text:
Prison Break: The Final Break
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Prison Break: The Final Break
DVD cover
Screenplay by
Nick Santora & Seth Hoffman (Part 1)
Zack Estrin & Karyn Usher (Part 2)
Story by
Christian Trokey (Part 1)
Kalinda Vazquez (Part 2)
Directed by
Brad Turner (Part 1)
Kevin Hooks (Part 2)
Starring
Dominic Purcell
Wentworth Miller
Amaury Nolasco
Robert Knepper
Jodi Lyn O'Keefe
Sarah Wayne Callies
William Fichtner
Composer(s)
Ramin Djawadi
Original language(s)
English
Production
Running time
89 minutes
Distributor
FOX Entertainment
Release
Original release
May 27, 2009 (United Kingdom)[1]
July 21, 2009 (United States)
February 5, 2010 (Japan) (NTV)
Chronology
Preceded by
"Killing Your Number"
Prison Break: The Final Break is a 2009 television movie of the Prison Break franchise. The movie aired May 27 in the United Kingdom on Sky1. In the United States and Canada, the movie was first released on DVD and Blu-ray on July 21, 2009. The movie covers the events which occurred in between the downfall of The Company, and the revelation of Michael Scofield's (Wentworth Miller) death. It details the manipulated arrest and incarceration of Sara Tancredi (Sarah Wayne Callies) for the murder of Christina Scofield (Kathleen Quinlan), the final escape plan which Michael devises for Sara, and the details surrounding Michael's death. It also reveals the ultimate fate of Gretchen Morgan (Jodi Lyn O'Keefe).
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
2.1 Starring
2.2 Guest starring
3 References
Plot[edit]
This episode's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (April 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The story starts off with Sara being arrested for the murder of Christina (Scofield) Hampton, during her and Michael's wedding reception. It is implied that surveillance video was altered by agents loyal to the General (Jonathan Krantz) (Leon Russom) by removing Christina's gun to make it look as if Sara shot Christina in cold blood rather than self-defence. She is held in the Miami-Dade State Penitentiary, where overcrowding necessitates that the female prison and jail inmates are housed in the same building. Gretchen Morgan watches from a distance, having been imprisoned after the events in "The Sunshine State".[2] Sara is attacked as revenge by the Miami-Dade COs for having left the infirmary door unlocked,[3] allowing the "Fox River Eight" to escape and eventual dismissal or suspension of several staff members of Fox River.
Across the yard is the neighboring men's jail and prison, where Krantz and Theodore "T-Bag" Bagwell (Robert Knepper) are being held. T-Bag continues to help the general, even though the General claims poverty when asked to pay for contraband T-Bag gets him. The General contacts Gretchen and offers her $100,000 to kill Sara. When Gretchen does not get the job done immediately, it is offered as a bounty for whoever kills Sara. Sara is quickly poisoned with strychnine, but is given medical treatment in the infirmary that saves her life and pregnancy. The correctional physician informs her that she will have thirty minutes with her baby when she gives birth before the baby is taken away from her. His advice is to consider herself to be a surrogate mother to her own fetus so as to avoid crippling depression due to the inevitable separation.
Michael learns of the attacks from Sara's lawyer, and asks the warden to protect her, which she declines to do. She also denies Sara visits from anyone except her lawyer. After learning about the bounty on her head, Michael decides the only way to keep her alive is to break her out. He once again enlists Lincoln Burrows (Dominic Purcell) and Fernando Sucre's (Amaury Nolasco) help. Lincoln and Sucre scope out the prison, taking measurements and photographs to create a map of the prison. Gretchen sees Lincoln and Sucre, and demands Sara include her in any escape plan that may be developing.
After analyzing the photographs and plans of the prison, Michael finds a fault in the security system: a blind spot the cameras cannot see. Alexander Mahone (William Fichtner) then arrives and offers his aid, although his true intentions are unclear. He has just been offered reinstatement with the FBI if he finds and reports any evidence incriminating Michael.
Michael develops an escape plan which he relays to Sara using a hidden message in a letter. While he is out however, FBI Agent Todd Wheatley (Chris Bruno) breaks into Michael's apartment, and sees the plans laid out on table. When Michael arrives, he points out that while the plans may look incriminating, he was merely looking for weaknesses to report to the prison warden (Amy Aquino) in the hopes that she may grant him visitation rights.
Sara's attorney secures a court order allowing Michael to visit her. Because the visit is supervised, he subtly asks her if she understood the hidden message, and she indicates she did. As he is leaving the prison, however, Michael sees the camera system being adjusted to eliminate the blind spot he planned to exploit. Special Agent Wheatley apparently discovered it while looking at the documents he had seen in Michael's apartment.
Meanwhile, Sara joins the "Family" of the leader of the prisoners, an inmate who goes by the name of "Daddy" (Lori Petty). Daddy helps her get work in the motor pool, which makes Wife jealous and other Family members suspicious.
Michael comes up with a new plan to parachute into the prison and rescue Sara. Lincoln is sent to offer T-Bag $5,000 to light a fire and set off the fire alarm at 7:00 the night of the escape. T-Bag demands $100,000, and suggests they can get it by robbing the General of the money he has to pay the bounty on Sara. T-Bag did this to settle grudges with the General, including the General's refusal to pay T-Bag for favors in jail. T-Bag provides Lincoln with the name and phone number of Joe Daniels, (Richmond Arquette) the General's agent. Lincoln agrees to steal the money and put it in T-Bag's account by 7:00. Lincoln and Sucre then steal the $100,000 from Daniels.
Wanting to get to Sara away from the Family, Gretchen persuades one of the guards to search Daddy's room. The guards do so, and take Daddy to solitary confinement after finding drugs in her cell.
Sara is attacked by a fellow Family member (Alicia Lagano) but Gretchen comes to her rescue, killing the attacker in the process. Gretchen again demands Sara include her in the escape because she wishes to see her daughter, Emily, and give her a gift. When one of the guards tells Daddy of the death of her family member, and mentions that Sara and Gretchen are thought to be behind her killing, Daddy becomes infuriated.
Following several phone calls with Agent Wheatley in which Mahone divulged Michael's parachute plot, it appears that Mahone has betrayed Michael. But Michael continues to trust him, and gives him a piece of paper and a DVD which he asks Mahone to give to Sara in the event of his death. Michael then visits Sara once more, telling her that the previous escape plan was now impossible. He cryptically tells her of the new plan, in which she must get to the chapel. Michael has discovered they can get from the chapel to an administrative building that has an emergency escape tunnel.
