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Aadhaar
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Aadhaar
Country
India
Ministry
Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, India
Key people
J. Satyanarayana, IAS, Chairman, UIDAI
Dr. Ajay Bhushan Pandey, IAS, CEO, UIDAI
Launched
28 January 2009; 9 years ago (2009-01-28)[1]
Budget
₹8,793.9 crore (US$1.3 billion) (through 31 March 2017)[2]
Status
1.19 billion holders as of 30 Nov 2017[3]
Website
uidai.gov.in
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Aadhaar (English: Foundation) is a 12-digit unique identity number issued to all Indian residents based on their biometric and demographic data. The data is collected by the Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI), a statutory authority established in January 2009 by the government of India, under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, following the provisions of the Aadhaar (Targeted Delivery of Financial and other Subsidies, benefits and services) Act, 2016.[1]
Aadhaar is the world's largest biometric ID system. World Bank Chief Economist Paul Romer described Aadhaar as "the most sophisticated ID programme in the world".[4] Considered a proof of residence and not a proof of citizenship, Aadhaar does not itself grant any rights to domicile in India.[5] In June 2017 the Home Ministry clarified that Aadhaar is not a valid identification document for Indians travelling to Nepal and Bhutan.[6]
Prior to the enactment of the Act, the UIDAI functioned, since 28 January 2009, as an attached office of the Planning Commission (now NITI Aayog). On 3 March 2016 a money bill was introduced in the Parliament to give legislative backing to Aadhaar.[7] On 11 March 2016 the Aadhaar (Targeted Delivery of Financial and other Subsidies, benefits and services) Act, 2016, was passed in the Lok Sabha.[8][9]
Aadhaar is the subject of several rulings by the Supreme Court of India. On 23 September 2013 the Supreme Court issued an interim order saying that "no person should suffer for not getting Aadhaar",[10] adding that the government cannot deny a service to a resident who does not possess Aadhaar, as it is voluntary and not mandatory.[11] The court also limited the scope of the program and reaffirmed the voluntary nature of the identity number in other rulings.[12][13][14][14][15] On 24 August 2017 the Indian Supreme Court delivered a landmark verdict affirming the right to privacy as a fundamental right, overruling previous judgments on the issue.[16] A five-judge constitutional bench of the Supreme Court is hearing various cases relating to the validity of Aadhaar[17] on various grounds including privacy, surveillance, and exclusion from welfare benefits.[18] On 9 January 2017 the five-judge Constitution bench of the Supreme Court of India reserved its judgement on the interim relief sought by petitions to extend the deadline making Aadhaar mandatory for everything from bank accounts to mobile services. The court said that the final hearing for the extension of Aadhaar Linking Deadlines will start on 17 January 2018.[19] Some civil liberty groups such as the Citizens Forum for Civil Liberties and the Indian Social Action Forum (INSAF) have also opposed the project over privacy concerns.[20][21][22]
Despite the validity of Aadhaar being challenged in the court,[23] the central government has pushed citizens to link their Aadhaar numbers with a host of services, including mobile sim cards, bank accounts, the Employee Provident Fund, and a large number of welfare schemes including but not limited to the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, the Public Distribution System, and old age pensions.[24] Recent reports suggest that HIV patients have been forced to discontinue treatment for fear of identity breach as access to the treatment has become contingent on producing Aadhaar.[25]
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 History
2.1 Previous identity card programs
2.2 2009–2013
2.3 2014–2015
2.4 2016–present
3 Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT)
3.1 Aadhaar-enabled biometric attendance systems
3.2 Other uses by central government agencies
3.3 Other uses by states
4 Aadhaar as digital identity
5 Impediments and other concerns
5.1 Feasibility concerns
5.2 Lack of legislation and privacy concerns
5.3 Legality of sharing data with law enforcement
5.4 Land Allotment Dispute
5.5 Security concerns
5.6 Overlaps with National Population Register
5.7 Fraud
5.8 Application issues
5.9 Exclusion
5.10 Data leaks
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
8.1 Supportive views
8.2 Critical views
8.3 Other
9 External links
Overview[edit]
The Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) is a statutory authority established on 12 July 2016 by the Government of India under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, following the provisions of the Aadhaar Act 2016.[1]
The UIDAI is mandated to assign a 12-digit unique identification (UID) number (termed "Aadhaar") to all the residents of India. The implementation of the UID scheme entails generation and assignment of UIDs to residents; defining mechanisms and processes for interlinking UIDs with partner databases; operation and management of all stages of the UID life cycle; framing policies and procedures for updating mechanism and defining usage and applicability of UIDs for delivery of various services, among others.[26] The number is linked to the resident's basic demographic and biometric information such as a photograph, ten fingerprints and two iris scans, which are stored in a centralised database.[27]
The UIDAI was initially set up by the Government of India in January 2009, as an attached office under the aegis of the Planning Commission via a notification in the Gazette of India.[26] According to the notification, the UIDAI was given the responsibility to lay down plans and policies to implement the UID scheme, to own and operate the UID database, and to be responsible for its updating and maintenance on an ongoing basis.
