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Eucharist in Lutheranism
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The Holy Communion stained glass window at St. Matthew's German Evangelical Lutheran Church in Charleston, South Carolina
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Eucharist
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The Eucharist in the Lutheran Church (also called the Mass, the Sacrament of the Altar, the Lord's Supper, the Lord's Table, Holy Communion, the Breaking of the Bread and the Blessed Sacrament[1][2]) refers to the liturgical commemoration of the Last Supper. Lutherans believe in the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist, affirming the doctrine of sacramental union, "in which the body and blood of Christ are truly and substantially (vere et substantialiter) present, offered, and received with (cum) the bread and wine."[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Biblical basis
2 Beliefs
2.1 Use of the sacrament
3 Practices in American Lutheran churches
4 Manner of reception
5 Adoration and the Corpus Christi
6 Liturgy
6.1 Music
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Biblical basis[edit]
Martin Luther (like many) saw the main basis for the Eucharist (as well as the Real Presence) to be found in Matthew 26:26–28, Mark 14:22–24, Luke 22:19-20, and 1 Corinthians 11:23-29.[4][not specific enough to verify]
Beliefs[edit]
A note about the real presence in Mikael Agricola Church, Helsinki.
Further information: Sacramental union
Lutherans believe that the Body and Blood of Christ are "truly and substantially present in, with and under the forms" of consecrated bread and wine (the elements),[5] so that communicants eat and drink both the elements and the true Body and Blood of Christ himself[6] in the Sacrament of the Eucharist whether they are believers or unbelievers.[7][8] The Lutheran doctrine of the Real Presence is also known as the sacramental union.[9][10] This theology was first formally and publicly confessed in the Wittenberg Concord (1536).[11] It has also been called "consubstantiation" but most Lutheran theologians reject the use of this term as it creates confusion with an earlier doctrine of the same name.[12] Some Lutherans do believe in consubstantiation.[13] Lutherans use the term "in, with and under the forms of consecrated bread and wine" and "sacramental union" to distinguish their understanding of the Eucharist from those of the Reformed and other traditions.[5]
Use of the sacrament[edit]
For Lutherans the Eucharist is not considered to be a valid sacrament unless the elements are used according to Christ's mandate and institution (consecration, distribution, and reception).[5] This was first formulated in the Wittenberg Concord of 1536 in the formula: Nihil habet rationem sacramenti extra usum a Christo institutum ("Nothing has the character of a sacrament apart from the use instituted by Christ").[14] To remove any scruple of doubt or superstition, the reliquiæ traditionally are either consumed, poured into the earth, or reserved (see below). In most Lutheran congregations, the administration of private communion of the sick and "shut-in" (those too feeble to attend services) involves a completely separate service of the Eucharist for which the sacramental elements are consecrated by the celebrant.[15]
Today, many Lutheran churches offer the Eucharist weekly, while others offer it less often. Weddings and funerals sometimes include the celebration of the Eucharist in Lutheran churches. At the ordinations of pastors/priests and the consecration of bishops, the Eucharist is always offered.
Practices in American Lutheran churches[edit]
The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) and its congregations practice open communion—meaning that Holy Communion is offered to all baptized Christians who have confessed their sins and received absolution.[16] Congregations in the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod, and the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod practice closed communion, meaning that Lutheran catechetical instruction is required for all people before receiving the Eucharist, though some congregations in these synods simply either ask that one speak to the pastor before the service to confirm their common faith or acknowledge this on their attendance card. For Lutherans in general, confession and absolution are considered proper preparation for receiving the sacrament. However, the historic practice among Lutherans of preparation by private confession and absolution[17] is rarely found in American Lutheran congregations.[16][18] For this reason, often a brief order or corporate rite of confession and absolution is included at the beginning of Lutheran liturgies.
A growing number of congregations in the ELCA, offer instruction to baptized children generally between the ages of 6-8 and, after a relatively short period of catechetical instruction, the children are admitted to partake of the Eucharist.[16] Most other ELCA congregations offer First Communion instruction to children in the 5th grade. In other Lutheran churches, the person must have receive confirmation before receiving the Eucharist.[16][19] Infants and children who haven't received the catechetical instruction (or confirmation) may be brought to the Eucharistic distribution by their parents to be blessed by the pastor.[20]
Manner of reception[edit]
Communion setting at an ELCA service: an open Bible, both unleavened bread and gluten-free wafers, a chalice of wine, and another with grape juice
A congregation kneeling during the Eucharistic distribution
The manner of receiving the Eucharist differs throughout the world. In most American Lutheran churches, an older Latin Rite custom is maintained, where a cushioned area and altar rails sit at the front of the altar where the congregation can come to kneel down and receive the sacrament (as seen in the picture below). Traditionally, only those within the holy office of the ministry distributed both of the communion elements, but it is now the prevailing practice that the Pastor distributes the host and an assistant then distributes the wine. The congregation departs and may make the sign of the cross.
In other Lutheran churches, the process is much like the Post-Vatican II revised rite of the Roman Catholic Church.[21] The eucharistic minister (most commonly the pastor) and his assistants line up, with the eucharistic minister in the center holding the hosts and the two assistants on either side holding the chalices. The people process to the front in lines and receive the Eucharist standing. Following this, the people make the sign of the cross (if they choose to) and return to their places in the congregation.
The bread is commonly a thin unleavened wafer, but leavened wafers may also be used. Some parishes use intinction, the dipping of the host into the chalice.[22] Placing the host in the hand of the communicant is commonly practiced, but some people may prefer that the pastor place the host into their mouth in the pre-Vatican II Catholic tradition. The wine is commonly administered via a chalice, but many congregations use individual cups.[23] These may be either prefilled or filled from the chalice during the distribution of the Eucharist. Some ELCA congregations make grape juice available for children and those who are abstaining from alcohol and some will accommodate those with an allergy to wheat or grapes.[24]
Adoration and the Corpus Christi[edit]
Perpetual Adoraton at a High Lutheran congregation, of the Anglo-Lutheran Catholic Church, in Kansas City, Missouri
Lutheran Eucharistic adoration is not commonly practiced, but when it occurs it is done only from the moment of consecration to reception.[disputed – discuss] Many people kneel when they practice this adoration. The consecrated elements are treated with much respect and in many areas are reserved as in Orthodox, Roman Catholic and Anglican practice.[25] The Feast of the Corpus Christi was retained in the main calendar of the Lutheran Church up until about 1600,[26] but continues to be celebrated by many Lutheran congregations.[27] On this feast day the consecrated host is displayed on an altar in a monstrance and, in some churches, the rites of the Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament and other forms of adoration are celebrated.[28]
Liturgy[edit]
The Lutheran worship liturgy is called the "Divine Service", "Holy Communion",or "the Eucharist." An example formula for the Lutheran liturgy is as follows:[29]
The "Great Thanksgiving" or Sursum corda is chanted or spoken.
