. Murry to almost faint.
The next morning, Meg discovers the term refers to a scientific concept her father was working on before his mysterious disappearance. The following afternoon, Meg and Charles Wallace encounter Meg's schoolmate, Calvin O'Keefe, a high-school junior who, although he is a "big man on campus", considers himself a misfit as well. They then go to visit an old haunted house near town which Charles Wallace already knows is the home of Mrs Whatsit. There they encounter a companion of Mrs Whatsit, the equally strange Mrs Who. She promises that she and her friends will help Meg find and rescue her father. A budding love interest develops between Meg and Calvin. In the evening, Charles Wallace declares it is time for them to go on their mission to save their father. This is accompanied by the appearance of the third member of the "Mrs Ws", Mrs Which, who appears to materialize out of nothing.
Mrs Whatsit, Mrs Who, and Mrs Which turn out to be supernatural beings who transport Meg, Charles Wallace, and Calvin O'Keefe through the universe by means of tesseract, a fifth-dimensional phenomenon explained as being similar to folding the fabric of space and time. Their first stop is the planet Uriel, a Utopian world filled with Centaur-like beings who live in a state of light and love. Mrs Whatsit herself shows that she, Mrs Who, and Mrs Which are all these centaur-like creatures in disguise as humans. There the "Mrs Ws" reveal to the children that the universe is under attack from an evil being who appears as a large dark cloud called The Black Thing, which is essentially the personification of evil. The children are then taken elsewhere to visit a woman who is a medium (the "Happy Medium") with a crystal ball. In it, they see that Earth is partially covered by the darkness, although great religious figures, philosophers, and artists have been fighting against it. Mrs Whatsit is revealed to be a former star who exploded in an act of self-sacrifice to fight the darkness.
The children then travel to the dark planet of Camazotz, which has "given in" to the Black Thing. Meg's father is trapped there. They find that all the inhabitants behave in a mechanistic way and seem to be under the control of a single mind. At the planet's central headquarters (described as CENTRAL Central Intelligence), they discover a red-eyed man with telepathic abilities who can cast a hypnotic spell over their minds. He claims to know the whereabouts of their father. Charles Wallace deliberately looks into the red eyes of the man, allowing himself to be taken over by the mind controlling planet in order to find their father. Under its influence, he takes Meg and Calvin to the place where Dr. Murry is being held prisoner because he would not succumb to the group mind.
The planet turns out to be controlled by an evil disembodied brain with powerful abilities, which the inhabitants of Camazotz call "IT." Charles Wallace takes them to the place where IT is held. In such proximity to IT, the children are threatened by a possible telepathic takeover of their minds. With special powers from Mrs Who's glasses, Dr. Murry is able to "tesser" Calvin, Meg and himself away from Camazotz, but Charles Wallace is left behind, still under the influence of IT. Dr. Murry does not know how to protect Meg from the Black Thing which surrounds the planet as they tesser through it, which nearly kills her. When they arrive on the neighboring planet of Ixchel, Meg is nearly frozen, and paralyzed. Calvin and the Murrys are discovered by the planet's inhabitants - large, sightless "beasts" with tentacles and four arms, who prove both wise and gentle. Meg's paralysis is cured under the care of one inhabitant, whom Meg nicknames "Aunt Beast." Meg overcomes her anger at her father for leaving Charles Wallace on Camazotz, realizing that parents can't fix everything, and sometimes children can solve problems themselves.
Then the trio of Mrs Whatsit, Mrs Who, and Mrs Which arrive. They charge Meg with rescuing Charles Wallace from IT, because only Meg has a strong enough bond with him. Their father had last seen Charles Wallace when he was a baby and Calvin had only just met him. They each give her a gift. Mrs Whatsit gives Meg her love. Mrs Who quotes to Meg a passage from the Bible about God choosing the foolish of the world to confound the wise, and the weak to defeat the strong (1st Corinthians 1:27-29). Mrs Which tells Meg that she has one thing that IT does not have. Upon arriving at the building where IT is housed, Charles Wallace is still there under IT's influence. Meg realizes that the one thing she has that IT does not is love. She focuses all her love at Charles Wallace and is able to free him from IT's control. Mrs Who, Mrs Which and Mrs Whatsit tesser the Murrys and Calvin back to Earth. In the vegetable garden they are reunited with Mrs. Murry and the twins. Mrs Whatsit says that, although she and the others like the spectacle of the family reuniting, they have to go somewhere. Before Mrs Whatsit finishes her sentence, she and the others disappear.
Tesseract concept[edit]
In the story, Mrs Who and Charles Wallace explain to Meg that they will be traveling by "wrinkling time" through a tesseract and that "the fither four dimensions and you can travel through space without having to go the long way around. In other words, to put it into Euclid, or old-fashioned plane geometry, a straight line is not the shortest distance between two points."[10]
In the novel, the tesseract functions more or less like what in modern science fiction is called a space warp or a wormhole, a portal from one area of space to another which is possible through the bending of the structure of the space-time continuum. This meaning is unrelated to the mathematical notion of a tesseract, a shape analogous to a cube in a space with four spatial dimensions.[11]
Major themes[edit]
Madeleine L'Engle's fantasy works are in part highly expressive of her Christian viewpoint in a manner somewhat similar to that of Christian fantasy writer C. S. Lewis. She was herself the official writer-in-residence at New York City's Episcopal Cathedral of St. John the Divine, which is known for its prominent position in the liberal wing of the Episcopal Church.[12] L'Engle's liberal Christianity has been the target of criticism from more conservative Christians, especially with respect to certain elements of A Wrinkle in Time.[13]
The theme of picturing the fight of good against evil as a battle of light and darkness is a recurring one. Its manner is reminiscent of the prologue to the Gospel of John, which is quoted within the book. When the "Mrs Ws" reveal their secret roles in the cosmic fight against "the darkness" they ask the children to name some figures on Earth (a partially dark planet) who fight the darkness. They name Jesus, and later in the discussion Buddha is named as well, along with various creative artists and philanthropists. The three women are described as ancient star-beings who act as guardian angels.[14]
Further, the themes of "conformity" and the "status quo" are present. It is a generic theme that is within every society there is a powerful dominant group that challenges the minority group. Very few of the powerless members of this group are resilient. In this case, IT is the powerful dominant group that manipulates the planet of Camazotz into conformity (i.e., they all have the same rhythm). Even Charles Wallace falls prey (due to flattery) and is hence persuaded to conform. It is thanks to Meg that she and her family are able to break from conformity.[15] According to the author's granddaughter Charlotte Jones Voiklis, the story wasn't a simple allegory of communism; in a three-page passage that was cut before publication, the process of domination is said to be an outcome of dictatorship under totalitarian regimes, and by an excessive desire of security under democratic countries.[16][17]
Scholar Jean Fulton writes, "L'Engle's fiction for young readers is considered important partly because she was among the first to focus directly on the deep, delicate issues that young people must face, such as death, social conformity, and truth. L'Engle's work always is uplifting because she is able to look at the surface values of life from a perspective of wholeness, both joy and pain, transcending each to uncover the absolute nature of human experience that they share."[7]
Reception[edit]
At the time of the book's publication, Kirkus Reviews said, "Readers who relish symbolic reference may find this trip through time and space an exhilarating experience; the rest will be forced to ponder the double entendres."[18]
A Wrinkle in Time is on the American Library Association list of the 100 Most Frequently Challenged Books of 1990–2000 at number 23.[19] Reasons given include the book's references to witches and crystal balls,[20] the claim that it "challenges religious beliefs",[21] and the listing of Jesus "with the names of great artists, philosophers, scientists, and religious leaders".[22]
A 2004 study found that it was a common read-aloud book for sixth-graders in schools in San Diego County, California.[23] Based on a 2007 online poll, the National Education Association named the book one of its "Teachers' Top 100 Books for Children".[24] It was one of the "Top 100 Chapter Books" of all time in a 2012 poll by School Library Journal.[25]
In 2016, the novel saw a spike in sales after Chelsea Clinton mentioned it as influential in her childhood in a speech at the 2016 Democratic National Convention.[26]
Characters[edit]
For appearances of these characters in other novels by L'Engle see Major characters in the works of Madeleine L'Engle
