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Time Person of the Year
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For other uses, see Person of the Year.
Person of the Year (called Man of the Year or Woman of the Year until 1999)[1] is an annual issue of the United States news magazine Time that features and profiles a person, a group, an idea, or an object that "for better or for worse... has done the most to influence the events of the year".[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Selection
2.1 U.S. Presidents
2.2 Women
2.3 Groups and non-humans
2.4 Special awards
2.5 Controversial choices
2.6 Withdrawn selections
2.7 Online poll
3 Persons of the Year
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links
Background[edit]
The tradition of selecting a "Man of the Year" began in 1927, with Time editors contemplating the news makers of the years. The idea was also an attempt to remedy the editorial embarrassment earlier that year of not having aviator Charles Lindbergh on its cover following his historic trans-Atlantic flight. By the end of the year, it was decided that a cover story featuring Lindbergh as the Man of the Year would serve both purposes.[3]
Selection[edit]
U.S. Presidents[edit]
Since the list began, every serving President of the United States has been a Man or Person of the Year at least once with the exceptions of Calvin Coolidge, in office at time of the first issue, Herbert Hoover, the next U.S. president, and Gerald Ford. Most were named Man or Person of the Year either the year they were elected or while they were in office; the only one to be given the title before being elected is Dwight D. Eisenhower, in 1944 as Supreme Commander of the Allied Invasion Force, eight years before his election. He subsequently received the title again in 1959, while in office. Franklin D. Roosevelt is the only person to have received the title three times, first as president-elect (1932) and later as the incumbent president (1934 and 1941).
Women[edit]
In 1999, the title was changed to Person of the Year.[4] Women who have been selected for recognition after the renaming include "The Whistleblowers" (Cynthia Cooper, Coleen Rowley, and Sherron Watkins in 2002), Melinda Gates (jointly with Bill Gates and Bono, in 2005), Angela Merkel in 2015 and "The Silence Breakers" (Isabel Pascual, Adama Iwu, Ashley Judd, Susan Fowler and Taylor Swift in 2017). Prior to 1999, four women were granted the title as individuals: three as "Woman of the Year"—Wallis Simpson (1936), Queen Elizabeth II (1952), and Corazon Aquino (1986)–and one as half of the "Man and Wife of the Year", Soong Mei-ling (1937).[5] "American Women" were recognized as a group in 1975. Other classes of people recognized comprise both men and women, such as "Hungarian Freedom Fighters" (1956), "U.S. Scientists" (1960), "The Inheritors" (1966), "The Middle Americans" (1969), "The American Soldier" (2003), "You" (2006), "The Protester" (2011) represented on the cover by a woman, and "Ebola fighters" (2014). Although the title on the magazine remained "Man of The Year" for both the 1956 "Hungarian Freedom Fighter" and the 1966 "Twenty-five and Under" editions which both featured a woman standing behind a man, and "Men of the Year" on the 1960 "U.S. Scientists" edition which exclusively featured men on its cover. It wasn't until the 1969 edition on "The Middle Americans" did the title embrace "Man and Woman of the Year".
Groups and non-humans[edit]
Despite the name, the title is not just granted to individuals. Pairs of people such as married couples and political opponents, classes of people, and inanimate objects have all been selected for the special year-end issue.
Multiple named people
Chiang Kai-shek and Soong Mei-ling, President and First Lady of China (1937)
William Anders, Frank Borman and Jim Lovell, crew of Apollo 8 (1968)
Richard Nixon and Henry Kissinger, political allies (1972)
Ronald Reagan and Yuri Andropov, Cold War rivals (1983)
Nelson Mandela and F.W. de Klerk; Yasser Arafat and Yitzhak Rabin, political leaders leading peace negotiations (1993)
Bill Clinton and Ken Starr, key figures in the Clinton impeachment (1998)
Cynthia Cooper, Coleen Rowley and Sherron Watkins, whistleblowers (2002)
Bill Gates, Melinda Gates and Bono, philanthropists (2005)
Classes of unnamed people
The American fighting-man (1950)
The Hungarian freedom fighter (1956)
U.S. Scientists (1960)
The Inheritor (1966)
Middle Americans (1969)
American women (1975)
The American soldier (2003)
You (2006)
The Protester (2011)
Ebola fighters (2014)
The Silence Breakers (2017)
Inanimate objects
The Computer (Machine of the Year, 1983)
The Endangered Earth (Planet of the Year, 1988)
Special awards[edit]
In 1949, Winston Churchill was named "Man of the Half-Century", and the last issue of 1989 named Mikhail Gorbachev as "Man of the Decade". The December 31, 1999 issue of Time named Albert Einstein the "Person of the Century". Franklin D. Roosevelt and Mahatma Gandhi were chosen as runners-up.[6]
Controversial choices[edit]
Despite the magazine's frequent statements to the contrary, the designation is often regarded as an honor, and spoken of as an award or prize, simply based on many previous selections of admirable people.[7] However, Time magazine points out that controversial figures such as Adolf Hitler (1938), Joseph Stalin (1939 and 1942), Nikita Khrushchev (1957), and Ayatollah Khomeini (1979) have also been granted the title for their impacts.[8]
As a result of the public backlash it received from the United States for naming Khomeini as Man of the Year in 1979, Time has since shied away from using figures who are controversial in the United States for commercial reasons, fearing reductions in sales or advertising revenue.[9]
Time's Person of the Year 2001, immediately following the September 11, 2001 attacks, was New York City mayor Rudolph Giuliani. The stated rules of selection, the individual or group of individuals who have had the biggest effect on the year's news, made Osama bin Laden a more likely choice that year. The issue that declared Giuliani the Person of the Year included an article that mentioned Time's earlier decision to select the Ayatollah Khomeini and the 1999 rejection of Hitler as "Person of the Century". The article seemed to imply that Osama bin Laden was a stronger candidate than Giuliani, as Adolf Hitler was a stronger candidate than Albert Einstein. The selections were ultimately based on what the magazine describes as who they believed had a stronger influence on history and who represented either the year or the century the most. According to Time, Rudolph Giuliani was selected for symbolizing the American response to the September 11th attacks, and Albert Einstein selected for representing a century of scientific exploration and wonder.
Another controversial choice was the 2006 selection of "You", representing most if not all people for advancing the information age by using the Internet (via e.g. blogs, MySpace YouTube, and Wikipedia).[10]
Withdrawn selections[edit]
In 1941, the fictional elephant Dumbo from the Disney movie of the same name was selected to be "Mammal of the Year", and a cover was created showing Dumbo in a formal portrait style. However, the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7 pre-empted the cover. The U.S. president Franklin Delano Roosevelt was named Man of the Year for a record third time, although Dumbo's Mammal of the Year profile still appeared on the inside pages of the magazine.[11]
Film-maker Michael Moore claims that director Mel Gibson cost him the opportunity to be Person of the Year alongside Gibson in 2004. Moore's controversial political documentary Fahrenheit 9/11 became the highest-grossing documentary of all time the same year Gibson's The Passion of the Christ became a box-office success and also caused significant controversy. Moore said in an interview "I got a call right after the '04 election from an editor from Time Magazine. He said,' Time Magazine has picked you and Mel Gibson to be Time's Person of the Year to put on the cover, Right and Left, Mel and Mike. The only thing you have to do is pose for a picture with each other. And do an interview together.' I said 'OK.' They call Mel up, he agrees. They set the date and time in LA. I'm to fly there. He's flying from Australia. Something happens when he gets home... Next thing, Mel calls up and says, 'I'm not doing it. I've thought it over and it is not the right thing to do.' So they put Bush on the cover."[12]
On November 24, 2017, U.S. president Donald Trump posted on the social media network Twitter that Time editors had told him he would "probably" be named Person of the Year for a second time, conditional on an interview and photo shoot which he had refused. Time denied that that they had made any such promises or conditions to Trump, who was named a runner-up.[13]
Online poll[edit]
Time magazine also holds an online poll for the readers to vote for who they believe to be the Person of the Year. While many mistakenly believe the winner of the poll to be the Person of the Year, the title, as mentioned above, is decided by the editors of Time. In the first online poll held in 1998, wrestler and activist Mick Foley won with over 50% of the votes.[14][15] Foley was removed from the poll, and the title was given to Bill Clinton and Ken Starr, which led to outrage from the fans of Foley who mistakenly believed the winner of the poll would be the winner of the title. In 2006, the poll winner by a wide margin was Hugo Chávez, with 35% of the votes. The president of Iran, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, came in second. Time again ignored those results, not mentioning them in the announcement of the Person of the Year.[16] Time continues to annually run an online poll for the "People's Choice", but stresses the decision on who the magazine recognizes is not made by the poll, but by the magazine's editors.[17]
Persons of the Year[edit]
Year
Image
Choice
Lifetime
Notes
Runners-up
1927
Lindbergh, CharlesCharles Lindbergh
1902–1974 In 1927, Lindbergh became the first person to fly a plane solo non-stop across the Atlantic, from New York to Paris.
