text:
Garbage disposal unit
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Garbage disposal" redirects here. For the mass-scale disposal of waste, see waste management.
A garbage disposal unit installed under a kitchen sink.
A garbage disposal unit (also known as a garbage disposal, waste disposal unit, garbage disposer, or in Canadian English a garburator) is a device, usually electrically powered, installed under a kitchen sink between the sink's drain and the trap. The disposal unit shreds food waste into pieces small enough—generally less than 2 mm (0.079 in)—to pass through plumbing.[1]
Garbage disposal units are used extensively in United States households, but are far less common elsewhere.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Adoption
3 Rationale
4 Operation
5 Environmental impact
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
The garbage disposal was invented in 1927 by John W. Hammes, an architect working in Racine, Wisconsin.[2] He applied for a patent in 1933 that was issued in 1935.[3] His InSinkErator company put his disposer on the market in 1940.[citation needed]
Hammes' claim is disputed, as General Electric introduced a garbage disposal unit in 1935,[4][5] known as the Disposall.
In many cities in the United States in the 1930s and the 1940s, the municipal sewage system had regulations prohibiting placing food waste (garbage) into the system.[6] InSinkErator spent considerable effort, and was highly successful in convincing many localities to rescind these prohibitions.[7]
Many localities in the United States prohibited the use of disposers.[8] For many years, garbage disposals were illegal in New York City because of a perceived threat of damage to the city's sewer system. After a 21-month study with the NYC Department of Environmental Protection,[9] the ban was rescinded in 1997 by local law 1997/071, which amended section 24-518.1, NYC Administrative Code.[10]
In 2008, the city of Raleigh, North Carolina attempted a ban on the replacement and installation of garbage disposals, which also extended to outlying towns sharing the city's municipal sewage system, but rescinded the ban one month later.[11][12]
Adoption[edit]
In the United States, some 50% of homes had disposal units as of 2009,[13] compared with only 6% in the United Kingdom[14] and 3% in Canada.[15]
In Sweden, some municipalities encourage the installation of disposers so as to increase the production of biogas.[16] Some local authorities in Britain subsidize the purchase of garbage disposal units in order to reduce the amount of waste going to landfill.[17]
Rationale[edit]
Food scraps range from 10% to 20% of household waste,[18] and are a problematic component of municipal waste, creating public health, sanitation and environmental problems at each step, beginning with internal storage and followed by truck-based collection. Burned in waste-to-energy facilities, the high water-content of food scraps means that their heating and burning consumes more energy than it generates; buried in landfills, food scraps decompose and generate methane gas; a greenhouse gas which contributes to climate change.[19]
The premise behind the proper use of a disposal is to effectively regard food scraps as liquid (averaging 70% water, like human waste), and use existing infrastructure (underground sewers and wastewater treatment plants) for its management. Modern wastewater plants are effective at processing organic solids into fertilizer products (known as biosolids), with advanced facilities also capturing methane for energy production.[20][21]
Operation[edit]
The parts of a garbage disposal
A high-torque, insulated electric motor, usually rated at 250–750 W (⅓ to 1 horsepower)[22] for a domestic unit, spins a circular turntable mounted horizontally above it. Induction motors rotate at 1,400–1,800 rpm and have a range of starting torques, depending on the method of starting used. The added weight and size of induction motors may be of concern, depending on the available installation space and construction of the sink bowl. Universal motors rotate at higher speeds (about 2,800 rpm), have high starting torque, and are usually lighter, but are noisier than induction motors, partially due to the higher speeds and partially because the commutator brushes rub on the slotted commutator.[23][24] Contaminated water leaking on to the commutator can lead to major damage, which is why most garbage disposals today use induction motors.[citation needed] The higher starting torque of those appliances with a permanent magnet motor ensures in most cases that there will be no blockage.[citation needed]
Inside the grinding chamber there is a rotating metal turntable onto which the food waste drops. Two swiveling metal impellers mounted on top of the plate near the edge then fling the food waste against the grind ring repeatedly. Grooves in the grind ring break down the waste until it is small enough to pass through openings in the ring, whereupon it is flushed down the drain.
Usually, there is a partial rubber closure on the top of the disposal unit to prevent food waste from flying back up out of the grinding chamber. It may also be used to attenuate noise from the grinding chamber for quieter operation.
There are two main types of garbage disposals — continuous feed and batch feed. Continuous feed models are used by feeding in waste after being started and are more common. Batch feed units are used by placing waste inside the unit before being started. These types of units are started by placing a specially designed cover over the opening and twisting it to allow magnets in the cover to align with magnets in the unit. Because it is covered during operation, it is quieter than continuous feed models. Small slits in the cover allow water to flow through. Batch feed models are also safer, since the top of the disposal is covered during operation, preventing foreign objects from falling in.
Waste disposal units may jam, but can usually be cleared either by forcing the turntable round from above or by turning the motor using a hex-key wrench inserted into the motor shaft from below.[25] Especially hard objects accidentally or deliberately introduced, such as metal cutlery, can damage the waste disposal unit and become damaged themselves, although recent advances[which?] have been made to minimize such damage.[citation needed] More problematic are drain blockages caused by shredded waste that is fibrous, e.g., artichoke leaves, or starchy, e.g., potato peelings.
Some higher-end units have an automatic reversing jam clearing feature. By using a slightly more-complicated centrifugal starting switch, the split-phase motor rotates in the opposite direction from the previous run each time it is started. This can clear minor jams, but is claimed to be unnecessary by some manufacturers: Since the late 1970s most disposal units have swivel impellers which make reversing unnecessary.[26]
Some other kinds of garbage disposal units are powered by water pressure, rather than electricity. Instead of the turntable and grind ring described above, this alternative design has a water-powered unit with an oscillating piston with blades attached to chop the waste into fine pieces.[27] Because of this cutting action, they can handle fibrous waste. Water-powered units take longer than electric ones for a given amount of waste and need fairly high water pressure to function properly.[citation needed]
Environmental impact[edit]
Kitchen waste disposal units increase the load of organic carbon that reaches the water treatment plant, which in turn increases the consumption of oxygen.[28] Metcalf and Eddy quantified this impact as 0.04 pound of biochemical oxygen demand per person per day where disposers are used.[29] An Australian study that compared in-sink food processing to composting alternatives via a life cycle assessment found that while the in-sink disposal performed well with respect to climate change, acidification, and energy usage, it did contribute to eutrophication and toxicity potentials.[30]
