text:
Depression of 1920–21
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
A 1919 parade in Washington, D.C. for soldiers returning home after World War I. The upheaval associated with the transition from a wartime to peacetime economy contributed to a depression in 1920 and 1921.
The Depression of 1920–21 was a sharp deflationary recession in the United States and other countries, 14 months after the end of World War I. It lasted from January 1920 to July 1921.[1] The extent of the deflation was not only large, but large relative to the accompanying decline in real product.[2]
There was a brief post–World War I recession immediately following the end of the war which lasted for 2 years, complicating the absorption of millions of veterans into the economy. The economy started to grow, though it had not yet completed all the adjustments in shifting from a wartime to a peacetime economy. Factors identified as contributing to the downturn include: returning troops which created a surge in the civilian labor force and problems in absorbing the veterans, a decline in labor union strife, changes in fiscal and monetary policy, and changes in price expectations.
Following the end of the depression, the Roaring Twenties brought a temporary period of economic prosperity.
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 Causes
2.1 End of World War I
2.2 Labor unions
2.3 Monetary policy
2.4 Deflationary expectations
3 Government response
4 Interpretations
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Overview[edit]
Economic data for 1920–21 recession[2][3][4]
Estimate
Production
Prices
Ratio
1920–21 (Commerce) −6.9% −18% 2.6
1920–21 (Balke & Gordon) −3.5% −13% 3.7
1920–21 (Romer) −2.4% −14.8% 6.3
1929–30 −8.6% −2.5% 0.3
1930–31 −6.5% −8.8% 1.4
1931–32 −13.1% −10.3% 0.8
The recession lasted from January 1920 to July 1921, or 18 months, according to the National Bureau of Economic Research. This was longer than most post–World War I recessions, but was shorter than recessions of 1910–12 and 1913–1914 (24 and 23 months respectively). It was significantly shorter than the Great Depression (132 months).[1][5] Estimates for the decline in Gross National Product also vary. The U.S. Department of Commerce estimates GNP declined 6.9%, Nathan Balke and Robert J. Gordon estimate a decline of 3.5%, and Christina Romer estimates a decline of 2.4%.[2][6] There is no formal definition of economic depression, but two informal rules are a 10% decline in GDP or a recession lasting more than three years, and the unemployment rate climbing above 10%.[7]
The recession of 1920–21 was characterized by extreme deflation—the largest one-year percentage decline in around 140 years of data.[2] The Department of Commerce estimates 18% deflation, Balke and Gordon estimate 13% deflation, and Romer estimates 14.8% deflation. The drop in wholesale prices was even more severe, falling by 36.8%, the most severe drop since the American Revolutionary War. This is worse than any year during the Great Depression (adding all the years of the Great Depression together, however, yields more severe deflation). The deflation of 1920–21 was extreme in absolute terms, and also unusually extreme given the relatively small decline in gross domestic product.[2]
Unemployment rate[8]
Year
Lebergott
Romer
1919 1.4% 3.0%
1920 5.2% 5.2%
1921 11.7% 8.7%
1922 6.7 6.9%
1923 2.4 4.8%
Unemployment rose sharply during the recession. Romer estimates a rise to 8.7% from 5.2% and an older estimate from Stanley Lebergott says unemployment rose from 5.2% to 11.7%. Both agree that unemployment quickly fell after the recession, and by 1923 had returned to a level consistent with full employment.[8] During the recession, there was an extremely sharp decline in industrial production. From May 1920 to July 1921, automobile production declined by 60% and total industrial production by 30%.[9] At the end of the recession, production quickly rebounded. Industrial production returned to its peak levels by October 1922. The AT&T Index of Industrial Productivity showed a decline of 29.4%, followed by an increase of 60.1%—by this measure, the recession of 1920–21 had the most severe decline and most robust recovery of any recession between 1899 and the Great Depression.[10]
Using a variety of indexes, Victor Zarnowitz found the recession of 1920–21 to have the largest drop in business activity of any recession between 1873 and the Great Depression. (By this measure, Zarnowitz finds the recession to be only slightly larger than the Recession of 1873–79, Recession of 1882–85, Recession of 1893–94, and the recession of 1907–08.)[10]
The Dow Jones Industrial Average from January 1918 to January 1923. The index peaked at 119.6 on November 3, 1919 and bottomed at 63.9 on August 24, 1921, a decline of 47%.
Stocks fell dramatically during the recession. The Dow Jones Industrial Average reached a peak of 119.6 on November 3, 1919, two months before the recession began. The market bottomed on August 24, 1921, at 63.9, a decline of 47% (by comparison, the Dow fell 44% during the Panic of 1907 and 89% during the Great Depression).[11] The climate was terrible for businesses—from 1919 to 1922 the rate of business failures tripled, climbing from 37 failures to 120 failures per every 10,000 businesses. Businesses that avoided bankruptcy saw a 75% decline in profits.[9]
Causes[edit]
Factors that economists have pointed to as potentially causing or contributing to the downturn include: troops returning from the war which created a surge in the civilian labor force and more unemployment and wage stagnation, a decline in agricultural commodity prices because of the post-war recovery of European agricultural output which increased supply, tighter monetary policy to combat the postwar inflation of 1919, and expectations of future deflation that led to reduced investment.[2]
End of World War I[edit]
Adjusting from war time to peace time was an enormous shock for the U.S. economy. Factories focused on war time production had to shut down or retool their production. A short recession occurred in the United States following Armistice Day, but this was followed by a growth spurt. The recession that occurred in 1920, however, was also affected by the adjustments following the end of the war, particularly the demobilization of soldiers. One of the biggest adjustments was the re-entry of soldiers into the civilian labor force. In 1918, the Armed Forces employed 2.9 million people. This fell to 1.5 million in 1919 and 380,000 by 1920. The effects on the labor market was most striking in 1920, when the civilian labor force increased by 1.6 million people, or 4.1%, in a single year. (Though smaller than the numbers in post–World War II demobilization in 1946 and 1947, this is otherwise the largest documented one-year labor force increase).[2] In the early 1920s, both prices and wages changed more quickly than today. Employers may have been quicker to offer reduced wages to returning troops, hence lowering their production costs, and lowering their prices.[2]
Labor unions[edit]
During World War I, labor unions had increased their power—the government had great need for goods and services, and with so many young men in the military, there was a tight labor market. Following the war, however, there was a period of turmoil for labor unions, as they lost their bargaining power. In 1919, 4 million workers went on strike at some point, significantly more than the 1.2 million in the preceding years.[2] Major strikes included an iron and steel workers strike in September 1919, a bituminous coal miners strike in November 1919, and a major railroad strike in 1920. According to economist J.R. Vernon, however, "By the spring of 1920, with unemployment rates rising, labor ceased its aggressive stance and labor peace returned."[2]
Monetary policy[edit]
Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz, in A Monetary History of the United States, consider mistakes in Federal Reserve policy as a key factor in the crisis. In response to post–World War I inflation the Federal Reserve Bank of New York began raising interest rates sharply. In December 1919 the rate was raised from 4.75% to 5%. A month later it was raised to 6% and in June 1920 it was raised to 7% (the highest interest rates of any period except the 1970s and early 1980s).
Deflationary expectations[edit]
Under the gold standard, a period of significant inflation of bank credit and paper claims would be followed by a wave of redemptions as depositors and speculators moved to secure their assets. This would lead to a deflationary period as bank credit and claims diminished and the money supply contracted in line with gold reserves. The introduction of the Federal Reserve System in 1913 had not fundamentally altered this link to gold.[12] The economy had been generally inflationary since 1896, and from 1914 to 1920, prices had increased quickly. People and businesses thus expected prices to fall substantially.[2]
Government response[edit]
Representatives attending the 1921 Conference on Unemployment held in Washington, D.C.
President Woodrow Wilson's slow response to the depression was criticized by those in the Republican party, catapulting them into the White House under the banner of Warren Harding. Once in office, he convened a President's Conference on Unemployment at the instigation of then Commerce Secretary Herbert Hoover as a result of rising unemployment during the recession. About 300 eminent members of industry, banking and labor were called together in September 1921 to discuss the problem of unemployment. Hoover organized the economic conference and a committee on unemployment. The committee established a branch in every state having substantial unemployment, along with sub-branches in local communities and mayors' emergency committees in 31 cities. The committee contributed relief to the unemployed, and also organized collaboration between the local and federal governments. President Warren G. Harding signed the Emergency Tariff of 1921 and the Fordney–McCumber Tariff. Secretary of Treasury Andrew Mellon also successfully pushed for lower income tax rates to help the recovery.
Interpretations[edit]
According to a 1989 analysis by Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz, the recession of 1920–21 was the result of an unnecessary contractionary monetary policy by the Federal Reserve Bank.[13] Paul Krugman agrees that high interest rates due to the Fed's effort to fight inflation caused the problem. This did not cause a deficiency in aggregate demand but in aggregate supply. Once the Fed relaxed its monetary policy, the economy rapidly recovered.[14]
Additionally Allan H. Meltzer suggests that since the U.S. was on the Gold standard, the flight of gold from hyper-inflationary Europe to the U.S. raised the nominal stock of high-powered base money. This ended the deflation and contributed to the economic recovery.[15]
James Grant discusses in his 2014 book, The Forgotten Depression, 1921, why the depression of 1920–1921 was relatively short compared to the 21st century's economic recession and the following economic downturn that started in 2007. "The essential point about the long ago downturn of 1920–1921 is that it was kind of a last demonstration of how a price mechanism works and the last governmentally unmediated business cycle downturn, meaning it was the last one that the government didn't attempt to treat with fiscal intervention with much lower interest rates. In fact the FED, then still wet behind the ears as it only had been founded in 1914, actually raised rates in the face of a truly brutal deflation."[16][page needed]
Thomas Woods, a proponent of the Austrian School, argues that President Harding's laissez-faire economic policies during the 1920–21 recession, combined with a coordinated aggressive policy of rapid government downsizing, had a direct influence on the rapid and widespread private-sector recovery.[17] Woods argued that, as there were massive distortions in private markets due to government economic influence related to demands of World War I, an equally massive correction to the distortions needed to occur as quickly as possible to realign investment and consumption with the new peace-time economic environment.
In a 2011 article, Daniel Kuehn, a proponent of Keynesian economics, questions many of the assertions Woods makes about the 1920–21 recession.[18] Kuehn notes the following:
the most substantial downsizing of government was attributable to the Wilson administration, and occurred well before the onset of the 1920–21 recession.
the Harding administration raised revenues in 1921 by expanding the tax base considerably at the same time that it lowered rates.
Woods underemphasizes the role the monetary stimulus played in reviving the depressed economy and that, since the 1920–21 recession was not characterized by a deficiency in aggregate demand, fiscal stimulus was unwarranted.
See also[edit]
1920s portal
List of recessions in the United States
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b US Business Cycle Expansions and Contractions, National Bureau of Economic Research. Retrieved on September 22, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Vernon, J. R. (July 1991). "The 1920-21 Deflation: The Role of Aggregate Supply". Economic Inquiry. Western Economic Association International. 29 (3): 572–580. doi:10.1111/j.1465-7295.1991.tb00847.x.
Jump up ^ Lawrence H. Officer, "The Annual Consumer Price Index for the United States, 1774–2008", MeasuringWorth, 2009. URL: http://www.measuringworth.org/uscpi/
Jump up ^ Louis D. Johnston and Samuel H. Williamson, "What Was the U.S. GDP Then?" MeasuringWorth, 2008. URL: http://www.measuringworth.org/usgdp/
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ Christina Duckworth Romer (1988). "World War I and the postwar depression; A reinterpretation based on alternative estimates of GNP". Journal of Monetary Economics. 22 (1): 91–115. doi:10.1016/0304-3932(88)90171-7.
Jump up ^ "Diagnosing depression". The Economist. December 30, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Romer, Christina (1986). "Spurious Volatility in Historical Unemployment Data" (PDF). The Journal of Political Economy. 91: 1–37. doi:10.1086/261361.
^ Jump up to: a b Anthony Patrick O'Brien (1997). "Depression of 1920–1921". In David Glasner, Thomas F. Cooley. Business cycles and depressions: an encyclopedia. New York: Garland Publishing. pp. 151–153.
^ Jump up to: a b Zarnowitz, Victor (1996). Business Cycles. University of Chicago Press.
Jump up ^ "Dow Historical Timeline". Dow Jones Industrial Average.
Jump up ^ Wicker, Elmus R. (1966). "A Reconsideration of Federal Reserve Policy during the 1920–1921 Depression". Journal of Economic History. 26 (2): 223–238. JSTOR 2116229.
Jump up ^ Romer, Christina (1989). "Does Monetary Policy Matter? A New Test in the Spirit of Friedman and Schwartz". NBER Macroeconomics Annual. 4: 121–170. doi:10.2307/3584969. JSTOR 3584969 – via JSTOR. (Registration required (help)).
Jump up ^ Krugman, Paul (April 1, 2011). "1921 and All That". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Allan H. Metzer, "Lessons from the Early History of the Federal Reserve" Archived 2012-07-22 at the Wayback Machine. (Presidential Address to International Atlantic Economic Society)
Jump up ^ James Grant, The Forgotten Depression, 1921— The Crash That Cured Itself, Simon & Schuster, 2014
Jump up ^ Thomas Woods. "Warren Harding and the Forgotten Depression of 1920", First Principles Journal.
Jump up ^ Kuehn, Daniel (September 2011). "A critique of Powell, Woods, and Murphy on the 1920–1921 depression". Review of Austrian Economics. 24 (3): 273–291. doi:10.1007/s11138-010-0131-3.
External links[edit]
Business Cycles and Unemployment, introduction by Herbert Hoover, Secretary of Commerce, published in 1923.
THE LONG-RANGE PLANNING OF PUBLIC WORKS, by Otto T. Mallery, Member of the Pennsylvania State Industrial Board, 1923
"Wage Adjustment and Aggregate Supply in the Depression of 1920–1921: Extending the Bernanke-Carey Model", by Bryan Caplan
Smiley, Gene. "US Economy in the 1920s". EH.Net Encyclopedia, edited by Robert Whaples. March 26, 2008.
Wicker, Elmus R (1966). "A Reconsideration of Federal Reserve Policy during the 1920–1921 Depression". Journal of Economic History. 26: 223–238. doi:10.1017/s0022050700068674. JSTOR 2116229.
[show]
v
t
e
Stock market crashes
17th century
Early stock market crashes in the Dutch Republic
18th century
The Mississippi Bubble
South Sea Bubble of 1720
Panic of 1792
Panic of 1796–97
19th century
Panic of 1819
Panic of 1825
Panic of 1837
Panic of 1847
Panic of 1857
Black Friday (1869)
Panic of 1873
Paris Bourse crash of 1882
Panic of 1884
Encilhamento
Panic of 1893
Panic of 1896
20th century
Panic of 1901
Panic of 1907
Depression of 1920–21
Wall Street Crash of 1929
Recession of 1937–38
1971 Brazilian markets crash
1973–74 stock market crash
Souk Al-Manakh stock market crash (1982)
Japanese asset price bubble (1986–1991)
Black Monday (1987)
Rio de Janeiro Stock Exchange collapse
Friday the 13th mini-crash (1989)
1990s Japanese stock market crash
Dot-com bubble (1995–2000)
1997 Asian financial crisis
October 27, 1997, mini-crash
1998 Russian financial crisis
21st century
Economic effects arising from the September 11 attacks (2001)
Stock market downturn of 2002
Chinese stock bubble of 2007
United States bear market of 2007–09
Financial crisis of 2007–08
Dubai debt standstill
European debt crisis
2010 Flash Crash
2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami (Aftermath)
August 2011 stock markets fall
2011 Bangladesh share market scam
2015–16 Chinese stock market turbulence
2015–16 stock market crash
2016 United Kingdom EU referendum (Aftermath)
2018 Cryptocurrency crash
See also: List of stock market crashes and bear markets
[show]
v
t
e
Recessions in the United States (notable recessions in bold)
1796–99
1815–21
1836–38 and 1839–43
1857–58
1873–1879
1882–85
1893–1897
1907–08
1918–19
1920–21
1929–33 and 1937–38
1949
1953–54
1958
1960–61
1969–70
1973–75
1980 and 1981–82
1990–91
2002–03
2007–09
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Depression_of_1920–21&oldid=842809018"
Categories:
1920 in economics
1921 in economics
1921 in the United States
1920 in the United States
Recessions
Stock market crashes
Hidden categories:
Pages with login required references or sources
Webarchive template wayback links
Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2016
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 24 May 2018, at 20:36.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: img