1928
Chrysler, WalterWalter Chrysler
1875–1940 In 1928, Chrysler oversaw a merger of his Chrysler Corporation with Dodge before beginning work on the Chrysler Building.
1929
Young, Owen D.Owen D. Young
1874–1962 Young chaired a committee which authored 1929's Young Plan, a program for settlement of German reparations after World War I.
1930
Gandhi, MahatmaMahatma Gandhi
1869–1948 Gandhi was the leader of the India's independence movement. In 1930, he led the Salt Satyagraha, a 240-mile march to protest the imposition of taxes on salt by the British Raj.
1931
Laval, PierrePierre Laval
1883–1945 Laval was first elected Prime Minister of France in 1931. Laval was popular in the American press at the time for opposing the Hoover Moratorium, a temporary freeze on World War I debt payments that was disliked in both France and the US.[18]
1932
Roosevelt, Franklin D.Franklin D. Roosevelt
1882–1945 Roosevelt won the 1932 US Presidential election by a landslide, defeating the incumbent, Herbert Hoover.
1933
Johnson, Hugh S.Hugh S. Johnson
1882–1942 In 1933, Johnson was appointed director of the National Recovery Administration, tasked by US President Franklin D. Roosevelt to bring industry, labor and government together to create codes of "fair practices" and set prices.
1934
Roosevelt, Franklin D.Franklin D. Roosevelt (2)
1882–1945 Roosevelt was President of the United States from 1933 to 1945. In 1934, Roosevelt's New Deal reforms were beginning to bear fruit.
1935
Selassie, HaileHaile Selassie
1892–1975 Selassie was Emperor of Ethiopia in 1935, when Italian forces invaded Ethiopia, starting the Second Italo-Abyssinian War.
1936
Simpson, WallisWallis Simpson
1896–1986 In 1936, Simpson's relationship with King Edward VIII led the king to abdicate his throne in order to marry her.
1937
Kai-shek, ChiangChiang Kai-shek
1887–1975 Chiang was Premier of the Republic of China at the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937.
Mei-ling, SoongSoong Mei-ling
1898–2003 Soong was wife of Chiang Kai-shek from 1927 until his death in 1975. Addressed as Madame Chiang Kai-Shek by the magazine, she was recognized together with her husband as "Man & Wife of the Year".[5]
1938
Hitler, AdolfAdolf Hitler
1889–1945 As German Chancellor, Hitler oversaw the unification of Germany with Austria and the Sudetenland in 1938, after the Anschluss and Munich Agreement respectively.
1939
Stalin, JosephJoseph Stalin
1878–1953 In 1939, Stalin was General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and de facto leader of the Soviet Union. He oversaw the signing of a non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany before invading eastern Poland.
1940
Churchill, WinstonWinston Churchill
1874–1965 Churchill was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom during the 1940 Dunkirk evacuation and the Battle of Britain.
1941
Roosevelt, Franklin D.Franklin D. Roosevelt (3)
1882–1945 Roosevelt was President of the United States in 1941 during the attack on Pearl Harbor, declaration of war against Japan and resulting entry of the United States into World War II. The editors had already chosen Dumbo as their "Mammal of the Year" before the Pearl Harbor attack, but quickly changed it to Roosevelt.[11]
1942
Stalin, JosephJoseph Stalin (2)
1878–1953 By 1942, Stalin was General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and Premier of the Soviet Union, overseeing the Battle of Stalingrad (1942–1943).
1943
Marshall, GeorgeGeorge Marshall
1880–1959 As United States Army Chief of Staff in 1943, General Marshall was instrumental in organizing US actions in World War II.
1944
Eisenhower, Dwight D.Dwight D. Eisenhower
1890–1969 General Eisenhower was Supreme Allied Commander in Europe during 1944's Operation Overlord.
1945
Truman, Harry S.Harry S. Truman
1884–1972 Truman became President of the United States after the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1945, authorizing the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
1946
Byrnes, James F.James F. Byrnes
1879–1972 In 1946, Byrnes was United States Secretary of State during the Iran crisis of 1946, taking an increasingly hardline position in opposition to Stalin. His speech, "Restatement of Policy on Germany", set the tone of future US policy, repudiating the Morgenthau Plan economic policies and giving Germans hope for the future.
1947
Marshall, GeorgeGeorge Marshall (2)
1880–1959 Appointed United States Secretary of State in 1947, Marshall was the architect of the Marshall Plan.
1948
Truman, Harry S.Harry S. Truman (2)
1884–1972 Truman was elected in his own right as President of the United States in 1948, considered to be one of the greatest election upsets in American history.[19][20][21]
1949
Churchill, WinstonWinston Churchill (2)
1874–1965 Proclaimed as the "Man of the half-century", Churchill had led Britain and the Allies to victory in WWII. In 1949, Churchill was Leader of the Opposition.
1950
American fighting !The American fighting-man
Representing U.S. troops involved in the Korean War (1950–1953).
1951
Mossadegh, MohammadMohammad Mossadegh
1882–1967 In 1951, Mossadegh was elected as Prime Minister of Iran and expelled western oil companies, starting the Abadan Crisis
1952
Elizabeth !Elizabeth II
Born in 1926 In 1952, Elizabeth acceded to the throne of the United Kingdom[a] upon the death of her father, King George VI
1953
Adenauer, KonradKonrad Adenauer
1876–1967 In 1953, Adenauer was re-elected as Chancellor of West Germany.
1954
Dulles, John FosterJohn Foster Dulles
1888–1959 As United States Secretary of State in 1954, Dulles was architect of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization.
1955
Curtice, HarlowHarlow Curtice
1893–1962 Curtice was President of General Motors (GM) from 1953 to 1958. In 1955, GM sold five million vehicles and became the first corporation to earn US$1 billion in a single year.[22]
1956
Hungarian !The Hungarian freedom fighter
Representing Hungarian revolutionaries involved in the failed 1956 uprising.
1957
Khrushchev, NikitaNikita Khrushchev
1894–1971 In 1957, Khrushchev consolidated his leadership of the Soviet Union, surviving a plot to dismiss him by members of the Presidium, and leading the Soviet Union into the Space Race with the launch of Sputnik 1.
1958
de Gaulle, CharlesCharles de Gaulle
1890–1970 De Gaulle was appointed Prime Minister of France in May 1958 and, following the collapse of the Fourth Republic and establishment of the Fifth Republic, was then elected President of France in December.