The UIDAI data centre is located at Industrial Model Township (IMT), Manesar,[28] which was inaugurated by the then Chief Minister of Haryana Mr. Bhupendra Singh Hooda on 7 January 2013.[29]
Digitally generated Aadhaar card
Starting with issuing of first UID in September 2010, the UIDAI has been aiming to issue an Aadhaar number to all the residents ensuring that it is robust enough to eliminate duplicate and fake identities, and that the number can be verified and authenticated in an easy and cost-effective way online anywhere, anytime.[30] In a notification dated 16 December 2010 the Government of India indicated that it would recognise a letter issued by the UIDAI containing details of name, address, and Aadhaar number, as an official, valid document.[31] Aadhaar is not intended to replace any existing identity cards, nor does it constitute proof of citizenship.[32] Aadhaar neither confers citizenship nor guarantees rights, benefits, or entitlements.[33] Aadhaar is a random number that never starts with a 0 or 1, and is not loaded with profiling or intelligence that would make it insusceptible to fraud or theft, and thus provides a measure of privacy in this regard. The unique ID also qualifies as a valid ID while availing various government services such as a LPG connection, a subsidised ration, kerosene from the PDS, or benefits under NSAP or pension schemes, e-sign, a digital locker,[34] a Universal Account Number (UAN) under EPFO,[35] and some other services such as a SIM card or opening a bank account.[36][37] According to the UIDAI website, any Aadhaar holder or service provider can verify the genuineness of an Aadhaar number through a user-friendly service of UIDAI called the Aadhaar Verification Service (AVS), which is available on its website.[38][39] Also, a resident already enrolled under the National Population Register is not required to enrol again for Aadhaar.[40]
History[edit]
Previous identity card programs[edit]
In 1998 after the Kargil war, the Kargil Review Committee, headed by security analyst K. Subrahmanyam, was formed to study the state of national security. It submitted its report to the then Prime Minister, Atal Bihari Vajpayee, on 7 January 2000.[41] Among its various recommendations was the proposal that citizens in villages in border regions be issued identity cards on a priority basis, with such ID cards issued later to all people living in border states.[42][43]
A Group of Ministers (GoM), headed by L. K. Advani, was formed to study the recommendations and examine possible implementation. The GoM submitted its report in May 2001 in which it accepted the recommendation for an ID card and stated that a "multi-purpose National Identity Card" project would be started soon, with the card to be issued first in border villages and then elsewhere.[43][44] In late September 2001 the Ministry of External Affairs proposed that a mandatory national identity card be issued. This announcement followed reports that some people had obtained multiple Indian passports with different details. This was attributed to the lack of computerisation between the passport centres.[45][46] In December 2003 the Citizenship (Amendment) Bill 2003 was introduced in the Lok Sabha by L. K. Advani. It primarily aimed to provide various rights to persons of Indian origin,[47] but the bill also introduced Clause 14 (a) that said: "The Central Government may compulsorily register every citizen of India and issue national identity card to him."[43][48][49][50]
2009–2013[edit]
The UIDAI was established on 28 January 2009 after the Planning Commission issued a notification. On 23 June Nandan Nilekani, the co-founder of Infosys, was appointed by the then-government, UPA, to head the project. He was given the newly created position of Chairman of the UIDAI, which was equivalent in rank to a Cabinet minister.[51][36][52] In April 2010 the logo and the brand name Aadhaar was launched by Nilekani.[53] In May 2010 Nilekani said he would support legislation to protect the data held by the UIDAI.[54]
In July 2010 UIDAI published a list 15 of agencies which were qualified to provide training to personnel to be involved in the enrolment process. It also published a list of 220 agencies that were qualified to take part in the enrolment process. Before this, the project had been only 20 states and with the LIC of India and the State Bank of India as qualified registrars. This announcement introduced several private firms. It was estimated that to achieve the target of enrolling 40% of the population in two years, 31,019 personnel and 155 training centres would be needed. It was also estimated that 4,431 enrolment centres and 22,157 enrolment stations would have to be established.[55]
On 7 February 2012 the UIDAI launched an online verification system for Aadhaar numbers. Using the system, banks, telecom companies and government departments could enter an Aadhaar number and verify if the person was a resident of India.[56]
On 26 November 2012 Prime Minister Manmohan Singh launched an Aadhaar-linked direct benefit transfer scheme. The project aimed to eliminate leakages in the system by directly transferring the money to the bank account of the recipient. The project was to be introduced in 51 districts on 1 January 2013 and then slowly expanded to cover all of India.[57][58]
In late November 2012 a former Karnataka High Court judge, K. S. Puttaswamy, and a lawyer, Parvesh Khanna, filed a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) against the government in the Supreme Court of India. They contended that the government was implementing the project without any legislative backing. They pointed out that the National Identification Authority of India Bill 2010, which had been introduced in the Rajya Sabha, was still pending.[59] They further said that since the UIDAI was proceeding only on the basis of an executive order issued on 28 January 2009, it could not collect biometric data of citizens as it would be a violation of privacy under Article 21 of the Constitution.[60] In December 2011 the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Finance, led by Yashwant Sinha, rejected the National Identification Authority of India Bill 2010 and suggested modifications. It termed the project "unethical and violative of Parliament's prerogatives".[61] On 23 September 2013 the Supreme Court issued an interim order saying that the government could not deny a service to anyone who did not possess Aadhaar, as the identity number was voluntary.[11][62][63]
