text:
All-or-none law
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This article is about the physiological principle. For the finance term, see All or none. For the mathematical term, see Zero–one law.
The all-or-none law is the principle that the strength by which a nerve or muscle fibre responds to a stimulus is independent of the strength of the stimulus. If that stimulus exceeds the threshold potential, the nerve or muscle fibre will give a complete response; otherwise, there is no response.
It was first established by the American physiologist Henry Pickering Bowditch in 1871 for the contraction of heart muscle. According to him, describing the relation of response to stimulus,
““An induction shock produces a contraction or fails to do so according to its strength; if it does so at all, it produces the greatest contraction that can be produced by any strength of stimulus in the condition of the muscle at the time.”
The individual fibres of both skeletal muscle and nerve respond to stimulation according to the all-or-none principle.[1]
Relationship between stimulus and response[edit]
The magnitude of the action potential set up in any single nerve fibre is independent of the strength of the exciting stimulus, provided the latter is adequate. An electrical stimulus below threshold strength fails to elicit a propagated spike potential. If it is of threshold strength or over, a spike (a nervous impulse) of maximum magnitude is set up. Either the single fibre does not respond with spike production, or it responds to the utmost of its ability under the conditions at the moment. This property of the single nerve fibre is termed the all-or-none relationship. This relationship holds only for the unit of tissue; for nervous tissue the unit is the nerve cell, for skeletal muscle the unit is the individual muscle fiber and for the heart the unit is the entire auricles or the entire ventricles.
Stimuli too weak to produce a spike do, however, set up a local electrotonus, the magnitude of the electronic potential progressively increasing with the strength of the stimulus, until a spike is generated. This demonstrates the all-or-none relationship in spike production.
The above account deals with the response of a single nerve fibre. If a nerve trunk is stimulated, then as the exciting stimulus is progressively increased above a threshold, a larger number of fibres respond. The minimal effective (i.e., threshold) stimulus is adequate only for fibres of high excitability, but a stronger stimulus excites all the nerve fibres. Increasing the stimulus further does increase the response of whole nerve.
Heart muscle is excitable, i.e., it responds to external stimuli by contracting. If the external stimulus is too weak, no response is obtained; if the stimulus is adequate, the heart responds to the best of its ability. Accordingly, the auricles or ventricles behave as a single unit, so that an adequate stimulus normally produces a full contraction of either the auricles or ventricles. The force of the contraction obtained depends on the state in which the muscles fibres find themselves. In the case of muscle fibres, the individual muscle fibre does not respond at all if the stimulus is too weak. However, it responds maximally when the stimulus rises to threshold. The contraction is not increased if the stimulus strength is further raised. Stronger stimuli bring more muscle fibres into action and thus the tension of a muscle increases as the strength of the stimulus applied to it rises.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Cannon, Walter B. Biographical Memoir, Henry Pickering Bowditch, 1840–1911. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, Volume xvii, eighth memoir. 1924.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All-or-none_law&oldid=860391695"
Categories:
Neurophysiology
Biology laws
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Deutsch
日本語
Edit links
This page was last edited on 20 September 2018, at 10:56 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

values:
/wiki/Skeletal_striated_muscle
mw-redirect
Skeletal striated muscle

value: blockquote

values: Edit section: Relationship between stimulus and response

values:
/wiki/Nerve_fibre
mw-redirect
Nerve fibre

values:
/wiki/Muscle_fibre
mw-redirect
Muscle fibre

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
interface

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/All-or-none_law
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: 全か無かの法則 – Japanese

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-All-or-none_law rootpage-All-or-none_law skin-vector action-view


