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STS-1
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This article is about the Space Shuttle flight. For Synchronous Transport Signal (level)-1 in the SONET hierarchy, see Synchronous optical networking. For the gene, see STS-1 (gene).
STS-1
The launch of STS-1
Mission type
Test flight
Operator
NASA
COSPAR ID
1981-034A
SATCAT no.
12399
Mission duration
2 days, 6 hours, 20 minutes, 53 seconds
Distance travelled
1,728,000 kilometres (1,074,000 mi)
Orbits completed
37
Spacecraft properties
Spacecraft
Space Shuttle Columbia
Crew
Crew size
2
Members
John W. Young
Robert L. Crippen
Start of mission
Launch date
12 April 1981, 12:00:03 (1981-04-12UTC12:00:03Z) UTC
Launch site
Kennedy LC-39A
End of mission
Landing date
14 April 1981, 18:20:57 (1981-04-14UTC18:20:58Z) UTC
Landing site
Edwards, Runway 23
Orbital parameters
Reference system
Geocentric
Regime
Low Earth
Perigee
266 kilometres (165 mi)
Apogee
271 kilometres (168 mi)
Inclination
40.3
Period
89.88 minutes
Epoch
13 April 1981

John W. Young and Robert L. Crippen
Space Shuttle program
STS-2 →
STS-1 (Space Transportation System-1) was the first orbital spaceflight of NASA's Space Shuttle program. The first orbiter, Columbia, launched on 12 April 1981 and returned on 14 April, 54.5 hours later, having orbited the Earth 37 times. Columbia carried a crew of two – mission commander John W. Young and pilot Robert L. Crippen. It was the first American manned space flight since the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project in 1975. STS-1 was also the only maiden test flight of a new US spacecraft to carry a crew, though it was preceded by atmospheric testing of the orbiter and ground testing of the space shuttle system.
The launch occurred on the 20th anniversary of the first-ever human spaceflight. This was a coincidence rather than a celebration of the anniversary; a technical problem had prevented STS-1 from launching two days earlier, as was planned.
Contents
[hide]
1 Crew
1.1 Backup crew
1.2 Support crew
2 Mission parameters
3 Suborbital mission plan
4 Mission summary
4.1 Mission anomalies
5 Mission insignia
6 Anniversary
7 External tank
8 In popular culture
9 Wake-up calls
10 Pad fatalities
11 Gallery
12 See also
13 References
14 Further reading
15 External links
Crew[edit]
Position
Astronaut
Commander
John W. Young
Fifth spaceflight
Pilot
Robert L. Crippen
First spaceflight
Both Young and Crippen were selected as the STS-1 crew in March 1978. Young was the most experienced astronaut in NASA at the time and was also the only member of his astronaut class in service. He had first flown in 1965 as pilot of Gemini 3, the first manned flight of the Gemini program, and would later command Gemini 10 in 1966. After the conclusion of the Gemini program, Young flew as command module pilot of Apollo 10 in 1969 and walked on the Moon as commander of Apollo 16 in 1972. He later became Chief of the Astronaut Office in 1974. Crippen, who had joined NASA in 1969 after the cancellation of the Manned Orbiting Laboratory, was a rookie and would become the first of his astronaut group to fly in space. Prior to his selection on STS-1, Crippen participated in the Skylab Medical Experiment Altitude Test and also served as a capsule communicator for all three Skylab missions and the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project.
Columbia was manifested with EMUs for both Young and Crippen in the event of an emergency spacewalk. If such an event occurred, Crippen would go outside the orbiter, with Young standing by in case Crippen required assistance.[1]
Backup crew[edit]
Position
Astronaut
Commander
Joe H. Engle
Pilot
Richard H. Truly
Support crew[edit]
Daniel C. Brandenstein (ascent CAPCOM)[2]
Henry W. Hartsfield[2]
Joseph P. Allen (entry CAPCOM)[2]
Mission parameters[edit]
Mass:
Orbiter liftoff: 219,256 lb (99,453 kg)
Orbiter landing: 195,466 lb (88,662 kg)
DFI payload: 10,822 lb (4,909 kg)
Perigee: 149 mi (240 km)
Apogee: 156 mi (251 km)
Inclination: 40.3°
Orbital period: 89.4 min
Suborbital mission plan[edit]
During the original planning stages for the early shuttle missions, NASA management felt a need to undertake initial tests of the system prior to the first orbital flight. To that end, they suggested that STS-1, instead of being an orbital flight, be used to test the Return To Launch Site (RTLS) abort scenario. This involved an abort being called in the first few moments after launch, and using its main engines, once the SRBs had been jettisoned, to power it back to the launch site. This scenario, while potentially necessary in the event of an early abort being called, was seen as being extremely dangerous and, as a consequence, John Young overruled the proposal, and STS-1 went ahead as the first orbital mission.[3] The NASA managers were swayed by Young questioning the need for the test, and the weight of his opinion was strong especially as someone who not only been to the moon twice, but walked on it.[3] He would go on the Shuttle again with STS-9 mission, a ten-day flight in 1983
Let’s not practice Russian roulette, because you may have a loaded gun there.
—  Shuttle Commander on testing Return To Launch Site[3]
Mission summary[edit]
The External Tank is released from the Space Shuttle
The first launch of the Space Shuttle occurred on 12 April 1981, exactly 20 years after the first manned space flight, when the orbiter Columbia, with two crew members, astronauts John W. Young, commander, and Robert L. Crippen, pilot, lifted off from Pad A, Launch Complex 39, at the Kennedy Space Center. The launch took place at 7 a.m. EST. A launch attempt two days earlier was scrubbed because of a timing problem in one of Columbia’s general-purpose computers.
Attempt
Planned
Result
Turnaround
Reason
Decision point
Weather go (%)
Notes
1 1981-04-10 7:00:00 !10 Apr 1981, 7:00:00 am Scrubbed --- Technical (T-18) Timing problem in one of Columbia’s general-purpose computers. A software patch was installed to correct.[4]
2 1981-04-12 7:00:03 !12 Apr 1981, 7:00:03 am Success 2 days, 0 hours, 0 minutes
Not only was this the first launch of the Space Shuttle, but it marked the first time that solid-fuel rockets were used for a NASA manned launch (although all of the Mercury and Apollo astronauts had relied on a solid-fuel motor in their escape towers and Mercury capsules had a solid-fueled retrorocket pack). STS-1 was also the first U.S. manned space vehicle launched without an unmanned powered test flight. The STS-1 orbiter, Columbia, also holds the record for the amount of time spent in the Orbiter Processing Facility (OPF) before launch – 610 days, the time needed for the replacement of many of its heat shield tiles.
The primary mission objectives of the maiden flight were to perform a general check out of the Space Shuttle system, accomplish a safe ascent into orbit and to return to Earth for a safe landing. The only payload carried on the mission was a Development Flight Instrumentation (DFI) package, which contained sensors and measuring devices to record the orbiter's performance and the stresses that occurred during launch, ascent, orbital flight, descent and landing. All of these objectives were met successfully, and the orbiter's spaceworthiness was verified.
