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Truly Madly Deeply
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This article is about the song. For the film, see Truly, Madly, Deeply. For the novel, see Truly Madly Deeply (novel).
"Truly Madly Deeply"
Single by Savage Garden
from the album Savage Garden
B-side
"I'll Bet He Was Cool", "I Want You", "Promises", "This Side of Me", "Love Can Move You"
Released
3 March 1997
Format
CD single, cassette single
Genre
Pop
Length
4:37
Label
Columbia (International)
Roadshow Music (Australia)
Sony Records (Japan)
Songwriter(s)
Darren Hayes, Daniel Jones
Producer(s)
Charles Fisher
Savage Garden singles chronology
"To the Moon and Back"
(1996) "Truly Madly Deeply"
(1997) "Break Me Shake Me"
(1997)
Music video
"Truly Madly Deeply" on YouTube
"Truly Madly Deeply" is a song by Australian pop band Savage Garden, released as the third single from their self-titled debut album in March 1997 by Columbia Records, Roadshow Music and Sony Records. It won the 1997 ARIA Music Award for Single of the Year and Highest Selling Single along it nominated for ARIA Music Award for Song of the Year. Written by bandmates Darren Hayes and Daniel Jones, the song is a reworking of a song called "Magical Kisses" that the pair wrote together long before recording began on their debut album. It was used as the main theme from the soundtrack of the 1998 film Music from Another Room, starring Jude Law and Gretchen Mol.[1]
The song reached number one in Australia in 1997 and in the United States the following year. Two music videos were filmed for the track—one for its original Australian release, and another for the international market shot in Paris.
Contents
1 Versions
2 Music video
3 Chart performance
4 Track listings
4.1 Australia
4.2 UK
4.3 North America
4.4 Europe
5 Release history
6 Charts
6.1 Weekly charts
6.2 Year-end charts
6.3 Decade charts
7 Certifications and sales
8 Sandy and Junior version
9 Cascada version
9.1 Track listing
9.2 Chart performance
9.3 Release and track listings
10 References
11 External links
Versions[edit]
The international version of "Truly Madly Deeply".
There are two distinct versions of the song. The first was made available on the Australian version of the group's album, whereas the second version appears on the release of the album in Europe and America. This version was composed in 1997, and features a drum machine track instead of the more acoustic-sounding music featured on the Australian version. The European version also features on the group's greatest hits compilation, "Truly Madly Completely" and "The Singles".
Music video[edit]
Two music videos were made for the song. The original Australian video, which presents Hayes with long hair, features the band in a white room with several other people. Hayes is on a red sofa singing the song while Daniel performs on the piano. The video used for the European market, which presents Hayes with short hair, was filmed in Paris. It was directed by Adolfo Doring.[2] The video depicts the story of two lovers, a young man and a lady, who have been separated by circumstances. The woman arrives in Paris, possibly at Gare du Nord station, in search of her lover, who is also waiting for her. He is wandering in various places within the Montmartre area, including the Soleil de la Butte restaurant. In between the scenes involving the two lovers, Hayes can be seen walking around Paris, in locations such as the Place de la Concorde and the Jardin des Tuileries. He is singing, thereby acting as a narrator to the story involving the two lovers. Towards the end of the video, Hayes enters a small concert hall where Daniel Jones is playing guitar. Shortly afterwards, the young lady manages to find her lover, right in the centre of Paris. They are both filled with emotion on seeing each other again. The video ends with Hayes and Jones coming out of the concert hall, and coming across the two lovers who are rejoicing in their reunion. Music video is blocked in New Zealand.[3][4]
Chart performance[edit]
The song was a major and sustained success in the U.S. beginning in 1997. Entering the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart at No. 26 on 6 December 1997,[5] it peaked at No. 1 for two weeks in January 1998 and lingered for a full year on the chart.[5] It became the only song in the chart's history to spend its first 52 weeks inside the top 30. The song spent half a year in the top ten alone. It hit No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 Airplay chart and No. 2 on the Hot Adult Top 40 Tracks chart. It also went Top 10 on the Rhythmic Top 40 chart. On the Billboard Top 40 Mainstream chart the song hit number one for one week on 31 January before dropping to number two as Celine Dion assumed the top spot with the theme to the hit film Titanic, "My Heart Will Go On". Savage Garden's single held at No. 2 for ten weeks, before returning to the number one spot again the week of 18 April.[6]