text:
United States foreign aid
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
United States foreign aid is aid given by the United States government to other governments. It does not include money from private charitable organizations based in the United States, or remittances sent between family members. There are two broad categories: military aid and economic assistance.[1] The Congressional Research Service divides it into five categories: bilateral development aid, economic assistance, humanitarian aid, multilateral economic contributions, and military aid.[2]
Foreign aid recipients include developing countries, countries of strategic importance to the United States, and countries recovering from war. The government channels about half of its economic assistance through a specialized agency, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). Government-sponsored foreign aid began a systematic fashion after World War II; there were numerous programs of which the largest were the Marshall Plan of 1948 and the Mutual Security Act of 1951-61.
Military aid provided to foreign countries varies mostly on what natural resources the foreign country has to offer.[3]
Foreign aid is generally unpopular with the general public, with a 2017 poll finding 57% favor a cut and 6% who want increased aid.[4] On the other hand, foreign aid has bipartisan support in Congress,[5] and most Americans overestimate foreign aid as a share of the total federal budget. In the past, less than 1% of the national budget went to foreign assistance.[6][7] As of fiscal year 2017, foreign aid between the U.S. State Department and USAID totaled $50.1 billion, or just over 1% of the budget.[8]
Contents
1 Overview
2 History
2.1 World War I
2.2 World War II
2.3 Cold War
3 USAID
3.1 2000s
4 Public Opinion
4.1 Public knowledge of aid
4.2 Opinions change
4.3 Recipients of foreign aid
4.4 Spend Amount and destination
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
8 Further reading
Overview[edit]
In fiscal year 2014, the U.S. government allocated the following amounts for aid:
Total economic and military assistance: $43.10 billion
Total military assistance: $10.57 billion
Total economic assistance: $32.53 billion
of which USAID Implemented: $17.82 billion[9]
Top 25 Recipient Countries of U.S. Foreign Aid FY 2013 Reported in $US millions, Obligations [10]
Country
Economic and Military Assistance FY 2013, $US millions
Aid received per person recipient FY2013, $US
Economic Assistance FY 2013, $US millions
Military Assistance FY2013, $US millions
Afghanistan 4533.51 148 2653.93 1879.58
Israel* 2961.04 367 17.81 2943.23
Egypt 1566.24 19 330.6 1235.6
Jordan 1211.83 188 879.64 332.19
West Bank/Gaza 1007.73 370
Ethiopia 686.53 7 685.19 1.34
South Sudan 618.74 55 598.79 19.96
Malawi 571.18 35 570.91 0.27
Uganda 541.93 14 538.3 3.62
South Africa 526.19 10 523.86 2.32
Nigeria 518.84 3 509.41 9.43
Russia 465.16 3 445.07 20.08
Iraq 444.81 13 382.7 62.11
Tanzania 430.66 9 427.82 2.84
Mexico 419.94 3 348.72 71.21
Congo (Kinshasa) 379.24 6 366.73 12.52
Haiti 378.77 37 377.04 1.73
Lebanon 376.41 84 286.03 90.38
Somalia 367.18 35 188 179.18
Zambia 310.8 22 310.26 0.54
Sudan (former)* 290.05 8 290.05
Notes:
Sudan (former) refers to the geographic area of Sudan, based on the area that was Sudan before the creation of South Sudan
Except special considerations to countries such as Israel and Egypt, the direction of US foreign aid flow reflects the government efforts in alleviating poverty, promoting democracy and encouraging economic openness of the recipient countries.[citation needed]
As of 2016 the US has undertook a ten-year pledge to provide $3.9B per year until 2026.
History[edit]
World War I[edit]
During World War One, the Committee for Relief in Belgium (CRB), which sent food to the hungry in that war-torn country, received $387 million from the U.S. government (as well as $314 million from the British and French governments and about $200 million from non-governmental sources). These government monies were given in the form of loans, but a considerable portion of those loans were forgiven.[11]
After the war, the American Relief Administration, directed by Herbert Hoover who had also been prominent in the CRB, continued food distribution to war-devastated European countries. It also distributed food and combated typhus in Russia during 1921-23. The U.S. Congress appropriated $20 million for the ARA under the Russian Famine Relief Act of 1921.
World War II[edit]
Levels of United States aid increased greatly during World War Two, mainly on account of the Lend-lease program. United States government aid remained high in the decade after the war because of contributions to European reconstruction, and competition for influence versus the Communist powers in the first years of the Cold War. By 1960, the annual aid amount had receded to about half of what it was in the early post-war years, and, in inflation-adjusted terms, it has remained at that level—with some fluctuations—until the present.[12]
The Lend-lease program, which began in 1941 (before the U.S. entrance in the war) was an arrangement whereby the United States sent large amounts of war materials and other supplies to nations whose defense was considered vital to the defense of the United States. It began with the passage by Congress of the Lend-lease act (PL 77-11) on 11 March 1941.[13] Initially, the main recipient was Great Britain; the Soviet Union began receiving supplies (paid for in gold) in June 1941 outside of Lend-lease, and was included in the Lend-lease agreement in November 1941. By the end of the war, most of the Allied countries had been declared eligible for Lend-lease aid, although not all received it. By the time the program was ended by President Truman in August 1945, more than $50 billion worth of supplies had been disbursed, of which the Commonwealth countries received $31 billion and the Soviet Union $11 billion. Although formally the material was loaned, in the end only partial repayment was demanded.
A second wartime aid program, the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA), was founded in November 1943, by 44 Allied governments, for the purpose of assisting and resettling displaced victims of the war.[14] Its initial focus was on assisting people in areas the Allies had captured from the Axis powers: distributing food, clothing and other essentials, and helping with medical care and sanitation. Later it also assisted in the resumption of agriculture and industry. Each of the 44 signatories was supposed to contribute one percent of its national income.[15] The chief beneficiaries were China, Czechoslovakia, Greece, Italy, Poland, the Ukrainian SSR and Yugoslavia. UNRRA returned about 7 million displaced people to their countries of origin and provided refugee camps for about one million who were unwilling to be repatriated. UNRRA ceased operations in Europe in mid-1947;[16] some of its activities in Asia continued under other auspices until early 1949. In the end 52 countries had contributed as donors. Contributions from governments and private organizations during the four years of the program totaled over $3.8 billion; more than half of that was from the United States.
