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Thoracic outlet syndrome
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Thoracic outlet syndrome
The right brachial plexus, viewed from in front.
Specialty
Thoracic surgery
Symptoms
Pain, weakness, loss of muscle at the base of the thumb, swelling, paleness, bluish coloration[1][2]
Usual onset
20 to 50 years of age[1]
Types
Neurogenic, venous, arterial[1]
Causes
Compression of the nerves, arteries, or veins in the passageway from the lower neck to the armpit[1]
Risk factors
Trauma, repetitive arm movements, tumors, pregnancy, cervical rib[1]
Diagnostic method
Nerve conduction studies, medical imaging[1]
Similar conditions
Rotator cuff tear, cervical disc disorders, fibromyalgia, multiple sclerosis, complex regional pain syndrome[1]
Treatment
Pain medication, surgery[1][2]
Frequency
~1%[3]
[edit on Wikidata]
Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is a condition in which there is compression of the nerves, arteries, or veins in the passageway from the lower neck to the armpit.[1] There are three main types: neurogenic, venous, and arterial.[1] The neurogenic type is the most common and presents with pain, weakness, and occasionally loss of muscle at the base of the thumb.[1][2] The venous type results in swelling, pain, and possibly a bluish coloration of the arm.[2] The arterial type results in pain, coldness, and paleness of the arm.[2]
TOS may result from trauma, repetitive arm movements, tumors, pregnancy, or anatomical variations such as a cervical rib.[1] The diagnosis may be supported by nerve conduction studies and medical imaging.[1] Other conditions that can produce similar symptoms include rotator cuff tear, cervical disc disorders, fibromyalgia, multiple sclerosis, and complex regional pain syndrome.[1]
Initial treatment for the neurogenic type is with exercises to strengthen the chest muscles and improve posture.[1] NSAIDs such as naproxen may be used for pain.[1] Surgery is typically done for the arterial and venous types and for the neurogenic type if it does not improve with other treatments.[1][2] Blood thinners may be used to treat or prevent blood clots.[1] The condition affects about 1% of the population.[3] It is more common in women than men and it occurs most commonly between 20 and 50 years of age.[1] The condition was first described in 1818 and the current term "thoracic outlet syndrome" first used in 1956.[2][4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Signs and symptoms
2 Causes
3 Diagnosis
3.1 Classification
3.1.1 By structures affected and symptomatology
3.1.2 By event
3.1.3 By structure causing constriction
4 Treatment
4.1 Physical measures
4.2 Medications
4.3 Surgery
5 Notable cases
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Signs and symptoms[edit]
TOS affects mainly the upper limbs, with signs and symptoms manifesting in the shoulders, neck, arms and hands. Pain can be present on an intermittent or permanent basis. It can be sharp/stabbing, burning, or aching. TOS can involve only part of the hand (as in the pinky and adjacent half of the ring finger), all of the hand, or the inner aspect of the forearm and upper arm. Pain can also be in the side of the neck, the pectoral area below the clavicle, the armpit/axillary area, and the upper back (i.e., the trapezius and rhomboid area). Discoloration of the hands, one hand colder than the other hand, weakness of the hand and arm muscles, and tingling are commonly present.
TOS is often the underlying cause of refractory upper limb conditions like frozen shoulder and carpal tunnel syndrome that frequently defy standard treatment protocols. TOS can be related to Forward head posture.
A painful, swollen and blue arm, particularly when occurring after strenuous physical activity, could be the first sign of a subclavian vein compression related with an unknown TOS and complicated by thrombosis (blood clots), the so-called Paget–Schroetter syndrome or effort-induced thrombosis.
TOS can be related to cerebrovascular arterial insufficiency when affecting the subclavian artery.[5] It also can affect the vertebral artery, in which case it could produce vision disturbances, including transient blindness,[6] and embolic cerebral infarction.[7]
TOS can also lead to eye problems and vision loss as a circumstance of vertebral artery compression. Although very rare, if compression of the brain stem is also involved in an individual presentation of TOS, transient blindness may occur while the head is held in certain positions.[8] If left untreated, TOS can lead to neurological deficits as a result of the hypoperfusion and hypometabolism of certain areas of the brain and cerebellum.[9]
Causes[edit]
Thoracic outlet syndrome
TOS can be attributed to one or more of the following factors:[10]
Congenital abnormalities are frequently found in persons with TOS. These include cervical rib, prolonged transverse process, and muscular abnormalities (e.g., in the scalenus anterior muscle, a sickle-shaped scalenus medius) or fibrous connective tissue anomalies.[10]
Trauma (e.g., whiplash injuries) or repetitive strain is frequently implicated.[10]
Rarer acquired causes include tumors, hyperostosis, and osteomyelitis[10]
Diagnosis[edit]
Adson's sign and the costoclavicular maneuver lack specificity and sensitivity and should comprise only a small part of the mandatory comprehensive history and physical examination undertaken with a patient suspected of having TOS. There is currently no single clinical sign that makes the diagnosis of TOS with any degree of certainty.
Additional maneuvers that may be abnormal in TOS include Wright's Test, which involves hyperabducting the arms over the head with some extension and evaluating for loss of radial pulses or signs of blanching of the skin in the hands indicating a decrease in blood flow with the maneuver. The "compression test" is also used, exerting pressure between the clavicle and medial humeral head causes radiation of pain and/or numbness into the affected arm.[11]
Doppler arteriography, with probes at the fingertips and arms, tests the force and "smoothness" of the blood flow through the radial arteries, with and without having the patient perform various arm maneuvers (which causes compression of the subclavian artery at the thoracic outlet). The movements can elicit symptoms of pain and numbness and produce graphs with diminished arterial blood flow to the fingertips, providing strong evidence of impingement of the subclavian artery at the thoracic outlet.[12] Doppler arteriography does not utilize probes at the fingertips and arms, and in this case is likely being confused with plethysmography, which is a different method that utilizes ultrasound without direct visualization of the affected vessels. It should also be noted that Doppler ultrasound (not really 'arteriography') would not be used at the radial artery in order to make the diagnosis of TOS. Finally, even if a Doppler study of the appropriate artery were to be positive, it would not diagnose neurogenic TOS, by far the most common subtype of TOS. There is plenty of evidence in the medical literature to show that arterial compression does not equate to brachial plexus compression, although they may occur together, in varying degrees. Additionally, arterial compression by itself does not make the diagnosis of arterial TOS (the rarest form of TOS). Lesser degrees of arterial compression have been shown in normal individuals in various arm positions and are thought to be of little significance without the other criteria for arterial TOS.