Pastor: The Lord be with you.
People: And with your spirit.
Pastor: Lift up your hearts.
People: We lift them to the Lord.
Pastor: Let us give thanks to the Lord our God.
People: It is right and just .
Next, the proper preface is chanted or spoken by the pastor. Below is an example:
It is truly good, right and salutary that we should at all times and in all places give thanks to you, holy Lord, almighty Father, everlasting, who in the multitude of your saints did surround us with so great a cloud of witnesses that we, rejoicing in their fellowship, may run with patience the race that is set before us and, together with them, may receive the crown of glory that does not fade away. Therefore with angels and archangels and with all the company of heaven we laud and magnify your glorious name, evermore praising you and saying:
This is followed by the Sanctus, which is sung by the congregation.
Holy, holy, holy Lord,
God of hosts.
Heaven and earth are full of your glory.
Hosanna in the highest.
Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord.
Hosanna in the highest.
Next, the first part of the Eucharistic Prayer is spoken by the pastor.
Pastor: You are indeed holy, almighty and merciful God; you are most holy, and great is the majesty of your glory. You so loved the world that you gave your only Son, that whoever believes in him may not perish but have eternal life. Having come into the world, he fulfilled for us your holy will and accomplished our salvation.
The pastor then says the Words of Institution. The pastor may also elevate the elements as well as genuflect.
Our Lord Jesus Christ, on the night when He was betrayed, took bread, and when he had given thanks, he broke it and gave it to his disciples and said, 'Take; eat; this is my body, given for you. This do in remembrance of me.' In the same way, also, He took the cup after supper, and when He had given thanks, He gave it to them saying, 'Drink of it all of you. This cup is the New Testament in My Blood, shed for you for the forgiveness of sins. This do as often as you drink it, in remembrance of Me.'
The Eucharistic Prayer continues, along with the Memorial Acclamation.
Remembering, therefore, his salutary command, his life-giving Passion and death, his glorious resurrection and ascension, and his promise to come again, we give thanks to you, Lord God Almighty, not as we ought, but as we are able; and we implore you mercifully to accept our praise and thanksgiving, and, with your Word and Holy Spirit, to bless us, your servants, and these your own gifts of bread and wine; that we and all who share in the + body and blood of your Son may be filled with heavenly peace and joy, and receiving the forgiveness of sin, may be + sanctified in soul and body, and have our portion will all your saints.
People: Amen.
Pastor: The mystery of faith.
People: When we eat this Bread and drink this Cup, we proclaim your Death, O Lord, until you come again.
Pastor: O Lord Jesus Christ, only Son of the Father, in giving us Your body and blood to eat and to drink, You lead us to remember and confess Your holy cross and passion, Your blessed death, Your rest in the tomb, Your resurrection from the dead, Your ascension into heaven, and the promise of Your coming again.
The Lord's Prayer
Pastor: Lord, remember us in Your kingdom and teach us to pray:
People: Our Father, who art in heaven, hallowed be thy name, thy kingdom come, thy will be done on earth as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread; and forgive us our trespasses as we forgive those who trespass against us; and lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil. For the kingdom and the power and the glory are yours now and forever. Amen.
The "Peace" or "pax"
Pastor: The peace of the Lord be with you always.
People: And with your spirit. (or "And also with you.")
Pastor: Let us offer each other a sign of peace. (the peace of Christ is shared among the people)
Following this, the Agnus Dei is chanted.
Lamb of God, you take away the sin of the world, have mercy upon us.
Lamb of God, you take away the sin of the world, have mercy upon us.
Lamb of God, you take away the sin of the world, grant us peace. Amen.
Typical Eucharist in a LCMS church
The Distribution is next (see above for different manners), it is followed by the nunc dimittis, which is chanted as follows:
Lord, now you let your servant depart in peace,
according to your word.
For my eyes have seen your salvation,
which you have prepared before the face of all people,
a light to lighten the Gentiles
and the glory of your people Israel.
The postcommunion is prayed by the pastor.
We give thanks to You, almighty God, that You have refreshed us through this salutary gift, and we implore You that of Your mercy You would strengthen us through the same in faith toward You and in fervent love toward one another; through Jesus Christ, Your Son, our Lord, who lives and reigns with You and the Holy spirit, one God, now and forever. Amen.
Finally the Benedicamus Domino and benediction are spoken or chanted by the pastor and congregation with the Sign of the Cross being made at the end.
Pastor: The Lord be with you.
People: And with your spirit.
Pastor: Let us bless the Lord.
People: Thanks be to God.
Pastor: The Lord bless you and keep you; the Lord make his face to shine upon you and be gracious to you; the Lord look upon you with favor and give you + peace.[Numbers 6:24-26]
Music[edit]
Communion is often accompanied by music. Some hymns, such as "Schmücke dich, o liebe Seele" are dedicated to communion, to be sung in preparation. Chorale preludes on their themes are traditionally played during communion (sub communione).
See also[edit]
Lutheranism portal
Eucharistic theology
Lutheran sacraments
References[edit]
Jump up ^ An Explanation of Luther's Small Catechism, (LCMS), question 285")
Jump up ^ Lutheran Eucharist names. Retrieved 2009-08-18.
Jump up ^ Gassmann, Günther. Fortress Introduction to the Lutheran Confessions. Fortress Press. p. 112. ISBN 9781451418194. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ see the "Book of Concord"
^ Jump up to: a b c An Explanation of Luther's Small Catechism, (LCMS), question 291)
Jump up ^ (cf. Augsburg Confession, Article 10)
Jump up ^ ("manducatio indignorum": "eating of the unworthy")
Jump up ^ An Explanation of Luther's Small Catechism, (LCMS), question 296")
Jump up ^ Formula of Concord Solid Declaration VII.36-38 (Triglot Concordia, 983, 985 [1]; Theodore G. Tappert, The Book of Concord: The Confessions of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1959), 575-576.
Jump up ^ Weimar Ausgabe 26, 442; Luther's Works 37, 299-300.
