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Weather front
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Approaching weather fronts are often visible from the ground, but are not always as well defined as this.
A weather front is a boundary separating two masses of air of different densities, and is the principal cause of meteorological phenomena outside the tropics. In surface weather analyses, fronts are depicted using various colored triangles and half-circles, depending on the type of front. The air masses separated by a front usually differ in temperature and humidity.
Cold fronts may feature narrow bands of thunderstorms and severe weather, and may on occasion be preceded by squall lines or dry lines. Warm fronts are usually preceded by stratiform precipitation and fog. The weather usually clears quickly after a front's passage. Some fronts produce no precipitation and little cloudiness, although there is invariably a wind shift.[1]
Cold fronts and occluded fronts generally move from west to east, while warm fronts move poleward. Because of the greater density of air in their wake, cold fronts and cold occlusions move faster than warm fronts and warm occlusions. Mountains and warm bodies of water can slow the movement of fronts.[2] When a front becomes stationary—and the density contrast across the frontal boundary vanishes—the front can degenerate into a line which separates regions of differing wind velocity, known as a shearline. This is most common over the open ocean.
Contents
1 Bergeron classification of air masses
2 Surface weather analysis
3 Front Types
3.1 Cold front
3.2 Warm front
3.3 Occluded front
3.4 Stationary front
3.5 Dry line
3.6 Squall line
4 Precipitation produced
5 Movement
6 See also
7 References
8 Bibliography
9 External links
Bergeron classification of air masses[edit]
Main article: Air mass
The Bergeron classification is the most widely accepted form of air mass classification. Air mass classifications are indicated by three letters. The first letter describes its moisture properties, with c used for continental air masses (dry) and m for maritime air masses (moist). The second letter describes the thermal characteristic of its source region: T for tropical, P for polar, A for arctic or Antarctic, M for monsoon, E for equatorial, and S for superior air (dry air formed by significant upward motion in the atmosphere). The third letter designates the stability of the atmosphere. If the air mass is colder than the ground below it, it is labeled k. If the air mass is warmer than the ground below it, it is labeled w.[3] Fronts separate air masses of different types or origins, and are located along troughs of lower pressure.[4]
Different air masses which affect North America, as well as other continents, tend to be separated by frontal boundaries. In this illustration, the Arctic front separates Arctic from Polar air masses, while the Polar front separates Polar air from warm air masses. (cA is continental arctic; cP is continental polar; mP is maritime polar; cT is continental tropic; and mT is maritime tropic.)
Surface weather analysis[edit]
Weather map symbols:
1. cold front;
2. warm front;
3. stationary front;
4. occluded front;
5. surface trough;
6. squall/shear line;
7. dry line;
8. tropical wave;
9. trowal
Main articles: Surface weather analysis, Low-pressure area, and High-pressure area
A surface weather analysis is a special type of weather map which provides a view of weather elements over a geographical area at a specified time based on information from ground-based weather stations.[5] Weather maps are created by plotting or tracing the values of relevant quantities such as sea-level pressure, temperature, and cloud cover onto a geographical map to help find synoptic scale features such as weather fronts. Surface weather analyses have special symbols which show frontal systems, cloud cover, precipitation, or other important information. For example, an H may represent high pressure, implying fair weather. An L on the other hand may represent low pressure, which frequently accompanies precipitation. Low pressure also creates surface winds deriving from high pressure zones. Various symbols are used not just for frontal zones and other surface boundaries on weather maps, but also to depict the present weather at various locations on the weather map. In addition, areas of precipitation help determine the frontal type and location.[5]
Front Types[edit]
There are two different meanings used within meteorology to describe weather around a frontal zone. The term "anafront" describes boundaries which show instability, meaning air rises rapidly along and over the boundary to cause significant weather changes. A "katafront" is weaker, bringing smaller changes in temperature and moisture, as well as limited rainfall.[6]
Cold front[edit]
Main article: Cold front
A cold front is located at the leading edge of the temperature drop off, which in an isotherm analysis shows up as the leading edge of the isotherm gradient, and it normally lies within a sharp surface trough. Cold fronts often bring heavy thunderstorms, rain, and hail. Cold fronts can produce sharper changes in weather and move up to twice as quickly as warm fronts, since cold air is denser than warm air and rapidly replaces the warm air preceding the boundary. On weather maps, the surface position of the cold front is marked with the symbol of a blue line of triangle-shaped pips pointing in the direction of travel, and it is placed at the leading edge of the cooler air mass.[2] Cold fronts come in association with a low-pressure area. The concept of colder, dense air "wedging" under the less dense warmer air is often used to depict how air is lifted along a frontal boundary. The cold air wedging underneath warmer air creates the strongest winds just above the ground surface, a phenomenon often associated with property-damaging wind gusts. This lift would then form a narrow line of showers and thunderstorms if enough moisture were present. However, this concept isn't an accurate description of the physical processes;[7] upward motion is not produced because of warm air "ramping up" cold, dense air, rather, frontogenetical circulation is behind the upward forcing.
Warm front[edit]
Main article: Warm front
Warm fronts are at the leading edge of a homogeneous warm air mass, which is located on the equatorward edge of the gradient in isotherms, and lie within broader troughs of low pressure than cold fronts. A warm front moves more slowly than the cold front which usually follows because cold air is denser and harder to remove from the Earth's surface.[2]
This also forces temperature differences across warm fronts to be broader in scale. Clouds ahead of the warm front are mostly stratiform, and rainfall gradually increases as the front approaches. Fog can also occur preceding a warm frontal passage. Clearing and warming is usually rapid after frontal passage. If the warm air mass is unstable, thunderstorms may be embedded among the stratiform clouds ahead of the front, and after frontal passage thundershowers may continue. On weather maps, the surface location of a warm front is marked with a red line of semicircles pointing in the direction of travel.[2]
Occluded front[edit]
Main article: Occluded front
Occluded front depiction for the Northern Hemisphere
An occluded front is formed when a cold front overtakes a warm front,[8] and usually forms around mature low-pressure areas.[2] The cold and warm fronts curve naturally poleward into the point of occlusion, which is also known as the triple point.[9] It lies within a sharp trough, but the air mass behind the boundary can be either warm or cold. In a cold occlusion, the air mass overtaking the warm front is cooler than the cool air ahead of the warm front and plows under both air masses. In a warm occlusion, the air mass overtaking the warm front is warmer than the cold air ahead of the warm front and rides over the colder air mass while lifting the warm air.[2]
A wide variety of weather can be found along an occluded front, with thunderstorms possible, but usually their passage is associated with a drying of the air mass. Within the occlusion of the front, a circulation of air brings warm air upward and sends drafts of cold air downward, or vice versa depending on the occlusion the front is experiencing. Precipitations and clouds are associated with the trowal, the projection on the Earth's surface of the tongue of warm air aloft formed during the occlusion process of the depression.[10]
Occluded fronts are indicated on a weather map by a purple line with alternating half-circles and triangles pointing in direction of travel.[2] The trowal is indicated by a series of blue and red junction lines.