See also: Meg Murry, Charles Wallace Murry, Calvin O'Keefe, and Sandy and Dennys Murry
Main characters[edit]
Margaret "Meg" Murry[edit]
Meg is the outcast of the family and also the oldest child of scientists Alex and Kate Murry. Mathematically brilliant but less than adept at other subjects in school, Meg is "awkward", unpopular, and defensive around authority figures as well as her peers. Although she has the brains to accomplish difficult tasks, she rarely puts her strengths to use. She adores her mother and three brothers especially her youngest brother, Charles Wallace, and weeps much for her missing father. Like many adolescent girls, Meg is unhappy with her physical appearance, particularly her mouse-brown, unruly hair, braces and glasses, and considers herself a "monster" in comparison with her mother. But then she meets Calvin, a boy she falls in love with. She is about thirteen years old, and is a couple of grades below Calvin, who is fourteen years old but in eleventh grade. Introduced on the first page of the book, she is the story's main protagonist.
Charles Wallace Murry[edit]
Charles Wallace is the youngest Murry child. He is very smart and is the most extraordinary and the most vulnerable of the novel's human characters, and the youngest to journey to Camazotz. Charles Wallace did not talk at all until he was nearly four years old, at which time he began to speak in complete sentences. Now five years old, Charles Wallace speaks only to his family, but can empathically or telepathically "read" certain people's thoughts and feelings, and above that has an extraordinary vocabulary. A biological "sport," he is intellectually curious, loving, and unfazed by extraordinary people and events. He was the first to meet the Mrs Ws and brought Meg to see them. Initially able to block IT out of his mind, he opens his mind to the Man with Red Eyes and thus falls under IT's control.
Calvin O'Keefe[edit]
Calvin is the third oldest of Paddy and Branwen O'Keefe's eleven children, a tall, thin, red-haired 14-year-old high school junior who is not the best in math but has to study to play on the school basketball team, and is one of the popular boys in high school. His mother is a very cranky, tired woman with too many children. Neglected by his own family, Calvin joyfully enters the lives of the Murry family, starting in Chapter Two. He also loves Meg Murry. He shows some signs of being able to communicate telepathically, the same power Charles Wallace seems to have, a technique referred to in later books as kything. He also feels as if he has been hiding his true self all his life, and likes the Murry family much more than his own, which is characterized by abuse and dysfunctional dynamics. Calvin also supported Meg through the adventure.
Primary immortal characters[edit]
Hardcover art by Leo and Diane Dillon, showing the "Mrs Ws"
The three characters of Mrs Whatsit, Mrs Who, and Mrs Which are beings who have the ability to travel at will across large stretches of time and space by dematerializing and rematerializing. They do not have a fixed physical form, but appear to humans as elderly women. However, they are capable of metamorphosing into other creatures. All of them are billions of years old. Mrs Whatsit, in particular, was engaged in war with the Darkness.
Mrs Whatsit[edit]
Mrs Whatsit is first described as a very old woman wrapped in layers of clothes with a jacket and first appears in chapter one. Charles Wallace finds her in a 'haunted house' in the woods, where she has been living with her two friends, Mrs Who and Mrs Which. Mrs Whatsit is the youngest of the Mrs Ws (despite being 2,379,152,497 years, 8 months, and 3 days old), and the best of the three at interacting with the children.
In Chapter Four, the group (Charles Wallace, Calvin, and Meg) witnesses the physical transformation of Mrs Whatsit into a centaur-like winged being on the planet Uriel. Mrs Whatsit is also revealed to have been a star that sacrificed itself by exploding in order to destroy a section of the Black Thing.
Mrs Who[edit]
Mrs Who is described as a plump woman with spectacles. She communicates in Latin, Spanish, Italian, German, French, Portuguese and Greek, notably quoting William Shakespeare, Pascal, Dante, Seneca, A. Perez, Horace, Cervantes, Delille, Euripides, the Bible and Goethe. Mrs Whatsit explains that Mrs Who finds it "difficult to verbalize" in her own words.
Mrs Which[edit]
Mrs Which's physical appearance is not set; she appears as a shimmering light most of the time. However, she does once take on the appearance of a traditional witch, complete with black hat and broom. She does not stay long in this form, though, as corporeal appearance is quite difficult for her to maintain. She first appears at the end of Chapter 3. She is the wisest of, and the clear leader of the three women, and upon appearing, immediately demonstrates her vast knowledge of understanding in tesseract travel. Her distinguishing quirk is her long, drawn-out method of speech, symbolized by doubled and tripled consonants in her words (as in; "Nnoww, cchilldrenn, yyou musstt nott bee frrightennedd att whatt iss ggoingg tto hhappenn,"). She is the one who usually provides the group, most especially Meg, with the clues the children need to solve the problems encountered during their travels.
The Man with Red Eyes[edit]
The Man with Red Eyes is a being whom Meg, Charles Wallace, and Calvin encounter on their quest to rescue Meg and Charles Wallace's father on the planet Camazotz. He is the Prime Coordinator on Camazotz. Although he appears human, he explains that IT actually talks through him, like a robot or demented puppet, that he is a part of IT. He entices Charles Wallace to look into his glowing red eyes in order to find his father. When Charles Wallace does so, he too becomes possessed by the mind of IT, after which the Man with Red Eyes drops out of the story. Then, the man with red eyes tries to capture Meg, Calvin, and Charles Wallace. IT talks through him. He has the ability to communicate telepathically.
IT[edit]
Current book cover art by Taeeun Yoo, showing the Mrs Ws (at the left) and the children at the CENTRAL Central Intelligence building (at the right)
IT is the bodiless telepathic brain that dominates the planet of Camazotz and the main antagonist. IT controls all the people in Camazotz and makes people often do the same things together in a mechanistic synchronism as if they were robots. IT speaks through The Man With Red Eyes and later through Charles Wallace, and is functionally part of the interstellar cloud of evil called the Black Thing. IT is described as slightly larger than a human brain. Housed in a dome near the "CENTRAL Central Intelligence" building, IT is said to pulse and quiver on IT's dais. IT's aim is to enforce absolute conformity on Camazotz, with the claimed benefit of eliminating war, unhappiness and inefficiency. However, IT is aware of cruelty, referring to "ITself" as "the Happiest Sadist". While IT usually speaks through one of IT's pawns, IT can speak directly to people through telepathy, but IT only does this once throughout the entire novel. IT's name is always used whenever IT is spoken of (rather than the pronoun "it"), so pervasively that even the word "itself" is rewritten as "ITself."
The Black Thing[edit]
According to the Mrs Ws, the Black Thing is the source of all evil in the universe, and little more is described of it. It is unclear where the Black Thing came from or what its motivations are. It is even unclear what its relationship to IT is. The Black Thing has been fought by many people, all of whom have added to the peace of the world, including Mr Murry.
Sub-characters[edit]
Dr. Alexander Murry[edit]
Meg's father is a physicist, researching the mysteries of the space/time continuum, specifically five-dimensional means of travel between planets. He is also the father of Meg, Sandy, Dennys and Charles Wallace. He has been missing for some time as the novel opens. Not even his government colleagues know where he is. He is usually referred to as Mr. Murry. His first name is revealed in the fifth and last Time novel An Acceptable Time. In the television adaptation of A Wrinkle in Time, he is renamed Jack. He first appears in a flashback in Chapter One.
Dr. Katherine Murry[edit]
Meg's mother is a microbiologist, wife of Dr. Alexander Murry, and mother of the four Murry children. She is considered beautiful by the Murry children and others, having "flaming red hair" and violet eyes. Her physical attractiveness, academic and scientific accomplishments give Meg a bit of an inferiority complex. She is introduced in Chapter One, and usually referred to as Mrs. Murry. As in her husband's case, her first name is given in the subsequently published An Acceptable Time. The television version of her character is renamed Dana.
Sandy Murry[edit]
Sandy and his twin brother Dennys are the middle children in the Murry family, older than Charles Wallace but younger than Meg. They are 10 years old at the time of this book. Sandy is named after his father, Dr. Alex Murry. Although they are certainly intelligent, Sandy and his twin are considered the "normal" children in the family: B students, good at sports, and well able to fit in with their peers. Of the twins, Sandy is generally the leader, and the more pragmatic of the two. He and Dennys first appear in Chapter One.
Dennys Murry[edit]