In late September 2013, following the Supreme Court verdict, Union Minister of State for Parliamentary Affairs and Planning, Rajeev Shukla, said that it would attempt to pass the National Identification Authority of India Bill 2010 in the winter session of the Parliament.[64] On 9 October 2013 the National Payments Corporation of India launched an Aadhaar-based remittance system. Using the system, funds could be transferred to any Aadhaar-linked bank accounts if the Aadhaar number was known. It was announced that an SMS could be used for amounts up to ₹5,000 (US$77) and for amounts over that a mobile bank app could be used. By this time around 440 million Aadhaar numbers had been issued.[65]
2014–2015[edit]
In March 2014 Nilekani resigned as the Chairman to contest in the general election on an Indian National Congress nomination from Bangalore South.[66] His responsibilities were taken over by 1981-batch IAS officer Vijay Madan, who was given an extension of his term as the director-general and mission director by the government.[67] Nilekani lost to Ananth Kumar.[68]
On 10 June 2014 the new government disbanded four cabinet committees to streamline the decision-making process; among them was the cabinet committee on Aadhaar.[69] Also in June 2014 the IT Department held a meeting with the secretaries of the states to receive feedback on the project.[70]
On 1 July 2014 Nilekani met with the Prime Minister Modi and Finance Minister Arun Jaitley to convince them of the project's merits.[71] On 5 July 2014 Modi announced that his government would retain the project and asked an official to look into the possibility of linking the project with passports.[72] The 2014 budget allotted ₹20.3964 billion (US$310 million) to the project for the fiscal year 2014–2015. It was a substantial increase from the previous year's allotment of ₹15.50 billion (US$240 million).[73] Also in July, it was reported that UIDAI would hire an advertising agency and spend about ₹300 million (US$4.6 million) on an advertising campaign.[74]
On 10 September 2014 the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs gave approval to Phase V of the UIDAI project, starting the enrolment process in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, and Uttarakhand.[75] The Union Cabinet allocated ₹12 billion (US$180 million) to the project in order to reach the target of 1 billion enrolments by the end of 2015.[76]
On 5 July 2015 finding the experience with DBT scheme in LPG "very encouraging", with a reported savings of ₹127 billion (US$1.9 billion) to the public exchequer this year, Jaitley said, "If we can realize the government's JAM—Jan Dhan, Aadhaar, Mobile—vision we can ensure that money goes directly and more quickly into the pockets of the poor and from the savings we achieve, we can put even more money for the poor. If we can be careful in our design and implementation, we can extend DBT to other commodities, so that the poor get more money to spend for their upliftment."[77]
In March 2015 the Aadhaar-linked DigiLocker service was launched, using which Aadhaar-holders can scan and save their documents on the cloud, and can share them with the government officials whenever required without any need to carry them.[78]
On 18 June 2015 in a high-level review meeting on the progress of the UID project and DBT scheme, Prime Minister Modi asked officials to accelerate the delivery of benefits and expand the applications of the Aadhaar (UID) platform. He also asked them to examine the possibility of offering incentives to the states to increase participation in the project, through a one-time sharing of a portion of the savings. It was reported that the government was saving up to 14–15% in the direct benefit transfers of subsidies on LPG to the beneficiaries through Aadhaar.[79]
2016–present[edit]
During the budget presentation on 29 February 2016, Jaitley announced that a bill would be introduced within a week to provide legislative support to the Aadhaar project.[80] On 3 March 2016 the Aadhaar (Targeted Delivery of Financial and Other Subsidies, Benefits and Services) Bill, 2016, was introduced in the Parliament as a money bill by Jaitley.[7] The decision to introduce it as a money bill was criticised by the opposition parties. Ghulam Nabi Azad, an INC leader, wrote in a letter to the Jaitley that the ruling party, the BJP, was attempting to bypass the Rajya Sabha, as they did not have the majority in the upper house. A money bill is only required to pass in the lower house Lok Sabha.[81] Tathagata Satpathy of Biju Janata Dal (BJD) raised concerns that the project could be used for mass surveillance or ethnic cleansing in the future.[82]
On 11 March 2016 the Aadhaar (Targeted Delivery of Financial and other Subsidies, benefits and services) Act, 2016, was passed in the Lok Sabha.[8] During the Rajya Sabha debate on 16 March, Sitaram Yechury of the CPI-M said that bill should not have been passed when the issue of the right to privacy was still in the Supreme Court.[83] On 16 March 2016 the bill was returned to the Lok Sabha by the Rajya Sabha with some suggested amendments,[84] which the Lok Sabha promptly rejected.[85]
Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT)[edit]
Main article: Direct Benefit Transfer
The Aadhaar project has been linked to some public subsidy and unemployment benefit schemes such as the domestic LPG scheme and MGNREGA. In these Direct Benefit Transfer schemes, the subsidy money is directly transferred to a bank account which is Aadhaar-linked.[86][87] Previously, however, the direct-benefit transfer had been carried out quite successfully via the National Electronic Funds Transfer (NEFT) system, which did not depend on Aadhaar.