During the second day of the mission, the astronauts received a phone call from Vice President George H. W. Bush. President Ronald Reagan had originally intended to visit the Mission Control Center during the mission, but at the time was still recovering from an assassination attempt which had taken place two weeks before the launch (in fact Reagan had only returned home to the White House the day prior to the launch).
Columbia reached an orbital altitude of 166 nautical miles (307 km). The 37-orbit, 1,074,567-mile (1,729,348 km)-long flight lasted 2 days, 6 hours, 20 minutes and 53 seconds. Landing occurred on Runway 23 at Edwards Air Force Base, California, at 10:21 am PST on 14 April 1981.[5] Columbia was returned to Kennedy Space Center from California on 28 April atop the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft.
Mission anomalies[edit]
Play media
STS-1 touches down at Edwards Air Force Base
STS-1 crew in Space Shuttle Columbia's cabin. This is view of training in 1980 in the Orbiter Processing Facility
STS-1 was the first test flight of what was, at the time, the most complex spacecraft ever built. Numerous anomalies were observed during and after the flight, owing to the many components and systems that could not otherwise be adequately tested. Notable anomalies included:
Similar to the first Saturn V launch in 1967, NASA underestimated the amount of noise and vibration produced by the Shuttle. Shock waves from the SRB thrust were deflected up into the orbiter's tail section, which could have caused structural or other damage. An improved water suppressant system was later installed in LC 39A to dampen vibrations.[6]
Pilot Crippen reported that, throughout the first stage of the launch up to SRB separation, he saw "white stuff" coming off the External Tank and splattering the windows, which was probably the white paint covering the ET's thermal foam.[7]
The astronauts' on-orbit visual inspection showed significant damage to the thermal protection tiles on the OMS/RCS pods at the orbiter's aft end, and John Young reported that two tiles on the nose looked like someone had taken "big bites out of them."[7] The Air Force also photographed the orbiter using a KH-11 KENNAN reconnaissance satellite. Due to the top secret nature of the satellite, only a small number of NASA personnel were aware of this, and they had arranged for the photography prior to the launch as a precaution to make sure no damage had been done to the thermal tiles on the underside of the orbiter, as there had never been a flight of a manned spacecraft before where the heat shield was exposed to the vacuum of space for the entire duration of the mission. Young and Crippen were instructed to perform maneuvers with the RCS thrusters to align Columbia so that the KH-11 could photograph it, but were not informed of the reason for them. Aligning the shuttle's low Earth orbit with the KH-11's polar orbit was a somewhat tricky move, and launch on April 12 took place a few hours later than planned due to the need to get the KH-11 into correct orientation for imaging the shuttle. Images obtained confirmed that damage to Columbia was not serious.[8][9] Post-flight inspection of Columbia confirmed that approximately 16 undensified tiles near the OMS pod had been lost during ascent.[10]
Columbia's aerodynamics at high Mach numbers during reentry were found to differ significantly in some respects from those estimated in pre-flight testing. A misprediction of the location of the center of pressure (due to using an ideal gas model instead of a real gas model) caused the computer to have to extend the body flap by sixteen degrees rather than the expected eight or nine, and side-slip during the first bank reversal maneuver was twice as high as predicted.[11][12]
The orbiter's heat shield was damaged when an overpressure wave from the solid rocket booster caused a forward RCS oxidizer strut to fail.[13] The same overpressure wave also forced the shuttle's "body flap" – an extension on the orbiter's underbelly that helps to control pitch during reentry – into an angle well beyond the point where cracking or rupture of its hydraulic system would have been expected. Such damage would have made a controlled descent impossible, with John Young later admitting that had the crew known about this, they would have flown the shuttle up to a safe altitude and ejected, causing Columbia to have been lost on the first flight.
The strike plate next to the forward latch of Columbia's external tank door was melted and distorted due to excess heat exposure during reentry. This heat was attributed to an improperly installed tile adjacent to the plate.[14]
During remarks at a 2003 gathering, John Young stated that a protruding tile gap filler ducted hot gas into the right main landing gear well, which caused significant damage, including the buckling of the landing gear door.[15] He said that neither he nor Crippen were told about this incident and he was not aware that it had happened until reading the postflight mission report for STS-1, also adding that the gas leak was noted in the report, but not the buckling of the landing door. (The buckling of the door is in fact in the anomaly report, anomaly STS-1-V-49.)[16]
Despite these problems, the STS-1 mission was completed successfully, and in most respects Columbia performed optimally. After some modifications to the shuttle and to the launch and reentry procedures, Columbia flew the next four Shuttle missions.
Mission insignia[edit]
The artwork for the official mission insignia was designed by artist Robert McCall.[17] It is a symbolic representation of the shuttle. The image does not depict the black wing roots present on the actual shuttle.
Anniversary[edit]
The plaque of the Young-Crippen Firing Room in the Launch Control Center at Kennedy Space Center.
The ultimate launch date of STS-1 fell on the 20th anniversary of Yuri Gagarin's Vostok 1, the first spaceflight to carry a human crew. In 2001, Yuri's Night was established to celebrate both events. In a tribute to the 25th anniversary of the first flight of Space Shuttle, Firing Room 1 in the Launch Control Center at Kennedy Space Center – which launched STS-1 – was renamed the Young-Crippen Firing Room. NASA described the mission as "the boldest test flight in history".[18]
External tank[edit]
STS-1 and STS-2 were the only two shuttle flights to have the External Tank (ET) painted white. To reduce the shuttle's overall weight, all flights from STS-3 onward used an unpainted tank. The use of an unpainted tank provided a weight saving of approximately 272 kilograms (600 lb),[19] and gave the ET the distinctive orange color which later became associated with the Space Shuttle.
In popular culture[edit]
The song "Countdown", by Rush, from the 1982 album Signals, was written about STS-1 and the inaugural flight of Columbia.[20] The song was "dedicated with thanks to astronauts Young and Crippen and all the people of NASA for their inspiration and cooperation".
IMAX cameras filmed the launch, landing, and mission control during the flight, for a film entitled Hail Columbia!, which debuted in 1982 and later became available on DVD. The title of the film comes from the pre-1930s unofficial American national anthem, Hail, Columbia.