Dennys is the twin of Sandy Murry. Dennys and his twin are usually inseparable, with Dennys generally following Sandy's lead. However, Dennys is slightly less skeptical than his brother about the strange theories and even stranger adventures of Meg and Charles Wallace. (Note: The name Dennys is a shortened version of "Dionysus", which is the name of a Greek god, but is pronounced the same way as the more common spelling "Dennis.")
Mrs. Buncombe[edit]
The wife of the constable in Meg's hometown, who has twelve bed-sheets stolen from her at the beginning of the novel.[27]
Mr. Jenkins[edit]
Mr. Jenkins [27] is Meg's cold and unfeeling high-school principal who calls her "belligerent and uncooperative" and implies that her family is in denial about Mr. Murry's true whereabouts.
Supporting alien characters[edit]
The Happy Medium lives in a cavern on a planet in Orion's Belt. Human in appearance, she is described as wearing a satin gown and a silk turban, and uses a crystal ball to look at distant places and people. Her title comes from the character's jolly temperament, and her preference for looking at happy things. She helps Meg, Calvin, and Charles Wallace see The Black Thing through the crystal ball and understand what they are fighting against. She is introduced in chapter five. (The name "Happy Medium" is a pun alluding to the common expression for reaching an acceptable compromise: "to find a happy medium.")
Aunt Beast is a character who takes care of Meg and befriends her on the planet Ixchel after Meg is "frozen" by the Black Thing. Introduced in chapter ten, the character has four arms, no eyes, and numerous long, waving tentacles instead of fingers. Tall, gray in color, sightless and telepathic, Aunt Beast has a motherly, nurturing attitude toward Meg. The name Aunt Beast is one that Meg and the alien come up with together, based on the character's perusal of Meg's mind. The character's actual name, if any, is not given.
Locations[edit]
Main article: Places in the works of Madeleine L'Engle
Early scenes in the novel take place in and around an unnamed village, later established in An Acceptable Time as being in Connecticut. The nearly 200-year-old Murry farmhouse has parallels in the Austin family series of books and in L'Engle's own Connecticut home, Crosswicks.[6]
When Meg, Calvin and Charles Wallace travel to other planets, the ones whose names are given include the following:
Camazotz – A planet of extreme, enforced conformity, ruled by a disembodied brain called IT. Camazotz is similar to Earth, with familiar trees such as birches, pines, and maples, an ordinary hill on which the children arrive, and a town with smokestacks, which "might have been one of any number of familiar towns". The horror of the place arises from its ordinary appearance, endlessly duplicated. Thus, the houses are "all exactly alike, small square boxes painted gray"; this characterization has been compared with "the burgeoning American suburbia"[28] such as the post-war housing developments of Levittown, Pennsylvania. The people who live in the houses are similarly described, with "mother figures" who "all gave the appearance of being the same". Camazotz has also been compared with "an early sixties American image of life in a Communist state", a characterization partially dismissed as too glib.[29] The name Camazotz refers to a Mayan bat god, one of L'Engle's many mythological allusions in her nomenclature.[30] It is also stated that Camazotz is a planet that has "given in" to the Black Thing, implying that it was not always the dystopian place that it is at present.
Ixchel – A planet of muted colors, inhabited by tall, sightless creatures with tentacles. It orbits the same sun as Camazotz. The name Ixchel refers to a Mayan jaguar goddess of medicine.[30]
Uriel – A planet with extremely tall mountains, an allusion to the Archangel Uriel. It is inhabited by creatures that resemble winged centaurs. It is "the third planet of the Star Malak (meaning 'angel' in Hebrew) in the spiral nebula Messier 101", which would place it at roughly 25 million light-years from Earth. The site of Mrs Whatsit's temporary transformation into one of these winged creatures, it is the place where "the guardian angels" (i.e. the Mrs Ws, who are explicitly referred to as such by Calvin later in the book) "show the questers a vision of the universe that is obscured on earth."[14]
They also stop briefly on an unnamed two-dimensional planet and on an unnamed planet in Orion's belt, the latter of which is the home of the Happy Medium.
Adaptations[edit]
Audio books[edit]
In 1994, Listening Library released an unabridged, 4-cassette audio edition read by the author.[31]
On January 10, 2012, Audible released a 50th anniversary edition recorded by Hope Davis.[32]
From left: David Dorfman as Charles Wallace Murry, Katie Stuart as Meg Murry, and Gregory Smith as Calvin O'Keefe on the planet Uriel
Film adaptations[edit]
Further information: A Wrinkle in Time (2003 film) and A Wrinkle in Time (2018 film)
In 2003, a television adaptation of the novel was made by a collaboration of Canadian production companies, to be distributed in America by Disney. The movie was directed by John Kent Harrison, with a teleplay by Susan Shilliday. It cast Katie Stuart as Meg Murry, Alfre Woodard as Mrs Whatsit, Alison Elliott as Mrs Who, and Kate Nelligan as Mrs Which. In an interview with Newsweek, when L'Engle was asked if the film "met her expectations", she said, "Yes, I expected it to be bad, and it is."[33]
A theatrical feature film adaptation of the novel is under production by Walt Disney Pictures, to be released in 2018. The film is directed by Ava DuVernay and stars Storm Reid, Oprah Winfrey, Reese Witherspoon, Mindy Kaling, Chris Pine, Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Rowan Blanchard, and Zach Galifianakis.[34][35]
Play[edit]
An adaptation by James Sie premiered at the Lifeline Theatre in Chicago, in 1990 and 1998, and will be performed there again in 2017.[36]
John Glore adapted the novel as a play that premiered in 2010. It was written for six actors playing 12 parts. One actor plays Mrs Whatsit, the Man with Red Eyes, and Camazotz Man. Dr. Kate Murry, Mrs Who, Camazotz Woman, and Aunt Beast also share one performer. The stage adaptation premiered in Costa Mesa, California, with productions in Bethesda, Maryland; Cincinnati; Philadelphia; Orlando; Portland, Oregon; and other cities.[37][38]
An adaptation by Tracy Young premiered at the Oregon Shakespeare Festival in April 2014, as well as at colleges and theaters around the U.S.[39]
Opera[edit]
In 1992, OperaDelaware (known for frequently adapting children's books) staged an opera based on A Wrinkle in Time written by Libby Larsen with a libretto by Walter Green. The review in Philly.com stated "The composer does not place arias and set pieces, but conversational ensembles with spoken dialogue that made the young daughter's climactic but concise song about familial love all the more imposing."[40][41]
Graphic novel[edit]
In 2010, Hope Larson announced that she was writing and illustrating the official graphic novel version of the book. This version was published by Farrar, Straus & Giroux in October 2012.[42][43]
References in popular culture[edit]
The television show Lost featured appearances of the book: it is one of the novels Sawyer reads on the Island, and it is seen on his dresser.[44]
Further reading[edit]
Other books in the series[edit]
L'Engle wrote four other books featuring this generation of the Murry family, collectively known as the Time Quintet.
A Wind in the Door (1973) ISBN 0-374-38443-6
A Swiftly Tilting Planet (1978) ISBN 0-374-37362-0
Many Waters (1986) ISBN 0-374-34796-4
An Acceptable Time (1989) ISBN 0-374-30027-5
Jean C. Fulton remarks that the books are not "intended to be read consecutively, these books, though integrated, are independent." Although Many Waters was published approximately eight years after A Swiftly Tilting Planet, it takes place several years earlier, when Sandy and Dennys are in high school and Meg is in college.
Four further novels have been published that feature Meg and Calvin's children, especially Polly O'Keefe. The most recent of these, An Acceptable Time, features Meg's parents, and is marketed with the four Murry books as part of the Time Quintet; Sandy Murry appears prominently in A House Like a Lotus, which features Polly O'Keefe. Nearly every novel by Madeleine L'Engle connects to the Murry-O'Keefe series either directly or indirectly with appearances by recurring characters. See also: List of L'Engle's works and Major characters in the works of Madeleine L'Engle for further detail.
Concerning A Wrinkle in Time[edit]
Scholastic BookFiles: A Reading Guide to A Wrinkle in Time ISBN 0-439-46364-5
Chase, Carole F. Suncatcher: A Study of Madeleine L'Engle and Her Writing, p. 170. Innisfree Press, 1998, ISBN 1-880913-31-3
See also[edit]
Tunnel Through Time
Wormhole
Children's literature portal
Speculative fiction portal
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The biennial, international Hans Christian Andersen Award for children's writing was inaugurated in 1956, recognizing a single book published during the preceding two years. Since the first three renditions—that is, from 1962—it has recognized a living author for a lasting contribution, considering his or her complete works. Nevertheless, a "Runner-Up List" with single book titles was published from 1960 to 1964. [Pages 15–16. This source does not identify those runners-up or report their number.]
Glistrup, Eva (2002). "Half a Century of the Hans Christian Andersen Awards". The Hans Christian Andersen Awards, 1956–2002. International Board on Books for Young People. Gyldendal. 2002. Pages 14–21. Hosted by Austrian Literature Online (literature.at). Retrieved 2013-07-22.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "A wrinkle in time". LC Online Catalog. Library of Congress (lccn.loc.gov). Retrieved 2016-10-30.
