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Microsoft SQL Server
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Microsoft SQL Server
Developer(s)
Microsoft
Initial release
April 24, 1989; 28 years ago (1989-04-24), as SQL Server 1.0
Stable release
SQL Server 2016 / June 1, 2016; 14 months ago (2016-06-01)
Development status
Active
Written in
C, C++[1]
Operating system
Microsoft Windows, Windows Server, Linux (beta in March 2016, "availability in mid-2017")[2]
Available in
English, Chinese, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Portuguese (Brazil), Russian, Spanish and Indonesian[3]
Type
Relational database management system
License
Proprietary software
Website
www.microsoft.com/sqlserver/
Microsoft SQL Server is a relational database management system developed by Microsoft. As a database server, it is a software product with the primary function of storing and retrieving data as requested by other software applications—which may run either on the same computer or on another computer across a network (including the Internet).
Microsoft markets at least a dozen different editions of Microsoft SQL Server, aimed at different audiences and for workloads ranging from small single-machine applications to large Internet-facing applications with many concurrent users.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Editions
2.1 Mainstream editions
2.2 Specialized editions
2.3 Discontinued editions
3 Architecture
4 Data storage
4.1 Buffer management
4.2 Concurrency and locking
5 Data retrieval and programmability
5.1 T-SQL
5.2 SQL Native Client (a.k.a. SNAC)
5.3 SQL CLR
6 Services
6.1 Service Broker
6.2 Replication Services
6.3 Analysis Services
6.4 Reporting Services
6.5 Notification Services
6.6 Integration Services
6.7 Full Text Search Service
6.8 SQLCMD
6.9 Visual Studio
6.10 SQL Server Management Studio
6.11 Business Intelligence Development Studio
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
History[edit]
Main article: History of Microsoft SQL Server
The history of Microsoft SQL Server begins with the first Microsoft SQL Server product – SQL Server 1.0, a 16-bit server for the OS/2 operating system in 1989 - and extends to the current day.
As of December 2016[update] the following versions are supported by Microsoft:
SQL Server 2008
SQL Server 2008 R2
SQL Server 2012
SQL Server 2014
SQL Server 2016
The current version is Microsoft SQL Server 2016, released June 1, 2016. The RTM version is 13.0.1601.5.
SQL Server 2016 is supported on x64 processors only.[4]
Editions[edit]
Microsoft makes SQL Server available in multiple editions, with different feature sets and targeting different users. These editions are:[5][6]
Mainstream editions[edit]
Enterprise
SQL Server Enterprise Edition includes both the core database engine and add-on services, with a range of tools for creating and managing a SQL Server cluster. It can manage databases as large as 524 petabytes and address 12 terabytes of memory and supports 640 logical processors (CPU cores).[7]
Standard
SQL Server Standard edition includes the core database engine, along with the stand-alone services. It differs from Enterprise edition in that it supports fewer active instances (number of nodes in a cluster) and does not include some high-availability functions such as hot-add memory (allowing memory to be added while the server is still running), and parallel indexes.
Web
SQL Server Web Edition is a low-TCO option for Web hosting.
Business Intelligence
Introduced in SQL Server 2012 and focusing on Self Service and Corporate Business Intelligence. It includes the Standard Edition capabilities and Business Intelligence tools: PowerPivot, Power View, the BI Semantic Model, Master Data Services, Data Quality Services and xVelocity in-memory analytics.[8]
Workgroup
SQL Server Workgroup Edition includes the core database functionality but does not include the additional services. Note that this edition has been retired in SQL Server 2012.[9]
Express
SQL Server Express Edition is a scaled down, free edition of SQL Server, which includes the core database engine. While there are no limitations on the number of databases or users supported, it is limited to using one processor, 1 GB memory and 10 GB database files (4 GB database files prior to SQL Server Express 2008 R2).[10] It is intended as a replacement for MSDE. Two additional editions provide a superset of features not in the original Express Edition. The first is SQL Server Express with Tools, which includes SQL Server Management Studio Basic. SQL Server Express with Advanced Services adds full-text search capability and reporting services.[11]
Specialized editions[edit]
Azure
Azure SQL Database is the cloud-based version of Microsoft SQL Server, presented as a platform as a service offering on Microsoft Azure.
Compact (SQL CE)
The compact edition is an embedded database engine. Unlike the other editions of SQL Server, the SQL CE engine is based on SQL Mobile (initially designed for use with hand-held devices) and does not share the same binaries. Due to its small size (1 MB DLL footprint), it has a markedly reduced feature set compared to the other editions. For example, it supports a subset of the standard data types, does not support stored procedures or Views or multiple-statement batches (among other limitations). It is limited to 4 GB maximum database size and cannot be run as a Windows service, Compact Edition must be hosted by the application using it. The 3.5 version includes support for ADO.NET Synchronization Services. SQL CE does not support ODBC connectivity, unlike SQL Server proper.
Developer
SQL Server Developer Edition includes the same features as SQL Server Enterprise Edition, but is limited by the license to be only used as a development and test system, and not as production server. Starting early 2016, Microsoft made this version free of charge to the public.[12]
Embedded (SSEE)
SQL Server 2005 Embedded Edition is a specially configured named instance of the SQL Server Express database engine which can be accessed only by certain Windows Services.
Evaluation
SQL Server Evaluation Edition, also known as the Trial Edition, has all the features of the Enterprise Edition, but is limited to 180 days, after which the tools will continue to run, but the server services will stop.[13]
Fast Track
SQL Server Fast Track is specifically for enterprise-scale data warehousing storage and business intelligence processing, and runs on reference-architecture hardware that is optimized for Fast Track.[14]
LocalDB
Introduced in SQL Server Express 2012, LocalDB is a minimal, on-demand, version of SQL Server that is designed for application developers.[15] It can also be used as an embedded database.[16]
Analytics Platform System (APS)
Formerly Parallel Data Warehouse (PDW) A massively parallel processing (MPP) SQL Server appliance optimized for large-scale data warehousing such as hundreds of terabytes.[17]
Datawarehouse Appliance Edition
Pre-installed and configured as part of an appliance in partnership with Dell & HP base on the Fast Track architecture. This edition does not include SQL Server Integration Services, Analysis Services, or Reporting Services.