This may result in higher costs for energy needed to supply oxygen in secondary operations. However, if the waste water treatment is finely controlled, the organic carbon in the food may help to keep the bacterial decomposition running, as carbon may be deficient in that process. This increased carbon serves as an inexpensive and continuous source of carbon necessary for biologic nutrient removal.[31]
One result is larger amounts of solid residue from the waste-water treatment process. According to a study at the East Bay Municipal Utility District’s wastewater treatment plant funded by the EPA, food waste produces three times the biogas as compared to municipal sewage sludge.[32] The value of the biogas produced from anaerobic digestion of food waste appears to exceed the cost of processing the food waste and disposing of the residual biosolids (based on a LAX Airport proposal to divert 8,000 tons/year of bulk food waste).[33]
In a study at the Hyperion (Los Angeles) sewage treatment works, disposer use showed minimal to no impact on the total biosolids byproduct from sewage treatment and similarly minimal impact on handling processes as the high volatile solids destruction (VSD) from food waste yield a minimum amount of solids in residue.[33]
Energy usage is not high; typically 500 - 1500 W of power is used, comparable to an electric iron, but only for a very short time, totaling approximately 3-4 kWh of electricity per household per year.[34] Daily water usage varies, but is typically one gallon of water per person per day,[35] comparable to an additional toilet flush.[36] One survey of these food processing units found a slight increase in household water use.[37]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Shpiner, Ron. "The Effect of Domestic Garbage Grinding on Sewage Systems and Wastewater Treatment Plants". Submitted to
Jump up ^ Denise DiFulco (August 23, 2007). "Grist for the Daily Grind". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2009-10-22.
Jump up ^ US 2012680, Hammes, John W., "Garbage disposal device", published 22 May 1933, issued 27 August 1935
Jump up ^ "General Electric History 1935-1945". Retrieved 23 May 2013.
Jump up ^ "Kitchen Grinder for Waste Displaces Garbage Pail", Popular Mechanics, 64 (4): 542, October 1935 ; see hand written note at top of page of archive edition
Jump up ^ Specter, Michael (22 June 1992). "Only in New York: Garbage Disposers, Banned, Stir Debate". New York Times. Most major cities banned garbage disposers after World War II, driven by worries that ground food would clog sewer pipes beneath their booming neighborhoods. ... But a series of studies from universities and the not completely disinterested plumbing industry showed that the additional waste from ground food scraps would rarely harm a city sewage system.
Jump up ^ RACINE, WIS. "Cox of In-Sink-Erator dies of cancer at 84.". Archived from the original on 20 October 2007.
Jump up ^ "Insinkerator on its heritage". Insinkerator.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-13. Retrieved 2011-04-23.
Jump up ^ "The Impact of Food Waste Disposers in Combined Sewer Areas of New York City" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-04-23.
Jump up ^ "LOCAL LAW 71 OF 1997". nyccouncil.info. Archived from the original on 15 November 2004.
Jump up ^ "City of Raleigh | Council Approves Ban On New And Replacement Garbage Disposals". Raleigh-nc.org. 2011-04-18. Retrieved 2011-04-23.
Jump up ^ "Disposals to Grind on in Raleigh". WRAL.com. Capitol Broadcasting Company. April 15, 2008. Archived from the original on 2011-06-14.
Jump up ^ American Housing Survey (U.S. Census Bureau, 2009)
Jump up ^ Leo Hickman (2006-08-21). "Leo Hickman: Is it OK ... to use a food waste disposer | Money | The Guardian". London: Money.guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 2011-04-23.
Jump up ^ "Water Canada - Everything but the Kitchen Sink - Water Canada". Water Canada.
Jump up ^ Anna Gustafsson (2008-09-01). "Slopad avgift för avfallskvarn | Stockholm | SvD" (in Swedish). Svd.se. Retrieved 2011-04-23.
Jump up ^ Brat, Ilan (2008-02-27). "Going Global By Going Green". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2017-03-03.
Jump up ^ "Municipal Solid Waste in the United States: 2009 Facts and Figures" (PDF). United States Environmental Protection Agency. December 2010. Retrieved 2011-05-26.
Jump up ^ "Greenhouse Gases and the Role of Composting: A Primer for Compost Producers" (PDF). US Composting Council. 2008. Retrieved 2011-05-26.
Jump up ^ Zito, Kelly (2009-07-24). "Food waste helps power wastewater plant". Articles.sfgate.com. Retrieved 2011-04-23.
Jump up ^ "Sumter Water & Wastewater Plants and Maintenance". Sumtersc.gov. Archived from the original on June 8, 2009. Retrieved 2011-04-23.
Jump up ^ Home Depot's web site Archived November 9, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. lists ⅓, ½, ⅝, ¾, and 1 HP models
Jump up ^ Kirby Palm. "Garbage Disposal power on". Nettally.com. Retrieved 2011-04-23.
Jump up ^ "Noise from universal motors vs. induction motors at howstuffworks.com". Home.howstuffworks.com. 2000-04-01. Retrieved 2011-04-23.
Jump up ^ Solos, Heather (2 June 2010). "How to Fix a Stuck or Locked Up Garbage Disposal". Home Ec 101. Retrieved 7 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Magnet and induction motors in Commodore Disposers". Joneca.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-13. Retrieved 2011-04-23.
Jump up ^ Paul, Donna (1999-12-16). "New Garbage Disposal Runs on Water Power, NY Times, December 16, 1999". New York Times. Retrieved 2011-04-23.
Jump up ^ "Trash-Talking The Garbage Disposal: Examination Of A Not So Green US Export". TreeHugger. Retrieved 2011-04-23.
Jump up ^ Tchobanoglous, G., F. Burton. 1991 "Wastewater Engineering – Treatment, Disposal, and Reuse". 3rd. Edition, Metcalf & Eddy.
Jump up ^ Lundie, S.; Peters, G. (2005). "Life Cycle Assessment of Food Waste Management Options". Journal of Cleaner Production. 13 (3): 275–286. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2004.02.020.
Jump up ^ Rosenwinkel, K.-H. and D. Wendler. Institute for Water Quality and Waste Management, University of Hanover (ISAH). "Influences of Food Waste Disposers on Sewerage System, Wastewater Treatment and Sludge Digestion".
Jump up ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-09-28. Retrieved 2010-10-22.
^ Jump up to: a b Hernanadez, Gerald L., Kenneth R. Redd, Wendy A. Wert, An Min Liu, and Tim Haug. "Hyperion Advanced Digestion Pilot Program".
Jump up ^ Karlberg, Tina and Erik Norin. VA-FORSK REPORT, 1999-9. "Food Waste Disposers – Effects on Wastewater Treatment Plants. A Study from the Town of Surahammar".
Jump up ^ New York City Department of Environmental Protection. June 1997. "The Impact of Food Waste Disposers in Combined Sewer Areas of New York City".
Jump up ^ Hickman, Leo (August 8, 2006). "Is it OK ... to use a food waste disposer". The Guardian. London. Retrieved May 3, 2010.
Jump up ^ Karlberg, Tina and Erick Norin. VA-FORSK REPORT, 1999-9. "Food Waste Disposers – Effects on Wastewater Treatment Plants. A Study from the Town of Surahammar".
External links[edit]
How to maintain a Garbage Disposal repair, a how-to article from wikiHow
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Garbage_disposal_unit&oldid=804750361"
Categories:
Home appliances
Waste treatment technology
Products introduced in 1935
Food waste
Hidden categories:
CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)
Webarchive template wayback links
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016
Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016
All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases
Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from July 2016
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Español
Français
한국어
Ido
Íslenska
Italiano
Nederlands
日本語
Polski
Svenska
Edit links
This page was last edited on 10 October 2017, at 22:24.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href title

