text:
List of countries by English-speaking population
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Percentage of English speakers by country.
80–100%
60–80%
40–60%
20–40%
0.1–20%
Not available
The following is a list of English-speaking population by country, including information on both native speakers and second-language speakers.
Contents
1 List
2 See also
3 Notes
4 References
List[edit]
This list may be sorted by column by clicking on the column header.
Some numbers have been calculated by Wikipedia editors by mixing data from different sources; figures not attributed to sources and given with a date should be treated with caution. Also note that in most sources, the results shown are of people who say that they can speak English, while that was not verified; which means the actual number of English speakers could be higher or lower (because of certain people that over- or underestimate their English skills).
Country
Eligible population
Total English speakers
Total English speakers (%)
As first language
As first language (%)
As an additional language[1]
As an additional language (%)
Comments
United States 296,603,003 283,160,411 95.46 234,171,556 79.0 48,988,855 16.5 Figures are from the 2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-year estimates by the U.S. Census Bureau for persons age 5 and older. Total English speakers are those who either spoke English at home (i.e. as first language), or reported speaking another language at home but could speak English "very well" or "well" (i.e. as an additional language).[2]
India 1,028,737,436 125,344,737 12.18 226,449 0.02 125,118,287 12.16 Official Language. 2001 Census figures for population and first, second, and third languages. English as a first language is only spoken by 226,449 people, as a second language by 86,125,221, and as a third language by 38,993,066.[3][4]
Pakistan 188,400,100 108,036,049 57 8,642,883 8 92,316,049 49 Official Language, lingua franca and spoken amongst a wide proportion of the Pakistani Population – 49% as a second language (other estimates).[5][6][7][8][9]
Nigeria 156,493,000 79,000,000 53.34 79,000,000 53.34 Euromonitor International report (2009)
Philippines 100,437,852 64,025,890 63.73 36,935 0.0037 63,988,955 63.72 Total population: Census 2010. Proportion of total speakers: Census 2000, text above Figure 7. 63.71% of the then 66.7 million people aged 5 years or more could speak English.[10] Proportion of native speakers: Census 1995, as quoted by Andrew Gonzalez in "The Language Planning Situation in the Philippines", Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 19 (5&6), 487–525, p. 492: .04% of the then 68.4 million people were native speakers of English. (1998).[11] "Six out of 10 people aged 5 and over can speak english (63.71%)."[12]
United Kingdom 64,000,000 59,600,000 97.74 54,400,000 92.14 5,128,000 5.60 Source: Data from the 2011 census for England and Wales.[13] Additional English speaker figures are for usual residents aged 3 years and over with a main language other than English who can speak English "very well" or "well".
Germany 80,600,000 45,400,000 56 272,000 0.338 45,100,000 56 Native speakers: Statistisches Bundesamt (cited here).
Non-native speakers: Eurobarometer report 2012
Does not include foreign military personnel based in Germany.
Canada 34,767,255 29,973,590 86.21 19,460,850 52.40 10,287,415 28.69 Source: [3]. The 2016 count reported that 23,757,525 people were able to conduct a conversation in English but not French, while 6,216,065 were able to converse in both English and French. The census also asked for the first language learned at home in childhood and still understood by the individual: 52% or 19,460,850 reported English as their sole mother tongue, 165,320 reported both English and French as mother tongues, 533,265 reported English and a non-official language as mother tongues, and 33,900 reported English, French and a non-official language as mother tongues.
Australia 21,394,309 17,357,833 97 15,013,965 70.17 2,343,868 17 Source: 2001 Census.[14] The 2001 census data is subject to multiple interpretations. The data noted that 18,972,350 persons out of 21,394,309 total were speakers of a language, and excluded young children. However, more than a million of those 18,972,350 persons provided no information; 879,778 did not give information on proficiency, and 203,101 were "overseas visitors" who were not asked. Of the 17,889,671 persons for whom an inquiry was made 17,357,833 spoke English only, or "well" or "very well" as a second language; while 531,838 spoke "not well" or "not at all".
Italy 59,619,290 17,000,000 34 17,000,000 34 Source: Eurobarometer report 2012
Bangladesh 163,323,100 30,108,031 18 709,873 29,398,158 Source: Euromonitor International report 2009, Euromonitor Dec 2010[15]
Egypt 83,289,500 28,101,325 35 28,101,325 35 Source: Euromonitor International Report 2011[16]
Thailand 63,038,247 17,121,187 27.16 17,121,187 27.16 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
Netherlands 16,770,000 15,030,000 90 15,030,000 90 Source: Eurobarometer report 2012
Nepal 29,890,686 10,700,866 35.8 20,000 0.067 876,720 Source: Census. (date not verified)[citation needed]
South Africa 52,981,991 16,424,417 31 4,930,510 9.3 11,493,907 22 Native speakers from 2011 Census.[17]
Non-native speakers: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
Poland 38,501,000 14,300,000 37 100,000 14,200,000 Source: Central Statistical Office,[18] Additional language speakers are people age 18–69, who reported English Language as their first of second best foreign language, Central Statistical Office[19] Native language counted as those who speak English at home.
Turkey 70,586,256 12,000,000 17 12,000,000 17 Source: Eurobarometer report 2006
Iraq 31,700,000 11,095,000 35 11,000,000 Source: Euromonitor International report (2011)
Sri Lanka 22,480,000 10,565,600 47 37,061 0.2 9,680,000 47 English Proficiency Index[20]
Spain 47,190,000 10,400,000 22 10,400,000 22 Source: Eurobarometer report 2012
China 1,210,000,000 10,000,000 <1 10,000,000 <1 Figures are for English users in mainland China only (i.e. excluding Hong Kong where English is an official language and Macau). The often-cited figure of 300 million is for "learners."[21][22]
Brazil 205,000,000 10,542,000 5 292,000 0.14 10,250,000 5 Source: British council (2012) and EF. Only 5% of Brazilians have a proficient grasp of English as a second or foreign additional language and an additional 6% have a very rudimentary knowledge. Brazil has 240 thousand British descendants and 180 thousand American ancestry citizens including the Confederados cultural sub-group, descendants of the Confederate colonies.