Discontinued editions[edit]
MSDE
Microsoft SQL Server Data Engine / Desktop Engine / Desktop Edition. SQL Server 7 and SQL Server 2000. Intended for use as an application component, it did not include GUI management tools. Later, Microsoft also made available a web admin tool. Included with some versions of Microsoft Access, Microsoft development tools, and other editions of SQL Server.[18]
Personal Edition
SQL Server 2000. Had workload or connection limits like MSDE, but no database size limit. Includes standard management tools. Intended for use as a mobile / disconnected proxy, licensed for use with SQL Server 2000 Standard edition.[18]
Datacenter
SQL Server 2008 R2 Datacenter is a full-featured edition of SQL Server and is designed for datacenters that need high levels of application support and scalability. It supports 256 logical processors and virtually unlimited memory and comes with StreamInsight Premium edition.[19] The Datacenter edition has been retired in SQL Server 2012; all of its features are available in SQL Server 2012 Enterprise Edition.[9]
Architecture[edit]
The protocol layer implements the external interface to SQL Server. All operations that can be invoked on SQL Server are communicated to it via a Microsoft-defined format, called Tabular Data Stream (TDS). TDS is an application layer protocol, used to transfer data between a database server and a client. Initially designed and developed by Sybase Inc. for their Sybase SQL Server relational database engine in 1984, and later by Microsoft in Microsoft SQL Server, TDS packets can be encased in other physical transport dependent protocols, including TCP/IP, named pipes, and shared memory. Consequently, access to SQL Server is available over these protocols. In addition, the SQL Server API is also exposed over web services.[6]
Data storage[edit]
Data storage is a database, which is a collection of tables with typed columns. SQL Server supports different data types, including primary types such as Integer, Float, Decimal, Char (including character strings), Varchar (variable length character strings), binary (for unstructured blobs of data), Text (for textual data) among others. The rounding of floats to integers uses either Symmetric Arithmetic Rounding or Symmetric Round Down (fix) depending on arguments: SELECT Round(2.5, 0) gives 3.
Microsoft SQL Server also allows user-defined composite types (UDTs) to be defined and used. It also makes server statistics available as virtual tables and views (called Dynamic Management Views or DMVs). In addition to tables, a database can also contain other objects including views, stored procedures, indexes and constraints, along with a transaction log. A SQL Server database can contain a maximum of 231 objects, and can span multiple OS-level files with a maximum file size of 260 bytes (1 exabyte).[6] The data in the database are stored in primary data files with an extension .mdf. Secondary data files, identified with a .ndf extension, are used to allow the data of a single database to be spread across more than one file, and optionally across more than one file system. Log files are identified with the .ldf extension.[6]
Storage space allocated to a database is divided into sequentially numbered pages, each 8 KB in size. A page is the basic unit of I/O for SQL Server operations. A page is marked with a 96-byte header which stores metadata about the page including the page number, page type, free space on the page and the ID of the object that owns it. Page type defines the data contained in the page: data stored in the database, index, allocation map which holds information about how pages are allocated to tables and indexes, change map which holds information about the changes made to other pages since last backup or logging, or contain large data types such as image or text. While page is the basic unit of an I/O operation, space is actually managed in terms of an extent which consists of 8 pages. A database object can either span all 8 pages in an extent ("uniform extent") or share an extent with up to 7 more objects ("mixed extent"). A row in a database table cannot span more than one page, so is limited to 8 KB in size. However, if the data exceeds 8 KB and the row contains varchar or varbinary data, the data in those columns are moved to a new page (or possibly a sequence of pages, called an allocation unit) and replaced with a pointer to the data.[20]
For physical storage of a table, its rows are divided into a series of partitions (numbered 1 to n). The partition size is user defined; by default all rows are in a single partition. A table is split into multiple partitions in order to spread a database over a computer cluster. Rows in each partition are stored in either B-tree or heap structure. If the table has an associated, clustered index to allow fast retrieval of rows, the rows are stored in-order according to their index values, with a B-tree providing the index. The data is in the leaf node of the leaves, and other nodes storing the index values for the leaf data reachable from the respective nodes. If the index is non-clustered, the rows are not sorted according to the index keys. An indexed view has the same storage structure as an indexed table. A table without a clustered index is stored in an unordered heap structure. However, the table may have non-clustered indices to allow fast retrieval of rows. In some situations the heap structure has performance advantages over the clustered structure. Both heaps and B-trees can span multiple allocation units.[21]
Buffer management[edit]
SQL Server buffers pages in RAM to minimize disk I/O. Any 8 KB page can be buffered in-memory, and the set of all pages currently buffered is called the buffer cache. The amount of memory available to SQL Server decides how many pages will be cached in memory. The buffer cache is managed by the Buffer Manager. Either reading from or writing to any page copies it to the buffer cache. Subsequent reads or writes are redirected to the in-memory copy, rather than the on-disc version. The page is updated on the disc by the Buffer Manager only if the in-memory cache has not been referenced for some time. While writing pages back to disc, asynchronous I/O is used whereby the I/O operation is done in a background thread so that other operations do not have to wait for the I/O operation to complete. Each page is written along with its checksum when it is written. When reading the page back, its checksum is computed again and matched with the stored version to ensure the page has not been damaged or tampered with in the meantime.[22]
Concurrency and locking[edit]
SQL Server allows multiple clients to use the same database concurrently. As such, it needs to control concurrent access to shared data, to ensure data integrity—when multiple clients update the same data, or clients attempt to read data that is in the process of being changed by another client. SQL Server provides two modes of concurrency control: pessimistic concurrency and optimistic concurrency. When pessimistic concurrency control is being used, SQL Server controls concurrent access by using locks. Locks can be either shared or exclusive. Exclusive lock grants the user exclusive access to the data—no other user can access the data as long as the lock is held. Shared locks are used when some data is being read—multiple users can read from data locked with a shared lock, but not acquire an exclusive lock. The latter would have to wait for all shared locks to be released.