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

attrs: href class title

attrs: href title

attrs: class style

value: b

values: float:right; clear:right; margin-left:1em; margin-right:0em; font-size:90%; width:230pt;

values:
/wiki/Gross_National_Product
mw-redirect
Gross National Product

values:
/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Commerce
mw-redirect
U.S. Department of Commerce

values:
/wiki/Economic_depression
mw-redirect
Economic depression

values: float:left; clear:left; margin-left:0em; margin-right:1em; font-size:90%; width:150pt;

values:
/wiki/Warren_Harding
mw-redirect
Warren Harding

values: This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2016)

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
nofollow
http://www.measuringworth.org/uscpi/
external free

values:
nofollow
http://www.measuringworth.org/usgdp/
external free

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1086%2F261361

values:
nofollow
http://www.djaverages.com/
external text

values:
/wiki/Journal_of_Economic_History
mw-redirect
Journal of Economic History

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/2116229

values: NBER Macroeconomics Annual (page does not exist)

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307%2F3584969

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/3584969

values: The site requires registration to access this page.

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.nber.org/chapters/c4671.pdf

values:
/wiki/1971_Brazilian_markets_crash
mw-redirect
1971 Brazilian markets crash

values: Aftermath of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami

values:
/wiki/2015_stock_market_selloff
mw-redirect
2015 stock market selloff

values: Aftermath of the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, 2016

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Early 1980s recession in the United States

values: Early 1990s recession in the United States

values: Category:Pages with login required references or sources

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2016

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Depression_of_1920%E2%80%9321
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Depression_of_1920–21 rootpage-Depression_of_1920–21 skin-vector action-view