Wake-up calls[edit]
NASA began a tradition of playing music to astronauts during the Gemini program, and first used music to wake up a flight crew during Apollo 15.[21] A special musical track is chosen for each day in space, often by the astronauts' families, to have a special meaning to an individual member of the crew, or in reference to the day's planned activities.[22]
Flight Day
Song
Artist/Composer
Day 2 "Blast-Off Columbia" Written by Jerry W. Rucker, a NASA shuttle technician; sung by Roy McCall
Day 3 "Reveille" Houston DJs Hudson and Harrigan
Pad fatalities[edit]
"I think it is only right that we mention a couple of guys that gave their lives a few weeks ago in our countdown demonstration test: John Bjornstad and Forrest Cole. They believed in the space program, and it meant a lot to them. I am sure they would be thrilled to see where we have the vehicle now. "
STS-1 Commander John Young, tribute given in-orbit to the victims of the accident.[23]
An accident occurred on March 19, 1981 that led to the deaths of three people. During a countdown test for STS-1, a pure nitrogen atmosphere was introduced in the aft engine compartment of Columbia to reduce the danger of an explosion from the many other potentially dangerous gases on board the orbiter.[23][24] At the conclusion of the test, pad workers were given clearance to return to work on the orbiter, even though the nitrogen had not yet been purged due to a recent procedure change. Three technicians, John Bjornstand, Forrest Cole, and Nick Mullon, entered the compartment without air packs, unaware of the danger since nitrogen gas is odorless and colorless, and lost consciousnesses due to lack of oxygen.[25] Several minutes later, another worker saw them and tried to help, but passed out himself.[26] The fourth did not alert anyone, but was himself seen by two other people.[26] Of those two, one alerted a security guard and another went to help the unconscious group.[26] The security guard entered the compartment with an air pack and removed the five men from the compartment.[25]
Security procedures delayed ambulances from arriving on the scene by several minutes.[25] Bjornstad died at the scene; Cole died two weeks later without ever regaining consciousness, and Mullon suffered permanent brain damage and died 14 years later from complications of his injuries.[27][28][29][30] These were the first launchpad deaths at Canaveral since the Apollo 1 fire, which claimed the lives of three astronauts during preparations for the manned moon landing missions.[24]
The incident did not delay the launch of STS-1 less than a month later, but the commander of that mission gave an on-orbit tribute to Bjornstad and Cole.[23] A three-month inquiry determined a combination of a recent change in safety procedures and a miscommunication during the operations were the cause of the accident.[25] A report called LC-39A Mishap Investigation Board Final Report was released with the findings.[23] The names of John Bjornstad, Forrest Cole and Nicholas Mullon are engraved on a monument at the US Space Walk of Fame in Florida.[23]
Further information: List of spaceflight-related accidents and incidents § Other non-astronaut fatalities
Gallery[edit]
Columbia's arrival at Complex 39A, December 29, 1980.
Arrival at Complex 39A.
Columbia at Launch Pad A, Complex 39, April 12, 1981.
Commander John Young (right) and Pilot Robert Crippen (left) suit up for launch, April 12, 1981.
The launch of STS-1.
Columbia lifts off at the beginning of STS-1.
Columbia's cargo bay and aft section, April 12, 1981.
Columbia landing on Rogers dry lake bed at Edwards Air Force Base, April 14, 1981.
Columbia after its successful landing.
An overall view of the mission operations control room during Columbia's landing phase.
Columbia, mated to the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft, arrives at Kennedy Space Center after STS-1 to be prepared for its next mission.
See also[edit]
Spaceflight portal
List of human spaceflights
List of Space Shuttle missions
Space Shuttle Columbia disaster
References[edit]
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
Jump up ^ "STS-1 Press Kit" (PDF). NASA. 1981. p. 36. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c STS-1 Transcript. Internet Archive. Retrieved 19 October 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c Dunn, Terry (26 February 2014). "The Space Shuttle’s Controversial Launch Abort Plan". Tested. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "Space Shuttle Mission Summary" (PDF). NASA Johnson Space Center.
Jump up ^ "STS-1 Overview". NASA. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "FAQ: Why do you drop water under the shuttle as the engines start?". NASA. 5 January 1999. Archived from the original on 15 May 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b STS-1 Technical Crew Debriefing, page 4-4
Jump up ^ http://www.thespacereview.com/article/3219/1
Jump up ^ King, James R. (13 April 1981). "NASA says missing tiles no threat to shuttle". The Madison Courier. Associated Press. Retrieved 22 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "STS-1 Anomaly Report" (PDF). NASA. 27 February 2003. p. 5.
Jump up ^ "STS-1 Anomaly Report" (PDF). NASA. 27 February 2003. p. 27.
Jump up ^ Iliff, Kenneth; Shafer, Mary (June 1993). "Space Shuttle Hypersonic Aerodynamic and Aerothermodynamic Flight Research and the Comparison to Ground Test Results" (PDF). Google Docs. pp. 5–6. Retrieved 16 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "STS-1 Anomaly Report" (PDF). NASA. 27 February 2003. p. 39.
Jump up ^ "STS-1 Anomaly Report" (PDF). NASA. 27 February 2003. p. 19.
Jump up ^ Jeff Foust (14 April 2003). "John Young’s shuttle secret". Space Review. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
Jump up ^ STS-1 In-Flight Anomaly report. NASA. p.33. Retrieved 16 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "STS-1 Press Kit" (PDF). NASA. 1981. p. 3. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "NASA – STS-1". Nasa.gov. Retrieved 12 August 2010.
Jump up ^ NASA. "NASA Takes Delivery of 100th Space Shuttle External Tank." Press release. p. 99–193. 16 August 1999. Retrieved 17 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "25 years later, JSC remembers shuttle’s first flight". JSC Features. Johnson Spaceflight Center. 2006. Retrieved 3 March 2010.
Jump up ^ Fries, Colin (25 June 2007). "Chronology of Wakeup Calls" (PDF). NASA. Retrieved 13 August 2007.
Jump up ^ "Chronology of Wakeup Calls" (PDF). NASA. May 13, 2015. Retrieved June 29, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Burlison, Terry. "Columbia's First Victims". www.baen.com. Baen Books. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Wilford, John Noble (1981-03-20). "SHUTTLE PASSES TEST; A WORKER IS KILLED". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-01-10.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Long, Tony (19 March 2009). "March 19, 1981: Shuttle Columbia’s First Fatalities". WIRED. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c White, Rowland; Truly, Richard (2016-04-19). Into the Black: The Extraordinary Untold Story of the First Flight of the Space Shuttle Columbia and the Astronauts Who Flew Her. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9781501123627.
Jump up ^ NASA – 1981 KSC Chronology Part 1 – pages 84, 85, 100; Part 2 – pages 181, 194, 195, Archived 5 June 2001 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Sam Kean, The Disappearing Spoon (2010), p. 188
Jump up ^ "One Dead In Shuttle Accident", Spartanburg, SC – Herald-Journal Newspaper, Mar 20, 1981
Jump up ^ "Space shuttle worker dies in fall at launch pad", MSNBC.com – 3rd paragraph from bottom of article., 3/14/2011
Further reading[edit]
Young, John W.; Crippen, Robert L. (October 1981). "Columbia's Astronauts' Own Story: Our Phenomenal First Flight". National Geographic. Vol. 160 no. 4. pp. 478–503. ISSN 0027-9358. OCLC 643483454.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to STS-1.
STS-1 video highlights. NSS.
NBC News coverage of launch of STS-1.
Hail Columbia! on IMDb.