Cold War[edit]
After the war, the United States began giving large amounts of aid to Greece and Turkey under the Truman doctrine. Both countries were experiencing civil strife between communist and anti-communist factions, and the President and his advisors feared that their efforts to keep European countries from adopting communism might be about to suffer a serious setback. In December 1946, the Prime Minister of Greece visited Washington and requested additional United States aid. Truman promulgated his containment doctrine in early 1947, a major component of which was to be aid to the world's poor countries in order to blunt the appeals of radicalism to their hungry peoples and to bolster their anti-communist political elements. In May 1947 the U.S. government granted Greece $300 million in military and economic aid. Turkey received $100 million. The U.S. government gave Greece $362 million in 1949, and U.S. aid to Greece generally remained over $100 million annually until 1998.[17]
The most well-known, and largest, United States aid program in the immediate post-war years was the European Recovery Program (ERP). More often known as the Marshall Plan, it was the creation of George Kennan, William Clayton, and others at the U.S. State Department under Secretary of State George Marshall. Publicly suggested by Marshall in June 1947, and put into action about a year later, the Plan was essentially an extension of the Greece–Turkey aid strategy to the rest of Europe. The U.S. administration considered the stability of the existing governments in Western Europe vital to its own interests. On 3 April 1948, President Truman signed the Economic Cooperation Act, establishing the Economic Cooperation Administration (ECA) to administer the program, and actual disbursements got underway. The focus was on promoting production, stabilizing currencies, and promoting international trade. To be eligible for the aid, a country had to sign an agreement with the United States government committing itself to the Act's purposes. The Communist countries were formally invited to participate in the Plan although Secretary Marshall thought it unlikely that they would accept and they did in fact decline the aid. Also in 1948, the United States and the recipient countries created the Organisation for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC – it became the OECD in 1961) to coordinate the use of the aid. A large portion of the money given was used to purchase goods from the United States, and the ships used to transport the goods had to be of U.S. nationality. Until after the Korean War, military aid was not part of the plan.[18] The Marshall Plan ended in December 1951 and its functions were transferred to the Mutual Security Administration.[19] The United States government gave out about $12.5 billion under the Plan during its three-and-a-half year existence. The countries receiving the most were Great Britain ($3.3 billion), France ($2.3 billion) and West Germany ($1.4 billion).[20]
From 1945 to 1953 – U.S. provides grants and credits amounting to $5.9 billion to Asian countries, especially China/Taiwan ($1.051 billion), India ($255 million), Indonesia ($215 million), Japan ($2.44 billion), South Korea ($894 million), Pakistan ($98 million) and the Philippines ($803 million). In addition, another $282 million went to Israel and $196 million to the rest of the Middle East. The main category was economic aid, but some military aid was provided.[21] All this aid was separate from the Marshall Plan.[22]
USAID[edit]
Congress passed the Foreign Assistance Act on September 4, 1961, reorganizing U.S. foreign assistance programs and separating military and non-military aid. The Act man which was established by President Kennedy two months later. USAID became the first U.S. foreign assistance organization whose primary focus was long-term economic and social development.
2000s[edit]
U.S. Foreign Aid by Implementing Agency FY2009-FY2013, Reported in $US millions, Obligations [23]
Implementing Agency 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
2014
African Development Foundation 35.32 30.86 33.91 29.64 27.84 31.78
Department of Agriculture 244.23 545.52 329.56 369.45 334.82 248.86
Department of Commerce 9.26 9.87 6.23 15.65 18.33 9.11
Department of Defense 14,527.79 15,274.05 18,821.63 17,666.48 8,250.63 10,552.90
Department of Energy 749.51 1,036.85 1,426.41 691.14 972.90 670.21
Department of Health and Human Services 2,713.37 2,717.16 2,258.21 2,281.97 3,079.29 2,695.37
Department of Homeland Security 8.04 6.08 4.09 5.15 0.00 2.67
Department of Justice 43.60 36.46 20.86 18.72 14.06 13.85
Department of Labor 53.78 73.47 52.75 12.16 30.55 17.00
Department of State 6,674.46 6,477.13 6,023.83 6,089.06 5,390.79 6,824.22
Department of the Air Force 4.90 6.43 18.51 0.00 0.06 3.62
Department of the Army 935.81 774.72 420.50 137.53 37.02 15.18
Department of the Interior 1,087.52 225.67 328.07 225.00 216.95 292.18
Department of the Navy 26.57 0.26 17.84 6.81 4.67
Department of the Treasury 1,637.74 2,245.32 2,033.89 2,834.18 2,673.16 2,838.22
Department of Transportation 2.17 3.84 2.87 7.61 3.95 0.27
Environmental Protection Agency 24.67 40.59 22.19 50.62 21.92 20.44
Federal Trade Commission 0.61 0.73 0.33 0.21 0.00
Inter-American Foundation 24.96 25.84 22.96 25.44 26.20 27.79
Millennium Challenge Corporation 1,016.78 873.67 581.00 413.02 1,115.55 567.34
Open World Leadership Center 15.50 12.82 0.00 0.00 0.00
Peace Corps 350.67 389.61 419.09 401.34 386.75 405.60
Trade and Development Agency 42.78 49.88 41.17 44.14 40.64 44.34
U.S. Agency for International Development 16,191.31 17,344.78 15,644.51 18,232.36 17,461.78 17,822.82
President Obama announced to the UN Millennium Development Goals summit in September 2010 that the United States was changing its policy towards foreign aid. The President said the country would focus more on effectiveness, and make sure donated food, medicine, and money help countries get to the point where they no longer require such aid. Infrastructure set up for the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief would be used to build capacity in local health care systems to improve maternal and child health, and also fight tropical diseases. The new policy would increase the profile and participation of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), which would coordinate more directly with the National Security Council and Secretary of State Hillary Clinton.[24] Some observers criticized the link with national security and foreign policy as unhelpful for the impoverished, and others lamented the attempted streamlining as only adding more bureaucracy.[24] Foreign aid is a highly partisan issue in the United States, with liberals, on average, supporting government-funded foreign aid much more than conservatives do,[25] who tend to prefer to provide foreign aid privately.