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: img

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

attrs: href class title

attrs: class style

value: b

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2016)

values: The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (July 2016)

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words
mw-redirect
Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.p2pays.org/ref/43/42430.pdf

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Category:CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016

values: Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases

values: Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from July 2016

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Garbage_disposal_unit
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: ディスポーザー – Japanese

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Garbage_disposal_unit rootpage-Garbage_disposal_unit vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
United States foreign policy in the Middle East
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
A U.S. soldier stands guard duty near a burning oil well in the Rumaila oil field, Iraq, April 2003
United States foreign policy in the Middle East has its roots as early as the Barbary Wars in the first years of the U.S.'s existence, but became much more expansive after World War II. American policy during the Cold War tried to prevent Soviet Union influence by supporting anti-communist regimes and backing Israel against Soviet-sponsored Arab countries. The U.S. also came to replace the United Kingdom as the main security patron of the Persian Gulf states in the 1960s and 1970s, working to ensure a stable flow of Gulf oil.[1] Since the 9/11 attacks of 2001, U.S. policy has included an emphasis on counter-terrorism. The U.S. has diplomatic relations with all countries in the Middle East except for Iran, whose 1979 revolution brought to power a staunchly anti-American regime.
Recent priorities of the U.S. government in the Middle East have included resolving the Arab–Israeli conflict and limiting the spread of weapons of mass destruction[2] among regional states.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Formation of Israel
3 Syria: 1949
4 Mosaddeq and the Shah
5 The Suez Crisis
6 The Six Day War and Black September
7 Iran–Iraq War
7.1 Support for Iraq
7.2 Support for Iran
8 Saudi Arabia
9 Afghanistan and Pakistan
10 Iraq (2003–present)
11 Libya (2011–present)
12 Syria (2011–present)
13 Turkey
13.1 Coup attempt (2016)
14 American allies
15 Criticism
16 See also
17 References
18 Further reading
19 External links
History[edit]
U.S. naval officer Stephen Decatur boarding a Tripolitan gunboat during the First Barbary War, 1804
The United States' relationship with the Middle East prior to World War I was limited, although commercial ties existed even in the early 19th century. President Andrew Jackson established formal ties with the Sultan of Muscat and Oman in 1833. (The Sultan saw the U.S. as a potential balance to Britain's overwhelming regional influence.) Commercial relations opened between the U.S. and Persia in 1857, after Britain persuaded the Persian government not to ratify a similar agreement in 1851.[3]
In comparison to European powers such as Britain and France which had managed to colonize almost all of the Middle East region after defeating the Ottoman Empire in 1918, the United States was "popular and respected throughout the Middle East".[4] Indeed, "Americans were seen as good people, untainted by the selfishness and duplicity associated with the Europeans."[5] American missionaries had brought modern medicine and set up educational institutions all over the Middle East. Moreover, the United States had provided the Middle East with highly skilled petroleum engineers.[6] Thus, there were some connections made between the United States and the Middle East before the Second World War. Other examples of cooperations between the U.S. and the Middle East are the Red Line Agreement signed in 1928 and the Anglo-American Petroleum Agreement signed in 1944. Both of these agreements were legally binding and reflected an American interest in control of Middle Eastern energy resources, namely oil, and moreover reflected an American "security imperative to prevent the (re)emergence of a powerful regional rival".[7] The Red Line Agreement had been "part of a network of agreements made in the 1920s to restrict supply of petroleum and ensure that the major [mostly American] companies … could control oil prices on world markets".[8] The Red Line agreement governed the development of Middle East oil for the next two decades. The Anglo-American Petroleum Agreement of 1944 was based on negotiations between the United States and Britain over the control of Middle Eastern oil. Below is shown what the American President Franklin D. Roosevelt had in mind for to a British Ambassador in 1944:
Persian oil … is yours. We share the oil of Iraq and Kuwait. As for Saudi Arabian oil, it's ours.[9]
King Ibn Saud converses with President Franklin D. Roosevelt on board the USS Quincy, after the Yalta Conference in 1945