text:
Telephone numbers in the Republic of Ireland
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Ireland telephone numbers
Location of Ireland (dark green)
Location
Country
Ireland
Continent
Europe
Regulator
ComReg
Type
Open
NSN length
7-9
Typical format
(0xx) xxx xxxx
Access codes
Country calling code
+353
International call prefix
00
Trunk prefix
0
List of Ireland dialing codes
Numbers on the Irish Telephone Numbering Plan are regulated and assigned to operators by ComReg.
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview and history
1.1 General structure of Irish numbering
1.2 Overview
1.2.1 Geographically assigned
1.2.2 Regional overview
1.2.3 List of major area codes by city/town
1.3 Mobile services
1.3.1 Defunct prefixes
1.4 Direct to voicemail number
2 Calls to Northern Ireland
3 International calls
4 Reserved numbers
5 Special numbers
6 Operator services
7 Emergency services
7.1 Services provided
7.2 SMS Emergency Service
8 Special rate numbers
9 Internet access numbers
10 Carrier selection (per call)
11 Network engineering codes
12 Speaking clock
13 Line information codes
13.1 Check phone number associated with line / automatic number announcement circuit (ANAC)
13.2 Check preset carrier
14 Voicemail
15 Call management services vertical service codes
15.1 PSTN Lines and some ISDN services
15.1.1 Caller ID Services
15.1.2 Call waiting
15.1.2.1 Answering call waiting
15.1.3 Conference calling / 3-way calling
15.1.4 Call hold / transfer to another extension
15.1.5 Call forwarding (Unconditional)
15.1.6 Alarm / reminder call
15.2 Services on Virgin Media Ireland cable network
15.2.1 Caller ID services
15.2.2 Call forwarding
15.2.2.1 Call forwarding (unconditional)
15.2.2.2 Forwarding to voicemail
15.2.3 Call waiting
15.2.3.1 Answering call waiting
15.2.4 Anonymous call rejection
15.2.5 Redial last number called
15.3 Mobiles
16 Number changes
16.1 2002–2003
16.2 In 2006–2007
16.3 In 2009–2010
16.4 Older changes
16.5 Possible future changes
17 Historical numbering (no longer in use)
17.1 Defunct access codes
17.2 Defunct operator services
17.3 Historical codes to access Northern Ireland
17.4 Historical codes to access British numbers
18 See also
19 References
20 External links
Overview and history[edit]
Telephone numbers in Ireland are similar in format to those in many European open numbering plans, for example the UK or Germany, with only the subscriber's number being required for local dialling. However, one can also dial local calls with the full area code without any difference in charge. The trunk prefix is '0' and is followed by an area code, the first digit of which indicates the geographical area. Calls made from mobile phones, however, always require the full area code and phone number.
General structure of Irish numbering[edit]
Irish area codes vary in length, between one and three digits (excluding the leading 0), and subscribers' numbers are between five and seven digits. A migration to a standard format, (0xx) xxx xxxx, is in progress; however, to avoid disruption, this process is only being carried out as needed where existing area codes and local numbering systems have reached full capacity.
Overview[edit]
Geographically assigned[edit]
Main article: List of Irish dialling codes
Irish geographical area structured on a regional basis and follow a logical hierarchy of regions and sub-regions. These area codes approximately correspond to the following geographical regions: 01 - Greater Dublin, 02 - South (Cork), 04 (North East), 05 (South East) 06 (Midwest/Southwest), 07 (Northwest), 09 (West). The midlands area is covered by several regional codes.
Codes do not necessarily match county or provincial boundaries, as they evolved to suit technical requirements of the network as it developed over the decades.
Except for the 01 area, each area is further subdivided into smaller areas. Usually, the main city or town in the area is 0X1. (Cork 021, Limerick 061, Galway 091 etc.)
Regional overview[edit]
01 — Dublin area – also extends to certain parts of Wicklow, Meath and Kildare.
021–029 — Most of County Cork; Cork City, Bantry, Bandon, Fermoy etc.
0402, 0404, 041–047 and 049 — North East, Midlands and parts of Wicklow.
051–059 Midlands and South East.
061–069 South West and Mid West Area
071, 074 — North West Area.
List of major area codes by city/town[edit]
01 — Dublin city, County Dublin and parts of counties Kildare, Wicklow and Meath.
02 — Cork city, most of County Cork and a small part of County Waterford : (021) Cork City, (022) Mallow, (023) Bandon, (024) Youghal, (025) Fermoy, (026) Macroom, (027) Bantry, (028) Skibbereen, (029) Kanturk.
04 — East Coast (excluding Dublin), and parts of Midlands e.g.(041) Drogheda, (042) Dundalk, (043) Longford, (044) Mullingar, (045) Kildare, (046) Navan, (047) Monaghan, (049) Cavan, (0402) Arklow, (0404) Wicklow.
05 — Southeast & East Midlands e.g. : (051) Waterford city, (052) Cahir, (053) Wexford, Rosslare, (056) Kilkenny City, (057) Tullamore, Birr and Portlaoise, (058) Dungarvan, (059) Carlow,(0504) Thurles, (0505) Roscrea,
06 — Southwest & Midwest including Counties Kerry and Limerick : (061) Limerick city and Shannon, (062) Cashel, (063) Charleville, (064) Killarney & Kenmare, (065) Ennis, (066) Tralee & Dingle, (067) Nenagh, (068) Listowel, (069) Newcastle West.
07 — Northwest including Counties Sligo, Leitrim and Donegal : e.g. : (071) Sligo, Carrick-on-Shannon, Manorhamilton and Bundoran, (074) Letterkenny, Ballybofey, Glenties.
08 — Mobile Telephones, Pagers and some non-geographic numbers see below:
09 — West and West Midlands, including Counties Galway, Mayo and areas of Westmeath : e.g. (090) Athlone, Portumna and Ballinasloe, (091) Galway city, (093) Tuam and Headford (Co. Galway), (094) Castlebar, (095) Clifden, (096) Ballina, (097) Belmullet, (098) Westport, Achill and off-shore Islands, (099) Kilronan (Off Shore), Aran Islands
ComReg maintains a map of area codes here.
Mobile services[edit]
Mobile phone numbers start with the 08x prefix. The prefix, 088, was previously issued to the Eircell analogue service. This has subsequently been issued to Digiweb.
Irish mobile telephone numbering is part of a closed numbering plan. This means that a mobile phone number must have 10 digits. Calls to landlines, and the like, require the area code on mobile phone.
Mobile number portability has been in operation since 2003. While a new connection to any network will take the prefix above, there is no guarantee that a number with one of those prefixes has remained on that network. In addition, a given network is not guaranteed to receive all of their prefix block. The numbers in each prefix are allocated in blocks of several thousand to the networks, as they require them, thus ComReg could in theory, allocate 083 numbers to Vodafone.
A mobile network cannot reliably be identified by its mobile prefix. However, newly issued numbers are currently allocated per network, e.g. a new Three Ireland number would get the 083 prefix.
Prefix
Network
MVNO
Notes / Ref
082
Eirpage — Paging service
083 &
086
Three Ireland No The 086 prefix previously belonged to O2 Ireland.
083
BlueFace Yes Uses Three Ireland network
085
eirMobile No —
087
Vodafone Ireland No —
087
Postfone Yes Uses Vodafone Ireland network
088
Digiweb No [1]
089 2 &
089 4
Tesco Mobile Yes Uses Three Ireland network.
089 2 &
089 4
48 Yes Uses Three Ireland network.
089 60 &
089 61
Virgin Mobile Ireland Yes Uses Three Ireland network.[2]
089 70 &
089 71
iD Mobile Yes Uses Three Ireland network.
089 9
Lycamobile Yes Uses Three Ireland network.
Issued in the absence of a previously held number.
Defunct prefixes[edit]
Prefix
Network
MVNO
Notes / Ref
088
Eircell No Active from 1985 to 2001
Direct to voicemail number[edit]
Mobile phone numbers in Ireland have their own voicemail number. To access this, the number 5 should be put after the prefix. For example, the mobile number 086 1234567, its voicemail number would be 086 5 1234567.
On some networks, when the direct to voicemail number is called, the voicemail greeting is played (e.g. Vodafone, Meteor, etc.), while others request a phone number, then the voicemail greeting is played for that number (e.g. Three Ireland). Users can press the hash key (#) to gain access to the voicemail box. This can be useful when one's mobile phone is out of battery and one wants to check their voicemail from another number.
Calls to Northern Ireland[edit]
Although Northern Ireland is part of the UK (+44) numbering plan, a special arrangement exists for calling Northern Ireland landlines from the Republic of Ireland. Calls to Northern Ireland can be dialled using the 048 prefix or by dialling the number in the full international format. Most Irish operators treat calls to Northern Ireland at national or even local rates. Similar charging arrangements apply when calling the Republic of Ireland from Northern Ireland.
For example, to reach Belfast landline 90xx xxxx subscribers can dial either:
048 90xx xxxx
or
00 44 28 90xx xxxx
Northern Irish mobile phones use the same mobile numbering and networks as other parts of the UK — calls must be dialled using the 00 44 7xxx xxx xxx format.
International calls[edit]
In common with all EU countries, the international access code is 00. Call should be dialled as follows:
00 Country Code Area code (if any) - local number
Mobile phones may also use + instead of the 00 international access code.
Reserved numbers[edit]
03 – reserved for future changes in the numbering plan.
07 — all except 0707, 0700, 071, 074 and 076 are reserved without assigned purpose.
0707 — Reserved for personal numbering.
0800 — Reserved
Special numbers[edit]
00 — International access.
020 91x xxxx — Drama use (although the rest of the 020 area code is free).
0700 — Personal Numbering.
076 — Voice over IP services.
080 — Mailbox for landline users (Formerly NI access code).
0818 — Universal Access (similar to personal numbering).
Operator services[edit]
General operator assistance no longer exists in Ireland. It used to be available by dialling 10 from within Ireland.
118xx — Directory Enquiries (Multiple commercial providers offer a variety of services in this number range)
Emergency services[edit]
The emergency number for Ireland is 112, as with most European countries. 999 is also used alongside 112.
Services provided[edit]
Ambulance
Garda Síochána (Police)
Fire and Rescue
Marine and Coastal Emergency Service
Cliff and Mountain Rescue
SMS Emergency Service[edit]
Deaf or hard of hearing customers can send an SMS message to 112.
Further information can be found at 112.ie.
Special rate numbers[edit]
Special rate numbers in this table are from Eir (landline) and 48 (mobile). Prices correct September 2016.
Prefix / Number
Landline prices (Eir)
Mobile price (48)
Notes
1512
38c per call 39c per call Premium Rate
1513
81c per call 80c per call Premium Rate
1514
94c per call €1.00 per call Premium Rate
1515
€1.21 per call €1.29 per call Premium Rate
1516
€1.89 per call €2.00 per call Premium Rate
1517
€2.47 per call €2.80 per call Premium Rate
1518
€3.69 per call €2.80 per call Premium Rate
1520
25c per min 32c per min Premium Rate
1530
51c per min 60c per min Premium Rate
1540
94c per min 95c per min Premium Rate
1550
€1.16 per min €1.49 per min Premium Rate
1560
€1.83 per min €1.80 per min Premium Rate
1570
€1.55 per min €2.54 per min Premium Rate
1580
€2.96 per min €3.40 per min Premium Rate
1590
€3.58 per min €4.00 per min Premium Rate
1598
€3.19 per min — Premium Rate
1599
€4.79 per min — Premium Rate
11811
11818
82c per min