Daddy is eventually freed from lockup, and appears to be stalking Sara and Gretchen. Just before the escape begins, Gretchen distracts a guard, and Sara confronts Daddy. Sara picks a fight with Daddy and purposely pushes her into a powerful and frightening inmate Skittlez (Dot Marie Jones), who then retaliates by attacking Daddy. At the same time, Gretchen punches the guard and knocks her to the ground, but gets stabbed in the leg during the altercation. Sara quickly grabs the guard's keys, and the two of them hide in the kitchen amidst the chaos.
Michael then begins the escape. Knowing of the plan thanks to Mahone's information, agent Wheatley orders all lights shut off, and positions armed officers near Michael's expected landing site. When the parachute comes down, it is riddled with bullets. Upon inspection, Wheatley discovers the parachute is attached to a dummy. Michael is then seen sneaking out from under Wheatley's car and running into the prison.
With the escape underway, Gretchen admits to Sara that she cannot continue on without help due to her injuries. Gretchen then asks her to choose, either to leave her behind or help her. Sara chooses to help Gretchen, however, as they run to the chapel, Gretchen is spotted by guards. She is asked if she's alone but Gretchen covers Sara's presence and stalls the guards. Though Sara is almost spotted by a guard, she manages to unlock the door and get into the chapel undetected. The guards are recalled and they take Gretchen. Sara picks up the necklace that Gretchen made for her daughter, Emily, presumably so she may pass it on to Emily later.
Michael meets Sara in the chapel, and they wait for 7:00 when T-Bag was to start the fire to trip the fire alarm. We see Sucre racing to a money transfer store to transfer the $100,000, but he gets there after the shop is closed. When T-Bag finds out that the transfer did not take place by 7:00 as promised, he angrily reveals the plot to the warden, and tells her that he was instructed to set off the fire alarm. Special Agent Wheatley responds by demanding the fire alarm and other systems that would cover other noises be turned off.
This however, turns out to be part of Michael's plan, as he assumed that T-Bag would double-cross them. With the alarms off, he burns through a locked door with a blowtorch. However, the electronic lock on the next door does not open with the device Michael brought. He needs to cause a power surge from a fuse panel to unlock the door, so he instructs Sara to leave him behind. Sara refuses to leave if Michael cannot go with her, but he emphasizes that there is no other way, touching her stomach and saying that he will be going with her. In one final act of sacrifice, Michael causes the surge, and sparks are shown coming from the fuse box. Sara runs, meeting Lincoln, Sucre, and Mahone just outside the fence. Stunned, Sara is unable to describe to Lincoln what just happened. Mahone revealed that he knew of Michael's plan from a previous discussion and tells Lincoln, "He's gone." They get into the van and drive away, still shocked over Michael's fate.
Back at the prison, T-Bag is put into solitary confinement for aiding Sara's escape.
The next day, just before Lincoln and Sara board a boat to escape to the Dominican Republic, Sucre gives Sara the $100,000 they stole from the General, apologizing for not being able to wire the money to them the night before as planned. Mahone gives Sara the paper Michael asked him to deliver, the results of a medical exam revealing that his brain tumor had returned and his condition was terminal. Mahone also gives the DVD to Lincoln who watches it with Sara while they escape on the boat. In the video, Michael tells Sara and Lincoln that he wouldn't have had much time to live because of his tumor, and that he doesn't regret his choice. He asks Lincoln to promise that he will always be there for his child (which turns out to be a son) no matter what, and he asks Sara to watch out for Lincoln. He says that life is wasted on what people want to, but don't ever, say. He then says what he wants to say is that he loves them both, very much. He tells them to make sure his child is told every day how much he is loved and how lucky he is to be free. The video, and the entire series, ends with Michael's message that they are finally free:
“ Well, if you're watching this, I'm glad, because it means you're safe. And that's all I ever wanted. I wish I could be there with you, but as you probably know now, I wouldn't have had much time anyway. So I made my choice, and I don't regret it. Anyway, not too long from now there's going to be another little Scofield running around. And Linc--I want you to promise me, no matter what, they're going to grow up knowing their uncle is never far away. And Sara, I want you to promise me that you're going to keep an eye on Linc. As you may have noticed, he has a tendency to get in trouble.
You know, we spend so much of our lives not saying the things we want to say. The things we should say. We speak in code and we send little messages, origami. So now, plainly, simply... I want to say that I love you both... very much. And I want you to promise me that you're going to tell my child... that you're going to tell my child how much they're loved every day. And remind them how lucky they are to be free. Because we are. We're free now. Finally. We're free.
”
Cast[edit]
Starring[edit]
Dominic Purcell as Lincoln Burrows
Wentworth Miller as Michael Scofield
Amaury Nolasco as Fernando Sucre
Robert Knepper as Theodore "T-Bag" Bagwell
Jodi Lyn O'Keefe as Gretchen Morgan
Sarah Wayne Callies as Sara Tancredi
William Fichtner as Alexander Mahone
Guest starring[edit]
Leon Russom as General Jonathan Krantz
Chris Bruno as FBI Agent Todd Wheatley
Barbara Eve Harris as FBI Agent Felicia Lang
Kim Coates as Richard Sullins
Lori Petty as "Daddy"
Aisha Hinds as Guard Cowler
David Starzyk as Blue Phillips
Amy Aquino as Warden Alice Simms
Dendrie Taylor as Guard
Richmond Arquette as Attorney Joe Daniels
Damien Leake as Detective Marlin
Alicia Lagano as Agatha Warren
Joseph Will as Doctor
Sufe Bradshaw as Wife
Dot Marie Jones as Skittlez
Rainbow Borden as Seags
Livia Trivino as Hucks
Ian Patrick Williams as Bearded man
Peggy Dunne as Guard
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.prisonbreakmanhunt.com/news/383/83/Prison-Break-The-Final-Break-Air-Dates/
Jump up ^ "The Sunshine State", Prison Break season 4 episode 16.
Jump up ^ "Go", Prison Break season 1 episode 21.