Classification[edit]
By structures affected and symptomatology[edit]
There are three main types of TOS, named according to the cause of the symptoms; however, these three classifications have been coming into disfavor because TOS can involve all three types of compression to various degrees. The compression can occur in three anatomical structures (arteries, veins and nerves), it can be isolated, or, more commonly, two or three of the structures are compressed to greater or lesser degrees. In addition, the compressive forces can be of different magnitude in each affected structure. Therefore, symptoms can be variable.[13]
Neurogenic TOS includes disorders produced by compression of components of the brachial plexus nerves. The neurogenic form of TOS accounts for 95% of all cases of TOS.[14]
Arterial TOS is due to compression of the subclavian artery.[14] This is less than one percent of cases.[2]
Venous TOS is due to compression of the subclavian vein.[14] This makes up about 4% of cases.[2]
By event[edit]
There are many causes of TOS. The most frequent cause is trauma, either sudden (as in a clavicle fracture caused by a car accident), or repetitive (as in a legal secretary who works with his/her hands, wrists, and arms at a fast paced desk station with non-ergonomic posture for many years). TOS is also found in certain occupations involving lots of lifting of the arms and repetitive use of the wrists and arms.
One cause of arterial compression is trauma, and a recent case involving fracture of the clavicle has been reported.[15]
The two groups of people most likely to develop TOS are those suffering from neck injuries due to traffic accidents and those who use computers in non-ergonomic postures for extended periods of time.[citation needed] TOS is frequently a repetitive stress injury (RSI) caused by certain types of work environments. Other groups which may develop TOS are athletes who frequently raise their arms above the head (such as swimmers, volleyball players, dancers, badminton players, baseball pitchers, and weightlifters), rock climbers, electricians who work long hours with their hands above their heads, and some musicians.
By structure causing constriction[edit]
It is also possible to classify TOS by the location of the obstruction:
Anterior scalene syndrome (compression on brachial plexus and/or subclavian artery caused by muscle growth).
Cervical rib syndrome (compression on brachial plexus and/or subclavian artery caused by bone growth).
Costoclavicular syndrome (narrowing between the clavicle and the first rib) – diagnosed with the costoclavicular maneuver.
Some people are born with an extra incomplete and very small rib above their first rib, which protrudes out into the superior thoracic outlet space. This rudimentary rib causes fibrous changes around the brachial plexus nerves, inducing compression and causing the symptoms and signs of TOS. This is called a "cervical rib" because of its attachment to C-7 (the 7th cervical vertebra), and its surgical removal is almost always recommended. The symptoms of TOS can first appear in the early teen years as a child is becoming more athletic.
Treatment[edit]
Evidence for the treatment of thoracic outlet syndrome as of 2014 is poor.[16]
Physical measures[edit]
Stretching, acupuncture, chiropractic adjustments, osteopathy, occupational and physical therapy are common non-invasive approaches used in the treatment of TOS. The goal of stretching is to relieve compression in the thoracic cavity, reduce blood vessel and nerve impingement, and realign the bones, muscles, ligaments, or tendons that are causing the problem.
One commonly prescribed set of stretches includes moving the shoulders anteriorly (forward – called "hunching"), then back to a neutral position, then extending them posteriorly (backward, called "arching"), then back to neutral, followed by lifting the shoulders up as high as possible, and then back down to neutral, repeated in cycles as tolerated.
Another set of stretches involves tilting and extending the neck opposite to the side of the injury while keeping the injured arm down or wrapped around the back.
Occupational or Physical therapy can include passive or active range of motion exercises, working up to weighted or restricted sets (as tolerated).
Physical therapy usually consists of mobilization of any or all of the articulations of the shoulder girdle, including the 1st rib, additional myofascial release (MFR) or Active Release Technique (ART) to the connected musculature, and use of passive or active range-of-motion exercises.
Nerve gliding can be performed by extending the injured arm with fingers directly outwards to the side and tilting the head to both sides. A gentle pulling feeling is generally felt throughout the injured side. Initially, only do this and repeat. Once this exercise has been mastered and no extreme pain is felt, begin stretching your fingers back. Repeat with different variations, tilting your hand up, backwards, or downwards.
TOS is rapidly aggravated by poor posture. Active breathing exercises and ergonomic desk setup and motion practices can help maintain active posture. Often the muscles in the back become weak due to prolonged (years of) "hunching" and other poor postures.
Ice can be used to decrease inflammation of sore or injured muscles. Heat can also aid in relieving sore muscles by improving blood circulation to them. While the whole arm generally feels painful in TOS, some relief can be seen when ice or heat is intermittently applied to the thoracic region (collar bone, armpit, or shoulder blades).
Medications[edit]
In a review, botox was compared to a placebo injected into the scalene muscles. No effect in terms of pain relief or improved movement was noted. However in a six-months follow-up, paresthesia (abnormal sensations such as in pins and needles) was seen to be significantly improved.[16]
Surgery[edit]
Surgical approaches have also been used successfully in TOS. Microsurgery can be used approaching the area from above the collar bone (supraclavicular) followed by neurolysis of the brachial plexus, removal of the scalene muscle (scalenectomy), and the release of the underlying (subclavicular) blood vessels. This approach avoids the use of resection, and has been found to be an effective treatment.[17] In cases where the first rib (or a fibrous band extending from the first rib) is compressing a vein, artery, or the nerve bundle, part of the first rib and any compressive fibrous tissue, can be removed in a first rib resection surgical procedure; scalene muscles may also need to be removed (scalenectomy). This allows increased blood flow and the reduction of nerve compression.[18] In some cases there may be a rudimentary rib or a cervical rib that can be causing the compression, which can be removed using the same technique.
Physical therapy is often used before and after the operation to improve recovery time and outcomes. Potential complications include pneumothorax, infection, loss of sensation, motor problems, subclavian vessel damage, and, as in all surgeries, a very small risk of permanent serious injury or death.