Public Opinion[edit]
This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
This section may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards. You can help. The discussion page may contain suggestions. (December 2017)
Interviews with 1,012 adult Americans were conducted by telephone by Opinion Research Corporation in January 2011: Published by CNN, the response was that 81% felt that reducing aid to foreign countries was a good way to reduce the federal budget deficit, while 18% thought aid was more important than reducing deficit.[26] Thomas Pogge, Director of the Global Justice Program and Leitner Professor of Philosophy and International Affairs at Yale University, has predicted that public opinion will not change even while the hardships suffered by poor people are rising, partly as a result of the Global Financial Crisis.[27] Some claim the U.S. is helping corrupt governments with the aid.
Worldwide opinion of the United States improves with contributions to developing countries.[28]
Public knowledge of aid[edit]
Several polls have been done assessing the knowledge of the US Public in regards to how much they know about the government’s foreign aid spending. A poll conducted by World Public Opinion in 2010 found that the average estimate for how much of the government’s budget is spent on foreign aid was 25 percent.[29] The average amount proposed by the public was 10 percent of the federal government’s budget be used on foreign aid.[29] In actuality, less than 1 percent of the US federal budget goes towards foreign aid.[29] Less than 19 percent of respondents thought that the percent of the budget that goes towards foreign aid was less than 5 percent.[29] Steven Kull, director of PIPA, relates this overestimation towards an increase in hearing about foreign aid efforts during the Obama administration, but estimates of foreign aid have always been high.[29]
A poll conducted in 2013 by Research Pew Center found that the majority of Americans wanted to either maintain or increase spending on all US government initiatives except foreign aid. This is attributed, by Alice C. Hu, to a gross misconception of how much of the federal budget is actually spent on foreign aid.[30]
Opinions change[edit]
A study by the Washington Post from 2017 shows that Americans are easily persuaded in regards to their opinions on US foreign aid.[31] The percentage of people who were provided no argument regarding foreign aid and though the US spends too much on it was 67 percent.[31] The percentage of people who were provided a positive argument for foreign aid and thought the US spent too much on it was 28 percent.[31] The percentage of people who were provided a negative argument against foreign aid and thought that the US spends too much on it was 88 percent.[31] This shows that the US public is perceptive to changing their beliefs about US foreign aid based on the information presented.
Because the US public is perceptive to information regarding public aid, Steven Kull, Director of the Program on International Policy Attitudes, laid out steps to preserve or create a positive outlook on US foreign aid.[32]
Understand the attacks on foreign aid.
Do not frame questions about public opinion in terms of priorities because people are likely to prioritize domestic issues.
Emphasize that only 1 percent of the federal budget goes towards foreign aid, as the Clinton administration did in the 1990s.
Americans feel that the US does more than its fair share on the world stage, so differentiate between foreign aid and military spending.
Note that other countries, apart of multilateral frameworks, are doing their part in contributing to foreign aid efforts.
Discuss that NGOs get a large sum of foreign aid to counter claims that aid only leads to further governmental corruption.
Point out that foreign aid is a safe way to improve US relations with other nation-states, therefore promoting self-interest.[32]
Recipients of foreign aid[edit]
A study by Andy Baker, a political scientist at the University of Colorado at Boulder, found that Americans are more likely to support foreign aid going to an African country than they are to support foreign aid going to an Eastern European country.[33] Respondents averaged wanting to cut aid going to those of European descent by 40 percent, while respondents averaged wanting to cut aid going to those of African descent by only 11 percent. Baker attributes this to a paternalistic view Americans have of themselves over those of African descent.[33]
Spend Amount and destination[edit]
Because of the size of the US federal budget, the 0.7 percent of the budget put towards foreign aid totaled 23 billion dollars in 2012.[30] Most US foreign aid does not go to other governments due to skepticism about corruption in other countries. There is a fear amongst the American people that foreign aid is funneled and used to increase the personal wealth of corrupt government leaders of foreign countries. However, about 85 percent of foreign aid goes to non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and US-government contractors, meaning that most of foreign aid is not being given directly to foreign governments.[30]
See also[edit]
United States military aid
United States Foreign Military Financing
Feed the Future Initiative
Foreign policy of the United States
Criticism of U.S. foreign policy
Foreign Assistance Act
USAID
Compact of Free Association
Millennium Challenge Corporation
Development Assistance Database
General:
List of governments by development aid
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Max Bearak, Lazaro Gamio (18 Oct 2016). "The U.S. foreign aid budget, visualized". The Washington Post. Retrieved 9 Aug 2017.
Jump up ^ Congressional Research Service. Foreign Aid: An Introductory Overview of U.S. Programs and Policy (2005) 38 pp online
Jump up ^ Ross, Michael L. (2004). "How Do Natural Resources Influence Civil War? Evidence from Thirteen Cases". International Organization. 58 (1): 35–67. JSTOR 3877888.
Jump up ^ "Most See U.S. Foreign Aid As A Bad Deal for America". Rasmussen. 20 Mar 2017. Retrieved 9 Sep 2017.
Jump up ^ Liz Schrayer (3 Sep 2016). "The Surprise Bipartisan Success Story of Congress: American Aid". Retrieved 9 Aug 2017.
Jump up ^ George M. Guess, The Politics of United States Foreign Aid (2013)
Jump up ^ "Rethinking US Development Policy Foreign Assistance and the US Budget". March 19, 2016. Retrieved March 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ Adam Edelman (28 Feb 2017). "Trump wants to slash federal costs, boost military spending". New York Daily News. Retrieved 9 Sep 2017.
Jump up ^ "Foreign Aid Explorer website". Foreign Aid Explorer. USAID. July 27, 2015. Retrieved July 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Foreign Aid Explorer website". Foreign Aid Explorer. USAID. July 27, 2015. Retrieved July 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ Annotated CRB documents, retrieved September 2009. The U.S. aid commenced after April 1917; Britain had been contributing since 1914. The amounts contributed by the governments are from the table near the beginning of the web page. 200 million is calculated as 22 percent (100 - 78 percent) of the 900 million distributed by the committee (mentioned in the discussion preceding the table).