[show]
v
t
e
Prison Break
Seasons
Season 1
Season 2
Season 3
Season 4
Season 5
Episodes
"Pilot"
"Allen"
"Cute Poison"
"English, Fitz or Percy"
"Riots, Drills and the Devil"
"Manhunt"
"Rendezvous"
"Bolshoi Booze"
" Disconnect"
"The Killing Box"
"John Doe"
"The Message"
"Chicago"
"Panama"
"Fin Del Camino"
"Scylla"
"Breaking & Entering"
"Shut Down"
"Eagles & Angels"
"Safe & Sound"
"Blow Out"
"Five the Hard Way"
"The Price"
"Greatness Achieved"
"The Legend"
"Quiet Riot"
"Selfless"
"Ogygia"
"Kaniel Outis"
"The Liar"
"The Prisoner's Dilemma
Characters
Theodore "T-Bag" Bagwell
Brad Bellick
Lincoln Burrows
Benjamin Miles "C-Note" Franklin
Paul Kellerman
Alexander Mahone
Michael Scofield
Fernando Sucre
Sara Tancredi
Minor characters
Cast members
Universe
Fox River State Penitentiary
Penitenciaría Federal de Sona
The Company
Other media
The Final Break (movie)
Proof of Innocence
The Conspiracy
Soundtracks
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Seasons 3 & 4
Related
Awards and nominations
[show]
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e
Films directed by Kevin Hooks
Roots: The Gift (1988)
Heat Wave (1990)
Strictly Business (1991)
Passenger 57 (1992)
Irresistible Force (1993)
Fled (1996)
Glory & Honor (1998)
Black Dog (1998)
Mutiny (1999)
The Color of Friendship (2000)
Prison Break: The Final Break (2009)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prison_Break:_The_Final_Break&oldid=799780028"
Categories:
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Green Eggs and Ham
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the television series, see Green Eggs and Ham (TV series). For the video game, see Dr. Seuss: Green Eggs and Ham (video game).
Green Eggs and Ham
Author
Dr. Seuss
Cover artist
Dr. Seuss
Country
United States
Language
English
Genre
Children's literature
Publisher
Random House
The Living Books Company
Publication date
August 12, 1960
ISBN
978-0-394-80016-5
OCLC
184476
Preceded by
One Fish Two Fish Red Fish Blue Fish
Followed by
The Sneetches and Other Stories
Green Eggs and Ham is a children's book by Dr. Seuss, first published on August 12, 1960. As of 2016, the book has sold 8 million copies worldwide.[1] The story has appeared in several adaptations starting with 1973's Dr. Seuss on the Loose starring Paul Winchell as the voice of both Sam-I-am and the first-person narrator.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot summary
2 Background
3 Reception and cultural impact
4 Adaptations
5 Temporary ban
6 Selected translations
7 References
8 External links
Plot summary[edit]
A character named "Sam-I-am" pesters an unnamed character to try a plate of green eggs and ham. The unnamed character refuses, responding, "I do not like green eggs and ham. I do not like them, Sam-I-am." He continues to repeat this as Sam persistently follows him, asking him to try them in eight locations (house, box, car, tree, train, dark, rain, boat) and with three animals (mouse, fox, and goat). Finally, he gives into Sam's pestering and tries the green eggs and ham, which he does like after all and happily responds, "I do so like green eggs and ham. Thank you. Thank you, Sam-I-am."
Background[edit]
Green Eggs and Ham is one of Seuss's "Beginner Books", written in a very simple vocabulary for beginning readers. The vocabulary of the text consists of just 50 words[3] and was the result of a bet between Seuss and Bennett Cerf, Dr. Seuss's publisher.[3][4][5] that Seuss (after completing The Cat in the Hat using 236 words)[6] could not complete an entire book without exceeding that limit. The 50 words are: a, am, and, anywhere, are, be, boat, box, car, could, dark, do, eat, eggs, fox, goat, good, green, ham, here, house, I, if, in, let, like, may, me, mouse, not, on, or, rain, Sam, say, see, so, thank, that, the, them, there, they, train, tree, try, will, with, would, you.[3]
Reception and cultural impact[edit]
Green Eggs and Ham was published on August 12, 1960.[7][8] By 2018, it had become the fourth-best selling English-language children's hardcover book of all time.[9][10] As of 2014, the book has sold 8 million copies. In 1999 the National Education Association (NEA) conducted an online survey of children and teachers, seeking the 100 most popular children's books. The children ranked Green Eggs and Ham third, just above another Dr. Seuss book, The Cat in the Hat.[11] The teachers ranked it fourth.[12] Teachers ranked it fourth again in a 2007 NEA poll.[13] Scholastic Parent & Child magazine placed it #7 among the "100 Greatest Books for Kids" in 2012.[14] That same year, it was ranked number 12 among the "Top 100 Picture Books" in a survey published by School Library Journal – the first of five Dr. Seuss books on the list.[15]
The book has become sufficiently ingrained in the cultural consciousness that U.S. District Court Judge James Muirhead referenced Green Eggs and Ham in his September 21, 2007 court ruling after receiving an egg in the mail from prisoner Charles Jay Wolff who was protesting against the prison diet. Muirhead ordered the egg destroyed and rendered his judgment in the style of Seuss.[16][17] Senator Ted Cruz read the book on the floor of the United States Senate during his filibuster over the funding over Obamacare.[18] Musician will.i.am has stated that his moniker is inspired by the story.[19]
On September 29, 1991, following Dr. Seuss' death earlier that week, the Reverend Jesse Jackson recited an excerpt of Green Eggs and Ham on Saturday Night Live during a special tribute segment.[20]
Adaptations[edit]
Green Eggs and Ham is the third of the three Geisel stories that were adapted into the television special Dr. Seuss on the Loose, which featured a connecting narration by The Cat In The Hat, in 1973. (The Sneetches and The Zax were the other two.)
The song "Green Eggs and Ham" was recorded by the band Moxy Früvous on their 1992 independent debut album Moxy Früvous and is a rap treatment of the famous story.
The book was also made into a Living Books adaptation for the PC and there were similar differences to reflect the new media such as Sam-I-Am singing his opening lines.
An upcoming animated television series based on the book, Green Eggs and Ham, will premiere on Netflix in 2018, produced by Warner Bros. Animation, A Very Good Production, A Stern Talking To, Random House Children's Entertainment and Gulfstream Television and distributed by Warner Bros. Television.[21]
The book was also featured as one of the segments brought to life via live-action in a stage-play fashion in the 1994 TV film In Search of Dr. Seuss.