^ Jump up to: a b L'Unji, Madeleine (2007). "Go Fish: Questions for the Author", A Wrinkle in Time. New York: Square fish. p. 236. ISBN 0-312-36754-6.
Jump up ^ Chase, Carole F. (1998). Suncatcher: A Study of Madeleine L'Engle And Her Writing. Philadelphia: Innisfree Press, Inc. p. 170. ISBN 1-880913-31-3.
Jump up ^ L'Engle, Madeleine (1987). A Wrinkle in Time, 25th Anniversary Collectors' Edition (Limited ed.). ikNew York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux. pp. viii–ix.
Jump up ^ L'Engle, Madeleine. A Circle of Quiet. ISBN 0-374-12374-8.
^ Jump up to: a b c L'Engle, Madeleine (1972). A Circle of Quiet. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux. pp. 5–6, 21, 66, 217–218. ISBN 0-374-12374-8.
^ Jump up to: a b Fulton, Jean C. (2002). "A Wrinkle in Time". In Fiona Kelleghan. Classics of Science Fiction and Fantasy Literature. 2. Pasadena, Calif.: Salem Press. p. 596. Retrieved December 26, 2012. Madeleine L'Engle's view of the universe was changed by the work of such well-known physicists as Albert Einstein and Max Planck. She expressed her new perspective in A Wrinkle in Time...
Jump up ^ L'Engle, Madeleine (2004). "A Special Message from Madeleine L'Engle". Teachers @ Random: A Wrinkle in Time. Random House, Inc. Retrieved April 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "It's Time to Read A Wrinkle in Time". Square Fish Books. 2007. Archived from the original on March 3, 2007. Retrieved March 1, 2007.
Jump up ^ "A Wrinkle in Time". Math.brown.edu. 1998-12-04. Retrieved 2016-01-30.
Jump up ^ "Tesseract".
Jump up ^ Chan, Sewell (November 30, 2008). "Repaired After Fire, Cathedral Reopens". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Hettinga, Donald (1998), "A Wrinkle in Faith: The unique spiritual pilgrimage of Madeleine L'Engle", Books & culture: a Christian review, Christianity today
^ Jump up to: a b Hettinga, p. 26
Jump up ^ Fulton, Jean C (2002). "A Wrinkle in Time". In Kelleghan, Fiona. Classics of Science Fiction and Fantasy Literature. 2. Pasadena, CA: Salem Press. pp. 597–98. Retrieved December 26, 2012. ...the importance of both individual initiative and family interaction is a thematic thread. L'Engle made both the Murry adults highly talented, both intellectually and scientifically. This was atypical of fiction published in the 1950s, when the book was written. Female characters rarely were featured as intellectuals or scientists. L'Engle has been praised for this departure as well as for her creation of strong female characters. Critics even suggested that in making Meg the protagonist in A Wrinkle in Time, L'Engle opened the door for the many female protagonists who have appeared in more recent fantasy and science fiction.
Jump up ^ "A wrinkle in time excerpt". The Wall Street Journal.
Jump up ^ Maloney, Jennifer (April 16, 2015). "A New 'Wrinkle in Time'". The Wall Street Journal.
Jump up ^ "A WRINKLE IN TIME by Madeleine L'Engle". Kirkus Reviews. March 1, 1962. Retrieved June 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The 100 Most Frequently Challenged Books of 1990–2000". Banned Books Week. American Library Association. 2007. Archived from the original on April 4, 2007. Retrieved April 17, 2007.
Jump up ^ Matheson, Whitney (September 29, 2004). "Some of the best books in life are ... banned?". USA Today. Retrieved April 17, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Why Were These Books Banned?". Library – Faculty Services. Val A. Browning Library, Dixie State College of Utah. 2001. Archived from the original on March 15, 2007. Retrieved April 17, 2007.
Jump up ^ "A Wrinkle In Time". banned books project. Solonor.com. September 21, 2003. Retrieved April 17, 2007.
Jump up ^ Fisher, Douglas; et al. (2004). "Interactive Read-Alouds: Is There a Common Set of Implementation Practices?" (PDF). The Reading Teacher. 58 (1): 8–17. doi:10.1598/RT.58.1.1. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 7, 2013. Retrieved August 22, 2012.
Jump up ^ National Education Association (2007). "Teachers' Top 100 Books for Children". Retrieved August 22, 2012.
Jump up ^ Bird, Elizabeth (July 7, 2012). "Top 100 Chapter Book Poll Results". School Library Journal "A Fuse #8 Production" blog. Retrieved August 22, 2012.
Jump up ^ Brogan, Jacob (29 July 2016). "The Book Chelsea Clinton Touted as Her Childhood Favorite Is Now Outselling Trump's Art of the Deal". Slate. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Madeleine L'Engle (2013-09-30). "A Wrinkle in Time: Characters". SparkNotes. Retrieved 2016-01-30.
Jump up ^ Hettinga, Donald R. (1993). Presenting Madeleine L'Engle. New York: Twayne Publishers. p. 27. ISBN 0-8057-8222-2.
Jump up ^ Blackburn, William (1985). "Madeleine L'Engle's A Wrinkle in Time: Seeking the Original Face". Touchstones: Reflections on the Best in Children's Literature. 1: 125. ; cited in Hettinga, pp. 27.
^ Jump up to: a b Stott, Jon (Fall 1977). "Midsummer Night's Dreams: Fantasy and Self-Realization in Children's Fiction". The Lion and the Unicorn. 1 (2): 25–39. doi:10.1353/uni.0.0401. ; cited in Hettinga, pp. 27, 30.
Jump up ^ L'Engle, Madeleine (1994). A Wrinkle in Time (Audiobook ed.). Listening Library. ISBN 0-8072-7587-5.
Jump up ^ L'Engle, Madeleine. A Wrinkle in Time. Davis, Hope (Narrator) (Audible ed.). ASIN B006LPK3WS.
Jump up ^ Henneberger, Melinda (May 7, 2003). "'I Dare You': Madeleine L'Engle on God, 'The Da Vinci Code' and aging well". Newsweek. MSNBC. Retrieved February 10, 2010.
Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin (November 1, 2016). "Zach Galifianakis, Andre Holland, and 'Pan' Star Levi Miller Join 'A Wrinkle in Time'". Variety. Retrieved November 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ Gettell, Oliver (November 1, 2016). "A Wrinkle in Time adds Zach Galifianakis, André Holland, Rowan Blanchard". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved November 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ Bommer, Lawrence. "A Wrinkle in Time". Chicago Reader. Retrieved 2016-02-18.
Jump up ^ Carpenter, Susan (February 28, 2010). "'Wrinkle in Time' takes leap to South Coast Rep stage". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 27, 2011.
Jump up ^ Wren, Celia (December 9, 2010). "A 'Wrinkle' wrought smoothly for the stage". Washington Post. Retrieved June 27, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Plays: A Wrinkle in Time". Chicago Reader. 2014.
Jump up ^ Webster, Daniel (March 30, 1992). "'Wrinkle In Time' At Playhouse, Premiered By Operadelaware". Philly.com. Retrieved April 10, 2011.
Jump up ^ Website of composer Libby Larsen
Jump up ^ "A first look at Hope Larson's A Wrinkle in Time". Comic Book Resources. 2010. Archived from the original on August 29, 2010. Retrieved September 10, 2010.
Jump up ^ Arrant, Chris (2010-08-31). "Hope Larson talks comics | Robot 6 | The Comics Culture Blog". Robot6.comicbookresources.com. Retrieved 2016-01-30.
Jump up ^ Chaney, Jen & Kelly, Liz (December 19, 2007). "Lost Book Club: 'A Wrinkle in Time'". Washington Post. Retrieved July 3, 2011.
External links[edit]
Madeleine L'Engle (madeleinelengle.com)
A Wrinkle in Time reviewed at The Open Critic
A Wrinkle in Time title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
A Wrinkle in Time (TV) (mini) on IMDb
Official book site for the May 2007 release.
Awards
Preceded by
The Bronze Bow Newbery Medal recipient
1963 Succeeded by
It's Like This, Cat
[hide]
v
t
e
Madeleine L'Engle
Time Quartet
A Wrinkle in Time
A Wind in the Door
Many Waters
A Swiftly Tilting Planet
An Acceptable Time
Polly O'Keefe series
The Arm of the Starfish
Dragons in the Waters
A House Like a Lotus
An Acceptable Time
Austin family series
The Twenty-four Days Before Christmas
A Full House: An Austin Family Christmas
The Anti-Muffins
Meet the Austins
The Moon by Night
The Young Unicorns
A Ring of Endless Light
Troubling a Star
Katherine Forrester series
The Small Rain
A Severed Wasp
Camilla Dickinson series
Camilla Dickinson
A Live Coal in the Sea
Other fiction
Ilsa
And Both Were Young
The Other Side of the Sun
Certain Women
A Winter's Love
The Joys of Love
Great Ghost Stories (1998)
Characters
Major characters in the works of Madeleine L'Engle
Meg Murry
Charles Wallace Murry
Calvin O'Keefe
Sandy and Dennys Murry
Polly O'Keefe
Vicky Austin
Canon Tallis
Adam Eddington
Zachary Gray
Other
Places in the works of Madeleine L'Engle
Echthroi
Kything
Hugh Franklin
A Wrinkle in Time (2003 film)
A Ring of Endless Light (film)
A Wrinkle in Time (2018 film)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Wrinkle_in_Time&oldid=808220814"
Categories:
1962 American novels
Time Quintet
American novels adapted into films
Novels by Madeleine L'Engle
Newbery Medal-winning works
Picture books by Leo and Diane Dillon
Science fantasy novels
Young adult fantasy novels
Children's fantasy novels
Children's science fiction novels
Christian science fiction
Space exploration novels
1960s science fiction novels
1960s fantasy novels
Books with cover art by Leo and Diane Dillon
Farrar, Straus and Giroux books
Wormholes in fiction
Novels set on fictional planets
Time travel novels
1962 children's books
Hidden categories:
Use mdy dates from April 2012
Pages to import images to Wikidata
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Español
한국어
Italiano
עברית
Кыргызча
Română
Simple English
Edit links
This page was last edited on 1 November 2017, at 16:26.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href class title