1959
Eisenhower, Dwight D.Dwight D. Eisenhower (2)
1890–1969 Eisenhower was President of the United States from 1953 to 1961.
1960
Us Scientists !U.S. Scientists
Represented by George Beadle, Charles Draper, John Enders, Donald A. Glaser, Joshua Lederberg, Willard Libby, Linus Pauling, Edward Purcell, Isidor Rabi, Emilio Segrè, William Shockley, Edward Teller, Charles Townes, James Van Allen and Robert Woodward.
1961
Kennedy, John F.John F. Kennedy
1917–1963 Kennedy was inaugurated as President of the United States in 1961, ordering the failed invasion of Cuba by U.S.-trained Cuban exiles.
1962
John XXIII, PopePope John XXIII
1881–1963 John XXIII was head of the Roman Catholic Church from 1958 to 1963. In 1962, he volunteered as a mediator in the Cuban Missile Crisis, gaining praise from both sides. He also initiated the Second Vatican Council that same year.
1963
King Jr., Martin LutherMartin Luther King Jr.
1929–1968 A leader of the Civil Rights Movement, King delivered his famous "I Have a Dream" speech in 1963.
1964
Johnson, Lyndon B.Lyndon B. Johnson
1908–1973 Johnson was elected in his own right as President of the United States in 1964, before securing the passage of the Civil Rights Act, declaring a War on Poverty and escalating U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War.
1965
Westmoreland, WilliamWilliam Westmoreland
1914–2005 General Westmoreland was commander of U.S. forces in South Vietnam during the Vietnam War.
1966
Inheritor !The Inheritor
Representing a generation of American men and women, aged 25 and under.
1967
Johnson, Lyndon B.Lyndon B. Johnson (2)
1908–1973 Johnson was President of the United States from 1963 to 1969.
1968
Apollo !The Apollo 8 astronauts
In 1968, the crew of Apollo 8 (William Anders, Frank Borman and Jim Lovell) became the first humans to travel beyond low Earth orbit, orbiting the Moon and paving the way for the first manned Moon landings in 1969.
1969
Middle America !The Middle Americans
Also referred to as the silent majority.[23]
1970
Brandt, WillyWilly Brandt
1913–1992 As Chancellor of West Germany, Brandt was acknowledged for "seeking to bring about a fresh relationship between East and West" through his "bold approach to the Soviet Union and the East Bloc".[24]
1971
Nixon, RichardRichard Nixon
1913–1994 Nixon was President of the United States from 1969 to 1974.
1972
Nixon, RichardRichard Nixon (2)
1913–1994 As President of the United States, Nixon visited China in 1972, the first U.S. President to do so. Nixon later secured the SALT I pact with the Soviet Union before being re-elected in one of the largest landslide election victories in American history
Kissinger, HenryHenry Kissinger
Born in 1923 Kissinger, as Nixon's National Security Advisor, travelled with the President to China in 1972.
1973
Sirica, JohnJohn Sirica
1904–1992 In 1973, as Chief Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, Sirica ordered President Nixon to turn over Watergate-related recordings of White House conversations.
1974
Faisal !King Faisal
1906–1975 Faisal, King of Saudi Arabia, was acknowledged in the wake of the oil crisis of 1973–1974, caused by Saudi Arabia withdrawing its oil from world markets in protest at Western support for Israel during the 1973 Arab-Israeli War.
1975
American women !American women
Represented by Susan Brownmiller, Kathleen Byerly, Alison Cheek, Jill Conway, Betty Ford, Ella Grasso, Carla Hills, Barbara Jordan, Billie Jean King, Carol Sutton, Susie Sharp, and Addie Wyatt.
1976
Carter, JimmyJimmy Carter
Born in 1924 In 1976, Carter was elected President of the United States, defeating incumbent President Gerald Ford.
1977
Sadat, AnwarAnwar Sadat
1918–1981 Sadat, as President of Egypt, traveled to Israel in 1977—the first Arab leader to do so—to discuss normalization of Egypt-Israel relations.
1978
Xiaoping, DengDeng Xiaoping
1904–1997 China's Vice Premier. Deng overthrew Hua Guofeng to assume de facto control over China in 1978, as Paramount Leader.
1979
Khomeini, RuhollahRuhollah Khomeini
1902–1989 Khomeini led the 1979 Iranian Revolution, establishing himself as Supreme Leader.
1980
Reagan, RonaldRonald Reagan
1911–2004 Reagan was elected President of the United States in 1980, defeating incumbent President Jimmy Carter.
1981
Wałęsa, LechLech Wałęsa
Born in 1943 Leader of the Polish Solidarity trade union and architect of the Gdańsk Agreement until his arrest and the imposition of martial law in December 1981.
1982
Computer !The Computer
Denoted "Machine of the Year" to herald the dawn of the Information Age.
1983
Reagan, RonaldRonald Reagan (2)
1911–2004 In 1983, as President of the United States, Reagan ordered the invasion of Grenada and championed the Strategic Defense Initiative.
Andropov, YuriYuri Andropov
1914–1984 Andropov, as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, was a strong critic of the Strategic Defense Initiative. Andropov was hospitalized in August 1983 and subsequently died in 1984.
1984
Ueberroth, PeterPeter Ueberroth
Born in 1937 Ueberroth orchestrated the organization of the 1984 Summer Olympics, which involved a Soviet-led boycott.
1985
Xiaoping, DengDeng Xiaoping (2)
1904–1997 As Paramount Leader of China, Deng was acknowledged for "sweeping economic reforms that have challenged Marxist orthodoxies".[25]
1986
Aquino, CorazonCorazon Aquino
1933–2009 Aquino was a prominent figure in 1986's People Power Revolution, being elected President of the Philippines.
1987
Gorbachev, MikhailMikhail Gorbachev
Born in 1931 As General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and leader of the Soviet Union, Gorbachev oversaw Perestroika political reforms in 1987.
1988
Endangered !The Endangered Earth
Planet of the Year, involving an aspect of Mother Nature.
1989
Gorbachev, MikhailMikhail Gorbachev (2)
Born in 1931 Acknowledged as "Man of the Decade". Gorbachev, as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Soviet leader), oversaw 1989's first free Soviet elections before the fragmentation of the Eastern Bloc.
1990
Bush, George H. W.George H. W. Bush
Born in 1924 As President of the United States, Bush oversaw U.S. involvement in the Gulf War (1990–1991).
1991
Turner, TedTed Turner
Born in 1938 Founder of CNN. The piece particularly highlighted CNN's coverage of Operation Desert Storm and the Gulf War, proclaiming it "History as it happens".
1992
Clinton, BillBill Clinton
Born in 1946 Clinton was elected President of the United States in 1992, defeating incumbent President George H. W. Bush.
1993
Peacemakers !The Peacemakers
Represented by Yasser Arafat, F. W. de Klerk, Nelson Mandela, and Yitzhak Rabin.
De Klerk, as State President of South Africa, oversaw Mandela's release from prison in 1990. The pair worked together to end the Apartheid system.
Arafat, as President of the Palestinian National Authority, and Rabin, as Prime Minister of Israel, signed the 1993 Oslo Accord, the first face-to-face agreement between Palestinian and Israeli authorities.
1994
John Paul II, PopePope John Paul II
1920–2005 Pope of the Roman Catholic Church from 1978 to 2005.
1995
Gingrich, NewtNewt Gingrich
Born in 1943 Leader of the "Republican Revolution", a Republican party election landslide, which led to Gingrich being elected Speaker of the House.
1996
Ho, DavidDavid Ho
Born in 1952 Ho, a scientist, pioneered much AIDS research.
1997
Grove, AndrewAndrew Grove
1936–2016 In 1997, Grove was Chairman and CEO of Intel, recognized as a pioneer in the semiconductor industry.