Locks can be applied on different levels of granularity—on entire tables, pages, or even on a per-row basis on tables. For indexes, it can either be on the entire index or on index leaves. The level of granularity to be used is defined on a per-database basis by the database administrator. While a fine-grained locking system allows more users to use the table or index simultaneously, it requires more resources, so it does not automatically yield higher performance. SQL Server also includes two more lightweight mutual exclusion solutions—latches and spinlocks—which are less robust than locks but are less resource intensive. SQL Server uses them for DMVs and other resources that are usually not busy. SQL Server also monitors all worker threads that acquire locks to ensure that they do not end up in deadlocks—in case they do, SQL Server takes remedial measures, which in many cases are to kill one of the threads entangled in a deadlock and roll back the transaction it started.[6] To implement locking, SQL Server contains the Lock Manager. The Lock Manager maintains an in-memory table that manages the database objects and locks, if any, on them along with other metadata about the lock. Access to any shared object is mediated by the lock manager, which either grants access to the resource or blocks it.
SQL Server also provides the optimistic concurrency control mechanism, which is similar to the multiversion concurrency control used in other databases. The mechanism allows a new version of a row to be created whenever the row is updated, as opposed to overwriting the row, i.e., a row is additionally identified by the ID of the transaction that created the version of the row. Both the old as well as the new versions of the row are stored and maintained, though the old versions are moved out of the database into a system database identified as Tempdb. When a row is in the process of being updated, any other requests are not blocked (unlike locking) but are executed on the older version of the row. If the other request is an update statement, it will result in two different versions of the rows—both of them will be stored by the database, identified by their respective transaction IDs.[6]
Data retrieval and programmability[edit]
The main mode of retrieving data from a SQL Server database is querying for it. The query is expressed using a variant of SQL called T-SQL, a dialect Microsoft SQL Server shares with Sybase SQL Server due to its legacy. The query declaratively specifies what is to be retrieved. It is processed by the query processor, which figures out the sequence of steps that will be necessary to retrieve the requested data. The sequence of actions necessary to execute a query is called a query plan. There might be multiple ways to process the same query. For example, for a query that contains a join statement and a select statement, executing join on both the tables and then executing select on the results would give the same result as selecting from each table and then executing the join, but result in different execution plans. In such case, SQL Server chooses the plan that is expected to yield the results in the shortest possible time. This is called query optimization and is performed by the query processor itself.[6]
SQL Server includes a cost-based query optimizer which tries to optimize on the cost, in terms of the resources it will take to execute the query. Given a query, then the query optimizer looks at the database schema, the database statistics and the system load at that time. It then decides which sequence to access the tables referred in the query, which sequence to execute the operations and what access method to be used to access the tables. For example, if the table has an associated index, whether the index should be used or not: if the index is on a column which is not unique for most of the columns (low "selectivity"), it might not be worthwhile to use the index to access the data. Finally, it decides whether to execute the query concurrently or not. While a concurrent execution is more costly in terms of total processor time, because the execution is actually split to different processors might mean it will execute faster. Once a query plan is generated for a query, it is temporarily cached. For further invocations of the same query, the cached plan is used. Unused plans are discarded after some time.[6][23]
SQL Server also allows stored procedures to be defined. Stored procedures are parameterized T-SQL queries, that are stored in the server itself (and not issued by the client application as is the case with general queries). Stored procedures can accept values sent by the client as input parameters, and send back results as output parameters. They can call defined functions, and other stored procedures, including the same stored procedure (up to a set number of times). They can be selectively provided access to. Unlike other queries, stored procedures have an associated name, which is used at runtime to resolve into the actual queries. Also because the code need not be sent from the client every time (as it can be accessed by name), it reduces network traffic and somewhat improves performance.[24] Execution plans for stored procedures are also cached as necessary.
T-SQL[edit]
Main article: T-SQL
T-SQL (Transact-SQL) is the secondary means of programming and managing SQL Server. It exposes keywords for the operations that can be performed on SQL Server, including creating and altering database schemas, entering and editing data in the database as well as monitoring and managing the server itself. Client applications that consume data or manage the server will leverage SQL Server functionality by sending T-SQL queries and statements which are then processed by the server and results (or errors) returned to the client application. SQL Server allows it to be managed using T-SQL. For this it exposes read-only tables from which server statistics can be read. Management functionality is exposed via system-defined stored procedures which can be invoked from T-SQL queries to perform the management operation. It is also possible to create linked Servers using T-SQL. Linked servers allow a single query to process operations performed on multiple servers.[25]
SQL Native Client (a.k.a. SNAC)[edit]
SQL Native Client is the native client side data access library for Microsoft SQL Server, version 2005 onwards. It natively implements support for the SQL Server features including the Tabular Data Stream implementation, support for mirrored SQL Server databases, full support for all data types supported by SQL Server, asynchronous operations, query notifications, encryption support, as well as receiving multiple result sets in a single database session. SQL Native Client is used under the hood by SQL Server plug-ins for other data access technologies, including ADO or OLE DB. The SQL Native Client can also be directly used, bypassing the generic data access layers.[26]
On November 28, 2011, a preview release of the SQL Server ODBC driver for Linux was released.[27]
SQL CLR[edit]
Main article: SQL CLR
Microsoft SQL Server 2005 includes a component named SQL CLR ("Common Language Runtime") via which it integrates with .NET Framework. Unlike most other applications that use .NET Framework, SQL Server itself hosts the .NET Framework runtime, i.e., memory, threading and resource management requirements of .NET Framework are satisfied by SQLOS itself, rather than the underlying Windows operating system. SQLOS provides deadlock detection and resolution services for .NET code as well. With SQL CLR, stored procedures and triggers can be written in any managed .NET language, including C# and VB.NET. Managed code can also be used to define UDT's (user defined types), which can persist in the database. Managed code is compiled to CLI assemblies and after being verified for type safety, registered at the database. After that, they can be invoked like any other procedure.[28] However, only a subset of the Base Class Library is available, when running code under SQL CLR. Most APIs relating to user interface functionality are not available.[28]
When writing code for SQL CLR, data stored in SQL Server databases can be accessed using the ADO.NET APIs like any other managed application that accesses SQL Server data. However, doing that creates a new database session, different from the one in which the code is executing. To avoid this, SQL Server provides some enhancements to the ADO.NET provider that allows the connection to be redirected to the same session which already hosts the running code. Such connections are called context connections and are set by setting context connection parameter to true in the connection string. SQL Server also provides several other enhancements to the ADO.NET API, including classes to work with tabular data or a single row of data as well as classes to work with internal metadata about the data stored in the database. It also provides access to the XML features in SQL Server, including XQuery support. These enhancements are also available in T-SQL Procedures in consequence of the introduction of the new XML Datatype (query,value,nodes functions).[29]
Services[edit]
SQL Server also includes an assortment of add-on services. While these are not essential for the operation of the database system, they provide value added services on top of the core database management system. These services either run as a part of some SQL Server component or out-of-process as Windows Service and presents their own API to control and interact with them.