Stationary front[edit]
Main article: Stationary front
A stationary front is a non-moving (or stalled) boundary between two air masses, neither of which is strong enough to replace the other. They tend to remain essentially in the same area for extended periods of time, usually moving in waves.[11] There is normally a broad temperature gradient behind the boundary with more widely spaced isotherm packing.
A wide variety of weather can be found along a stationary front, but usually clouds and prolonged precipitation are found there. Stationary fronts either dissipate after several days or devolve into shear lines, but they can transform into a cold or warm front if conditions aloft change. Stationary fronts are marked on weather maps with alternating red half-circles and blue spikes pointing in opposite directions, indicating no significant movement.
When stationary fronts become smaller in scale, degenerating to a narrow zone where wind direction changes significantly over a relatively short distance, they become known as shearlines.[12] A shearline is depicted as a line of red dots and dashes.[2] Stationary fronts may bring snow or rain for a long period of time.
Dry line[edit]
Main article: Dry line
A similar phenomenon to a weather front is the dry line, which is the boundary between air masses with significant moisture differences. When the westerlies increase on the north side of surface highs, areas of lowered pressure will form downwind of north–south oriented mountain chains, leading to the formation of a lee trough. Near the surface during daylight hours, warm moist air is denser than dry air of greater temperature, and thus the warm moist air wedges under the drier air like a cold front. At higher altitudes, the warm moist air is less dense than the dry air and the boundary slope reverses. In the vicinity of the reversal aloft, severe weather is possible, especially when a triple point is formed with a cold front.[13] A weaker form of the dry line seen more commonly is the lee trough, which displays weaker differences in moisture. When moisture pools along the boundary during the warm season, it can be the focus of diurnal thunderstorms.[14]
The dry line may occur anywhere on earth in regions intermediate between desert areas and warm seas. The southern plains west of the Mississippi River in the United States are a particularly favored location. The dry line normally moves eastward during the day and westward at night. A dry line is depicted on National Weather Service (NWS) surface analyses as an orange line with scallops facing into the moist sector. Dry lines are one of the few surface fronts where the pips indicated do not necessarily reflect the direction of motion.[15]
Squall line[edit]
Main article: Squall line
A shelf cloud such as this one can be a sign that a squall is imminent
Organized areas of thunderstorm activity not only reinforce pre-existing frontal zones, but can outrun cold fronts in a pattern where the upper level jet splits apart into two streams, with the resultant Mesoscale Convective System (MCS) forming at the point of the upper level split in the wind pattern running southeast into the warm sector parallel to low-level thickness lines. When the convection is strong and linear or curved, the MCS is called a squall line, with the feature placed at the leading edge of the significant wind shift and pressure rise.[16] Even weaker and less organized areas of thunderstorms lead to locally cooler air and higher pressures, and outflow boundaries exist ahead of this type of activity, which can act as foci for additional thunderstorm activity later in the day.[17]
These features are often depicted in the warm season across the United States on surface analyses and lie within surface troughs. If outflow boundaries or squall lines form over arid regions, a haboob may result.[18] Squall lines are depicted on NWS surface analyses as an alternating pattern of two red dots and a dash labelled SQLN or SQUALL LINE, while outflow boundaries are depicted as troughs with a label of OUTFLOW BOUNDARY.
Precipitation produced[edit]
Main article: Precipitation
Convective precipitation
Fronts are the principal cause of significant weather. Convective precipitation (showers, thundershowers, and related unstable weather) is caused by air being lifted and condensing into clouds by the movement of the cold front or cold occlusion under a mass of warmer, moist air. If the temperature differences of the two air masses involved are large and the turbulence is extreme because of wind shear and the presence of a strong jet stream, "roll clouds" and tornadoes may occur.[19]
In the warm season, lee troughs, breezes, outflow boundaries and occlusions can lead to convection if enough moisture is available. Orographic precipitation is precipitation created through the lifting action of air moving over terrain such as mountains and hills, which is most common behind cold fronts that move into mountainous areas. It may sometimes occur in advance of warm fronts moving northward to the east of mountainous terrain. However, precipitation along warm fronts is relatively steady, as in rain or drizzle. Fog, sometimes extensive and dense, often occurs in pre-warm-frontal areas.[20] Although, not all fronts produce precipitation or even clouds because moisture must be present in the air mass which is being lifted.[1]
Movement[edit]
Fronts are generally guided by winds aloft, but do not move as quickly. Cold fronts and occluded fronts in the Northern Hemisphere usually travel from the northwest to southeast, while warm fronts move more poleward with time. In the Northern Hemisphere a warm front moves from southwest to northeast. In the Southern Hemisphere, the reverse is true; a cold front usually moves from southwest to northeast, and a warm front moves from northwest to southeast. Movement is largely caused by the pressure gradient force (horizontal differences in atmospheric pressure) and the Coriolis effect, which is caused by Earth's spinning about its axis. Frontal zones can be slowed down by geographic features like mountains and large bodies of warm water.[2]
See also[edit]
Weather portal
Atmospheric sciences portal
Cyclogenesis
Extratropical cyclone
Norwegian cyclone model
Surface weather analysis
Trough (meteorology)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Samuel Miller. "Lesson 7: Clouds and Precipitation". Archived from the original on 2005-01-11. Retrieved 2011-07-08.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i David Roth. "Unified Surface Analysis Manual" (PDF). Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved 2006-10-22.
Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology. Airmass Classification. Retrieved on 2008-05-22.
Jump up ^ C. Donald Ahrens (2007). Meteorology today: an introduction to weather, climate, and the environment. Cengage Learning. p. 296. ISBN 978-0-495-01162-0. Retrieved 2010-12-17.
^ Jump up to: a b Monmonier, Mark. Air Apparent: How Meteorologists Learned to Map, Predict, and Dramatize Weather. University of Chicago Press. Chicago: 1999.
Jump up ^ Chris C. Park (2001). The environment: principles and applications. Psychology Press. p. 309. ISBN 978-0-415-21771-2. Retrieved 2010-12-17.
Jump up ^ "Overrunning". NWS Glossary. National Weather Service. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
Jump up ^ "Occluded Front". University of Illinois Department of Atmospheric Sciences. Retrieved 2006-10-22.
Jump up ^ National Weather Service Office, Norman, Oklahoma. "Triple Point". NOAA. Retrieved 2006-10-22. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ "Trowal". World Meteorological Organisation. Eumetcal. Archived from the original on 2014-03-31. Retrieved 2013-08-28.
Jump up ^ Stationary Front. University of Illinois Department of Atmospheric Sciences. Retrieved on 2006-10-22.
Jump up ^ "Shear Line". Glossary of Meteorology. American Meteorological Society. Archived from the original on 2007-03-14. Retrieved 2006-10-22.
Jump up ^ Huaqing Cai. "Dryline cross section". Archived from the original on 2008-01-20. Retrieved 2006-12-05.
Jump up ^ "Lee Trough". Glossary of Meteorology. American Meteorological Society. Archived from the original on 2012-05-16. Retrieved 2006-10-22.
Jump up ^ "Dry Line: A Moisture Boundary". University of Illinois Department of Atmospheric Science. Retrieved 2006-10-22.
Jump up ^ Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorology. "Chapter 2: Definitions" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-05-06. Retrieved 2006-10-22.
Jump up ^ Michael Branick. "A Comprehensive Glossary of Weather". American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 2006-10-22.
Jump up ^ Western Region Climate Center. "H". Retrieved 2006-10-22.
Jump up ^ "Convection". Glossary of Meteorology. American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 2006-10-22.
Jump up ^ "Orographic Lifting". Glossary of Meteorology. American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 2006-10-22.
Bibliography[edit]
(1999). Air Apparent: How Meteorologists Learned to Map, Predict, and Dramatize Weather. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Atmospheric fronts.
Surface Analysis Manual
Cold Fronts
Warm Fronts
Fronts: the boundaries between air masses
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The Man from Snowy River (1982 film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Man from Snowy River
Australian DVD cover
Directed by
George T. Miller
Produced by
Geoff Burrowes
Michael Edgley
Simon Wincer
Screenplay by
John Dixon
Story by
Fred Cul Cullen
Based on
The Man from Snowy River
by Banjo Paterson
Starring
Kirk Douglas
Jack Thompson
Tom Burlinson
Sigrid Thornton
Lorraine Bayly
Music by
Bruce Rowland
Cinematography
Keith Wagstaff
Edited by
Adrian Carr
Production
company
Cambridge Productions
Edgley International
Snowy River Investment Pty. Ltd.
The Hoyts Group
Distributed by
20th Century Fox
Release date
5 November 1982 (1982-11-05)
Running time
102 minutes
Country
Australia
Language
English
Budget
A$3 million (est.)[1] or $3.5 million[2]
Box office
A$17,228,160 (Australia)
The Man from Snowy River is a 1982 Australian drama film based on the Banjo Paterson poem "The Man from Snowy River". Released by 20th Century Fox, the film had a cast including Kirk Douglas in a dual role as the brothers Harrison (a character who appeared frequently in Paterson's poems) and Spur, Jack Thompson as Clancy, Tom Burlinson as Jim Craig, Sigrid Thornton as Harrison's daughter Jessica, Terence Donovan as Jim's father Henry Craig, and Chris Haywood as Curly. Both Burlinson and Thornton later reprised their roles in the 1988 sequel, The Man from Snowy River II, which was released by Walt Disney Pictures.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Reception
5 Soundtrack
6 Box office
7 Awards and nominations
8 Legacy
9 References
10 External links
Plot[edit]
When Jim Craig and his father Henry are discussing their finances, a herd of wild horses called the Brumby mob passes by, and Henry wants to shoot the black stallion leader, but Jim convinces his father to capture and sell them. The next morning the mob reappears and Henry is accidentally killed. Before Jim can inherit the station, a group of mountain men tell him that he must first earn the right – and to do so he must go to the lowlands and work. Jim meets an old friend called Spur, a one-legged miner. Jim then gets a job on a station owned by Harrison, Spur's brother, on a recommendation by Harrison's friend. Meanwhile, Clancy appears at Spur's mine and the two discuss their pasts and futures. Clancy goes to Harrison's station to lead a cattle muster. At dinner, Harrison tells Clancy that "he has no brother" when referring to Spur.
Harrison organizes a round-up of his cattle, but Jim is not allowed to go. While the others are gone, Harrison's daughter Jessica asks Jim to help her break in a prize colt. The mob appears again, and Jim unsuccessfully gives chase to the valuable horse. When Harrison returns, he sends Jim to bring back 20 strays. Later, Harrison learns of Jim's actions and tells Jessica that Jim will be fired and that she will be sent to a women's college. Impulsively, she rides off into the mountains where she is caught in a storm.
Spur, meanwhile, finally strikes a large gold deposit. Jim finds Jessica's horse and rescues her. She tells him that he's going to be fired, but he still leaves to return the cattle. Jessica is surprised at meeting Spur, her uncle, whom she had never been told about. She is also confused when Spur mistakes her for her dead mother and refuses to tell her anything about his past. After returning, Jessica learns that Spur and Harrison both fell in love with her mother, Matilda. Matilda declared that the first to make his fortune would be her husband. Spur went looking for gold, while Harrison bet his life savings on a horse race. Harrison became rich overnight when the horse he bet on won. Having made his fortune, Harrison wed Matilda, but she died while delivering Jessica. Harrison is grateful to Jim for returning his daughter, but he becomes angry when Jim says he loves her. As Jim leaves, a prized colt is let loose by a farmhand in the hope that Jim will be blamed.