1998
Clinton, BillBill Clinton (2)
Born in 1946 As President of the United States, Clinton was impeached in 1998 following the Lewinsky scandal. The Senate acquitted him of the charges.
Starr, KenKen Starr
Born in 1946 Starr, a lawyer investigating various figures within the Clinton administration, published his Starr Report in 1998, opening the door for the impeachment of Bill Clinton.
1999
Bezos, JeffJeff Bezos
Born in 1964 Bezos is founder and CEO of Amazon.com.
2000
Bush, George W.George W. Bush
Born in 1946 In 2000, Bush was elected President of the United States defeating incumbent Vice President Al Gore.
2001
Giuliani, RudyRudy Giuliani
Born in 1944 Giuliani was Mayor of New York City at the time of the September 11 attacks in 2001, was selected as a symbol of America's response to the attacks.
2002
Whistleblowers !The Whistleblowers
Represented by Cynthia Cooper, Coleen Rowley and Sherron Watkins.
In 2001, Watkins uncovered accounting irregularities in the financial reports of Enron, testifying before Congressional committees the following year. In 2002, Cooper exposed a $3.8 billion fraud at WorldCom. At the time, this was the largest incident of accounting fraud in U.S. history. In 2002, Rowley, an FBI agent, gave testimony about the FBI's mishandling of information related to the September 11 attacks of 2001.
2003
American soldier !The American soldier (2)
Representing U.S. forces around the world, especially in the Iraq War (2003–2011).
2004
Bush, George W.George W. Bush (2)
Born in 1946 In 2004, Bush was re-elected President of the United States, overseeing U.S. involvement in the Iraq War.
2005
Good Samaritans !The Good Samaritans
Represented by Bono, Bill Gates and Melinda Gates.
Bono, philanthropist and member of the rock band U2, helped to organise the 2005 Live 8 concerts. Bill Gates, founder of Microsoft and richest person in the world, and his wife Melinda, founded the philanthropic Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
2006
You !You[10]
Representing individual content creators on the World Wide Web.
4 runners-up[show]
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
Hu Jintao
Kim Jong-il
James Baker
[26]
2007
Putin, VladimirVladimir Putin[27]
Born in 1952 In 2007, Putin was serving as President of Russia.
4 runners-up[show]
Al Gore
J. K. Rowling
Hu Jintao
David Petraeus
[28]
2008
Obama, BarackBarack Obama[29]
Born in 1961 In 2008, Obama was elected President of the United States defeating John McCain.
4 runners-up[show]
Henry Paulson
Nicolas Sarkozy
Sarah Palin
Zhang Yimou
[30]
2009
Bernanke, BenBen Bernanke[31]
Born in 1953 Chairman of the Federal Reserve during the Financial crisis of 2007–08.
4 runners-up[show]
Stanley McChrystal
The Chinese Worker
Nancy Pelosi
Usain Bolt
[32]
2010
Zuckerberg, MarkMark Zuckerberg[33]
Born in 1984 Founder of social-networking website Facebook.
4 runners-up[show]
The Tea Party
Hamid Karzai
Julian Assange
The Chilean Miners
[34]
2011
Protester !The Protester[35]
Representing many global protest movements — for example, the Arab Spring, the Indignants Movement, the Occupy Movement and the Tea Party movement — as well as protests in Chile, Greece, India and Russia among others.
4 runners-up[show]
William McRaven
Ai Weiwei
Paul Ryan
Kate Middleton
[36]
2012
Obama, BarackBarack Obama (2)[37]
Born in 1961 In 2012, Obama was re-elected President of the United States defeating Mitt Romney.
8 runners-up[show]
Marissa Mayer
Mohammed Morsi
Undocumented Americans
Bill and Hillary Clinton
Malala Yousafzai
Tim Cook
The Higgs boson
Fabiola Gianotti
[38]
2013
Francis, PopePope Francis[39]
Born in 1936 Elected head of the Roman Catholic Church in 2013, following the resignation of Pope Benedict XVI.
9 runners-up[show]
Bashar Assad
Jeff Bezos
Ted Cruz
Miley Cyrus
Barack Obama
Hassan Rouhani
Kathleen Sebelius
Edward Snowden
Edith Windsor
[40]
2014
Ebola !Ebola fighters[41]
"Ebola fighters" refers to health care workers who helped stop the spread of Ebola virus disease during the Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa, including not only doctors and nurses, but also ambulance attendants, burial parties and others.[42]
Represented on the covers by Dr. Jerry Brown, the medical director at the Eternal Love Winning Africa Hospital in Monrovia, Liberia,[43][44] Dr. Kent Brantly, a physician with Samaritan's Purse and the first American to be infected in the 2014 outbreak,[44][45] Ella Watson-Stryker, a health promoter for Doctors Without Borders who is originally from the United States,[44][46] Foday Gallah, an ambulance supervisor and Ebola survivor from Monrovia, Liberia,[44][47] and Salome Karwah, a trainee nurse and counselor from Liberia whose parents died of Ebola,[44][48] as well as others mentioned in the article itself, such as Dr. Pardis Sabeti from the Broad Institute.
7 runners-up[show]
The Ferguson protesters
Vladimir Putin
Taylor Swift
Jack Ma
Tim Cook
Masoud Barzani
Roger Goodell
[49]
2015
Merkel, AngelaAngela Merkel
Born in 1954 Chancellor of Germany since 2005, recognized for leadership in the Greek debt crisis and European migrant crisis.[50]
7 runners-up[show]
Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi
Black Lives Matter activists
Caitlyn Jenner
Travis Kalanick
Vladimir Putin
Hassan Rouhani
Donald Trump
[51]
2016
Trump, DonaldDonald Trump
Born in 1946 In 2016, Trump was elected President of the United States defeating Hillary Clinton.
10 runners-up[show]
Simone Biles
Hillary Clinton
CRISPR scientists
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
Nigel Farage
The Flint Whistleblowers
Beyoncé Knowles
Narendra Modi
Vladimir Putin
Mark Zuckerberg
[52]
2017
Silence Breakers !The Silence Breakers
The people who spoke out against sexual abuse and harassment, including the figureheads of the #MeToo movement. Represented on the cover by strawberry picker Isabel Pascual (pseudonym), lobbyist Adama Iwu, actress Ashley Judd, software engineer Susan Fowler, singer-songwriter Taylor Swift, and a sixth woman, a hospital worker who wished to remain anonymous and whose face cannot be seen. The feature also specifically spotlights, in order, actress Alyssa Milano, activist Tarana Burke, actress Selma Blair, the six plaintiffs in a lawsuit against the Plaza Hotel, politician Sara Gelser, dishwasher Sandra Pezqueda, filmmaker Blaise Godbe Lipman, actress Rose McGowan, psychotherapist and writer Wendy Walsh, blogger Lindsey Reynolds, entrepreneur Lindsay Meyer, housekeeper Juana Melara, journalist Sandra Muller, actor Terry Crews, University of Rochester professors Celeste Kidd and Jessica Cantlon, journalist Megyn Kelly and art curator Amanda Schmitt.[53][54]
6 runners-up[show]
Donald Trump[b]
Xi Jinping
Robert Mueller
Kim Jong-un
Colin Kaepernick
Patty Jenkins
[56]
See also[edit]
Canadian Newsmaker of the Year (Time), the magazine's equivalent for Canadians only
Breakthrough of the Year
Forbes list of The World's Most Powerful People
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Elizabeth also acceded to the thrones of Australia, Canada, Ceylon, New Zealand, Pakistan and South Africa
Jump up ^ Trump claimed that had been offered a photoshoot for Person of the Year and turned it down, which Time's editors disputed and denied.[55]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Eliza Gray. "Person of the Year – TIME". TIME.com. Archived from the original on July 13, 2015. Retrieved July 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ Person of the Year: 75th Anniversary Celebration (Special Collector's ed.). New York: Time Books. 2002. OCLC 52817840.