Service Broker[edit]
Used inside an instance, programming environment. For cross-instance applications, Service Broker communicates over TCP/IP and allows the different components to be synchronized, via exchange of messages. The Service Broker, which runs as a part of the database engine, provides a reliable messaging and message queuing platform for SQL Server applications.[30]
Replication Services[edit]
SQL Server Replication Services are used by SQL Server to replicate and synchronize database objects, either in entirety or a subset of the objects present, across replication agents, which might be other database servers across the network, or database caches on the client side. Lulla follows a publisher/subscriber model, i.e., the changes are sent out by one database server ("publisher") and are received by others ("subscribers"). SQL Server supports three different types of replication:[31]
Transaction replication
Each transaction made to the publisher database (master database) is synced out to subscribers, who update their databases with the transaction. Transactional replication synchronizes databases in near real time.[32]
Merge replication
Changes made at both the publisher and subscriber databases are tracked, and periodically the changes are synchronized bi-directionally between the publisher and the subscribers. If the same data has been modified differently in both the publisher and the subscriber databases, synchronization will result in a conflict which has to be resolved, either manually or by using pre-defined policies. rowguid needs to be configured on a column if merge replication is configured.[33]
Snapshot replication
Snapshot replication publishes a copy of the entire database (the then-snapshot of the data) and replicates out to the subscribers. Further changes to the snapshot are not tracked.[34]
Analysis Services[edit]
Main article: SQL Server Analysis Services
SQL Server Analysis Services adds OLAP and data mining capabilities for SQL Server databases. The OLAP engine supports MOLAP, ROLAP and HOLAP storage modes for data. Analysis Services supports the XML for Analysis standard as the underlying communication protocol. The cube data can be accessed using MDX and LINQ[35] queries.[36] Data mining specific functionality is exposed via the DMX query language. Analysis Services includes various algorithms—Decision trees, clustering algorithm, Naive Bayes algorithm, time series analysis, sequence clustering algorithm, linear and logistic regression analysis, and neural networks—for use in data mining.[37]
Reporting Services[edit]
Main article: SQL Server Reporting Services
SQL Server Reporting Services is a report generation environment for data gathered from SQL Server databases. It is administered via a web interface. Reporting services features a web services interface to support the development of custom reporting applications. Reports are created as RDL files.[38]
Reports can be designed using recent versions of Microsoft Visual Studio (Visual Studio.NET 2003, 2005, and 2008)[39] with Business Intelligence Development Studio, installed or with the included Report Builder. Once created, RDL files can be rendered in a variety of formats,[40][41] including Excel, PDF, CSV, XML, BMP, EMF, GIF, JPEG, PNG, and TIFF,[42] and HTML Web Archive.
Notification Services[edit]
Main article: SQL Server Notification Services
Originally introduced as a post-release add-on for SQL Server 2000,[43] Notification Services was bundled as part of the Microsoft SQL Server platform for the first and only time with SQL Server 2005.[44][45] SQL Server Notification Services is a mechanism for generating data-driven notifications, which are sent to Notification Services subscribers. A subscriber registers for a specific event or transaction (which is registered on the database server as a trigger); when the event occurs, Notification Services can use one of three methods to send a message to the subscriber informing about the occurrence of the event. These methods include SMTP, SOAP, or by writing to a file in the filesystem.[46] Notification Services was discontinued by Microsoft with the release of SQL Server 2008 in August 2008, and is no longer an officially supported component of the SQL Server database platform.
Integration Services[edit]
Main article: SQL Server Integration Services
SQL Server Integration Services (SSIS) provides ETL capabilities for SQL Server for data import, data integration and data warehousing needs. Integration Services includes GUI tools to build workflows such as extracting data from various sources, querying data, transforming data—including aggregation, de-duplication, de-/normalization and merging of data—and then exporting the transformed data into destination databases or files.[47]
Full Text Search Service[edit]
The SQL Server Full Text Search service architecture
SQL Server Full Text Search service is a specialized indexing and querying service for unstructured text stored in SQL Server databases. The full text search index can be created on any column with character based text data. It allows for words to be searched for in the text columns. While it can be performed with the SQL LIKE operator, using SQL Server Full Text Search service can be more efficient. Full allows for inexact matching of the source string, indicated by a Rank value which can range from 0 to 1000—a higher rank means a more accurate match. It also allows linguistic matching ("inflectional search"), i.e., linguistic variants of a word (such as a verb in a different tense) will also be a match for a given word (but with a lower rank than an exact match). Proximity searches are also supported, i.e., if the words searched for do not occur in the sequence they are specified in the query but are near each other, they are also considered a match. T-SQL exposes special operators that can be used to access the FTS capabilities.[48][49]
The Full Text Search engine is divided into two processes: the Filter Daemon process (msftefd.exe) and the Search process (msftesql.exe). These processes interact with the SQL Server. The Search process includes the indexer (that creates the full text indexes) and the full text query processor. The indexer scans through text columns in the database. It can also index through binary columns, and use iFilters to extract meaningful text from the binary blob (for example, when a Microsoft Word document is stored as an unstructured binary file in a database). The iFilters are hosted by the Filter Daemon process. Once the text is extracted, the Filter Daemon process breaks it up into a sequence of words and hands it over to the indexer. The indexer filters out noise words, i.e., words like A, And etc., which occur frequently and are not useful for search. With the remaining words, an inverted index is created, associating each word with the columns they were found in. SQL Server itself includes a Gatherer component that monitors changes to tables and invokes the indexer in case of updates.[50]
When a full text query is received by the SQL Server query processor, it is handed over to the FTS query processor in the Search process. The FTS query processor breaks up the query into the constituent words, filters out the noise words, and uses an inbuilt thesaurus to find out the linguistic variants for each word. The words are then queried against the inverted index and a rank of their accurateness is computed. The results are returned to the client via the SQL Server process.[50]
SQLCMD[edit]
SQLCMD is a command line application that comes with Microsoft SQL Server, and exposes the management features of SQL Server. It allows SQL queries to be written and executed from the command prompt. It can also act as a scripting language to create and run a set of SQL statements as a script. Such scripts are stored as a .sql file, and are used either for management of databases or to create the database schema during the deployment of a database.