Sweden 9,921,541 8,200,000 86 8,200,000 86 Source: Eurobarometer report 2012
Kenya 43,013,431 8,100,000 18.83 7,900,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
Cameroon 19,740,000 7,500,000 38 7,500,000 38 Euromonitor International Report (2009)
Malaysia 27,170,000 15,580,000 62.57 380,000 1.4 15,200,000 61.1 EF English Proficiency Index[23]
Russia 138,312,535 7,574,303 5.48 2,522 7,571,787 Source: Composition by Nationality and Language Ability, Citizenship, Tables 4.5 and 4.1, Russian Census (2010). The "total" figure is the number of residents who reported English as one of the languages they knew. The "first language" figure is the number of residents who reported "American" or "English" as their nationality. The "additional languages" figure is the difference. More than 9 million schoolgoers studied English as a foreign language in 2008–2009.
Belgium 10,584,534 6,250,000 60 6,250,000 60 Source: Eurobarometer report 2006 (the 2012 report seems to have a critical typo) Note that the Belgian population is divided in two distinct linguistic regions: The Dutch-speaking Flanders, and the French-speaking Wallonia (note that the region of Brussels also has a majority of native French speakers). Like in the Netherlands, a high percentage of Flemish people speak English fluently, and in Wallonia, a lower percentage of people speak English (as it is the case in France), which brings down the total percentage.
Israel 7,303,000 6,205,000 84.97 100,000 1.37 6,105,000 Source: Ethnologue (2005)[24]
English is widely spoken, both by the Jewish majority and by minority ethnic groups.[25][26]
Austria 8,415,000 6,150,000 73 6,150,000 73 Source: Eurobarometer report 2012
Romania 19,043,767 5,900,000 31 5,900,000 31 Source: Eurobarometer report 2012
Zimbabwe 13,349,000 5,550,000 41.58 250,000 1.87 5,300,000 Crystal (2003), p. 109.
Greece 10,787,690 5,500,000 51 5,500,000 51 Source: Eurobarometer report 2012
Sierra Leone 5,866,000 4,900,000 83.53 500,000 8.52 4,400,000 Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.
Mexico 120,664,000 15,686,262 12.9 15,686,262 12.9 Consulta Mitofsky-Tracking Poll Roy Campos: Las Lenguas Extranjeras en México, January 2013;[27] and II Conteo de Población y Vivienda, Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática (INEGI).[28]
Denmark 5,543,000 4,770,000 86 4,770,000 86 Source: Eurobarometer report 2012
Switzerland 7,637,300 4,680,000 61.28 73,400 0.96 4,606,600 Figure for speakers of English as "main language", according to Federal Statistical Office, Neuchâtel 2008[29] Source for number of non-native English speakers is 1999 publication by Prof. François Grin cited here: http://switzerland.isyours.com/e/countries/uk/language.html
Morocco 32,770,900 4,587,926 14 4,587,926 14 Source: Euromonitor International report 2011
Ukraine 40,044,238 7,207,962 18.0 Source: EF English Proficiency Index [4]
Ireland 4,422,100 4,350,000 98.37 4,122,100 93.21 237,900 Source: Eurobarometer report 2006; Central Statistics Office [5]; Travbla[30]
Singapore 5,607,300 4,218,737 83.1 1,873,302 36.9 2,345,435 Source: 2015 Census. Second language speaker figure only includes those literate in English aged 15 or more and does not include third language proficiency. General Household Survey 2015 "Language Spoken at Home Among Residents Aged 5 Years and Over"
Ghana 27,000,000 18,000,000 66.67 18,000,000 66.67 Source: 2010 Ghanaian Census[31]
Tanzania 40,454,000 4,000,000 9.89 4,000,000 9.89 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
New Zealand 4,275,100 3,673,623 97.82 3,673,623 85.93 There were 4,027,947 responses to 2006 Census: Language spoken. 3,673,679 gave English as a response, 81,936 had no English but another language. The balance of 272,382 were; no language (too young) 75,195, no response 196,221, response unidentifiable 588, response outside scope 378. Hence it is most meaningful to express the English-speaking per cent without including the figures for these 272,382. This gives 97.8% English-speaking, 2.2% non-English-speaking (3,673,679 and 81,936 divided by 3,755,565)
Crystal (2003), p. 109, gives figures of 3,700,000 native speakers and 150,000 second language speakers.
Finland 5,410,000 3,800,000 70 3,800,000 70 Source: Eurobarometer report 2012
Portugal 10,623,000 2,900,000 27 2,900,000 27 Source: Eurobarometer report 2012
Papua New Guinea 6,331,000 3,150,000 49.76 150,000 2.37 3,000,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.
Liberia 3,750,000 3,100,000 82.67 600,000 16 2,500,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.
Jordan 6,598,000 2,969,370 45 2,969,370 45 Source: Euromonitor International report (2011)
Jamaica 2,714,000 2,650,000 97.64 2,600,000 95.8 50,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.
Algeria 35,954,000 2,516,780 7 2,516,780 7 Source: Euromonitor International report (2011)
Uganda 30,884,000 2,500,000 8.09 2,500,000 8.09 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
Hong Kong 7,336,585 3,903,063 53.2 300,417 4.3 3,587,590 According to 2016 population census, Hong Kong has approximately 3.9 million speakers, of whom 300,417 regard English as their "usual" language.[32]
Czechia 10,562,214 2,850,000 27 2,850,000 27 Source: Eurobarometer report 2012
Argentina 42,192,500 2,752,681 6.52 Source:.[33] Percentage of people who state to have a high level of English. Another 19.49% and 16.23% of people said they had an intermediate and low level, respectively, of English.