On 29 July 2011 the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas signed a memorandum of understanding with UIDAI. The Ministry had hoped the ID system would help eliminate loss of the subsidised kerosene and LPG.[88] In May 2012 the government announced that it would begin issuing Aadhaar-linked MGNREGS cards.[87] On 26 November 2012 a pilot programme was launched in 51 districts.[57]
Under the original policy for liquefied petroleum gas subsidies, the customers bought gas cylinders from retailers at subsidised prices, and the government compensated companies for their losses. Under the current Direct Benefit Transfer of LPG (DBTL), introduced in 2013, customers had to buy at full price, and the subsidy would be then directly credited to their Aadhaar-linked bank accounts. This scheme, however, did not take off, and in September 2013 a Supreme Court order put a halt on it.[11] Subsequently, the GOI constituted a committee to review the "Direct Benefits Transfer for LPG Scheme"[89] to study the shortcomings in the scheme and recommend changes. The DBTL scheme was modified later as PAHAL by the new government in November 2014. Under PAHAL, subsidies could be credited to a purchaser's bank account even if he or she did not have an Aadhaar number. Official data show that cooking gas consumption during the January–June period grew at a slower 7.82%, which is nearly four percentage points less than the 11.4% growth in the same period last year.[90][91]
The PAHAL scheme has covered 118.9 million of the 145.4 million active LPG consumers until March, as stated by the Petroleum Minister in the Parliament. The DBT has thereby become a "game changer" for India, claimed the Chief Economic Adviser to the Finance Ministry, Government of India, Arvind Subramanian, for in case of LPG subsidy, DBT had resulted in a 24% reduction in the sale of subsidized LPG, as "ghost beneficiaries" had been excluded. The savings to the government were to the tune of ₹127 billion (US$1.9 billion) in 2014–2015.[92] The success of the modified scheme helped fuel marketing companies save almost ₹80 billion (US$1.2 billion) from November 2014 to June 2015, said oil company officials.[90] The DBT for the public distribution system (PDS) will be rolled out in September 2015.[92]
The government's own data, however, suggest that the cost of implementing the DBT for LPG was over a million dollars, a figure quite at odds with the savings figures that the government cites.[93]
Prime Minister Modi has asked for integration of all land records with Aadhaar at the earliest, emphasising at his monthly PRAGATI (Pro-Active Governance And Timely Implementation) meeting on 23 March 2016 that this was extremely important to enable monitoring of the successful implementation of the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana or crop insurance scheme.[94]
Aadhaar-enabled biometric attendance systems[edit]
In July 2014 Aadhaar-enabled biometric attendance systems were introduced in government offices. The system was introduced to check late arrival and absenteeism of government employees. The public could see the daily in and out of employees on the website attendance.gov.in.[95][96][97] In October 2014 the website was closed to the public but as of 24 March 2016 is again active and open to public access.[98] The employees use the last four digits (last eight digits for government employee registering as of August 2016) of their Aadhaar number and their fingerprints, for authentication.[99] Technological glitches with the system have, however, meant that employees have to often spend
Other uses by central government agencies[edit]
In November 2014 it was reported that the Ministry for External Affairs was considering making Aadhaar a mandatory requirement for passport holders.[100] In February 2015 it was reported that people with an Aadhaar number would get their passports issued within 10 days, as it sped up the verification process by making it easier to check if an applicant had any criminal records in the National Crime Records Bureau database.[101] In May 2015 it was announced that the Ministry of External Affairs was testing the linking of passports to the Aadhaar database.[102]
In October 2014 the Department of Electronics and Information Technology said that they were considering linking Aadhaar to SIM cards.[103] In November 2014 the Department of Telecom asked all telecom operators to collect Aadhaar from all new applicants of SIM cards.[104] On 4 March 2015 a pilot project was launched allowing Aadhaar-linked SIM cards to be sold in some cities. The purchaser could activate the SIM at the time of purchase by submitting his Aadhaar number and pressing his fingerprints on a machine.[105] It is part of the Digital India plan. The Digital India project aims to provide all government services to citizens electronically and is expected to be completed by 2018.[105][106]
In July 2014 the Employees' Provident Fund Organisation of India (EPFO) began linking provident fund accounts with Aadhaar numbers.[35] In November 2014 the EPFO became a UIDAI registrar and began issuing Aadhaar number to provident fund subscribers.[107] In December 2014 Labour Minister Bandaru Dattatreya clarified that an Aadhaar number was not necessary for any provident fund transaction.[108]
In August 2014 Prime Minister Modi directed the Planning Commission of India to enrol all prisoners in India under the UIDAI.[109]
In December 2014 it was proposed by the Minister for Women and Child Development, Maneka Gandhi, that Aadhaar should be made mandatory for men to create a profile on matrimonial websites, to prevent fake profiles.[110] In July 2015 the Department of Electronics and Information Technology (DeitY) called a meeting of various matrimonial sites and other stakeholders discuss the use of Aadhaar to prevent fake profiles and protect women from exploitation.[111]
On 3 March 2015 the National Electoral Roll Purification and Authentication Programme (NERPAP) of the Election Commission was started. It aims to link the Elector's Photo Identity Card (EPIC) with the Aadhaar number of the registered voter. It aims to create an error-free voter identification system in India, especially by removing duplications.[112][113]
Other uses by states[edit]
In the Hyderabad region of Telangana state, Aadhaar numbers were linked to ration cards to remove duplicate ration cards. The project was started in July 2012 and was carried out despite the 2013 Supreme Court order. More than 63,932 ration cards in the white category and 229,757 names were removed from its database in the drive between July 2012 and September 2014.[114][115][116] In August 2012 the government of the state of Andhra Pradesh asked citizens to surrender illegal ration cards before it began to link them with Aadhaar numbers. By September 2014 15 lakh illegal ration cards had been surrendered.[117][118] In April 2015 the state of Maharashtra began enrolling all school students in the state in the Aadhaar project to implement the Right to Education Act properly.[119]
Electronic-Know Your Customer (e-KYC) using Aadhaar card is also being introduced to activate mobile connections instantly to check Aadhaar Card Status.