Later, while camping out, Spur tells Jim that he will inherit his father's share of the mine. Clancy joins them and informs them of the colt, but Jim refuses to retrieve the animal. Meanwhile, Harrison offers a reward of ₤100, attracting riders and fortune-hunters from every station in the area. Clancy does eventually show, accompanied by Jim, whom Harrison finally allows to join the hunt. Several riders have accidents in pursuit and even Clancy is unable to contain the Brumby mob. The riders give up when the mob descends a seemingly impassable grade. However, Jim goes forward and returns the horses to Harrison's farm. Harrison offers him the reward but he refuses. Having cleared his name, Jim would like to return some day for the horses and, looking at Jessica, "anything else that's mine." He rides back up to the mountain country, knowing that he has earned his right to live there.
Cast[edit]
Tom Burlinson as Jim Craig
Sigrid Thornton as Jessica Harrison
Kirk Douglas as Harrison / Spur
Terence Donovan as Henry Craig
Tommy Dysart as Mountain Man
Bruce Kerr as Man in Street
David Bradshaw as Banjo Paterson
Jack Thompson as Clancy
Tony Bonner as Kane
June Jago as Mrs. Bailey
Chris Haywood as Curly
Kristopher Steele as Moss
Gus Mercurio as Frew
Howard Eynon as Shorry
Lorraine Bayly as Rosemary Hume
Production[edit]
Craig's Hut undergoing reconstruction in 2007
According to Geoff Burrowes, the idea to make the film came at a dinner party when someone suggested the poem would make a good movie. Burrowes developed a treatment with George Miller then hired John Dixon to write a screenplay. All three men had worked together in television; another former TV colleague, Simon Wincer, became involved as executive producer with Michael Edgley and succeeded in raising the budget.[1][3][4]
The screenplay contains numerous references to Banjo Paterson, aside from using his poem "The Man from Snowy River" as the source material and his inclusion as a character in the film. For example, the numerous references to the late Matilda are likely a reference to the song "Waltzing Matilda", which was written by Paterson. In addition, the melody for "Waltzing Matilda" can be heard near the end of the film. A Bible Passage from Genesis 30:27, which talks about cattle, goats, and sheep is read aloud in a scene in the middle of the film.
The movie was not shot in the actual Snowy Mountains but in the Victorian High Country near Mansfield, Victoria, where Burrowes' wife's family had lived for several generations, which was logistically easier.[1][5]Burt Lancaster and Robert Mitchum were considered for the dual role of Harrison and Spur before Kirk Douglas was cast in the roles.
Tom Burlinson has confirmed that it was definitely him who rode the horse over the side of the mountain for the "terrible descent" during the dangerous ride—commenting that he had been asked about this numerous times, and that he became known as "The Man from Snowy River" because of his ride.[6] Remarkably, Burlinson had never ridden a horse before being cast in the film and the "terrible descent" was a one-take shot at full gallop down the cliff face. Burlinson performed all of his own stunts in the film.
Reception[edit]
The film "was released to a fair degree of critical acclaim" and "moviegoers found it to be a likable and highly entertaining piece of filmmaking that made no effort to hide its Australian roots, despite the presence of American star Kirk Douglas in one of the principal roles."[7] The film has a rating of 80% on film review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes.[8] One review of the movie comments[9] stated, "The Australian film industry has been responsible for many decent films for decades (and some utter crap, of course), but the percentage with international appeal is quite small. That is changing, and it is films such as The Man From Snowy River that have ensured ongoing interest. The film was inspired by the ‘Banjo’ Paterson poem of the same name, and stars numerous respected local talents and a Hollywood big name star in Kirk Douglas, playing two roles.'' The two standouts of this film are the majestic mountain scenery, and the final chase scenes with that awe-inspiring horse ride down the mountainside. The film stars many big names and familiar faces including Gus Mercurio (Paul's father), Lorraine Bayley (The Sullivans), Tony Bonner (Skippy) and Chris Haywood. The sets and costumes are also great, the script is strong, and the various threads that run through the film are well handled."
Soundtrack[edit]
Main article: The Man from Snowy River (soundtrack)
Bruce Rowland composed the music for both the film and the sequel.
Box office[edit]
The Man from Snowy River grossed $17,228,160 at the box office in Australia.[10] Kirk Douglas later sued Burrowes for a share of the profits.[11]
Awards and nominations[edit]
Won 1982 AFI Award for Best Original Music Score—(awarded to Bruce Rowland)
Won 1982 Montreal World Film Festival Award for Most Popular Film—(awarded to George T. Miller)
Won 1984 APRA Award for Best Original Music Score—(awarded to Bruce Rowland)
Nominated for 1982 AFI Award for Best Achievement in Sound
Nominated for 1983 Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Film Australia
Legacy[edit]
As indicated by its box office takings, The Man from Snowy River gained a very large audience, popularising the story and Banjo Paterson's poem. Since 1995 the story has been re-enacted at The Man From Snowy River Bush Festival in Corryong, Victoria.[12] Jack Thompson who played Clancy in the film has released recordings of a number of Banjo Paterson poems including Clancy of the Overflow and The Man from Snowy River on the album The Bush Poems of A.B. (Banjo) Paterson.[13]
The Craigs' Hut building was a permanent fixture created for the film. Located in Clear Hills, east of Mount Stirling, Victoria, the popular 4WD and hiking landmark was destroyed on 11 December 2006 in bushfires.[14] The hut has since been rebuilt. The film was selected for preservation as part of the National Film and Sound Archive of Australia's Kodak/Atlab Cinema Collection Restoration Project.