[show]
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Space Shuttle Columbia (OV-102)
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Status
Out of service: destroyed 1 February 2003 (STS-107)
See also
Columbia Accident Investigation Board
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STS-144
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← 1980 · Orbital launches in 1981 · 1982 →
Kosmos 1237 | Molniya-3 No.25 | Kosmos 1238 | Kosmos 1239 | Kosmos 1240 | Kosmos 1241 | Musson No.11 | Progress 12 | Kosmos 1242 | Molniya 1-49 | Kosmos 1243 | Interkosmos 21 | Kiku 3 | Kosmos 1244 | Kosmos 1245 | Kosmos 1246 | Kosmos 1247 | Hinotori | Comstar D4 | OPS 1166 | Kosmos 1248 | Kosmos 1249 | Kosmos 1250 · Kosmos 1251 · Kosmos 1252 · Kosmos 1253 · Kosmos 1254 · Kosmos 1255 · Kosmos 1256 · Kosmos 1257 | Soyuz T-4 | Kosmos 1258 | OPS 7350 | Kosmos 1259 | Gran' No.18L | Kosmos 1260 | Soyuz 39 | Molniya-3 No.24 | Yantar-2K No.979 | Kosmos 1261 | Kosmos 1262 | Kosmos 1263 | STS-1 | Kosmos 1264 | Kosmos 1265 | Kosmos 1266 | OPS 7225 | Kosmos 1267 | Kosmos 1268 | Kosmos 1269 | Soyuz 40 | Meteor-2 No.8 | Nova-1 | Kosmos 1270 | Kosmos 1271 | Kosmos 1272 | Kosmos 1273 | GOES 5 | Intelsat V F-1 | Rohini RS-D1 | Kosmos 1274 | Kosmos 1275 | Molniya-3 No.30 | Kosmos 1276 | Kosmos 1277 | Meteosat 2 · APPLE · CAT-3 | Kosmos 1278 | NOAA-7 | Molniya 1-50 | Ekran No.21L | Kosmos 1279 | Kosmos 1280 | Kosmos 1281 | Meteor-Priroda 2-4 · Iskra 1 | Kosmos 1282 | Kosmos 1283 | Kosmos 1284 | Gran' No.19L | DE-1 · DE-2 | Kosmos 1285 | Kosmos 1286 | FLTSATCOM 5 | Kosmos 1287 · Kosmos 1288 · Kosmos 1289 · Kosmos 1290 · Kosmos 1291 · Kosmos 1292 · Kosmos 1293 · Kosmos 1294 | Bulgaria 1300 | Himawari 2 | Kosmos 1295 | Kosmos 1296 | Kosmos 1297 | Kosmos 1298 | Kosmos 1299 | Kosmos 1300 | Kosmos 1301 | Kosmos 1302 | OPS 3984 | Kosmos 1303 | Kosmos 1304 | Kosmos 1305 | Kosmos 1306 | Kosmos 1307 | Kosmos 1308 | Kosmos 1309 | Shijian 2 · Shijian 2-01 · Shijian 2-02 | Oreol 3 | Kosmos 1310 | SBS 2 | Kosmos 1311 | Kosmos 1312 | Kosmos 1313 | SME · UoSAT-1 | Kosmos 1314 | Gran' No.20L | Kosmos 1315 | Kosmos 1316 | Molniya-3 No.31 | Venera 13 | OPS 4029 | Kosmos 1317 | Kosmos 1318 | Venera 14 | STS-2 | Kosmos 1319 | Molniya 1-51 | Satcom 3R | Bhaskara 2 | Kosmos 1320 · Kosmos 1321 · Kosmos 1322 · Kosmos 1323 · Kosmos 1324 · Kosmos 1325 · Kosmos 1326 · Kosmos 1327 | Kosmos 1328 | Kosmos 1329 | Intelsat V F-3 | RS-3 · RS-4 · RS-5 · RS-6 · RS-7 · RS-8 | Navstar 7 | Kosmos 1330 | MARECS-1 · CAT-4 | Molniya-1 No.55
Payloads are separated by bullets ( · ), launches by pipes ( | ). Manned flights are indicated in bold text. Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in italics. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in (brackets).
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The Offspring (Star Trek: The Next Generation)
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
"The Offspring"
Star Trek: The Next Generation episode
Episode no.
Season 3
Episode 16
Directed by
Jonathan Frakes
Written by
René Echevarria
Production code
164
Original air date
March 12, 1990 (1990-03-12)
Guest appearance(s)
Hallie Todd as Lal
Nicolas Coster as Admiral Anthony Haftel
Whoopi Goldberg as Guinan
Judyann Elder as Ballard
Diane Moser as Ten Forward Crewmember
Hayne Bayle as Ten Forward Crewmember
Maria Leone as Ten Forward Crewmember
James G. Becker as Ten Forward Crewmember (Youngblood)
Episode chronology
← Previous
"Yesterday's Enterprise" Next →
"Sins of the Father"
List of Star Trek: The Next Generation episodes
"The Offspring" is the 16th episode of the third season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek: The Next Generation, and the 64th episode of the series overall.
The android Data creates a "child" of his own named Lal and tries to raise her, while Picard takes on Starfleet Research to keep them from taking her away.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Production
3 Reception
4 References
5 External links
Plot[edit]
Data invites Deanna Troi, Wesley Crusher and Geordi La Forge to his lab and surprises them by introducing a featureless humanoid android, whom he created based on his own structural design and recent advances in Federation cybernetics technology, describing it as his child. He names the android Lal (after the Hindi word for "beloved") and encourages it to select a gender and appearance. With Troi's assistance and considering many of the on-board species as well as the databanks, Lal narrows down to four possibilities, including a Klingon male, which, as Troi points out, would make it "a friend for Worf", but in the end selects the appearance of a young female human.
Data first aids Lal with cognitive and standard behavioral algorithms, as well encourages her to interact with other members of the crew to learn behavioral and social customs. After a failed attempt to place her in school, due to the other children being intimidated by her, he places her under Guinan's care at Ten-Forward. This leads to some awkward moments, such as Lal misunderstanding the concept of flirting and kissing, which she first interpreted as "attacking" until Guinan makes an effort at explaining the practice. Intrigued by this, Lal engages in suddenly dragging and kissing Commander Riker over the bar, leaving him baffled and earning him a fatherly scolding à la "What are your intentions towards my daughter?" when Data walks in on them. Lal nevertheless adapts very quickly, even, to everyone's amazement, surpassing Data as stated by her ability to use contractions, something Data never achieved.
Captain Jean-Luc Picard, being informed about Lal and her progress, expresses concern to Data for constructing Lal in secrecy, but Data reminds him that he would not express such concern were two human crewmembers to decide to procreate, to which the captain has little argument. Nevertheless, Picard, as per general orders, reports to Starfleet, prompting Admiral Haftel to arrive to evaluate Lal. From the outset, Haftel is determined to transfer Lal to a Starfleet science facility. He interviews Lal, where she reveals her desire to remain on the Enterprise with her father, but Haftel is unmoved.
Upon leaving the meeting, Lal visits Troi in the counselor's quarters. Lal is clearly confused and distraught, and to Troi's amazement, reveals that she is feeling fear. Experiencing an overload of information and emotions, Lal soon stops speaking and wanders off, eventually returning to Data's lab (as she is programmed to do in the event of a malfunction).
In the meantime, Haftel meets with Data and orders him to release Lal into Starfleet's custody. Though Data moves to comply, Picard orders him to stand fast and reminds him and the Admiral that Data is a sentient life form with defined rights and cannot be ordered to turn what is in essence his child over to the state. But before the discussion can get any more tense, they are interrupted by a call from Troi who explains what has happened to Lal and asks everyone to come to Data's lab at once.