Notable cases[edit]
Several Major League Baseball players, especially pitchers, have been diagnosed with thoracic outlet syndrome, including San Diego Padres starting pitcher Tyson Ross, New York Mets starting pitcher Matt Harvey, Kansas City Royals pitcher Luke Hochevar, Minnesota Twins starting pitcher Phil Hughes, Atlanta Braves starting pitcher Mike Foltynewicz, St. Louis Cardinals starting pitchers Chris Carpenter[19] and Jaime Garcia,[20] former 3-time all star SP Josh Beckett, former SP Shaun Marcum,[21] Philadelphia Phillies SP Matt Harrison,[22] MLB pitcher Clayton Richard,[23] and former Giants SP Noah Lowry.[24] Starting pitcher Chris Young, who previously struggled with shoulder problems, underwent surgery for TOS in 2013 and felt "completely different" post-recovery.[25] Young exceeded expectations on his return to the major leagues at age 35, becoming a valuable member of the 2014 Seattle Mariners' starting rotation.[26] New York Mets starting pitcher Matt Harvey announced on 7/8/2016 that he is opting to have season ending surgery for TOS after saying "his shoulder was dead, his arm was dead, that there was no energy there and that he couldn't feel the ball" after his last start.
Musician Isaac Hanson had a pulmonary embolism as a consequence of thoracic outlet syndrome.[27]
UFC fighter Matt Serra had a rib removed to alleviate TOS,[28] as did singer Tamar Braxton.
Boston Bruins defenseman Adam McQuaid was diagnosed with TOS in September 2012, and as a result was nominated for the Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy.[29]
In early 2016, New York Islanders defenseman Adam Pelech left warmups prior to a game with a seemingly minor injury, and was subsequently diagnosed with an "undisclosed injury." Pelech was held out for over two months before returning to the Islanders minor league affiliate, and upon his return his prior diagnosis of TOS was publicly announced. His treatment included surgery removing his first rib and portions of muscle and tissue.
The Japanese band Maria disbanded in 2010 due to drummer Tattsu's TOS which made it impossible for her to continue playing.[30]
See also[edit]
May–Thurner syndrome – a similar compressive pathology involving the left common iliac vein
Backpack palsy – a similar compressive pathology involving the long thoracic nerve, or adjacent brachial plexis nerves
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s "NINDS Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Information Page". NINDS. December 28, 2011. Archived from the original on July 27, 2016. Retrieved August 19, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Kuhn, JE; Lebus V, GF; Bible, JE (April 2015). "Thoracic outlet syndrome". The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 23 (4): 222–32. doi:10.5435/jaaos-d-13-00215. PMID 25808686.
^ Jump up to: a b Moore, Wesley S. (2012). Vascular and Endovascular Surgery: A Comprehensive Review (8 ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 524. ISBN 1455753866. Archived from the original on August 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ Illig, Karl A.; Thompson, Robert W.; Freischlag, Julie Ann; Donahue, Dean M.; Jordan, Sheldon E.; Edgelow, Peter I. (2014). Thoracic Outlet Syndrome. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 25. ISBN 9781447143666. Archived from the original on August 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ Thetter, O; Van Dongen, RJ; Barwegen, MG (1985). "The thoracic outlet compression syndrome and its vascular complications". Zentralblatt für Chirurgie. 110 (8): 449–56. PMID 4002908.
Jump up ^ Sell, James J.; Rael, Jesse R.; Orrison, William W. (1994). "Rotational vertebrobasilar insufficiency as a component of thoracic outlet syndrome resulting in transient blindness". Journal of Neurosurgery. 81 (4): 617–9. doi:10.3171/jns.1994.81.4.0617. PMID 7931599.
Jump up ^ Nishibe, T; Kunihara, T; Kudo, FA; Adachi, A; Shiiya, N; Murashita, T; Matusi, Y; Yasuda, K (2000). "Arterial thoracic outlet syndrome with embolic cerebral infarction. Report of a case". Panminerva medica. 42 (4): 295–7. PMID 11294095.
Jump up ^ Sell JJ, Rael JR, Orrison WW (October 1994). "Rotational vertebrobasilar insufficiency as a component of thoracic outlet syndrome resulting in transient blindness. Case report". J. Neurosurg. 81: 617–9. doi:10.3171/jns.1994.81.4.0617. PMID 7931599.
Jump up ^ Fernandez Noda, MD, Esteban. "Neck and brain transitory vascular compression causing neurological complications. Results of surgical treatment on 1,300 patients". Neck and Brain Vascular Compression Causing Neurological Complications.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Laulan J, Fouquet B, Rodaix C, Jauffret P, Roquelaure Y, Descatha A (September 2011). "Thoracic outlet syndrome: definition, aetiological factors, diagnosis, management and occupational impact". J Occup Rehabil. 21 (3): 366–73. doi:10.1007/s10926-010-9278-9. PMC 3526474  . PMID 21193950.
Jump up ^ [1] Archived May 17, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Thoracic outlet syndrome Archived December 9, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. Mount Sinai Hospital, New York
Jump up ^ Ambrad-Chalela, Esteban; Thomas, George I.; Johansen, Kaj H. (2004). "Recurrent neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome". The American Journal of Surgery. 187 (4): 505–10. doi:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2003.12.050.
^ Jump up to: a b c Fugate, Mark W.; Rotellini-Coltvet, Lisa; Freischlag, Julie A. (2009). "Current management of thoracic outlet syndrome". Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine. 11 (2): 176–83. doi:10.1007/s11936-009-0018-4. PMID 19289030.
Jump up ^ Burnand, K. M.; Lagocki, S.; Lahiri, R. P.; Tang, T. Y.; Patel, A. D.; Clarke, J. M. F. (2010). "Persistent subclavian artery stenosis following surgical repair of non-union of a fractured clavicle" (PDF). Grand Rounds. 10: 55–8. doi:10.1102/1470-5206.2010.0012. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 11, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Povlsen, B; Hansson, T; Povlsen, SD (26 November 2014). "Treatment for thoracic outlet syndrome". The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 11: CD007218. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007218.pub3. PMID 25427003.
Jump up ^ Rochkind, S; Shemesh, M; Patish, H; Graif, M; Segev, Y; Salame, K; Shifrin, E; Alon, M (2007). "Thoracic outlet syndrome: a multidisciplinary problem with a perspective for microsurgical management without rib resection". Acta neurochirurgica. Supplement. 100: 145–7. doi:10.1007/978-3-211-72958-8_31. PMID 17985565.