Yemen 24,800,000 2,232,000 9 2,232,000 9 Source: Euromonitor International report 2011
Croatia 4,555,000 2,200,000 49 2,200,000 49 Source: Eurobarometer report 2006
Colombia 47,661,368 2,012,950 4.22 75,600 1,937,350 Total was estimated by multiplying projected population for 2014 (DANE) by percentage of Colombian population that speaks English 4.09%[34] then 63,600 was added to that figure which is the total of American and British residents. Figures for native speakers are as follows: 60,000 U.S. citizens that reside in Colombia[35] 12,000 are Colombian Raizal from San Andrés and Isla de Providencia where they speak San Andrés–Providencia Creole[36] 3,600 British expatriates[37]
Hungary 9,982,000 2,000,000 20 2,000,000 20 Source: Eurobarometer report 2012
Puerto Rico 3,991,000 1,940,000 48.61 100,000 1,840,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
Zambia 11,922,000 1,910,000 16.02 110,000 1,800,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
Bulgaria 7,640,238 1,900,000 25 2,605 1,902,605 Source: Eurobarometer report 2012 and 2011 Census[38]
Kazakhstan 12,156,705 1,874,583 15.4 602 1,873,981 Number of those who understand spoken English, from these 1.9 million: 311,435 (2.6%/16.6%) can only read, 931,444 (7.7%/49.6%) can read and write in English. The number of native speakers is the sum of Americans and Englishmen "by nationality". (Census 2009)
Lebanon 4,265,600 1,706,000 40 1,706,000 40 Source: Euromonitor International report (2011)
Chile 16,634,603 1,585,027 9.53 Source: 2012 Census.[39]
Rwanda 10,137,400 1,520,610 15 1,520,610 15 Source: Euromonitor International report 2009
Slovakia 5,397,036 1,400,000 26 1,400,000 26 Source: Eurobarometer report 2012
Trinidad and Tobago 1,305,000 1,145,000 87.74 1,145,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.
Slovenia 2,050,000 1,210,000 59 1,210,000 59 Source: Eurobarometer report 2012
Lithuania 3,053,800 1,160,000 38 1,160,000 38 Source: Eurobarometer report 2012
Latvia 2,070,371 950,000 46 950,000 46 Source: Eurobarometer report 2012
Guyana 751,000 680,000 90.55 650,000 30,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.
Botswana 1,639,833 630,000 38.42 630,000 38.42 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
Estonia 1,294,236 650,000 50 650,000 50 Source: Eurobarometer report 2012
Cyprus 839,000 610,000 73 610,000 73 Source: Eurobarometer report 2012
Malawi 13,931,831 540,209 3.88 209 540,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109 and Kayambizinthu.[40]
Lesotho 1,795,000 500,000 27.86 500,000 27.86 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
Suriname 470,784 410,000 87.09 260,000 150,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.
Malta 453,000 400,000 89 48,000 352,000 Source: Eurobarometer report 2012
Namibia 1,820,916 314,000 17.24 14,000 300,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
Luxembourg 509,000 290,000 56 290,000 56 Source: Eurobarometer report 2012
Bahamas 330,549 288,000 87.13 260,000 28,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.
Barbados 279,000 275,000 98.57 262,000 13,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.
Belize 301,270 246,000 81.65 190,000 56,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.
Madagascar 23,042,300 4,147,614 18 4,147,614 18 The main languages are French and Malagasy.[citation needed]
Costa Rica 4,910,526 400,415 8.2 400,415 8.2 Source: Encuesta Nacional de Hogares 2017 http://www.inec.go.cr/sistema-de-consultas
France 65,350,000 23,000,000 39 23,000,000 39 Source: Eurobarometer report 2012
Mauritius 1,264,866 202,000 15.97 2,000 200,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
Vanuatu 215,446 180,000 83.55 60,000 120,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.
Fiji 853,445 176,000 20.62 6,000 170,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
Solomon Islands 552,438 175,000 31.68 10,000 165,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.
Guam 173,456 158,000 91.09 58,000 100,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
Brunei 381,371 144,000 39.07 10,000 134,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 120,000 114,000 95 114,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.
U.S. Virgin Islands 108,448 113,000 95.97 98,000 15,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.
Grenada 110,000 100,000 90.91 100,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.
Samoa 188,540 94,000 49.86 1,000 93,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
Isle of Man 80,058 80,000 99.93 80,000
Myanmar 53,900,000 2,400,000 4.45 2,400,000 4.45 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
Saint Lucia 165,000 71,000 43.03 31,000 40,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.
Northern Mariana Islands 84,000 70,000 83.33 5,000 65,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.
Antigua and Barbuda 85,000 68,000 80 66,000 2,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.
American Samoa 57,345 45,933 80.1 1,791 44,142 Source: The World Factbook – American Samoa
Federated States of Micronesia 111,000 64,000 57.66 4,000 60,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
Bermuda 65,000 63,000 96.92 63,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
Dominica 67,000 63,000 94.03 3,000 60,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.
Marshall Islands 59,000 60,000[dubious – discuss] 98.33 60,000 98.33 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
Swaziland 1,141,000 50,000 4.38 50,000 4.38 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
Aruba 104,000 44,000 42.31 9,000 35,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
The Gambia 1,709,000 40,000 2.34 40,000 2.34 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.
Saint Kitts and Nevis 50,000 39,000 78 39,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.
Cayman Islands 47,000 36,000 76.6 36,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.
Seychelles 87,000 33,000 37.93 3,000 30,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
Gibraltar 28,875 28,875 100 28,000 875 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
Tonga 100,000 30,000 30 30,000 30 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
Kiribati 95,000 23,000 24.21 23,000 24.21 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
British Virgin Islands 23,000 20,000 86.96 20,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.
Palau 20,000 18,500 92.5 500 18,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
Andorra 81,222 17,869 22 17,869 22 Source Census: Linguistic knowledge 2004.