Aadhaar as digital identity[edit]
A number of features make the Aadhaar card a digital identity and facilitate digital identity: the document of the card itself is electronic in PDF format; a QR Code provides digital XML representation of some core details of the card; the number and some limited details can be validated online (with the notable exclusion of the name); updating details can be done electronically using a mobile phone number and/or email as the second factor of authentication; the system collects a photo, all 10 finger scans, and eye scan; however, there is no known common usage of this data to date to electronically validate a holder.
Impediments and other concerns[edit]
Feasibility concerns[edit]
In October 2010 R. Ramakumar, an economist at the Tata Institute of Social Sciences,[120] wrote in an editorial for The Hindu that the project was being implemented without any cost-benefit or feasibility studies to ensure whether the project would meet its stipulated goals. He also pointed out that the government was obscuring the security aspects of Aadhaar and focusing on the social benefit schemes. He quoted a former chief of the Intelligence Bureau Ajit Doval, who had said that originally Aadhaar aimed to weed out illegal aliens.[43]
In March 2011 Rajanish Dass of IIM Ahmedabad's Computer and Information Systems Group published a paper titled "Unique Identity Project in India: A divine dream or a miscalculated heroism". Dass claimed that even if enrolment was voluntary, it was being made mandatory by indirect means. He pointed out that essential schemes like the National Food Security Act, 2013, was being linked to the UIDAI. He also stated that the feasibility of a project of this size had not been studied and raised concerns about the quality of the biometric data being collected. He cited statements of another researcher, Usha Ramanathan, that the UIDAI would ultimately have to become profit-making to sustain itself.[121][122]
The debate on the feasibility of sustaining a project of the size of population of India is settled as over 1.19 billion Indians are enrolled in Aadhaar as of 30 November 2017,[3] representing over 99% of the total population. The quality of the data collected is also the most advanced in the world as of now.[citation needed] The scheme compliments other initiatives taken by the government, for example Digital India, to benefit people by giving easier access to public services.
On 9 November 2012 the National Institute of Public Finance and Policy (NIPFP) published a paper titled A cost-benefit analysis of Aadhaar. The paper claimed that by 2015–2016 the benefits of the project would surpass the costs, and by 2020–2021 the total benefit would be ₹251 billion (US$3.8 billion) against a total expenditure of ₹48.35 billion (US$740 million). The benefits would come from plugging leakages in various subsidy and social benefit schemes.[123][124]
On 2 February 2013 Reetika Khera, a development economist at IIT Delhi, published a paper in the Economic and Political Weekly titled A 'Cost-Benefit' Analysis of UID, in response to the cost-benefit analysis published by NIPFP. She argued that the seemingly large benefits were based 'almost entirely on unrealistic assumptions' and outdated data. The paper pointed to how the relative cost-effectiveness of Aadhaar in comparison with alternative technologies – the basic premise of any cost-benefit analysis – was entirely ignored. Further, concerns regarding a possible conflict of interest were also raised.[125]
In March 2016 the International Institute for Sustainable Development released a report that the benefit from Aadhaar-linked LPG subsidy scheme for 2014–2015 was ₹140 million (US$2.1 million) and for 2015–2016 was ₹1.209 billion (US$19 million). These sums were much lower than the number stated by Finance Minister Jaitley in the Lok Sabha. He had said in March 2016 that the government had saved ₹150 billion (US$2.3 billion) from the scheme. The paper said that the government was also including the savings from the efforts of oil marketing companies (OMCs) prior to the introduction of Aadhaar. The method used by the OMCs to weed out duplicates and ghost customers was 15–20 times more effective than the Aadhaar-based method.[126] It has to be noted that the savings of ₹150 billion (US$2.3 billion) from the scheme was not claimed by the government to be from LPG subsidy alone, but by plugging leaks and checking corruption with the help of Aadhaar in all the schemes administered by the government of India. Though Aadhaar records were not available for removing the duplicates and ghost customers previously, they are effective in future to prevent or remove duplicates and ghost accounts, not just for LPG subsidy, but for numerous Direct Benefit Schemes operated by government of India. Being a socialist country with large government subsidies along with widespread corruption and poverty, a biometric system if used properly can prove to be a boon.
This article contains weasel words: vague phrasing that often accompanies biased or unverifiable information. Such statements should be clarified or removed. (April 2018)
Lack of legislation and privacy concerns[edit]
On 2 February 2015 the Supreme Court asked the new government to clarify its stance on the project. This was in response to a new PIL filed by Mathew Thomas, a former army officer. Thomas had claimed that the government was ignoring previous orders while pushing ahead with the project and that the project was unconstitutional as it allowed profiling of citizens. In a reply on 12 February the government said that it would continue the project.[127][128] On 16 July 2015 the government requested the Supreme Court to revoke its order, saying that it intended to use Aadhaar for various services.[129] On 21 July 2015 the Court noted that some states were insisting on Aadhaar for benefits despite its order.[130]
On 11 August 2015 the Supreme Court directed the government to widely publicise in print and electronic media that Aadhaar was not mandatory for any welfare scheme. The Court also referred the petitions claiming Aadhaar was unconstitutional to a Constitutional Bench.[131]
On 19 July 2017 a nine judge bench of the Supreme Court began hearing the arguments on whether there is a fundamental right to privacy.[132] On 24 August 2017 the nine judge bench unanimously upheld the right to privacy as a fundamental right under the Constitution.[133][134][135]
A five-judge constitutional bench of the Supreme Court is currently hearing various cases relating to the validity of Aadhaar on various grounds including privacy, surveillance, and exclusion from welfare benefits.[18] As of 27 February 2018, senior counsels Shyam Divan,[136] Kapil Sibal,[137] and Gopal Subramanium,[138] have argued over a span of 13 days in this matter.