The song eventually set a record for the most weeks of any single in history on the U.S. Hot Adult Contemporary chart. In 1998 the song logged eleven weeks at number one on this chart, but its full chart span lasted 123 weeks. That record would stand for just under two years, when another of the group's ballads spent its 124th week on the chart. The song was "I Knew I Loved You", from the album Affirmation.[7] After leaving the main Adult Contemporary chart, the song entered the Hot Adult Contemporary Recurrents chart where it charted for another 202 weeks. The song was so popular that it re-entered Billboard's Hot Singles Sales chart in March 2002[8] and—four and a half years after its release—again became a U.S. Top 30 bestseller,[9] remaining on that chart until late July 2002.[10] The original version logged its final week on the Hot Adult Contemporary Recurrents chart on 17 June 2006.[11] This combined with sales still makes it the #1 Billboard AC song of all time. [12]In 2013, the song was listed at No. 35 on Billboard's All Time Top 100.[13]
The song also reached No. 1 in their home country of Australia and in Canada. Savage Garden's single hit No. 2 in Norway, Sweden, Austria and Ireland and went top ten in France, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Belgium and the UK, where it peaked at No. 4. In 1998, the song was certified a Gold single in France, for sales of 200,000 copies.[14] In May 2001 the Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA), as part of its 75th Anniversary celebrations, named "Truly Madly Deeply" as one of the Top 30 Australian songs of all time.[15][16]
Track listings[edit]
Australia[edit]
Standard
"Truly Madly Deeply" – 4:38
"Promises" – 4:11
"Truly Madly Deeply" (Night Radio Mix) – 4:35
Limited edition
"Truly Madly Deeply" – 4:38
"Promises" – 4:11
"Truly Madly Deeply" (Night Radio Mix) – 4:35
"I Want You" (Bastone Club Mix)
"I Want You" (I Need I Want Mix)
UK[edit]
CD1 (665602 2)
"Truly Madly Deeply" – 4:38
"Truly Madly Deeply" (Australian version) – 4:38
"This Side of Me" – 4:09
"Love Can Move You" – 4:47
CD2 (665602 5)
"Truly Madly Deeply" – 4:38
"Truly Madly Deeply" (Night Radio Mix) – 4:35
"I Want You" – 3:52
"I'll Bet He Was Cool" – 3:57
Cassette
"Truly Madly Deeply" – 4:38
"I Want You" – 3:52
North America[edit]
"Truly Madly Deeply" – 4:37
"I'll Bet He Was Cool" – 4:58
Europe[edit]
CD1
"Truly Madly Deeply" – 4:37
"I'll Bet He Was Cool" – 4:58
CD2
"Truly Madly Deeply" – 4:38
"Truly Madly Deeply" (Australian version) – 4:38
"Truly Madly Deeply" (Night Radio Mix) – 4:35
"This Side of Me" – 4:09
"Love Can Move You" – 4:47
Release history[edit]
Country
Release date
Australia 3 March 1997 (1997-03-03)
North America 18 November 1997 (1997-11-18)
United Kingdom 13 February 1998 (1998-02-13)
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1997-98)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[17] 1
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[18] 2
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[19] 4
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[20] 5
Canada Top Singles (RPM) 1
Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[21] 13
France (SNEP)[22] 9
Germany (Official German Charts)[23] 11
Ireland (IRMA) 2
Italy (FIMI)[24] 2
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[25] 6
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[26] 8
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[27] 12
Norway (VG-lista)[28] 2
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[29] 5
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[30] 2
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[31] 7
UK Singles (Official Charts Company) 4
US Billboard Hot 100 1
US Billboard Top 40 Mainstream 1
US Billboard Adult Contemporary 1
US Billboard Adult Top 40 2
Chart (2011)
Peak
position
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[32] 73
Chart (2013)
Peak
position
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[32] 72
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1997)
Position
Australian ARIA Charts[33] 7
Chart (1998)
Position
Germany (Official German Charts)[34] 37
US Billboard Hot 100[35] 4
Decade charts[edit]
Chart (1990–1999)
Position
US Billboard Hot 100[36] 63
Certifications and sales[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Australia (ARIA)[37]
2× Platinum 140,000^
Belgium (BEA)[38]
Gold 25,000*
New Zealand (RMNZ)[39]
Gold 5,000*
United Kingdom (BPI)[40]
Platinum 600,000^
United States (RIAA)[41]
Gold 500,000^
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
Sandy and Junior version[edit]
The song was covered in 1998 by Brazilian brother-sister singing duo Sandy & Junior. The Portuguese-language version, "No Fundo Do Coração" ("Deep Inside the Heart"), was released as the third single from the teens' eighth album, Era Uma Vez (Ao Vivo). The album was certified Diamond in Brazil in 1999 by the Brazilian Association of Discs Producers (ABPD) for sales of over 1.8 million copies in Brazil alone.[42] The album was their last for PolyGram Records before moving to Universal Music Group.