Anguilla 13,000 12,000 92.31 12,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
Nauru 12,000 11,600 96.67 900 10,700 English is spoken as the language of government and commerce.
Cook Islands 20,200 4,000 19.8 1,000 3,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
Montserrat 5,900 4,000 67.8 4,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.
TOTAL 5,102,585,737 1,179,874,130 336,358,172 838,676,510
The European Union is a supranational union composed of 28 member states. The combined total English-speaking population (2012) is 256,876,220[41] (out of a total population of 500,000,000,[42] i.e. 51%) including 65,478,252 native speakers and 191,397,968 non-native speakers, and would be ranked 2nd if it were included. English native speakers amount to 13% of the whole Union population, while the percentage of people that speak English "well enough in order to be able to have a conversation", either as first (32%), second (11%) or third (3%) foreign language, was 38%.
When taken from this list and added together, the total number of English speakers in the world adds up to around 1,200,000,000. Likewise, the total number of native English speakers adds up to around 350,000,000. This implies that there are approximately 850,000,000 people who speak English as an additional language.
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
See also[edit]
EF English Proficiency Index
English medium education
English-speaking world
List of countries where English is an official language
World Englishes
Non-English speaking populations:
Arabophone
Francophone
Hispanophone
Iberophone
Indosphere
Lusophone
Russophone
Sinophone
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Statistics on second language speakers are inevitably not precise; partly because there is no widely agreed definition of second language speakers – there is no differentiation between countries where English is the lingua franca and those where it is not.
Jump up ^ "AGE BY LANGUAGE SPOKEN AT HOME BY ABILITY TO SPEAK ENGLISH FOR THE POPULATION 5 YEARS AND OVER: 2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 14 September 2017.
Jump up ^ S, Rukmini. "Sanskrit and English: there's no competition".
Jump up ^ http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/India_at_glance/popu1.aspx
Jump up ^ "Here's how Pakistan ranks among world's English speaking countries". The Express Tribune.
Jump up ^ "English — more than a subject". Dawn.
Jump up ^ "Mapped: The world by English-speaking population". The Telegraph. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
Jump up ^ "The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
Jump up ^ "Which Countries Have the Most English Speakers? - K International". www.k-international.com. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
Jump up ^ Before mistakenly correcting the percentage again, please note that there are fewer people aged 5 years or more in any country than there are people in that country, because some people are toddlers or infants. In other words, no, the numbers will not automatically add up. 63.71% is what the cited source, text above Figure 7 Archived 26 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine., a report from the 2000 census, really says. This multiplied by the 2010 census's total population over 5 produces the number in the chart. The 2010 number comes from Philippines in Figures, 2013, Chapter 5, Demography Archived 26 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine., table 5.1 or 5.6
Jump up ^ From mid-2009 to late 2013 this entry overstated the number of native speakers by roughly 100fold, and inflated the number of total speakers, on the alleged basis of material in "Philippines". Ethnologue. 1999-02-19. Retrieved 2013-10-16. . In fact, Ethnologue as of 24th December 2013 simply repeats the number of native speakers, 20,000, reported in Crystal 2003, on the basis of an old (pre-1995) census, and does not address total speakers at all. This attempt to correct these errors in turn perpetrates both error and original research, by applying the old percentages listed above, 63.71% of people over 5 as total speakers in 2000, and .04% of people as native speakers in 1995, to the 2010 totals from Philippines in Figures, 2013, Chapter 5, Demography Archived 26 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine., tables 5.1 and 5.6. Andrew Gonzalez died in 2006; someone else's attention to the 2010 census figures, which appear not to be online and may not have been printed yet in adequate detail, is needed to produce reliable, more or less current, numbers.
Jump up ^ 2000 Census of population and Housing, Educational Characteristics of the Filipinos "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 3 January 2017. Retrieved 12 May 2016. CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
Jump up ^ "2011 Census: Quick Statistics for England and Wales, March 2011". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 30 January 2013.
Jump up ^ [1][dead link]
Jump up ^ The Benefits of the English Language for Individuals and Societies: Quantitative Indicators from Cameroon, Nigeria, Rwanda, Bangladesh and Pakistan, https://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/sites/teacheng/files/Euromonitor%20Report%20A4.pdf
Jump up ^ "The Benefits of the English Language for Individuals and Societies: Quantitative Indicators from Algeria, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, Tunisia and Yemen" (PDF). Britishcouncil.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 May 2014. Retrieved 2016-04-08.
Jump up ^ Census 2011: Census in brief (PDF). Pretoria: Statistics South Africa. 2012. p. 30. ISBN 9780621413885. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Human Capital in Poland in 2014, figure 15,52
Jump up ^ Demographics Yearbook of Poland: 2014, Table 1, 32,44,190,
Jump up ^ http://www.ef.com/epi/
Jump up ^ Jian Yang (April 2006). "Learners and users of English in China". English Today. 22 (2): 3–10. doi:10.1017/S0266078406002021. . Quote: "What this suggests, it seems, is that Yan’s (2004) ten million may after all be a more informed estimate of the actual regular users of English in China." (page 9)"
Jump up ^ 100million is Back of Envelope Calculation. Learning English in compulsory in China, and 8% of population goes to University, so approximately 100 million are competent in English, and beyond learners
Jump up ^ "EF English Proficiency Index – A comprehensive ranking of countries by English skills". Ef.com. Retrieved 2016-04-08.
Jump up ^ Languages of Israel, Ethnologue.com
Jump up ^ Multilingualism in Israel, Bar-Ilan University – Faculty of Humanities : Language Policy Research Center.
Jump up ^ "ERIC – English Language Teaching Profile: Israel., 1976-Dec". Eric.ed.gov. Retrieved 2016-04-08.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 October 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014. CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 24 August 2007. Retrieved 24 October 2007. CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
Jump up ^ Resident population according to main language Archived 30 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine., Federal Statistical Office, Neuchâtel 2008
Jump up ^ "The most complete list of English schools and courses in Ireland". Travbla.com. Retrieved 2016-04-08.