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

attrs: colspan style

value: tr

value: th

values:
/wiki/Young_adult_novels
mw-redirect
Young adult novels

values:
/wiki/Farrar,_Straus_%26_Giroux
mw-redirect
Farrar, Straus & Giroux

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/22421788

values:
/wiki/Camping_trip
mw-redirect
Camping trip

values:
/wiki/Quantum_physics
mw-redirect
Quantum physics

values:
/wiki/Trade_paperbacks
mw-redirect
Trade paperbacks

values:
/wiki/Dell_Yearling
mw-redirect
Dell Yearling

values:
/wiki/Mass_market_paperback
mw-redirect
Mass market paperback

values:
/wiki/Dell_Laurel-Leaf
mw-redirect
Dell Laurel-Leaf

values:
/wiki/Space-time_continuum
mw-redirect
Space-time continuum

values: Cathedral of Saint John the Divine, New York

values: List of most commonly challenged books in the U.S.

values: Edit section: Primary immortal characters

values: Edit section: Supporting alien characters

values: Places in the works of Madeleine L'Engle

values:
/wiki/Pinwheel_galaxy
mw-redirect
Pinwheel galaxy

values:
/wiki/Listening_Library
mw-redirect
Listening Library

values:
/wiki/Audible_Inc.
mw-redirect
Audible Inc.

values: Edit section: References in popular culture

values: Edit section: Concerning A Wrinkle in Time

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: lower-alpha;

values:
nofollow
external text
https://lccn.loc.gov/90192397

values: Innisfree Press, Inc. (page does not exist)

values:
nofollow
http://www.awrinkleintime.net/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1598%2FRT.58.1.1

values:
nofollow
http://www.nea.org/grants/13154.htm/
external text

values:
/wiki/Twayne_Publishers
mw-redirect
Twayne Publishers

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1353%2Funi.0.0401

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.amazon.com/dp/B006LPK3WS

values: -moz-column-width: 25em; -webkit-column-width: 25em; column-width: 25em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
http://www.madeleinelengle.com/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0290382/
external text

values:
/wiki/Time_Quartet
mw-redirect
Time Quartet

values: The Twenty-four Days Before Christmas (page does not exist)

values: A Full House: An Austin Family Christmas (page does not exist)

values: Katherine Forrester (page does not exist)

values: The Other Side of the Sun (novel) (page does not exist)

values: Certain Women (novel) (page does not exist)

values: Great Ghost Stories (page does not exist)

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:American novels adapted into films

values: Category:Picture books by Leo and Diane Dillon

values: Category:Children's science fiction novels

values: Category:Books with cover art by Leo and Diane Dillon

values: Category:Farrar, Straus and Giroux books

values: Category:Novels set on fictional planets

values: Category:Pages to import images to Wikidata

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/A_Wrinkle_in_Time
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: 시간의 주름 – Korean