(+ 82c connection charge) €1.25 per min
(+ €1.25 connection charge) Directory Enquiries
1800
Free Free National freephone
00 800
Free Free International freephone
1850
1890
0818
Varies 50c per minute Domestic call
076
Varies 50c per minute VoIP
Internet access numbers[edit]
1891 — Reduced cost Internet Access (possibly timed)
1892 — Local rate Internet Access (timed)
1893 — Variable Cost Internet Access (timed)
Carrier selection (per call)[edit]
13 xxx — Carrier selection (Third party long distance, international and internet services). These codes override the default carrier.
Carrier preselect is normally used where the exchange automatically uses the customer's preferred provider(s).
Network engineering codes[edit]
199 xxx... — Network operator specific engineering codes (undefined length) —
Speaking clock[edit]
1191
Line information codes[edit]
These services give you more information about your phone line (applicable only to eir and Smart Telecom).
Check phone number associated with line / automatic number announcement circuit (ANAC)[edit]
199 000 - Reads out your telephone number.
Check preset carrier[edit]
Check which carrier you are using for each category of call:
19 800 - International calls
19 822 - Local calls
19 801 - Calls to other parts of the Republic of Ireland, Irish mobile numbers and to landlines in Northern Ireland.
Voicemail[edit]
171 - Used to access voicemail on all networks: fixed line (POTS and Cable), all mobile operators and many VoIP providers.
Call management services vertical service codes[edit]
Vertical service code are used to control various supplementary services offered by digital local exchanges. These services were first introduced as 'PhonePlus' in 1979 on the first generation of Alcatel E10 and Ericsson AXE digital exchanges used in Ireland and were rolled out nationally throughout the 1980s. These services are available on all Irish PSTN lines, regardless of operator. There is a more expansive range of services available, but these are the most commonly used. Different codes apply on cable telephony lines, such as those provided by Virgin Media Ireland and on VoIP providers.
PSTN Lines and some ISDN services[edit]
Caller ID Services[edit]
141 — Caller ID default override – Withhold Caller ID on this call.
142 — Caller ID default override – Present Caller ID on this call.
1471 — Check last missed call. The system will verbally announce details of the last missed call.
#93# — Delete missed call information from the network's memory.
Call waiting[edit]
*43# - Setup
*#43# - Check Status
#43# - Cancel
Answering call waiting[edit]
R0 - Reject call (or send to voicemail) and temporarily suspend call waiting service for this call.
R1 - Answer waiting call and disconnect current call.
R2 - Answer waiting call and place current call on hold / or swap between calls.
R3 - Merge both calls into a 3-way call.
Conference calling / 3-way calling[edit]
While on a phone call press the R key on your phone and dial the number you wish to add to the conversation.
Dial R3 to begin conference / 3-way call.
R2 allows you to separate the calls and swap between them.
Call hold / transfer to another extension[edit]
R = Places call on hold. Hang up and telephone will ring until call on hold is picked up again.
Call forwarding (Unconditional)[edit]
*21* (phone number)# — Forward all calls to (phone number)
*#21# — Check Status of Call Forwarding
#21# — Deactivate Call Forwarding
When this service is active, the dial tone changes to a two-frequency 'siren' tone.
Alarm / reminder call[edit]
*55* [time in 4-digit 24h format] # Example: 8:30am dial *55* 0830 # - Midnight is 0000 Midday is 1200.
*#55# - check status
#55# - cancel
Most exchanges confirm setup with a verbal announcement, however some exchanges may use a ringing tone to indicate successful service setup and a busy tone to indicate an error / invalid code.
Services on Virgin Media Ireland cable network[edit]
Caller ID services[edit]
141 — Caller ID default override – Withhold Caller ID on this call.
142 — Caller ID default override – Present Caller ID on this call.
Call forwarding[edit]
Call forwarding (unconditional)[edit]
*70 (wait for prompt and enter phone number) — Forward all calls to (phone number)
#70 — Deactivate Call Forwarding
Forwarding to voicemail[edit]
*75 — Forward calls to voicemail when busy.
#75 — Deactivate Forward calls to voicemail when busy.
*77 — Forward calls to voicemail if unanswered.
#77 — Deactivate Forward calls to voicemail if unanswered
Call waiting[edit]
*76 — Activate Call Waiting
#76 — Deactivate Call Waiting
Answering call waiting[edit]
R1 - Answer waiting call and disconnect current call.
R2 - Answer waiting call and place current call on hold / or swap between calls.
Anonymous call rejection[edit]
*90 — Activate Anonymous Call Rejection
#90 — Deactivate Anonymous Call Rejection
Redial last number called[edit]
##
You will either hear a tone or a voice message to confirm services have been set up or deactivated.
Mobiles[edit]
GSM Supplementary Service Codes — all of Ireland's mobile providers use the standard GSM codes to control special services such as call forwarding, barring, call waiting etc.
Number changes[edit]
Several major number changes have occurred since 2000.
2002–2003[edit]
The majority of Area codes in County Donegal were combined into a single area code (074) with 7-digit local numbering. While other parts of South Donegal were combined into the (071) area code (e.g. Bundoran, Rossnowlagh) [3] The area codes abolished were 073, 075 and 077. All local numbers became 7-digit.
Area codes in Sligo and North Leitrim were merged into the single area code 071 with 7-digit local numbering. The area codes abolished were 072, 078 and 079. All local numbers became 7-digit.
Area codes in parts of Galway and Mayo were merged into a single 094 area including Castlebar, Swinford, Claremorris, Ballaghadereen, Castlerae and Ballinrobe The area codes abolished were 0907 and 092. All local numbers became 7-digit.
A new area code 090 replaced four codes in the West Midlands including Athlone, Banagher North, Ballinasloe, Roscommon and Portumna. The area codes abolished were 0902, 0903, 0905 and 0509 All local numbers became 7-digit.
Area codes in the East Midlands were merged into the single 046 area code including Navan, Nobber, Kells, Trim, Enfield and Edenderry. The area 0405 area code was abolished. All local numbers became 7-digit.
In 2006–2007[edit]
Local numbering changed from 5-digit to 7-digit local in the following area (without area code change). 044 Mullingar numbers were prefixed by 93 and Tyrrellspass numbers were prefixed by 92 and Costlepollard numbers were prefixed by 96.
Numbers in Portlaoise, Birr and Tullamore were merged into a new 057 area code. The area codes abolished were 0502, 0506 and 0509'. All local numbers became 7-digit.
Area codes in the southeast were merged into the single 053 area code including Wexford, Enniscorthy and Gorey. The area codes abolished were 054, 055. All local numbers became 7-digit.
In 2009–2010[edit]
Local numbering changed from 5-digit to 7-digit local in the following areas (without area code change). 023 Bandon numbers beginning with 2,3,4,5,7 and 8 were prefixed by 88 while numbers beginning with 6 were prefixed by 66. '043 Longford numbers were prefixed by 33 and Granard numbers were prefixed by 66. 052 Clonmel numbers were prefixed by 61, Cahir numbers were prefixed by 74 and Killenaule numbers were prefixed by 91. 064 Killarney numbers were prefixed by 66 and Rathmore numbers were prefixed by 77.
Older changes[edit]
Dublin 01 was changed to 7-digit number in 1994.
Mobile numbering became 7-digit in the mid-1990s
Cork 021 was changed to 7-digit numbers in 1998-1999.
The 066 area code including Tralee and Dingle was moved to 7-digit numbering in 2000.
The 080 prefix was previously used for calls to Northern Ireland, but following the UK's renumbering of Northern Ireland in 2000, this changed to 048.
Possible future changes[edit]
Dublin numbers are currently seven digits, but may change to eight digits in the future, although breaking the city into separate area codes would match the rest of the national system. A review and public consultation on the future of Ireland's numbering plan was undertaken.[4]
Historical numbering (no longer in use)[edit]
Defunct access codes[edit]
16 — Former International Access Code
03 — Formerly used for calls to Britain – Format was: 03 + UK STD code + Local number.[5]
08 — Formerly used for Northern Ireland landlines
084 — Formerly used for Belfast landlines
Defunct operator services[edit]
10 — National Operator Assistance (withdrawn in 2007)
114 — International Operator Assistance (withdrawn in 2007)
910 — Operator assisted calls to some areas without direct dialling (withdrawn in the early 1980s)
Historical codes to access Northern Ireland[edit]
Before 2000: 08 followed by Northern Irish area code and phone number
Example Belfast (01232) xxx xxx was reached by dialling: 08 01232 xxx xxx
Previously Belfast could be reached by dialling 084 in place of the UK area code 0232
Historical codes to access British numbers[edit]
Until the early 1990s, the 03 numbering range was originally used for calls to Great Britain, with the Irish prefix 030 replacing the UK trunk code 0. Calls to British cities using the Director telephone system were also possible using shorter codes:
031 — London (01)
032 — Birmingham (021)
033 — Edinburgh (031)
034 — Glasgow (041)
035 — Liverpool (051)
036 — Manchester (061)[5]
This was discontinued in 1992, when the international access code changed from 16 to 00, and calls to Great Britain required the country code 44 and the area code in full.
For a short period in the early 1990s, 03000 was used for premium rate services (see below)
See also[edit]
List of dialling codes in the Republic of Ireland
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Digiweb Mobile takes 088, Press Release (05/04/2007)
Jump up ^ http://www.comreg.ie/numbering/numbering_search.599.numbering.html
Jump up ^ http://www.comreg.ie/licensing_and_services/area_code_maps.552.1040.html
Jump up ^ The Evolution of Geographic Telephone Numbering in Ireland, ComReg, 19th December 2013
^ Jump up to: a b Festivals in Great Britain, Northern Ireland & Eire: A List with Forecast Dates and Policies, Richard Gregson-Williams, John Offord Publications, 1986, page 108
Sources
ITU allocations list
External links[edit]
Comreg homepage
Comreg:Geographic Numbering Areas (pdf)
[hide]
v
t
e
Telephone numbers in Europe
Sovereign states
Albania
Andorra
Armenia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Kazakhstan
Latvia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia
Malta
Moldova
Monaco
Montenegro
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
San Marino
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
United Kingdom
Vatican City
States with limited
recognition
Abkhazia
Artsakh
Kosovo
Northern Cyprus
South Ossetia
Transnistria
Dependencies and
other entities
Åland
Faroe Islands
Gibraltar
Guernsey
Isle of Man
Jersey
Svalbard
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telephone_numbers_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland&oldid=801858633"
Categories:
Telephone numbers by country
Telephone numbers in the Republic of Ireland
Republic of Ireland-related lists
Hidden categories:
EngvarB from October 2013
Use dmy dates from October 2013
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 22 September 2017, at 10:25.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: caption