Jump up ^ "2010 Population & Housing Census" (PDF). Statsghana.gov.gh. Retrieved 2016-04-08.
Jump up ^ Census2011.gov.hk (PDF). pp. 5, 22 & 45–46 https://www.bycensus2016.gov.hk/data/16bc-summary-results.pdf. Retrieved 2016-08-30. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ "Sociedad :: Los idiomas de los argentinos" (in Spanish). Página/12. Retrieved 2013-10-16.
Jump up ^ "¿Qué porcentaje de la población colombiana habla inglés?". Colombiestad.gov.co. 1 May 2006. Archived from the original on 8 May 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
Jump up ^ [2][dead link]
Jump up ^ "Islander Creole English". Ethnologue.
Jump up ^ "Special Reports | Brits Abroad". BBC News. Retrieved 2016-04-08.
Jump up ^ "2011 census of Bulgaria" (PDF). Retrieved 5 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Síntesis de resultados Censo 2012" (PDF) (in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas. Retrieved 2 April 2013. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Edrinnie Kayambizinthu (1998). "The Language Planning Situation in Malawi" (PDF). Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development. 19 (5&6): 369. doi:10.1080/01434639808666363. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 September 2008.
Jump up ^ "European and their languages 2012" (PDF). Eurobarometer. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 January 2016. Retrieved 2 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Population at 1 January". Eurostat. Retrieved 2 January 2013.
References[edit]
WizMantra Online
Teachingenglish.org.uk
Raymond G. Gordon Jr. (ed.), ed. (2005). "English". Ethnologue: Languages of the World (Fifteenth ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International. ISBN 1-55671-159-X. Retrieved 2006-03-17. CS1 maint: Extra text: editors list (link)
Eurobarometer report – Europeans and their languages, February 2006 (pdf). Only includes EU citizens aged 15 and above.
Eurobarometer report – Europeans and their languages, June 2012 (pdf). Only includes EU citizens aged 15 and above.
Crystal, David (2003). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language (Second ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 109. ISBN 0-521-53033-4.
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Annual report
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
An annual report is a comprehensive report on a company's activities throughout the preceding year. Annual reports are intended to give shareholders and other interested people information about the company's activities and financial performance. They may be considered as grey literature. Most jurisdictions require companies to prepare and disclose annual reports, and many require the annual report to be filed at the company's registry. Companies listed on a stock exchange are also required to report at more frequent intervals (depending upon the rules of the stock exchange involved).
Contents
[hide]
1 Contents
1.1 Directors' Role
2 History
3 'Alternative' annual reports
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Contents[edit]
Typical annual reports will include:[1]
General corporate information
Operating and financial review
Director's Report
Corporate governance information
Chairpersons statement
Auditor's report
Contents: non-audited information
Financial statements, including
Balance sheet also known as Statement of Financial Position
Income statement also profit and loss statement.
Statement of changes in equity
Cash flow statement
Notes to the financial statements
Accounting policies
Other features
Other information deemed relevant to stakeholders may be included, such as a report on operations for manufacturing firms or corporate social responsibility reports for companies with environmentally or socially sensitive operations. In the case of larger companies, it is usually a sleek, colorful, high-gloss publication.
The details provided in the report are of use to investors to understand the company's financial position and future direction. The financial statements are usually compiled in compliance with IFRS and/or the domestic GAAP, as well as domestic legislation (e.g. the SOX in the U.S.).
In the United States, a more-detailed version of the report, called a Form 10-K, is submitted to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.[2] A publicly held company may also issue a much more limited version of an annual report, which is known as a "wrap report." A wrap report is a Form 10-K with an annual report cover wrapped around it.[3]
Directors' Role[edit]
The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (June 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Statement of Directors' responsibilities for the shareholders' financial statements
The Directors are responsible for preparing the Annual Report and the financial statements in accordance with applicable Law of the Republic of Ireland, including the accounting standards issued by the Accounting Standards Board and published by The Institute of Chartered Accountants. Irish company law requires the directors to prepare financial statements for each financial period which give a true and fair view of the state of affairs of the company and of the profit or loss of the company for that period.
In preparing these financial statements, the Directors are required to:
select suitable accounting policies and then apply them consistently
make judgements and estimates that are reasonable and prudent
prepare the financial statements on the going concern basis unless it is inappropriate to presume that the Company will continue in business
The directors confirm that they have complied with the above requirements in preparing the financial statements. The directors are responsible for keeping proper books of account that disclose with reasonable accuracy at any time the financial position of the company and to enable them to ensure that the financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting standards generally accepted in Ireland and with Irish statute comprising the Companies Acts 1963 to 2009.
History[edit]
In 1903, U.S. Steel published an annual report whose financial accuracy was certified by Price, WaterHouse & Co. in what is known as the earliest modern corporate annual report.[4]
'Alternative' annual reports[edit]
Certain groups such as The True Cost Of Chevron Network have released 'alternative' annual reports as a way to highlight ongoing environmental destruction and/or human rights abuses committed by a particular company.[5]
See also[edit]
Form 10-K, the basic information required by the US Securities and Exchange Commission
US corporate law
Green annual report
Grey literature
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Annual Report and Accounts - Contents http://tutor2u.net/business/accounts/annual-report-and-accounts-contents.htm
Jump up ^ Dictionary of Finance and Investment Terms by John Downes and Jordon Elliot Goodman Barron 1995 ISBN 0-8120-9035-7 page 23
Jump up ^ "Wrap Report Definition". AccountingTools. Retrieved 2013-08-27.
Jump up ^ Wessel D. (2002). When Standards Are Unacceptable. WSJ.
