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Naomi Clark
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Naomi Clark
AnnaLynne McCord as Naomi Clark
90210 character
Portrayed by
AnnaLynne McCord
Duration
2008–13
First appearance
September 2, 2008
(episode 1.01; "We're Not in Kansas Anymore")
Last appearance
May 13, 2013
(episode 5.22; "We All Fall Down")
Created by
Rob Thomas
Gabe Sachs
Jeff Judah
Profile
Occupation
Event planning assistant
Socialite and heiress
Residence
Beverly Hills, California
[show]Family
Parents
Charles Clark
(father)
Tracy Clark
(mother)
Siblings
Jen Clark
(older sister)
Mark Holland
(maternal half-brother)
Spouse
Max Miller
(ex-husband)[1]
Naomi Clark, played by AnnaLynne McCord, is a fictional character from the CW primetime drama 90210, the fourth series of the Beverly Hills, 90210 franchise. The character was created by Rob Thomas, Gabe Sachs, and Jeff Judah, with later developments by Rebecca Sinclair, and occasional input from McCord.
During early stages of production, Naomi was largely described as a privileged and popular teenager. Prior to the series' premiere, Sachs and Judah would further develop Naomi into an antiheroine with a number of flaws, virtues, and familial issues. In the second season, Sinclair, the new show-runner, maintained the previous developments but presented a more comedic take on the character. McCord has expressed fondness for the multi-faceted nature of the role, citing it as a factor in her decision to accept the part.[2]
Often regarded as the show's central figure,[3][4][5][6] Naomi has received critical acclaim from the Los Angeles Times, Entertainment Weekly, People magazine, and other media outlets. Reviews have praised AnnaLynne McCord's performance and the complexity of the role. Conversely, Naomi has also been a recipient of criticism, particularly during the second season. For her work in the role, McCord was nominated for a Teen Choice Award in 2009, and won a Breakthrough of the Year Award in 2010.
Contents
[hide]
1 Season 1
1.1 Creation
1.2 Introduction
1.3 Progression
2 Season 2
2.1 Impact
2.2 Direction
2.3 Story lines
3 Season 3
3.1 Direction
3.2 Story lines
4 Season 4
5 Season 5
6 Reception
6.1 Acclaim
6.2 Criticism
6.3 Award recognition
7 References
Season 1[edit]
Creation[edit]
Naomi Clark was initially developed by the series' original show-runner, Rob Thomas, who was succeeded by Gabe Sachs and Jeff Judah prior to the premiere. Early press releases described the character as a privileged, attractive, and popular teenager,[7] prompting the media to draw comparisons to Kelly Taylor of Beverly Hills, 90210,[8][9] the first series of the franchise which launched 90210. As production of the spin-off began, the part would become more defined, with actress AnnaLynne McCord, who received the role, labeling Naomi an intelligent girl who possessed both manipulative and sensitive sides. She further described the character as "kind of a chameleon", stating that "she'll be someone with the principal and then someone else with her mother and then someone else with her friend."[10]
Sachs also described Naomi as a layered character whose nature would be explored as the series progressed.[11] With regard to playing such roles, McCord stated, "I tend to reach out to people like Clark because I can see they are putting on a facade and are not as bad as they seem. They will eventually let their guard down and become nice people."[2] The actress opted not to review the original series before beginning her role in the spin-off, expressing a desire for Naomi to have her own identity.[10]
Prior to being cast in 90210, McCord had begun building a reputation for playing vixens and antiheroines,[12] notably via the role of Eden Lord in the FX series Nip/Tuck. After declining two offers to play Naomi, she eventually accepted in April 2008, believing that her exposure on the show would help to benefit the charities she was involved in.[10] McCord was able to offer the creators her input on the character following her casting.[13] Additionally, she was the second performer and the first actress to be cast.[8]
Introduction[edit]
Naomi is introduced as a rich girl who attends West Beverly Hills High. Her first on-screen birthday coincides with the birth of the series, during which several aspects of the character's personality are revealed. Self-esteem is shown to be one of Naomi's biggest virtues and vices early on. When she is assigned to work with new student Annie Wilson (Shenae Grimes), she initially appears snobbish and withdrawn.[14] Afterward, she unveils a more pleasant demeanor as the two spend time together, but also reveals an opportunistic side by attempting to plagiarize one of Annie's papers. Upon being caught, however, she becomes offended when others express doubts about her ability, and seeks to prove that she can complete the work herself.[15]
Naomi is gradually shown to have a friendly nature during her introduction, inviting Annie to her birthday party when asked to,[16] while fidelity is revealed to be of importance to her as well. When her personal life is explored, she is shown to value her longtime boyfriend Ethan Ward (Dustin Milligan). However, her birthday party is disrupted by the news that Ethan has been unfaithful to her.[15]
Social power is also said to be a priority of Naomi's in early episodes, along with social prominence. According to Erin Silver (Jessica Stroup), who is commonly called by her surname Silver, the two were best friends until an ambitious Naomi told various people that Silver's father had cheated on her mother with a much younger woman.[17]
Progression[edit]
Several of the foundations laid in the opening episodes are built upon as the series progresses. In the third episode, Naomi is traumatized by the discovery that her father is having an affair.[18] In episode four, she is shown to maintain a close relationship with Ethan, despite their break-up, turning to him for comfort. She again reveals a friendly side when she pacifies Ethan's autistic brother.[19] Later, she is presented with an opportunity to confront her father's mistress, and boldly does so.[20] She and Erin Silver also take steps toward reconciliation. Afterward, Naomi schemes to save her parents' marriage, though her efforts are ultimately in vain.[21] When her friend Adrianna (Jessica Lowndes) encounters problems due to her drug habit, Naomi's good will is displayed again, as she eventually steps in and attempts to intervene.[22] In the eighth episode, her intelligence is further hinted at when it is revealed that Naomi speaks Spanish.[23]