SQLCMD was introduced with SQL Server 2005 and this continues with SQL Server 2012, 2014 and 2016. Its predecessor for earlier versions was OSQL and ISQL, which is functionally equivalent as it pertains to TSQL execution, and many of the command line parameters are identical, although SQLCMD adds extra versatility.
Visual Studio[edit]
Main article: Microsoft Visual Studio
Microsoft Visual Studio includes native support for data programming with Microsoft SQL Server. It can be used to write and debug code to be executed by SQL CLR. It also includes a data designer that can be used to graphically create, view or edit database schemas. Queries can be created either visually or using code. SSMS 2008 onwards, provides intellisense for SQL queries as well.
SQL Server Management Studio[edit]
Main article: SQL Server Management Studio
SQL Server Management Studio is a GUI tool included with SQL Server 2005 and later for configuring, managing, and administering all components within Microsoft SQL Server. The tool includes both script editors and graphical tools that work with objects and features of the server.[51] SQL Server Management Studio replaces Enterprise Manager as the primary management interface for Microsoft SQL Server since SQL Server 2005. A version of SQL Server Management Studio is also available for SQL Server Express Edition, for which it is known as SQL Server Management Studio Express (SSMSE).[52]
A central feature of SQL Server Management Studio is the Object Explorer, which allows the user to browse, select, and act upon any of the objects within the server.[53] It can be used to visually observe and analyze query plans and optimize the database performance, among others.[54] SQL Server Management Studio can also be used to create a new database, alter any existing database schema by adding or modifying tables and indexes, or analyze performance. It includes the query windows which provide a GUI based interface to write and execute queries.[6]
Business Intelligence Development Studio[edit]
Main article: Business Intelligence Development Studio
Business Intelligence Development Studio (BIDS) is the IDE from Microsoft used for developing data analysis and Business Intelligence solutions utilizing the Microsoft SQL Server Analysis Services, Reporting Services and Integration Services. It is based on the Microsoft Visual Studio development environment but is customized with the SQL Server services-specific extensions and project types, including tools, controls and projects for reports (using Reporting Services), Cubes and data mining structures (using Analysis Services).[55] For SQL Server 2012 and later, this IDE has been renamed SQL Server Data Tools (SSDT).
See also[edit]
Comparison of relational database management systems
Comparison of object-relational database management systems
Comparison of data modeling tools
List of relational database management systems
SQL compliance
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Jump up ^ "Stored Procedure Basics". Retrieved 2007-12-03.
Jump up ^ "Transact-SQL Reference". Retrieved 2007-12-03.
Jump up ^ "Features of SQL Native Client". Retrieved 2007-12-03.
Jump up ^ "Available Today: Preview Release of the SQL Server ODBC Driver for Linux". SQL Server Team Blog. 2011-11-28. Retrieved 2013-06-15.
^ Jump up to: a b "Overview of CLR integration". Retrieved 2007-12-03.
Jump up ^ "XML Support in SQL Server". Retrieved 2008-09-05.
Jump up ^ "Introducing Service Broker". Retrieved 2007-12-03.
Jump up ^ "Types of Replication Overview". Retrieved 2007-12-03.
Jump up ^ "Transactional Replication Overview". Retrieved 2007-12-03.
Jump up ^ "Merge Replication Overview". Retrieved 2007-12-03.
Jump up ^ "Snapshot replication Overview". Retrieved 2007-12-03.
Jump up ^ "SSAS Entity Framework Provider". Retrieved 2011-09-29.
Jump up ^ "Analysis Services Architecture". Retrieved 2007-12-03.
Jump up ^ "Data Mining Concepts". Retrieved 2007-12-03.
Jump up ^ "SQL Server Reporting Services". Retrieved 2007-12-03.
Jump up ^ "Cannot open a SQL Reporting Services .rptproj file | Microsoft Connect". Connect.microsoft.com. Retrieved 2011-09-04.
Jump up ^ MSDN Library: Reporting Services Render Method
Jump up ^ Device Information Settings
Jump up ^ Image Device Information Settings
Jump up ^ "An Introduction to SQL Server Notification Services". Retrieved 2008-11-14.
Jump up ^ "SQL Server Notification Services Removed from SQL Server 2008". Retrieved 2008-09-17.
Jump up ^ "Discontinued Functionality in SQL Server 2008 Reporting Services". Retrieved 2008-09-17.
Jump up ^ "Introducing SQL Server Notification Services". Retrieved 2007-12-03.
Jump up ^ "Integration Services Overview". Retrieved 2007-12-03.
Jump up ^ "Introduction to Full-Text Search". Retrieved 2007-12-03.
Jump up ^ "Querying SQL Server using Full-Text Search". Retrieved 2007-12-03.
^ Jump up to: a b "Full-Text Search Architecture". Retrieved 2007-12-03.
Jump up ^ "MSDN: Introducing SQL Server Management Studio". Msdn.microsoft.com. Retrieved 2011-09-04.
Jump up ^ "SQL Server Management Studio Express". Microsoft.com. 2006-04-18. Retrieved 2011-09-04.
Jump up ^ "MSDN: Using Object Explorer". Msdn.microsoft.com. Retrieved 2011-09-04.