Upon arriving, Data's diagnostics find Lal's emotional outburst is a symptom of a cascade failure in her positronic brain, and they must work fast to stop it. Seeing Data's sincerity, Haftel offers to assist Data, who accepts. Some time later, a worn-out Haftel leaves the lab and informs Troi, Wesley, and Geordi that they have failed. Visibly moved at Data's determination to save his child, Haftel explains the failure was irreparable. He is visibly overwhelmed himself, concluding that Lal will not survive for long. Data apologizes to Lal that he could not save her, but Lal thanks Data for her creation. She lets him know she loves him and will feel the emotion for both of them. Data returns to the bridge, and Picard conveys the crew's condolences, but Data reveals that he has downloaded Lal's memories into his own neural net, allowing Lal's memories and experiences to live on.
Production[edit]
The episode was directed by Jonathan Frakes, who also portrayed Commander William Riker. It was the first of many Star Trek episodes to be directed by a member of the cast. It was Frakes' directorial debut. The episode was written as a spec script by René Echevarria and was bought by the show. Echevarria did a re-write which was touched up by staff writers. Echevarria was subsequently hired to re-write the episode "Transfigurations" and would become a regular writer and story editor for the show.[1]
Reception[edit]
This episode is rated 4.6/5 on Star Trek.com[2] (24 June 2008), and Michael Dorn said this was one of his two favorite episodes, the other being "The Drumhead", which was also directed by Jonathan Frakes.[3]
Patrick Stewart has expressed in interviews that "The Offspring" is his favorite episode. However, on a separate occasion, he has stated that his favorite episode was "The Inner Light", and on another occasion that his favorite episode was "In Theory" (his directorial debut).
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Lou Anders (July 1997). "The Pen Is Mightier Than The Sword". Star Trek Magazine. Titan. pp. 30–34.
Jump up ^ "Star Trek Offspring, The". Startrek.com. Retrieved 2012-08-06.
Jump up ^ "GAMING :: TrekCore". Gaming.trekcore.com. Retrieved 2013-10-23.
Star Trek The Next Generation DVD set, volume 3, disc 4, selection 4.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: The Offspring
The Offspring on IMDb
"The Offspring" at TV.com
The Offspring at Memory Alpha (a Star Trek wiki)
The Offspring at StarTrek.com
The Offspring rewatch by Keith R.A. DeCandido
"The Offspring" rewatch by Zack Handlen of The A.V. Club
[hide]
v
t
e
Star Trek: The Next Generation episodes
Seasons
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Season 3
"Evolution"
"The Ensigns of Command"
"The Survivors"
"Who Watches the Watchers"
"The Bonding"
"Booby Trap"
"The Enemy"
"The Price"
"The Vengeance Factor"
"The Defector"
"The Hunted"
"The High Ground"
"Déjà Q"
"A Matter of Perspective"
"Yesterday's Enterprise"
"The Offspring"
"Sins of the Father"
"Allegiance"
"Captain's Holiday"
"Tin Man"
"Hollow Pursuits"
"The Most Toys"
"Sarek"
"Ménage à Troi"
"Transfigurations"
"The Best of Both Worlds, Part I"
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Offspring_(Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation)&oldid=842844698"
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text:
The Long Way (Brett Eldredge song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"The Long Way"
Single by Brett Eldredge
from the album Brett Eldredge
Released
August 21, 2017 (2017-08-21)
Format
Digital download
Recorded
August–September 2016
Studio
The Castle (Nashville, TN)
Genre
Country
Length
3:28
Label
Atlantic Nashville
Songwriter(s)
Brett Eldredge
Matt Rogers
Producer(s)
Ross Copperman
Brett Eldredge
Brett Eldredge singles chronology
"Somethin' I'm Good At"
(2017) "The Long Way"
(2017)
"Somethin' I'm Good At"
(2017) "The Long Way"
(2017)
"The Long Way" is a song written and recorded by American country music singer Brett Eldredge for his self-titled third studio album (2017). Matt Rogers co-wrote the song, while Ross Copperman co-produced the song with Eldredge.[1] It was first released digitally on May 12, 2017 as a promotional single for the album.[2] "The Long Way" was serviced to American country radio on August 21, 2017 through Atlantic Records and Warner Music Nashville as the second official single from Brett Eldredge.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Content
2 Critical reception
3 Music video
4 Chart performance
5 Charts
6 Certifications
7 Release history
8 References
9 External links
Content[edit]
"The Long Way" is a midtempo country ballad with influences of pop music.[4] The song is "a look into what I want to find in love," according to a press release from Eldredge.[5] Lyrically, the song describes how a lover can get to know their partner on a deeper level by exploring their history and their hometown.[6] "The Long Way" was written at a time where Eldredge was looking for true love and his cowriter, Matt Rogers, was soon to be married, which inspired the romantic lyrics.[7] Certain details were inspired by the writers' upbringings while others were generalized.[7]
Critical reception[edit]
Cillea Houghton of Sounds Like Nashville wrote that "The Long Way" is a "standout track" on the album that "allows his voice to shine," and is a "real charmer."[4] Top Country also labelled the song as a highlight of the album, writing, "the emotional melodies intertwine with the lyrics to make the story come to life, like any perfect country song."[8] Taylor Weatherby of Billboard included "The Long Way" on a list of Eldredge's 10 best songs and wrote, "this love song from his latest record proves that he has quite the range -- while also giving further proof that he’s a king at writing lyrics that make you melt."[9]
Music video[edit]
The music video was directed by Jim Shea and premiered on CMT, GAC & CMT Music in October 2017.
Chart performance[edit]
"The Long Way" debuted at number 41 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart dated June 3, 2017.[10] The song sold 11,000 copies in its first week, debuting at number 14 on the Country Digital Song Sales component chart.[11] The song re-entered the chart at number 38 for the week of August 26, 2017 and has since reached a peak position of 23.[12][13] "The Long Way" debuted at number 56 on the Country Airplay chart dated September 9, 2017.[14] The song has sold 126,000 copies in the United States as of March 2018.[15]
Charts[edit]
Chart (2017–18)
Peak
position
Canada Country (Billboard)[16]
7
US Billboard Hot 100[17]
65
US Country Airplay (Billboard)[18]
5
US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[13]
8
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Canada (Music Canada)[19]
Gold 40,000^
^shipments figures based on certification alone
Release history[edit]
Country
Date
Format
Label
Ref.