On August 8, 1944, the Anglo-American Petroleum Agreement was signed, dividing Middle Eastern oil between the United States and Britain. Consequently, political scholar Fred H. Lawson remarks, that by the mid-1944, U.S. officials had buttressed their country's position on the peninsula by concluding an Anglo-American Petroleum Agreement that protected "all valid concession contracts and lawfully acquired rights" belonging to the signatories and established a principle of "equal opportunity" in those areas where no concession had yet been assigned.[10] Furthermore, political scholar Irvine Anderson summarises American interests in the Middle East in the late 19th century and the early 20th century noting that, "the most significant event of the period was the transition of the United States from the position of net exporter to one of net importer of petroleum."[11]
By the end of the Second World War, the United States had come to consider the Middle East region as "the most strategically important area of the world."[12] and "one of the greatest material prizes in world history," argues Noam Chomsky.[12] For that reason, it was not until around the period of World War II that America became directly involved in the Middle East region. At this time the region was going through great social, economic and political changes and as a result, internally the Middle East was in turmoil. Politically, the Middle East was experiencing an upsurge in the popularity of nationalistic politics and an increase in the number of nationalistic political groups across the region, which was causing great trouble for the English and French colonial powers.
History scholar Jack Watson explains that "Europeans could not hold these lands indefinitely in the face of Arab nationalism".[13] Watson then continues, stating that "by the end of 1946 Palestine was the last remaining mandate, but it posed a major problem".[14] In truth, this nationalistic political trend clashed with American interests in the Middle East, which were, as Middle East scholar Louise Fawcett argues, "about the Soviet Union, access to oil and the project for a Jewish state in Palestine".[15] Hence, Arabist Ambassador Raymond Hare described the Second World War, as "the great divide" in United States' relation with the Middle East, because these three interests would later serve as a backdrop and reasoning for a great deal of American interventions in the Middle East and thus also come to be the cause of several future conflicts between the United States and the Middle East.[5]
Formation of Israel[edit]
Main article: United States–Israel relations
In 1947, the U.S. and the Truman administration, under domestic political pressure, pushed for a solution and resolution on the Arab–Israeli conflict, and in May 1948 the new state of Israel came into existence. This process was not without its fights and loss of lives. Nevertheless, "the first state to extend diplomatic recognition to Israel was the United States; the Soviet Union and several Western nations quickly followed suit. No Arab state, however, recognized Israel."[16]
Syria: 1949[edit]
Syria became an independent republic in 1946, but the March 1949 Syrian coup d'état, led by Army Chief of Staff Husni al-Za'im, ended the initial period of civilian rule. Za'im met at least six times with CIA operatives in the months prior to the coup to discuss his plan to seize power. Za'im requested American funding or personnel, but it is not known whether this assistance was provided. Once in power, Za'im made several key decisions that benefitted the United States. He approved the Trans-Arabian Pipeline (TAPLINE), an American project designed to transport Saudi Arabian oil to Mediterranean ports. Construction of TAPLINE had been delayed due to Syrian intransigence. Za'im also improved relations with two American allies in the region: Israel and Turkey. He signed an armistice with Israel, formally ending the 1948 Arab–Israeli War and he renounced Syrian claims to Hatay Province, a major source of dispute between Syria and Turkey. Za'im also cracked down on local communists. However, Za'im's regime was short-lived. He was overthrown in August, just four and a half months after seizing power.[17][18][19][20]
Mosaddeq and the Shah[edit]
See also: 1953 Iranian coup d'état
Supporters of Mohammed Mosaddeq in 1952
Opposed to foreign intervention in Iran and a keen nationalist, Mohammed Mosaddeq became the prime minister of Iran in 1951. Thus, when Mosaddeq was elected he chose to nationalize the Iranian oil industry, where previously British holdings had generated great profits for Britain through the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company. Furthermore, prior to the nationalisation of Iranian oil Mosaddeq had also cut all diplomatic ties with Britain.[21] The Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was opposed to the nationalisation of Iranian oil as he feared this would result in an oil embargo, which would destroy Iran's economy and thus, the Shah was very concerned with the effect of Mosaddeq's policies on Iran. Equally worried were workers in the Iranian oil industry, when they experienced the economic effect of the sanctions on Iranian oil exports which Mosaddeq's policies had resulted in, and riots were happening across Iran.[22]