Jump up ^ The True Cost Of Chevron, An Alternative Annual Report, May 2011 http://truecostofchevron.com/2011-alternative-annual-report.pdf Retrieved 19 July 2017
External links[edit]
How to Efficiently Read an Annual Report
How to Read a 10-K Like Warren Buffet by CNBC
Database of digital Annual and Integrated Reports
Authority control
NDL: 00568088
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Annual_report&oldid=830268658"
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National Insurance
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v
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In the United Kingdom, National Insurance (NI) is a system of taxes paid by workers and employers, used primarily to fund state benefits. It was initially a contributory system of insurance against illness and unemployment, and later also provided retirement pensions and other benefits.[1] It was first introduced by the National Insurance Act 1911 and expanded by the Labour government in 1948, and has been subject to numerous amendments in subsequent years.
The contributions component of the system, "National Insurance Contributions" (NICs), is paid by employees and employers on earnings, and by employers on certain benefits-in-kind provided to employees. The self-employed contribute partly by a fixed weekly or monthly payment, and partly on a percentage of net profits above a certain threshold. Individuals may also make voluntary contributions, in order to fill a gap in their contributions record and thus protect their entitlement to benefits. Contributions from those in employment are collected by HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) through the PAYE system, along with Income Tax, repayments of Student Loans and any Apprenticeship Levy which the employer is liable to pay.
The benefit component comprises a number of contributory benefits of availability and amount determined by the claimant's contribution record and circumstances. Weekly income benefits and some lump-sum benefits to participants upon death, retirement, unemployment, maternity and disability are provided.
Recent developments of the system have meant that National Insurance provides a significant part of the government's revenue (21.5% of the total collected by HMRC[2]). National Insurance has also become more redistributive over time as its structure has changed to remove the fixed upper contribution limits, albeit with a much lower rate payable by employees on income above a certain level. It has been discussed that the link between an individual's contribution record and the remaining contributory benefits will be weakened further.
Contents
[hide]
1 The National Insurance Fund
2 History
3 Contribution classes
3.1 Class 1
3.1.1 Table letters
3.1.2 Class 1A
3.1.3 Class 1B
3.2 Class 2
3.3 Class 3
3.4 Class 3A
3.5 Class 4
4 NIC credits
5 Actuarial reviews
6 National Insurance number
7 National Insurance and PAYE Service
8 Contribution rates – employees
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
The National Insurance Fund[edit]
Main article: National Insurance Fund
The Government Actuary estimates the 2012-13 results for the National Insurance Fund to be as follows:[3]
£ billions (2012/13)
Payments
Income
Basic State Pension (including Christmas bonus) 79.321
Widows'/Bereavement benefits 0.571
Incapacity Benefit 2.591
Unemployment benefit & support 3.463
Maternity allowance & guardians allowance 0.373
Administrative costs & transfers 4.693
Total 91.012 84.263
History[edit]
A 1940 contribution card for an employed woman.
The current system of National Insurance has its roots in the National Insurance Act 1911, which introduced the concept of benefits based on contributions paid by employed persons and their employer.[4] The chosen means of recording the contributions required the employer to buy special stamps from a Post Office and affix them to contribution cards. The cards formed proof of entitlement to benefits and were given to the employee when the employment ended, leading to the loss of a job often being referred to as being given your cards, a phrase which endures to this day although the card itself no longer exists.
Initially there were two schemes running alongside each other, one for health and pension insurance benefits (administered by "approved societies" including friendly societies and some trade unions) and the other for unemployment benefit which was administered directly by Government. The Beveridge Report in 1942 proposed expansion and unification of the welfare state under a scheme of what was called social insurance. In March 1943 Winston Churchill in a broadcast entitled "After the War" committed the government to a system of "national compulsory insurance for all classes for all purposes from the cradle to the grave."[5]
After the Second World War, the Attlee government pressed ahead with the introduction of the Welfare State, of which an expanded National Insurance scheme was a major component. As part of this process, responsibility passed in 1948 to the new Ministry of National Insurance. At that point, a single stamp was introduced which covered all the benefits of the new Welfare State.
Stamp cards for class 1 (employed) contributions persisted until 1975 when these contributions finally ceased to be flat-rate and became earnings related, collected along with Income Tax under the PAYE procedures. Making NI contributions is often described by people as paying their stamp.[6]
As the system developed, the link between individual contributions and benefits was weakened.
The National Insurance Funds are used to pay for certain types of welfare expenditure and National Insurance payments cannot be used directly to fund general government spending. However, any surplus in the funds is invested in government securities, and so is effectively lent to the government at low rates of interest. National Insurance contributions are paid into the various National Insurance Funds after deduction of monies specifically allocated to the National Health Services (NHS). However a small percentage is transferred from the funds to the NHS from certain of the smaller sub-classes. Thus the four NHS organisations are partially funded from NI contributions but not from the NI Fund.[7] Less than half of benefit expenditure (42.1%) now goes on contributory benefits, compared with over 65% in 1978–79 because of the growth of means-tested benefits since the late 1970s.[8]
Contribution classes[edit]
Main article: National insurance contribution
A British 1948 National Insurance stamp, once used to collect contributions to the scheme.
National insurance contributions (NICs) fall into a number of classes. Class 1, 2 and 3 NICs paid are credited to an individual's NI account, which determines eligibility for certain benefits - including the state pension. Class 1A, 1B and 4 NIC do not count towards benefit entitlements but must still be paid if due.
Class 1[edit]
Class 1 contributions are paid by employers and their employees. In law, the employee contribution is referred to as the 'primary' contribution and the employer contribution as the 'secondary', but they are usually referred to simply as employee and employer contributions.
The employee contribution is deducted from gross wages by the employer, with no action required by the employee. The employer then adds in their own contribution and remits the total to HMRC along with income tax.