Worldwide
May 12, 2017 Digital download Atlantic [20]
United States
August 21, 2017 Country radio
Atlantic
Warner Music Nashville
[3]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Long Way - Brett Eldredge | Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved September 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Brett Eldredge Debuts New Single 'The Long Way'". Radio.com. CBS Corporation. May 12, 2017. Retrieved September 9, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Future Releases for Country Radio Stations". All Access Media Group. Archived from the original on August 15, 2017. Retrieved September 9, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Houghton, Cillea (August 2, 2017). "Album Review: Brett Eldredge's Self-Titled Fourth Album". Sounds Like Nashville. SpinMedia. Retrieved September 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ Brickey, Kelly (August 11, 2017). "Brett Eldredge Gets Vulnerable About Love in 'The Long Way'". Sounds Like Nashville. SpinMedia. Retrieved September 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ Stefano, Angela (August 7, 2017). "Brett Eldredge Shares 'The Long Way' as Next Single [LISTEN]". The Boot. Townsquare Media. Retrieved September 9, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Dukes, Billy. "Lyrics Uncovered: Brett Eldredge, 'The Long Way'". Taste of Country. Townsquare Media. Retrieved September 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ "On Repeat: Brett Eldredge's New Self-Titled Album". Top Country. TC Inc. August 15, 2017. Retrieved September 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ Weatherby, Taylor (August 14, 2017). "Brett Eldredge's 10 Best Songs: Critic's Picks". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved September 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Hot Country Songs: The Week of June 3, 2017". Billboard. Retrieved September 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ Bjorke, Matt (May 23, 2017). "Top 30 Digital Country Singles Chart: May 23, 2017". Roughstock. Cheri Media. Retrieved September 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Hot Country Songs: The Week of August 26, 2017". Billboard. Retrieved September 9, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Brett Eldredge Chart History (Hot Country Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved April 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Chart history for "The Long Way" on Country Airplay". Billboard. Retrieved September 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ Bjorke, Matt (March 6, 2018). "The Top 30 Digital Country Singles: March 5, 2018". Roughstock. Retrieved March 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Brett Eldredge Chart History (Canada Country)". Billboard. Retrieved January 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Brett Eldredge Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved April 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Brett Eldredge Chart History (Country Airplay)". Billboard. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Canadian single certifications – Brett Eldredge – The Long Way". Music Canada. Retrieved March 14, 2018.
Jump up ^ "The Long Way - Brett Eldredge | Release Info". AllMusic. Retrieved September 9, 2017.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
[hide]
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Chromosome 11
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Chromosome 11 (human))
Jump to: navigation, search
Chromosome 11
Human chromosome 11 pair after G-banding.
One is from mother, one is from father.
Chromosome 11 pair
in human male karyogram.
Features
Length (bp)
135,086,622 bp
(GRCh38)[1]
No. of genes
1,224 (CCDS)
Type
Autosome
Centromere position
Submetacentric[2]
(53.4 Mbp[3])
Complete gene lists
CCDS
Gene list
HGNC
Gene list
NCBI
Gene list
External map viewers
Ensembl
Chromosome 11
Entrez
Chromosome 11
NCBI
Chromosome 11
UCSC
Chromosome 11
Full DNA sequences
RefSeq
NC_000011 (FASTA)
GenBank
CM000673 (FASTA)
Chromosome 11 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. Humans normally have two copies of this chromosome. Chromosome 11 spans about 135 million base pairs (the building material of DNA) and represents between 4 and 4.5 percent of the total DNA in cells. The shorter arm (p arm) is termed 11p while the longer arm (q arm) is 11q. At about 21.5 genes per megabase, chromosome 11 is one of the most gene-rich, and disease-rich, chromosomes in the human genome.
More than 40% of the 856 olfactory receptor genes in the human genome are located in 28 single-gene and multi-gene clusters along the chromosome.
Contents
[hide]
1 Genes
1.1 Number of genes
1.2 Gene list
2 Diseases and disorders
3 Cytogenetic band
4 References
5 External links
Genes[edit]
Number of genes[edit]
The following are some of the gene count estimates of human chromosome 11. Because researchers use different approaches to genome annotation their predictions of the number of genes on each chromosome varies (for technical details, see gene prediction). Among various projects, the collaborative consensus coding sequence project (CCDS) takes an extremely conservative strategy. So CCDS's gene number prediction represents a lower bound on the total number of human protein-coding genes.[4]
Estimated by Protein-coding genes Non-coding RNA genes Pseudogenes Source Release date
CCDS 1,224 - - [5] 2016-09-08
HGNC 1,262 271 666 [6] 2017-05-12
Ensembl 1,301 1,060 811 [7] 2017-03-29
NCBI 1,314 860 839 [8][9][10] 2017-05-19
Gene list[edit]
See also: Category:Genes on human chromosome 11.
The following is a partial list of genes on human chromosome 11. For complete list, see the link in the infobox on the right.
ACAT1: acetyl-Coenzyme A acetyltransferase 1 (acetoacetyl Coenzyme A thiolase)
ACRV1: encoding protein Acrosomal protein SP-10
AKIP1: A kinase interacting protein 1
ALKBH3 encoding protein AlkB homolog 3, alpha-ketoglutaratedependent dioxygenase
AMOTL1: angiomotin-like protein 1
AMPD3: encoding enzyme AMP deaminase 3
API5: encoding protein Apoptosis inhibitor 5
APLNR: Apelin receptor (APJ receptor)
APOA4: apolipoprotein A-IV
ARCN1 encoding protein Archain 1
ASRGL1: encoding enzyme L-asparaginase
ATM: ataxia telangiectasia mutated (includes complementation groups A, C and D)
B3GNT1: encoding enzyme N-acetyllactosaminide beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase
BDNF: secretes BDNF, a member of the Neurotrophin family of proteins
C11orf1: encoding protein
C11orf16: encoding protein Uncharacterized protein C11orf16
C11orf49: encoding protein UPF0705 protein C11orf49
C11orf52 encoding protein C11orf52
C11orf54: encoding protein Ester hydrolase C11orf54
C11orf58: small acidic protein
C11orf73: chromosome 11, open reading frame 73
C11orf86: encoding protein Uncharacterized protein C11orf86
C1QTNF4 encoding protein C1q and tumor necrosis factor related protein 4
C1QTNF5: encoding protein C1q and tumor necrosis factor related protein 5