Legality of sharing data with law enforcement[edit]
In 2013 in Goa the CBI was trying to solve the case of a rape of a schoolgirl. It approached a Goa local court saying that they had acquired some fingerprints from the scene that could be matched with the UIDAI database. The court asked the UIDAI to hand over all data of all persons in Goa to the CBI.[139][140]
The UIDAI appealed in the Bombay High Court saying that accepting such a request would set precedent for more such requests. The High Court rejected the argument and on 26 February 2014 in an interim order directed Central Forensic Science Laboratory (CFSL) to study the technological capability of the database to see if it could solve such a crime. The UIDAI then appealed in the Supreme Court. It argued that the chance of a false positive was 0.057% and with 600 million people in its database it would result in hundreds of thousands of false results.[140][141]
On 24 March 2014, the Supreme Court restrained the central government and the UIDAI from sharing data with any third party or agency, whether government or private, without the consent of the Aadhaar-holder in writing. Vide another interim order dated 16 March 2015, the Supreme Court of India has directed that the Union of India and States and all their functionaries should adhere to the order passed by this court on 23 September 2013. It observed that some government agencies were still treating Aadhaar as mandatory and asked all agencies to issue notifications clarifying that it was not.[139]
Land Allotment Dispute[edit]
In September 2013 the Delhi Development Authority accepted a complaint from the activist group India Against Corruption and cancelled a land allotment to the UIDAI. The land was previously owned by BSNL, and MTNL had also laid claims on it. It had an estimated ₹9 billion (US$140 million) value but had been allotted to the UIDAI at a very cheap rate.[142]
The issue of constructing the UIDAI HQs and UIDAI Regional Office building in Delhi was resolved with Department of Telecom (DoT), following which the Ministry of Urban Development issued a notification on 21 May 2015 clearing the titles of the land in favour of the UIDAI, including projected land use.[143]
Security concerns[edit]
In an August 2009 interview with the Tehelka, former chief of the Intelligence Bureau (IB), Ajit Doval, said that Aadhaar was originally intended to flush out illegal immigrants, but social security benefits were later added to avoid privacy concerns.[144] In December 2011 the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Finance, led by Yashwant Sinha, rejected the National Identification Authority of India Bill, 2010, and suggested modifications. It expressed objections to the issuing of Aadhaar numbers to illegal immigrants. The Committee said that the project was being implemented in an unplanned manner and bypassing the Parliament.[61]
In May 2013, deputy director general of the UIDAI, Ashok Dalwai, admitted that there had been some errors in the registration process. Some people had received Aadhaar cards with wrong photographs or fingerprints.[145] According to Aloke Tikku of the Hindustan Times, some officials of the Intelligence Bureau (IB) had criticised the UIDAI project in September 2013, with the officials saying that the Aadhaar number cannot be considered a credible proof of residence. As under the liberal pilot phase, where a person claimed to live was accepted as the address and recorded.[146]
Overlaps with National Population Register[edit]
Main article: National Population Register
The Aadhaar and the similar National Population Register (NPR) projects have been reported to be having conflicts. In January 2012 it was reported that the UIDAI would share its data with NPR and the NPR would continue to collect its own data.[147] In January 2013 then-Home Minister Sushilkumar Shinde said that Aadhaar was not an identity card but a number, while the NPR was necessary for national security purposes.[148] The 2013 Supreme Court order did not affect the NPR project as it was not linked to any subsidy.[149]
In July 2014 a meeting was held to discuss the possibility of merging the two projects, Aadhaar and NPR, or making them complementary. The meeting was attended by Home Minister Rajnath Singh, Law and Justice and Telecom Minister Ravi Shankar Prasad, and Minister of State for Planning Rao Inderjit Singh.[150] Later in the same month, Rao Inderjit Singh told the Lok Sabha that no plan to merge the two projects has been made.[151]
Fraud[edit]
In order to make Aadhaar accessible to often undocumented poorer citizens, obtaining an Aadhaar card does not require significant documentation, with multiple options available. In theory, the use of biometric facilities should reduce or eliminate duplication. So, in theory, while it may be possible to obtain the card under a false name, it is less likely that a person would be able to obtain another Aadhaar card under a different (or real) name.