For the 2000 Summer Olympics Rowland composed a special Olympics version of The Man from Snowy River "Main Title" for the Olympic Games, which were held in Sydney. The CD of the music for the Sydney Olympics includes the Bruce Rowland's special Olympic version of the main title. Rowland composed special arrangements of some of the film soundtrack music for the 2002 musical version of The Man from Snowy River, The Man from Snowy River: Arena Spectacular.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c David Stratton, The Avocado Plantation: Boom and Bust in the Australian Film Industry, Pan MacMillan, 1990, pp. 64–66
Jump up ^ "LIFE STYLE Man From Snowy River — 'a remarkable movie'". The Canberra Times. 26 January 1983. p. 20. Retrieved 24 December 2015 – via National Library of Australia.
Jump up ^ "Young actors tipped for plum roles". The Australian Women's Weekly. 19 November 1980. p. 32 Supplement: FREE Your TV Magazine. Retrieved 24 December 2015 – via National Library of Australia.
Jump up ^ "RIDE THE HIGH COUNTRY". Filmnews. Sydney. 1 September 1982. p. 8. Retrieved 24 December 2015 – via National Library of Australia.
Jump up ^ "ON THE SET OF 'THE MAN FROM SNOWY RIVER [?]". The Australian Women's Weekly. 6 May 1981. p. 16. Retrieved 24 December 2015 – via National Library of Australia.
Jump up ^ How The Hell Did We Get Here?—The Baby Boomers Guide to the Movies
Jump up ^ http://www.dvdverdict.com/reviews/manfromsnowyriver.php
Jump up ^ The Man from Snowy River, retrieved 2017-09-29
Jump up ^ Design, Steve Koukoulas – RED5 Web. "DVD.net : The Man From Snowy River (1982) - DVD Review". www.dvd.net.au. Retrieved 2017-09-29.
Jump up ^ Film Victoria - Australian Films at the Australian Box Office
Jump up ^ "Douglas has been paid, says producer". The Canberra Times. 30 August 1983. p. 15. Retrieved 24 December 2015 – via National Library of Australia.
Jump up ^ The Man from Snowy River Bush Festival
Jump up ^ "The Bush Poems of A.B. (Banjo) Paterson at Fine Poets"
Jump up ^ Sydney Morning Herald, 11 December 2006, Bushfires ravage iconic Craig's Hut
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: The Man from Snowy River (1982 film)
The Man from Snowy River on IMDb
The Man from Snowy River at the TCM Movie Database
The Man from Snowy River at AllMovie
The Man from Snowy River on australianscreen online
The Man from Snowy River at the National Film and Sound Archive
The Man from Snowy River Fan Site at manfromsnowyriver.net
The Man from Snowy River at Oz movies
[show]
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AACTA Award for Best Original Music Score
1975–2000
The Cars That Ate Paris and The Great McCarthy – Bruce Smeaton (1975)
Not awarded (1976)
The Picture Show Man – Peter Best (1977)
The Chant of Jimmie Blacksmith – Bruce Smeaton (1978)
Mad Max – Brian May (1979)
Manganinnie – Peter Sculthorpe (1980)
Fatty Finn – Rory O'Donoghue and Grahame Bond (1981)
The Man from Snowy River – Bruce Rowland (1982)
Phar Lap – Bruce Rowland (1983)
Street Hero – Garth Porter and Bruce Smeaton (1984)
Rebel – Ray Cook, Chris Neal, Peter Best, Billy Byers, Bruce Rowland (1985)
Young Einstein – William Motzing and Martin Armiger (1986)
The Tale of Ruby Rose – Paul Schütze (1987)
The Lighthorsemen – Mario Millo (1988)
Dead Calm – Graeme Revell (1989)
The Big Steal – Phil Judd (1990)
Dingo – Michel Legrand and Miles Davis (1991)
Romper Stomper – John Clifford White (1992)
The Piano – Michael Nyman (1993)
Traps – Douglas Stephen Rae (1994)
Hotel Sorrento – Nerida Tyson-Chew (1995)
Shine – David Hirschfelder (1996)
Doing Time for Patsy Cline – Peter Best (1997)
Oscar and Lucinda – Thomas Newman (1998)
In a Savage Land – David Bridie (1999)
Bootmen – Cezary Skubiszewski (2000)
2001–present
The Dish – Edmund Choi (2001)
Rabbit-Proof Fence – Peter Gabriel (2002)
Japanese Story – Elizabeth Drake (2003)
Somersault – Decoder Ring (2004)
The Proposition – Nick Cave and Warren Ellis (2005)
Suburban Mayhem – Mick Harvey (2006)
The Home Song Stories – Antony Partos (2007)
Unfinished Sky – Antony Partos (2008)
Mao's Last Dancer – Christopher Gordon (2009)
Animal Kingdom – Antony Partos and Sam Petty (2010)
The Hunter – Andrew Lancaster, Michael Lira and Matteo Zingales (2011)
Not Suitable for Children – Matteo Zingales and Jono Ma (2012)
The Great Gatsby – Craig Armstrong (2013)
The Railwayman – David Hirschfelder (2014)
Mad Max: Fury Road – Tom Holkenborg (2015)
Tanna – Antony Partos (2016)
Lion – Volker Bertelmann and Dustin O’Halloran (2017)
[show]
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Banjo Paterson's "The Man from Snowy River" - the Poem and its adaptations
Films
The Man from Snowy River (1920 silent)
The Man from Snowy River (1982)
The Man from Snowy River II (1988 sequel)
Stage Musical
The Man from Snowy River: Arena Spectacular (2002 musical)
The Man from Snowy River: Arena Spectacular (2002 DVD film of the musical)
CD Recordings
The Man from Snowy River (1982 film soundtrack)
Return to Snowy River (1988 film soundtrack)
The Man from Snowy River: Arena Spectacular (2002 original cast recording)
Television
The Man from Snowy River (1993 TV series)
[show]
v
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Films directed by George T. Miller
The Man from Snowy River (1982)
The Aviator (1985)
Cool Change (1986)
Les Patterson Saves the World (1987)
The NeverEnding Story II: The Next Chapter (1990)
A Mom for Christmas (1990)
In the Nick of Time (1991)
Over the Hill (1992)
Frozen Assets (1992)
Gross Misconduct (1993)
Andre (1994)
Zeus and Roxanne (1997)
Tidal Wave: No Escape (1997)
Robinson Crusoe (1997)
Cybermutt (2002)
Attack of the Sabretooth (2005)
Prey (2009)
[show]
v
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The Films of Geoff Burrowes
The Man from Snowy River (1982)
Anzacs (1985) (TV mini series)
Cool Change (1985)
Running from the Guns (1987)
Backstage (1988)
The Man from Snowy River II (1988)
Run (1991)
[show]
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Bruce Rowland
The Man from Snowy River
(soundtracks and music)
The Man from Snowy River (soundtrack of the 1982 film)
Return to Snowy River (soundtrack of the 1988 sequel film The Man from Snowy River II)
Special Olympics version of the main theme from The Man from Snowy River (1982 film) for the 2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony
The Man from Snowy River: Arena Spectacular (soundtrack of the 2002 stage musical)
Other soundtracks
Phar Lap (soundtrack)
All the Rivers Run (soundtrack)
The Mysterious Geographic Explorations of Jasper Morello (soundtrack)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Man_from_Snowy_River_(1982_film)&oldid=833888742"
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Beringia
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This article is about the prehistoric land bridge. For the battle of World War I in Beringia, Darfur, see Anglo-Egyptian Darfur Expedition § Battle of Beringia.