Jump up ^ Köknel Talu, G (April 2005). "Thoracic outlet syndrome". Agri : Agri (Algoloji) Dernegi'nin Yayin organidir = The journal of the Turkish Society of Algology. 17 (2): 5–9. PMID 15977087.
Jump up ^ Carpenter's throwing session canceled Archived October 29, 2013, at the Wayback Machine., MLB.com (July 2, 2012)
Jump up ^ Garcia to have season-ending surgery for nerve issue Archived July 14, 2014, at the Wayback Machine., MLB.com (July 5, 2014)
Jump up ^ Marcum needs thoracic outlet syndrome surgery Archived July 12, 2013, at the Wayback Machine., Rotoworld.com (July 9, 2013)
Jump up ^ Fort Worth Star-Telegram (September 7, 2013). "Foul Territory: Rangers' Matt Harrison facing surgery for thoracic outlet syndrome on right shoulder". Sportsblogs.star-telegram.com. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved October 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Clayton Richard's Story". Center for Thoracic Outlet Syndrome. Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis. Archived from the original on April 16, 2016. Retrieved April 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ John Shea; Henry Schulman (May 20, 2009). "San Francisco Chronicle: Lowry's agent lashes out". Sfgate.com. Archived from the original on May 23, 2009. Retrieved October 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ Wagner, James (March 12, 2014). "Nationals Journal: Back from injury, Chris Young hopes to be part of the Nationals". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2014-10-19.
Jump up ^ Stecker, Brent (August 18, 2014). "Mariners' Chris Young has strong case for Comeback award". 710Sports.com. Archived from the original on August 22, 2014. Retrieved October 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ "People Magazine". Archived from the original on October 18, 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
Jump up ^ "Health scare leads to former UFC champion Matt Serra probably walking away from MMA". Bloody Elbow. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved October 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ Marrapese-Burrell, Nancy. "McQuaid a Masterton Trophy Finalist". Boston Globe. Archived from the original on June 8, 2013. Retrieved June 8, 2013.
Jump up ^ "MARIA今後の活動に関するお知らせ" (in Japanese). MARIA6. Archived from the original on February 11, 2010. Retrieved February 16, 2010.
External links[edit]
Classification
V · T · D
ICD-10: G54.0
ICD-9-CM: 353.0
MeSH: D013901
DiseasesDB: 13039
External resources
MedlinePlus: 001434
eMedicine: pmr/136
Patient UK: Thoracic outlet syndrome

thoracic at NINDS
Physical Therapy Corner – Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
[show]
v
t
e
Nervous system pathology, PNS, somatic (G50–G64, 350–357)
[hide]
Nerve, nerve root, plexus
Cranial nerve
disease
V Trigeminal neuralgia
Anesthesia dolorosa
VII Facial nerve paralysis
Bell's palsy
Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome
Parry–Romberg syndrome
Central seven
XI Accessory nerve disorder
Radiculopathy,
plexopathy
brachial plexus Brachial plexus lesion
Thoracic outlet syndrome
Phantom limb
Mono-
neuropathy
Upper limb
median nerve:
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Ape hand deformity
ulnar nerve:
Ulnar nerve entrapment
Froment's sign
Guyon's canal syndrome
Ulnar claw
radial nerve:
Radial neuropathy
Wrist drop
Cheiralgia paresthetica
long thoracic nerve:
Winged scapula
Backpack palsy
Lower limb
lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh:
Meralgia paraesthetica
tibial nerve:
Tarsal tunnel syndrome
plantar nerve:
Morton's neuroma
superior gluteal nerve:
Trendelenburg's sign
sciatic nerve:
Piriformis syndrome
General
Causalgia
Mononeuritis multiplex
Neuropathy Neuralgia/Neuritis
Nerve compression syndrome
[hide]
Polyneuropathies/Polyradiculoneuropathy
HMSN
Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease
Dejerine–Sottas disease
Refsum's disease
Hereditary spastic paraplegia
Hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsy
Familial amyloid neuropathy
Autoimmune/demyelinating
Guillain–Barré syndrome
Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy
Other
Alcoholic polyneuropathy
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Norse colonization of North America
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The Norse colonization of North America began in the late 10th century AD when Norsemen explored and settled areas of the North Atlantic including the northeastern fringes of North America.[1] Viking houses were found at L’Anse aux Meadows near the northern tip of Newfoundland in 1960. This discovery aided the reignition of archaeological exploration for the Vikings in the north Atlantic.[2]
The Norse colony in Greenland lasted for almost 500 years. Continental North American settlements were small and did not develop into permanent colonies. While voyages, for example to collect timber, are likely to have occurred for some time, there is no evidence of any lasting Norse settlements on mainland North America.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Norse Greenland
1.1 Western trade and decline
2 Vinland
2.1 Leif's winter camp
2.2 Thorvald's voyage (1004 AD)
2.3 Karlsefni's expedition (1009 AD)
3 Pseudohistory
3.1 Horsford's Norumbega
4 Duration of Norse contact
5 Aftermath
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Norse Greenland[edit]
Main article: History of Greenland
A map of the Eastern Settlement on Greenland, covering approximately the modern municipalities of Qaqortoq, Narssaq and Nanortalik. Eiriksfjord (Erik's fjord) and his farm Brattahlid are shown, as is the location of the bishopric at Gardar.