Jump up ^ "SQL Server 2005 Management Tools". Sqlmag.com. 2005-07-19. Retrieved 2011-09-04.
Jump up ^ "Introducing Business Intelligence Development Studio". Retrieved 2007-12-03.
Further reading[edit]
Lance Delano, Rajesh George et al. (2005). Wrox's SQL Server 2005 Express Edition Starter Kit (Programmer to Programmer). Microsoft Press. ISBN 0-7645-8923-7.
Delaney, Kalen, et al. (2007). Inside SQL Server 2005: Query Tuning and Optimization. Microsoft Press. ISBN 0-7356-2196-9.
Ben-Gan, Itzik, et al. (2006). Inside Microsoft SQL Server 2005: T-SQL Programming. Microsoft Press. ISBN 0-7356-2197-7.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Microsoft SQL Server.
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Microsoft SQL Server
Official website
2nd official website at Microsoft TechNet
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text:
List of books of the King James Version
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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These are the books of the King James Version of the Bible along with the names and numbers given them in the Douay Rheims Bible and Latin Vulgate. This list is a complement to the list in Books of the Latin Vulgate. It is an aid to finding cross references between two longstanding standards of Biblical literature.
Contents
[hide]
1 Old Testament
2 Apocrypha
3 New Testament
4 Notes
5 Editions
Old Testament[edit]
Main article: Old Testament
King James Bible
Vulgate
Douay Rheims
Full title in the Authorised Version
Genesis Genesis Genesis The First Book of Moses, called Genesis
Exodus Exodus Exodus The Second Book of Moses, called Exodus
Leviticus Leviticus Leviticus The Third Book of Moses, called Leviticus
Numbers Numeri Numbers The Fourth Book of Moses, called Numbers
Deuteronomy Deuteronomium Deuteronomy The Fifth Book of Moses, called Deuteronomy
Joshua Josue Josue The Book of Joshua
Judges Judices Judges The Book of Judges
Ruth Ruth Ruth The Book of Ruth
1 Samuel 1 Samuelis also known as 1 Regum 1 Kings The First Book of Samuel, otherwise called the First Book of the Kings
2 Samuel 2 Samuelis also known as 2 Regum 2 Kings The Second Book of Samuel, otherwise called the Second Book of the Kings
1 Kings 3 Regum 3 Kings The First Book of the Kings, commonly called the Third Book of the Kings
2 Kings 4 Regum 4 Kings The Second Book of the Kings, commonly called the Fourth Book of the Kings
1 Chronicles 1 Paralipomenon 1 Paralipomenon The First Book of the Chronicles
2 Chronicles 2 Paralipomenon 2 Paralipomenon The Second Book of the Chronicles
Ezra 1 Esdrae 1 Esdras Ezra
Nehemiah Nehemiae also known as 2 Esdrae 2 Esdras The Book of Nehemiah
Esther Esther 1,1 – 10,3 Esther 1:1 – 10:3 The Book of Esther
Job Job Job The Book of Job
Psalms Psalmi Psalms The Book of Psalms
Proverbs Proverbia Sentences The Proverbs
Ecclesiastes Ecclesiastes Ecclesiastes Ecclesiastes, or, The Preacher
Song of Solomon Canticum Canticorum Canticle of Canticles The Song of Solomon
Isaiah Isaiae Isaias The Book of the Prophet Isaiah
Jeremiah Jeremiae Jeremias The Book of the Prophet Jeremiah
Lamentations Lamentationes Lamentations The Lamentations of Jeremiah
Ezekiel Ezechielis Ezechiel The Book of the Prophet Ezekiel
Daniel Danielis 1,1 – 3,23; 3,91 – 12,13 Daniel 1:1 – 3:23; 3:91 – 12:13 The Book of Daniel
Hosea Osee Osee Hosea
Joel Joel Joel Joel
Amos Amos Amos Amos
Obadiah Adiae Adias Obadiah
Jonah Jonae Jonas Jonah
Micah Michaeae Michaeas Micah
Nahum Nahum Nahum Nahum
Habakkuk Habacuc Habacuc Habakkuk
Zephaniah Sophoniae Sophonias Zephaniah
Haggai Aggaei Aggaeus Haggai
Zechariah Zachariae Zacharias Zechariah
Malachi Malachiae Malachias Malachi
Apocrypha[edit]
Main article: Biblical apocrypha
King James Bible
Vulgate
Douay Rheims
Full title in the Authorised Version
1 Esdras 3 Esdrae 3 Esdras The First Book of Esdras
2 Esdras 4 Esdrae 4 Esdras The Second Book of Esdras
Tobit Tobiae Tobias Tobit
Judith Judith Judith Judith
Rest of Esther Esther 10,4 – 16,24 Esther 10:4 – 16:24 The Rest of the Chapters of the Book of Esther, which are found neither in the Hebrew nor the Chaldee
Wisdom Sapientiae Wisdom The Wisdom of Solomon
Ecclesiasticus Ecclesiasticus Ecclesiasticus The Wisdom of Jesus the son of Sirach, or Ecclesiasticus
Baruch and the Epistle of Jeremy Baruch Baruch Baruch
Song of the Three Children Danielis 3,24 – 90 Daniel 3:24 – 90 The Song of the Three Holy Children
Story of Susanna Danielis caput 13 Daniel chapter 13 The History of Susanna
The Idol Bel and the Dragon Danielis caput 14 Daniel chapter 14 The History of the Destruction of Bel and the Dragon
Prayer of Manasses Oratio Manassae regis Prayer of Manasses The Prayer of Manasses King of Juda when he was holden captive in Babylon
1 Maccabees 1 Machabaeorum 1 Machabees The First Book of the Maccabees
2 Maccabees 2 Machabaeorum 2 Machabees The Second Book of the Maccabees
New Testament[edit]
Main article: New Testament
King James Bible
Vulgate
Douay Rheims
Full title in the Authorised Version
St. Matthew secundum Matthaeum Matthew The Gospel According to St. Matthew
St. Mark secundum Marcum Mark The Gospel According to St. Mark
St. Luke secundum Lucam Luke The Gospel According to St. Luke
St. John secundum Ioannem John The Gospel According to St. John
The Acts Actus Acts The Acts of the Apostles
Romans ad Romanos Romans The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Romans
1 Corinthians 1 ad Corinthios 1 Corinthians The First Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Corinthians
2 Corinthians 2 ad Corinthios 2 Corinthians The Second Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Corinthians
Galatians ad Galatas Galatians The Epistle of Paul to the Galatians
Ephesians ad Ephesios Ephesians The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Ephesians
Philippians ad Philippenses Philippians The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Philippians
Colossians ad Colossenses Colossians The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Colossians