The Aadhaar card itself is not a secure document (being printed on paper) and according to the agency should not be treated as an identity card[152] though it is often treated as such. However, with currently no practical way to validate the card (e.g. by police at airport entry locations) it is of questionable utility as an identity card. "There are five main components in an Aadhaar app transaction – the customer, the vendor, the app, the back-end validation software, and the Aadhaar system itself. There are also two main external concerns – the security of the data at rest on the phone and the security of the data in transit. At all seven points, the customer's data is vulnerable to attack ... The app and validation software are insecure, the Aadhaar system itself is insecure, the network infrastructure is insecure, and the laws are inadequate," claims Bhairav Acharya, Program Fellow, New America.[153]
The Aadhaar card is usually printed on glossy paper, and the government has stated black and white copies are valid. Some agencies charge extra to laminate the document. Other agencies have been reported charging ₹50 to 200 to produce a PVC version of the card, and it is marketed by them as a smart card, despite having no official validity and no chip.[154]
Certain mobile apps claim to verify an Aadhaar card using a QR code scanner. However, the QR code is not a secure representation of an Aadhaar card either and can be copied and edited. The only way to validate an Aadhaar card is to perform an online validation, which will confirm that the card number is valid, confirm the postal code and gender of the holder (but not their name or photo). In theory, this means that is possible to create a false Aadhaar card using the number of a genuine holder from the same postal code with the same gender, with the card subject to a number of cases of counterfeiting.[155]
The digital document itself is self-signed by a non-internationally recognised certificate authority (n)Code Solutions, a division of Gujarat Narmada Valley Fertilizers Company Ltd (GNFC)[156] and needs to be manually installed on the PC.[157] This is despite Entrust assisting in the development of the solution.[158]
Application issues[edit]
While the service is free for citizens, some agents have been charging fees.[159] Despite the modern processes, there are cases where enrolments are lost in the system without explanation.[160] mAadhaar is an official mobile application developed by the UIDAI to provide an interface to Aadhaar number holders to carry their demographic information including name, date of birth, gender, and address along with photograph as linked with their Aadhaar number in smartphones.[161] In one case, every resident in a village in Haridwar was assigned a birthday of 1 January.[162]
Exclusion[edit]
Documentary proof may be difficult to obtain, with the system requiring documents such as bank accounts, insurance policies, and driving licences that themselves increasingly require an Aadhaar card or similar documentary evidence to originate.[163] This may lead to a significant minority underclass of undocumented citizens who will find it harder to obtain necessary services.[164] Introducers and Heads of family may also assist in documentation; however, for many agencies and legitimate applications, this facility may not be practical.[165]
Non-resident Indians, overseas citizens of India, and other resident foreigners may also find it difficult to avail themselves of services they could previously freely obtain, such as local SIM cards,[166] despite assurances to the contrary.[167]
Data leaks[edit]
The detailed personal information being collected is of extremely high importance to an individual. However, once collected, it is not being treated with the required sensitivity for privacy[168] concerns. Major financial transactions are linked with information collected in Aadhaar. Data leaks are a gold mine for criminals who now use sophisticated hackers. Government departments and various other agencies that collect this information such as banks cannot be trusted to maintain the secrecy of all this collected information.[169] Another case occurred wherein Aadhaar data collected by Reliance Jio was leaked online, and the data may now be widely available to hackers.[170][171] The UIDAI confirms more than 200 government websites were publicly displaying confidential Aadhaar data; though removed now, the data leaked cannot be scrubbed from hackers' databases.[172] On 2017 July privacy issues with regard to the Aadhaar card were discussed in the Supreme Court.[173] [174] A report from the Center for Internet and Society suggests that the records of about 135 million Indians may have been leaked.[175] A loophole was identified that allows all records to be accessed by anyone[176] though hackers can find other routes.
Wikileaks tweeted on 25 August 2017 that the same American supplier of fingerprint and Iris scanning equipment that collaborated with the CIA to identify Osama Bin Laden was also supplying equipment to India.[177] The complex structure of ownership is detailed in an article in Fountainink.in[178] Concerns were raised as early as 2011 in the Sunday Guardian regarding not following due process and handing over contracts to entities with links to the FBI and having a past history of leaking data across countries.[179] How the CIA can hack and access the Aadhaar database using a secret Expresslane project is documented in a report on the GGInews website[180] and saved in an archive lest it be removed.[181] Further communications have also identified the clauses under which data may have freely flowed to foreign agencies due to the nature and wordings in the Aadhaar contracts[182] and archived here.[183]
See also[edit]
India portal
Indian ration card
Indian passport
Permanent account number
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Jump up ^ "India: Aadhaar Unmasked - The UID Number and Threat of exclusion, and of surveillance - South Asia Citizens Web". www.sacw.net. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Gupta, Komal (24 March 2017). "Aadhaar to be mandatory for mobile phone verification".
Jump up ^ Reporter, Binsal Abdul Kader, Senior (29 March 2017). "Indian expats 'not eligible for Aadhaar IDs'".
Jump up ^ "Four reasons you should worry about Aadhaar's use of Biometrics". The Wire. Retrieved 2017-03-28.
Jump up ^ "Aadhaar data of 130 millions leaked from govt websites: Report". Retrieved 2017-07-06.
Jump up ^ "Jio Customer Database of over 120 million users leaked, could be biggest data breach in India". www.fonearena.com. Retrieved 2017-07-13.
Jump up ^ "Reliance Jio Says It's Not Hacked, Aadhaar Data Not Leaked, But Online Users Insist Otherwise". indiatimes.com. Retrieved 2017-07-13.
Jump up ^ "Over 200 govt websites made Aadhaar details public: UIDAI - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 2017-11-19.
Jump up ^ "Right to privacy can't be absolute, may be regulated: SC".
Jump up ^ quintdaily (6 August 2017). "Aadhaar is Future India – QuintDaily".
Jump up ^ "Aadhaar Numbers And Personal Details of 135 Million Indians May Have Leaked, Says CIS Report". outlookindia.com/. Retrieved 2017-11-14.
Jump up ^ "Aadhaar: 'Leak' in world's biggest database worries Indians".
Jump up ^ "WikiLeaks suggests CIA may have access to India's Aadhaar data".
Jump up ^ "Aadhaar in the hand of spies".
Jump up ^ "Foreign agencies can access Aadhar data".
Jump up ^ "How CIA Spies Access India's Biometric Aadhaar Database | GGI News". GGI News. 2017-08-25. Retrieved 2017-11-14.