Cascada version[edit]
"Truly Madly Deeply"
Single by Cascada
from the album Everytime We Touch
Released
28 November 2006 (UK)
Format
CD, 12", digital
Recorded
2005
Plazmatek Studio Cologne
Plazmatek Studio Erkrath
Genre
Eurodance
Length
2:59 (radio edit)
4:11 (album version)
Label
Zooland
Producer(s)
Manuel Reuter, Yann Peifer
Cascada singles chronology
"How Do You Do!"
(2006) "Truly Madly Deeply"
(2006) "A Neverending Dream"
(2006)
German Eurodance group Cascada covered "Truly Madly Deeply" on the album Everytime We Touch and released it as the second single in the UK and Germany. Although the album version of the song is a ballad, there is also a Eurodance version of the song more in keeping with their typical style, which is the main single version. Both versions are featured on the UK edition of the album. First released in the United States exclusively in the iTunes Store on 27 February, the U.S. physical release was 13 March 2007.[citation needed]
Track listing[edit]
UK CD single part 1
"Truly Madly Deeply" (radio edit) – 2:57
"Everytime We Touch" – 3:19
UK CD single Part 2
"Truly Madly Deeply" (radio edit) – 2:57
"Truly Madly Deeply" (album version) – 4:14
"Truly Madly Deeply" (club mix) – 4:34
"Truly Madly Deeply" (Styles & Breeze remix) – 5:03
"Truly Madly Deeply" (Thomas Gold remix) – 8:32
"Truly Madly Deeply" (DJ Bomba & El Senor remix) – 6:49
"Truly Madly Deeply" (Frisco Remix) – 6:07
German 12-inch single
"Truly Madly Deeply" (2–4 Grooves Remix) – 6:00
"Truly Madly Deeply" (Thomas Gold Remix) – 8:29
German CD single
"Truly Madly Deeply" (radio edit) – 2:55
"Truly Madly Deeply" (Thomas Gold radio edit) – 3:36
"Truly Madly Deeply" (2–4 Grooves radio edit) – 3:27
"Truly Madly Deeply" (album version) – 4:12
"Truly Madly Deeply" (Candy radio edit) – 3:18
U.S. 12-inch single
"Truly Madly Deeply" (radio edit) – 2:58
"Truly Madly Deeply" (album version) – 4:12
"Truly Madly Deeply" (Thomas Gold radio edit) – 3:38
"Truly Madly Deeply" (Tune Up! radio edit) – 2:58
"Truly Madly Deeply" (Thomas Gold remix) – 8:30
"Truly Madly Deeply" (UK club mix) – 4:34
"Truly Madly Deeply" (Tune Up! remix) – 4:35
"Truly Madly Deeply" (Styles & Breeze remix) – 4:58
"Truly Madly Deeply" (DJ Bomba & El Senor remix) – 6:48
"Truly Madly Deeply" (Frisco remix) – 6:00
Australian single 2007
"Truly Madly Deeply" (2–4 Grooves Radio Edit) – 3:30
"Truly Madly Deeply" (UK radio edit) – 2:54
"Truly Madly Deeply" (radio pop mix) – 4:14
"Truly Madly Deeply" (Ivan Filini Radio Edit) – 3:07
"Truly Madly Deeply" (album version)
"Truly Madly Deeply" (Styles & Breeze Remix) – 5:03
"Truly Madly Deeply" (Tune Up! Remix) – 4:35
"Truly Madly Deeply" (DJ Bomba & El Senor Remix) – 6:49
"Truly Madly Deeply" (Thomas Gold Remix) – 8:30
Other remixes
"Truly Madly Deeply" (Alex K Remix) – 6:15
"Truly Madly Deeply" (original dance remix, Asian edition)
"Truly Madly Deeply" (original dance edit, Asian edition)
Chart performance[edit]
The Cascada single entered the UK Singles Chart at number 17 solely on downloads and peaked at number 4 the following week, after its physical release. In Ireland, it remained in the top 4 for four weeks.