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: td

attrs: colspan style

value: tr

value: th

values: Commission for Communications Regulation

values:
/wiki/Open_telephone_numbering_plan
mw-redirect
Open telephone numbering plan

values:
/wiki/International_call_prefix
mw-redirect
International call prefix

values:
/wiki/List_of_Irish_dialling_codes
mw-redirect
List of Irish dialling codes

values: Edit section: General structure of Irish numbering

values: Edit section: List of major area codes by city/town

values: Edit section: Direct to voicemail number

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.112.ie/112_SMS_Service/142

values: Edit section: Carrier selection (per call)

values: Edit section: Check phone number associated with line / automatic number announcement circuit (ANAC)

values: Edit section: Call management services vertical service codes

values: Edit section: PSTN Lines and some ISDN services

values: Edit section: Conference calling / 3-way calling

values: Edit section: Call hold / transfer to another extension

values: Edit section: Call forwarding (Unconditional)

values: Edit section: Services on Virgin Media Ireland cable network

values: Edit section: Call forwarding (unconditional)

values: Edit section: Historical numbering (no longer in use)

values: Edit section: Historical codes to access Northern Ireland

values: Edit section: Historical codes to access British numbers

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.itu.int/oth/T0202000068/en

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.comreg.ie

values: Template talk:Telephone numbers in Europe

values: Telephone numbers in Bosnia and Herzegovina

values: Telephone numbers in the Republic of Macedonia

values: Telephone numbers in the Republic of Artsakh

values:
/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Guernsey
mw-redirect
Telephone numbers in Guernsey

values:
/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Jersey
mw-redirect
Telephone numbers in Jersey

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Telephone numbers in the Republic of Ireland

values: Category:Republic of Ireland-related lists

values: Category:Use dmy dates from October 2013

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Telephone_numbers_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland rootpage-Telephone_numbers_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland skin-vector action-view


text:
Sophie and the Rising Sun (film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Sophie and the Rising Sun
Directed by
Maggie Greenwald
Produced by
Nancy Dickenson
Lorraine Gallard
Brenda Goodman
Maggie Greenwald
Screenplay by
Maggie Greenwald
Based on
Sophie and the Rising Sun
by Augusta Trobaugh
Starring
Julianne Nicholson
Takashi Yamaguchi
Margo Martindale
Diane Ladd
Lorraine Toussaint
Karen Wheeling Reynolds
Music by
David Mansfield[1]
Cinematography
Wolfgang Held
Edited by
Keith Reamer
Production
company
Sophie Film
Distributed by
Monterey Media
Release date
January 22, 2016 (2016-01-22) (Sundance Film Festival)
January 25, 2017 (2017-01-25)
Running time
116 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Box office
$6,763[2]
Sophie and the Rising Sun is a 2016 American drama film written and directed by Maggie Greenwald. It is based on the 2001 novel Sophie and the Rising Sun by Augusta Trobaugh. The film stars Julianne Nicholson, Takashi Yamaguchi, Margo Martindale, Diane Ladd, Lorraine Toussaint and Karen Wheeling Reynolds. The film was released in theaters on January 25, 2017 by Monterey Media.[3][4][5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Release
4 References
5 External links
Plot[edit]
Set in the autumn of 1941 in Salty Creek, a willowy fishing village in South Carolina, the film tells the compelling story of two interracial lovers, Sophie, an artist who also fishes and sells crabs to the townsfolk, the other an Asian gentleman, swept up in the tides of history. As World War II rages in Europe, Mr. Ohta, appears in the town badly beaten and under mysterious circumstances. Sophie, a native of Salty Creek, quickly becomes transfixed by Mr. Ohta and a friendship born of their mutual love of art blossoms into a delicate and forbidden courtship. As their secret relationship evolves the war escalates tragically. And when Pearl Harbor is bombed, a surge of misguided patriotism, bigotry and violence sweeps through the town, threatening Mr. Ohta’s life. A trio of women, each with her own secrets – Sophie, along with the town matriarch and her housekeeper – rejects law and propriety, risking their lives with their actions.
Cast[edit]
Julianne Nicholson as Sophie Willis
Takashi Yamaguchi as Grover Ohta
Margo Martindale as Anne Morrison
Diane Ladd as Ruth Jeffers
Lorraine Toussaint as Salome Whitmore
Karen Wheeling Reynolds as Isabel
Mickey Dodge as Samille
Don Henderson Baker as Dr. Gilbert
Joel Murray as Sheriff Cooper
David Dickson Reynolds as Reverend Jeffers
Kenneth Charles Graham as Harold Jackson
Sabrina Mayfield as Matilda
Jan Hartsell as Minna
Cali Ward as Young Sophie
Meredith Jackson as Young Ruth
Antonio Roberts as Zachary
Colie McClellan as Young Anne
Ben VanderMey as Soldier
Release[edit]
The film premiered at the 2016 Sundance Film Festival on January 22, 2016.[1][6] The film was released on January 25, 2017.[7]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Guy Lodge (2016-01-22). "‘Sophie and the Rising Sun’ Review: A Sensitive Interracial Romance". Variety. Retrieved 2016-07-31.
Jump up ^ "Sophie and the Rising Sun". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved February 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Monterey Media Nabs Sundance Pic ‘Sophie And The Rising Sun’". October 24, 2016. Retrieved January 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-sophie-rising-sun-review-20170123-story.html
Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/02/movies/sophie-and-the-rising-sun-review.html
Jump up ^ "'Sophie and the Rising Sun': Sundance Review". Hollywood Reporter. 2016-01-30. Retrieved 2016-07-31.
Jump up ^ "Sophie and the Rising Sun". Retrieved January 15, 2017.
External links[edit]
Sophie and the Rising Sun on IMDb
[hide]
v
t
e
Films directed by Maggie Greenwald
The Kill-Off (1989)
The Ballad of Little Jo (1993)
Songcatcher (2000)
What Makes a Family (2001)
Get a Clue (2002)
Comfort and Joy (2003)
The Last Keepers (2013)
Sophie and the Rising Sun (2016)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sophie_and_the_Rising_Sun_(film)&oldid=789414236"
Categories:
2016 films
English-language films
American films
2010s drama films
American drama films
Films directed by Maggie Greenwald
Films about interracial romance
Films based on American novels
Films based on romance novels
Films set in South Carolina
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 7 July 2017, at 05:24.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: i