Temporary ban[edit]
Main article: Book censorship in China
In 1965, the book was banned in the People's Republic of China for its "portrayal of early Marxism".[22] The ban was lifted in 1991, following Seuss' death.[23]
Selected translations[edit]
לֹא רָעֵב וְלֹא אוֹהֵב (Lo ra'ev ve-lo ohev, 1960, Hebrew ISBN 9789652294661)
Huevos verdes con jamón (1960, Spanish, ISBN 1880507013)
Groene eieren met ham (1960s, Dutch, ISBN 9024002966)
火腿加綠蛋 (Huǒ tuǐ jiā lǜ dàn, 1992, Chinese, ISBN 9573211254)
Prosciutto e uova verdi (2002, Italian, ISBN 880902446X)
Virent ova! Viret perna! (2003, Latin, ISBN 0865165556)
Kto zje zielone jajka sadzone? (2004, Polish, ISBN 8372781249)
Les œufs verts au jambon (2009, French, ISBN 9781569756881)
Grünes Ei mit Speck (2011, German, ISBN 9783596854417)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/arts/literature/20-best-selling-childrens-books9.htm
Jump up ^ "Dr. Seuss on the Loose". IMDB. Retrieved December 2, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c "10 stories behind Dr. Seuss stories". CNN. March 1, 2018. Retrieved 2009-01-26.
Jump up ^ "Green Eggs and Ham". snopes.com. 2012. Retrieved May 4, 2012.
Jump up ^ "99 Interesting Facts about the world #18". All That is Interesting. Retrieved 22 January 2015.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ A 50 -year feast in 50 words Archived 2010-08-15 at the Wayback Machine., Marketplace. Retrieved 12 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "Happy Birthday Sam-I-Am! 50 Years of Green Eggs and Ham". Gnews. 2012. Archived from the original on March 4, 2012. Retrieved May 4, 2012.
Jump up ^ "All-Time Bestselling Children's Books". Publishers Weekly. 17 December 2001. Archived from the original on December 25, 2005.
Jump up ^ Menand, Louis. "A Critic at Large: Cat People: What Dr. Seuss Really Taught Us". The New Yorker. 23 December 2002.
Jump up ^ Kids' top 100 books Archived 2013-02-01 at the Wayback Machine. NEA: National Education Association. Retrieved 26 November 2006.
Jump up ^ "Teachers' Top 100 Books". NEA: National Education Association. Retrieved 26 November 2006.
Jump up ^ National Education Association (2007). "Teachers' Top 100 Books for Children". Retrieved August 19, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Parent & Child 100 Greatest Books for Kids" (PDF). Scholastic Corporation. 2012. Retrieved March 25, 2013.
Jump up ^ Bird, Elizabeth (July 6, 2012). "Top 100 Picture Books Poll Results". A Fuse #8 Production. Blog. School Library Journal (blog.schoollibraryjournal.com). Retrieved August 19, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Judge makes 'Green Eggs and Ham' ruling". MSNBC.
Jump up ^ "ORDER the egg filed by the plaintiff is to be destroyed re: 55 Motion for Contempt, injunction", Wolff v. NH Department of Corrections et al (Case 1:2006cv00321), September 18, 2007, Filing 56
Jump up ^ http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/why-ted-cruz-read-green-eggs-and-ham-in-the-u-s-senate-1.1867499
Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/23/magazine/23FOB-Q4-t.html?_r=0
Jump up ^ [2] ABC News 2010
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (April 29, 2015). "Netflix Picks Up 'Green Eggs and Ham' Animated Series From Ellen DeGeneres". Deadline. Retrieved April 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2012/01/20/surprisingly-banned-books_n_1218905.html
Jump up ^ "Banned Books Week: Green Eggs and Ham". New York Public Library. Retrieved December 2, 2013.
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Claasen, Lynda (16 January 2015). How Dr. Seuss Created Green Eggs and Ham (Video).
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Teenage pregnancy in the United States
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The article is about teen pregnancy in the United States. For a broader view see Teen pregnancy and Adolescent sexuality in the United States.
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Teenage pregnancy in the United States relates to girls under the age of 20 who become pregnant. Most occurrences take place out-of-wedlock.[1]
An anti-teenage pregnancy poster
Contents
[hide]
1 Pregnancies
2 By ethnicity
3 By region
3.1 Birth and abortion rates of women and girls ages 15-19, 2010 [17]
4 Parenting as a teenager
5 Supporting teenage parents
6 Prevention
7 Comparison to other countries
8 Modern decline
9 See also
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
Pregnancies[edit]
According to the Centers for Disease Control, more than 4 out of 5, or 80%, of teenage pregnancies are unintended.[2] In 2010, of the majority of pregnancies to adolescent females in the United States, an estimated 60% ended in live birth, 15% ended in miscarriage, and 30% in abortion.[3] In 2012, there were 104,700 maternal hospital stays for pregnant teens; the number of hospital stays for teen pregnancies decreased by 47 percent from 2000-2012.[4]
In 2014, 249,078 babies were born to women aged 15 – 19 years old. This is a birth rate of 24.2 per 1000 women.[5] Pregnancies are much less common among girls younger than 15. In 2008, 6.6 pregnancies occurred per 1,000 teens aged 13–14. In other words, fewer than 1% of teens younger than 15 became pregnant in 2008.[6] Pregnant teenagers tend to gain less weight than older mothers, due to the fact that they are still growing and fighting for nutrients with the baby during the pregnancy.[7]
Teen pregnancy is defined as pregnancies in women under the age of 20, regardless of marital status. Teen pregnancy rates have dropped 9% since 2013.[5] Between 1991 and 2014, teenage birth rates dropped 61% nationwide.[8]
Teenage birth rates, as opposed to pregnancies, peaked in 1991, when there were 61.8 births per 1,000 teens, and the rate dropped in 17 of the 19 years that followed.[9] 3 in 10 American girls will get pregnant before age 20. That is almost 750,000 pregnancies a year.[10] Nearly 89% of teenage births occur outside of marriage.[3] Of all women, 16% will be teen mothers.[11] The largest increases in unintended pregnancies were found among women who were cohabiting, had lower education, and low income.[2]
By ethnicity[edit]
Black, Latina, and American Indian youth experience the highest rates of teenage pregnancy and childbirth.[5] Studies show that Asians (23 per 1,000) and whites (43 per 1,000)[6] and [11] have lower rates of pregnancy before the age of 20. The pregnancy rate among black teens decreased 48% between 1990 and 2008, more than the overall U.S. teen pregnancy rate declined during the same period (42%).[6] The teen birth rate decline broken down by race in 2014 from 2013:[5]
7% for Non-Hispanic Whites
11% for Non-Hispanic Blacks
9% Hispanic
11% Asian/Pacific Islander
12% American Indian/Alaska Natives
By region[edit]
Teen birth rates in the United States are higher than that of many other developed countries.[3]
In 2013, the lowest birth rates were reported in the Northeast, while the highest rates were located in the south east.[3] For example, a 2001 study by UNICEF found that the US teenage birth rate was the highest among 28 OECD nations in the review;[12] in a 1999 comparison by the Guttmacher Institute, U.S. teen pregnancy and teen birth rates were the second-highest among the 46 developed countries studied.[13][14] In 2002, the U.S. was rated 84th out of 170 World Health Organization member countries based on teenage fertility rate.[15]