According to the Sagas of Icelanders, Norsemen from Iceland first settled Greenland in the 980s. There is no special reason to doubt the authority of the information that the sagas supply regarding the very beginning of the settlement, but they cannot be treated as primary evidence for the history of Norse Greenland because they embody the literary preoccupations of writers and audiences in medieval Iceland that are not always reliable.[4]
Erik the Red (Old Norse: Eiríkr rauði), having been banished from Iceland for manslaughter, explored the uninhabited southwestern coast of Greenland during the three years of his banishment.[5][6] He made plans to entice settlers to the area, naming it Greenland on the assumption that "people would be more eager to go there because the land had a good name".[7] The inner reaches of one long fjord, named Eiriksfjord after him, was where he eventually established his estate Brattahlid. He issued tracts of land to his followers.[8]
Map showing the extent of the Norse world
At its peak the colony consisted of two settlements. The Eastern was at the southwestern tip of Greenland, while the Western Settlement was about 500 km up the west coast, inland from present-day Nuuk. A smaller settlement near the Eastern Settlement is sometimes considered the Middle Settlement. The combined population was around 2,000–3,000.[9] At least 400 farms have been identified by archaeologists.[8] Norse Greenland had a bishopric (at Garðar) and exported walrus ivory, furs, rope, sheep, whale or seal blubber, live animals such as polar bears, supposed "unicorn horns" (in reality narwhal tusks), and cattle hides. In 1126, the population requested a Bishop (headquartered at Garðar), and in 1261, they accepted the overlordship of the Norwegian King. They continued to have their own law and became almost completely independent after 1349, the time of the Black Death. In 1380, the Norwegian Kingdom entered into a personal union with the Kingdom of Denmark.[10]
Western trade and decline[edit]
There is evidence of Norse trade with the natives (called Skraelings by the Vikings). The Norse would have encountered both Native Americans (the Beothuk, related to the Algonquin) and the Thule, the ancestors of the Inuit. The Dorset had withdrawn from Greenland before the Norse settlement of the island. Items such as comb fragments, pieces of iron cooking utensils and chisels, chess pieces, ship rivets, carpenter's planes, and oaken ship fragments used in Inuit boats have been found far beyond the traditional range of Norse colonization. A small ivory statue that appears to represent a European has also been found among the ruins of an Inuit community house.[10]
The colony began to decline in the 14th century. The Western Settlement was abandoned around 1350, and the last bishop at Garðar died in 1377.[10] After a marriage was recorded in 1408, no written records mention the settlers. It is probable that the Eastern Settlement was defunct by the late 15th century. The most recent radiocarbon date found in Norse settlements as of 2002 was 1430 (±15 years). Several theories have been advanced to explain the decline.
The Little Ice Age of this period would have made travel between Greenland and Europe, as well as farming, more difficult; although fishing and seal hunting provided a healthy diet, there was more prestige in cattle farming, and there was increased availability of farms in Scandinavian countries depopulated by famine and plague epidemics. In addition, Greenlandic ivory may have been supplanted in European markets by cheaper ivory from Africa.[11] Despite the loss of contact with the Greenlanders, the Norwegian-Danish crown continued to consider Greenland a possession.
Not knowing whether the old Norse civilization remained in Greenland or not—and worried that if it did, it would still be Catholic 200 years after the Scandinavian homelands had experienced the Reformation—a joint merchant-clerical expedition led by the Dano-Norwegian missionary Hans Egede was sent to Greenland in 1721. Though this expedition found no surviving Europeans, it marked the beginning of Denmark's re-assertion of sovereignty over the island.
Vinland[edit]
Main articles: Vinland, L'Anse aux Meadows, and Point Rosee
Leif Erikson discovers North America
Christian Krogh (1893).
According to the Icelandic sagas—Eirik the Red's Saga,[12] Saga of the Greenlanders, plus chapters of the Hauksbók and the Flatey Book—the Norse started to explore lands to the west of Greenland only a few years after the Greenland settlements were established. In 985 while sailing from Iceland to Greenland with a migration fleet consisting of 400–700 settlers[8][13] and 25 other ships (14 of which completed the journey), a merchant named Bjarni Herjólfsson was blown off course, and after three days' sailing he sighted land west of the fleet. Bjarni was only interested in finding his father's farm, but he described his discovery to Leif Erikson who explored the area in more detail and planted a small settlement fifteen years later.[8]
The sagas describe three separate areas discovered during this exploration: Helluland, which means "land of the flat stones"; Markland, "the land of forests", definitely of interest to settlers in Greenland where there were few trees; and Vinland, "the land of wine", found somewhere south of Markland. It was in Vinland that the settlement described in the sagas was founded.
Three of Erik the Red's children visited the North American continent: his sons Leif and Thorvald, and their sister (or half-sister) Freydis. Thorvald died there.
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2016)
Leif's winter camp[edit]
The Skálholt Map
Using the routes, landmarks, currents, rocks, and winds that Bjarni had described to him, Leif sailed some 1,800 miles to the west of the land, with a crew of 35—sailing the same knarr Bjarni had used to make the voyage. He described Helluland as "level and wooded, with broad white beaches wherever they went and a gently sloping shoreline."[8] Leif and others had wanted his father, Erik the Red, to lead this expedition and talked him into it. However, as Erik attempted to join his son Leif on the voyage towards these new lands, he fell off his horse as it slipped on the wet rocks near the shore; thus he was injured and stayed behind.[8]
Leif wintered in 1001, probably near Cape Bauld on the northern tip of Newfoundland, where one day his foster father Tyrker was found drunk, on what the saga describes as "wine-berries." Squashberries, gooseberries, and cranberries all grew wild in the area. There are varying explanations for Leif apparently describing fermented berries as "wine."
Leif spent another winter at "Leifsbúðir" without conflict, and sailed back to Brattahlíð in Greenland to assume filial duties to his father.
Thorvald's voyage (1004 AD)[edit]
In 1004, Leif's brother Thorvald Eiriksson sailed with a crew of 30 men to Vinland and spent the following winter at Leif's camp. In the spring, Thorvald attacked nine of the local people who were sleeping under three skin-covered canoes. The ninth victim escaped and soon came back to the Norse camp with a force. Thorvald was killed by an arrow that succeeded in passing through the barricade. Although brief hostilities ensued, the Norse explorers stayed another winter and left the following spring. Subsequently, another of Leif's brothers, Thorstein, sailed to the New World to retrieve his dead brother's body, but he died before leaving Greenland.[8]
Summer in the Greenland coast circa year 1000 by Jens Erik Carl Rasmussen (1841–1893)
Karlsefni's expedition (1009 AD)[edit]
In 1009 Thorfinn Karlsefni, also known as "Thorfinn the Valiant", supplied three ships with livestock and 160 men and women[13] (although another source sets the number of settlers at 250). After a cruel winter, he headed south and landed at Straumfjord. He later moved to Straumsöy, possibly because the current was stronger there. A sign of peaceful relations between the indigenous peoples and the Norsemen is noted here. The two sides bartered with furs and gray squirrel skins for milk and red cloth, which the natives tied around their heads as a sort of headdress.