Beringia sea levels measured in meters from 21,000 years ago to present
Beringia coverage
Beringia is defined today as the land and maritime area bounded on the west by the Lena River in Russia; on the east by the Mackenzie River in Canada; on the north by 72 degrees north latitude in the Chukchi Sea; and on the south by the tip of the Kamchatka Peninsula.[1] It includes the Chukchi Sea, the Bering Sea, the Bering Strait, the Chukchi and Kamchatka Peninsulas in Russia as well as Alaska in the United States.
The area includes land lying on the North American Plate and Siberian land east of the Chersky Range. Historically, it formed a land bridge that was up to 1,000 kilometres (620 miles) wide at its greatest extent and which covered an area as large as British Columbia and Alberta together,[2] totaling approximately 1,600,000 square kilometres (620,000 square miles). Today, the only land that is visible from the central part of the Bering land bridge are the Diomede Islands, the Pribilof Islands of St. Paul and St. George, St. Lawrence Island, and King Island.[1]
The term Beringia was coined by the Swedish botanist Eric Hultén in 1937.[3] During the ice ages, Beringia, like most of Siberia and all of North and Northeast China, was not glaciated because snowfall was very light.[4] It was a grassland steppe, including the land bridge, that stretched for hundreds of kilometres into the continents on either side.
It is believed that a small human population of at most a few thousand arrived in Beringia from eastern Siberia during the Last Glacial Maximum before expanding into the settlement of the Americas sometime after 16,500 years ago. During the Late Glacial Maximum as the American glaciers blocking the way southward melted,[5][6][7][8][9] but before the bridge was covered by the sea about 11,000 years BP.[10][11]
Before European colonization, Beringia was inhabited by the Yupik peoples on both sides of the straits. This culture remains in the region today along with others. In 2012, the governments of Russia and the United States announced a plan to formally establish "a transboundary area of shared Beringian heritage". Among other things this agreement would establish close ties between the Bering Land Bridge National Preserve and the Cape Krusenstern National Monument in the United States and the planned Beringia National Park in Russia.[12]
Contents
[hide]
1 Geography
2 Beringian refugium
3 Human habitation
4 Previous connections
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Geography[edit]
Bering land bridge – Wisconsin glaciation
Bering land bridge region – deglaciation period
Bering land bridge region – present day
The remains of Late Pleistocene mammals that had been discovered on the Aleutians and islands in the Bering Sea at the close of the nineteenth century indicated that a past land connection might lie beneath the shallow waters between Alaska and Chukotka. The underlying mechanism was first thought to be tectonics, but by 1930 changes in the icemass balance, leading to global sea-level fluctuations, was viewed as the cause of the Bering Land Bridge.[13][14] In 1937, Eric Hultén proposed that around the Aleutians and the Bering Strait region were tundra plants that had originally dispersed from a now-submerged plain between Alaska and Chukotka, which he named Beringia after Vitus Bering who had sailed into the strait in 1728.[15][14] The American arctic geologist David Hopkins redefined Beringia to include portions of Alaska and Northeast Asia. Beringia was later regarded as extending from the Verkhoyansk Mountains in the west to the Mackenzie River in the east.[14] The distribution of plants in the genera Erythranthe and Pinus are good examples of this as genera members are found in Asia and the Americas with a high degree of similarity.[16][17]
During the Pleistocene epoch, global cooling led periodically to the expansion of glaciers and lowering of sea levels. This created land connections in various regions around the globe.[18] Today, the average water depth of the Bering Strait is 40–50 m (130–160 ft), therefore the land bridge opened when the sea level dropped more than 50 m (160 ft) below the current level.[19][20] A reconstruction of the sea-level history of the region indicated that a seaway existed from c. 135,000 – c. 70,000 BP, a land bridge from c. 70,000 – c. 60,000 BP, intermittent connection from c. 60,000 – c. 30,000 BP, a land bridge from c. 30,000 – c. 11,000 BP, followed by a Holocene sea-level rise that reopened the strait.[21][22] Post-glacial rebound has continued to raise some sections of coast.
During the last glacial period, enough of the earth's water became frozen in the great ice sheets covering North America and Europe to cause a drop in sea levels. For thousands of years the sea floors of many interglacial shallow seas were exposed, including those of the Bering Strait, the Chukchi Sea to the north, and the Bering Sea to the south. Other land bridges around the world have emerged and disappeared in the same way. Around 14,000 years ago, mainland Australia was linked to both New Guinea and Tasmania, the British Isles became an extension of continental Europe via the dry beds of the English Channel and North Sea, and the dry basin of the South China Sea linked Sumatra, Java, and Borneo to Indochina.