values: קמט בזמן – Hebrew

values: Убакытка саякат – Kyrgyz

values: Călătorie în a cincea dimensiune – Romanian

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-A_Wrinkle_in_Time rootpage-A_Wrinkle_in_Time vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
Content delivery network
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
(Left) Single server distribution
(Right) CDN scheme of distribution
A content delivery network or content distribution network (CDN) is a geographically distributed network of proxy servers and their data centers. The goal is to distribute service spatially relative to end-users to provide high availability and high performance. CDNs serve a large portion of the Internet content today, including web objects (text, graphics and scripts), downloadable objects (media files, software, documents), applications (e-commerce, portals), live streaming media, on-demand streaming media, and social media sites.
CDNs are a layer in the internet ecosystem. Content owners such as media companies and e-commerce vendors pay CDN operators to deliver their content to their end users. In turn, a CDN pays ISPs, carriers, and network operators for hosting its servers in their data centers.
CDN is an umbrella term spanning different types of content delivery services: video streaming, software downloads, web and mobile content acceleration, licensed/managed CDN, transparent caching, and services to measure CDN performance, load balancing, multi-CDN switching and analytics and cloud intelligence. CDN vendors may cross over into other industries like security, with DDoS protection and web application firewalls (WAF), and WAN optimization.
Contents
1 Technology
2 Content networking techniques
2.1 Content service protocols
2.2 Peer-to-peer CDNs
2.3 Private CDNs
3 CDN trends
3.1 Emergence of telco CDNs
3.2 Telco CDN advantages
3.3 Federated CDNs
3.4 edns-client-subnet EDNS0 option
4 Notable content delivery service providers
4.1 Free CDNs
4.2 Traditional commercial CDNs
4.3 Telco CDNs
4.4 Commercial CDNs using P2P for delivery
4.5 Multi CDNs
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
Technology[edit]
CDN nodes are usually deployed in multiple locations, often over multiple backbones. Benefits include reducing bandwidth costs, improving page load times, or increasing global availability of content. The number of nodes and servers making up a CDN varies, depending on the architecture, some reaching thousands of nodes with tens of thousands of servers on many remote points of presence (PoPs). Others build a global network and have a small number of geographical PoPs.[1]
Requests for content are typically algorithmically directed to nodes that are optimal in some way. When optimizing for performance, locations that are best for serving content to the user may be chosen. This may be measured by choosing locations that are the fewest hops, the least number of network seconds away from the requesting client, or the highest availability in terms of server performance (both current and historical), so as to optimize delivery across local networks. When optimizing for cost, locations that are least expensive may be chosen instead. In an optimal scenario, these two goals tend to align, as edge servers that are close to the end-user at the edge of the network may have an advantage in performance or cost.
Most CDN providers will provide their services over a varying, defined, set of PoPs, depending on the coverage desired, such as United States, International or Global, Asia-Pacific, etc. These sets of PoPs can be called "edges", "edge nodes" or "edge networks" as they would be the closest edge of CDN assets to the end user.[2]
The CDN's Edge Network grows outward from the origins through further acquisitions (via purchase, peering, or exchange) of co-locations facilities, bandwidth, and servers.
Content networking techniques[edit]
The Internet was designed according to the end-to-end principle.[3] This principle keeps the core network relatively simple and moves the intelligence as much as possible to the network end-points: the hosts and clients. As a result, the core network is specialized, simplified, and optimized to only forward data packets.
Content Delivery Networks augment the end-to-end transport network by distributing on it a variety of intelligent applications employing techniques designed to optimize content delivery. The resulting tightly integrated overlay uses web caching, server-load balancing, request routing, and content services.[4] These techniques are briefly described below.
Web caches store popular content on servers that have the greatest demand for the content requested. These shared network appliances reduce bandwidth requirements, reduce server load, and improve the client response times for content stored in the cache. Web caches are populated based on requests from users (pull caching) or based on preloaded content disseminated from content servers (push caching).[5]
Server-load balancing uses one or more techniques including service-based (global load balancing) or hardware-based, i.e. layer 4–7 switches, also known as a web switch, content switch, or multilayer switch to share traffic among a number of servers or web caches. Here the switch is assigned a single virtual IP address. Traffic arriving at the switch is then directed to one of the real web servers attached to the switch. This has the advantage of balancing load, increasing total capacity, improving scalability, and providing increased reliability by redistributing the load of a failed web server and providing server health checks.
A content cluster or service node can be formed using a layer 4–7 switch to balance load across a number of servers or a number of web caches within the network.
Request routing directs client requests to the content source best able to serve the request. This may involve directing a client request to the service node that is closest to the client, or to the one with the most capacity. A variety of algorithms are used to route the request. These include Global Server Load Balancing, DNS-based request routing, Dynamic metafile generation, HTML rewriting,[6] and anycasting.[7] Proximity—choosing the closest service node—is estimated using a variety of techniques including reactive probing, proactive probing, and connection monitoring.[4]
CDNs use a variety of methods of content delivery including, but not limited to, manual asset copying, active web caches, and global hardware load balancers.
Content service protocols[edit]
Several protocol suites are designed to provide access to a wide variety of content services distributed throughout a content network. The Internet Content Adaptation Protocol (ICAP) was developed in the late 1990s[8][9] to provide an open standard for connecting application servers. A more recently defined and robust solution is provided by the Open Pluggable Edge Services (OPES) protocol.[10] This architecture defines OPES service applications that can reside on the OPES processor itself or be executed remotely on a Callout Server. Edge Side Includes or ESI is a small markup language for edge level dynamic web content assembly. It is fairly common for websites to have generated content. It could be because of changing content like catalogs or forums, or because of the personalization. This creates a problem for caching systems. To overcome this problem, a group of companies created ESI.
Peer-to-peer CDNs[edit]
Further information: Peer-to-peer network
In peer-to-peer (P2P) content-delivery networks, clients provide resources as well as use them. This means that unlike client-server systems, the content centric networks can actually perform better as more users begin to access the content (especially with protocols such as Bittorrent that require users to share). This property is one of the major advantages of using P2P networks because it makes the setup and running costs very small for the original content distributor.[11][12]
Private CDNs[edit]
If content owners are not satisfied with the options or costs of a commercial CDN service, they can create their own CDN. This is called a private CDN. A private CDN consists of POPs (points of presence) that are only serving content for their owner. These POPs can be caching servers,[13] reverse proxies or application delivery controllers.[14] It can be as simple as two caching servers,[13] or large enough to serve petabytes of content.[15]
Large content distribution networks may even build and set up their own private network to distribute copies of content across cache locations.[16][17] Such private networks are usually used in conjunction with public networks as a backup option in case the capacity of private network is not enough or there is a failure which leads to capacity reduction. Since the same content has to be distributed across many locations, a variety of multicasting techniques may be used to reduce bandwidth consumption. Over private networks, it has also been proposed to select multicast trees according to network load conditions to more efficiently utilize available network capacity.[18][19]
CDN trends[edit]
Emergence of telco CDNs[edit]
The rapid growth of streaming video traffic[20] uses large capital expenditures by broadband providers[21] in order to meet this demand and to retain subscribers by delivering a sufficiently good quality of experience.
To address this, telecommunications service providers (TSPs) have begun to launch their own content delivery networks as a means to lessen the demands on the network backbone and to reduce infrastructure investments.
Telco CDN advantages[edit]
Because they own the networks over which video content is transmitted, telco CDNs have advantages over traditional CDNs.
They own the last mile and can deliver content closer to the end user because it can be cached deep in their networks. This deep caching minimizes the distance that video data travels over the general Internet and delivers it more quickly and reliably.
Telco CDNs also have a built-in cost advantage since traditional CDNs must lease bandwidth from them and build the operator’s margin into their own cost model.
In addition, by operating their own content delivery infrastructure, telco operators have a better control over the utilization of their resources. Content management operations performed by CDNs are usually applied without (or with very limited) information about the network (e.g., topology, utilization etc.) of the telco-operators with which they interact or have business relationships. These pose a number of challenges for the telco-operators which have a limited sphere of actions in face of the impact of these operations on the utilization of their resources.
In contrast, the deployment of telco-CDNs allow operators to implement their own content management operations,[22][23] which enables them to have better control over the utilization of their resources and, as such, provide better quality of service and experience to their end users.
Federated CDNs[edit]
In June 2011, StreamingMedia.com reported that a group of TSPs had founded an Operator Carrier Exchange (OCX)[24] to interconnect their networks and compete more directly against large traditional CDNs like Akamai and Limelight Networks, which have extensive PoPs worldwide. This way, telcos are building a Federated CDN offering, which is more interesting for a content provider willing to deliver its content to the aggregated audience of this federation.
It is likely that in a near future, other telco CDN federations will be created. They will grow by enrollment of new telcos joining the federation and bringing network presence and their Internet subscriber bases to the existing ones.
edns-client-subnet EDNS0 option[edit]
In August 2011, a global consortium of leading Internet service providers led by Google announced their official implementation of the edns-client-subnet IETF Internet-Draft,[25] which is intended to accurately localize DNS resolution responses. The initiative involves a limited number of leading DNS and CDN service providers. With the edns-client-subnet EDNS0 option, the recursive DNS servers of CDNs will utilize the IP address of the requesting client subnet when resolving DNS requests. If a CDN relies on the IP address of the DNS resolver instead of the client when resolving DNS requests, it can incorrectly geo-locate a client if the client is using Google anycast addresses for their DNS resolver, which can create latency problems. Initially, Google's 8.8.8.8 DNS addresses geo-located to California, potentially far from the location of the requesting client, but now the Google Public DNS servers are available worldwide.[26]
Notable content delivery service providers[edit]
Free CDNs[edit]
BootstrapCDN
Cloudflare
JSDelivr
Coral Content Distribution Network (Defunct)
Incapsula
Traditional commercial CDNs[edit]
Akamai Technologies[27]
Amazon CloudFront[27]
Aryaka
Azure CDN
CacheFly
CDNetworks[27]
CenterServ[27]
ChinaCache
Cloudflare[27]
Cotendo
EdgeCast Networks
Fastly
Highwinds Network Group
HP Cloud Services
Incapsula
Instart
Internap
LeaseWeb
Level 3 Communications
Limelight Networks
MetaCDN
NACEVI
OnApp
OVH
Rackspace Cloud Files
Speedera Networks
StreamZilla
Wangsu Science & Technology
Webscale
Yottaa
Telco CDNs[edit]
AT&T Inc.
Bharti Airtel
Bell Canada
BT Group
CenturyLink
China Telecom
Deutsche Telekom
KT
KPN
Level 3 Communications
Megafon
NTT
Pacnet
PCCW
Qualitynet
SingTel