CAPRIN1: encoding protein, cell cycle associated protein 1
CCDC90B: coiled coil domain containing 90B
CCL9: Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 9
CD81: cluster of differentiation 81
CDHR5: cadherin related family member 5
COMMD9: COMM domain-containing protein 9
CPSF7: Cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor subunit 7
CPT1A: carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (liver)
CREBZF encoding protein CREB/ATF bZIP transcription factor
DAK: Triokinase/FMN cyclase
DDI1: encoding protein DNA-damage inducible 1 homolog 1 (S. cerevisiae)
DGAT2 encoding protein Diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2
DHCR7: 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase
DKK3: Dickkopf-related protein 3
DPF2: Double PHD fingers 2
DRD4: Dopamine receptor D4 at 11p15.5
DSCAML1: encoding protein Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule like 1
EI24: Etoposide-induced protein 2.4 homolog
FAM118B: encoding protein Family with sequence similarity 118, member B
FAM76B: Family with sequence similarity 76 member B
FAR1: fatty acyl-coA reductase 1
FAT3: fat atypical cadherin 3
FHIP: FTS and Hook-interacting protein
FNBP4: Formin-binding protein 4
GLB1L3: galactosidase, beta 1-like 3
GLYAT: Glycine-N-acyltransferase
GLYATL2 encoding protein Glycine-N-acyltransferase like 2
GPHA2: Glycoprotein hormone alpha-2
GYLTL1B: Glycosyltransferase-like protein LARGE2
HBB: hemoglobin, beta
HBBP1: encoding protein Hemoglobin, beta pseudogene 1
HMBS: hydroxymethylbilane VIIA
HRASLS3: adipose phospholipase A2
HTATIP2: HIV-1 Tat interactive protein 2
HYOU1: hypoxia upregulated protein 1
IFITM2 encoding protein Interferon induced transmembrane protein 2
IFT46: intraflagellar transport protein 46 homolog
INS: insulin gene [11]
KDM2A: lysine demethylase 2A
KIAA1549L encoding protein KIAA1549-like
LPXN: leupaxin
LRFN4 encoding protein Leucine rich repeat and fibronectin type III domain containing 4
MADD: MAP kinase-activating death domain protein
MEN1: Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1
MIRLET7A2: microRNA let-7a-2
MMP7: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP family)
MOGAT2: monoacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2
MTRNR2L8: encoding protein MT-RNR2-like 8
NADSYN1: NAD synthetase 1
NAP1L4: nucleosome assembly protein 1-like 4
NFRKB: nuclear factor related to kappa-B binding protein
NNMT: nicotinamide N-methyltransferase
NRGN: neurogranin
P53AIP1: p53-regulated apoptosis-inducing protein 1
PAX6: paired box 6
PCNX3 encoding protein Pecanex homolog 3
PGA3 encoding protein Pepsinogen 3, group I (pepsinogen A)
PIWIL4 encoding protein Piwi like RNA-mediated gene silencing 4
PRR5L: proline rich 5 like
PTPRCAP: protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type C associated protein
PTS: 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase
QSER1: glutamine serine rich protein 1
RAG1/RAG2: recombination activating genes
RELT: tumor necrosis factor recepteor
REXO2: RNA exonuclease 2
RNH1: ribonuclease inhibitor 1
RNU2-2: encoding protein RNA, U2 small nuclear 2
ROM1: retinal outer segment membrane protein 1
RPL27A: encoding protein 60S ribosomal protein L27a
RPL36A: encoding protein 60S ribosomal protein L36a
RSF1: remodeling and spacing factor 1
SAA1: serum amyloid A1
SAA2: serum amyloid A2
SAC3D1: SAC3 domain-containing protein 1
SART1: squamous cell carcinoma antigen recognized by T-cells 1
SBF2: SET binding factor 2
SCGB1D2: secretoglobin family 1D member 2
SESN3 encoding protein Sestrin 3
SIDT2 encoding protein SID1 transmembrane family member 2
SLC17A6: encoding protein Solute carrier family 17 (vesicular glutamate transporter), member 6
SMPD1: sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 1, acid lysosomal (acid sphingomyelinase)
SPA17: sperm autoantigenic protein 17
SRPRA: Srp receptor alpha subunit
TAF1D: TATA box binding protein associated factor RNA polymerase 1 subunit D
TALDO1 encoding protein Transaldolase 1
TBRG1: transforming growth factor beta regulator 1
TECTA: tectorin alpha (nonsyndromic deafness)
TH: tyrosine hydroxylase
THRSP: thyroid hormone inducible hepatic protein
THYN1: thymocyte nuclear protein 1
TIMM10: translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 10
TIMM10B: Mitochondrial import inner membrane translocase subunit Tim9 B
TM7SF2: transmembrane 7 superfamily member 2
TMEM109: encoding protein Transmembrane protein 109
TMEM123: transmembrane protein 123
TMEM126B: transmembrane protein 126B
TMEM134: transmembrane protein 134
TMEM25: transmembrane protein 25
TP53I11: tumor protein 53 inducible protein 11
TRAPPC4: trafficking protein particle complex subunit 4
TRPT1: tRNA 2'-phosphotransferase 1
UNC93B1: Unc-93 homolog B1
UPK2: uroplakin-2
USH1C: Usher syndrome 1C (autosomal recessive, severe)
USP47: ubiquitin specific peptidase 47
UVRAG: UV radiation resistance associated
VPS26B: vacuolar protein sorting 26 homolog B
VSIG2: V-set and immunoglobulin domain containing 2
WT1: Wilms tumor protein
YIF1A: Yip1 interacting factor homolog A
ZFP91-CNTF
ZNF408: zinc finger protein 408
Diseases and disorders[edit]
Wikinews has related news: Large study provides new insights in autism's genetic code
The following diseases and disorders are some of those related to genes on chromosome 11:
autism (neurexin 1) [12]
acute intermittent porphyria
albinism
ataxia-telangiectasia
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome
Best's disease
beta-ketothiolase deficiency
beta thalassemia
bladder cancer
breast cancer
carnitine palmitoyltransferase I deficiency
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease
Cystic Fibrosis
Depression
Denys-Drash syndrome
familial Mediterranean fever
Hereditary angioedema OMIM: 106100
Jacobsen syndrome
Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome
Mantle cell lymphoma (t11;14)
Meckel syndrome
methemoglobinemia, beta-globin type
Mixed Lineage Leukemia
multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1
Hereditary Multiple Exostoses
Niemann-Pick disease
nonsyndromic deafness
porphyria
Potocki-Shaffer Syndrome
Romano-Ward syndrome
Sickle cell anemia[13]
Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome
tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency
Usher syndrome
WAGR syndrome
Wiedemann-Steiner syndrome
Wilms' tumor
Cytogenetic band[edit]
G-banding ideograms of human chromosome 11
G-banding ideogram of human chromosome 11 in resolution 850 bphs. Band length in this diagram is proportional to base-pair length. This type of ideogram is generally used in genome browsers (e.g. Ensembl, UCSC Genome Browser).
G-banding patterns of human chromosome 11 in three different resolutions (400,[14] 550[15] and 850[3]). Band length in this diagram is based on the ideograms from ISCN (2013).[16] This type of ideogram represents actual relative band length observed under a microscope at the different moments during the mitotic process.[17]
G-bands of human chromosome 11 in resolution 850 bphs[18]
Chr.