Beringian refugium[edit]
Beringia precipitation 22,000 years ago
See also: Mammoth steppe and Asa_Gray § The "Asa Gray disjunction"
The last glacial period, commonly referred to as the "Ice Age", spanned 125,000[23]–14,500 YBP[24] and was the most recent glacial period within the current ice age, which occurred during the last years of the Pleistocene era.[23] The Ice Age reached its peak during the Last Glacial Maximum, when ice sheets began advancing from 33,000 YBP and reached their maximum limits 26,500 YBP. Deglaciation commenced in the Northern Hemisphere approximately 19,000 YBP and in Antarctica approximately 14,500 years YBP, which is consistent with evidence that glacial meltwater was the primary source for an abrupt rise in sea level 14,500 YBP[24] and the bridge was finally inundated around 11,000 YBP.[11] The fossil evidence from many continents points to the extinction of large animals, termed Pleistocene megafauna, near the end of the last glaciation.[25]
During the Ice Age a vast, cold and dry Mammoth steppe stretched from the arctic islands southwards to China, and from Spain eastwards across Eurasia and over the Bering land bridge into Alaska and the Yukon where it was blocked by the Wisconsin glaciation. The land bridge existed because sea-levels were lower due to more of the planet's water being locked up in glaciers compared with today. Therefore, the flora and fauna of Beringia were more related to those of Eurasia rather than North America. Beringia received more moisture and intermittent maritime cloud cover from the north Pacific Ocean than the rest of the Mammoth steppe, including the dry environments on either side of it. This moisture supported a shrub-tundra habitat that provided a ecological refugium for plants and animals.[26][27] In East Beringia 35,000 YBP, the northern arctic areas experienced temperatures 1.5 C degrees warmer than today but the southern sub-Arctic regions were 2 C degrees cooler. During the LGM 22,000 YBP the average summer temperature was 3–5 C degrees cooler than today, with variations of 2.9 C degrees cooler on the Seward Peninsula to 7.5 C cooler in the Yukon.[28] In the driest and coldest periods of the Late Pleistocene, and possibly during the entire Pleistocene, moisture occurred along a north-south gradient with the south receiving the most cloud cover and moisture due to the air-flow from the North Pacific.[27]
In the Late Pleistocene, Beringia was a mosaic of biological communities.[29][26][30] Commencing from c. 57,000 BP (MIS 3), steppe–tundra vegetation dominated large parts of Beringia with a rich diversity of grasses and herbs.[29][26][31] There were patches of shrub tundra with isolated refugia of larch (Larix) and spruce (Picea) forests with birch (Betula) and alder (Alnus) trees.[29][30][31][32] It has been proposed that the largest and most diverse megafaunal community residing in Beringia at this time could only have been sustained in a highly diverse and productive environment.[33] Analysis at Chukotka on the Siberian edge of the land bridge indicated that from c. 57,000 – c. 15,000 BP (MIS 3 to MIS 2) the environment was wetter and colder than the steppe–tundra to the east and west, with warming in parts of Beringia from c. 15,000 BP.[34] These changes provided the most likely explanation for mammal migrations after c. 15,000 BP, as the warming provided increased forage for browsers and mixed feeders.[35] Beringia did not block the movement of most dry steppe-adapted large species such as saiga antelope, woolly mammoth, and caballid horses. However, from the west the woolly rhino went no further east than the Anadyr River, and from the east North American camels, the American kiang-like equids, the short-faced bear, bonnet-horned muskoxen, and badger did not travel west. At the beginning of the Holocene, some mesic habitat-adapted species left the refugium and spread westward into what had become tundra-vegetated northern Asia and eastward into northern North America.[27]
The latest emergence of the land bridge was c. 70,000 years ago. However, from c. 24,000 – c. 13,000 BP the Laurentide ice sheet fused with the Cordilleran ice sheet, which blocked gene flow between Beringia (and Eurasia) and continental North America.[36][37][38] The Yukon corridor opened between the receding ice sheets c. 13,000 BP, and this once again allowed gene flow between Eurasia and continental North America until the land bridge was finally closed by rising sea levels c. 10,000 BP.[39] During the Holocene, many mesic-adapted species left the refugium and spread eastward and westward, while at the same time the forest-adapted species spread with the forests up from the south. The arid adapted species were reduced to minor habitats or became extinct.[27]
Beringia constantly transformed its ecosystem as the changing climate affected the environment, determining which plants and animals were able to survive. The land mass could be a barrier as well as a bridge: during colder periods, glaciers advanced and precipitation levels dropped. During warmer intervals, clouds, rain and snow altered soils and drainage patterns. Fossil remains show that spruce, birch and poplar once grew beyond their northernmost range today, indicating that there were periods when the climate was warmer and wetter. The environmental conditions were not homogenous in Beringia. Recent stable isotope studies of woolly mammoth bone collagen demonstrate that western Beringia (Siberia) was colder and drier than eastern Beringia (Alaska and Yukon), which was more ecologically diverse.[40] Mastodons, which depended on shrubs for food, were uncommon in the open dry tundra landscape characteristic of Beringia during the colder periods. In this tundra, mammoths flourished instead.
The extinct pine species Pinus matthewsii has been described from Pliocene sediments in the Yukon areas of the refugium.[41]
The paleo-environment changed across time.[42] Below is a gallery of some of the plants that inhabited eastern Beringia before the beginning of the Holocene.
Gallery - plants of eastern Beringia (Alaska and the Yukon) c. 15,000 – c. 11,500 BP
Artemisia[42][43]
Cyperaceae (sedges)[42][43]
Gramineae (grasses)[42][43]
Salix (willow)[42][43]
Human habitation[edit]
Main articles: Settlement of the Americas and Paleo-Indians
Genetic settlement of Beringia
The Bering land bridge is a postulated route of human migration to the Americas from Asia about 20,000 years ago.[44] An open corridor through the ice-covered North American Arctic was too barren to support human migrations before around 12,600 BP.[45][46] A study has indicated that the genetic imprints of only 70 of all the individuals who settled and traveled the land bridge into North America are visible in modern descendants. This genetic bottleneck finding is an example of the founder effect and does not imply that only 70 individuals crossed into North America at the time; rather, the genetic material of these individuals became amplified in North America following isolation from other Asian populations.[47]
Seagoing coastal settlers may also have crossed much earlier, but there is no scientific consensus on this point, and the coastal sites that would offer further information now lie submerged in up to a hundred metres of water offshore. Land animals migrated through Beringia as well, introducing to North America species that had evolved in Asia, like mammals such as proboscideans and American lions, which evolved into now-extinct endemic North American species. Meanwhile, equids and camelids that had evolved in North America (and later became extinct there) migrated into Asia as well at this time.