Sexually active teens in the US are less likely to use any contraceptive method, including condoms, and are especially less likely to use highly effective hormonal methods, primarily the pill, than their peers in other countries. Among adolescents who had sex in the past month: almost 25% of males and 40% of females did not use a condom.[3] The research also found that US teens who become pregnant are less likely to choose abortion. This could be due to the fact that the resources for abortions are not readily available. 75% of women in rural areas have to drive at least 50 miles for abortion services.[16] 87% of United States counties do not have an abortion provider.[16]
Birth and abortion rates of women and girls ages 15-19, 2010 [17][edit]
US State
Pregnancy rate
Birthrate
Abortion rate
% aborted
Alabama 62 44 9 17
Alaska 64 38 17 30
Arizona 60 42 9 18
Arkansas 73 53 9 14
California 59 32 19 38
Colorado 50 30 10 20
Connecticut 44 19 20 52
Delaware 67 31 28 47
Washington, D.C. 90 45 32 41
Florida 60 32 19 38
Georgia 64 42 13 24
Hawaii 65 33 23 42
Idaho 47 33 7 17
Illinois 57 33 15 32
Indiana 53 38 7 16
Iowa 44 29 9 23
Kansas 53 39 5 12
Kentucky 62 46 6 12
Louisiana 69 48 10 18
Maine 37 22 10 31
Maryland 57 27 22 45
Massachusetts 37 17 14 46
Michigan 52 30 14 32
Minnesota 36 23 8 25
Mississippi 76 55 9 14
Missouri 54 37 9 19
Montana 53 35 10 21
Nebraska 43 31 5 14
Nevada 68 39 20 34
New Hampshire 28 16 8 35
New Jersey 51 20 24 55
New Mexico 80 53 15 22
New York 63 23 32 58
North Carolina 59 38 12 24
North Dakota 42 29 6 18
Ohio 54 34 12 25
Oklahoma 69 50 8 13
Oregon 47 28 12 29
Pennsylvania 49 27 15 35
Rhode Island 44 22 16 41
South Carolina 65 43 13 23
South Dakota 47 35 4 11
Tennessee 62 43 9 18
Texas 73 52 9 15
Utah 38 28 4 13
Vermont 32 18 9 34
Virginia 48 27 14 33
Washington 49 27 16 37
West Virginia 64 45 9 17
Wisconsin 39 26 7 21
Wyoming 56 39 8 17
Parenting as a teenager[edit]
There were 334,000 births among girls aged 19 or younger in 2011, representing 8% of all U.S. births.[6] Births to teen mothers peaked in 1991 at 62 births per 1,000 girls. This rate was halved by 2011 when there were 31 births per 1,000 girls.[6] About 25% of teenage mothers have a second child within 24 months of the first birth.[18]
Teenagers are becoming better contracepters because they realize that their sexual partners may not be a reliable coparent. Marriage rates within the past 25 years with teenagers has drastically declined because of this realization. Since contraception has become more obtainable for teenagers, they are preventing unwanted pregnancies.[19]
For every 1,000 black boys in the United States, 29 of them are fathers, compared to 14 per 1,000 white boys.[6] The rate of teen fatherhood declined 36% between 1991 and 2010, from 25 to 16 per 1,000 males aged 15–19. This decline was more substantial among blacks than among whites (50% vs. 26%) and about half of the rate among teen girls.[6] Nearly 80% of teenage fathers do not marry the teenage mother of their child.[20] Teenage fathers have 10-15% lower annual earnings than teenagers who do not father children.[20]
Most female teens report that they would be very upset (58%) or a little upset (29%) if they got pregnant, while the remaining 13% report that they would be a little or very pleased.[6] Most male teens report that they would be very upset (47%) or a little upset (34%) if they got someone pregnant, while the remaining 18% report that they would be a little or very pleased.[6]
Parenting as a teenager has detrimental effects on the children. Children born to teenage mothers are more likely to: be born prematurely, 50% more likely to repeat a grade, live in poverty, and suffer higher rates of abuse.[18] The sons of teen mothers are 13% more likely to end up incarcerated, and the daughters of teenage mothers are 22% more likely to become teenage mothers.[18] More than 25% of teen mothers live in poverty during their 20’s.[20]
Teenage Pregnancy imposes lasting hardships on two generations: mother and child. Evidence from U.S. studies show that women who bear their first child at an early age bear more children rapidly and have more unwanted and out-of-wedlock births. Children of teenage parents are more likely to have lower academic achievements and tend to repeat the cycle of early marriage and early childbearing of their parents.[21]
Since the Great Recession, young people take three times longer to gain financial independence than it took for young people three decades ago. It is much harder for teenage parents to be able to support a family compared to the past due to the competitive work environment.[19]
Supporting teenage parents[edit]
More than 50% of teenage mothers do not graduate from high school.[10] Some high schools in the United States offer a program for pregnant and parenting teens to continue their education. These are sometimes referred to as "Teen Parent Programs".[22]
There are several benefits to these school based programs, the number one benefit being teens are able to continue their high school education. Studies have shown that when teen parents stay in school after being pregnant, they have a better chance of graduating high school.[23] Less than 2% of teen moms earn a college degree by age 30.[10] Many of these programs offer on-campus childcare. Some even require the pregnant and parenting teens to attend parenting classes or practicum classes. The parenting classes offer a place for these young parents to learn about the basic needs of a child. While, the practicum classes offer a hands on experience caring for the children in the childcare center.
Statistics show that less than 10% of teen parents earn their high school diploma by their eighteenth birthday.[24] These programs are trying to change those statistics. Currently (2016), San Diego County has 7 high schools that offer these teen parent programs.
Prevention[edit]
The United States has the highest rates of teenage pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases in developed countries.[25] The two primary reasons given by teenagers for not using protection is that the chance of becoming pregnant is small, and the failure to anticipate intercourse.[26] Teen pregnancies can be prevented. The best method of reducing the consequences of teenage parenthood is by providing reproductive health services to prevent teenagers from becoming pregnant in the first place.[19] Prevention can not only be beneficial on a micro level but it is also beneficial on a more macro scale. Nationally, teen pregnancies cost tax payers an average of $9.4 billion each year.[5] These costs are associated with health care, foster care, criminal justice, public assistance and lost tax revenue.[18] Teen Pregnancies can help be prevented by increasing access to contraceptives and increasing correct and consistent use of contraceptives,[2] more parental involvement, and more education about sexual intercourse. The best method of preventing teenage pregnancy is by integrating sex and STD education into the science curriculum as well as addressing the effects of teenage pregnancies in social studies for middle and high school students.