There are conflicting stories but one account states that a bull belonging to Karlsefni came storming out of the wood, so frightening the natives that they ran to their skin-boats and rowed away. They returned three days later, in force. The natives used catapults, hoisting "a large sphere on a pole; it was dark blue in color" and about the size of a sheep's belly,[14] which flew over the heads of the men and made an ugly din.[14]
The Norsemen retreated. Leif Erikson's half-sister Freydís Eiríksdóttir was pregnant and unable to keep up with the retreating Norsemen. She called out to them to stop fleeing from "such pitiful wretches", adding that if she had weapons, she could do better than that. Freydís seized the sword belonging to a man who had been killed by the natives. She pulled one of her breasts out of her bodice and struck it with the sword, frightening the natives, who fled.[14]
Pseudohistory[edit]
Purported runestones have been found in North America, most famously the Kensington Runestone. These are generally considered to be hoaxes or misinterpretations of Native American petroglyphs.[15]
There are many claims of Norse colonization in New England, none well-founded.
Monuments claimed to be Norse include:[16]
Stone Tower in Newport, Rhode Island
The petroglyphs on Dighton Rock, from the Taunton River in Massachusetts
The runes on Narragansett Runestone
Horsford's Norumbega[edit]
Main article: Eben Norton Horsford § Viking
The nineteenth-century Harvard chemist Eben Norton Horsford connected the Charles River Basin to places described in the Norse sagas and elsewhere, notably Norumbega.[17] He published several books on the topic and had plaques, monuments, and statues erected in honor of the Norse.[18] His work received little support from mainstream historians and archeologists at the time, and even less today.[19][20][21]
Duration of Norse contact[edit]
Settlements in continental North America aimed to exploit natural resources such as furs and in particular lumber, which was in short supply in Greenland.[22] It is unclear why the short-term settlements did not become permanent, though it was likely in part because of hostile relations with the indigenous peoples, referred to as Skrælings by the Norse.[23] Nevertheless, it appears that sporadic voyages to Markland for forages, timber, and trade with the locals could have lasted as long as 400 years.[24][25]
Evidence of continuing trips includes the Maine Penny, a Norwegian coin from King Olaf Kyrre's reign (1067–1093) allegedly found in a Native American archaeological site in the U.S. state of Maine, suggesting an exchange between the Norse and the Native Americans late in or after the 11th century; and an entry in the Icelandic Annals from 1347 which refers to a small Greenlandic vessel with a crew of eighteen that arrived in Iceland while attempting to return to Greenland from Markland with a load of timber.[26]
Aftermath[edit]
For centuries it remained unclear whether the Icelandic stories represented real voyages by the Norse to North America. The sagas first gained serious historic respectability when, in 1837, the Danish antiquarian Carl Christian Rafn pointed out the possibility for a Norse settlement in, or voyages to, North America. North America, by the name Winland, first appeared in written sources in a work by Adam of Bremen from approximately 1075. The most important works about North America and the early Norse activities there, namely the Sagas of Icelanders, first reached written form only in the 13th and 14th centuries.[citation needed]
Evidence of Norse west of Greenland came in the 1960s when archaeologist Anne Stine Ingstad and her husband, outdoorsman and author Helge Ingstad, excavated a Norse settlement at L'Anse aux Meadows in Newfoundland. The location of the various lands described in the sagas remains unclear, however. Many historians identify Helluland with Baffin Island and Markland with Labrador. The location of Vinland poses a thornier question. Most believe that the L'Anse aux Meadows settlement represents the Vinland settlement described in the sagas; others argue that the sagas depict Vinland as warmer than Newfoundland and therefore lying farther south.[citation needed]
In 2012 Canadian researchers identified possible signs of Norse outposts in Nanook at Tanfield Valley on Baffin Island, as well as on Nunguvik, Willows Island and Avayalik.[27][28][29] Unusual fabric cordage found on Baffin Island in the 1980s and stored at the Canadian Museum of Civilization was identified in 1999 as possibly of Norse manufacture; that discovery led to more in-depth exploration of the Tanfield Valley archaeological site.[citation needed]
Archeological findings in 2015 at Point Rosee, on the southwest coast of Newfoundland, reveal evidence of the location being a bog iron-smelting site and therefore a possible second 10th century Viking settlement in Canada. The possible settlement was initially discovered through satellite imagery and magnetometer readings and archaeologists have begun excavating the area.[30][31]
The Skálholt Map, made by an Icelandic teacher in 1570, depicts part of north-eastern North America mentioning Helluland, Markland and Vinland.[32]
See also[edit]
Settlement of the Americas
Timeline of pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact
Point Rosee
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Pálsson, Hermann (1965). The Vinland sagas: the Norse discovery of America. Penguin Classics. p. 28. ISBN 0-14-044154-9. Retrieved 2010-04-15.
Jump up ^ Fitzhugh, William W, ‘Vikings: The north Atlantic saga’, Anthronotes museum of natural history publication for education, available at www.anthropology.si.edu.
Jump up ^ Irwin, Constance; Strange Footprints on the Land; Harper&Row, New York, 1980; ISBN 0-06-022772-9
Jump up ^ Grove, Jonathan. 2009. "The place of Greenland in medieval Icelandic saga narrative", in Norse Greenland: Selected Papers of the Hvalsey Conference 2008, Journal of the North Atlantic Special Volume 2, 30–51
Jump up ^ He remained there making explorations for three years and decided to found a colony there ( Anderson, Rasmus B. (February 18, 2004) [1906]. Hare, John Bruno, ed. "Norse voyages in the tenth and following centuries". The Norse Discovery of America. Retrieved 2008-08-27. ).
Jump up ^ Reeves, Arthur Middleton; Anderson, Rasmus B. (1906). "Discovery and colonization of Greenland". Saga of Erik the Red. Retrieved 2008-08-27. The first winter he was at Eriksey, nearly in the middle of the eastern settlement; the spring after repaired he to Eriksfjord, and took up there his abode. He removed in summer to the western settlement, and gave to many places names. He was the second winter at Holm in Hrafnsgnipa, but the third summer went he to Iceland, and came with his ship into Breidafjord.
Jump up ^ Íslendingabók at Wikisource.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Wernick, Robert; The Seafarers: The Vikings, (1979), 176 pages, Time-Life Books, Alexandria, Virginia: ISBN 0-8094-2709-5.