Charts (2006–2007)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[43] 39
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[44] 22
Belgium (Ultratip Flanders)[45] 10
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[46] 25
Europe (European Hot 100 Singles)[47] 14
Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[48] 16
Germany (Official German Charts)[49] 26
Ireland (IRMA)[50] 4
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[51] 29
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[52] 25
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[53] 3
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[54] 11
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[55] 4
US Dance Airplay (Billboard)[56] 14
Release and track listings[edit]
Country Date Format Label
United Kingdom 11 December 2006 CD
Germany 14 February 2007 12-inch Zooland Records
Germany 2 March 2007 12-inch Zeitgeist
United States 13 March 2007 12-inch Robbins Entertainment
Germany 6 April 2007 CD Zeitgeist
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Music from Another Room". 12 November 1998 – via IMDb.
Jump up ^ [1] Clipland.com
Jump up ^ "Stats / Savage Garden - Truly Madly Deeply". Retrieved 2017-11-28.
Jump up ^ "YouTube Stats of Savage Garden - Truly Madly Deeply". kworb.net. Retrieved 2017-11-28.
^ Jump up to: a b [2] Archived 11 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ [3] Archived 8 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ [4] Archived 24 August 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ [5][dead link]
Jump up ^ [6][dead link]
Jump up ^ [7][dead link]
Jump up ^ [8][dead link]
Jump up ^ "The Top 100 Adult Contemporary Songs Ever". Billboard. July 15, 2011. Retrieved July 15, 2011.
Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/specials/hot100/charts/top100-titles-30.shtml billboard.com
Jump up ^ "Disque en France". Disque en France. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 2012-05-27.
Jump up ^ "APRA/AMCOS 2001 Top 30 Songs". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA). Archived from the original on 1 April 2014. Retrieved 3 November 2008.
Jump up ^ Kruger, Debbie (2 May 2001). "The songs that resonate through the years" (PDF). Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 October 2008. Retrieved 3 November 2008.
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – Savage Garden – Truly Madly Deeply". ARIA Top 50 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Savage Garden – Truly Madly Deeply" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Savage Garden – Truly Madly Deeply" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Savage Garden – Truly Madly Deeply" (in French). Ultratop 50.
Jump up ^ "Savage Garden: Truly Madly Deeply" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland.
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – Savage Garden – Truly Madly Deeply" (in French). Les classement single.
Jump up ^ "Musicline.de – Savage Garden Single-Chartverfolgung" (in German). Media Control Charts. PhonoNet GmbH.
Jump up ^ "Hit Parade Italia - Indice per Interprete: S".
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – Savage Garden" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40.
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Jump up ^ "Charts.nz – Savage Garden – Truly Madly Deeply". Top 40 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Savage Garden – Truly Madly Deeply". VG-lista.
Jump up ^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 14 June 2018.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Savage Garden – Truly Madly Deeply". Singles Top 100.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Savage Garden – Truly Madly Deeply". Swiss Singles Chart.
^ Jump up to: a b "SAVAGE GARDEN - full Official Chart History - Official Charts Company".
Jump up ^ "ARIA Charts – End of Year Charts – Top 100 Singles 1997". Aria.com.au. Archived from the original on 12 September 2009. Retrieved 2012-05-27.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Single-Jahrescharts" (in German). GfK Entertainment. Retrieved August 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Billboard Top 100 – 1998". Archived from the original on 9 March 2009. Retrieved 28 August 2010.
Jump up ^ Geoff Mayfield (25 December 1999). 1999 The Year in Music Totally '90s: Diary of a Decade – The listing of Top Pop Albums of the '90s & Hot 100 Singles of the '90s. Billboard. Retrieved 15 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 1997 Singles". Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop − Goud en Platina – singles 1998". Ultratop. Hung Medien. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
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Jump up ^ "British single certifications – Savage Garden – Truly Madly Deeply". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 11 February 2017. Select singles in the Format field. Select Platinum in the Certification field. Enter Truly Madly Deeply in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – Savage Garden – Truly, Madly, Deeply". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 11 February 2017. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
Jump up ^ "Associayco Brasileira de Produtores de Disco". ABPD. Retrieved 2012-05-27.
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – Cascada – Truly Madly Deeply". ARIA Top 50 Singles.
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Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Cascada – Truly Madly Deeply" (in Dutch). Ultratip.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Cascada – Truly Madly Deeply" (in French). Ultratop 50.
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Jump up ^ "Chart Track: Week 50, 2006". Irish Singles Chart.
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Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Cascada – Truly Madly Deeply" (in Dutch). Single Top 100.
Jump up ^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Cascada – Truly Madly Deeply". Singles Top 100.
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Jump up ^ "Cascada Album & Song Chart History". Billboard Dance/Mix Show Airplay for Cascada. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
"Chart Data: Cascada". Worldwide chart positions. Retrieved 7 February 2007.