Jump up ^ Time (2002), Person of the Year: 75th Anniversary Celebration, p. 1.
Jump up ^ The first "Person" of the Year (rather than "Man / Woman " of the Year) was Jeff Bezos of Amazon.com.
^ Jump up to: a b Joan Levenstein. "Mme Chiang Kai-Shek: 1937". Time. Retrieved December 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ Golden, Frederic (January 3, 2000). "Person of the Century: Albert Einstein". Time. Retrieved February 13, 2008.
Jump up ^ Time (2002), Person of the Year: 75th Anniversary Celebration, pp. 2, 79.
Jump up ^ "Person of the Year: A Photo History – Notorious Leaders: Controversial Choices". Time. December 16, 2006. Retrieved September 27, 2013.
Jump up ^ Time (2002), Person of the Year: 75th Anniversary Celebration, p. 79.
^ Jump up to: a b Lev Grossman (December 13, 2006). "You — Yes, You — Are TIME's Person of the Year". Time. Retrieved December 20, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Timely "Dumbo": Almost a Cover Boy". Walt Disney Family Museum. May 16, 2011. Retrieved December 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Michael Moore Defends Cruise, Slags Gibson". Infectious Greed. September 16, 2006. Retrieved November 29, 2013.
Jump up ^ Ball, Molly (6 December 2017). "Donald Trump: TIME Person of the Year Runner Up". Time. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Mick Foley Cactus Jack Pro Wrestling Legend". Media Man International. 2012.
Jump up ^ Buechner, M (December 21, 1998). "TIME Man of the Year Poll Roils Internet". time.com. TIME Digital. Retrieved April 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Chavez wins "Person of the Year" poll ... Time magazine ignores result". Hands Off Venezuela. December 18, 2006. Archived from the original on June 27, 2009. Retrieved December 5, 2009.
Jump up ^ Stacey Leasca (December 19, 2012). "Time's 'Person of the Year' is Barack Obama". Global Post. Retrieved November 29, 2013.
Jump up ^ Original Time article
Jump up ^ American Experience. "General Article: Presidential Politics". pbs.org.
Jump up ^ Susan Rosegrant (April 18, 2012). University of Michigan, ed. "ISR and the Truman/Dewey upset". isr.umich.edu. Archived from the original on April 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ Ben Cosgrove (October 21, 2012). "BEHIND THE PICTURE: 'DEWEY DEFEATS TRUMAN'". TIME Magazine.
Jump up ^ "Harlow H. Curtice is dead at 69". The New York Times. November 4, 1962. Retrieved October 6, 2009. (fee for article)
Jump up ^ Larsen, Roy (January 5, 1970). "A Letter From The Publisher". Time.
Jump up ^ "Willy Brandt", Time Magazine, January 4, 1971, online archive. Retrieved July 11, 2007.
Jump up ^ Jennings Parrott (December 30, 1985). "Time Picks China's Deng Xiaoping as Man of the Year". Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ NBC News Staff (December 17, 2006). "Time magazine's 'Person of the Year' is ... You". TIME.
Jump up ^ "Person of the Year 2007". Time. 2007. Retrieved July 8, 2009.
Jump up ^ TIME Staff (December 19, 2007). "Complete List - Person of the Year 2007". TIME.
Jump up ^ Von Drehle, David (December 17, 2008). "Person of the Year 2008". Time. Retrieved December 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ TIME Staff (December 17, 2008). "Person of the Year 2008". TIME.
Jump up ^ Grunwald, Michael (December 16, 2009). "Person of the Year 2009". Time. Retrieved December 16, 2009.
Jump up ^ TIME Staff (December 16, 2009). "Person of the Year 2009". TIME.
Jump up ^ Grossman, Lev (December 15, 2010). "Person of the Year 2010". Time. Retrieved December 15, 2010.
Jump up ^ TIME Staff (December 15, 2010). "Complete List - Person of the Year 2010". TIME.
Jump up ^ Grunwald, Michael (December 14, 2011). "Person of the Year 2011". Time. Retrieved December 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ TIME Staff (December 14, 2011). "Complete List - Person of the Year 2011". TIME.
Jump up ^ "Person of the Year 2012". Time. December 19, 2008. Retrieved December 23, 2012.
Jump up ^ TIME Staff (December 18, 2012). "The TIME Person of the Year short list revealed". TODAY.
Jump up ^ "Pope Francis, The People's Pope". Time. December 11, 2013. Retrieved December 11, 2013.
Jump up ^ TIME Staff (December 9, 2013). "The Top Ten Finalists for Person of the Year in 2013". TIME.
Jump up ^ "The Choice". Time. December 10, 2014. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ Eliott C. McLaughlin, CNN (December 10, 2014). "Ebola fighters are Time's 'Person of the Year'". CNN. Retrieved July 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ The Sydney Morning Herald http://www.smh.com.au/content/dam/images/1/2/4/l/j/j/image.related.articleLeadNarrow.300x0.124l0d.png/1418243285880.jpg. Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "TIME Person of the Year 2014: Ebola Fighters". TIME.com. December 10, 2014. Retrieved July 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ Daily News. New York http://assets.nydailynews.com/polopoly_fs/1.2040224!/img/httpImage/image.jpg_gen/derivatives/article_970/article-time2-1210.jpg. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ "Image: 1D274907403248-ella.blocks_desktop_large.jpg, (730 × 974 px)". media2.s-nbcnews.com. Retrieved September 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Image: 1D274907403249-foday.blocks_desktop_large.jpg, (730 × 974 px)". media2.s-nbcnews.com. Retrieved September 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Image: 1D274907403247-salome.blocks_desktop_large.jpg, (730 × 974 px)". media4.s-nbcnews.com. Retrieved September 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ Laura Stampler (December 8, 2014). "TIME Unveils Finalists for 2014 Person of the Year". TIME.
Jump up ^ Nancy Gibbs (December 9, 2015). "The Choice: Why Angela Merkel is TIME's Person of the Year 2015". TIME.
Jump up ^ Sarah Begley (December 7, 2015). "TIME Announces Shortlist for 2015 Person of the Year". TIME.
Jump up ^ Katie Reilly (December 5, 2016). "TIME Announces 2016 Person of the Year Shortlist on Today Show". TIME.
Jump up ^ Zacharek, Stephanie; Dockterman, Eliana; Edwards, Haley Sweetland. "TIME Person of the Year 2017: The Silence Breakers". Time. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
Jump up ^ TIME Person of the Year 2017: The Silence Breakers, POY video posted by TIME to YouTube on Dec 6, 2017
Jump up ^ Borchers, Callum (6 December 2017). "Time's Person of the Year isn't Trump. It's basically the opposite of Trump". Washington Post. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "TIME Announces 2017 Person of the Year Shortlist on Today Show". Time. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Time magazine Persons of the Year.
"Time's Person of the Year 1927–2011". Time. 2011. Retrieved December 8, 2016.