SK Broadband
Tata Communications
Telecom Argentina
Telecom Italia
Spark New Zealand
Telefonica
Telenor
TeliaSonera
Telin
Telstra
Telus
Turk Telekom
Verizon
Commercial CDNs using P2P for delivery[edit]
BitTorrent, Inc.
Internap
Pando Networks
Rawflow
Multi CDNs[edit]
MetaCDN
Generally speaking, all Internet service providers can provide a content delivery network.
See also[edit]
Application software
Bel Air Circuit
Comparison of streaming media systems
Comparison of video services
Content delivery network interconnection
Content delivery platform
Data center
Digital television
Dynamic site acceleration
Edge computing
Internet radio
Internet television
IPTV
List of music streaming services
List of streaming media systems
Multicast
NetMind
Open Music Model
Over-the-top content
P2PTV
Protection of Broadcasts and Broadcasting Organizations Treaty
Push technology
Software as a service
Streaming media
Webcast
Web syndication
Web television
Software portal
Free software portal
Information technology portal
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "How Content Delivery Networks Work". CDNetworks. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "How content delivery networks (CDNs) work". NCZOnline. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Saltzer, J. H., Reed, D. P., Clark, D. D.: “End-to-End Arguments in System Design,” ACM Transactions on Communications, 2(4), 1984
^ Jump up to: a b Hofmann, Markus; Leland R. Beaumont (2005). Content Networking: Architecture, Protocols, and Practice. Morgan Kaufmann Publisher. ISBN 1-55860-834-6.
Jump up ^ Bestavros, Azer (March 1996). "Speculative Data Dissemination and Service to Reduce Server Load, Network Traffic and Service Time for Distributed Information Systems" (PDF). Proceedings of ICDE'96: The 1996 International Conference on Data Engineering. 1996: 180–189.
Jump up ^ RFC 3568 Barbir, A., Cain, B., Nair, R., Spatscheck, O.: "Known Content Network (CN) Request-Routing Mechanisms," July 2003
Jump up ^ RFC 1546 Partridge, C., Mendez, T., Milliken, W.: "Host Anycasting Services," November 1993.
Jump up ^ RFC 3507 Elson, J., Cerpa, A.: "Internet Content Adaptation Protocol (ICAP)," April 2003.
Jump up ^ ICAP Forum
Jump up ^ RFC 3835 Barbir, A., Penno, R., Chen, R., Hofmann, M., and Orman, H.: "An Architecture for Open Pluggable Edge Services (OPES)," August 2004.
Jump up ^ Li, Jin. "On peer-to-peer (P2P) content delivery" (PDF). Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications. 1 (1): 45–63. doi:10.1007/s12083-007-0003-1.
Jump up ^ Stutzbach, Daniel et al. (2005). "The scalability of swarming peer-to-peer content delivery". In Boutaba, Raouf et al. NETWORKING 2005 -- Networking Technologies, Services, and Protocols; Performance of Computer and Communication Networks; Mobile and Wireless Communications Systems (PDF). Springer. pp. 15–26. ISBN 978-3-540-25809-4. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link) CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link)
^ Jump up to: a b "How to build your own CDN using BIND, GeoIP, Nginx, Varnish - UNIXy".
Jump up ^ "How to Create Your Content Delivery Network With aiScaler".
Jump up ^ "Netflix Shifts Traffic To Its Own CDN; Akamai, Limelight Shrs Hit". Forbes. 5 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Mikel Jimenez; et al. (May 1, 2017). "Building Express Backbone: Facebook's new long-haul network". Retrieved October 27, 2017. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
Jump up ^ "Inter-Datacenter WAN with centralized TE using SDN and OpenFlow" (PDF). 2012. Retrieved October 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ M. Noormohammadpour; et al. (July 10, 2017). "DCCast: Efficient Point to Multipoint Transfers Across Datacenters". USENIX. Retrieved July 26, 2017. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
Jump up ^ M. Noormohammadpour; et al. (2018). "QuickCast: Fast and Efficient Inter-Datacenter Transfers using Forwarding Tree Cohorts". Retrieved January 23, 2018. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
Jump up ^ "Online Video Sees Tremendous Growth, Spurs some Major Updates". SiliconANGLE.
Jump up ^ "Overall Telecom CAPEX to Rise in 2011 Due to Video, 3G, LTE Investments". cellular-news.
Jump up ^ D. Tuncer, M. Charalambides, R. Landa, G. Pavlou, “More Control Over Network Resources: an ISP Caching Perspective,” proceedings of IEEE/IFIP Conference on Network and Service Management (CNSM), Zurich, Switzerland, October 2013.
Jump up ^ M. Claeys, D. Tuncer, J. Famaey, M. Charalambides, S. Latre, F. De Turck, G. Pavlou, “Proactive Multi-tenant Cache Management for Virtualized ISP Networks,” proceedings of IEEE/IFIP Conference on Network and Service Management (CNSM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, November 2014.
Jump up ^ "Telcos And Carriers Forming New Federated CDN Group Called OCX (Operator Carrier Exchange)". Dan Rayburn - StreamingMediaBlog.com.
Jump up ^ "Client Subnet in DNS Requests".
Jump up ^ "Where are your servers currently located?".
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "How CDN and International Servers Networking Facilitate Globalization". The Huffington Post. Delarno Delvix. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
Further reading[edit]
Buyya, R.; Pathan, M.; Vakali, A. (2008). Content Delivery Networks. Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-77887-5_1. ISBN 9783540778868.
Hau, T.; Burghardt, D.; Brenner, W. (2011). "Multihoming, Content Delivery Networks, and the Market for Internet Connectivity". Telecommunications Policy. 35 (6): 532–542. doi:10.1016/j.telpol.2011.04.002.
Majumdar, S.; Kulkarni, D.; Ravishankar, C. (2007). "Addressing Click Fraud in Content Delivery Systems" (PDF). Infocom. IEEE. doi:10.1109/INFCOM.2007.36.
Nygren., E.; Sitaraman R. K.; Sun, J. (2010). "The Akamai Network: A Platform for High-Performance Internet Applications" (PDF). ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review. 44 (3): 2–19. doi:10.1145/1842733.1842736. Retrieved November 19, 2012.
Vakali, A.; Pallis, G. (2003). "Content Delivery Networks: Status and Trends". IEEE Internet Computing. 7 (6): 68–74. doi:10.1109/MIC.2003.1250586.
show
v
t
e
E-book digital distribution platforms
Active
Amazon Kindle
Archive of Our Own
Barnes & Noble Nook
FanFiction.Net
Google Play Books
Hoopla Digital
iBooks Store
Kindle Direct Publishing
Kindle Store
Kobo
Lulu
NoiseTrade
OverDrive, Inc.
Playster
PocketBook Reader
Publiseer
Scribd
Smashwords
Wattpad
Wikibooks
Discontinued
Sony Reader
Oyster
Pronoun
show
v
t
e
Music digital distribution platforms
Digital library
Music download
Online music store
Streaming media
Active
7digital
8tracks.com
Amazon Music
Anghami
Apple Music
Baidu Music
Bandcamp
Bandit.fm
Beatport
Bleep.com
Boomplay Music
CD Baby
Classical Archives
Claro Música
Deezer
Digitally Imported
Ditto Music
Djshop
EmuBands
eMusic
Gaana.com
Google Play Music
HDtracks
HearYou Music
Hoopla
Icecast
iHeartRadio
iTunes Store
Jamendo
JOOX
Juno Records
KakaoMusic
KKBox
KuGou
Last.fm
Line Music
Live365
Magnatune
Melon
Mixcloud
MOOV
Murfie
MusicStation
Music Glue
Mziiki
Napster
NetEase Music
Nimbit
NoiseTrade
ONErpm
OverDrive, Inc.
Pandora
Patari
PayPlay.FM
PlayStation Music
Playster
Qobuz
QQ Music
Raaga.com
Radio.com
Radical.fm
Radionomy
RockMyRun
ROXI
Saavn
Sellaband
Slacker
Spinlet
Spotify
SoundCloud
Shazam
Tidal
Twine
WiMP
YouTube Music
Discontinued
Amie Street
Aupeo
Beats Music
BlackBerry World
Blinkbox Music
BuyMusic
Electric Jukebox
GhostTunes
GoMusicNow
Groove Music
Grooveshark
Guvera
Internet Underground Music Archive
imeem
iMesh
Kazaa
Mixcrate
Mog
MP3.com
Music Unlimited
Nokia Store
MixRadio
PlayNow Arena
Pono
PressPlay
Puretracks
rara
Rdio
Simfy
Songza
Spinner
SpiralFrog
Stardock Central
Streamwaves
Style Jukebox
Ubetoo
Wowloud
Yahoo! Music Radio/LAUNCHcast
Yahoo! Music Unlimited
Zune Marketplace
show
v
t
e
Software distribution platforms and content delivery networks
App store
Cloud gaming
Digital library
Online game store
Package manager
Software distribution
Streaming media
Active
Personal
computer
Allmyapps
Amazon Digital Game Store
Battle.net
Big Fish Games
Chrome Web Store
Digital River
Direct2Drive
DotEmu
GOG.com
GameHouse
GameShadow
GamersGate
Game Jolt
GNOME Software
Green Man Gaming
Humble Store
Mac Games Arcade
itch.io
Mac App Store
MacUpdate
Metaboli/GamesPlanet
Microsoft Store
MSN Games
Origin
Playism
Playster
Pogo.com
Pokki
Steam
Uplay
WildTangent
Video game
consoles
GameFly
Microsoft Store
Nintendo eShop
PlayStation Now
PlayStation Store
Wii Shop Channel
Xbox Store
Xbox Live Arcade
Mobile
Amazon Appstore
Apple App Store
Aptoide
BlackBerry World
Cafe Bazaar
Cydia
F-Droid
GamersGate
GetJar
Google Play
Handango
Microsoft Store
Samsung Galaxy Apps
SlideME
Opera Mobile Store
Playster
Arcade
ALL.Net
NESiCAxLive
E-Amusement
Discontinued
Club Nokia
Desura
GameAgent
GameTap
Games for Windows – Live
Games for Windows Marketplace
Impulse
Intel AppUp
Jumboplay
Kazaa
N-Gage
Nokia Download!
Nokia (Ovi) Store
OnLive
PlayNow Arena
Stardock Central
Triton
Ubuntu Software Center
Ubuntu App Store
Vodafone live!
Windows Marketplace
Windows Marketplace for Mobile
Windows Phone Store
Yahoo! Games
Zune Marketplace
Zylom
show
v
t
e
Video digital distribution platforms
Digital library
Streaming media
Video on demand
Free
56.com
7plus
9Now
ABC iview
Aparat
AcFun
afreecaTV
All 4
Arte Boutique
BBC iPlayer
Bilibili
Blinkbox
Break.com
Brightcove
Buzznet
Canalplay
Chicken Pork Adobo
Dailymotion
Daum
DittoTV
Facebook Watch
The Film Detective
FilmOn
Flickr
Fotki
France TV Pluzz
Funimation
Funshion
GOG.com
GyaO
Hitchhike TV
Hoopla
Hotstar
Hunter TV
iQiyi
ITV Hub
i Want TV
Le
Lightbox
LiveLeak
Mango TV
Medici.tv
Metacafe
Mixer
My5
MyTF1 VOD
MyVideo
Naver
NeuLion
The NewsMarket
Niconico
Noggin
OneWorldTV
Ora TV
OverDrive, Inc.
Pandora TV
PictureBox Films
Pluto TV
Popcornflix
PPTV
Putlocker
RTÉ Player
Rumble
Rutube
SBS on Demand
SchoolTube
SHOWROOM
Sky Go
Smashcast.tv
Sohu
Sony Crackle
Sony LIV
Sina Video
Spirit Show Network
Spuul
Starlight Networks
Steam
Streamworks International
STV Player
SVT Play
TalkTalk TV
Tank Top TV
TAPP TV
TeacherTube
Teaching Channel
Telly Inc
tenplay
thePlatform
Toon Goggles
Trilulilu
Tubi
Tudou
TV UOL
Tvigle
TVNZ OnDemand
TVPlayer
tvyo
Twitch.tv
UKTV Play
Ultraviolet
VBOX7
Veoh
Vevo
Viddsee
Viewster
Viki
Vimeo
Virgin Media Player
Viu
Voddler
Vudu
V.QQ.com
VyRT
Wistia
Wuaki
Xfinity Streampix
Xunlei Kankan
Yahoo! View
Youku
YouTube
YuppTV
Zattoo
Sports
Fox Sports Go
NBL TV
WatchESPN
Pornographic
PornerBros
Pornhub
PornMD
PornoTube
RedTube
XHamster
Xtube
XVideos
YouPorn
Comedy
Funny or Die
Paid
Acorn TV
AnimeLab
Boomerang
BritBox
CBS All Access
CraveTV
Crunchyroll
CuriosityStream
DC Universe
Disney (late 2019)
FandangoNOW
Fandor
The Film Detective
Fullscreen
HBO Now
Hillsong Channel Now
HOOQ
Hulu
Icflix
iflix
Kocowa
Mubi
Netflix
Now TV
PlayStation Video
Playster
Prime Video
Rooster Teeth FIRST
SHAHID
Showmax
Showtime
Shudder
Sky On Demand
Stan
STARZ
VidAngel
WatchToku
YouTube Premium
Live Television
DirecTV Now
Foxtel Now
Hulu with Live TV
LocalBTV
PlayStation Vue
Sling TV
TVPlayer
YouTube TV
Sports
B/R Live
DAZN
Eleven Sports
ESPN+
NBC Sports Gold
UFC Fight Pass
Rental & Purchase
Amazon Video
Google Play Movies & TV
iTunes Store
Movies Anywhere
Nintendo eShop
PlayStation Store
Vudu
Microsoft Store (Microsoft Movies & TV)
Wrestling
All Japan Pro Wrestling TV
Big Japan Pro Wrestling Core
Club WWN
Chikaratopia
CZW Studios
DDT Universe
Demand Progress
Dragon Gate Network
Global Wrestling Network
Honor Club
New Japan Pro-Wrestling World
Stardom World
WWE Network
WWNLive
wXwNOW
Discontinued
Azubu
BBC Store
Blip
Blockbuster On Demand (now part of Sling TV)
BlogTV
CinemaNow
Daisuki
DramaFever
Fearnet
FilmStruck
Flixster
Google Video
Hitbox.tv
imeem
iMesh
Intel AppUp
Joost
Justin.tv
Kazaa
LoveFilm
Megavideo
MUZU.TV
Nintendo Channel
Nintendo Video
Nokia Store
Openfilm
PLUS7
Presto
Quickflix
Redbox Instant by Verizon
Revver
Seeso
Shomi
Sony Entertainment Network
Stage6
Super Deluxe
TouchVision
Triton
TroopTube
Twango
Total Access Impact Wrestling
Vdio
Vessel
Viddler
Vidme
Vine
Vongo
Warner Archive Instant
WeShow
Windows Media Center
WWE Classics on Demand
Yahoo! Screen
Zune Marketplace
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Content_delivery_network&oldid=865925053"
Categories:
Computer networking
Applications of distributed computing
Cloud storage
Digital television
Distributed algorithms
Distributed data storage
Distributed data storage systems
File sharing
File sharing networks
Film and video technology
Internet broadcasting
Internet radio
Internet television
Multimedia
Peer-to-peer computing
Peercasting
Streaming
Streaming media systems
Video hosting
Video on demand services
Online content distribution
Content delivery networks
Hidden categories:
CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter
CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter
CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al.
Pages using div col with small parameter
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Català
Čeština
Deutsch
Eesti
Español
Euskara
فارسی
Français
한국어
Italiano
Кыргызча
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
日本語
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Српски / srpski
Suomi
Svenska
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
中文
17 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 27 October 2018, at 02:28 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: img