Jump up ^ Formula of Concord Epitiome VII, 7, 15; FC Formula of Concord Solid Declaration VII, 14, 18, 35, 38, 117; Triglot Concordia, 811-813, 977, 979, 983-985, 1013.
Jump up ^ F.L. Cross, ed., The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, second edition, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1974), 340 sub loco.
Jump up ^ J.T. Mueller, Christian Dogmatics: A Handbook of Doctrinal Theology , (St. Louis: CPH, 1934), 519; cf. also Erwin L. Lueker, Christian Cyclopedia , (St. Louis: CPH, 1975), under the entry "consubstantiation".
Jump up ^ Lutheran Theology Retrieved on 2009-08-19
Jump up ^ [2] at www.ctsfw.net. Retrieved 2010-06-07.
^ Jump up to: a b c d At what age do ELCA congregations allow members their first Communion?. Retrieved 2010-01-12.
Jump up ^ Confession in the churches is not abolished among us; for it is not usual to give the body of the Lord, except to them that have been previously examined and absolved.
Jump up ^ "Close(d) Communion" @ www.lcms.com[permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ LCMS Youth Confirmation & First Communion Archived 11 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine.. Retrieved 2010-01-18.
Jump up ^ First Lutheran Church Communion FAQs. Retrieved 2010-01-18.
Jump up ^ Catholic Communion process from the Mass Archived 10 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Intinction at the Christian Encyclopedia
Jump up ^ Virus and the Common Cup from LCMS.org. Retrieved 2010-04-17.
Jump up ^ An example of a church that does. See the "Sunday Worship" section on the "Welcome" page.
Jump up ^ Shjould Lutherans reserve the sacrament? from Concordia Theological Seminary in April 2003. Retrieved 2010-04-16.
Jump up ^ Frank Senn: Christian Liturgy: Catholic and Evangelical, Fortress Press, 1997. p. 344. ISBN 0-8006-2726-1
Jump up ^ Lutheran Corups Christi. Retrieved 2010-04-16.
Jump up ^ http://www.stmichaelsalcc.org/
Jump up ^ (Lutheran Service Book, Divine Service I,III, Lutheran Service Book)
External links[edit]
An Explanation of The Common Service (1908)
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Gigantism
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Not to be confused with Deep-sea gigantism or Island gigantism.
Gigantism, also known as giantism (from Greek γίγας gigas, "giant", plural γίγαντες gigantes), is a condition characterized by excessive growth and height significantly above average. In humans, this condition is caused by over-production of growth hormone[1] in childhood resulting in people between 7 feet (2.13 m) and 9 feet (2.72 m) in height.[2][3][4][5]
Gigantism
Classification and external resources
Specialty
Endocrinology
ICD-10
E22.0, E34.4
ICD-9-CM
253.0
DiseasesDB
30730
MedlinePlus
001174
MeSH
D005877
[edit on Wikidata]
It is a rare disorder resulting from increased levels of growth hormone before the fusion of the growth plate which usually occurs at some point soon after puberty. This is most often due to abnormal tumor growths on the pituitary gland.[6][7] Gigantism should not be confused with acromegaly, the adult form of the disorder, characterized by somatic enlargement specifically in the extremities and face.[8][9]
Contents
[hide]
1 Cause
1.1 Hormonal cause
1.2 Diagnostic testing
2 Genetic
3 Treatment
3.1 Pharmaceuticals
4 Terminology
5 Society and culture
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Cause[edit]
Gigantism is characterized by an excess of growth hormone (GH). This overproduction of growth hormone that brings about gigantism is virtually always caused by pituitary growths (adenomas).[7] These adenomas are on the anterior pituitary gland. They can also cause overproduction of GH's hypothalamic precursor known as growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH).[10]
As a result of the excessive amounts of growth hormone, children achieve heights that are well above normal ranges.[11] The specific age of onset for gigantism varies between patients and gender, but the common age that excessive growth symptoms start to appear has been found to be around 13 years.[6] Other health complications may occur in pediatric patients with hyper-secretion of growth hormone such as hypertension. Characteristics more similar to those seen in acromegaly may occur in patients that are closer in age to adolescence since they are nearing growth plate fusion.[12]
Hormonal cause[edit]
Growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) are two different substances that have been identified as influencing growth plate formation and bone growth and, therefore, gigantism. The specific mechanisms of these are still not completely understood.[6][13]
More broadly, GH and IGF have both been identified to be involved most stages of growth: embryonic, prenatal, and postnatal.[14][15] Moreover, the receptor gene for IGF has been shown to be particularly influential throughout various stages of development, especially prenatally. This is the same for GH receptor genes which have been known to drive overall growth throughout various pathways.[14][16]
Growth hormone is a precursor (upstream) of IGF-I, but each have their own independent roles in hormonal pathways. Yet both seem to ultimately come together to have a joint effect on growth.[15]
Diagnostic testing[edit]
Evaluation of growth hormone hyper-secretion cannot be excluded with a single normal GH level due to diurnal variation. However, a random blood sample showing markedly elevated GH is adequate for diagnosis of GH hyper-secretion. Additionally, a high-normal GH level that fails to suppress with administration of glucose is also sufficient for a diagnosis of GH hyper-secretion.[17]
Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) is an excellent test for evaluation of GH hyper-secretion. It does not undergo diurnal variation and will thus be consistently elevated in GH hyper-secretion and therefore patients with gigantism. A single normal IGF-1 value will reliably exclude GH hyper-secretion.[17]
Genetic[edit]
Finding a specific genetic cause for gigantism has proven to be difficult. Gigantism is the primary example of growth hormone hyper-secretion disorders, a group of illnesses that are not yet deeply understood.[6]
Some common mutations have been associated with gigantism. Pediatric gigantism patients have shown to have duplications of genes on a specific chromosome, Xq26. Typically, these patients also experienced an onset of typical gigantism symptoms before reaching the age of 5. This indicates a possible linkage between gene duplications and the gigantism.[18]
Additionally, DNA mutations in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor interacting protein (AIP) gene are common in gigantism patients. They have been found to be present in about 29 percent of patients with gigantism.[7] AIP is labeled as a tumor suppressor gene and a pituitary adenoma disposition gene.[7][19]
Mutations in AIP sequencing can have deleterious effects by inducing the development of pituitary adenomas which in turn can cause gigantism.[7][19]
Two specific mutations in the AIP gene have been identified as possible causes of pituitary adenomas. These mutations also have the ability to cause adenoma growth to occur early in life.[20] This is typical in gigantism.