Jump up ^ This paragraph refers to inflation-adjusted ("constant-dollar") levels. Generally, the other data in this section is in historical dollars. USAID, Greenbook, interactive version, "Program Reports"; then selecting "Custom Report" allows you to get data going back to 1946. Retrieved September 2009.
Jump up ^ United States government (ourdocuments.gov), Lend-Lease Act (1941), essay about the Act, and transcript of the Act. Retrieved September 2009.
Jump up ^ Although the UNRRA was called a "United Nations" agency, it was established prior to the founding of the United Nations. The explanation for this is that the term 'United Nations' was used at the time to refer to the Allies of World War II, having been originally coined for that purpose by Roosevelt in 1942.
Jump up ^ Assisting the victims of war: 'nations will learn to work together only by actually working together.' (United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration). U.N. Publications, 1994.
Jump up ^ United Nations, Assisting the victims of war ..., op cit., says the UNRRA decided on 16 August 1947 to liquidate itself, "a process completed in 1948;" Infoplease (Columbia Encyclopedia), "United Nations Relief and Rehabilitatin Administration", says UNRRA discontinued its operations in Europe on 30 June 1947.
Jump up ^ These amounts are in historical (not inflation-adjusted) dollars. USAID, Greenbook Historical query, select Country Reports >> Greece, Custom Report >> the data you want, and the year (Ctrl+A selects all years). Retrieved September 2009. Also, Time Magazine, "Greece: The Poly-Papadopoulos", 03 April 1972; retrieved September 2009.
Jump up ^ This and the information about U.S. goods and ships is from u-s-history.com "Marshall Plan", retrieved September 2009.
Jump up ^ Spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk, "Marshall Plan" Archived 9 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine., retrieved September 2009.
Jump up ^ Other sources on the Marshall Plan used here include infoplease.com "Marshall Plan", and The Marshall Foundation, "The Marshall Plan".
Jump up ^ All data from the official document: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1954 (1955) table 1075 pp 899-902 online edition file 1954-08.pdf
Jump up ^ Harry Bayard Price, The Marshall Plan and its Meaning (Cornell UP, 1955), pp 179-219.
Jump up ^ "Foreign Aid Explorer website". Foreign Aid Explorer. USAID. July 27, 2015. Retrieved July 29, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b [1], Bristol 2010.
Jump up ^ Peter Hays Gries, The Politics of American Foreign Policy: How Ideology Divides Liberals and Conservatives over Foreign Affairs (Stanford, 2014), pp. 108-112.
Jump up ^ "Cnn Research Poll" (PDF). CNN. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Pogge, Thomas (2014). "Are We Violating the Human Rights of the World's Poor?" (PDF). Yale Human Rights & Development Law Journal. 17 (1): 31. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Goldsmith, Benjamin E.; Horiuchi, Yusaku; Wood, Terence. "Doing well by doing good: foreign aid improves opinions of the U.S." Washington Post. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e WPO Admin (November 29, 2010). "American Public Vastly Overestimates Amount of U.S. Foreign Aid". World Public Opinion.
^ Jump up to: a b c Hu, Alice C. (March 11, 2015). "Foreign Aid and the 28 Percent Myth". Harvard International Review.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Hurst, Hawkins, Tidwell, Reuben, Darren, Taylor (May 4, 2017). "Americans love to hate foreign aid, but the right argument makes them like it a lot more". The Washington Post. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Jump up to: a b Kull, Steven. “Preserving American Public Support for Foreign Aid.” Brookings Blum Roundtable Policy Briefs, pp. 53–60.
^ Jump up to: a b Baker, Andy. 2015. “Race, Paternalism, and Foreign Aid: Evidence from U.S. Public Opinion.” American Political Science Review 109 (1): 93–109.
External links[edit]
Foreign Aid Explorer
U.S. Foreign Assistance dashboard
Brief Chronology and Highlights of the History of U.S. Foreign Assistance Activities
Criticism of U.S. Foreign Aid from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
Rethinking U.S. Aid from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
Further reading[edit]
This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: formatting and linking Please help improve this section if you can. (October 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
USG sources of data on United States aid are:
Foreign Aid Explorer
U.S. Overseas Loans and Grants: Obligations and Loan Authorizations, July 1, 1945–September 30, 2013
ForeignAssistance.gov
Non-USG sources of data on United States aid are:
Publications of the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). The OECD offers large amounts of data on line. Complete access is by subscription, but useful amounts are made available free. The DAC does not include private aid in its main category, "Official Development Assistance (ODA)", but reports some of it under other headings.
AidData provides free access to a searchable database of foreign aid activities by donor, recipient, sector, and other criteria. Using the AidData database, it is possible to search for U.S. foreign aid activities financed between 1973 and 2008, and download them as a CSV file.
Congressional Research Service. Foreign Aid: An Introductory Overview of U.S. Programs and Policy (2011) 37 pp online
Guess, George M. The Politics of United States Foreign Aid (2013)
Lancaster, Carol. Foreign aid: Diplomacy, development, domestic politics (University of Chicago Press, 2008)
Morgner, Aurelius. "The American Foreign Aid Program: Costs, Accomplishments, Alternatives?," Review of Politics (1967) 29#1 pp. 65–75 in JSTOR
Bristol, Nellie. 2010. "US Foreign Aid Restructuring: is it "a very big deal?" From World Report. Accessed 4/19/2010.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_foreign_aid&oldid=857051253"
Categories:
United States foreign aid
Contributions to foreign aid by country
United States foreign policy
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018
Articles that may contain original research from December 2017
All articles that may contain original research
Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from December 2017
All articles needing rewrite
Articles needing cleanup from October 2012
All pages needing cleanup
Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from October 2012
Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from October 2012
Use dmy dates from September 2010
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 29 August 2018, at 07:11 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: b