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

attrs: class style

value: b

attrs: href title

value: p

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values:
/wiki/Points_of_presence
mw-redirect
Points of presence

values: Edit section: Content networking techniques

values:
/wiki/Web_servers
mw-redirect
Web servers

values:
/wiki/Peer-to-peer_network
mw-redirect
Peer-to-peer network

values:
/wiki/Streaming_video
mw-redirect
Streaming video

values:
/wiki/Capital_expenditures
mw-redirect
Capital expenditures

values:
/wiki/Network_backbone
mw-redirect
Network backbone

values: Edit section: edns-client-subnet EDNS0 option

values: Edit section: Notable content delivery service providers

values: -moz-column-width: 20em; -webkit-column-width: 20em; column-width: 20em; font-size:90%;

values: Edit section: Traditional commercial CDNs

values:
/wiki/Azure_Services_Platform
mw-redirect
Azure Services Platform

values:
/wiki/EdgeCast_Networks
mw-redirect
EdgeCast Networks

values:
/wiki/HP_Cloud_Services
mw-redirect
HP Cloud Services

values:
/wiki/Turk_Telekom
mw-redirect
Turk Telekom

values: Edit section: Commercial CDNs using P2P for delivery

values:
/wiki/BitTorrent,_Inc.
mw-redirect
BitTorrent, Inc.

values:
/wiki/Internet_service_providers
mw-redirect
Internet service providers

values:
/wiki/Comparison_of_video_services
mw-redirect
Comparison of video services

values: Content delivery network interconnection

values:
/wiki/Internet_television
mw-redirect
Internet television

values:
/wiki/List_of_music_streaming_services
mw-redirect
List of music streaming services

values:
/wiki/Open_Music_Model
mw-redirect
Open Music Model

values:
/wiki/Over-the-top_content
mw-redirect
Over-the-top content

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Free and open-source software logo (2009).svg

values:
/wiki/Portal:Free_software
mw-redirect
Portal:Free software

values: Desktop computer clipart - Yellow theme.svg

values:
noprint metadata navbox
navigation
Portals
font-weight:bold;padding:0.4em 2em

values:
/wiki/Request_for_Comments_(identifier)
mw-redirect
Request for Comments (identifier)

values:
nofollow
external text
https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3568

values:
nofollow
external text
https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1546

values:
nofollow
external text
https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3507

values:
nofollow
external text
https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3835

values: Category:CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter

values: Category:CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter

values:
nofollow
external text
http://aiscaler.com/private-cdn

values: Category:CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al.

values:
/wiki/The_Huffington_Post
mw-redirect
The Huffington Post

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
http://www.gridbus.org/cdn/book/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1109%2FINFCOM.2007.36

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1109%2FMIC.2003.1250586

values: Template:E-book digital distribution platforms

values: Template talk:E-book digital distribution platforms

values:
/wiki/IBooks_Store
mw-redirect
IBooks Store

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values: Template:Music digital distribution platforms

values: Template talk:Music digital distribution platforms

values:
*_Digital_library
*_Music_download
*_Online_music_store
*_Streaming_media

values:
/wiki/Digitally_Imported
mw-redirect
Digitally Imported

values:
/wiki/Napster_(online_music_service)
mw-redirect
Napster (online music service)

values:
/wiki/Slacker_(music_service)
mw-redirect
Slacker (music service)

values:
/wiki/Shazam_(company)
mw-redirect
Shazam (company)

values:
/wiki/Music_Unlimited
mw-redirect
Music Unlimited

values:
/wiki/Nokia_Store
mw-redirect
Nokia Store

values: Template:Software digital distribution platforms

values: Template talk:Software digital distribution platforms

values:
*_App_store
*_Cloud_gaming
*_Digital_library
*_Online_game_store
*_Package_manager
*_Software_distribution
*_Streaming_media

values: List of mobile app distribution platforms

values:
/wiki/Games_for_Windows_Marketplace
mw-redirect
Games for Windows Marketplace

values:
/wiki/Ubuntu_App_Store
mw-redirect
Ubuntu App Store

values: Template:Video digital distribution platforms

values: Template talk:Video digital distribution platforms

values:
/wiki/Chicken_Pork_Adobo
mw-redirect
Chicken Pork Adobo

values:
/wiki/Noggin_(app)
mw-redirect
Noggin (app)

values:
/wiki/Hillsong_Channel_Now
mw-redirect
Hillsong Channel Now

values:
/wiki/Shahid_(service)
mw-redirect
Shahid (service)

values:
/wiki/Big_Japan_Pro_Wrestling_Core
mw-redirect
Big Japan Pro Wrestling Core

values:
/wiki/CZW_Studios
mw-redirect
CZW Studios

values:
/wiki/DDT_Universe
mw-redirect
DDT Universe

values:
/wiki/Dragon_Gate_Network
mw-redirect
Dragon Gate Network

values:
/wiki/Stardom_World
mw-redirect
Stardom World

values:
/wiki/Total_Access_Impact_Wrestling
mw-redirect
Total Access Impact Wrestling

values:
/wiki/Vine_(website)
mw-redirect
Vine (website)

values:
/wiki/Yahoo!_Screen
mw-redirect
Yahoo! Screen

values: Category:Applications of distributed computing

values: Category:Distributed data storage systems

values: Category:Pages using div col with small parameter

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Content_delivery_network
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: شبكة توصيل المحتوى – Arabic

values: Xarxa de lliurament de continguts – Catalan

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Red de distribución de contenidos – Spanish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: شبکه تحویل محتوا – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values: 콘텐츠 전송 네트워크 – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: Мазмун жеткирүүчү тармак – Kyrgyz

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ky
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: コンテンツデリバリネットワーク – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values: Rede de fornecimento de conteúdo – Portuguese

values: Rețea de distribuție de conținut – Romanian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Мреже за доставу садржаја – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: کانٹینٹ ڈلیوری نیٹ ورک – Urdu

values: 內容傳遞網路 – Chinese

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Content_delivery_network rootpage-Content_delivery_network skin-vector action-view