Thus, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi asked Mosaddeq to resign, as was the Shah's constitutional right, but Mosaddeq refused, which resulted in national uprisings. The Shah, fearing for his personal security, fled the country but nominated General Fazlollah Zahedi as new Prime Minister. Although General Fazlollah Zahedi was a nationalist, he did not agree with the Mosaddeq's lenient attitude towards the communist Tudeh party, which the United States had also become increasingly concerned with, fearing Soviet influence spreading in the Middle East. Therefore, in late 1952, the British government asked the U.S. administration for help with the removal of Mohammed Mosaddeq. President Harry S. Truman thought Mossadeq was a valuable bulwark against Soviet influence.[23] However, Truman left office in January 1953, and the new administration of Dwight Eisenhower shared British concern over Mossadeq. Allen Dulles, the director of the CIA, approved one million dollars on April 4, 1953 to be used "in any way that would bring about the fall of Mossadegh"[24] Consequently, after a failed attempt on August 15, "on August 19, 1953, General Fazlollah Zahedi succeeded [with the help of the United States and Britain] and Mossadegh was overthrown. The CIA covertly funneled five million dollars to General Zahedi's regime on August 21, 1953."[24]
This CIA operation, often referred to as Operation Ajax and led by CIA officer Kermit Roosevelt, Jr., ensured the return of the Shah on August 22, 1953.[22]
The Suez Crisis[edit]
Main article: Suez Crisis
Play media
President Eisenhower press conference about the crisis, 9 August 1956
Today more than a quarter of the world's oil is shipped through the Suez Canal.[25]
Although accepting large sums of military aid from the United States in 1954, by 1956 Egyptian leader Nasser had grown tired of the American influence in the country. The involvement that the U.S. would take in Egyptian business and politics in return for aid, Nasser thought "smacked of colonialism."[26] Indeed, as political scholar B.M. Bleckman argued in 1978, "Nasser had ambivalent feelings toward the United States. From 1952 to 1954 he was on close terms with U.S. officials and was viewed in Washington as a promising moderate Arab leader. The conclusion of an arms deal with the USSR in 1955, however, had cooled the relationship between Cairo and Washington considerably, and the Dulles-Eisenhower decision to withdraw the offer to finance the Aswan High Dam in mid-1956 was a further blow to the chances of maintaining friendly ties. Eisenhower's stand against the British, French, and Israeli attack on Egypt in October 1956 created a momentary sense of gratitude on the part of Nasser, but the subsequent development of the Eisenhower Doctrine, so clearly aimed at 'containing' Nasserism, undermined what little goodwill existed toward the United States in Cairo."[27] "The Suez Crisis of 1956 marked the demise of British power and its gradual replacement by USA as the dominant power in the Middle East."[28] The Eisenhower Doctrine became a manifestation of this process. "The general objective of the Eisenhower Doctrine, like that of the Truman Doctrine formulated ten years earlier, was the containment of Soviet expansion."[29] Furthermore, when the Doctrine was finalised on March 9, 1957, it "essentially gave the president the latitude to intervene militarily in the Middle East … without having to resort to Congress."[30] indeed as, Middle East scholar Irene L. Gerdzier explains "that with the Eisenhower Doctrine the United States emerged "as the uncontested Western power … in the Middle East."[31]
Meanwhile, in Jordan nationalistic anti-government rioting broke out and the United States decided to send a battalion of marines to Lebanon in case of possibly having to intervene in Jordan later that year. Moreover, attempting to keep the pro-American King Hussein of Jordan in power, the CIA started to make secret payments of millions of dollars a year to King Hussein. In the same year, the U.S. supported allies in Lebanon, Iraq, Turkey and Saudi Arabia and sent fleets to be near Syria as Syria's government had executed nationalistic and pro-Soviet policies the same year.[32] However, 1958 was to become a difficult year in U.S. foreign policy; in 1958 Syria and Egypt were merged into the "United Arab Republic", anti-American and anti-government revolts started occurring in Lebanon, causing the Lebanese president Chamoun to ask America for help, and the very pro-American King Feisal the 2nd of Iraq was overthrown by a group of nationalistic military officers.[33] It was quite "commonly believed that [Nasser] … stirred up the unrest in Lebanon and, perhaps, had helped to plan the Iraqi revolution."[34]
The Six Day War and Black September[edit]
For more details on Black September, see Black September in Jordan.
In June 1967 Israel fought with Egypt, Jordan, and Syria in the Six-Day War. As a result of the war, Israel captured the West Bank, Golan Heights, and the Sinai Peninsula. The U.S. supported Israel with weapons and continued to support Israel financially throughout the 1970s. On September 17, 1970, with U.S. and Israeli help, Jordanian troops attacked PLO guerrilla camps, while Jordan's U.S.-supplied air force dropped napalm from above. The U.S. deployed the aircraft carrier Independence and six destroyers off the coast of Lebanon and readied troops in Turkey to support the assault.
The American interventions in the years before the Iranian revolution have all proven to be based in part on economic considerations, but more so have been influenced and led by the international Cold War context.[35]
Iran–Iraq War[edit]
Support for Iraq[edit]
Main article: United States support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq war
Support for Iran[edit]
See also: Iran–Contra affair and Israel's role in the Iran–Iraq war
Saudi Arabia[edit]
President Obama with King Salman of Saudi Arabia, Riyadh, 27 January 2015
See also: Saudi Arabia–United States relations and Saudi Arabia lobby in the United States
Saudi Arabia and the United States are strategic allies,[36][37][38] but relations with the U.S. became strained following September 11 attacks.[39]