Though their personalities differ at times, several of Naomi's issues parallel those of Kelly Taylor (Jennie Garth) from the original series.[8][9] Early on in the show, she values her 'in-crowd' status and experiences repeated friction with a friend over a boy (as Kelly did).[24] When Annie begins bonding with Ethan, Naomi reveals that the situation is likely to interfere with their friendship. Annie's eventual dismissal of this statement leads to a temporary rift between the girls.[25] Also like Kelly,[24] Naomi endures the experience of a family torn apart by adultery, and is later faced with the matter of an absent parent, as her mother departs town unexpectedly. After her parents have officially split, Naomi seeks temporary refuge in a hotel.[26]
Later, Naomi dates a West Beverly student named Liam Court (Matt Lanter). At Naomi's after-prom party, Jen (Sara Foster), her sister, seduces Liam to get back at Naomi for defying her and holding the event at their house. Naomi catches the aftermath (sans Jen) and finds Annie's wrap with Liam, causing her to publicly accuse Annie of sleeping with him. She is last shown being comforted by Jen while police sirens are heard due to Annie reporting the underage drinking.[27]
Season 2[edit]
Impact[edit]
During the initial development of 90210, the character Annie Wilson was conceived as the central role of the series.[28] As the first season progressed, however, AnnaLynne McCord gained recognition as the show's breakout performer in the role of Naomi.[29] Media outlets began referring to McCord as the series' lead throughout Seasons 1 and 2;[4][30] the actress was also nominated for a Teen Choice Award in the category of "Breakout Star Female" in 2009.[31] Rebecca Sinclair, the series' show-runner, had also become impressed with Naomi's portrayal.[5] Though McCord's cast billing would remain the same in the second season, Naomi Clark was placed "front and center", largely becoming the show's central character.[3][5]
Several of the series' story lines in Season 2 are shown to have various ties to Naomi, including the deepening of Jen Clark's duplicity, the shaken state of Annie Wilson, and the development of a sensitive side in the character of Liam Court.[32][33] In addition, Silver and Adrianna, who did not associate often in the first season, are shown to have grown closer in the second through their mutual bonds with Naomi.[34] Shortly after the second season premiered, articles from Entertainment Weekly and MSN applauded the increased focus on McCord's character.[5][6] The actress also promoted the series on Live with Regis and Kelly and The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien.[35][36]
Direction[edit]
At the beginning of Season 2, McCord reported that producers would be taking her character into "more comedic" territory. "I don't really consider myself funny, but they wanted her to go along this route, so I'm learning alongside Naomi how to be funny."[37] The actress also claimed that Naomi would continue to display an "ever-emerging heart," and that "at the end of the day, she's the most loyal friend you’ll have—as long as you don't screw her."[38] With regard to the character's appearance, McCord described Naomi as "beautiful," but requested that her makeup be limited in Season 2, stating that "the girls who are watching the show don’t need to see a girl portraying seventeen caked up in all this makeup."[39]
Story lines[edit]
The second season opens on Naomi completing her final day of summer school, which she'd been forced to attend due to the underage drinking at her party. It is revealed that she, Silver, and Adrianna have formed a friendly trio during the summer.[34] Naomi briefly dates an older man who she later discovers is married, leading her to break up with him.[40] She is still upset at Annie and considers revenge after obtaining naked pictures of her. She hesitates to act at first, but is later encouraged to by Jen, widening the rift between her and Annie.[32] Later, after she escapes some of Jen's influence, Naomi visits California University, and grows close to the dean's son, Richard, along with a boy named Jamie.[41]
Following the death of Silver's mother, Jackie, Naomi provides Erin with comfort. Soon afterward, Naomi learns the truth about Jen's actions on the night of the prom, creating a rift between the two.[42] Naomi then offers Annie her apologies. Annie initially keeps her at a distance, while Liam, after much effort, is eventually given a second chance with Naomi.[43][44] Later, she begins to encounter awkwardness with Liam.[45] After clashing with Mr. Cannon (Hal Ozsan), a faculty member, Naomi falsely accuses him of sexual harassment while talking with her friends, who unexpectedly urge her to come forward with the experience. As with her attack on Annie, she initially declines to act. However, she eventually does so when Liam faces expulsion for assaulting Cannon.[46] She is later called to testify in front of the school board, which prompts her to reveal the truth.[47] Afterward, Naomi faces new conflicts with her sister Jen,[48] while Liam eventually leaves Naomi upon deciding that their relationship is no longer working.[49] While experiencing trouble with her car one evening, she seeks assistance in school and stumbles upon Mr. Cannon. He kisses Naomi repeatedly as she refuses and pushes him away, but he continues and eventually rapes her.[50]
Season 3[edit]
Direction[edit]
In an interview with E!, McCord revealed what she expected for Naomi after she was attacked at the end of Season 2. "I kinda feel like there will be some downward spiral in a way for Naomi's character, but she's good at covering, so she'll still have that facade."[51] In a later interview with HollywoodLife.com, she further stated, "For me, it's important to let all teenagers know, and all women know, if you're violated you have to speak up." The actress also expressed a personal investment in the story, having worked with victims of abuse in a real-life anti-trafficking organization.[52]
Story lines[edit]
In the Season 3 premiere, it is revealed that Naomi spent the summer at a motel. She later decides to press charges against Cannon, but becomes discouraged from going through with the process.[53] In the second episode, she gains access to her trust fund upon turning 18.[54] Later, her friends attempt to help prove that Cannon raped her.[55] She and Jen reconcile in the process. Eventually, Naomi and the police obtain new evidence against Cannon. However, Cannon disappears before he can be arrested.[56] She then begins moving forward in her personal life.[57] When she returns to her hotel room after Adrianna's Christmas party, Mr. Cannon is shown waiting for her unnoticed. He later holds both Naomi and Silver captive, though they eventually manage to subdue him and call the police.[58] While recovering from her last encounter with Mr. Cannon, she takes up meditation, leading her to cross paths with a guru who cons her out of a large sum of money. Naomi later retrieves the money with the help of her science partner, Max (Josh Zuckerman). Naomi is shocked to find herself beginning to like Max, and they soon begin a relationship. At the end of the third season, Naomi tells Max that she is pregnant.