Additionally, a large variety of other known genetic disorders have been found to influence the development of gigantism such as multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 and 4, McCune-Albright syndrome, Carney complex, familial isolated pituitary adenoma, X-linked acrogigantism (X-LAG).[7][21]
Although various gene mutations have been associated with gigantism, over 50 percent of cases cannot be linked to genetic causes, showing the complex nature of the disorder.[6]
Treatment[edit]
Many treatments for gigantism receive criticism and are not accepted as ideal. Various treatments involving surgery and drugs have been used to treat gigantism.[22]
Pharmaceuticals[edit]
Pegvisomant is one pharmaceutical drug which has received attention for being a possible treatment route for Gigantism. Reduction of the levels of IGF-I as a result of pegvisomant administration can be incredibly beneficial for the pediatric gigantism patients.[23]
After treatment with pegvisomant, high growth rates, a feature characteristic of gigantism, can be significantly decreased.[23] Pegvisomant has been seen to be a powerful alternative to other treatments such as somatostatin analogues, a common treatment method for acromegaly, if drug treatment is paired with radiation.[24]
Finding the optimal level of pegvisomant is important so normal body growth is not negatively affected. In order to do this, titration of the medication can be used as a way to find the proper administration level.[22]
See acromegaly for additional treatment possibilities.
Terminology[edit]
André the Giant, a wrestler and actor in The Princess Bride.
Giantess Anna Swan with her parents.
The term is typically applied to those whose height is not just in the upper 1% of the population but several standard deviations above mean for persons of the same sex, age, and ethnic ancestry. The term is seldom applied to those who are simply "tall" or "above average" whose heights appear to be the healthy result of normal genetics and nutrition. Gigantism is usually caused by a tumor on the pituitary gland of the brain. It causes growth of the hands, face, and feet.[25][better source needed] In some cases the condition can be passed on genetically through a mutated gene.[26]
Other names somewhat obsolete for this pathology are hypersoma (Greek: hyper over the normal level; soma body) and somatomegaly (Greek; soma body, genitive somatos of the body; megas, gen. megalou great). In the past, while many of them were social outcasts because of their height, some (usually unintentionally) found employment in Friedrich Wilhelm I's famous Potsdam Giants regiment.
Many of those who have been identified with gigantism have suffered from multiple health issues involving their circulatory or skeletal system, as the strain of maintaining a large, heavy body places abnormal demands on both the bones and the heart.
Society and culture[edit]
Main article: Giant (mythology)
Reports of gigantism exist throughout history, with some nations and tribes taller than others. The giants of Crete are listed in various historic sources, beginning with Titan, a Greek mythological giant, and including Gigantus, after whom giants and gigantism are named. Rhodes is another island where giants were said to have lived, with the Colossus of Rhodes, a giant statue of a giant patron god Helios. Goliath, a giant mentioned in the Bible, was a Philistine warrior who was killed by David in a battle between the Israelites and the Philistines. A member of Goliath's family is also recorded as having six fingers on each hand and six toes on each foot.[27]
See also[edit]
Acromegaly
Deep-sea gigantism
Dwarfism
Giant of Castelnau
Growth hormone
Homo heidelbergensis
Hypothalamic–pituitary–somatic axis
Island gigantism
List of humans with gigantism
List of tallest people
Local gigantism
Marfan syndrome
Megafauna
Nephilim
Overgrowth syndrome
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Gigantism" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
Jump up ^ "Gigantism | UCLA Pituitary Tumor Program". pituitary.ucla.edu. Retrieved 2017-04-27.
Jump up ^ "Gigantism: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 2017-04-27.
Jump up ^ "Gigantism and Acromegaly: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology and Etiology". 2017-01-07.
Jump up ^ "Gigantism and Acromegaly - Hormonal and Metabolic Disorders - MSD Manual Consumer Version". MSD Manual Consumer Version. Retrieved 2017-04-27.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Rostomyan, Liliya; Daly, Adrian F.; Petrossians, Patrick; Nachev, Emil; Lila, Anurag R.; Lecoq, Anne-Lise; Lecumberri, Beatriz; Trivellin, Giampaolo; Salvatori, Roberto (October 2015). "Clinical and genetic characterization of pituitary gigantism: an international collaborative study in 208 patients". Endocrine-Related Cancer. 22 (5): 745–757. doi:10.1530/ERC-15-0320. ISSN 1479-6821. PMID 26187128.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Rostomyan, Liliya; Potorac, Iulia; Beckers, Pablo; Daly, Adrian F.; Beckers, Albert. "AIP mutations and gigantism". Annales d'Endocrinologie. 78 (2): 123–130. doi:10.1016/j.ando.2017.04.012.
Jump up ^ Chanson, Philippe; Salenave, Sylvie (2008-06-25). "Acromegaly". Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases. 3: 17. doi:10.1186/1750-1172-3-17. ISSN 1750-1172.
Jump up ^ Capatina, Cristina; Wass, John A. H. (August 2015). "60 YEARS OF NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY: Acromegaly". The Journal of Endocrinology. 226 (2): T141–160. doi:10.1530/JOE-15-0109. ISSN 1479-6805. PMID 26136383.
Jump up ^ Zimmerman, D; Young, W F; Ebersold, M J; Scheithauer, B W; Kovacs, K; Horvath, E; Whitaker, M D; Eberhardt, N L; Downs, T R (1993-01-01). "Congenital gigantism due to growth hormone-releasing hormone excess and pituitary hyperplasia with adenomatous transformation". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 76 (1): 216–222. doi:10.1210/jcem.76.1.8421089. ISSN 0021-972X.
Jump up ^ Eugster, Erica A.; Pescovitz, Ora H. (1999-12-01). "Gigantism". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 84 (12): 4379–4384. doi:10.1210/jcem.84.12.6222. ISSN 0021-972X.
Jump up ^ Murray, P. G.; Clayton, P. E. (2000). De Groot, Leslie J.; Chrousos, George; Dungan, Kathleen; Feingold, Kenneth R.; Grossman, Ashley; Hershman, Jerome M.; Koch, Christian; Korbonits, Márta; McLachlan, Robert, eds. Endotext. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc. PMID 25905205.
Jump up ^ Shim, Kye Shik (March 2015). "Pubertal growth and epiphyseal fusion". Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism. 20 (1): 8–12. doi:10.6065/apem.2015.20.1.8. ISSN 2287-1012. PMC 4397276  . PMID 25883921.