Jump up ^ Lynnerup, N. 2014: Endperiod Demographics of the Greenland Norse. Journal of the North Atlantic, 7, 18–24. doi:10.3721/037.002.sp702
^ Jump up to: a b c Wahlgren, Erik (1986). The Vikings and America. New York: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0-500-02109-0.
Jump up ^ Stockinger, Günther (10 January 2012). "Archaeologists Uncover Clues to Why Vikings Abandoned Greenland". Der Spiegel Online. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Sephton, J. (1880). "The Saga of Erik the Red". Icelandic Saga Database. Retrieved 2010-08-11.
^ Jump up to: a b Oxenstierna, Eric; The Norsemen (1965), 320 pages, New York Graphic Soc.: ISBN 1-122-21631-9
^ Jump up to: a b c Magnusson, Magnus; Palsson, Hermann (1965). The Vinland Sagas. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-044154-3.
Jump up ^ Annette Kolodny, "Fictions of American Prehistory: Indians, Archeology, and National Origin Myths", American Literature 75 4: 693–721, December 2003 full text at Project MUSE
Jump up ^ Christopher Klein, "Uncovering New England’s Viking connections", Boston Globe, November 23, 2013 [1]
Jump up ^ Robin Fleming (1995). "Picturesque History and the Medieval in Nineteenth-Century America". The American Historical Review. 100 (4): 1079–82. doi:10.1086/ahr/100.4.1061. JSTOR 2168201.
Jump up ^ Eben Norton Horsford; Edward Henry Clement (1890). The discovery of the ancient city of Norumbega: A communication to the president and council of the American Geographical Society at their special session in Watertown, November 21, 1889. Houghton, Mifflin. p. 14. Retrieved 1 September 2011.
Jump up ^ "Did Leif Erikson once live in Cambridge, Massachusetts?". The Straight Dope. Retrieved 2009-02-10.
Jump up ^ Steven Williams, Fantastic Archaeology: The Wild Side of North American Prehistory, 1991.
Jump up ^ Gloria Polizzotti Greis VIKINGS on the CHARLES or The Strange Saga of Dighton Rock, Norumbega, and Rumford Double-Acting Baking Powder at the Wayback Machine (archived July 16, 2011). Needham Historical Society
Jump up ^ Diamond, Jared: Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed
Jump up ^ Murrin, John M; Johnson, Paul E; McPherson, James M; Gerstle, Gary (2008). Liberty, Equality, Power: A History of the American People, Compact. Thomson Wadsworth. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-495-41101-7. Retrieved 2010-11-24.
Jump up ^ Schledermann, Peter. 1996. Voices in Stone. A Personal Journey into the Arctic Past. Komatik Series no. 5. Calgary: The Arctic Institute of North America and the University of Calgary.
Jump up ^ Sutherland, Patricia. 2000. “The Norse and Native Norse Americans”. In William W. Fitzhugh and Elisabeth I. Ward, eds., Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga, pp. 238–47. Washington, DC: The Smithsonian Institution.
Jump up ^ "Markland and Helluland". Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. pp. Archeology page and following. Retrieved 2008-08-14.
Jump up ^ Pringle, Heather (19 Oct 2012). "Evidence of Viking Outpost Found in Canada". National Geographic News. National Geographic Society. Retrieved 2013-01-28.
Jump up ^ Pringle, Heather (November 2012). "Vikings and Native Americans". National Geographic. 221 (11). Retrieved 2013-01-28.
Jump up ^ The Nature of Things (22 Nov 2012). "The Norse: An Arctic Mystery". CBC Television. Retrieved 2013-01-29.
Jump up ^ Kean, Gary (April 2, 2016). "Update: Archaeologist thinks Codroy Valley may have once been visited by Vikings". The Western Star.
Jump up ^ Strauss, Mark (March 31, 2016). "Discovery Could Rewrite History of Vikings in New World". National Geographic.
Jump up ^ Ingstad, Helga; Ingstad, Anne Stine (2001). The Viking Discovery of America: The Excavation of a Norse Settlement in L'Anse Aux Meadows, Newfoundland. Facts on File. p. 111. ISBN 978-0816047161. Retrieved 11 December 2016.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Norse colonization of the Americas.
L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site of Canada website
Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage website
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Aubrey Anderson-Emmons
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Aubrey Anderson-Emmons
Born
Aubrey Frances Anderson-Emmons
(2007-06-06) June 6, 2007 (age 10)
Santa Monica, California, U.S.
Occupation
Actress
Years active
2011–present
Television
Modern Family
Aubrey Frances Anderson-Emmons (born June 6, 2007) is an American child actress, known for her role as Lily Tucker-Pritchett on ABC's Modern Family.[1] She was the youngest star on the red carpet at the 2012 and 2013 Primetime Emmy Awards.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Personal life
2 Career
3 Filmography
4 References
5 External links
Personal life[edit]
She is the daughter of Korean American Amy Anderson and Kent Emmons, who are separated. Her mother is a stand-up comedian and actress[3] and her father is a media entrepreneur. She also has a half-sister, Ashley Emmons, who lives in Missouri.
Career[edit]
Aubrey joined the cast of Modern Family in its third season in 2011.[4] She plays the part of Lily Tucker-Pritchett, a Vietnamese-born child adopted by a gay American couple.
Aubrey also does a regular YouTube segment, FoodMania Review, with mother Amy.
Filmography[edit]
Television
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2011–present Modern Family Lily Tucker-Pritchett Main role
Nominated — Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series (2014)
Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series (2013)
Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series (2012)
Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series (2011)
2016 Arthur (voice) Episode: "Let's Make a Choice/Something About Edward"
2017 Bill Nye Saves the World Herself Episode: "This Diet is Bananas"
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Monica Rizzo (September 21, 2011). "Aubrey Anderson-Emmons Joins Modern Family as the New Lily". People. Time In. Retrieved December 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ Deena Bustillo (September 22, 2013). "'Modern Family' Star Aubrey Anderson-Emmons is the Tiniest Emmy Star". Zimbio. Livingly Media, Inc. Retrieved December 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Actor Bio". ABC. Archived from the original on November 24, 2013. Retrieved December 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ Hughes, Jason (September 24, 2012). "Lily Bullies 'Modern Family' Cast In Emmys 2012 Behind-The-Scenes Sketch". Huffington Post. Retrieved December 4, 2013.