attrs: href title

value: sup

value: p

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Developing_countries
mw-redirect
Developing countries

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values:
col
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

attrs: scope data-sort-type class tabindex role title

values:
col
number
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
wikitable sortable jquery-tablesorter
text-align:right; width:80%;

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2018)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Committee_for_Relief_in_Belgium
mw-redirect
Committee for Relief in Belgium

values:
/wiki/Truman_doctrine
mw-redirect
Truman doctrine

values:
/wiki/European_Recovery_Program
mw-redirect
European Recovery Program

values:
/wiki/United_States_aid_to_Israel
mw-redirect
United States aid to Israel

values:
/wiki/UN_Millennium_Development_Goals
mw-redirect
UN Millennium Development Goals

values:
/wiki/Secretary_of_State
mw-redirect
Secretary of State

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research

values:
plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content
presentation

values: Edit section: Spend Amount and destination

values:
/wiki/Criticism_of_U.S._foreign_policy
mw-redirect
Criticism of U.S. foreign policy

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/3877888

values:
nofollow
https://explorer.usaid.gov/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://hir.harvard.edu/article/?a=8127

values: Category:CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list

values:
nofollow
external text
http://hdl.handle.net/10822/552551

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Cleanup

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.aiddata.org/search/index

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.jstor.org/stable/1405813

values: Category:Contributions to foreign aid by country

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018

values: Category:Articles that may contain original research from December 2017

values: Category:All articles that may contain original research

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from December 2017

values: Category:Articles needing cleanup from October 2012

values: Category:Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from October 2012

values: Category:Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from October 2012

values: Category:Use dmy dates from September 2010

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/United_States_foreign_aid
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-United_States_foreign_aid rootpage-United_States_foreign_aid skin-vector action-view