External links[edit]
Truly Madly Deeply at MusicBrainz
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
show
v
t
e
Savage Garden
Darren Hayes
Daniel Jones
Studio albums
Savage Garden
Affirmation
Compilation albums
The Future of Earthly Delites
Truly Madly Deeply – Ultra Rare Tracks
Ultra Hit Tracks
Affirmation: The B-Sides
Truly Madly Completely: The Best of Savage Garden
The Singles
Singles
"I Want You"
"To the Moon and Back"
"Truly Madly Deeply"
"Break Me Shake Me"
"Universe"
"All Around Me"
"Santa Monica"
"Tears of Pearls"
"The Animal Song"
"I Knew I Loved You"
"Crash and Burn"
"Affirmation"
"Chained to You"
"Hold Me"
"The Best Thing"
Video releases
Superstars and Cannonballs
Related articles
Discography
Awards and nominations
Affirmation World Tour
show
v
t
e
Cascada
Natalie Horler
DJ Manian
Yanou
Studio albums
Everytime We Touch (2006)
Perfect Day (2007)
Evacuate the Dancefloor (2009)
Original Me (2011)
Compilation albums
The Greatest Hits (2011)
Back on the Dancefloor (2012)
The Best of Cascada (2013)
Acoustic Sessions (2013)
Remix albums
The Remix Album (2006)
Holiday albums
It's Christmas Time (2012)
Singles
"Miracle"
"Everytime We Touch"
"Ready for Love"
"Last Christmas"
"What Do You Want from Me?"
"Faded"
"Perfect Day"
"Evacuate the Dancefloor"
"Fever"
"Dangerous"
"Pyromania"
"San Francisco"
"Au Revoir"
"Night Nurse"
"Summer of Love"
"Glorious"
"The World Is In My Hands"
"Madness"
Related articles
Discography
Robbins Entertainment
All Around The World
UK Tours
Siria
Carlprit
Book
Category
show
v
t
e
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Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution
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Amendment XXI in the National Archives
The Twenty-first Amendment (Amendment XXI) to the United States Constitution repealed the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which had mandated nationwide Prohibition on alcohol on January 16, 1919. The Twenty-first Amendment was ratified on December 5, 1933.[1] It is unique among the 27 amendments of the U.S. Constitution for being the only one to repeal a prior amendment and to have been ratified by state ratifying conventions.
Contents
[hide]
1 Text
2 Background
3 Proposal and ratification
4 Implementation
4.1 State and local control
4.2 Court rulings
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Text[edit]
Section 1. The eighteenth article of amendment to the Constitution of the United States is hereby repealed.
Section 2. The transportation or importation into any State, Territory, or possession of the United States for delivery or use therein of intoxicating liquors, in violation of the laws thereof, is hereby prohibited.
Section 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by conventions in the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress.
Background[edit]
Main articles: Prohibition in the United States and Volstead Act
The Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution had ushered in a period known as Prohibition, during which the manufacture, distribution, and sale of alcoholic beverages was illegal. Passage of the Eighteenth Amendment in 1919 was the crowning achievement of the temperance movement, but it soon proved highly unpopular. Crime rates soared under Prohibition as gangsters, such as Chicago's Al Capone, became rich from a profitable, often violent black market for alcohol. The federal government was incapable of stemming the tide: enforcement of the Volstead Act proved to be a nearly impossible task and corruption was rife among law enforcement agencies.[2] In 1932, wealthy industrialist John D. Rockefeller, Jr. stated in a letter:
When Prohibition was introduced, I hoped that it would be widely supported by public opinion and the day would soon come when the evil effects of alcohol would be recognized. I have slowly and reluctantly come to believe that this has not been the result. Instead, drinking has generally increased; the speakeasy has replaced the saloon; a vast army of lawbreakers has appeared; many of our best citizens have openly ignored Prohibition; respect for the law has been greatly lessened; and crime has increased to a level never seen before.[3]
As more and more Americans opposed the Eighteenth Amendment, a political movement grew for its repeal. However, repeal was complicated by grassroots politics. Although the U.S. Constitution provides two methods for ratifying constitutional amendments, only one method had been used up until that time; and that was for ratification by the state legislatures of three-fourths of the states. However, the wisdom of the day was that the lawmakers of many states were either beholden to or simply fearful of the temperance lobby. For that reason, when Congress formally proposed the repeal of Prohibition on February 20, 1933 (with the requisite two-thirds having voted in favor in each house; 63 to 21 in the United States Senate and 289 to 121 in the United States House of Representatives), it chose the second ratification method established by Article V, that being via state conventions. The Twenty-first Amendment is the only constitutional amendment ratified by state conventions rather than by the state legislatures.