In March 2015, President Barack Obama declared that he had authorized U.S. forces to provide logistical and intelligence support to the Saudis in their military intervention in Yemen, establishing a "Joint Planning Cell" with Saudi Arabia.[40] The report by Human Rights Watch stated that US-made bombs were being used in attacks indiscriminately targeting civilians and violating the laws of war.[41]
Afghanistan and Pakistan[edit]
See also: CIA activities in Afghanistan and War in Afghanistan (2001–2014)
Afghanistan and Pakistan, though situated in South Asia, are considered part of the Greater Middle East. U.S. intervention in both Afghanistan and Pakistan started with the Carter Administration after the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. The relations of the U.S. with Afghanistan and Pakistan have been closely tied to the War on terrorism that has happened there. American policy has been instrumental in coordinating the ongoing conflicts in Afghanistan and northwestern Pakistan. In recent times, political situations of both countries have been bracketed under a single theater of operations, denoted by the newly coined American term "AfPak."[42]
Iraq (2003–present)[edit]
Main articles: 2003 invasion of Iraq, Iraq War, and American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–present)
Libya (2011–present)[edit]
Main articles: Libyan Civil War (2011), 2011 military intervention in Libya, and Libyan Civil War (2014–present)
Syria (2011–present)[edit]
Main article: American-led intervention in Syria
Turkey[edit]
Coup attempt (2016)[edit]
On 15 July 2016, a coup d'état was attempted in Turkey by a faction within the Turkish Armed Forces against state institutions, including, but not limited to the government and President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan.
The Turkish government accused the coup leaders of being linked to the Gülen movement, which is designated as a terrorist organization by the Republic of Turkey and led by Fethullah Gülen, a Turkish businessman and cleric who lives in Pennsylvania, United States. Erdoğan accuses Gülen of being behind the coup—a claim that Gülen denies—and accused the United States of harboring him. President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan accused the head of United States Central Command, chief General Joseph Votel[43] of "siding with coup plotters," (after Votel accused the Turkish government of arresting the Pentagon's contacts in Turkey).[44]
American allies[edit]
States
Israel (see Israel–United States relations)
Saudia Arabia (see Saudi Arabia–United States relations)
Autonomous provinces
Iraqi Kurdistan (see Iraqi Kurdistan–United States relations)
Factions
Syrian Democratic Forces
Free Syrian Army
Criticism[edit]
Main article: Criticism of United States foreign policy
See also[edit]
Arab lobby in the United States
Foreign policy of the United States
Daesh
Gulf War
Iran–Contra affair
Saddam Hussein
Iraq–United States relations
Mission Accomplished
Dual containment
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=81402&page=1
Jump up ^ https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/04/america-trump-kennedy-syria-atomic-war/523092/
Jump up ^ Fain, W. Taylor (2008-06-15). American Ascendance and British Retreat in the Persian Gulf Region. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 17–18. ISBN 978-0-230-60151-2. Retrieved 21 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Fawcett, L., (2005) The International Relations of the Middle East, UK: Oxford University Press, p. 284
^ Jump up to: a b Fawcett, L. (2005) The International Relations of the Middle East UK: Oxford University Press p 285
Jump up ^ Rugh, W. A. (2005) American Encounters with Arabs: The Soft Power of U.S. Public Diplomacy in the Middle East U.S.: Praeger Publishers Inc. ISBN 978-0-275-98817-3 pp 25–26
Jump up ^ Le Billon, P., El Khatib, F. (March 2004) "From free oil to 'freedom oil': terrorism, war and U.S. Geopolitics in the Persian Gulf", Geopolitics, Volume 9, Issue 1 p. 109
Jump up ^ Review (Winter 1982): "State Power and Industry Influence: American Foreign Oil Policy in the 1940s", International Organization 36, no. 1 p. 168
Jump up ^ Yergin, D (1991) The Prize: The Epic quest for Oil, Money and Power New York: Simon and Schuster p 401
Jump up ^ Lawson, F. H. (Aug., 1989) "The Iranian Crisis of 1945–1946 and the Spiral Model of International Conflict" International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 21, No. 3 p. 310
Jump up ^ Anderson, Irvine.(1981) Aramco, The United States, and Saudi Arabia. Princeton University Press. p. 36
^ Jump up to: a b Chomsky, Noam (January/February 2005) "Imperial Presidency", Canadian Dimension, Vol. 39, No. 1 p. 8
Jump up ^ Watson, J, B(1981) Success in Twentieth century World Affairs since 1919 Norwich: John Murray (Publishers) Ltd p. 295
Jump up ^ Watson, J. B. (1981), Success in Twentieth Century World Affairs since 1919, Norwich: John Murray (Publishers) Ltd p. 295
Jump up ^ Fawcett, L. (2005), International Relations of the Middle East UK: Oxford University Press, p. 284
Jump up ^ McWilliams, W, C, Piotrowski, H, (6th ed.)(2005) The World since 1945: A History of International Relations U.S. Lynne Rienner Publishers p 154
Jump up ^ Douglas Little (1990). "Cold War and Covert Action: The United States and Syria, 1945–1958". Middle East Journal. 44 (1).
Jump up ^ "1949–1958, Syria: Early Experiments in Cover Action, Douglas Little, Professor, Department of History, Clark University" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-10-09.