text:
Menace II Society
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Menace II Society
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
The Hughes Brothers
Produced by
Darin Scott
Screenplay by
Tyger Williams
Story by
Allen Hughes
Albert Hughes
Tyger Williams
Starring
Tyrin Turner
Jada Pinkett
Bill Duke
Charles S. Dutton
Music by
QDIII
Cinematography
Lisa Rinzler
Edited by
Christopher Koefoed
Distributed by
New Line Cinema
Release date
May 8, 1993 (1993-05-08)
Running time
97 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$3.5 million
Box office
$27.9 million[1]
Menace II Society (pronounced Menace to Society) is a 1993 American teen hood drama film directed by Allen and Albert Hughes[2] in their directorial debut, and starring Tyrin Turner, Jada Pinkett, Larenz Tate and Samuel L. Jackson. The film is set in Watts. The film follows the life of a young man named Kaydee "Caine" Lawson and his close friends. It gained notoriety for its scenes of violence, profanity, and drug-related content. It was released in May 1993 to critical acclaim for its gritty portrayal of urban violence and its powerful underlying messages.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Reception
5 Soundtrack
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
Caine Lawson and his best friend Kevin Anderson (who goes by the street name O-Dog) enter a local store to buy malt liquor, while a Korean storekeeper and his wife closely watch them and urge Caine and O-Dog to hurriedly choose their drinks, pay and leave. As they leave, the storekeeper insults and angers O-Dog by remarking about feeling sorry for his mother. A brief argument starts but ends deadly as O-Dog kills the couple. He then takes the store video surveillance tape, robs the dead storekeeper's wallet, and empties the cash register. In a flashback, it is revealed that Caine’s father was a drug dealer who was killed in a drug deal when Caine was 10, his mother was a heroin addict who later died of a drug overdose, and that he was raised by his grandparents.
In the days that follow, O-Dog proudly shows off the liquor store security tape of him shooting the storekeeper to his friends, who are impressed. Caine, however, is disgusted at O-Dog for being careless and tells him to stop showing off the videotape, fearing he and O-Dog will one day get caught. O-Dog ignores Caine's warning and tells Caine nothing will happen.
Caine and his cousin Harold are on their way to a party one night when they get carjacked. The carjackers kill Harold, wound Caine and steal Harold's car. O-Dog discovers who the carjackers are and where to find them. O-Dog and Caine avenge Harold's murder by killing the carjackers.
Caine and O-Dog are hired by a local hood, Chauncey, for a car theft insurance scheme but are caught and arrested by police. A detective attempts to link Caine to the store killings by matching fingerprints, but is unsuccessful and Caine is released. Caine's grandfather and Mr. Butler (who is Sharif's father and a school teacher) tell Caine to change his ways or he'll end up either in prison or dead. Stacy and Sharif also try to keep Caine out of trouble by convincing him to leave with them to Kansas, but Caine ignores everyone's advice.
Caine begins his hustler lifestyle by buying a new car from a chop shop and carjacking another young black man for his Dayton wheels. Caine then purchases a large quantity of cocaine to cook into crack cocaine in order to sell. Caine also meets a local girl named Ilena while with his crew at a BBQ and eventually has sex with her. Caine and Sharif are driving one night when the police stop and pull them over. The police brutally beat them and then dump them in alley in a Hispanic neighborhood; members of a Hispanic gang find Caine and Sharif, but instead of killing them as the police anticipated, the Hispanic gang members take them to a hospital.
While Caine is at the hospital, his friend, Ronnie, tells him that she has found a job in Atlanta and invites him to come with her. Caine is hesitant at first, but agrees to go with Ronnie to Atlanta. At a party, a drunken Chauncey makes sexual moves towards Ronnie. Caine comes to her rescue and starts pistol-whipping Chauncey. Stacy and Sharif intervene and restrain Caine. Back at home, Ilena calls to inform him that she is pregnant. Caine refuses to believe that the child is his and dogs her. Chauncey retaliates by sending a copy of the store video surveillance tape to the police.
When coming home from visiting Pernell in prison, Ilena's cousin approaches Caine outside his house and confronts Caine for dogging Ilena. Caine starts beating up Ilena's cousin, when Caine's grandfather comes outside to stop Caine and kick him out of the house shortly after. Ilena's cousin gets some of his friends together to get revenge on Caine.
As Caine and Ronnie are preparing to leave for Atlanta, Georgia, Ilena's cousin and his friends execute a drive by on the house. Sharif is killed and Caine is fatally wounded. As Caine slowly dies in Stacy's arms, he sees flashbacks of the events that led to this final moment, and recalls his grandfather asking him if he cares whether he lives or dies; he realizes he does, but now it's too late.
Cast[edit]
Tyrin Turner – Kaydee "Caine" Lawson
Brandon Hammond – Five Year Old Caine
Jada Pinkett – Ronnie
Larenz Tate – Kevin "O-Dog" Anderson
Samuel L. Jackson – Tat Lawson
MC Eiht – A-Wax
Glenn Plummer – James "Pernell" Richards
Clifton Powell – Chauncey
Marilyn Coleman – Mrs. Lawson
Arnold Johnson – Thomas Lawson
Pooh-Man – Doc
Julian Roy Doster – Anthony
Too Short – Lew-Loc
Khandi Alexander – Karen Lawson
Vonte Sweet – Sharif Butler
Ryan Williams – Stacy
Bill Duke – Detective
Dwayne L. Barnes – Basehead
Charles S. Dutton – Mr. Butler
Martin Davis – Carjacking Victim
Garen Holoman – Junior
Saafir – Harold Lawson
Cynthia Calhoun – Jackee
Erin Leshawn Wiley – Ilena
Samuel Monroe Jr. – Ilena's Cousin
Clifton Collins, Jr. – Vato #2
Production[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Originally, MC Ren was set to play A-Wax, but later turned down the role when he joined the Nation of Islam in late 1992. Rapper Spice 1 was set to play Caine, and Tupac Shakur to play Sharif, but they were later fired with director Allen Hughes stating that Shakur was causing trouble on the set. Shakur was angry for not being told why Sharif would turn Muslim. Six months after the firing, Shakur assaulted the director, resulting in Shakur being found guilty of assault and battery.[3] Shakur did not want to play the role of Sharif, as he did not agree (in regards to the authenticity of such a role) that a Muslim could also be a gangbanger. He is quoted as saying the following in a video interview,[4]
"I said okay, cool... fire me from this $100,000 movie, because I ain't goin' play no gangbanger who's a Muslim. There ain't no such thing, I refuse to play parts that don't exist. I will be a young nigga, but will be a real young nigga."
—  Tupac Shakur
Shakur wanted to play O-Dog. Shakur and Spice 1 were later replaced with Larenz Tate and Tyrin Turner, respectively.[5]
Reception[edit]