Season 4[edit]
The fourth season begins with Naomi breaking up with Max after what she feels is his excessive relief on discovering that her pregnancy was a false positive. Attempting to make a big impression at California University (CU), Naomi buys a large house, coming into conflict with the owner's son Austin Tallridge (Justin Deeley), who had been growing marijuana on the property. Naomi throws a big elaborate beginning of school party for CU students but this backfires when the party is raided by the police and Naomi disposes of Austin's marijuana plants by tossing them on a bonfire, causing CU's star quarterback to later test positive for drug use. The disastrous party causes Naomi to enter CU as the most unpopular girl in school, a situation she attempts to rectify by pledging a popular sorority. Initially things appear to be going well as Naomi is taken under the wing of the sorority President, Holly (Megalyn Echikunwoke). But after performing a series of humiliating hazing rituals, Naomi discovers that Holly never intended to let her into the sorority and that this was all done to humiliate Naomi. Vowing revenge, Naomi buys her way into the only sorority that will have her: one made up of nerds and social rejects, and becomes their president. Naomi has sex with Austin after he agrees to help her new sorority humiliate Holly. However, she later learns that Austin was using her to break up with Holly, whom he had been dating. When Holly invites Max to a campus event to unsettle Naomi, she rekindles her romance with him, but still finds herself attracted to Austin. At a talent show fundraiser for Raj (Manish Dayal), Naomi becomes obsessed with outdoing Austin's new 'girlfriend', who is really his cousin who's staying with him for the week. After surprising a clueless Max during their performance, Max breaks things off with Naomi, saying he can't be the guy who's okay with his girlfriend having feelings for someone else. Naomi and Austin then embark on a relationship. In Project Runway, Naomi is thrilled to compete in CU's fashion design competition, but her excitement quickly dies down when she finds out she's competing against nemesis Holly. The two waste no time in trying to one-up each other, with Naomi donating a large sum of money to the competition's fashion show so that her fashions can be showcased in the most flattering way.
When she reveals she'll have the ab-man himself Liam, modeling her designs, Holly goes behind her back and books him through his modeling agency. But that's not all she steals; the night of the fashion show, Naomi discovers that Holly's ripped off her designs and the two end up in a full-blown fight backstage. Though neither gal wins the competition, Naomi gets an internship offer from a Hollywood event planner, and the two dueling divas decide to call a truce. Holly also wanted the internship with the influential planner, who just happens to be her mother. In O Holly Night, Naomi tries to earn her stripes as an intern, at the expense of her friendship with Holly and relationship with Austin, ultimately. Naomi tries to pull double duty both working and playing at Holly's birthday bash, though she is pretty quickly outed as the person who "stole" the internship at her mom's party planning firm.
In Should Old Acquaintance Be Forgot?, Naomi is still rocking her party-planning internship under Rachel’s guidance. Her relationship with Austin has ended after Austin allegedly cheated on her with Holly. Austin says Holly snuck in and attacked him right after he came out of the shower but Naomi refuses to listen to him. Naomi has been so hard at work that her boss, Holly’s mother, gives Naomi the responsibility of hosting her very own event, which is the debutant ball. During the ball, Naomi has rebound sex with a stranger in order to get over Austin. After Naomi has been caught in front of the entire party, Rachel fires her. However, Naomi tells her that Rachel's daughter cheated with her boyfriend. Rachel has sympathy and lets it slide but advises Naomi that she has to be a strong woman and deal with her problems. In Mama Can You Hear Me?, Naomi decides to become a ‘New Naomi’ and try to patch things between Holly and her mother. Rachel briefs Naomi about the impending award season. She entrusts Naomi with a very important assignment. Naomi suggests to her boss that maybe Holly can help too. Although Rachel is reluctant, she agrees to go with Naomi’s suggestion, and appoints Holly as Naomi’s new assistant; shocking both Naomi and Holly. Naomi tries to make amends with Holly, by entrusting her with the very important assignment of getting Mitchell Nash from the hotel to the event. At the event, Rachel is really happy with the way Naomi has organized things, while she is waiting intently for Holly to arrive with Mitchell Nash. Holly arrives at the scene and tells them that Mitchell Nash wasn’t staying at the hotel she had gone to. The boss blasts Naomi for entrusting such an important responsibility to Holly, who according to her has always been irresponsible. Holly and Naomi, haul in a completely drunk Nash to the event. He pukes on the red carpet, with the reporters having a field day. Later Holly and her mother are at it, with Holly trying to defend her position in all that transpired. Naomi again tries defending Holly in front of her mother. The whole thing proves counterproductive, with Naomi getting fired. Later, Holly thanks Naomi for all that she did for her and they both decide to become friends.
In Trust, Truth and Traffic, Naomi has embarked on her career as a free lance event planner, and she has even managed to spot her probable new client. Naomi is trying her best to convince her possible new client. She is also faced with a problem when TA, Naomi's physics class partner, informs her that she has to pass his physics class, if she wants to pass the sophomore year. It turns out the TA is hurt, as Naomi has never invited him to any of the parties she has thrown in the past year. Later on, Naomi decides to help Liam make Vanessa’s party a success, so she can invite the TA to the party, and score a few brownie points. At the party, Naomi tells TA that she would rather work hard to get good marks on her project, than him favoring her in any way. In No Good Deed, Naomi decides to plan Mitchell Nash's daughters sweet sixteen birthday party, after a previous client told her she would not hire her without her having any professional experiences.
Season 5[edit]
In the fifth season opener, Max proposes to Naomi after leaving his bride-to-be standing at the altar. They elope and get married. When they return to Naomi's place to celebrate, Alec, Max's business partner tells Naomi that her and Max's relationship is a mistake. He tries multiple times to sabotage their relationship, but ultimately fails. Fed up of always fighting with Alec, Naomi asks Max to choose between her and Alec. While Max chooses her, which forces him to fire Alec from his company, their relationship becomes strained. Max and Naomi search for a replacement to Alec and when she sees the resume of Bryce Woodbridge, she tells Max to meet him as he seems to be the best candidate. However, after she discovers that Bryce is actually a woman, Naomi says she will do the job. After an unsuccessful attempt at the job, she asks Bryce to reconsider their offer. Bryce accepts the position but manages to fire Max, which was set up by Alec. He later admits to Naomi that he is in love with Max, who in the meantime has left for a gamer conference in Iceland. Naomi finds out that he had been hiding at his parents' house. The couple seeks the help of a marriage counselor. Max explains he didn't want Naomi to run his life and the counselor says that Naomi lost herself. The pair later agrees to divorce and Max decides to go back to MIT. Naomi finds her and Annie's half brother, Mark Holland (Charlie Weber), a chef who owns a gourmet food truck. After he doesn't want anything to do with her, Naomi decides to host a band and food truck contest at CU and sabotages it to let Mark win. Mark is initially upset with Naomi but agrees afterwards to open a restaurant with her after Annie talked to him.