Proposal and ratification[edit]
The Congress proposed the Twenty-first Amendment on February 20, 1933.[4]
The proposed amendment was adopted on December 5, 1933. It is the only amendment to have been ratified by state ratifying conventions, specially selected for the purpose.[5] All other amendments have been ratified by state legislatures. It is also the only amendment that was approved for the explicit purpose of repealing a previously existing amendment to the Constitution. The Twenty-first Amendment ending national prohibition became officially effective on December 15, though people started drinking openly before that date.[6]
The various responses of the 48 states is as follows:
The following states ratified the amendment:
Michigan (April 10, 1933)
Wisconsin (April 25, 1933)
Rhode Island (May 8, 1933)
Wyoming (May 25, 1933)
New Jersey (June 1, 1933)
Delaware (June 24, 1933)
Indiana (June 26, 1933)
Massachusetts (June 26, 1933)[7]
New York (June 27, 1933)
Illinois (July 10, 1933)
Iowa (July 10, 1933)
Connecticut (July 11, 1933)
New Hampshire (July 11, 1933)
California (July 24, 1933)
West Virginia (July 25, 1933)
Arkansas (August 1, 1933)
Oregon (August 7, 1933)
Alabama (August 8, 1933)
Tennessee (August 11, 1933)
Missouri (August 29, 1933)
Arizona (September 5, 1933)
Nevada (September 5, 1933)
Vermont (September 23, 1933)
Colorado (September 26, 1933)
Washington (October 3, 1933)
Minnesota (October 10, 1933)
Idaho (October 17, 1933)
Maryland (October 18, 1933)
Virginia (October 25, 1933)
New Mexico (November 2, 1933)
Florida (November 14, 1933)
Texas (November 24, 1933)
Kentucky (November 27, 1933)
Ohio (December 5, 1933)
Pennsylvania (December 5, 1933)
Utah (December 5, 1933)
Ratification was completed on December 5, 1933.
The amendment was subsequently ratified by conventions in the following states:
Maine (December 6, 1933)
Montana (August 6, 1934)
The amendment was rejected by the following state:
South Carolina (December 4, 1933)
Voters in the following state rejected holding a convention to consider the amendment:
North Carolina (November 7, 1933)
The following states took no action to consider the amendment:
Georgia
Kansas
Louisiana
Mississippi
Nebraska
North Dakota
Oklahoma
South Dakota
Implementation[edit]
After more than ten years of the country going dry, on December 6, 1932, Senator John Blaine of Wisconsin submitted a resolution onto the floor of the Senate to submit the amendment to the states for ratification, which followed in February 1933. The Amendment was quickly ratified, with Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Utah ratifying the amendment on December 5, 1933.
State and local control[edit]
The second section bans the importation of alcohol in violation of state or territorial law. This has been interpreted to give states essentially absolute control over alcoholic beverages, and many U.S. states still remained "dry" (with state prohibition of alcohol) long after its ratification. Mississippi was the last, remaining dry until 1966;[8] Kansas continued to prohibit public bars until 1987.[9] Many states now delegate the authority over alcohol granted to them by this Amendment to their municipalities or counties (or both), which has led to many lawsuits over First Amendment rights when local governments have tried to revoke liquor licenses.
Court rulings[edit]
Section 2 has been the source of every Supreme Court ruling directly addressing Twenty-first Amendment issues.
Early rulings suggested that Section 2 enabled states to legislate with exceptionally broad constitutional powers. In State Board of Equalization v. Young's Market Co., the Supreme Court recognized that "Prior to the Twenty-first Amendment it would obviously have been unconstitutional"[10] for a state to require a license and fee to import beer anywhere within its borders. First, the Court held that Section 2 abrogated the right to import intoxicating liquors free of a direct burden on interstate commerce, which otherwise would have been unconstitutional under the Commerce Clause before passage of the Twenty-first Amendment.[11] In its second holding, the Court rejected an equal protection claim because "A classification recognized by the Twenty-first Amendment cannot be deemed forbidden by the Fourteenth."[11] Over time, the Court has significantly curtailed this initial interpretation.