^ Jump up to: a b Laron, Z (October 2001). "Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1): a growth hormone". Molecular Pathology. 54 (5): 311–316. doi:10.1136/mp.54.5.311. ISSN 1366-8714. PMC 1187088  . PMID 11577173.
^ Jump up to: a b Lupu, Floria; Terwilliger, Joseph D.; Lee, Kaechoong; Segre, Gino V.; Efstratiadis, Argiris. "Roles of Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 in Mouse Postnatal Growth". Developmental Biology. 229 (1): 141–162. doi:10.1006/dbio.2000.9975.
Jump up ^ Sanders, Esmond J.; Harvey, Steve. "Growth hormone as an early embryonic growth and differentiation factor". Anatomy and Embryology. 209 (1): 1–9. doi:10.1007/s00429-004-0422-1.
^ Jump up to: a b De Mais, Daniel. ASCP Quick Compendium of Clinical Pathology, 2nd Ed. ASCP Press, Chicago, 2009.
Jump up ^ Trivellin, Giampaolo; Daly, Adrian F.; Faucz, Fabio R.; Yuan, Bo; Rostomyan, Liliya; Larco, Darwin O.; Schernthaner-Reiter, Marie Helene; Szarek, Eva; Leal, Letícia F. "Gigantism and Acromegaly Due to Xq26 Microduplications and GPR101 Mutation". New England Journal of Medicine. 371 (25): 2363–2374. doi:10.1056/nejmoa1408028. PMC 4291174  .
^ Jump up to: a b Beckers, Albert; Aaltonen, Lauri A.; Daly, Adrian F.; Karhu, Auli (2013-04-01). "Familial Isolated Pituitary Adenomas (FIPA) and the Pituitary Adenoma Predisposition due to Mutations in the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Interacting Protein (AIP) Gene". Endocrine Reviews. 34 (2): 239–277. doi:10.1210/er.2012-1013. ISSN 0163-769X. PMC 3610678  .
Jump up ^ Vierimaa, Outi; Georgitsi, Marianthi; Lehtonen, Rainer; Vahteristo, Pia; Kokko, Antti; Raitila, Anniina; Tuppurainen, Karoliina; Ebeling, Tapani M. L.; Salmela, Pasi I. (2006-05-26). "Pituitary Adenoma Predisposition Caused by Germline Mutations in the AIP Gene". Science. 312 (5777): 1228–1230. doi:10.1126/science.1126100. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 16728643.
Jump up ^ Rostomyan, Liliya; Daly, Adrian F.; Beckers, Albert. "Pituitary gigantism: Causes and clinical characteristics". Annales d'Endocrinologie. 76 (6): 643–649. doi:10.1016/j.ando.2015.10.002.
^ Jump up to: a b Goldenberg, Naila; Racine, Michael S.; Thomas, Pamela; Degnan, Bernard; Chandler, William; Barkan, Ariel (2008-08-01). "Treatment of Pituitary Gigantism with the Growth Hormone Receptor Antagonist Pegvisomant". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 93 (8): 2953–2956. doi:10.1210/jc.2007-2283. ISSN 0021-972X.
^ Jump up to: a b Goldenberg, Naila; Racine, Michael S.; Thomas, Pamela; Degnan, Bernard; Chandler, William; Barkan, Ariel (2008-08-01). "Treatment of Pituitary Gigantism with the Growth Hormone Receptor Antagonist Pegvisomant". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 93 (8): 2953–2956. doi:10.1210/jc.2007-2283. ISSN 0021-972X.
Jump up ^ Rix, M.; Laurberg, P.; Hoejberg, A. S.; Brock-Jacobsen, B. (2005-08-01). "Pegvisomant therapy in pituitary gigantism: successful treatment in a 12-year-old girl". European Journal of Endocrinology. 153 (2): 195–201. doi:10.1530/eje.1.01956. ISSN 0804-4643. PMID 16061823.
Jump up ^ "Gigantism". Question.com. Retrieved 2012-03-14.
Jump up ^ In a Giant’s Story, a New Chapter Writ by His DNA - By Gina Kolata. The New York Times, January 5, 2011
Jump up ^ Story of Goliath in 1Samuel 17 – 6 fingers in 1 Chronicles 20:6 cf. 2Samuel 21:20-22
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gigantism.
Acromegaly and Gigantism article
"Brief overview of overgrowth syndromes in childhood" (PDF). (2.95 MB)
Gigantism Clinical Trials from U.S. National Institutes of Health
Gigantism information from U.S. National Library of Medicine, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services & the National Institutes of Health
Epidemiology and Pathophysiology info for Healthcare Professionals
Epidemiology of acromegaly from Pubmed.gov US National Library of Medicine & National Institutes of Health
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Crayola
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Crayola, LLC
Formerly
Binney & Smith Company (1885-2007)
Type
Subsidiary of Hallmark Cards
Industry
Handicraft
Founded
March 31, 1885; 133 years ago (1885-03-31) (as Binney & Smith Company)
Founder
Edwin Binney
C. Harold and John K. Smith
Headquarters
Forks Township, Pennsylvania, United States
Number of locations
11
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Mike Perry (President and CEO)
Smith Holland (Vice President & COO)
Kip Olmstead (Vice President, Marketing)
Peter S. Ruggiero (Vice President, Operations)
[1]
Products
Chalk
Crayons
Markers
Colored pencils
Brands
Crayola
Silly Putty
Portfolio Series
Number of employees
2,000 (2016)[2]
Parent
Hallmark Cards
Website
crayola.com
Crayola LLC, formerly Binney & Smith, is an American handicraft company, specializing in artists' supplies. It is known for its brand Crayola and best known for its crayons. The company is based in Forks Township, Northampton County, Pennsylvania, USA. Since 1984, it has been a wholly owned subsidiary of Hallmark Cards.[3] Originally an industrial pigment supply company, Crayola soon shifted its focus to art products for home and school use, beginning with chalk, then crayons, followed later by colored pencils, markers, paints, modeling clay, and other related goods. All Crayola-branded products are marketed as nontoxic and safe for use by children. Most Crayola crayons are manufactured in the United States.[4]
The company also produces Silly Putty and a line of professional art products under the Portfolio Series brand.