Reception[edit]
Acclaim[edit]
In its biographical page on McCord, Yahoo! states that via the role of Naomi, the actress "became one of Hollywood’s top young stars-to-watch after the series premiered to more than 5 million viewers worldwide."[59] In a review of the series premiere, Tom Gliatto of People magazine stated that, "The standout is AnnaLynne McCord as bad-girl Naomi Clark: She’s very striking physically—almost startling, somewhere between Charlize Theron and Courtney Love—and she conveys a mix of high drama, meanness and little-girl self-pity that’s a lot of fun."[60] Staff members of the Fort Worth Star-Telegram found McCord's performance "surprisingly more nuanced" than her previous work as Eden Lord. The article also declared that Naomi appeared to be the most complex of the younger characters early on, labeling her a "popular but vulnerable but snotty but misunderstood but vindictive high-school queen."[61] Seventeen magazine called the character "the ultimate queen bee" in 2009.[62] Following the completion of Season 1, McCord appeared on the premiere cover of Beauty Entertainment magazine, which made reference to Naomi's "Good Girl, Bad Girl" status.[63]
Shortly after the premiere of Season 2, Tanner Stransky of Entertainment Weekly stated that the series "is getting better and better this season as it deliciously morphs into The AnnaLynne McCord Show".[3] In a later EW review, Jennifer Armstrong labeled Naomi "awesome", and declared McCord "a treasure" in the role.[64] In an autumn television recap, the magazine proclaimed the series' second season an improvement on the first, and remarked that, "Moving AnnaLynne McCord's immensely entertaining anti-heroine, Naomi, front and center certainly didn't hurt."[5] While noting 90210's continuing focus on its younger cast in 2010, E! Online stated, "AnnaLynne McCord, we're looking at you".[65] While discussing Jennie Garth of the original series, HollywoodLife.com proclaimed McCord "the modern-day leading lady".[30] In the midst of Season 2, the actress was labeled "the star of 90210" by Shape magazine, also appearing on the cover.[66]
In regards to the humorous aspects of the character, Emily Exton of Entertainment Weekly stated that McCord had "honed her comedic timing" in the second season.[67] Jethro Nededog expressed similar acclaim in a review for the Los Angeles Times, in which he commented on a comically driven Naomi, and asked, "Is there anything better than Naomi when she knows what she wants?"[68] Nededog also lauded Naomi's material in the second season finale, citing the character's "movement, activity and depth."[69]
While reviewing the third season, Andy Swift of HollywoodLife.com compared McCord to Joan Collins, stating that she "gives every scene 110 percent".[70] Entertainment Weekly's Archana Ram wrote, "I've said it before, and I'll say it again: AnnaLynne McCord is the best part of 90210. And last night, she proved it again by giving us a glimpse of all the colors of the Naomi rainbow—bitchy, scared, confident, relieved, and more."[71]
Criticism[edit]
"But I really don't judge my characters—I make a point not to. That's something that’s really important, I think, in taking on a character that's obviously as different as Naomi is to me in my personal life. So it's really not judging the character, age, background, etc. and just approaching it as her life. Everything she does is what she believes she must do in order to survive in the environment that she's in."
—McCord on Naomi[72]
In addition to her popularity, Naomi has been the subject of criticism. In a review of the series premiere, Ray Richmond of The Hollywood Reporter labeled Naomi "vapid" and "prissy".[73] Further criticism arose in the later episodes of Season 2, with reviewers citing her dishonesty and insensitivity during this period. While discussing the story in which Naomi makes false accusations of sexual harassment, Entertainment Weekly's Archana Ram likened the character to her villainous sister Jen.[74] Jethro Nededog of the LA Times also condemned Naomi's actions, but commended her for eventually revealing the truth.[47]
At a later point in the season, Lisa Todorovich of Zap2it chastised Naomi for being "all about herself" while failing to support Liam during a series of troubles.[75] While acknowledging Naomi's faults, which eventually lead to a break-up with Liam, Krista Navin of MassLive.com stated that "it is totally consistent with her character that she would want to try to be there for Liam, but just be too into her own drama to really be able to be. Also, I think it makes sense that someone like Liam would think he would want to be with someone like Naomi, and then be pretty disillusioned by the reality."[76]
Award recognition[edit]
For the role of Naomi Clark, McCord was nominated for a 2009 Teen Choice Award in the category of "Breakout Star Female".[31] In 2010, she won a Breakthrough of the Year Award in the category of "Breakthrough Standout Performance".[77]
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Jump up ^ "90210, 'Meet the Parent'". Yahoo!. Retrieved May 1, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Photos – 90210 2.22 'Confessions'". tvovermind.com. May 1, 2010. Retrieved May 1, 2010. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
Jump up ^ "90210 Spoilers: Naomi's Intense Storyline Next Season". spoilerguide.com & hollywoodlife.com. May 29, 2010. Retrieved August 11, 2010. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
Jump up ^ House, M.L. (March 2, 2010). "90210 Season Two Finale Spoiler: All About Naomi". tvfanatic.com. Retrieved May 23, 2010.
Jump up ^ Mitzeliotis, Katrina; Andy Swift (May 25, 2010). "Find Out The Next Chapter In Naomi's Intense Storyline Next Season". hollywoodlife.com. Retrieved June 4, 2010.
Jump up ^ Estes, Mark (September 13, 2010). "'90210' 3.01 'Senior Year, Baby' Recap/Review". tvovermind.com. Retrieved October 6, 2010.