1 Thessalonians 1 ad Thessalonicenses 1 Thessalonians The First Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Thessalonians
2 Thessalonians 2 ad Thessalonicenses 2 Thessalonians The Second Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Thessalonians
1 Timothy 1 ad Timotheum 1 Timothy The First Epistle of Paul the Apostle to Timothy
2 Timothy 2 ad Timotheum 2 Timothy The Second Epistle of Paul the Apostle to Timothy
Titus ad Titum Titus The Epistle of Paul to Titus
Philemon ad Philemonem Philemon The Epistle of Paul to Philemon
Hebrews ad Hebraeos Hebrews The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Hebrews
James Jacobi James The General Epistle of James
1 Peter 1 Petri 1 Peter The First Epistle General of Peter
2 Peter 2 Petri 2 Peter The Second Epistle General of Peter
1 John 1 Ioannis 1 John The First Epistle General of John
2 John 2 Ioannis 2 John The Second Epistle of John
3 John 3 Ioannis 3 John The Third Epistle of John
Jude Judae Jude The General Epistle of Jude
Revelation Apocalypsis Apocalypse The Revelation of St. John the Divine
Notes[edit]
There are 80 books in the King James Bible—39 in the Old Testament, 14 in the Apocrypha, and 27 in the New Testament. Most modern editions omit the Apocrypha; in those editions the number of books totals 66. The reasons for the omission of the Apocrypha can be found in the article "Biblical canon". The names of those books found in the Apocrypha section of their respective versions are in italics.
In the Latin Vulgate, it is customary to separate chapter and verse with a comma, for example, "Ioannem 3,16". But in English bibles it is customary to separate chapter and verse with a colon, for example, "John 3:16".
The Psalms of the two versions are numbered differently. The Vulgate follows the Septuagint numbering, while the King James Version follows the numbering of the Masoretic Text. This generally results in the Psalms of the former being one number behind the latter. See the article on Psalms for more details.
Editions[edit]
Early editions of the King James Bible, made before the standardization of English spelling, contain variations in the spelling of the names of the books. The spellings shown here are from the Oxford World's Classics edition (ISBN 978-0199535941). Early editions often make greater use of the silent e in their spelling, e.g. "Deuteronomie" for Deuteronomy, "Booke" for book, and "Wisedom" for Wisdom.
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Public Provident Fund (India)
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This article's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. (May 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The Public Provident Fund is a savings-cum-tax-saving instrument in India,[1] introduced by the National Savings Institute of the Ministry of Finance in 1968. The aim of the scheme is to mobilize small savings by offering an investment with reasonable returns combined with income tax benefits.[2] The scheme is fully guaranteed by the Central Government. Balance in PPF account is not subject to attachment under any order or decree of court. However, Income Tax & other Government authorities can attach the account for recovering tax dues.
Contents
[hide]
1 Eligibility
2 Investment and returns
2.1 Interest rates
2.1.1 2016-17
2.1.2 2017-18
2.1.3 2018-19
3 Duration of scheme
4 PPF maturity options
5 Loans
6 Features
7 Withdrawals from PPF account
8 Nomination
9 PPF defaults and revival
10 Premature closure of PPF account
11 Transfer of account
12 PPF tax concessions
13 See also
14 References
15 External links
Eligibility[edit]
Individuals who are residents of India are eligible to open their account under the Public Provident Fund, and are entitled to tax-free return later.
Investment and returns[edit]
A minimum yearly deposit of Rs. 500 is required to open and maintain a PPF account. A PPF account holder can deposit a maximum of Rs 1.5 lacs in his/her PPF account (including those accounts where he is the guardian) per financial year. There must be a guardian for PPF accounts opened in the name of minor children. Parents can act as guardians in such PPF accounts of minor children. Any amount deposited in excess of Rs 1.5 lacs in a financial year won't earn any interest. The amount can be deposited in lump sum or in a maximum of 12 installments per year. However, this does not mean a single deposit once in a month.
The Ministry of Finance, Government of India announces the rate of interest for PPF account every quarter. The current interest rate effective from 1 January 2018 is 7.6% Per Annum' (compounded annually). Interest will be paid on 31 March every year. Interest is calculated on the lowest balance between the close of the fifth day and the last day of every month.
Interest rates[edit]
2014-2016
Period
Interest Rate
2014 - March 2016 8.7%
2016-17[edit]
Quarter
Interest Rate
April 2016 - June 2016[3] 8.1%
July 2016 - September 2016[4] 8.1%
October 2016 - December 2016[5] 8.0%
January 2017 - March 2017 8.0%
2017-18[edit]
Quarter
Interest Rate
April 2017 - June 2017[6] 7.9%
July 2017 - September 2017[7] 7.8%
October 2017 - December 2017 7.8%
January 2018 - March 2018 7.6%
2018-19[edit]
Quarter
Interest Rate
April 2018 - June 2018[8] 7.6%
Duration of scheme[edit]
Original duration is 15 years. Thereafter, on application by the subscriber, it can be extended for 1 or more blocks of 5 years each.
PPF maturity options[edit]
Subscriber has 3 options once the maturity period is over.[9]
Complete withdrawal'
Extend the PPF account with no contribution – PPF account can be extended after the completion of 15 years, subscriber doesn’t need to put any amount after the maturity. This is the default option meaning if subscriber doesn't take any action within one year of his PPF account maturity this option activates automatically. Any amount can be withdrawn from the PPF account if the option of extension with no contribution is chosen. Only restriction is only one withdrawal is permitted in a financial year. Rest of the amount keeps earning interest.