Jump up ^ Gendzier, Irene L. (1997). Notes from the Minefield: United States Intervention in Lebanon and the Middle East, 1945–1958. Columbia University Press. p. 98. Retrieved February 13, 2012. Recent investigation … indicates that CIA agents Miles Copeland and Stephen Meade … were directly involved in the coup in which Syrian colonel Husni Za'im seizedpower. According to then former CIA agent Wilbur Eveland, the coup was carried out in order to obtain Syrian ratification of TAPLINE.
Jump up ^ Gerolymatos, André (2010). Castles Made of Sand: A Century of Anglo-American Espionage and Intervention in the Middle East. Thomas Dunne books (MacMillan). Retrieved February 13, 2012. Miles Copeland, formerly a CIA agent, has outlined how he and Stephen Meade backed Zaim, and American archival sources confirm that it was during this period that Meade established links with extremist right-wing elements of the Syrian army, who ultimately carried out the coup.
Jump up ^ Dionisi, D, J(2005) American Hiroshima: The reasons why and a call to strengthen America's Democracy, Canada: Trafford Publishing, ISBN 1-4120-4421-9, pp 30–38
^ Jump up to: a b Immerman, R, H, Theoharis, A, G (2006) The Central Intelligence Agency: Security under Scrutiny U.S.: Greenwood Press, ISBN 0-313-33282-7, p. 314
Jump up ^ "Mohammad Mosaddeq and the 1953 Coup in Iran". National Security Archive. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Dionisi, D, J(2005) American Hiroshima: The reasons why and a call to strengthen America's Democracy, Canada: Trafford Publishing, ISBN 1-4120-4421-9, p. 40
Jump up ^ Fiscus, J, W (2004) War and Conflict in the Middle East: The Suez Crisis, U.S.: The Rosen Publishers Group, ISBN 0-8239-4550-2, p. 5
Jump up ^ Lesch, D, W(ed.) (2003) The Middle East and the United States: A Historical and Political Reassesment U.S.: Westview Press, p. 94
Jump up ^ Bleckman B, M, Kaplan, S, S (1978) Force Without War: U.S. armed Forces As a Political Instrument U.S.: The Brookings Institution p 249
Jump up ^ Attie, C, C, (2004) Struggle in the Levant, Kings Lynn: The Centre for Lebanese Studies, Oxford p 1
Jump up ^ Attie, Struggle in the Levant, p. 109
Jump up ^ Attie, Struggle in the Levant, p. 110
Jump up ^ Gettleman, M, E, Schaar, S (2003) The Middle East and Islamic World Reader, U.S.: Grove Press p. 248
Jump up ^ Ambrose, S, E (1980) The Rise to Globalism: American Foreign Policy, 1938–1980 New York: Penguin Books p. 463
Jump up ^ Eisenhower, (1965) White House Years, vol. 2: Waaina Peace 1956–1961 New York: Doubleday, p. 268
Jump up ^ Owen, R, Louis, R(2002) A Revolutionary year: The Middle East in 1958, U.K.: I.B. Tauris & Co,. Ltd, ISBN 1-86064-402-3, p. 2
Jump up ^ Watson, J, B (1981) Success in Twentieth century World Affairs since 1919 Norwich: John Murray (Publishers) Ltd p. 301
Jump up ^ "How strained are US-Saudi relations?". BBC News. 20 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Old friends US and Saudi Arabia feel the rift growing, seek new partners". Asia Times. 2 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Gulf allies and 'Army of Conquest". Al-Ahram Weekly. 28 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Madawi Al-Rasheed (2010). A History of Saudi Arabia. p. 233. ISBN 978-0-521-74754-7.
Jump up ^ "Saudi Arabia launces air attacks in Yemen". The Washington Post. 25 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "Saudi airstrikes in Yemen violate laws of war, rights group says". mcclatchydc. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Terry H. Anderson, Bush's Wars (Oxford University Press; 2011) on Iraq and Afghanistan, 2001–2011
Jump up ^ "Department of Defense Press Briefing by Pentagon Press Secretary Peter". Retrieved 2016-09-14.
Jump up ^ "U.S. general denies involvement in Turkish coup attempt". Reuters. 2016-07-29. Retrieved 2016-09-14.
Further reading[edit]
Baxter, Kylie, and Shahram Akbarzadeh. US foreign policy in the Middle East: The roots of anti-Americanism (Routledge, 2012)
Cramer, Jane K., and A. Trevor Thrall, eds. Why Did the United States Invade Iraq? (Routledge, 2013)
Fawcett, Louise. International relations of the Middle East (Oxford University Press, 2013)
Hemmer, Christopher. Which lessons matter?: American foreign policy decision making in the Middle East, 1979-1987 (SUNY Press, 2012)
Jacobs, Matthew F. Imagining the Middle East: The Building of an American Foreign Policy, 1918-1967 (2011)
O'Sullivan, Christopher D. FDR and the End of Empire: The Origins of American Power in the Middle East (2012)
Petersen, Tore. Anglo-American Policy toward the Persian Gulf, 1978–1985: Power, Influence and Restraint (Sussex Academic Press, 2015)
Pillar, Paul R. Intelligence and US Foreign Policy: Iraq, 9/11, and Misguided Reform (Columbia University Press, 2014) 432p
Pollack, Kenneth. Unthinkable: Iran, the bomb, and American strategy (2014)
External links[edit]
Middle East – U.S. Relations from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
Establishment of U.S. Consuls and Colonies in the Levant – Shapell Manuscript Foundation
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_foreign_policy_in_the_Middle_East&oldid=813168735"
Categories:
Foreign relations of the United States
History of the foreign relations of the United States
History of the Middle East
20th-century military history of the United States
United States foreign policy
United States–Middle Eastern relations
Petroleum politics
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Հայերեն
Edit links
This page was last edited on 2 December 2017, at 05:22.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values: /wiki/Arab mw-redirect Arab