Jump up ^ "90210, 'Age of Inheritance'". Zap2It. Retrieved October 6, 2010.
Jump up ^ "90210, 'Catch Me If You Cannon'". Zap2It. Retrieved October 6, 2010.
Jump up ^ Estes, Mark (November 2, 2010). "90210, "I See London, I See France" Review". Zap2It. Retrieved November 2, 2010.
Jump up ^ "90210, "Best Lei'd Plans"". Zap2It. Retrieved November 16, 2010.
Jump up ^ "90210 3.12 "Liars"". Zap2It. January 7, 2011. Retrieved January 25, 2011.
Jump up ^ "AnnaLynne McCord". Yahoo!. Retrieved November 17, 2009.
Jump up ^ Gliatto, Tom (September 3, 2008). "90210 Review:The New Kids Have Yet To 'Gel'". People. Retrieved December 3, 2009.
Jump up ^ "10 to watch: These TV actors caught our eye". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. September 15, 2008. Retrieved December 3, 2009.
Jump up ^ "AnnaLynne McCord Shares Prom Tips and 90210 Gossip!". Seventeen. April 21, 2009. Retrieved March 16, 2010.
Jump up ^ "AnnaLynne McCord of "90210" Sizzles On Cover". ewire.com. Archived from the original on July 10, 2011. Retrieved November 17, 2009.
Jump up ^ Armstrong, Jennifer (October 7, 2009). "90210 recap: Fun with stalking!". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved June 4, 2010.
Jump up ^ Dos Santos, Kristin (January 20, 2010). "Insiders Reveal Why Rob Estes and Jennie Garth Are Leaving 90210". E!. Retrieved March 16, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Sexiest Bodies in Hollywood". Shape. Archived from the original on March 10, 2010. Retrieved March 16, 2010.
Jump up ^ Exton, Emily (March 17, 2010). "90210 recap: We aren't connecting". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved June 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ Nededog, Jethro (March 16, 2010). "90210: Beverly Hills fight club". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ Nededog, Jethro (May 19, 2010). "90210 finale: Naomi really tries, doesn't she?". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 4, 2010.
Jump up ^ Swift, Andy (Nov 1, 2010). "Andy's 90210 Afterthoughts". HollywoodLife.com. Retrieved Nov 16, 2010.
Jump up ^ Ram, Archana (Nov 2, 2010). "90210 recap: Arresting Developments". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved Nov 16, 2010.
Jump up ^ Barth, Lauren (August 19, 2009). "AnnaLynne Dishes on the New Season of 90210". blogs.glam.com. Retrieved June 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ Ray, Richmond (September 2, 2008). "Bottom Line: Meet the new gloss, same as the old gloss". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 21, 2010. [dead link]
Jump up ^ Ram, Archana (April 7, 2010). "When was the last time you yelled at your TV?". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved June 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ Todorovich, Lisa (May 12, 2010). "It Happened Last Night: 90210". Zap2it. Retrieved June 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ Navin, Krista (May 12, 2010). "90210—"Javianna"". masslive.com. Retrieved June 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Official Website of the Breakthrough of the Year Awards". breakthroughawards.mail.com. August 15, 2010. Retrieved August 24, 2010.
[show]
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The Light of Asia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the film, see Prem Sanyas.
For other uses, see The Light of Asia (oratorio).
The Light of Asia, subtitled The Great Renunciation, is a book by Sir Edwin Arnold. The first edition of the book was published in London in July 1879.
In the form of a narrative poem, the book endeavors to describe the life and time of Prince Gautama Siddhartha, who after attaining enlightenment became The Buddha, The Awakened One. The book presents his life, character, and philosophy, in a series of verses. It is a free adaptation of the Lalitavistara.
A few decades before the book's publication, very little was known outside Asia about the Buddha and Buddhism, the religion which he founded, and which had existed for about twenty-five centuries. Arnold's book was one of the first successful attempts to popularize Buddhism for a Western readership.[1][2]
The book has been highly acclaimed from the time it was first published, and has been the subject of several reviews. It has been translated into several languages, including Hindi.
Contents
[hide]
1 Adaptations
2 Chapters
3 References
4 External links
Adaptations[edit]
A film adaptation of the poem directed by Franz Osten and Himansu Rai was made in 1928, titled Prem Sanyas (The Light of Asia in English).[3] Dudley Buck used the book as the basis for an oratorio, The Light of Asia, first performed in 1887.[4]
In the 1945 movie version of Oscar Wilde's The Picture of Dorian Gray (1891), as the protagonist turns to a life of depravity, a friend tries to turn him back to a good life by lending him a copy of The Light of Asia.
Chapters[edit]
The first six chapters deal with the early part of Buddha's life – his birth as Siddhartha, prince of Kapilavastu; his gaining first-hand knowledge of the sufferings of mankind; his resorting to meditation; and his ultimate transformation as the "Enlightened One" after long years of meditation. The subsequent chapters speak of the Buddha's travels and the important elements of the message he spread are discussed — for instance, that suffering is a built-in aspect of existence; that craving for sensuality and identity is the root of suffering; and that suffering can be ended. It calls for right understanding; right thought; right speech; right action; right livelihood; right effort; right mindfulness; and right concentration. Throughout his peregrinations, mostly in eastern India, Gautama Buddha was joined by thousands of disciples and admirers from all walks of life.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Sutin, L.: All is Change: The Two-Thousand Year Journey of Buddhism to the West, Little, Brown and Company, 2006. See pages 141 to 143.
Jump up ^ Harvey, P.: An Introduction to Buddhism, Cambridge University Press, 1990. See page 303.
Jump up ^ Prem Sanyas on IMDb
Jump up ^ Orr, N. Lee (2008). Dudley Buck, p. 98. University of Illinois Press
Clausen, C., "Sir Edwin Arnold's Light of Asia and Its Reception," Literature East and West, XVII (1973), 174-191.
External links[edit]
The Light of Asia at Project Gutenberg
Bengali Drama Based on The Light of Asia
[show]
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Dysthymia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the genus of moth, see Dysthymia (moth).