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: colspan class style

attrs: scope style

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt4532818/
external text

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Films directed by Maggie Greenwald

values: Category:Films about interracial romance

values:
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
interface

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Sophie_and_the_Rising_Sun_(film)
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Sophie_and_the_Rising_Sun_film rootpage-Sophie_and_the_Rising_Sun_film skin-vector action-view


text:
Pontoon (card game)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Pontoon, a hand consisting of an ace and a card worth 10 points
Pontoon is a name shared by two distinct card games, both blackjack variants. For those in Australia, Malaysia and Singapore, pontoon is a card game similar to match play 21 or Spanish 21, while in the UK, a game of pontoon holds closer to the traditional blackjack rules, but can be quickly distinguished by the verbal usage of the terms "twist" and "stick".
The Malaysian version of pontoon is played in Australian, Malaysian, British, and Singaporean casinos.[1] using multiple customized decks of cards. In the Treasury Casino, Brisbane, it is known as Treasury 21. In Jupiters Casino, Gold Coast, it is known as Jupiters 21, in the Reef Casino, Cairns, it is known as Paradise Pontoon, and in Tasmania, it is known as Federal Pontoon.[2]
The British blackjack variant called pontoon is played in the UK and Commonwealth with single 52-card decks. British pontoon uses the terms "twist" (hit), "stick" (stand) and "buy" (double the bet, not to be confused with doubling down) and a different set of rules. The rules for buying in pontoon include allowing the player to buy on any hand of 2 to 4 cards, allowing the player to twist after he buys.[3]
The remainder of this article refers to the Malaysian version of pontoon.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Object
3 Rules
3.1 OBBO and BB+1
4 Basic strategy for pontoon
5 House Edge
6 Variations
6.1 Federal Pontoon
6.2 Jupiters 21
6.3 Treasury 21
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
Pontoon is the British or domestic version of black jack, which in turn is the American version of vingt-et-un (French for twenty-one), a French gambling game popular at the court of Louis XV and later, much favoured by Napoleon, especially at St. Helena.[4] In the twentieth century it became the most popular game of the armed forces of English-speaking nations.[4] Pontoon, unlike casino Blackjack, has no official rules and varies widely from school to school.
Object[edit]
Pontoon is an arithmetical game played on a table with the same layout as blackjack. In each deal, the player's aim is to receive cards totalling more in face value than the banker's, but not exceeding 21, otherwise he is "bust" and loses. A 21 consisting of an ace and a card worth 10 is a pontoon, and pays extra. A player's 21 or pontoon always beats a dealer 21 or pontoon. Like Spanish 21, it is played from either a shoe or a 4-deck continuous shuffling machine (CSM). The shoe games use six or eight Spanish[5] decks, which are regular 52-card decks, minus the ten-spot cards. Cards Two to Nine count 2 to 9 respectively, courts 10 each, Aces 1 or 11, depending on what is better for the hand.
Rules[edit]
Pontoon has similar rules to Spanish 21, with some notable differences, listed below.
Just like in Australian, Asian, and European blackjack, the dealer has no hole card (NHC). This means that the players do not know whether or not the dealer has a natural (a.k.a. blackjack, an ace and a 10-valued card) until the end of the round, when the dealer draws his second card. Therefore, it is possible to draw to "21" and win against a dealer natural, which is player advantageous and not possible in either Spanish 21 or blackjack.
Because the dealer has no hole card, it is possible to double and/or split and lose multiple bets to a dealer natural. All casinos, except for Adelaide Casino,[6] offer either BB+1 or OBBO to compensate.
An Ace in a pre-double hand is always counted as 1, rather than 1 or 11. For example, if the player doubles on soft 18 (an Ace plus one or more cards totaling 7), he/she is essentially doubling on 8. This rule makes doubling on soft hands highly inadvisable.
Players are not allowed to draw on split Aces (NDSA), which means that if the player splits Aces, he/she is given one card only on each Ace.
Compared with Spanish 21, which allows splitting to four hands (SPL3), there are limitations on how many hands players are allowed to split to. Casinos in Queensland and New South Wales do not permit resplitting (SPL1). In most venues, players cannot resplit aces (SPA1), apart from Burswood Casino, Perth, and Casino de Genting, Malaysia, where it is allowed to resplit once (SPL2).
Players can only surrender against a dealer ace or face (a.k.a., picture) card.[2] If the dealer ends up with a natural, the player will still lose the entire bet; moreover, he/she missed out on the opportunity to draw to "21" and win unconditionally. This is why surrendering is a less valuable play in Pontoon than in Spanish 21.
In Adelaide Casino and Casino de Genting, Malaysia, it is allowed to double only on two-card hands. Elsewhere, players can double on any number of cards, which is called "not last chance" (NLC) doubling.
The dealer always hits on soft 17, abbreviated as H17.
Pontoon has the same super bonus payouts are Spanish 21, with the exception of Casino de Genting, Malaysia, which has a super bonus payout of RM1,000 on bets of RM10 to RM99, and RM5,000 on bets of RM100 or above.
Despite the player disadvantage of rules 2–9, on average, the house edges for Pontoon are lower than for Spanish 21, because rule 1 is so profoundly player advantageous. The rule differences mean that there are several significant strategy differences between Spanish 21 and Pontoon.
OBBO and BB+1[edit]
BB+1 (Busted Bets plus one): After removing from the table all busted bets, all winnings and original bets from hands totaling 21, and all original bets from forfeited hands, the player loses just one bet, even if he has multiple split hands in the one box.
OBBO (Original Bets and Busted Only): After removing from the table all busted bets, all winnings and original bets from hands totaling 21, and all original bets from forfeited hands, the player loses just one bet from each split hand remaining. If he has not split, he loses just one bet.
In summary, BB+1 is a loss of one bet per box, and OBBO is a loss of one bet per hand, given that busted bets, winnings, and original bets from forfeits and winning hands have been removed from the table. BB+1 is the more common of the two rules; the only casinos that have OBBO are Burswood Casino in Perth, and Casino de Genting, Malaysia.
Basic strategy for pontoon[edit]
Because pontoon has an element of player choice, players can reduce the casino advantage to less than 0.5% (with the exception of Adelaide, with house edge 0.62%), by playing optimally. The complete set of optimal plays is known as basic strategy, and is highly dependent on the rules. The computer-generated Pontoon basic strategy and house edge tables below are reproduced from The Pro's Guide to Spanish 21 and Australian Pontoon, with permission of the author, Katarina Walker. Pontoon strategy is far more difficult than Blackjack, however, casinos do not generally object to people using strategy charts at the table.
Pontoon strategy is very similar to Spanish 21 strategy, but there are some crucial differences, mainly due to the no-hole-card rule, and the limitations on soft doubling.
Pontoon does, on average, have a lower house edge than its American counterparts because of the no-hole-card rule, which means that you are paid out immediately for your winnings on any total of 21, regardless of whether the dealer ends up with a natural (a Blackjack). It is too late for the dealer—he has already paid you out. In the US, a dealer Blackjack terminates the game, forgoing the opportunity for you to draw to 21 and win. You lose all your bets unless you also have a natural, in which you get paid 3 to 2.