There are a number of milestone figures which determine the rate of NICs to be paid: Lower Earnings Limit (LEL), Primary Threshold (PT), Secondary Threshold (ST), Upper Accrual Point (UAP) and Upper Earnings Limit (UEL). In this context "earnings" refers to an employee's wage or salary. The cash value of most of these figures normally changes each year, either in line with inflation or by some other amount decided by the Chancellor. With effect from the 2012/13 tax year the PT is normally indexed to inflation using the CPI, while other thresholds remain indexed using the RPI.[9] The exception to this routine uprating is the UAP, which has a fixed value.
On earnings below the LEL, no NICs are paid because no benefits can accrue on earnings below this limit.
On earnings above the LEL, up to and including the PT, employee contributions are not paid but are credited by the government as if they were (enabling certain low-paid workers to qualify for benefits). Additionally, where the employee and/or employer contribute to certain types of occupational pension scheme, there is a negative contribution rate on earnings in this band - this 'rebate' can be offset against contributions in other earnings bands.
On earnings above the LEL, up to and including the ST, employer contributions are not paid. As with the previous band, a 'rebate' may result from contributions to certain occupational pension schemes.
On earnings above the PT (employees) / ST (employers), up to and including the UAP, NICs are collected at a rate which is determined by a number of factors:
The type of occupational pension scheme (if any) to which the employee and/or employer make contributions
Whether the employee has reached the age at which State Pension becomes payable
Whether the employee is a married woman paying reduced-rate contributions. This facility was abolished on 11 May 1977 but women who were already paying these contributions at that time were allowed to opt to continue to do so for as long as they remained married and in employment
Whether the employee is an ocean-going mariner or deep-sea fisherman
On earnings above the UAP, up to and including the UEL, there are again various rates depending on similar factors to those relating to the previous earnings band, with the exception that the type of pension scheme no longer has a bearing.
On earnings above the UEL, yet another set of rates apply, this time depending only on whether the employee has reached the age at which State Pension becomes payable or is an ocean-going mariner or deep-sea fisherman
Unlike income tax the limits for class 1 NICs for ordinary employees are calculated on a periodic basis, usually weekly or monthly depending on how the employee is paid. However those for company directors are always calculated on an annual basis, to ensure that the correct level of NICs are collected regardless of how often the director chooses to be paid.
Table letters[edit]
As indicated above, the rates at which an individual and their employer pay contributions depend on a number of factors. Consequently, there are many possible sets of employer/employee contribution rates to allow for all combinations of the various factors. HMRC allocate a letter of the alphabet, referred to as an 'NI Table Letter', to each of these sets of contribution rates. The complexity of the system is such that 21 of the 26 letters of the alphabet were in use for this purpose until the 2012/13 tax year, when the number reduced to 15 following the abolition of 'contracting out' for defined contribution pension schemes. Each tax year, HMRC publish look-up tables for each table letter to assist with manual calculation of contributions, though these days most of the calculations are done by computer systems and the tables are available only as downloads from the HMRC website. In addition, HMRC provide an online National Insurance Calculator.[10]
Employers are responsible for allocating the correct table letter (sometimes also referred to as an 'NI category') to each employee depending on their particular circumstances. This then defines the rates of employee and employer contribution which apply.
From 6 April 2014, there is an annual allowance of £2,000 known as the employer's allowance which may be deducted from employer's national insurance. This increases to £3,000 from 6 April 2016 but is denied to sole directors of owner-managed companies.
From 6 April 2016, employers do not pay employer's national insurance for apprentices under the age of 25.
Class 1A[edit]
Class 1A contributions were introduced from 6 April 1991, and are paid by employers on the value of company cars and certain other benefits in kind provided to their employees and directors, at a rate (tax year 2012-13) of 13.8% of the value of the benefits in kind (from their P11Ds). Class 1A contributions do not provide any benefit entitlement for individuals.
From April 2018 Class 1A contributions will also be due on termination payments over £30,000. [11]
Class 1B[edit]
Class 1B were introduced on 6 April 1999 and are payable whenever an employer enters into a PAYE Settlement Agreement (PSA) for tax. Class 1B NICs are payable only by employers and payment does not provide any benefit entitlement for individuals. They are paid at the same rate as class 1A contributions.
Class 2[edit]
Class 2 contributions are fixed weekly amounts paid by the self-employed. They are due regardless of trading profits or losses, but those with low earnings can apply for exemption from paying and those on high earnings with liability to either Class 1 or 4 can apply for deferment from paying. While the amount is calculated to a weekly figure, they were typically paid monthly or quarterly until 2015. For future years, class 2 is collected as part of the tax self-assessment process. For the most part, unlike Class 1, they do not form part of a qualifying contribution record for contributions-based Jobseekers Allowance, but do count towards Employment and Support Allowance. The government has announced plans to phase out class 2 before 2020. The contributory element will pass to class 4.
Class 3[edit]
Class 3 contributions are voluntary NICs paid by people wishing to fill a gap in their contributions record which has arisen either by not working or by their earnings being too low. Class 3 contributions only count towards State Pension and Bereavement Benefit entitlement. The main reason for paying Class 3 NICs is to ensure that a person's contribution record is preserved to provide entitlement to these benefits, though care needs to be taken not to pay unnecessarily as it is not necessary to have contributions in every year of a working life in order to qualify.[12]
Class 3A[edit]
Class 3A is a single voluntary contribution that may be made by someone who has reached the state retirement age before 6 April 2016. It allows such a contributor to make a single payment that will increase their state pension for the rest of their life. The rates vary according to age. For a person aged 65, the contribution is £890 to earn an extra £1 a week. This reduces to £127 for someone aged 100. The maximum amount of additional pension that can be bought is £25 a week. The contributions must be bought between 12 October 2015 and 5 April 2017.
Class 4[edit]
Class 4 contributions are paid by self-employed people as a portion of their profits. The amount due is calculated with income tax at the end of the year, based on figures supplied on the SA100 tax return.
Contributions are based around two thresholds, the Lower Profits Limit (LPL) and the Upper Profits Limit (UPL). These have the same cash values as the Primary Threshold and Upper Earnings Limit used in Class 1 calculations.