Menace II Society received generally positive reviews from critics.[6] The film scored an 85% 'fresh' rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 35 reviews. Chicago Reader critic Jonathan Rosenbaum stated, "This is a powerful, convincing, and terrifying look at teenage crime in contemporary Watts."[7] Owen Gleiberman from Entertainment Weekly gave it a positive review, stating, "Menace II Society is bleak, brilliant, and unsparing."[8] EmanuelLevy.com gave the film an A, saying it is "The most stunning feature debut in the new African American cinema, even more so than Boyz n the Hood to which the coming of age feature bears thematic resemblance."[9] The film was placed on both Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert's 10 best films of 1993 lists, with Ebert praising "the way the filmmakers tell Caine's story without making him seem either the hero or victim".[10][11]
However, the film has also received some negative reviews. Geoff Andrew of Time Out stated, "Regrettably, the Hughes Brothers' first feature is a compendium of cliches."[12] Stephen Holden of The New York Times stated, "If Menace II Society is terrific on ambiance, it is considerably less successful in revealing character."[13] At the 1994 MTV Movie Awards, the film was awarded Best Movie, beating out the likes of Philadelphia, Jurassic Park and Schindler's List.[14] The film also won an Independent Spirit Award for Best Cinematography.[15]
Soundtrack[edit]
Menace II Society (soundtrack)
See also[edit]
List of films featuring surveillance
Boyz n the Hood
Colors
New Jack City
Juice
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Menace II Society (1993)". Box Office Mojo. 1993-07-27. Retrieved 2010-09-16.
Jump up ^ "Menace II Society". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved March 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ Jet – Google Books. 1994-02-28. Retrieved 2011-08-10 – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ "2pac Turning Down Menace 2 Society". YouTube. Retrieved November 21, 2013.
Jump up ^ Randall Sullivan, Labyrinth: A Detective Investigates the Murders of Tupac Shakur and Notorious B.I.G... page 80
Jump up ^ "Violent 'Menace' drawing accolades from unlikely fans". Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 2010-10-03.
Jump up ^ "Blog Archive » Menace II Society". JonathanRosenbaum.net. 1993-06-04. Retrieved 2011-08-10.
Jump up ^ Owen Gleiberman (1993-05-28). "Menace II Society Review | Movie Reviews and News". EW.com. Retrieved 2011-08-10.
Jump up ^ "Welcome to Emanuel Levy » Menace II Society". Emanuellevy.com. Retrieved 2011-08-10.
Jump up ^ "'SCHINDLER'S LIST' TOPS SISKEL'S & EBERT'S EAGERLY AWAITED '10 BEST FILMS OF 1992' – Free Online Library". Thefreelibrary.com. 1993-12-27. Retrieved 2011-08-10.
Jump up ^ "Menace II Society :: rogerebert.com :: Reviews". Rogerebert.suntimes.com. 1993-05-26. Retrieved 2011-08-10.
Jump up ^ "Menace II Society Review. Movie Reviews – Film – Time Out London". Timeout.com. Retrieved 2011-08-10.
Jump up ^ Holden, Stephen (1992-05-08). "Movie Review - Menace II Society - Review/Film; Teen-Agers Living Under the Gun - NYTimes.com". Movies.nytimes.com. Retrieved 2011-08-10.
Jump up ^ "1994 MTV Movie Awards | Past Movie Awards | Awards Show Highlights and Winners". MTV.com. 1994-06-04. Retrieved 2011-08-10.
Jump up ^ "'Banquet,' 'Ruby' Lead '93 Spirit Nominees". Los Angeles Times. 1994-01-14. Retrieved 2012-08-15.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Menace II Society
Menace II Society on IMDb
Menace II Society at AllMovie
Menace II Society at Rotten Tomatoes
Menace II Society at Metacritic
Menace II Society at Box Office Mojo
[show]
v
t
e
Films directed by Albert and Allen Hughes
Together
Menace II Society (1993)
Dead Presidents (1995)
American Pimp (1999)
From Hell (2001)
The Book of Eli (2010)
Allen only
Knights of the South Bronx (2005)
New York, I Love You (2008)
Broken City (2013)
Albert only
Alpha (2017)
[show]
v
t
e
MTV Movie Award for Movie of the Year
Best Movie
Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1992)
A Few Good Men (1993)
Menace II Society (1994)
Pulp Fiction (1995)
Seven (1996)
Scream (1997)
Titanic (1998)
There's Something About Mary (1999)
The Matrix (2000)
Gladiator (2001)
The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2002)
The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (2003)
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2004)
Napoleon Dynamite (2005)
Wedding Crashers (2006)
Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest (2007)
Transformers (2008)
Twilight (2009)
The Twilight Saga: New Moon (2010)
The Twilight Saga: Eclipse (2011)
Movie of the Year
The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 1 (2012)
The Avengers (2013)
The Hunger Games: Catching Fire (2014)
The Fault in Our Stars (2015)
Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2016)
Beauty and the Beast (2017)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Menace_II_Society&oldid=810435687"
Categories:
1993 films
English-language films
1992 films
1990s crime drama films
American films
American coming-of-age films
American crime drama films
Directorial debut films
Fiction narrated by a dead person
Films about drugs
Films directed by the Hughes brothers
Films set in Los Angeles
American gang films
Hip hop films
Hood films
New Line Cinema films
Hidden categories:
Articles needing additional references from December 2014
All articles needing additional references
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikiquote
Languages
Deutsch
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Italiano
Nederlands
日本語
Polski
Português
Русский
Simple English
Suomi
Українська
Edit links
This page was last edited on 15 November 2017, at 06:24.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: i

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: th

attrs: colspan class style

value: tr

value: img

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

value: td

attrs: colspan style

attrs: scope style

values:
/wiki/Hood_drama_film
mw-redirect
Hood drama film

values:
/wiki/Watts,_Los_Angeles,_California
mw-redirect
Watts, Los Angeles, California

values:
/wiki/Clifton_Collins,_Jr.
mw-redirect
Clifton Collins, Jr.

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values:
/wiki/Time_Out_(company)
mw-redirect
Time Out (company)

values:
/wiki/Baltimore_Sun
mw-redirect
Baltimore Sun

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0107554/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v32212

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Template talk:MTV Movie Award for Best Movie

values: Category:Fiction narrated by a dead person

values: Category:Films directed by the Hughes brothers

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from December 2014

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values:
/wiki/Menace_II_Society
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: تهدیدی برای جامعه – Persian

values: ポケットいっぱいの涙 – Japanese

values: Угроза обществу – Russian

values: Загроза суспільству (фільм) – Ukrainian

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Menace_II_Society rootpage-Menace_II_Society skin-vector action-view