[hide]
v
t
e
Time Persons of the Year
1927–1950
Charles Lindbergh (1927)
Walter Chrysler (1928)
Owen D. Young (1929)
Mohandas Gandhi (1930)
Pierre Laval (1931)
Franklin D. Roosevelt (1932)
Hugh S. Johnson (1933)
Franklin D. Roosevelt (1934)
Haile Selassie (1935)
Wallis Simpson (1936)
Chiang Kai-shek / Soong Mei-ling (1937)
Adolf Hitler (1938)
Joseph Stalin (1939)
Winston Churchill (1940)
Franklin D. Roosevelt (1941)
Joseph Stalin (1942)
George Marshall (1943)
Dwight D. Eisenhower (1944)
Harry S. Truman (1945)
James F. Byrnes (1946)
George Marshall (1947)
Harry S. Truman (1948)
Winston Churchill (1949)
The American Fighting-Man (1950)
1951–1975
Mohammed Mosaddeq (1951)
Elizabeth II (1952)
Konrad Adenauer (1953)
John Foster Dulles (1954)
Harlow Curtice (1955)
Hungarian Freedom Fighters (1956)
Nikita Khrushchev (1957)
Charles de Gaulle (1958)
Dwight D. Eisenhower (1959)
U.S. Scientists: George Beadle / Charles Draper / John Enders / Donald A. Glaser / Joshua Lederberg / Willard Libby / Linus Pauling / Edward Purcell / Isidor Rabi / Emilio Segrè / William Shockley / Edward Teller / Charles Townes / James Van Allen / Robert Woodward (1960)
John F. Kennedy (1961)
Pope John XXIII (1962)
Martin Luther King Jr. (1963)
Lyndon B. Johnson (1964)
William Westmoreland (1965)
The Generation Twenty-Five and Under (1966)
Lyndon B. Johnson (1967)
The Apollo 8 Astronauts: William Anders / Frank Borman / Jim Lovell (1968)
The Middle Americans (1969)
Willy Brandt (1970)
Richard Nixon (1971)
Henry Kissinger / Richard Nixon (1972)
John Sirica (1973)
King Faisal (1974)
American Women: Susan Brownmiller / Kathleen Byerly / Alison Cheek / Jill Conway / Betty Ford / Ella Grasso / Carla Hills / Barbara Jordan / Billie Jean King / Susie Sharp / Carol Sutton / Addie Wyatt (1975)
1976–2000
Jimmy Carter (1976)
Anwar Sadat (1977)
Deng Xiaoping (1978)
Ayatollah Khomeini (1979)
Ronald Reagan (1980)
Lech Wałęsa (1981)
The Computer (1982)
Ronald Reagan / Yuri Andropov (1983)
Peter Ueberroth (1984)
Deng Xiaoping (1985)
Corazon Aquino (1986)
Mikhail Gorbachev (1987)
The Endangered Earth (1988)
Mikhail Gorbachev (1989)
George H. W. Bush (1990)
Ted Turner (1991)
Bill Clinton (1992)
The Peacemakers: Yasser Arafat / F. W. de Klerk / Nelson Mandela / Yitzhak Rabin (1993)
Pope John Paul II (1994)
Newt Gingrich (1995)
David Ho (1996)
Andrew Grove (1997)
Bill Clinton / Ken Starr (1998)
Jeffrey P. Bezos (1999)
George W. Bush (2000)
2001–present
Rudolph Giuliani (2001)
The Whistleblowers: Cynthia Cooper / Coleen Rowley / Sherron Watkins (2002)
The American Soldier (2003)
George W. Bush (2004)
The Good Samaritans: Bono / Bill Gates / Melinda Gates (2005)
You (2006)
Vladimir Putin (2007)
Barack Obama (2008)
Ben Bernanke (2009)
Mark Zuckerberg (2010)
The Protester (2011)
Barack Obama (2012)
Pope Francis (2013)
Ebola Fighters: Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. Kent Brantly / Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / Salome Karwah (2014)
Angela Merkel (2015)
Donald Trump (2016)
The Silence Breakers (2017)
Book
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Time_Person_of_the_Year&oldid=818018032"
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United States administrative law encompasses statutes, common law, and directives issued by the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs in the Executive Office of the President, that together define the extent of powers and responsibilities held by administrative agencies of the United States Government (both executive branch agencies and independent agencies). The executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the U.S. federal government cannot always directly perform their constitutional responsibilities. Specialized powers are therefore delegated to an agency, board, or commission. These administrative governmental bodies oversee and monitor activities in complex areas, such as commercial aviation, medical device manufacturing, and securities markets.
Justice Breyer defines administrative law in four parts. Namely, the legal rules and principles that: (1) define the authority and structure of administrative agencies; (2) specify the procedural formalities employed by agencies; (3) determine the validity of agency decisions; and (4) define the role of reviewing courts and other governmental entities in relation to administrative agencies.[1]
U.S. federal agencies have the power to adjudicate, legislate, and enforce laws within their specific areas of delegated power.
Contents
[hide]
1 Jurisdiction
2 Rulemaking
2.1 Administrative law statutes governing rulemaking
2.2 Scope and extent of rulemaking power
2.3 Type of rulemaking
2.4 Number of rules
2.5 Nonlegislative rules: "statements of policy" and guidance
3 Adjudication
3.1 Right to a hearing
3.2 Conclusion
3.3 Federal tribunals
4 Determining whether rulemaking or adjudication is appropriate
5 Judicial review
6 State-level administrative law
7 Journals and publications
8 See also
9 Notes
10 External links
Jurisdiction[edit]
The authority of administrative agencies stems from their organic statute, and must be consistent with constitutional constraints and legislative intent.
Rulemaking[edit]
Federal administrative agencies, when granted the power to do so in a statutory grant of authority from Congress, may promulgate rules that have the effect of substantive law. Agencies "legislate" through rulemaking—the power to promulgate (or issue) regulations. Regulations are codified in the Code of Federal Regulations.
Administrative law statutes governing rulemaking[edit]
Section 551 of the Administrative Procedure Act gives the following definitions:
Rulemaking is "an agency process for formulating, amending, or repealing a rule."
A rule in turn is "the whole or a part of an agency statement of general or particular applicability and future effect designed to implement, interpret, or prescribe law or policy."
The primary administrative law statutes and other laws that govern agency rule making include:
The Administrative Procedure Act, 5 U.S.C. §§ 552 and 553
The Housekeeping Act, 5 U.S.C. § 301, which gives heads of agencies authority to issue rules for agency employees
The Regulatory Flexibility Act, 5 U.S.C. §§ 601 et seq., which requires agencies to consider the needs of small entities in rule making
The Paperwork Reduction Act, 44 U.S.C. §§ 3501 et seq., which limits the power of an agency to collect information from the public
The Congressional Review Act, 5 U.S.C. §§ 801-808, which gives Congress the authority to review and veto any agency regulation
The Independent Offices Appropriations Act of 1952, 31 U.S.C. §§ 9701, which limits the power of agencies to set user fees
Executive Order 12,866, which requires agencies to use cost-benefit balancing in all regulatory actions
Scope and extent of rulemaking power[edit]
Key limits on the power of agencies to promulgate regulations include:
1. The regulation must lie within a grant of power from Congress, and that delegation must in turn be constitutional (courts almost never invalidate a regulation on this ground). The power must be granted in the agency's organic statute, and extends so far as fairly inferrable from the statutory language.[2] Statutory grants of authority to agencies are generally construed more strictly than the "necessary and proper" power of Congress granted in Article I, section 8, clause 18 of the Constitution.
2. The regulation must lie within that grant of rulemaking authority (in the extreme case, Congress sometimes includes an explicit limit on the agency's authority). Some agencies have power to promulgate both substantive rules as well as procedural rules; some (like the IRS, EEOC, and Patent and Trademark Office) may promulgate only procedural rules. When Congress grants that authority retroactively, courts carefully scrutinize the case, and sometimes bless the regulation, and sometimes invalidate it.
3. The regulation must be promulgated with observance of the procedures of required by the statutes set forth in the previous section. Among these procedures, one of the most important is the requirement that an agency set forth factual findings sufficient to support a rational basis or by procedures otherwise inadequate to meet the statutes listed above.