A study published in 2007 suggests that the Bering land bridge migration occurred 12,000 BP, that every human who migrated across the land bridge came from Eastern Siberia, and that every indigenous person directly descends from that same group of Eastern Siberian migrants. The authors note that a "[u]nique genetic variant widespread in natives across both continents suggests that the first humans in the Americas came in a single migration or multiple waves from a single source, not in waves of migrations from different sources".[5]
Previous connections[edit]
Biogeographical evidence demonstrates previous connections between North America and Asia. Similar dinosaur fossils occur both in Asia and in North America. For instance the dinosaur Saurolophus was found in both Mongolia and western North America. Relatives of Troodon, Triceratops, and even Tyrannosaurus rex all came from Asia.
Fossils in China demonstrate a migration of Asian mammals into North America around 55 million years ago. By 20 million years ago, evidence in North America shows a further interchange of mammalian species. Some, like the ancient saber-toothed cats, have a recurring geographical range: Europe, Africa, Asia, and North America. The only way they could reach the New World was by the Bering land bridge. Had this bridge not existed at that time, the fauna of the world would be very different.
Researchers have started to use molecular phylogenetics to trace the history of faunal exchange and diversification, through the genetic history of parasites and pathogens of North American ungulates. An international Beringian Coevolution Project is collaborating to provide material to assess the pattern and timing of faunal exchange and the potential impact of past climatic events on differentiation.
See also[edit]
Bering Strait crossing
Bluefish Caves
Little John (archeological site)
Geologic time scale
Last glacial period
Pleistocene
Yukon Beringia Interpretive Centre
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Further reading[edit]
Fagundes, Nelson J.R.; Kanitz, Ricardo; Eckert, Roberta; Valls, Ana C.S.; Bogo, Mauricio R.; Salzano, Francisco M.; Smith, David Glenn; Silva Jr., Wilson A.; et al. (3 March 2008). "Mitochondrial Population Genomics Supports a Single Pre-Clovis Origin with a Coastal Route for the Peopling of the Americas" (PDF). American Journal of Human Genetics. 82 (3): 583–592. PMC 2427228  . PMID 18313026. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.11.013.
Hoffecker, John F.; Elias, Scott A. (2007). Human ecology of Beringia. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-13060-8. Retrieved 2016-04-10.
Hoffecker, JF; Elias, SA; O'Rourke, DH (2014). "Anthropology. Out of Beringia?". Science. 343 (6174): 979–80. Bibcode:2014Sci...343..979H. PMID 24578571. doi:10.1126/science.1250768.
Hey, Jody (2005). "On the Number of New World Founders: A Population Genetic Portrait of the Peopling of the Americas". PLoS Biology. 3 (6): e193. PMC 1131883  . PMID 15898833. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030193.
Pielou, E. C., After the Ice Age: The Return of Life to Glaciated North America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press) 1992 ISBN 978-0-226-66812-3
Pringle, Heather (2014). "Welcome to Beringia". Science. 343 (6174): 961–3. PMID 24578560. doi:10.1126/science.343.6174.961.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bering Land Bridge.
Shared Beringian Heritage Program
International National Park in the Bering Strait
Bering Land Bridge National Preserve
D.K. Jordan, "Prehistoric Beringia"
Paleoenvironmental atlas of Beringia: includes animation showing the gradual disappearance of the Bering land bridge
Yukon Beringia Interpretive Centre
Paleoenvironments and Glaciation in Beringia
Study suggests 20000 year hiatus in Beringia
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text:
Phu Dorjee
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Phu Dorjee (also spelled Phu Dorji)[1] was a Sherpa and the first Indian to summit Mt. Everest without oxygen. He did so on 9 May 1984 on a solitary ascent from the South East Ridge. Dorjee died in 1987 on the Kanchanjunga Expedition of the Assam Rifles.[2]
Another Phu Dorjee had summited Everest in the 1965, but this person died in 1969.[3]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ http://www.thecolorsofindia.com/interesting-facts/adventure/first-man-to-climb-everest-without-oxygen.html
Jump up ^ [2]
See also[edit]
List of Mount Everest summiters by number of times to the summit
List of 20th-century summiters of Mount Everest
List of Mount Everest records of India
hide
v
t
e
Indian mountaineers
Premlata Agarwal
H. P. S. Ahluwalia
Chandraprabha Aitwal
Avtar Singh Cheema
Kalpana Dash
Gurmayum Anita Devi
Love Raj Singh Dharmshaktu
Dicky Dolma
Phu Dorjee
Chhanda Gayen
Mohan Singh Gunjyal
Sonam Gyatso
Anshu Jamsenpa
Narendra Dhar Jayal
Ganesh Jena
Kuntal Joisher
Raghav Joneja
Harish Kapadia
D. K. Khullar
Ajay Kothiyal
Mohan Singh Kohli
Aparna Kumar
Narendra Kumar
Poorna Malavath
Tashi and Nungshi Malik
Mastan Babu Malli
Ashish Mane
Shipra Mazumdar
Tine Mena
Tapi Mra
Debabrata Mukherjee
Bachendri Pal
Subhash Pal
Nirupama Pandey
Ratnesh Pandey
Tsewang Paljor
Krushnaa Patil
Kanhaya Lal Pokhriyal
Arvind Raturi
Harish Chandra Singh Rawat
Tarun Saikia
Nihal Sarkar
Saurabh Singh Shekhawat
Kushang Sherpa
Arunima Sinha
Jaahnavi Sriperambuduru
Satyarup Siddhanta
Mamta Sodha
Arjun Vajpai
Chandra Prakash Vohra
Sonam Wangyal
Santosh Yadav
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phu_Dorjee&oldid=852805819"
Categories:
1987 deaths
Indian mountain climbers
Mountaineering deaths
Recipients of the Padma Shri in sports
Indian summiters of Mount Everest
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Mountain climbers from Sikkim
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