Moreover, the VIP rooms in Australian casinos offer far better pontoon table conditions than the Spanish 21 games in American casinos. Pontoon in Australia was comparable in popularity to Blackjack, so there are more Pontoon tables available in Australian casinos than Spanish 21 tables in American casinos. Unfortunately, in response to the release of the book The Pro's Guide To Spanish 21 and Australian Pontoon by Katarina Walker, Burswood Casino in Perth has withdrawn the game from the main floor and Crown Casino, Melbourne, have withdrawn the game from their VIP Mahogany Room and introduced continuous shuffling machines to some of the pontoon games in the main hall. Any hand-shuffled or automatically shuffled pontoon games at Crown Casino have penetrations below 75%, rendering the game far less profitable than in the past. There are still opportunities to get high win rates in the Endeavour VIP Room in Star City, Sydney, and the main floor at the Hobart casino. Lasseter's Alice Springs and Country Club Casino in Launceston offer the game on the weekends, but the table limits are very low, ranging from $5 to $200 or $250 per box. Adelaide offers pontoon in the main hall, but the Adelaide rules give the highest house edge of any Pontoon game in Australia at over 0.5%. Nevertheless, it is still lower than the Blackjack house edge, which exceeds 0.7%, offered on the main floor of the Adelaide casino. A Blackjack game, hand-shuffled, with slightly more player-advantageous rules in offered in the Adelaide VIP room, with table limits conducive to serious betting. Cairns offers a six-deck pontoon game with a competitive house edge on the main floor but it gets crowded and has a $400 or $500 table limit, so it does not reap a profitable game. At the end of the day, the best pontoon house edge in the world is of no use if the table limit is too small for your bankroll, and the table is crowded, especially with slow players. If playing solitary on the table by gives a pro player almost 200 hands an hour, you will be earning five times as much per hour as on a packed table, where you can expect no more than 40 hands an hour, more if you can nab more than one box.
Darwin casino in the Northern Territory does not offer pontoon at all, and Jupiter's on the Gold Coast only offers pontoon with continuous shuffling machines, which is a pointless activity. Treasury Casino, Brisbane, offers a 6-deck hand-shuffled or automatically shuffled pontoon game in the VIP room, but the penetration can get as low as 67%, the heat is high, and camouflage is a must, which is costly to your win rate. The comps at Brisbane are not particularly competitive either. It is owned by Tabcorp who "sweat the money", as the saying goes. They do not take the risks that the Packer-owned Crown and Burswood Casinos are willing to take, risks that pay off to the casino shareholders,as well as the highly skilled pro player, providing the casino has the cash reserves to cover freak windfalls. Canberra used to offer the best pontoon game in the country, a 4-deck game with a tiny house edge of less than 0.3% and great penetration, but they took away their $25 table, then added continuous shuffling machines to their $10 pontoon table, so Canberra is no longer the pontoon mecca of Australia, and is not worth a visit by the discerning professional card counter.
Your hand
Dealer's face-up card
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 A
Hard totals
18–21
S S S S S S S S S S
17
S S S S S S S6 S6 S6 H
16
S6 S6 S6 S S H H H H H
15
S4. S5: S6 S6 S H H H H H
14
H H S4. S5: S6; H H H H H
13
H H H H S4. H H H H H
12
H H H H H H H H H H
11
D4 D5 D5 D5 D5 D4 D4 D4 D4 D4
10
D5 D5 D D D D4 D3 H H H
9
H H H H D H H H H H
5–8
H H H H H H H H H H
Soft totals
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 A
A,9
S S S S S S S S S S
A,8
S S S S S S S S S5 S5
A,7
S4 S4 S4 S4 S4 S6 S4 H H H
A,2 – A,6
H H H H H H H H H H
Pairs
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 A
A,A
P P P P P P P P P H
10,10
S S S S S S S S S S
9,9
S P P P P S P P S S
8,8
P P P P P P P P P H
7,7
P P P P P P: H H H H
6,6
H H P P P H H H H H
5,5
D D D D D D D H H H
4,4
H H H H H H H H H H
3,3
P P P P P P P H H H
2,2
P P P P P P P H H H
Forfeit strategy
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 A
12–16
S S S S S S F F F F
17
S S S S S S S S S F
18–20
S S S S S S S S S S
The above is a basic strategy table for all Pontoon rule variations, with a few exceptions: if no OBBO/BB+1, hit 11 vs X and A; if no OBBO/BB+1 and no Ace re-splits, hit A-A vs X; if last chance doubling, split 4-4 vs 6.
Key:
H = Hit
P = Split
F = Forfeit after doubling
S = Stand (or play on after doubling)
S4 = Stand, but hit if 4 or more cards
S5 = Stand, but hit if 5 or more cards
S6 = Stand, but hit if 6 or more cards
. = Hit if 6-7-8 possible
: = Hit if suited 6-7-8 or 7-7-7 possible
; = Hit if spaded 6-7-8 possible
D = Double
D3 = Double, but hit if 3 or more cards
D4 = Double, but hit if 4 or more cards
D5 = Double, but hit if 5 or more cards
House Edge[edit]
The following table lists the Pontoon house edges for all known rule sets. The house edge is equivalent to the house advantage over a player who is following the basic strategy tabulated above. (The figures were obtained from 10-billion hand simulations and have a standard error of 0.001%. The super bonus is averaged out to a 100:1 payout.) .[2] (SPL3 = can split three times to form four hands, SPL2 = can split twice to form three hands, SPL1 = can split once only, SPA1 = no Ace resplits, NLC = not last chance doubling, D9 = doubling on 9–11 only)
Pontoon Rules
Decks
House Edge
OBBO, SPL2, NLC 8 0.34%
BB+1, SPL3, SPA1, NLC 4 0.31%
BB+1, SPL1, NLC 6 0.41%
BB+1, SPL1, NLC 8 0.38%
BB+1, SPL2, SPA1, NLC 8 0.40%
SPL2, SPA1, D9 8 0.62%
OBBO, SPL2, SPA1 8 0.50%
As all Australian casino Blackjack games have house edges greater than 0.5%, Pontoon is the superior of the two games. In general, casino staff and Blackjack players erroneously believe that Pontoon has a higher house edge than Blackjack, because the removal of the ten-spot cards creates a 2% disadvantage for the player. In Pontoon, the player can draw to "21" and win against a dealer Blackjack; this combined with "not-last-chance" doubling, forfeit, player "21" always wins, player Blackjacks always get paid at 3:2, and bonuses on certain hands, actually overcompensates for the 2% disadvantage. The result is that Pontoon, on average, has about two-thirds the house edge of Australian Blackjack, which due to no surrender, hole card, and limitations on soft doubling, has some of the highest house edges for regular Blackjack in the world.
Variations[edit]
Federal Pontoon[edit]
Federal Pontoon is a version of the Australian casino game Pontoon played in Tasmania, Australia. Both casinos in Tasmania, Country Club Casino, Launceston, and Wrest Point Casino, Hobart, are owned by the Federal Group.
Rules specific to Federal Pontoon are:
8 decks, dealt from a shoe.
Re-splitting to 3 hands is permitted, except for Aces.
BB+1.
In Wrest Point Casino, Federal Pontoon is played in the public area only and is not available in the VIP room.
Jupiters 21[edit]
Jupiters 21 is a version of the Australian casino game Pontoon played in Jupiters Casino, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.
Rules specific to Jupiters 21 are:
4 decks dealt from a continuous shuffling machine (CSM).
No re-splits are allowed.
BB+1.
Jupiters 21 is played in the public area of Jupiters Casino only, and not available in the VIP room, Club Conrad. All Pontoon games played in Queensland casinos have the same rules.
Treasury 21[edit]
Treasury 21 is a version of the Australian casino game Pontoon played in Treasury Casino, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
Rules specific to Treasury 21 are:
In the public area of Treasury Casino, 6 decks are dealt from a continuous shuffling machine (CSM).
In the VIP room, 6 decks are dealt from a shoe.
No resplits are allowed.
BB+1.
All Pontoon games played in Queensland casinos have the same rules.
See also[edit]
Spanish 21
References[edit]
Jump up ^ The Wizard of Odds Spanish 21
^ Jump up to: a b c Katarina walker The Pro's Guide to Spanish 21 and Australian Pontoon pg. 10-11-44 Lulu.com (2008) ISBN 1-4357-1065-7
Jump up ^ "Pontoon Blackjack Rules". CasinoObserver.com. Retrieved 2012-09-26.
^ Jump up to: a b David Parlett, Oxford Dictionary of Card Games, pg. 218 Oxford University Press (1996) ISBN 0-19-869173-4
Jump up ^ "Wizardofodds.com Games Site". Retrieved 2012-08-20.
Jump up ^ Sky City Adelaide Pontoon Archived 2007-08-29 at the Wayback Machine. Rules of Pontoon Games
External links[edit]
Rules of Card Games: Pontoon at Pagat.com
Pontoon Strategy at Gamblerspro.com
hide
v
t
e
Blackjack
Advantage play
Glossary of blackjack terms
Card counting
Shuffle track
Hole carding
Edge sorting
MindPlay
Miscellaneous
Chinese Blackjack
Spanish 21
Super Fun 21
Double Attack Blackjack
Double Exposure Blackjack
Elimination Blackjack
Pontoon (card game)
Power blackjack
Community
Blackjack Forum
Blackjack Hall of Fame
Peter A. Griffin
Thomas Hyland
Zeljko Ranogajec
Arnold Snyder
Edward O. Thorp
Ken Uston
Stanford Wong
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pontoon_(card_game)&oldid=832841864"
Categories:
Anglo-American playing card games
Blackjack
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Deutsch
Esperanto
Français
Nederlands
Suomi
Svenska
Edit links
This page was last edited on 28 March 2018, at 08:42.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: p

value: sup

values:
/wiki/Conrad_Treasury_Casino
mw-redirect
Conrad Treasury Casino

values:
/wiki/Conrad_Jupiters
mw-redirect
Conrad Jupiters

values:
/wiki/Reef_Casino
mw-redirect
Reef Casino

values:
/wiki/Pontoon_(game)#OBBO_and_BB+1
mw-redirect
Pontoon (game)

values:
/wiki/Star_City_Casino
mw-redirect
Star City Casino

values:
/wiki/Burswood_Entertainment_Complex
mw-redirect
Burswood Entertainment Complex

values:
/wiki/Burswood_Casino
mw-redirect
Burswood Casino

values: Edit section: Basic strategy for pontoon

values:
nofollow
external text
http://wizardofodds.com/spanish21

values:
navbox-image
3
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values: Category:Anglo-American playing card games