Comparison to other countries[edit]
After gathering data from each of the following countries including: Canada, France, Great Britain, Sweden and of course the United States. It is shown that there are large differences in adolescent pregnancy rates. Showing that the United States not only has the highest number of teen pregnancies but also the highest number of STD’s compared to the other four countries. By the late 1990s in France and Sweden, pregnancies were 20 per 1,000 women at ages 15–19. In Canada and Great Britain the levels were twice that. Leaving the United States with 4 times the rate a whopping 84 per 1,000 women would be pregnant.The likelihood of abortions in teenagers across the four countries differ and exclude miscarriages. In the U.S. abortion rates for 15–19 years are 35% while in Sweden it was 69%. Leaving Great Britain with 39%, Canada with 46% and France with 51%.[27]
It seems that the U.S. rate of teen pregnancy is higher because in America a majority of sexual education classes teach abstinence[citation needed]. As a result, these adolescents are not fully aware of how to respond to sexual activity if it comes their way. The mentality of some education systems in America have the idea that if they don’t teach safe sex, adolescents will refrain from sex[citation needed]. As the data concludes from above that compared to the other developed countries America is four times as likely to have a teen pregnancy. Yet the U.S. also uses less contraceptive, has more abortions[citation needed] and more prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases than the other developed countries. In America all states are involved in sex education, but each state has differences in what they teach. Some states choose to go in detail others just cover the bases. Which include 39 states that require “some” education related to sexuality. There are 21 states that are required by law to teach sexuality and STD education. 17 states only require the teaching of STDs and not sexual education. There are also 11 states that have no requirement and leave it up to that state to decide whether or not they teach sex education.[28]
Modern decline[edit]
Although, there is a noticeable decline in U.S. teen pregnancy the current rate is still 2-4 times more than in the other four countries. The biggest difference in the rate of pregnancies in the United States compared to the other countries is that in America there is a very high unintended pregnancy rate. This unintended pregnancy rate is higher than the total teenage pregnancy rate in all of the four countries. [29]
In 2010 there was a rate of 57 pregnancies per 1,000 women aged 15–19. Most of those women reported that it was an unplanned pregnancy. This shows a 15% drop in pregnancies from 2008 to 2010. There is a huge decline in adolescent pregnancy for the nation as a whole. The cause of these declines are from abstaining from sex or better use of contraceptives.[30] Birth rates among younger teens ages 15–17 have also fallen faster – dropping by 50%, compared with a 39% decline among older teens ages 18 and 19.[31] Researchers have concluded that these declines stem from improvement in use of contraceptives.[30]
See also[edit]
Prevalence of teenage pregnancy in the United States
Minors and abortion#United States
Native Americans and reservation inequality#Teenage pregnancy
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "An Analysis of Out-Of-Wedlock Births in the United States". The Brookings Institution. 1996-08-01. Retrieved 2016-03-08.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Unintended Pregnancy Prevention | Unintended Pregnancy | Reproductive Health | CDC". www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2016-04-20.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "The Office of Adolescent Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services". Office of Adolescent Health. Retrieved 2016-04-20.
Jump up ^ Witt WP, Wiess AJ, Elixhauser A (December 2014). "Overview of Hospital Stays for Children in the United States, 2012". HCUP Statistical Brief #186. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "About Teen Pregnancy | Teen Pregnancy | Reproductive Health | CDC". www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2016-04-20.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i "www.guttmacher.org" (PDF). Guttmacher Institute. June 2013. Retrieved August 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ Chen, X.-K.; Wen, S. W.; Fleming, N.; Demissie, K.; Rhoads, G. G.; Walker, M. (2007-04-01). "Teenage pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes: a large population based retrospective cohort study". International Journal of Epidemiology. 36 (2): 368–373. ISSN 0300-5771. doi:10.1093/ije/dyl284.
Jump up ^ "Data". thenationalcampaign.org. Retrieved 2016-04-20.
Jump up ^ Timothy W. Martin (2011). "Birth Rate Continues to Slide Among Teens". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved March 7, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c "11 Facts About Teen Pregnancy | DoSomething.org | Volunteer for Social Change". www.dosomething.org. Retrieved 2016-04-20.
^ Jump up to: a b "Policy Brief: Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Teen Pregnancy" (PDF). The National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy. July 2008. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 29, 2008. Retrieved October 13, 2008.
Jump up ^ UNICEF. (2001). "A League Table of Teenage Births in Rich Nations" (PDF). (888 KB). Retrieved July 7, 2006.
Jump up ^ Singh S, Darroch JE (2000). "Adolescent Pregnancy and childbearing levels and trends in developed countries". Family Planning Perspectives. 32 (1): 14–23. JSTOR 2648144. PMID 10710702. doi:10.2307/2648144.
Jump up ^ Indicator: Births per 1000 women (15–19 ys) – 2002 UNFPA, State of World Population 2003. Retrieved January 22, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Core Health Indicators". World Health Organization. 2008. Retrieved March 7, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Teen Moms + Abortion: Stats You Should Know". www.itsyoursexlife.com. Retrieved 2016-04-20.
Jump up ^ Kost, Kathryn; Henshaw, Stanley (2014), U.S. Teenage Pregnancies, Births and Abortions, 2010:National and State Trends by Age, Race and Ethnicity (PDF), retrieved June 8, 2015
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Teenage Births: Outcomes for Young Parents and Their Children" (PDF). December 2008. Retrieved 2016-04-19.
^ Jump up to: a b c Furstenberg, Frank (2016-11-01). "Reconsidering Teenage Pregnancy and Parenthood". Societies. 6 (4): 33. doi:10.3390/soc6040033.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Statistics on Teenage Pregnancy" (PDF). Retrieved 2016-04-19.
Jump up ^ Myers, Wendy S. "Babies Having Babies. (Cover Story)." Women In Business 42.4 (1990): 18-20. Academic Search Complete. Web. 25 Oct. 2016.
Jump up ^ Martinez, D. (February 7, 2009). "Teen Parenting Program aims to keep young mothers in school". Valley Morning Star. Retrieved 29 April 2016. Saenz said the program, which follows a TEA curriculum, reaches out to girls and boys from middle school to high school who are facing a pregnancy to educate them about the parenting process, resources, federal programs and continuing their education.