Extend the PPF account with contribution - With this option subscriber can put money in his PPF account after extension. If subscriber wants to choose this option then he needs to submit Form H in the bank where he is having a PPF account within one year from the date of maturity (before the completion of 16 yrs in PPF). With this option subscriber can only withdraw maximum 60% of his PPF amount (amount which was there in the PPF account at the beginning of the extended period) within the entire 5 yrs block. Every year only a single withdrawal is permitted.
Loans[edit]
Loan facility available from 3rd financial year up to 5th financial year. The rate of interest charged on loan taken by the subscriber of a PPF account on or after 01.12.2011 shall be 2% more than the prevailing interest on PPF. However, the rate of interest of 1% more than PPF interest p.a. shall continue to be charged on the loans already taken or taken up to 30.11.2013.
Up to a maximum of 25 per cent of the balance at the end of the 2nd immediately preceding year would be allowed as loan. Such withdrawals are to be repaid within 36 months.
A second loan could be availed as long as you are within the 3rd and before the 6th year, and only if the first one is fully repaid. Also note that once you become eligible for withdrawals, no loans would be permitted. Inactive accounts or discontinued accounts are not eligible for loan.
Features[edit]
The public provident fund is established by the central government. One can voluntarily open an account with any nationalized bank,selected authorized private bank or post office. The account can be opened in the name of individuals including minor.
The minimum amount is Rs.500 which can be deposited. The rate of interest at present is 7.6% per annum, which is also tax-free. The entire balance can be withdrawn on maturity. Interest received is tax free. The maximum amount which can be deposited every year is Rs. 1,50,000 in an account at present. The interest earned on the PPF subscription is compounded annually. All the balance that accumulates over time is exempted from wealth tax. Moreover, it has low risk – risk attached is Government risk. PPF is available at post offices and banks.
Withdrawals from PPF account[edit]
There is a lock-in period of 15 years and the money can be withdrawn in full after its maturity period. However, pre-mature withdrawals can be made from the start of the seventh financial year. The maximum amount that can be withdrawn pre-maturely is equal to 50% of the amount that stood in the account at the end of 4th year preceding the year in which the amount is withdrawn or the end of the preceding year whichever is lower.
After 15 years of maturity, full PPF amount can be withdrawn and all is tax free, including the interest amount as well.
Nomination[edit]
Nomination facility is available in the name of one or more persons. The shares of nominees may also be defined by the subscriber.
PPF defaults and revival[edit]
If any contribution of minimum amount in any year is not invested, then the account will be deactivated. To activate the bearer needs to pay Rs.50 as penalty for each inactive year. He/she also needs to deposit Rs.500 each as each inactive year’s contribution.
In case death of account holder then the balance amount will be paid to his nominee or legal heir even before 15 years. Nominees or legal heirs are not eligible to continue the account of the deceased.
If balance amount in the account of a deceased is higher than Rs.1,50,000 then the nominee or legal heir has to prove the identity to claim the amount
Premature closure of PPF account[edit]
The Public Provident Fund (Amendment) Scheme, 2016 made changes in Paragraph 9, for sub-rule 3(C) of Public Provident Fund Scheme, 1968 to facilitate the premature closure of PPF Account.[10] Premature closure of PPF account is permitted after completion of 5 years for medical treatment of family members and for higher education of PPF account holder. However, premature closure comes with an interest rate penalty of 1%.
Transfer of account[edit]
The account can be transferred to other branches/ other banks or Post Offices and vice versa upon request by the subscriber. The service is free of charges.
Step 1 – Approach the bank or post office branch where the PPF account is held and ask for the form for making the transfer. The bank or post office will provide you with a form which is to be filled.
Step 2 – The existing bank will then forward the certified copy of the account, the account opening application, nomination form, and specimen signature. It will also forward the cheque/dd for the outstanding amount in the PPF account to the new bank at the branch specified by the customer.
Step 3 – Once your bank receives these documents, the bank will inform you and ask you to submit a new PPF account opening form along with the old PPF passbook. You can also provide nominations for this new account. You will also be required to submit the KYC documents.
Step 4 – If you hold an internet banking facility with your bank, after a few weeks, check that the transferred PPF account now shows up under the PPF account tab/link in your login. If that is not the case, inquire the local bank branch.
PPF tax concessions[edit]
Annual contributions qualify for tax deduction under Section 80C of income tax. The tax benefit is capped at Rs 1.5 lacs per financial year. Contributions to PPF accounts of the spouse and children are also eligible for tax deduction.
PPF falls under EEE (Exempt,Exempt,Exempt) tax basket. Contribution to PPF account is eligible for tax benefit under Section 80C of the Income Tax Act. Interest earned is exempt from income tax and maturity proceeds are also exempt from tax.
See also[edit]
Equity-linked savings scheme
National Pension System
National Savings Certificates (India)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "PPF rate to fetch 7.6%: Why it is still a winner".
Jump up ^ "PPF Scheme". Retrieved 20 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Interest rates on PPF, other savings to be lower from April 1". The Economic Times. 2016-03-31. Retrieved 2017-06-16.
Jump up ^ "PPF Interest Rate History & What You Should Really Know". Stable Investor. 2016-08-24. Retrieved 2017-07-14.
Jump up ^ "Interest Rates On PPF, Other Savings Schemes Cut - NDTV". Retrieved 2017-06-16.
Jump up ^ "Interest on PPF and other such small savings schemes cut: What this means". hindustantimes.com/. 2017-04-01. Retrieved 2017-06-16.
Jump up ^ Zaidi, Babar (2017-06-30). "Government cuts PPF, NSC rate to 7.8 per cent". The Economic Times. Retrieved 2017-07-14.
Jump up ^ "Revision of interest rates for Small Savings Schemes for first quarter of Financial Year 2018-19" (PDF). dea.gov.in/. 2018-03-28. Retrieved 2018-04-03.
Jump up ^ "PPF maturity options".
Jump up ^ "Premature Closure of PPF Account".
External links[edit]
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_Provident_Fund_(India)&oldid=838669168"
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