Agencies may not promulgate retroactive rules unless expressly granted such power by the organic statute. Bowen v. Georgetown University Hospital, 488 U.S. 204 (1988)
There is no broad prohibition against an agency's regulation that does not serve the "public convenience, interest, or necessity." The law presumes that rulemaking conducted with procedural safeguards of the statutes and Executive Orders noted above reflect a rational balancing of interests by the agency, and a court will strike down a regulation only for violation of those procedures.
Agencies are permitted to rely on rules in reaching their decisions rather than adjudicate, where the promulgation of the rules is within the agency's statutory authority, and the rules themselves are not arbitrary or capricious. Heckler v. Campbell, 461 U.S. 458 (1983).
Agencies must abide by their own rules and regulations. Accardi v. Shaughnessy, 347 U.S. 260 (1954).
Courts must defer to administrative agency interpretations of the authority granted to them by Congress (1) where the intent of Congress was ambiguous and (2) where the interpretation was reasonable or permissible. Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837 (1984). Chevron is probably the most frequently cited case in American administrative law.[3]
Type of rulemaking[edit]
There are five levels of rulemaking procedure:
Formal rulemaking, which is rulemaking for which the organic statute requires that rules be "made on the record after agency opportunity for hearing" (that is, a trial-type hearing that is taken down by a transcriptionist into the record) and for which the APA prescribes particular procedures. The phrase "on the record" is required to trigger requirements for formal rulemaking; simply requiring that rules be made "after a hearing" does not trigger the requirements of formal rulemaking.
Informal rulemaking, also known as "notice-and-comment rulemaking," which is rulemaking for which no procedural requirements are prescribed in the organic statute, and for which the APA requires only notice and comment.
Hybrid rulemaking, which is rulemaking for which particular procedural requirements beyond notice and comment, but not rising to the level of formal rulemaking.
Negotiated rulemaking under 5 U.S.C. §§ 561-570 of the Administrative Procedure Act.
Publication rulemaking, typically for procedural rules and interpretative rules, that an agency may promulgate by publication in the Federal Register.
Number of rules[edit]
About 2,500 to 4,000 rules are published per year, and in 2011 32% of the Federal Register pages were in the "Rules and Regulation" section.[4] However, included in the total number of rules are the repeal of rules and also minor rules.[4] The GAO maintains a Federal Rules Database and in 2012, 68% of rules were classified as Routine/Info/Other while the remainder were Significant/Substantive.[4] In addition to an overall number of rules, there are "major rules" and "significant" rules.
The Congressional Review Act passed in 1996 created a category of major rules, which are those that the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs determines result in either: (1) "an annual effect on the economy of $100,000,000," (2) "a major increase in costs or prices for consumers, individual industries, Federal, State, or local government agencies, or geographic regions," or (3) "significant adverse effects on competition, employment, investment, productivity, innovation, or on the ability of United States-based enterprises to compete with foreign-based enterprises in domestic and export markets."[4] If the rule is major, an additional report must be provided to congressional committees.[4] From 1997 to 2012, the number of major rules has ranged from 100 (2010) to 50 (2002).[4]
E.O. (Executive Order) 12866, which was issued in 1993, requires agencies (other than independent agencies) to submit proposed rules for reviews by OIRA if the rule meets certain criteria.[4] Rules that are "economically significant" (meeting the criteria of "an annual effect on the economy of $100 million or more or adversely affect in a material way the economy") require a cost-benefit analysis.[4]
Nonlegislative rules: "statements of policy" and guidance[edit]
"Nonlegislative rules" such as guidance, guidelines, agency staff manuals, staff instructions, opinion letters, and press releases are called "statements of policy" or "guidance."[5] (The two terms are not synonyms, only closely correlated: statements of policy are almost always issued in documents classified as guidance, and guidance documents to the public often include statements of policy.) Guidance and statements of policy are not legally binding on the public because they have not gone through the required procedures to become "legislative" rules binding on the public (depending on the rule, hearing, notice, comment, publication). However, when stated in mandatory language, they can bind the agency itself. They have only hortatory effect on the public, and those affected can challenge the agency's right to enforce the policy statement or guidance against the public.[6]
In the late 1990s and early 2000s, many agencies were bypassing the APA’s requirements for rulemaking by tucking rules into informal documents like agency staff manuals and the like.[7] This is simply illegal. The Executive Office of the President stepped in to stop bootleg rulemaking, and forbade this practice.[8] Some agencies, for example, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, have nonetheless continued to defy the law, and state their formal refusal to implement the President's directive.
The distinction between these types of rules has been called "one of the most confusing in administrative law".[9]
Adjudication[edit]
Section 551 of the Administrative Procedure Act gives the following definitions:* Adjudication is "an agency process for the formulation of an order;"
An order in turn is "the whole or part of a final disposition ... of an agency in a matter other than rule making but including licensing;"
Right to a hearing[edit]
There are two ways that an individual can attain the right to a hearing in an adjudicative proceeding. First, the Due Process clause of the 5th Amendment or 14th Amendment can require that a hearing be held if the interest that is being adjudicated is sufficiently important or if, without a hearing, there is a strong chance that the petitioner will be erroneously denied that interest.[10] A hearing can also be required if a statute somehow mandates the agency to hold formal hearings when adjudicating certain issues.
Conclusion[edit]
The adjudication will typically be completed with a written report containing findings of fact and conclusions of law, both at the state and federal level.[11] If the affected does not wish to contest the action, a consent order may be published allowing for the hearing to be bypassed.
Federal tribunals[edit]
Main article: Federal tribunals in the United States
Determining whether rulemaking or adjudication is appropriate[edit]
Agency actions are divided into two broad categories discussed above, rulemaking and adjudication. For agency decisions that have broad impact on a number of parties, including parties not specifically before the agency, the agency must use the procedures of rulemaking (see the bullet list in "Administrative law statutes governing rulemaking" above). Because actions by rulemaking affect many parties, rulemaking procedures are designed to ensure public participation, and are therefore more cumbersome, except that the agency is permitted to seek comment by publication of notice, without soliciting the views of specific parties. For decisions that, on first glance, affect only a small number of parties that actually appear before the agency (see the section on "Adjudication" above), the agency may use procedures that are generally simpler, but that require the agency specifically solicit input from the directly affected parties.
Adjudication decisions may become precedent that binds future parties, so the transition zone between the regime for rulemaking and the regime for adjudication is very hazy.
The classical test for the dividing line is seen in the contrast between two cases decided a few years apart, both involving taxes levied by the city of Denver Colorado. In 1908, in Londoner v. City and County of Denver, a tax levied on residents of a particular street was held to be an adjudication, and the Supreme Court ordered the city to do a "do over," because the residents of the street were not given sufficient opportunity to be heard. Then, in 1915, in Bi-Metallic Investment Co. v. State Board of Equalization, a tax levied on the entire city of Denver was held to be rulemaking, and the city's action of imposing the tax was affirmed.
Factors tending to make an act adjudicative in nature:
Involving a small number of people
Individuals involved are specially affected by the act
Decision based on the facts of an individual case, rather than policy concerns
For most agencies, the choice of whether to promulgate rules or proceed by common law adjudicative decisions rests in the informed discretion of agencies. SEC v. Chenery Corp., 332 U.S. 194 (1947) (Dissenting opinion arguing that the decision permitted agencies to rule arbitrarily, without law). Agencies may also announce new policies in the course of such adjudications. Some agencies' organic statutes obligate the agency to use rulemaking, for example, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, 35 U.S.C. § 2(b)(2)(B).
Judicial review[edit]
A party aggrieved by an agency action (either rulemaking or adjudication) may seek judicial review (that is, sue) as provided by an agency's organic statute or by §§ 701-706 of the Administrative Procedure Act.