External links[edit]
Aubrey Anderson-Emmons on IMDb
Aubrey Anderson-Emmens's official Twitter account.
Aubrey Anderson-Emmens's official Facebook account.
[hide]
v
t
e
Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series (2010–2019)
Modern Family, season 1/season 2 (2010): Bowen; Burrell; Ferguson; Gould; Hyland; O'Neill; Rodriguez; Stonestreet; Vergara; Winter
Modern Family, season 2/season 3 (2011): Anderson-Emmons; Bowen; Burrell; Ferguson; Gould; Hyland; O'Neill; Rodriguez; Stonestreet; Vergara; Winter
Modern Family, season 3/season 4 (2012): Anderson-Emmons; Bowen; Burrell; Ferguson; Gould; Hyland; O'Neill; Rodriguez; Stonestreet; Vergara; Winter
Modern Family, season 4/season 5 (2013): Anderson-Emmons; Bowen; Burrell; Ferguson; Gould; Hyland; O'Neill; Rodriguez; Stonestreet; Vergara; Winter
Orange Is the New Black, season 2 (2014): Aduba, Biggs, Brooks, Cox, Cruz, Curtin, DeLaria, Fowler, Freeman, Gardner, Glenn, Golden, Guerrero, Harney, Jeudy, Lake, Lapkus, Leyva, Lyonne, Manning, Marsh Garland, McGorry, Moore, Mulgrew, Myles, Pimentel, Polanco, Reiner, Roberts, Rodriguez, Rosenblat, Sandow, Savage, Schilling, Shulman, Soules, Stone, Toussaint, Tucci, Wiley
Orange Is the New Black, season 3 (2015): Aduba, Birbiglia, Blake, Brooks, Cox, Cruz, Curtin, DeLaria, Fowler, Glenn, Golden, Guerrero, Harney, Jeudy, Leyva, Manning, Marsh Garland, Moore, Mulgrew, Myles, Peters, Petty, Pimentel, Polanco, Prepon, Rodriguez, Rose, Sandow, Savage, Schilling, Shulman, Soules, Stone, Wiley
Orange Is the New Black, season 4 (2016): Aduba, Aisenberg, Brooks, Brown, Cruz, DeLaria, Dover, Glenn, Golden, Gómez, Guerrero, Harney, Henke, Jeudy, Lake, Leyva, Lyonne, Manning, McMenamin, Moore, Mulgrew, Myles, Peters, Petty, Pimentel, Polanco, Prepon, Purdy, Rodriguez, Sandow, Savage, Schilling, Shulman, Soules, Stone, Tucci, Wiley
Complete list
(1994–1999)
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(2010–2019)
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text:
When We
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"When We"
Single by Tank
from the album Savage
Released
June 16, 2017 (2017-06-16)
Genre
R&B
Length
5:09
Label
Atlantic
Songwriter(s)
Durrell Babbs
Carl McCormick
Johnnie Newt
Producer(s)
Cardiak
Tank singles chronology
"#BDAY"
(2016) "When We"
(2017)
"#BDAY"
(2016) "When We"
(2017)
"When We" is a song by American singer Tank. It was released on June 16, 2017, as the first single from his eighth studio album, Savage (2017).[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Critical reception
2 Promotion
3 Charts
4 References
5 External links
Critical reception[edit]
Sydney Scott from Essence wrote that the song "feels like a sexy return to pure R&B, a soundtrack to a romantic evening that ends in the bedroom".[2] Courtney Bryant of Parle gave a positive review to the song saying it "has a sensual vibe to it" and "definitely delivers just as much as his past work, if not better".[3]
Promotion[edit]
The music video for "When We" premiered via Tank's YouTube channel on August 16, 2017.[4] While talking about the video in an interview with Billboard, Tank said: "Well, I wanted the song to sound literal. But, I also wanted people to explore their horizons, in terms of their sexuality. I think sometimes people can be basic in these moments. And, it is not because they are trying to be basic. Sometimes, you just get accustomed to doing a certain thing all the time. And it works for you. Sometimes we forget to be creative [in bed]. We forget to use our imagination. So, even though the song has a very literal word, that word can go so many different ways. That is what I wanted to show. How deep, and how dark this word can be. And, how beautiful at the same time."[5]
Tank performed the song live at the Soul Train Music Awards in November 2017.[6] On February 2, 2018, in an Instagram livestream Tank played the official remix of "When We" featuring American singers Trey Songz and Ty Dolla Sign.[7] He released it on February 13, 2018.[8]
Charts[edit]
Chart (2017)
Peak
position
US Billboard Hot 100[9]
79
US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[10]
35
US Adult R&B Songs (Billboard)[11]
1
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "When We - Single by Tank". iTunes. Retrieved October 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "EXCLUSIVE: Tank Premieres New Single "When We"And Talks DC Pride Performance: 'The LGBT Community Is Part Of Our Community Too'". Essence. June 16, 2017. Retrieved October 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Tank Explores Romance On Sexy New Single, "When We"". Parle. June 27, 2017. Retrieved October 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Premiere: Tank Lets The Freaky Flag Fly In "When We" Visual". Vibe. August 16, 2017. Retrieved October 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Tank Speaks on Success of New Single 'When We,' Working With Aaliyah & Grooming His Artists". Billboard. December 26, 2017. Retrieved January 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Tank's Spicy Soul Train Awards Performance Sizzled Seasoned Poon Meats Everywhere". Bossip. November 27, 2017. Retrieved January 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ "The "When We Remix" Is On The Way And You'd Never Guess Who Tank's Recruited". Hip Hop Weekly Radio. February 2, 2018. Retrieved February 14, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Tank – When We (Remix) (feat. Trey Songz & Ty Dolla $ign)". OnSMASH. February 14, 2018. Retrieved February 14, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Tank Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved February 27, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Tank Chart History (Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved December 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Tank Chart History (Adult R&B Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved December 6, 2017.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
Music video on YouTube
[hide]
v
t
e
Tank
Discography
Studio albums
Force of Nature
One Man
Sex, Love & Pain
Now or Never
This Is How I Feel
Stronger
Sex Love & Pain II
Savage
Singles
"Maybe I Deserve"
"Please Don't Go"
"Sex Music"
"Emergency"
"When We"
Featured singles
"She Don't Put It Down"
Related Articles
TGT
The Underdogs
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=When_We&oldid=827865906"
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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