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values:
/wiki/Pontoon_(card_game)
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventti
Ventti – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Pontoon_card_game rootpage-Pontoon_card_game skin-vector action-view


text:
The End of the Innocence (song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
"The End of the Innocence"
Single by Don Henley
from the album The End of the Innocence
Released
June 6, 1989
Format
CD
Recorded
1987
Length
5:16
Label
Geffen
Songwriter(s)
Don Henley
Bruce Hornsby
Producer(s)
Don Henley
Bruce Hornsby
Don Henley singles chronology
"Sunset Grill"
(1985) "The End of the Innocence"
(1989) "I Will Not Go Quietly"
(1989)
"Sunset Grill"
(1985) "The End of the Innocence"
(1989) "I Will Not Go Quietly"
(1989)
Audio sample
file
help
"The End of the Innocence" is the lead single and title track from Don Henley's third solo studio album of the same name, released in 1989. Henley co-wrote and co-produced the song with Bruce Hornsby, who also performed piano; both artists perform the song live in their respective concerts. Henley's version peaked at number eight on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming his fifth solo top ten hit on the chart. "The End of the Innocence" also became his fourth number-one single on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart and peaked at number two on the Hot Adult Contemporary chart.[1] The song features Wayne Shorter on saxophone.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background and content
2 Music video
3 Chart performance
3.1 Weekly charts
3.2 Year-end charts
4 See also
5 References
Background and content[edit]
This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (October 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Henley's lyrics take the form of a personal remembrance related to a close friend or companion, and evoke a powerful sense of nostalgia for the lost innocence of childhood and an earlier time. The music was written by Bruce Hornsby years before. Don was driving back from Bruce's ranch in Moorpark when he found out that a friend had been indicted for securities fraud at the time the government was going after Michael Milken, thus the references to having to call the lawyers "because Daddy had to lie". The references to the "place where we can go" refer to his 50-acre ranch outside of Aspen, Colorado off Woody Creek Rd. The reflections and the emotional responses that result represent the end of the innocence of the baby boomer generation, which for some was coupled with a perception of nihilism, consumerism and militarism during the then-current Reagan administration. Even as they yearn for the simplicity and values of the past, and the uncorrupted people they used to be, the song sees these characters and this generation coming to terms with the responsibilities and challenges facing Americans entering middle-age in the 1980s.
Music video[edit]
The black and white music video for the song was directed by future film director David Fincher (Seven, Fight Club) and earned Henley an MTV Video Music Award for Best Male Video in 1990.
There are two political comments in the video. At the line "armchair warriors often fail," it shows a TV set showing scenes of the congressional testimony of Oliver North. At the line "they're beating plowshares into swords, for the tired old man that we elected king," it shows a series of posters of President Ronald Reagan.It should be noted that Regan never took the US into war except for a small excursion into Grenada to rescue American students and restore Democracy to the island. A day that is still celebrated by Grenada natives to this day. After Reagan had left office, Bruce Hornsby began singing his version with the line "for the tired old man that is no longer king." The tired old man elected king was meant to be President Johnson who escalated the Vietnam war following the Kennedy assassination, where the end of American innocence came for the new generation of Americans and the hope that came with the Kennedy election. Now instead of new youthful ideals like the Kennedy Peace Corps we were taking young men and sending them to South East Asia to fight in Vietnam, "beating plowshares into swords. Also in the video, there are shots of Henley singing in front of the Texas School Book Depository in Dealey Plaza, Dallas, Texas. To Henley, this is where the "end of the innocence" can be found. A portion of the video was also filmed in the town of Waxahachie, Texas, just south of Dallas at the historic Rogers Hotel, where Bonnie and Clyde stayed and where the movies Places in the Heart and Tender Mercies were filmed.
Chart performance[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1989-1990)
Peak
position
Canadian RPM Top Singles 3
Canadian RPM Adult Contemporary 3
UK Singles Chart 48
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 8
U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary Tracks 2
U.S. Billboard Album Rock Tracks 1
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1989)
Position
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[2] 15
See also[edit]
Ronald Reagan in music
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2002). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961-2001. Record Research. p. 114.
Jump up ^ "Top Singles - Volume 51, No. 8, December 23, 1989". RPM. December 23, 1999. Retrieved November 22, 2017.
[show]
v
t
e
Don Henley
Studio albums
I Can't Stand Still
Building the Perfect Beast
The End of the Innocence
Inside Job
Cass County
Compilation albums
Actual Miles: Henley's Greatest Hits
The Very Best of Don Henley
One of These Nights: Boston 1993
Singles
"Johnny Can't Read"
"Dirty Laundry"
"The Boys of Summer"
"All She Wants to Do Is Dance"
"Not Enough Love in the World"
"Sunset Grill"
"The End of the Innocence"
"New York Minute"
"The Last Worthless Evening"
"The Heart of the Matter"
"The Garden of Allah"
"Everybody Knows"
Guest singles
"Leather and Lace"
"Sometimes Love Just Ain't Enough"
"Walkaway Joe"
"Inside Out"
See also
Discography
Eagles
[show]
v
t
e
Bruce Hornsby
Albums
The Way It Is
Scenes from the Southside
A Night on the Town
Harbor Lights
Hot House
Spirit Trail
Here Come The Noise Makers
Big Swing Face
Halcyon Days
Intersections (1985-2005)
Ricky Skaggs & Bruce Hornsby
Camp Meeting
Levitate
Bride of the Noisemakers
Rehab Reunion
Songs
"Every Little Kiss"
"The Way It Is"
"Mandolin Rain"
"The Valley Road"
"Jacob's Ladder"
"The End of the Innocence"
"Barren Ground"
Related articles
Grateful Dead
The Other Ones
Jerry Garcia
Sonny Emory
Christian McBride
Jack DeJohnette
Ricky Skaggs
Pat Metheny
Branford Marsalis
Bonnie Raitt
Steve Kimock
David Mansfield
Joe Puerta
John Molo
John Hornsby
Don Henley
Huey Lewis
Béla Fleck
[show]
v
t
e
Films directed by David Fincher
Alien 3 (1992)
Seven (1995)
The Game (1997)
Fight Club (1999)
Panic Room (2002)
Zodiac (2007)
The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (2008)
The Social Network (2010)
The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011)
Gone Girl (2014)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_End_of_the_Innocence_(song)&oldid=832619722"
Categories:
1989 songs
1989 singles
Don Henley songs
Billboard Mainstream Rock number-one singles
MTV Video Music Award for Best Male Video
Songs written by Bruce Hornsby
Songs written by Don Henley
Music videos directed by David Fincher
Black-and-white music videos
Geffen Records singles
Hidden categories:
Articles needing additional references from December 2013
All articles needing additional references
Articles with hAudio microformats
Articles that may contain original research from October 2011
All articles that may contain original research
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 27 March 2018, at 01:47.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

value: span

value: small

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em .1em .2em 0;

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding:.2em .1em;

values:
/wiki/I_Will_Not_Go_Quietly
mw-redirect
I Will Not Go Quietly

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em 0 .2em .1em;

values: background: transparent; width: 100%; min-width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;

values: width:33%; padding:.2em .1em .2em 0; text-align: center;

values: width:33%; padding:.2em .1em; text-align: center;

values: width:33%; padding:.2em 0 .2em .1em; text-align: center;

values: position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 110px; right: 0px; bottom: 0px; height: 0px; width: 0px;

values: left: 50%; top: 50%; margin-left: -35px; margin-top: -27.5px;

values:
mwPlayerContainer k-player videoHolder
width: 220px; position: relative;

values: File:Don Henley - End of the Innocence.ogg

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help
mw-redirect
Wikipedia:Media help

values:
hlist hlist-separated
font-size: smaller

values:
/wiki/Mainstream_Rock_Tracks
mw-redirect
Mainstream Rock Tracks

values:
/wiki/Hot_Adult_Contemporary
mw-redirect
Hot Adult Contemporary

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research

values:
/wiki/Baby_boomer
mw-redirect
Baby boomer

values:
/wiki/Fight_Club_(film)
mw-redirect
Fight Club (film)

values:
/wiki/Dallas,_Texas
mw-redirect
Dallas, Texas

values:
left
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
center
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values: border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; border: 0; background:transparent; width:100%;

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
Don_Henley
fn
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em

values:
row
navbox-group
width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;

values: nowraplinks vcard collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
Bruce_Hornsby
fn
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em

values: A Night on the Town (Bruce Hornsby album)

values: Jacob's Ladder (Huey Lewis and the News song)

values: The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (film)

values: The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011 film)

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Billboard Mainstream Rock number-one singles

values: Category:MTV Video Music Award for Best Male Video

values: Category:Music videos directed by David Fincher

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from December 2013

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

values: Category:Articles that may contain original research from October 2011

values: Category:All articles that may contain original research

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/The_End_of_the_Innocence_(song)
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-The_End_of_the_Innocence_song rootpage-The_End_of_the_Innocence_song skin-vector action-view