Studies of judicial review typically find that 70% of agency rules are upheld with the Supreme Court upholding 91% of rules; a 2011 empirical study of judicial review found that 76% were upheld,[12] although the D.C. Circuit, which hears many administrative law cases, has been found less deferential than other courts.[13]
State-level administrative law[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2008)
States may have their own administrative law; for example, a state constitution may allow the legislature to delegate rule-making authority to an executive or independent agency, and state governments may provide an administrative appeal process for people who are dissatisfied with decisions made by certain state agencies.
Many states, such as Kentucky, have been less willing than the federal government to allow their agencies to promulgate rules with the effect of substantive law.
The states have widely instituted Home Rule by which the Cities are given Broad Powers that allow them to enact any law that is not prohibited by the States Constitutions or already addressed by State Laws or State Codes. This widespread institution of Home Rule has resulted in more administrative laws being passed by the cities.
California has an extensive body of administrative law including a hearing agency that requires that its administrative law judges be lawyers. California statutory law governing the hearing agency states that non-lawyers may appear before it. However, California case law holds that former attorneys who no longer practice law may not appear before it. Most California agencies adjudicate license cases utilizing the California Attorney General's legal staff. However, others (including the Department of Corporations and Insurance) utilize their own legal staff.
Journals and publications[edit]
Administrative Law Review is the official quarterly publication of the American Bar Association's Section on Administrative Law and Regulatory Practice, published in coordination with American University Washington College of Law.
The Journal of the National Association of Administrative Law Judiciary is a publication of the National Association of Administrative Law Judiciary, published in coordination with Pepperdine University School of Law.
The Texas Tech Administrative Law Journal specializes in administrative law topics.
William Funk, J.D., Administrative Procedure and Practice: Problems and Cases, ISBN 0-314-15517-1, Thomson West, 3rd ed., 2006.
William Funk, J.D., Administrative Law: Examples and Explanations, ISBN 0-7355-5891-4, Aspen Publishers, 2nd ed., 2006.
See also[edit]
United Kingdom administrative law
Public service law in the United States
Administrative law judge
List of significant administrative law cases, e.g. Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.
Immigration Law
Refugee roulette
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Breyer, Stephen, et al., Administrative Law & Regulatory Policy, Fifth Edition, at p. 3 (Aspen Pub. 2001)
Jump up ^ National Petroleum Refiners Assn. v. FTC, 482 F.2d 672 (D.C. Cir. 1983), cert. denied, 415 U.S. 951 (1974).
Jump up ^ Barnes, Robert (March 5, 2015). "When the subject is Obamacare, never forget about Chief Justice Roberts". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2015-03-06. Roberts’s question was referring to “Chevron deference,” a doctrine mostly unknown beyond the halls of the Capitol and the corridors of the Supreme Court. It refers to a 1984 decision, Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., and it is one of the most widely cited cases in law....A decision based on Chevron deference could say to Congress: Fix the law to make it unambiguous. It says to the executive branch: Implementation of the law is up to you.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Carey MP. (2013). Counting Regulations: An Overview of Rulemaking, Types of Federal Regulations, and Pages in the Federal Register. CRS.
Jump up ^ "Agency Policy Statements | Administrative Conference of the United States". www.acus.gov. Retrieved 2016-01-18.
Jump up ^ Brock v. Cathedral Bluffs Shale Oil Co., 796 F.2d 522, 536–37 (D.C. Cir. 1986) (Scalia, J.)
Jump up ^ ""Interpretive Rules, Policy Statements, Guidances, Manuals, and the Lik" by Robert A. Anthony". scholarship.law.duke.edu. Retrieved 2016-01-18.
Jump up ^ Executive Office of the President, Office of Management and Budget, Final Bulletin for Agency Good Guidance Practices § IV, OMB Memorandum M-07-07, http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/memoranda/fy2007/m07-07.pdf (Jan. 18, 2007), 72 Fed. Reg. 3432 (Jan. 25, 2007)
Jump up ^ Gersen, Jacob E. (2007-01-01). "Legislative Rules Revisited". The University of Chicago Law Review. 74: 1705–1722. JSTOR 20141880.
Jump up ^ Mathews v. Eldridge
Jump up ^ ""Making Findings of Fact and Preparing a Decision " by Patrick J. Borchers". digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu. Retrieved 2016-01-18.
Jump up ^ Pierce RJ, Weiss J. (2011). An Empirical Study of Agency Interpretations of Agency Rules. Administrative Law Review.
Jump up ^ Pierce, RJ. (2011). What Do the Studies of Judicial Review of Agency Actions Mean?. Administrative Law Review.
External links[edit]
ABA Section of Administrative Law & Regulatory Practice
LII Law about administrative law
Administrative Law and Procedure, legal definitions
Federal Administrative Law: A Brief Overview, Law Librarians' Society of Washington, D.C.
Digital Commons Network: Administrative Law
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Vow of obedience
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The Vow of Obedience in Catholicism concerns one of the three counsels of perfection. It forms part of the vows that Christian monks and nuns must make to enter the consecrated life, whether as a member of a religious institute living in community or as consecrated hermit.
Description[edit]
This is stipulated in
the candidate's respective Church law, for example in the Roman Catholic Church the Code of Canon Law (see canons 573, 601), and
the candidate's respective rule, for example for those that are to be received into a Benedictine monastic community the Rule of St Benedict (ch. 58.17).
The Code of Canon Law (canon 601) defines it as follows:
"The evangelical counsel of obedience, undertaken in a spirit of faith and love in the following of Christ who was obedient even unto death requires a submission of the will to legitimate superiors, who stand in the place of God when they command according to the proper constitutions."
It is made of Poverty, Chastity, and Service. The vows are also taken in Lutheran and Anglican monasteries, convents, and other religious communities.
External links[edit]
Catholic Encyclopedia "Religious Obedience"
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "article name needed". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton.
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Field goal percentage
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Field goal percentage in basketball is the ratio of field goals made to field goals attempted. Its abbreviation is FG%. Although three-point field goal percentage is often calculated separately, three-point field goals are included in the general field goal percentage. Instead of using scales of 0 to 100%, the scale .000 to 1.000 is commonly used. A higher field goal percentage denotes higher efficiency. In basketball, a FG% of .500 (50%) or above is considered a good percentage, although this criterion does not apply equally to all positions. Guards usually have lower FG% than forwards and centers. Field goal percentage does not completely tell the skill of a player, but a low field goal percentage can indicate a poor offensive player or a player who takes many difficult shots. In the NBA, Center Shaquille O'Neal has a high career FG% (around .580) because he plays near the basket making many high percentage layups and slam dunks. Guard Allen Iverson often had a low FG% (around .420) because he took the bulk of his team's shot attempts, even with high difficulty shots.
The NBA career record for field goal percentage is held by DeAndre Jordan at 0.677. The highest field goal percentage for a single season was set by Wilt Chamberlain with 0.727 in the 1972–73 season.
Field goal percentages were substantially lower in the NBA until the mid-to-late 1960s.[1] For this reason, many early NBA stars have low field goal percentages, such as Bob Cousy at .375, and George Mikan, Bob Pettit, and Bill Russell, whose career field goal percentages of .404, .436, and .440, respectively, are much lower than later post players.[2]
Three-point field goal percentage is usually kept as additional statistics. Its abbreviation is 3FG%. A 3FG% of .400 and above is a very good percentage.
See also[edit]
50–40–90 club, an exclusive group of players with one criterion being shooting at least 50 percent of field goals
List of National Basketball Association top individual field goal percentage seasons
References[edit]
Jump up ^ https://www.basketball-reference.com/leaders/fg_pct_yearly.html
Jump up ^ https://www.basketball-reference.com/awards/hof.html

This basketball-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Field_goal_percentage&oldid=813188881"
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