In Craig v. Boren (1976), the Supreme Court found that analysis under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment had not been affected by the passage of the Twenty-first Amendment. Although the Court did not specify whether the Twenty-first Amendment could provide an exception to any other constitutional protections outside of the Commerce Clause, it acknowledged "the relevance of the Twenty-first Amendment to other constitutional provisions becomes increasingly doubtful".[12] Likewise, it has been held that Section 2 of the Twenty-first Amendment does not affect the Supremacy Clause[13] or the Establishment Clause.Larkin v. Grendel's Den, Inc., 459 U.S. 116, 122, n. 5 (1982) However, the Craig v. Boren Court did distinguish two characteristics of state laws permitted by the Amendment, which otherwise might have run afoul of the Constitution. The constitutional issues in each centered or touched upon:(1) "importation of intoxicants, a regulatory area where the State's authority under the Twenty-first Amendment is transparently clear";[14] and (2) "purely economic matters that traditionally merit only the mildest review under the Fourteenth Amendment".[15] As to the Dormant Commerce Clause in particular, the Court clarified that, while not a pro tanto repeal, the Twenty-First Amendment nonetheless "primarily created an exception to the normal operation of the Commerce Clause".[16]
In South Dakota v. Dole (1987), the Supreme Court upheld the withholding of some federal highway funds[17] to South Dakota, because beer with an alcohol content below a specified percentage could be lawfully sold to adults under the age of 21 within the state.[18] In a 7–2 majority opinion by Chief Justice Rehnquist, the Court held that the offer of benefits is not coercion that inappropriately invades state sovereignty.[19] The Twenty-first Amendment could not constitute an "independent constitutional bar" to the spending power granted to Congress under Article I, section 8, clause 1 of the Constitution.[20] Justice Brennan, author of the majority opinion in Craig v. Boren, provided a brief but notable dissent based solely on Section 2.[21] Justice O'Connor also dissented, arguing that "the regulation of the age of the purchasers of liquor, just as the regulation of the price at which liquor may be sold, falls squarely within the scope of those powers reserved to the States by the Twenty-first Amendment."[22]
In 44 Liquormart, Inc. v. Rhode Island (1996), the Court held states cannot use the Twenty-first Amendment to abridge freedom of speech protections under the First Amendment.[23] Rhode Island imposed a law that prohibited advertisements that disclosed the retail prices of alcoholic beverages sold to the public. In declaring the law unconstitutional, the Court reiterated that "although the Twenty-first Amendment limits the effect of the Dormant Commerce Clause on a State's regulatory power over the delivery or use of intoxicating beverages within its borders, the Amendment does not license the States to ignore their obligations under other provisions of the Constitution".[24]
Most recently, however, Granholm v. Heald (2005) held that the Twenty-first Amendment does not overrule the Dormant Commerce Clause with respect to alcohol sales, and therefore states must treat in-state and out-of-state wineries equally. The Court criticized its earliest rulings on the issue, (including State Board of Equalization v. Young's Market Co.) and promulgated its most limited interpretation to date:
The aim of the Twenty-first Amendment was to allow States to maintain an effective and uniform system for controlling liquor by regulating its transportation, importation, and use. The Amendment did not give States the authority to pass nonuniform laws in order to discriminate against out-of-state goods, a privilege they had not enjoyed at any earlier time.[25]
In a lengthy dissent, Justice Thomas argued that the plain meaning of Section 2 removed "any doubt regarding its broad scope, the Amendment simplified the language of the Webb-Kenyon Act and made it clear that States could regulate importation destined for in-state delivery free of negative Commerce Clause restraints".[26] In his historical account, Justice Thomas argued the early precedent provided by State Board of Equalization v. Young's Market Co. was indeed correct, and furthered the original intent of the Twenty-first Amendment to provide a constitutional guarantee authorizing state regulation that might conflict with the Dormant Commerce Clause (similar to the Webb–Kenyon Act).
See also[edit]
Alcoholic beverage control state
List of alcohol laws of the United States by state
List of dry communities by U.S. state
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Roosevelt, Franklin (December 5, 1933), Proclamation 2065 - Repeal of the Eighteenth Amendment
Jump up ^ Mark Thornton, The Economics of Prohibition, Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1991.
Jump up ^ Letter on Prohibition - see Daniel Okrent, Great Fortune: The Epic of Rockefeller Center, New York: Viking Press, 2003. (pp.246/7).
Jump up ^ Mount, Steve (January 2007). "Ratification of Constitutional Amendments". Retrieved February 24, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Citizen or Subject?". Retrieved August 24, 2010. "An Overlooked Reconsideration of a Fundamental Question in U.S. Constitutional Law." Gilder, Eric and Hagger, Mervyn. British and American Studies (University of the West, Timisoara) 13 (2007): 163-74.