Jump up ^ "How CIA Spies Access India's Biometric Aadhaar Database | GGI News". archive.is. 2017-08-25. Retrieved 2017-11-14.
Jump up ^ "Foreign Firms Given Access To Your Unencrypted Aadhaar Data | GGI News". GGI News. 2017-08-30. Retrieved 2017-11-14.
Jump up ^ "Foreign Firms Given Access To Your Unencrypted Aadhaar Data | GGI News". archive.is. 2017-11-14. Retrieved 2017-11-14.
Further reading[edit]
Supportive views[edit]
"A cost-benefit analysis of Aadhaar" (PDF). National Institute of Public Finance and Policy. 9 November 2012.
Nilekani, Nandan; Shah, Viral (2015). Rebooting India: Realizing a Billion Aspirations. India: Penguin Group. p. 340. ISBN 9780670087891. ASIN 0670087890.
Aiyar, Shankkar (21 July 2017). Aadhaar: A Biometric History of India's 12-Digit Revolution. Westland Publications. ASIN 938622495X.
Shekhar Gupta (9 January 2018). "God, please save India from our upper class Aadhaarophobics". ThePrint.
Critical views[edit]
Rajanish Dass (March 2011). "Unique Identification for Indians: A Divine Dream or a Miscalculated Heroism?". IIM Ahmedabad.
Kieran Clarke; Shruti Sharma; Damon Vis-Dunbar (30 September 2015). "Ghost savings: Understanding the fiscal impacts of India's LPG subsidy". International Institute for Sustainable Development.
Deciphering Aadhaar bill, its benefits and privacy issues
A rant on Aadhaar
Aadhar sitting duck
Other[edit]
Elonnai Hickok (21 July 2015). "Aadhaar Number vs the Social Security Number". Centre for Internet and Society (India).
External links[edit]
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text:
Michele Carey
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Michele Carey
Carey in trailer for "El Dorado" (1966)
Born
(1943-02-26) February 26, 1943 (age 75)
Annapolis, Maryland, US
Occupation
Actress
Years active
1966–1987
Spouse(s)
Fred G. Strebel (1999–2011) (his death)
Michele Carey (born February 26, 1943) is an American actress. Perhaps best known for her role as Josephine "Joey" MacDonald in the 1966 film El Dorado, she appeared in movies in the 1960s and 1970s, and guest-starred in episodes of several television series.
Life and career[edit]
Carey was born on February 26, 1943, in Annapolis, Maryland, where her father was working as a wrestling instructor at the U.S. Naval Academy. Her family soon moved to Rochester, Minnesota, so that her father could continue his medical studies. At an early age Michele proved to be a piano prodigy; she won a national contest at the Chicago Music Festival at age 13, and performed with the Rochester Symphony Orchestra.[1][2]
Carey's family eventually moved to Fort Collins, Colorado, where her father practiced as a physician. While attending Fort Collins High School she was briefly married and had a son. After graduating she was signed by the Powers agency, and moved to Los Angeles in 1964 with her son to pursue a modeling career.[1][2]
Carey enjoyed success as a model, but was more interested in acting. Aided by her beauty and trademark long, wild hair, she soon caught the eye of Hollywood producers.[2] In 1964 she made her first television appearances.[3]
The following year she did more television work, had a small part in the kitsch classic How to Stuff a Wild Bikini (1965), and acted in her first major film, the 1966 Howard Hawks-produced and directed Western El Dorado, with a memorable role as high-spirited troublemaker Josephine "Joey" MacDonald.[3][4]
Carey went on to co-star in films such as Live a Little, Love a Little (1968), The Sweet Ride (1968), and Dirty Dingus Magee (1970), in which she played an anachronistically miniskirted Indian girl.
On television she appeared in guest-starring roles on episodes of The Man from U.N.C.L.E. (1966), Mission Impossible (1969), It Takes a Thief (1970), and three episodes of The Wild Wild West ("The Night of the Feathered Fury", 1967 and the two-part "The Night of the Winged Terror" 1969), the December 1969 episode "Tug-of-War" on The F.B.I., Starsky and Hutch and Alias Smith and Jones. Carey played the title role in the 1972 Gunsmoke episode "Tara", appeared in the second The Six Million Dollar Man pilot film (1973) and provided the recurring female computer voice in A Man Called Sloane (1979–80).[3]
Fading from view in the late 1970s, Carey staged a brief comeback in the mid-'80s in such films as In the Shadow of Kilimanjaro (1986). She also appeared as Crystal in a 1982 episode of the television series The Fall Guy.[3]
Carey married businessman Fred G. Strebel in 1999, and resided with him in Hillsborough and Rancho Mirage. Strebel died on December 28, 2011.[5]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Michele Carey: Unofficial website for her fans across the globe; www.michele-carey.com
^ Jump up to: a b c Glamour Girls of Sixties Hollywood: Seventy-five Profiles, by Tom Lisanti; McFarland, 2008 ISBN 0786431725, 9780786431724
^ Jump up to: a b c d Imbd Michele Carey filmography; https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0137004/?ref_=tt_ov_st
Jump up ^ Imdb - El Dorado (1966); https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0061619/
Jump up ^ Fred G. Strebel Obituary, San Jose Mercury News/San Mateo County Times, January 4, 2012
External links[edit]
Michele Carey on IMDb
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WorldCat Identities
ISNI: 0000 0001 1682 0829
VIAF: 86488579
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michele_Carey&oldid=848238813"
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