Dysthymia
Synonyms
Neurotic depression,[1] dysthymic disorder, chronic depression,[2] persistent depressive disorder
Pronunciation
/dɪsˈθaɪmiə/ dis-THY-mee-ə
Specialty
Psychiatry
Frequency
104 million (2015)[3]
Dysthymia, now known as persistent depressive disorder (PDD), is a mood disorder consisting of the same cognitive and physical problems as depression, with less severe but longer-lasting symptoms.[4][5][6] The concept was coined by Robert Spitzer as a replacement for the term "depressive personality" in the late 1970s.[7]
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 Signs and symptoms
3 Causes
3.1 Co-occurring conditions
3.1.1 Double depression
4 Pathophysiology
5 Diagnosis
6 Prevention
7 Treatments
7.1 Therapy
7.2 Medications
7.3 Combination treatment
7.4 Resistance
8 Epidemiology
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Overview[edit]
According to the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, published in 1994 (DSM-IV), dysthymia is a serious state of chronic depression, which persists for at least two years (one year for children and adolescents). Dysthymia is less acute and severe than major depressive disorder.[8] As dysthymia is a chronic disorder, sufferers may experience symptoms for many years before it is diagnosed, if diagnosis occurs at all. As a result, they may believe that depression is a part of their character, so they may not even discuss their symptoms with doctors, family members or friends.
Dysthymia often co-occurs with other mental disorders. A "double depression" is the occurrence of episodes of major depression in addition to dysthymia. Switching between periods of dysthymic moods and periods of hypomanic moods is indicative of cyclothymia, which is a mild variant of bipolar disorder.
In the DSM-5, dysthymia is replaced by persistent depressive disorder.[4] This new condition includes both chronic major depressive disorder and the previous dysthymic disorder. The reason for this change is that there was no evidence for meaningful differences between these two conditions.[9]
The term is from Ancient Greek δυσθυμία, meaning bad state of mind.
Signs and symptoms[edit]
Dysthymia characteristics include an extended period of depressed mood combined with at least two other symptoms which may include insomnia or hypersomnia, fatigue or low energy, eating changes (more or less), low self-esteem, or feelings of hopelessness. Poor concentration or difficulty making decisions are treated as another possible symptom. Mild degrees of dysthymia may result in people withdrawing from stress and avoiding opportunities for failure. In more severe cases of dysthymia, people may even withdraw from daily activities.[10] They will usually find little pleasure in usual activities and pastimes. Diagnosis of dysthymia can be difficult because of the subtle nature of the symptoms and patients can often hide them in social situations, making it challenging for others to detect symptoms. Additionally, dysthymia often occurs at the same time as other psychological disorders, which adds a level of complexity in determining the presence of dysthymia, particularly because there is often an overlap in the symptoms of disorders.[11] There is a high incidence of comorbid illness in those with dysthymia. Suicidal behavior is also a particular problem with persons with dysthymia. It is vital to look for signs of major depression, panic disorder, generalised anxiety disorder, alcohol and substance misuse and personality disorder.[12]
Causes[edit]
There are no known biological causes that apply consistently to all cases of dysthymia, which suggests diverse origin of the disorder.[11] However, there are some indications that there is a genetic predisposition to dysthymia: "The rate of depression in the families of people with dysthymia is as high as fifty percent for the early-onset form of the disorder".[8] Other factors linked with dysthymia include stress, social isolation, and lack of social support.[11]
In a study using identical and fraternal twins, results indicated that there is a stronger likelihood of identical twins both having depression than fraternal twins. This provides support for the idea that dysthymia is in part caused by heredity.
Co-occurring conditions[edit]
"At least three-quarters of patients with dysthymia also have a chronic physical illness or another psychiatric disorder such as one of the anxiety disorders, cyclothymia, drug addiction, or alcoholism".[8] Common co-occurring conditions include major depression (up to 75%), anxiety disorders (up to 50%), personality disorders (up to 40%), somatoform disorders (up to 45%) and substance abuse (up to 50%).[11] People with dysthymia have a higher-than-average chance of developing major depression.[13] A 10-year follow-up study found that 95% of dysthymia patients had an episode of major depression.[14] When an intense episode of depression occurs on top of dysthymia, the state is called "double depression."[13]
Double depression[edit]
Double depression occurs when a person experiences a major depressive episode on top of the already-existing condition of dysthymia. It is difficult to treat, as sufferers accept these major depressive symptoms as a natural part of their personality or as a part of their life that is outside of their control. The fact that people with dysthymia may accept these worsening symptoms as inevitable can delay treatment. When and if such people seek out treatment, the treatment may not be very effective if only the symptoms of the major depression are addressed, but not the dysthymic symptoms.[15] Patients with double depression tend to report significantly higher levels of hopelessness than is normal. This can be a useful symptom for mental health services providers to focus on when working with patients to treat the condition.[13] Additionally, cognitive therapies can be effective for working with people with double depression in order to help change negative thinking patterns and give individuals a new way of seeing themselves and their environment.[15]
It has been suggested that the best way to prevent double depression is by treating the dysthymia. A combination of antidepressants and cognitive therapies can be helpful in preventing major depressive symptoms from occurring. Additionally, exercise and good sleep hygiene (e.g., improving sleep patterns) are thought to have an additive effect on treating dysthymic symptoms and preventing them from worsening.[15]
Pathophysiology[edit]
There is evidence that there may be neurological indicators of early onset dysthymia. There are several brain structures (corpus callosum and frontal lobe) that are different in women with dysthymia than in those without dysthymia. This may indicate that there is a developmental difference between these two groups.[16]
Another study, which used fMRI techniques to assess the differences between individuals with dysthymia and other people, found additional support for neurological indicators of the disorder. This study found several areas of the brain that function differently. The amygdala (associated with processing negative emotions such as fear) was more activated in dysthymia patients. The study also observed increased activity in the insula (which is associated with sad emotions). Finally, there was increased activity in the cingulate gyrus (which serves as the bridge between attention and emotion).[17]
A study comparing healthy individuals to people with dysthymia indicates there are other biological indicators of the disorder. An anticipated result appeared as healthy individuals expected fewer negative adjectives to apply to them, whereas people with dysthymia expected fewer positive adjectives to apply to them in the future. Biologically these groups are also differentiated in that healthy individuals showed greater neurological anticipation for all types of events (positive, neutral, or negative) than those with dysthymia. This provides neurological evidence of the dulling of emotion that individuals with dysthymia have learned to use to protect themselves from overly strong negative feelings, compared to healthy people.[18]
There is some evidence of a genetic basis for all types of depression, including dysthymia. A study using identical and fraternal twins indicated that there is a stronger likelihood of identical twins both having depression than fraternal twins. This provides support for the idea that dysthymia is caused in part by heredity.[19]
A new model has recently surfaced in the literature regarding the HPA axis (structures in the brain that get activated in response to stress)[20] and its involvement with dysthymia (e.g. phenotypic variations of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) and arginine vasopressin (AVP), and down-regulation of adrenal functioning) as well as forebrain serotonergic mechanisms.[21] Since this model is highly provisional, further research is still needed.