Crayola, LLC claims the Crayola brand has 99% name recognition in U.S. consumer households, and says its products are marketed and sold in over 80 countries.[5]
Contents
1 History
2 Crayons
2.1 Colors
3 Cultural impact
3.1 Commemorative postage stamp
3.2 Crayola color census 2000
3.3 The Crayola Experience
3.4 Fine art
4 Other products
4.1 Other brands
4.1.1 Silly Putty
4.1.2 Portfolio Series
4.1.3 Liquitex
4.1.4 Staonal
4.2 Licensing
4.3 Christmas lights
4.4 Manufacturing
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
See also: Timeline of Crayola and History of Crayola crayons
Crayola's founders Edwin Binney (left) and C. Harold Smith (right)
The company was founded as Binney and Smith by cousins Edwin Binney and C. Harold Smith in New York City on March 31, 1885. Initial products were colorants for industrial use, including red iron oxide pigments used in barn paint and carbon black chemicals used for making tires black and extending their useful lifespan.[6] Binney & Smith's new process of creating inexpensive black colorants was entered into the chemistry industries competition at the 1900 Paris Exposition under the title "carbon gas blacks, lamp or oil blacks, 'Peerless' black" and earned the company a gold medal award in chemical and pharmaceutical arts.[7][8] Also in 1900, the company added production of slate school pencils. Binney's experimentation with industrial materials, including slate waste, cement, and talc, led to the invention of the first dustless white chalk, for which the company won a gold medal at the 1904 St. Louis World's Fair.[8]
Initially formed as a partnership, Binney & Smith incorporated in 1902, and in that year Binney & Smith developed and introduced the Staonal marking crayon. Then Edwin Binney, working with his wife, Alice Stead Binney, developed his own famous product line of wax crayons beginning on 10 June 1903,[9] which it sold under the brand name Crayola. The Crayola name was coined by Alice Binney who was a former schoolteacher. It comes from craie (French for "chalk") and ola for "oleaginous" or "oily."[8][10] The suffix "-ola" was also popular in commercial use at the time, lending itself to products such as granola (1886),[11] pianola (1901),[12] Victrola (1905),[13] Shinola (1907)[14] and Mazola (1911).[15] Crayola introduced its crayons not with one box, but with a full product line. By 1905, the line had expanded to offering 18 different-sized crayon boxes[16] with five different-sized crayons, only two of which survive today—the "standard size" (a standard sized Crayola crayon is 3 5⁄8 in × 5⁄16 in (92.1 mm × 7.9 mm)) and the "large size" (large sized Crayola crayons are 4 in × 7⁄16 in (102 mm × 11 mm)). The product line offered crayon boxes containing 6, 7, 8, 12, 14, 16, 18, 24, 28, or 30 different color crayons. Some of these boxes were targeted for artists and contained crayons with no wrappers, while others had a color number printed on the wrapper that corresponded to a number on a list of color names printed inside the box lid, but some boxes contained crayons with their color names printed on their wrappers.
The Rubens Crayola line, started in 1903 (not in the 1920s, as claimed by some sources[by whom?]),[17] was directly targeted at artists and designed to compete with the Raphael brand of crayons from Europe. The crayon boxes sold from five cents for a No.6 Rubens box containing six different-colored crayons to $1.50 for the No. 500 Rubens Special Artists and Designers Crayon box containing 24 different-colored, larger (4 1⁄4 in × 1⁄2 in (108 mm × 13 mm)) crayons.[18]
In April 1904 at the St. Louis World's Fair, Binney & Smith won the Gold Medal for their An-Du-Septic dustless chalk.[19] Subsequently, Crayola used the opportunity to develop a new packaging strategy by emphasizing their gold medal on the front of many of their products and crayon boxes. This strategy turned out to be so successful and recognizable to their brand that they phased out nearly all of their other Crayola line box designs to adapt to the gold medal format, which appeared on their packaging for the next 50-plus years.
In 1905, the prototype offering of their new No. 8 crayon box (with eight crayons) featured a copy from the side of the medal with an eagle on it. This was changed to the other side of the medal with the 1904 date on it in Roman numerals.
Binney & Smith purchased the Munsell Color Company crayon product line in 1926, and inherited 22 new colors, 11 in the maximum and 11 in the middle hue ranges.[20][21] They retained the Munsell name on products such as “Munsell-Crayola” and “Munsell-Perma” until 1934, and then incorporated their colors into their own Crayola Gold Medal line of boxes.[22]
In 1939, Crayola, by combining its existing crayon colors with the Munsell colors, introduced its largest color assortment product to date; a "No. 52 Drawing Crayon 52 Color Assortment", which was retired by the 1944 price list.
In 1949, Crayola introduced the "Crayola No. 48" containing 48 color crayons in a non-peggable floor box.
Further expansion took place in 1958 with the introduction of the 64-color pack that included the company's first crayon sharpener built into the box.[23] The 64-color box was called "a watershed" moment in the history of the Crayola crayon by Smithsonian National Museum of American History curator David Shayt.[24] [25]
The corporation became a publicly traded company under the symbol BYS on the American Stock Exchange in 1963, and later moved to the New York Stock Exchange under the same symbol in 1978.[6]
In 1977, Binney & Smith acquired the rights to Silly Putty, a stretchy bouncy toy.[26] Crayola markers were introduced in 1978 to coincide with the 75th anniversary of Crayola crayons. In 1984, the company was acquired by Hallmark Cards, a privately held corporation. Colored pencils and a line of washable markers were added in 1987.[6]
In August 1997, Crayola collaborated with Alliance Atlantis and the entertainment arm of Hallmark Cards to release three direct-to-video adaptations of famous children's novels under the name Crayola Kids Adventures.
Crayola Crayons were inducted into the National Toy Hall of Fame at The Strong in Rochester, New York, in 1998. In the same year, the Crayola Factory opened.
On January 1, 2007, Binney & Smith became Crayola LLC, to improve Crayola branding as part of Hallmark.[1][5]
In 2011, My First Crayola was launched. Products include triangular crayons and flat-tipped markers.
In 2015, Crayola announced "Color Escapes" for adults to help them relieve stress. The kit will include four collections, such as geometric, garden, natural, and kaleidoscope.[27]
This Crayola advertisement from March 1905 is one of its earliest, and shows it offered a variety of boxes and colors early on.