Jump up ^ Universal Newspaper Newsreel from late 1933
Jump up ^ Everett Somerville Brown, ed. (1938), Ratification of the Twenty-first Amendment to the Constitution of the United States: State Convention Records and Laws, Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press, p. 209.
Jump up ^ "Something to celebrate: Repeal of Prohibition". Msbrew.com. 2007-12-06. Retrieved 2011-12-19.
Jump up ^ "Restrictions still rule Kansas industry". Findarticles.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-11. Retrieved 2011-12-19.
Jump up ^ State Board of Equalization v. Young's Market Co., 299 U.S. 59, 62 (1936).
^ Jump up to: a b State Board of Equalization v. Young's Market Co., 299 U.S. at 64.
Jump up ^ Craig v. Boren, 429 U.S. 190, 206 (1976).
Jump up ^ California Retail Liquor Dealers Assn. v. Midcal Aluminum, Inc., 445 U.S. 97, 112-114 (1980).
Jump up ^ Craig, 429 U.S. at 207 (citing Hostetter v. Idlewild Bon Voyage Liquor Corp.377 U.S. 324, 330 and n.9 (1964))
Jump up ^ Craig, 429 U.S. at 207 (citing Joseph E. Seagram & Sons v. Hostetter, 384 U.S. 35, 47-48 and 50-51 (1966); and Williamson v. Lee Optical Co., 348 U.S. 483 (1955)) (emphasis added).
Jump up ^ Craig, 429 U.S. at 206 (citing Hostetter v. Idlewild Bon Voyage Liquor Corp., 377 U.S. 324, 330 & 322 (1964); Carter v. Virginia, 321 U.S. 131, 139-140 (1944) (Frankfurter, J., concurring); Finch & Co. v. McKittrick, 305 U.S. 395, 398 (1939); Department of Revenue v. James Beam Distilling Co., 377 U.S. 341 (1964); and Collins v. Yosemite Park & Curry Co., 304 U.S. 518 (1938)) (emphasis added).
Jump up ^ See 23 U.S.C. § 158(a)(1) (2009) ("The Secretary [of Transportation] shall withhold 10 per centum of the amount required to be apportioned to any State under [23 U.S.C. § 104(b)(1)-(2), (5)-(6)] ... in which the purchase or public possession in such State of any alcoholic beverage by a person who is less than twenty-one years of age is lawful.").
Jump up ^ Craig, 429 U.S. at 205; accord Griffin v. Sebek, 90 S.D. 692, 703-704 (1976) ("SDCL 35-6-27 provides: 'No licensee under this chapter shall sell or give any low-point beer to any person who is less than eighteen years old or to any person ... who is intoxicated at the time, or who is known to the seller to be an habitual drunkard.'") (quoting S.D. Codified Laws §§ 35-6-27 & 35-4-78(2) (1975)) (Dunn, C.J., dissenting), overruled on other grounds, Walz v. Hudson, 327 N.W.2d 120 (S.D. 1982), superseded by statute, S.D. Codified Laws § 35-4-78 (2009).
Jump up ^ Craig, 429 U.S. at 211.
Jump up ^ Craig, 429 U.S. at 209.
Jump up ^ Craig, 429 U.S. at 212 ("[R]egulation of the minimum age of purchasers of liquor falls squarely within the ambit of those powers reserved to the States by the Twenty-first Amendment. Since States possess this constitutional power, Congress cannot condition a federal grant in a manner that abridges this right. The Amendment, itself, strikes the proper balance between federal and state authority.") (Brennan, J., dissenting) (alteration added) (citation omitted)
Jump up ^ Craig, 429 U.S. at 218 (O'Connor, J., dissenting) (citing Capital Cities Cable, Inc. v. Crisp, 467 U.S. 691, 716 (1984)).
Jump up ^ 44 Liquormart, Inc. v. Rhode Island, 517 U.S. 484, 516 (1996).
Jump up ^ 44 Liquormart, 517 U.S. at 516 (quoting Capital Cities Cable, Inc. v. Crisp, 467 U.S. 691, 712 (1984)) (quotation omitted).
Jump up ^ Granholm v. Heald, 544 U.S. 460, 484-485 (2005).
Jump up ^ Granholm, 544 U.S. at 514 (Thomas, J., dissenting).
External links[edit]
CRS Annotated Constitution: Twenty first Amendment
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LCCN: n97009358
VIAF: 184385935
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twenty-first_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&oldid=840922273"
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1933 in American law
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