Diagnosis[edit]
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV (DSM-IV), published by the American Psychiatric Association, characterizes dysthymic disorder.[22] The essential symptom involves the individual feeling depressed for the majority of days, and parts of the day, for at least two years. Low energy, disturbances in sleep or in appetite, and low self-esteem typically contribute to the clinical picture as well. Sufferers have often experienced dysthymia for many years before it is diagnosed. People around them often describe the sufferer in words similar to "just a moody person". Note the following diagnostic criteria:[23][24]
During a majority of days for two years or more, the adult patient reports depressed mood, or appears depressed to others for most of the day.
When depressed, the patient has two or more of:
decreased or increased appetite
decreased or increased sleep (insomnia or hypersomnia)
Fatigue or low energy
Reduced self-esteem
Decreased concentration or problems making decisions
Feelings of hopelessness or pessimism
During this two-year period, the above symptoms are never absent longer than two consecutive months.
During the duration of the two-year period, the patient may have had a perpetual major depressive episode.
The patient has not had any manic, hypomanic, or mixed episodes.
The patient has never fulfilled criteria for cyclothymic disorder.
The depression does not exist only as part of a chronic psychosis (such as schizophrenia or delusional disorder).
The symptoms are often not directly caused by a medical illness or by substances, including drug abuse or other medications.
The symptoms may cause significant problems or distress in social, work, academic, or other major areas of life functioning.[22]
In children and adolescents, mood can be irritable, and duration must be at least one year, in contrast to two years needed for diagnosis in adults.
Early onset (diagnosis before age 21) is associated with more frequent relapses, psychiatric hospitalizations, and more co-occurring conditions.[11] For younger adults with dysthymia, there is a higher co-occurrence in personality abnormalities and the symptoms are likely chronic.[citation needed] However, in older adults suffering from dysthymia, the psychological symptoms are associated with medical conditions and/or stressful life events and losses.[25]
Dysthymia can be contrasted with major depressive disorder by assessing the acute nature of the symptoms. Dysthymia is far more chronic (long lasting) than major depressive disorder, in which symptoms may be present for as little as 2 weeks. Also Dysthymia often presents itself at an earlier age than Major Depressive Disorder.[26]
Prevention[edit]
Though there is no clear-cut way to prevent dysthymia from occurring, some suggestions have been made. Since dysthymia will often first occur in childhood, it is important to identify children who may be at risk. It may be beneficial to work with children in helping to control their stress, increase resilience, boost self-esteem, and provide strong networks of social support. These tactics may be helpful in warding off or delaying dysthymic symptoms.[27]
Treatments[edit]
Often, people with dysthymia will seek out treatment not necessarily because of depressed mood, but rather due to increasing levels of stress or because of personal difficulties that may be situation-related.[28] This is hypothesized to be because of the chronic nature of the disorder, and how depressed mood is often thought to be a characterological pattern for the individual with the condition.[29] Thus, it is only when the person experiences increasing stress that he or she thinks to go to some sort of trained professional for symptom relief. It is usually through the administration of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV that dysthymia is first diagnosed.[28] At this point, with the help of a trained professional, a certain line of treatment is often discussed and then selected. It is important to consider all factors in the person's life that may be affected when deciding on a particular course of treatment. Additionally, if one method of treatment does not particularly work for a certain individual, it may be helpful to try something else.
Therapy[edit]
Psychotherapy is often effective in treating dysthymia. Different modalities have been shown to be beneficial. Empirically-based treatments, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, have been researched to show that through the proper course of treatment, symptoms can dissipate over time.[28] Other forms of talk-therapy (e.g. psychodynamic psychotherapy, interpersonal psychotherapy) have also been said to be effective in treating the disorder.[30] It may be helpful for people diagnosed with dysthymia to develop better coping skills, search for the root cause of symptoms, and work on changing faulty beliefs (such as when patients believe themselves to be worthless).[28]
In addition to individual psychotherapy, both group psychotherapy and self-help, or support groups, can be an effective line of treatment for dysthymia as well.[28] Through these treatment modalities, issues such as self-esteem, self-confidence, relationship issues/patterns, assertiveness skills, cognitive restructuring, etc., can be worked through and strengthened.[28]
Medications[edit]
The first line of pharmacotherapy is usually SSRIs due to their more tolerable nature and reduced side effects compared to the irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitors or tricyclic antidepressants.[28] Studies have found that the mean response to antidepressant medications for people with dysthymia is 55%, compared with a 31% response rate to a placebo.[30] The most commonly prescribed antidepressants/SSRIs for dysthymia are escitalopram, citalopram, sertraline, fluoxetine, paroxetine, and fluvoxamine. It often takes an average of 6–8 weeks before the patient begins to feel these medications' therapeutic effects.[28] Additionally, STAR*D, a multi-clinic governmental study, found that people with overall depression will generally need to try different brands of medication before finding one that works specifically for them.[28] Research shows that 1 in 4 of those who switch medications get better results regardless of whether the second medication is an SSRI or some other type of antidepressant.[28]
In a meta-analytic study from 2005, it was found that SSRIs and TCAs are equally effective in treating dysthymia. They also found that MAOIs have a slight advantage over the use of other medication in treating this disorder.[31] However, the author of this study cautions that MAOIs should not necessarily be the first line of defense in the treatment of dysthymia, as they are often less tolerable than their counterparts, such as SSRIs.[31]
Tentative evidence supports the use of amisulpride to treat dysthymia but with increased side effects.[32]
Combination treatment[edit]
A combination of antidepressant medication and psychotherapy has consistently been shown to be the most effective line of treatment for people diagnosed with dysthymia.[28] Working with a psychotherapist to address the causes and effects of the disorder, in addition to taking antidepressants to help eliminate the symptoms, can be extremely beneficial. This combination is often the preferred method of treatment for those who have dysthymia. Looking at various studies involving treatment for dysthymia, 75% of people responded positively to a combination of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and pharmacotherapy, whereas only 48% of people responded positively to just CBT or medication alone.[28]