Inside the Rubens Crayola No. 500 crayon box
An original Munsell crayons box and later Binney & Smith boxes
The first two Gold Medal line 8-count boxes
The Crayola No. 52 box 1939–1944
Crayons[edit]
Crayola crayon packs vary in package counts of just a few crayons sold to establishments such as hotels and restaurants, to hand out to their young guests[28] to 832-crayon "Classpack" bulk boxes marketed to schools.[29] The colors contained in a package have ranged from two to 200 (although a 200-color package includes "special effect" crayons such as glitters, neons, etc.). The most common retail packages are multiples of eight, with 4, 8, 16, 24, 48, 64, 96, and 120 packs being marketed today.[30][31][32] A 150-crayon pack featuring a plastic telescope-like case was introduced in 2006, and includes 118 regular color crayons, 16 glitter crayons, and 16 "Metallic FX" crayons, as well as a built-in sharpener at the apex of the tower.[33] This was succeeded by a 152-crayon set in a plastic yellow carrying case in 2013, with all the colors from the 150-crayon set plus the standard colors Piggy Pink and Blue Bell.
The first version of the Crayola No. 64 box
(2009) 64-crayon pack sporting built-in sharpener
Crayola telescoping 150 crayon tower
Colors[edit]
Further information: List of Crayola crayon colors and History of Crayola crayons
Thirteen of 50 officially retired Crayola crayon colors
As the size of Crayola crayon packs increased from the original 1903 crayon packs, the variety of colors available has also increased—reaching 120 colors by 1998. Since 1998, new colors have been added, but always replacing existing colors. In all, 50 colors have been retired, bringing the total number of regular colors produced to 170. On March 31, 2017, Crayola announced that Dandelion would be retired. On September 14, 2017, the replacement color "Bluetiful" was announced.[34] The colour is reportedly a new hue realized after experiments done at Oregon State University. It was discovered while scientists were experimenting with electronics.[35]
According to Crayola, they currently manufacture 120 standard crayon colors[36] being included in the regular 120-count box. This does not include specialty crayons like the Metallic FX, Gel FX and the glitter crayons.
The colors in the box below come in the packs of 8, 16, and 24:
8 pack (as of 1903)
+8 = 16 pack (as of 1930)
+8 = 24 pack (until October 2017)

Red
Orange
Carnation Pink
Red Orange
Violet Red
Scarlet

Yellow
Green
Yellow Orange
Yellow Green
Green Yellow
Cerulean

Blue
Violet (Purple)
Blue Green
Blue Violet
Dandelion
Indigo

Brown
Black
Red Violet White
Apricot
Gray
Cultural impact[edit]
The Smithsonian National Museum of American History maintains a collection of Crayola crayons founded by an original 64-color box donated by Binney & Smith in 1998. The collection now includes more than 300 boxes of crayons.[24]
The Crayola crayon was inducted into the National Toy Hall of Fame as a founding member at its inception.
Crayola has been featured in segments from the popular children's shows Sesame Street[37] and Mister Rogers' Neighborhood, with the official 100 billionth crayon molded by Fred Rogers himself in February 1996 at the plant in Easton.[38]
Commemorative postage stamp[edit]
1998 USPS stamp commemorating Crayola crayons
In 1998, the United States Postal Service issued a 32-cent postage stamp to commemorate the cultural impact the product has had on almost all Americans.[39]
The stamp is part of the 1900s decade sheet of the Celebrate the Century souvenir sheet series, and was designed by Carl Herrman, illustrated by Richard Waldrep and printed by Ashton-Potter USA using the offset/intaglio process.[40]
Crayola color census 2000[edit]
In 2000, Crayola held the "Crayola Color Census 2000" promotion in which Americans were asked to vote for their favorite Crayola crayon color. Celebrity entrants George W. Bush chose "Blue Bell", Tiger Woods chose "Wild Strawberry", and Courteney Cox chose "Red".[41] Overall, "Blue" came in first, with "Cerulean" second and "Purple Heart" third.[42]
The Crayola Experience[edit]
Originally opening as the Crayola Factory, the Crayola Experience is located at 30 Centre Square, Easton, Pennsylvania, at Two Rivers Landing,[43] separate from the main manufacturing plant in Forks Township, Pennsylvania. The Crayola Experience is open to the public. The Crayola Experience is a museum and visitor center geared toward familiarizing guests with Crayola's history and products.[44]
A girl draws with Crayola-brand crayons in the Crayola Experience
A "discovery center" was built that showcases the manufacturing process of crayons. There is also a "Crayola Hall of Fame" in which the retired crayon colors are displayed.[45]
The "world's largest crayon" was made from 123,000 used or broken blue crayons donated by people from around the world. This became the record holder until 2017, when Crayola made a larger crayon using the new color, "bluetiful."[46]
The Crayola Experience was featured in a Food Network episode of Dinner: Impossible. A dinner was held for 150 employees of the Crayola Experience to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the 64-box of crayons. Chef Michael Symon's mission was to create an eight-course tasting menu for this event, where all eight items of the menu had to match eight randomly chosen Crayola crayon colors.[47]
In October 2003, the Experience unveiled "The World's Largest Crayon," a 15-foot-long crayon weighing 1,500 lb as part of its celebration of 100 years of Crayola crayons. The giant crayon, 16 inches in diameter, is blue, and was made of leftover crayon bits sent in by children across the United States.[48]
It opened its second location in The Florida Mall, Orlando, Florida in 2015, its third location in Mall of America, Bloomington, Minnesota in 2016, and its fourth location in The Shops at Willow Bend, Plano, Texas in 2018.
Fine art[edit]
Although marketed to children and amateur artists, several professional artists have specialized in using Crayola crayons as their primary medium. Don Marco, who works with Crayola crayons and construction paper, is one of the better known crayon artists—having sold over one million prints of his original artworks.[49]
Other products[edit]
A selection of Crayola products for sale at a New York art supply store
Crayola LLC produces a broad range of products other than their famous crayons under the Crayola brand name. These include colored pencils, markers, inks and paints, modeling clays, coloring books, and artists' tools. As with all Crayola products, these are all marketed as non-toxic and safe for use by children.[50]
Other brands[edit]
Silly Putty[edit]
Main article: Silly Putty
Silly Putty is a silicone polymer children's toy used for various purposes. Silly Putty was inducted into the National Toy Hall of Fame in 2001.
Portfolio Series[edit]
The Portfolio Series is a line of water-soluble oil pastels, watercolors, drawing pencils, colored pencils, and acrylic paints marketed to artists and educators.[51]
Liquitex[edit]
Binney & Smith acquired the Liquitex corporation, a producer of fine art supply products, in 1964, but sold it to the Colart company in 2000.[52]
Staonal[edit]
Marketed as a general (non-coloring)-use crayon for industrial purposes, Staonal was developed in 1902 and still continues as of 2018[update].