values:
/wiki/9/11_attacks
mw-redirect
9/11 attacks

values:
/wiki/Weapons_of_mass_destruction
mw-redirect
Weapons of mass destruction

values:
/wiki/Muscat,_Oman
mw-redirect
Muscat, Oman

values:
/wiki/Mandate_Palestine
mw-redirect
Mandate Palestine

values:
/wiki/Mohammed_Mosaddeq
mw-redirect
Mohammed Mosaddeq

values:
/wiki/Anglo-Iranian_Oil_Company
mw-redirect
Anglo-Iranian Oil Company

values:
/wiki/General_Fazlollah_Zahedi
mw-redirect
General Fazlollah Zahedi

values:
/wiki/Dwight_Eisenhower
mw-redirect
Dwight Eisenhower

values:
/wiki/Operation_Ajax
mw-redirect
Operation Ajax

values:
/wiki/Kermit_Roosevelt,_Jr.
mw-redirect
Kermit Roosevelt, Jr.

values: <video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/1956-08-09_Press_Parley.ogv/400px--1956-08-09_Press_Parley.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" autoplay="" style="width:400px;height:300px" class="kskin" data-durationhint="206.65759637188" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="1956-08-09_Press_Parley.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/1956-08-09_Press_Parley.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-title="Original Ogg file, 400 × 300 (568 kbps)" data-shorttitle="Ogg source" data-width="400" data-height="300" data-bandwidth="567511" data-framerate="29.97"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/53/1956-08-09_Press_Parley.ogv/1956-08-09_Press_Parley.ogv.160p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Low bandwidth WebM (160P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 160P" data-transcodekey="160p.webm" data-width="214" data-height="160" data-bandwidth="186240" data-framerate="29.97"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/53/1956-08-09_Press_Parley.ogv/1956-08-09_Press_Parley.ogv.240p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Small WebM (240P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 240P" data-transcodekey="240p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" data-bandwidth="303624" data-framerate="29.97"/><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=TimedText:1956-08-09_Press_Parley.ogv.en.srt&action=raw&ctype=text%2Fx-srt" kind="subtitles" type="text/x-srt" srclang="en" label="English (en) subtitles" data-mwtitle="TimedText:1956-08-09_Press_Parley.ogv.en.srt" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" data-dir="ltr"/></video>

values:
/wiki/Aswan_High_Dam
mw-redirect
Aswan High Dam

values: Edit section: The Six Day War and Black September

values:
/wiki/Black_September_in_Jordan
mw-redirect
Black September in Jordan

values:
/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Afghanistan
mw-redirect
Soviet invasion of Afghanistan

values:
/wiki/War_on_terrorism
mw-redirect
War on terrorism

values:
/wiki/Asia_Times_Online
mw-redirect
Asia Times Online

values: Category:Foreign relations of the United States

values: Category:History of the foreign relations of the United States

values: Category:20th-century military history of the United States

values: Category:United States–Middle Eastern relations

values:
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
interface

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: ԱՄՆ-ի արտաքին քաղաքականություն Մերձավոր Արևելքում – Armenian

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-United_States_foreign_policy_in_the_Middle_East rootpage-United_States_foreign_policy_in_the_Middle_East skin-vector action-view