In a meta-analytic study from 2008, researchers found an effect size of −.07 (Cohen's d) between pharmacologic treatments and psychological treatments for depressive disorders, suggesting pharmacologic treatments to be slightly more effective, though the results were not found to be statistically significant. This small effect is true only for SSRIs, with TCAs and other pharmacologic treatments showing no differences from psychological treatments. Additionally, there have been several studies yielding results that indicate that severe depression responds more favorably to psychotherapy than pharmacotherapy.[33]
Resistance[edit]
Because of dysthymia's chronic nature, treatment resistance is somewhat common.[30] In such a case, augmentation is often recommended. Such treatment augmentations can include lithium pharmacology, thyroid hormone augmentation, amisulpride, buspirone, bupropion, stimulants, and mirtazapine. Additionally, if the person also suffers from seasonal affective disorder, light therapy can be useful in helping augment therapeutic effects.[30]
Epidemiology[edit]
Globally dysthymia occurs in about 105 million people a year (1.5% of the population).[34] It is slightly more common in women (1.8%) than in men (1.3%).[34] The lifetime prevalence rate of dysthymia in community settings appears to range from 3 to 6% in the United States. However, in primary care settings the rate is higher ranging from 5 to 15 percent. United States prevalence rates tend to be somewhat higher than rates in other countries.[11]
See also[edit]
Major depressive disorder
Cyclothymia
Anhedonia, a symptom of dysthymia characterized by a decreased or absent ability to enjoy a sense of pleasure
Blunted affect, a symptom of PTSD, schizophrenia, and ASPD involving decreased or absent emotional response
Dysphoria, a state of feeling unwell or unhappy
Atypical depression
List of medications used to treat major depressive disorder or dysthymia
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ Brody, Jane (30 January 1995). "Help awaits those who live with sadness". The News-Journal. Daytona Beach, Florida. p. 54.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Dysthymia". Harvard Health Publications. Harvard University. February 2005. Archived from the original (February 2005 issue of the Harvard Mental Health Letter) on 6 January 2010. Retrieved 12 December 2009.
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^ Jump up to: a b c "Double Depression: Hopelessness Key Component Of Mood Disorder". Science Daily. 26 July 2007. Archived from the original on 7 September 2008. Retrieved 17 July 2008.
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Jump up ^ Schacter, Gilbert, Wegner (2011). Psychology (2nd ed.). Worth. p. 631. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
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^ Jump up to: a b American Psychiatric Association, ed. (June 2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-IV-TR (4th ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing. ISBN 978-0-89042-024-9. Archived from the original on 2008-05-17.
Jump up ^ Turner, Samuel M.; Hersen, Michel; Beidel, Deborah C., eds. (2007). Adult Psychopathology and Diagnosis (5th ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-74584-6. OCLC 427516745.
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Jump up ^ Bellino, S.; Patria, L.; Ziero, S.; Rocca, G.; Bogetto, F. (2001). "Clinical Features of Dysthymia and Age: a Clinical Investigation". Psychiatry Review. 103 (2–3): 219–228. doi:10.1016/S0165-1781(01)00274-8.
Jump up ^ Goodman, S. H., Schwab-Stone, M., Lahey, B. B., Shaffer, D. and Jensen, P. S. (2000). "Major Depression and Dysthymia in Children and Adolescents: Discriminant Validity and Differential Consequences in a Community Sample". Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 39 (6): 761–771. doi:10.1097/00004583-200006000-00015. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
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^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l John M. Grohol (2008), Dysthymia Treatment. psychcentral.com
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^ Jump up to: a b Ballesteros, J (2005). "Orphan comparisons and indirect meta-analysis: A case study on antidepressant efficacy in dysthymia comparing tricyclic antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and monoamine oxidase inhibitors by using general linear models". Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 25 (2): 127–31. doi:10.1097/01.jcp.0000155826.05327.c1. PMID 15738743.
Jump up ^ Komossa, K; Depping, AM; Gaudchau, A; Kissling, W; Leucht, S (8 December 2010). "Second-generation antipsychotics for major depressive disorder and dysthymia". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (12): CD008121. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008121.pub2. PMID 21154393.
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External links[edit]
NIMH Depression Page
Classification
V · T · D
ICD-10: F34.1
ICD-9-CM: 300.4
MeSH: D019263
External resources
MedlinePlus: 000918

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values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values:
https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distimie
Distimie – Afrikaans
af
af
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-af
display: none;

values: اكتئاب جزئي – Arabic

values: Дистимия – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dystymie
Dystymie – Czech
cs
cs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cy
display: none;

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysthymie
Dysthymie – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values: Δυσθυμία – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distimia
Distimia – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values: افسرده‌خویی – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysthymie
Dysthymie – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values: 기분부전장애 – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distimia
Distimia – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distimia
Distimia – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: דיסתימיה – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysthymia
Dysthymia – Latin
la
la
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distimia
Distimia – Malay
ms
ms
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dystymi
Dystymi – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dystymia
Dystymia – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distimia
Distimia – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distimie
Distimie – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Дистимия – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values: Дистимија – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dystymia
Dystymia – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dystymi
Dystymi – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: மகிழ்வின்றிய கோளாறு – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Дистимія – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: 心境恶劣障碍 – Chinese

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Dysthymia rootpage-Dysthymia skin-vector action-view