Jump up ^ Sadler, L. S., Swartz, M. K., Ryan-Krause, P., Seitz, V., Meadows-Oliver, M., Grey, M., & Clemmens, D. A. (2007). Promising Outcomes in Teen Mothers Enrolled in a School-Based Parent Support Program and Child Care Center. Journal Of School Health, 77(3), 121-130. doi:10.1111/j.1746-1561.2007.00181.x
Jump up ^ Van Pelt, Jennifer (March–April 2012). "Keep Teen Mom's In School- A School Social Work". Social Work Today. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Stanger-Hall, Kathrin F.; Hall, David W. (2011-10-14). "Abstinence-Only Education and Teen Pregnancy Rates: Why We Need Comprehensive Sex Education in the U.S". PLOS ONE. 6 (10): e24658. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3194801  . PMID 22022362. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024658.
Jump up ^ Trussell, James (Spring 2017). "Teenage Pregnancy in the United States". Family Planning Perspectives. 6.
Jump up ^ Darroch, Jacqueline; Singh, Susheela; Frost, Jennifer. "Differences in Teenage Pregnancy Rates Among Five Developed Countries: The Roles of Sexual Activity and Contraceptive Use".
Jump up ^ "Sex and HIV Education".
Jump up ^ Darroch, Jacqueline; Singh, Susheela; Frost, Jennifer. "Differences in Teenage Pregnancy Rates Among Five Developed Countries: The Roles of Sexual Activity and Contraceptive Use". Guttmacher Institute.
^ Jump up to: a b Boonstra, Heather. "What Is Behind the Declines in Teen Pregnancy Rates?". Guttmacher Institute.
Jump up ^ Patten, Eileen; Gretchen Livingston (29 April 2016). "Why is the teen birth rate falling?". Pew Research Center. Retrieved 3 May 2017.
Further reading[edit]
Ventura, Stephanie J., Brady E. Hamilton, and T. J. Mathews. (2013). "Pregnancy and childbirth among females aged 10–19 years—United States, 2007-2010". CDC Health Disparities and Inequalities Report—United States, 2013. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 62. pp. 71–76.
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Fanning friction factor
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Fanning friction factor, named after John Thomas Fanning, is a dimensionless number used as a local parameter in continuum mechanics calculations. It is defined as the ratio between the local shear stress and the local flow kinetic energy density:
f = τ ρ u 2 2 {\displaystyle f={\frac {\tau }{\rho {\frac {u^{2}}{2}}}}} [1][2]
where:
f {\displaystyle f} is the local Fanning friction factor (dimensionless)
τ {\displaystyle \tau } is the local shear stress (unit in l b m f t ⋅ s 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {lb_{m}}{ft\cdot s^{2}}}} or k g m ⋅ s 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {kg}{m\cdot s^{2}}}} or Pa)
u {\displaystyle u} is the bulk flow velocity (unit in f t s {\displaystyle {\frac {ft}{s}}} or m s {\displaystyle {\frac {m}{s}}} )
ρ {\displaystyle \rho } is the density of the fluid (unit in l b m f t 3 {\displaystyle {\frac {lb_{m}}{ft^{3}}}} or k g m 3 {\displaystyle {\frac {kg}{m^{3}}}} )
In particular the shear stress at the wall can, in turn, be related to the pressure loss by multiplying the wall shear stress by the wall area ( 2 π R L {\displaystyle 2\pi RL} for a pipe with circular cross section) and dividing by the cross-sectional flow area ( π R 2 {\displaystyle \pi R^{2}} for a pipe with circular cross section). Thus Δ P = f L R ρ u 2 {\displaystyle \Delta P=f{\frac {L}{R}}\rho u^{2}}
Contents
[hide]
1 Fanning friction factor formula
1.1 For laminar flow in a round tube
1.2 For turbulent flow in a round tube
1.2.1 Hydraulically smooth piping
1.2.2 Pipes/tubes of general roughness
1.2.3 Fully rough conduits
1.2.4 General expression
1.2.5 Flows in non-circular conduits
2 Application
3 References
4 Further reading
Fanning friction factor formula[edit]
Fanning friction factor for tube flow
This friction factor is one-fourth of the Darcy friction factor, so attention must be paid to note which one of these is meant in the "friction factor" chart or equation consulted. Of the two, the Fanning friction factor is the more commonly used by chemical engineers and those following the British convention.
The formulas below may be used to obtain the Fanning friction factor for common applications.
The Darcy friction factor can also be expressed as[3]
f = 8 τ ¯ ρ u ¯ 2 {\displaystyle f={\frac {8{\bar {\tau }}}{\rho {\bar {u}}^{2}}}}
where:
τ {\displaystyle \tau } is the shear stress at the wall
ρ {\displaystyle \rho } is the density of the fluid
u ¯ {\displaystyle {\bar {u}}} is the flow velocity averaged on the flow cross section
For laminar flow in a round tube[edit]
From the chart, it is evident that the friction factor is never zero, even for smooth pipes because of some roughness at the microscopic level.
The friction factor for laminar flow of Newtonian fluids in round tubes is often taken to be:[4]
f = 16 R e {\displaystyle f={\frac {16}{Re}}} [5][2]
where Re is the Reynolds number of the flow.
For a square channel the value used is:
f = 14.227 R e {\displaystyle f={\frac {14.227}{Re}}}
For turbulent flow in a round tube[edit]
Hydraulically smooth piping[edit]
Blasius developed an expression of friction factor in 1913 for the flow in the regime 2100 < R e < 10 5 {\displaystyle 2100<Re<10^{5}} .