Licensing[edit]
Numerous products, ranging from bath and personal care items to bedding and electronics, are produced by other companies using the Crayola brand name under license.[53] Crave Entertainment developed a Crayola-themed video game, titled Crayola Treasure Adventures, which was published by Nintendo in 2007.[54]
Christmas lights[edit]
In the 1996–1997 season, Crayola produced Christmas lights using its name with colors such as pink, orange, blue, gold, and red, and more.
Manufacturing[edit]
Crayola has manufacturing plants in Forks Township, Pennsylvania, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, Lindsay, Ontario, and Mexico City. The colored pencils are made by Faber-Castell Brazilian plants.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Crayola company profile". Crayola.com. Retrieved 2009-06-26.
Jump up ^ "About Us - Crayola".
Jump up ^ "Company". Crayola.com. 2016-06-24. Retrieved 2016-11-19.
Jump up ^ "Our Commitment to Crayola Product Safety". Crayola. Archived from the original on April 17, 2009. Retrieved 2009-06-24.
^ Jump up to: a b "Binney & Smith becomes Crayola LLC". binney-smith.com. Binney & Smith. Retrieved 2009-06-26.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kathryn DeVan (Fall 2008). "Crayola Colors Children's Memories in 64 Shades and More". Pennsylvania State University. Retrieved 2009-06-26.
Jump up ^ Catalogue of Exhibitors in the United States Sections of the International Universal Exposition Paris, 1900. Paris: Société Anonyme des Imprimeries Lemercier. 1900. p. 425. Retrieved 2009-06-22.
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Colors of Childhood". Smithsonian Magazine. November 1999. Retrieved 2009-06-22.
Jump up ^ The Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office. 105. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. July–August 1903. p. 968.
Jump up ^ Kitchel, A. F. (1961). The Story of a Rainbow. Easton, PA: Crayola LLC.
Jump up ^ "Granola". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Pianola". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Victorola". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Klara, Robert (June 22, 2015). "How Shinola Went From Shoe Polish to the Coolest Brand in America". AdWeek.
Jump up ^ "Ingredion: About Us, History". Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
Jump up ^ New York Teachers Monographs. Vol 7 (No 1 ed.). New York: American Book Company. March 1905. p. 125.
Jump up ^ The Art of "Crayola" Painting. Easton, PA: Binney & Smith. 1904.
Jump up ^ The Youth’s Companion. Boston, MA: Perry Mason & Co. October 18, 1906. p. 524.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2010-08-22. Retrieved 2010-03-02.
Jump up ^ "American Scientist Online". Americanscientist.org. Retrieved 2016-11-19.
Jump up ^ Crayons Chalk Water Colors. New York: Binney & Smith Co. 1927. pp. 13–14.
Jump up ^ Crayons Chalk Water Colors. New York: Binney & Smith Co. 1934.
Jump up ^ "The Colors of Childhood".
^ Jump up to: a b Elizabeth Armstrong Hall. American Icons – Crayola Crayon. Dennis Hall. pp. 180–183.
Jump up ^ "Known Binney & Smith crayon products".
Jump up ^ "Silly Putty History". Crayola. Retrieved 2009-06-26.
Jump up ^ Rhodan, Maya. "Crayola Now Has Coloring Books for Adults". Time. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Crayons — Hospitality packs, regular crayons, and bulk packs". hotelfun4kids.com.
Jump up ^ "Crayola Crayon Classroom Packs". Dick Blick Art Materials. Retrieved 2009-06-26.
Jump up ^ "Draw & Color Crayons". CrayolaStore.com.
Jump up ^ "Crayola crayons 32 pack". OfficeMax. Retrieved 2009-06-26.
Jump up ^ "Crayola 120ct Original Crayons". Amazon.com.
Jump up ^ "Crayola Telescoping Crayon Tower – 150ct. (52-0029)". CrayolaStore.com. Retrieved 2009-06-26.
Jump up ^ "Meet Bluetiful - Crayola.com". crayola.com.
Jump up ^ "It's bluetiful! Crayola announces name of new blue hue". 14 September 2017. Retrieved 1 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "What is the largest box of crayons you manufacture?". crayola.com.
Jump up ^ "Sesame Street: How Crayons are Made". Children's Television Workshop.
Jump up ^ "Crayola Celebrates 100 Years — Did You Know..." Crayola. Retrieved 2009-07-14.
Jump up ^ "Crayola Crayons (I Remember JFK: A Baby Boomer's Pleasant Reminiscing Spot)". Retrieved 2008-10-19.
Jump up ^ "1900s Celebrate The Century Issues". Smithsonian National Postal Museum. Retrieved 2009-06-16.
Jump up ^ "Crayola Color Census 2000; Make Your Color Count in Cyber-Search for America's Favorite Crayon Colors". PRNewswire. 2000-08-07. Retrieved 2009-06-23.
Jump up ^ "Crayola Color Census 2000". Crayola. Retrieved 2009-06-26.
Jump up ^ "Directions to The Crayola EXPERIENCE". Retrieved 2009-06-26.
Jump up ^ "The Crayola EXPERIENCE at Two Rivers Landing". Retrieved 2009-06-26.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2008-12-22. Retrieved 2008-12-22.
Jump up ^ "Meet Crayola's Newest Crayon Color: Bluetiful". 14 September 2017. Retrieved 1 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2008-12-24. Retrieved 2009-01-29.
Jump up ^ "Crayola Factory". RoadsideAmerica.com. Retrieved 2009-06-26.
Jump up ^ Ann Cathryn Orsinger. "Artist spotlight: crayon artist Don Marco". Cowboys & Indians Magazine. Retrieved 2009-09-21.
Jump up ^ "Crayola Products". Retrieved 2009-06-26.
Jump up ^ "Portfolio Series Products". Retrieved 2008-02-26.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-06-20. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
Jump up ^ "Licensing: Crayola Plans To Think Out Of The (Crayon) Box". All Business. 2004-06-07. Retrieved 2009-07-15.
Jump up ^ Thomas, Lucas M. (October 19, 2007). "Crayola Treasure Adventures Review: This virtual box of crayons is an impressive value". IGN. Retrieved January 29, 2014.
External links[edit]
Official site
Official UK site
Orange: A Crayola raw materials data sheet from the 1970s Smithsonian Institution Libraries
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