Arm[19]
Band[20]
ISCN
start[21]
ISCN
stop[21]
Basepair
start
Basepair
stop
Stain[22]
Density
11 p 15.5 0 230 7000100000000000000♠1 7006280000000000000♠2,800,000 gneg
11 p 15.4 230 461 7006280000100000000♠2,800,001 7007117000000000000♠11,700,000 gpos 50
11 p 15.3 461 745 7007117000010000000♠11,700,001 7007138000000000000♠13,800,000 gneg
11 p 15.2 745 935 7007138000010000000♠13,800,001 7007169000000000000♠16,900,000 gpos 50
11 p 15.1 935 1246 7007169000010000000♠16,900,001 7007220000000000000♠22,000,000 gneg
11 p 14.3 1246 1490 7007220000010000000♠22,000,001 7007262000000000000♠26,200,000 gpos 100
11 p 14.2 1490 1545 7007262000010000000♠26,200,001 7007272000000000000♠27,200,000 gneg
11 p 14.1 1545 1775 7007272000010000000♠27,200,001 7007310000000000000♠31,000,000 gpos 75
11 p 13 1775 2114 7007310000010000000♠31,000,001 7007364000000000000♠36,400,000 gneg
11 p 12 2114 2357 7007364000010000000♠36,400,001 7007434000000000000♠43,400,000 gpos 100
11 p 11.2 2357 2655 7007434000010000000♠43,400,001 7007488000000000000♠48,800,000 gneg
11 p 11.12 2655 2872 7007488000010000000♠48,800,001 7007510000000000000♠51,000,000 gpos 75
11 p 11.11 2872 3035 7007510000010000000♠51,000,001 7007534000000000000♠53,400,000 acen
11 q 11 3035 3197 7007534000010000000♠53,400,001 7007558000000000000♠55,800,000 acen
11 q 12.1 3197 3414 7007558000010000000♠55,800,001 7007601000000000000♠60,100,000 gpos 75
11 q 12.2 3414 3550 7007601000010000000♠60,100,001 7007619000000000000♠61,900,000 gneg
11 q 12.3 3550 3685 7007619000010000000♠61,900,001 7007636000000000000♠63,600,000 gpos 25
11 q 13.1 3685 4037 7007636000010000000♠63,600,001 7007661000000000000♠66,100,000 gneg
11 q 13.2 4037 4186 7007661000010000000♠66,100,001 7007687000000000000♠68,700,000 gpos 25
11 q 13.3 4186 4512 7007687000010000000♠68,700,001 7007705000000000000♠70,500,000 gneg
11 q 13.4 4512 4688 7007705000010000000♠70,500,001 7007755000000000000♠75,500,000 gpos 50
11 q 13.5 4688 4877 7007755000010000000♠75,500,001 7007774000000000000♠77,400,000 gneg
11 q 14.1 4877 5148 7007774000010000000♠77,400,001 7007859000000000000♠85,900,000 gpos 100
11 q 14.2 5148 5257 7007859000010000000♠85,900,001 7007886000000000000♠88,600,000 gneg
11 q 14.3 5257 5474 7007886000010000000♠88,600,001 7007930000000000000♠93,000,000 gpos 100
11 q 21 5474 5690 7007930000010000000♠93,000,001 7007974000000000000♠97,400,000 gneg
11 q 22.1 5690 5934 7007974000010000000♠97,400,001 7008102300000000000♠102,300,000 gpos 100
11 q 22.2 5934 6070 7008102300001000000♠102,300,001 7008103000000000000♠103,000,000 gneg
11 q 22.3 6070 6300 7008103000001000000♠103,000,001 7008110600000000000♠110,600,000 gpos 100
11 q 23.1 6300 6503 7008110600001000000♠110,600,001 7008112700000000000♠112,700,000 gneg
11 q 23.2 6503 6693 7008112700001000000♠112,700,001 7008114600000000000♠114,600,000 gpos 50
11 q 23.3 6693 7167 7008114600001000000♠114,600,001 7008121300000000000♠121,300,000 gneg
11 q 24.1 7167 7316 7008121300001000000♠121,300,001 7008124000000000000♠124,000,000 gpos 50
11 q 24.2 7316 7533 7008124000001000000♠124,000,001 7008127900000000000♠127,900,000 gneg
11 q 24.3 7533 7695 7008127900001000000♠127,900,001 7008130900000000000♠130,900,000 gpos 50
11 q 25 7695 7980 7008130900001000000♠130,900,001 7008135086622000000♠135,086,622 gneg
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Human Genome Assembly GRCh38 - Genome Reference Consortium". National Center for Biotechnology Information. 2013-12-24. Retrieved 2017-03-04.
Jump up ^ Tom Strachan; Andrew Read (2 April 2010). Human Molecular Genetics. Garland Science. p. 45. ISBN 978-1-136-84407-2.
^ Jump up to: a b Genome Decoration Page, NCBI. Ideogram data for Homo sapience (850 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3). Last update 2014-06-03. Retrieved 2017-04-26.
Jump up ^ Pertea M, Salzberg SL (2010). "Between a chicken and a grape: estimating the number of human genes". Genome Biol. 11 (5): 206. doi:10.1186/gb-2010-11-5-206. PMC 2898077  . PMID 20441615.
Jump up ^ "Search results - 11[CHR] AND "Homo sapiens"[Organism] AND ("has ccds"[Properties] AND alive[prop]) - Gene". NCBI. CCDS Release 20 for Homo sapiens. 2016-09-08. Retrieved 2017-05-28.
Jump up ^ "Statistics & Downloads for chromosome 11". HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee. 2017-05-12. Retrieved 2017-05-19.
Jump up ^ "Chromosome 11: Chromosome summary - Homo sapiens". Ensembl Release 88. 2017-03-29. Retrieved 2017-05-19.
Jump up ^ "Search results - 11[CHR] AND "Homo sapiens"[Organism] AND ("genetype protein coding"[Properties] AND alive[prop]) - Gene". NCBI. 2017-05-19. Retrieved 2017-05-20.
Jump up ^ "Search results - 11[CHR] AND "Homo sapiens"[Organism] AND ( ("genetype miscrna"[Properties] OR "genetype ncrna"[Properties] OR "genetype rrna"[Properties] OR "genetype trna"[Properties] OR "genetype scrna"[Properties] OR "genetype snrna"[Properties] OR "genetype snorna"[Properties]) NOT "genetype protein coding"[Properties] AND alive[prop]) - Gene". NCBI. 2017-05-19. Retrieved 2017-05-20.
Jump up ^ "Search results - 11[CHR] AND "Homo sapiens"[Organism] AND ("genetype pseudo"[Properties] AND alive[prop]) - Gene". NCBI. 2017-05-19. Retrieved 2017-05-20.
Jump up ^ INS - insulin - Genetics Home Reference
Jump up ^ "Autism gene breakthrough hailed". Health. BBC NEWS. 2007-02-19. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
Jump up ^ Human Genome Project Information Site Has Been Updated
Jump up ^ Genome Decoration Page, NCBI. Ideogram data for Homo sapience (400 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3). Last update 2014-03-04. Retrieved 2017-04-26.
Jump up ^ Genome Decoration Page, NCBI. Ideogram data for Homo sapience (550 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3). Last update 2015-08-11. Retrieved 2017-04-26.
Jump up ^ International Standing Committee on Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (2013). ISCN 2013: An International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (2013). Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers. ISBN 978-3-318-02253-7.
Jump up ^ Sethakulvichai, W.; Manitpornsut, S.; Wiboonrat, M.; Lilakiatsakun, W.; Assawamakin, A.; Tongsima, S. (2012). "Estimation of band level resolutions of human chromosome images" (PDF). In Computer Science and Software Engineering (JCSSE), 2012 International Joint Conference on: 276–282. doi:10.1109/JCSSE.2012.6261965.
Jump up ^ Genome Decoration Page, NCBI. Ideogram data for Homo sapience (850 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3). Last update 2014-06-03. Retrieved 2017-04-26.
Jump up ^ "p": Short arm; "q": Long arm.
Jump up ^ For cytogenetic banding nomenclature, see article locus.
^ Jump up to: a b These values (ISCN start/stop) are based on the length of bands/ideograms from the ISCN book, An International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (2013). Arbitrary unit.
Jump up ^ gpos: Region which is positively stained by G banding, generally AT-rich and gene poor; gneg: Region which is negatively stained by G banding, generally CG-rich and gene rich; acen Centromere. var: Variable region; stalk: Stalk.
Gilbert F (2000). "Disease genes and chromosomes: disease maps of the human genome". Genet Test. 4 (4): 409–26. doi:10.1089/109065700750065180. PMID 11216668.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Human chromosome 11.
National Institutes of Health. "Chromosome 11". Genetics Home Reference. Retrieved 2017-05-06.
"Chromosome 11". Human Genome Project Information Archive 1990–2003. Retrieved 2017-05-06.
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