f = 0.0791 R e 0.25 {\displaystyle f={\frac {0.0791}{Re^{0.25}}}} [6][2]
Koo introduced another explicit formula in 1933 for a turbulent flow in region of 10 4 < R e < 10 7 {\displaystyle 10^{4}<Re<10^{7}}
f = 0.0014 + 0.125 R e 0.32 {\displaystyle f=0.0014+{\frac {0.125}{Re^{0.32}}}} [7][8]
Pipes/tubes of general roughness[edit]
When the pipes have certain roughness ϵ D < 0.05 {\displaystyle {\frac {\epsilon }{D}}<0.05} , this factor must be taken in account when the Fanning friction factor is calculated. The relationship between pipe roughness and Fanning friction factor was developed by Haaland (1983) under flow conditions of 4 ⋅ 10 4 < R e < 10 7 {\displaystyle 4\centerdot 10^{4}<Re<10^{7}}
1 f = − 3.6 log 10  [ 6.9 R e + ( ϵ / D 3.7 ) 10 / 9 ] {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sqrt {f}}}=-3.6\log _{10}\left[{\frac {6.9}{Re}}+\left({\frac {\epsilon /D}{3.7}}\right)^{10/9}\right]} [2][9][8]
where
ϵ {\displaystyle \epsilon } is the roughness of the inner surface of the pipe (dimension of length)
D is inner pipe diameter;
Fully rough conduits[edit]
As the roughness extends into turbulent core, the Fanning friction factor becomes independent of fluid viscosity at large Reynolds numbers, as illustrated by Nikuradse and Reichert (1943) for the flow in region of R e > 10 4 ; k D > 0.01 {\displaystyle Re>10^{4};{\frac {k}{D}}>0.01} . The equation below has been modified from the original format which was developed for Darcy friction factor by a factor of 1 4 {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{4}}}
1 f = 2.28 − 4.0 log 10  ( k D ) {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sqrt {f}}}=2.28-4.0\log _{10}\left({\frac {k}{D}}\right)} [10][11]
General expression[edit]
For the turbulent flow regime, the relationship between the Fanning friction factor and the Reynolds number is more complex and is governed by the Colebrook equation [6] which is implicit in f {\displaystyle f} :
1 f = − 2.0 log 10  ( ϵ d 3.7 + 2.51 R e f ) , turbulent flow {\displaystyle {1 \over {\sqrt {\mathit {f}}}}=-2.0\log _{10}\left({\frac {\frac {\epsilon }{d}}{3.7}}+{\frac {2.51}{Re{\sqrt {\mathit {f}}}}}\right),{\text{turbulent flow}}}
Various explicit approximations of the related Darcy friction factor have been developed for turbulent flow.
Stuart W. Churchill[5] developed a formula that covers the friction factor for both laminar and turbulent flow. This was originally produced to describe the Moody chart, which plots the Darcy-Weisbach Friction factor against Reynolds number. The Darcy Weisbach Formula f D {\displaystyle f_{D}} is 4 times the Fanning friction factor f {\displaystyle f} and so a factor of 1 4 {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{4}}} has been applied to produce the formula given below.
Re, Reynolds number (unitless);
ε, roughness of the inner surface of the pipe (dimension of length);
D, inner pipe diameter;
f = 2 ( ( 8 R e ) 12 + ( A + B ) − 1.5 ) 1 12 {\displaystyle f=2\left(\left({\frac {8}{Re}}\right)^{12}+\left(A+B\right)^{-1.5}\right)^{\frac {1}{12}}}
A = ( 2.457 ln  ( ( ( 7 R e ) 0.9 + 0.27 ϵ D ) − 1 ) ) 16 {\displaystyle A=\left(2.457\ln \left(\left(\left({\frac {7}{Re}}\right)^{0.9}+0.27{\frac {\epsilon }{D}}\right)^{-1}\right)\right)^{16}}
B = ( 37530 R e ) 16 {\displaystyle B=\left({\frac {37530}{Re}}\right)^{16}}
Flows in non-circular conduits[edit]
Due to geometry of non-circular conduits, the Fanning friction factor can be estimated from algebraic expressions above by using hydraulic radius R H {\displaystyle R_{H}} when calculating for Reynolds number R e H {\displaystyle Re_{H}}
Application[edit]
The friction head can be related to the pressure loss due to friction by dividing the pressure loss by the product of the acceleration due to gravity and the density of the fluid. Accordingly, the relationship between the friction head and the Fanning friction factor is:
Δ h = f u 2 L g R = f 2 u 2 L g D {\displaystyle \Delta h=f{\frac {u^{2}L}{gR}}=f{\frac {2u^{2}L}{gD}}}
where:
Δ h {\displaystyle \Delta h} is the friction loss (in head) of the pipe.
f {\displaystyle f} is the Fanning friction factor of the pipe.
u {\displaystyle u} is the flow velocity in the pipe.
L {\displaystyle L} is the length of pipe.
g {\displaystyle g} is the local acceleration of gravity.
D {\displaystyle D} is the pipe diameter.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Kaleem,, Khan, (2015-07-01). Fluid Mechanics and Machinery. Oxford University Press India. ISBN 9780199456772. OCLC 961849291.
^ Jump up to: a b c d 1925-, Lightfoot, Edwin N.,; 1924-, Stewart, Warren E., (2007-01-01). Transport phenomena. Wiley. ISBN 9780470115398. OCLC 288965242.
Jump up ^ Cengel, Yunus; Ghajar, Afshin (2014). Heat and Mass Transfer: Fundamentals and Applications. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-339818-1.
Jump up ^ McCabe, Warrent; Smith, Julian; Harriott, Peter (2004). Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering (7th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. pp. 98–119. ISBN 978-0072848236.
^ Jump up to: a b Churchill, S.W. (1977). "Friction factor equation spans all fluid-flow regimes". Chemical engineering. 84 (24): 91–92.
^ Jump up to: a b Colebrook, C. F.; White, C. M. (3 August 1937). "Experiments with Fluid Friction in Roughened Pipes". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences. 161 (906): 367–381. Bibcode:1937RSPSA.161..367C. JSTOR 96790. doi:10.1098/rspa.1937.0150. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ G., Klinzing, E. (2010-01-01). Pneumatic conveying of solids : a theoretical and practical approach. Springer. ISBN 9789048136094. OCLC 667991206.
^ Jump up to: a b R.,, Bragg, (1995-04-01). Fluid Flow for Chemical and Process Engineers. Butterworth-Heinemann [Imprint]. ISBN 9780340610589. OCLC 697596706.
Jump up ^ R., Heldman, Dennis (2009-01-01). Introduction to food engineering. Academic. ISBN 9780123709004. OCLC 796034676.
Jump up ^ 1929-, Rehm, Bill, (2012-01-01). Underbalanced drilling limits and extremes. Gulf Publishing Company. ISBN 9781933762050. OCLC 842343889.
Jump up ^ G., Pavlou, Dimitrios. Composite materials in piping applications : design, analysis and optimization of subsea and onshore pipelines from FRP materials. ISBN 9781605950297. OCLC 942612658.
Further reading[edit]
Fanning, J.T. (1896). A practical treatise on hydraulic and water-supply engineering. D. Van Nostrand. ISBN 978-5-87581-042-8.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fanning_friction_factor&oldid=800281450"
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