No class 4 NICs are due on profits up to and including the LPL.
Above the LPL, up to and including the UPL, class 4 NICs are paid at a rate of 9% (tax year 2011-12).
Above the UPL, class 4 NICs are paid at a rate of 2%.[13]
Class 4 contributions do not form part of a qualifying contribution record for any benefits, including the State Pension, as self-employed people qualify for these benefits by paying Class 2 contributions.
NIC credits[edit]
People who are unable to work for some reason may be able to claim NIC credits (technically credited earnings, since 1987[14]). These are equivalent to Class 1 NICs, though are not paid for. They are granted either to maintain a contributions record while not working, or to those applying for benefits whose contribution record is only slightly short of the requirements for those benefits. In the latter case, they are unavailable to fill "gaps" in past years in contribution records for some benefits.
Actuarial reviews[edit]
An actuarial evaluation of the long-term prospects for the National Insurance system is mandated every 5 years, or whenever any changes are proposed to benefits or contributions. Such evaluations are conducted by the Government Actuary's Department and the resulting reports must be presented to the UK Parliament.
National Insurance number[edit]
Main article: National Insurance number
In order to administer the National Insurance system, a National Insurance number is allocated to every child in the United Kingdom shortly before his or her 16th birthday. A number is also given to younger children for whom Child Benefit is paid. People coming from overseas have to apply for a NI number before they can qualify for benefits, though holding a NI number is not a prerequisite for working in the UK.
An NI number is in the format: two letters, six digits, and one further letter or a space.[15] The example used is typically AB123456C. It is usual to pair off the digits - such separators are seen on forms used by government departments (both internal and external, notably the P45 and P60).
National Insurance and PAYE Service[edit]
National Insurance contributions for all UK residents and some non-residents are recorded using the NPS computer system (National Insurance and PAYE Service). This came into use in June and July 2009[16] and brought NIC and Income Tax records together onto a single system for the first time.
The original National Insurance Recording System (NIRS) was a more archaic system first used in 1975 without direct user access to its records. A civil servant working within the Contributions Office (NICO) would have to request paper printouts of an individual's account which could take up to two weeks to arrive. New information to be added to the account would be sent to specialised data entry operatives on paper to be input into NIRS.
NIRS/2, introduced in 1996, was a large and complex computer system which comprised several applications. These included individual applications to access or update an individual National Insurance account, to view employer's National Insurance schemes and a general work management application. There was some controversy regarding the NIRS/2 system from its inception when problems with the new system attracted widespread media coverage. Due to these computer problems Deficiency Notices (telling individuals of a possible shortfall in their contributions), which had been sent out on an annual basis prior to 1996, stopped being issued. The (then) Inland Revenue took several years to clear the backlog.
Contribution rates – employees[edit]
The history of the rates charged is not easy to find, but there is a partial history at UK Tax History. As mentioned above, the employee contribution was a flat rate stamp until 1975.
1975 - 1976 the contribution was at 5.50% up to the upper limit.
1976 - 1978 the contribution was at 5.75% up to the upper limit.
1978 - 1979 the contribution was at 6.50% up to the upper limit.
1979 - 1980 the contribution was at 6.75% up to the upper limit.
1980 - 1981 the contribution was at 7.75% up to the upper limit.
1981 - 1982 the contribution was at 8.75% up to the upper limit.
1982 - 1989 the contribution was at 9.00% up to the upper limit.
1989 - 1994 the contribution was at 2.00% on the lower band of earnings and then at 9.00% up to the upper limit.
1995 - 1999 the contribution was at 2.00% on the lower band of earnings and then at 10.00% up to the upper limit.
1999 - 2003 the contribution was at 0.00% on the lower band of earnings and then at 10.00% up to the upper limit.
2003 - 2011 the contribution was at 0.00% on the lower band of earnings and then at 11.00% up to the upper limit and 1% on earnings over the upper limit.
2011 - the contribution is at 0.00% on the lower band of earnings and then at 12.00% up to the upper limit and 2% on earnings over the upper limit.
The upper limit is currently set at the figure at which the higher rate of Income Tax becomes chargeable for a person on the standard personal allowance for Income Tax in all parts of the UK except Scotland (which can set its own level for the tax threshold, but not for the NI upper limit). In the early 2000s the lower threshold for employee contributions was aligned with the standard personal allowance for Income Tax but has since diverged significantly, as illustrated in the following table.
Year
NI Employee Threshold
Income Tax Allowance
Charge to NI only
2007-8 £5,205 £5,225 £20
2008-9 £5,465 £6,435 £970
2009-10 £5,725 £6,475 £750
2010-11 £5,725 £6,475 £750
2011-12 £7,235 £7,475 £240
2012-13 £7,599 £8,105 £505
2013-14 £7,755 £9,440 £1,685
2014-15 £7,956 £10,000 £2,036
2015-16 £8,060 £10,600 £2,540
2016-17 £8,060 £11,000 £2,940
2017-18 £8,164 £11,500 £3,336
For 2015-16 there was therefore up to £304.80 payable by someone who has not reached the point where they are liable for Income Tax. This rose to £ 352.80 for 2016-17 and to £ 400.32 for 2017-18
The limits and rates for the following tax year are normally announced at the same time as the Autumn Statement made by the Chancellor of the Exchequer. Current rates are shown on the hmrc.gov.uk website.
There is a further complexity in as much as the calculation for employees has to be made on each pay period (for non directors of a company) - so a weekly paid employee will face a charge in any week where earnings exceed one fifty-second of the annual limit. It is therefore possible for a charge to Employees NI to arise on someone who earns below the limit on an annual basis but who has occasional payments above the weekly limit.
A further complication is that you have an allowance per employer, unlike Income Tax where the allowance is split between employers via the person's tax code.
See also[edit]
H.M. Stationery Office Collection A collection of British national insurance stamps in the British Library Philatelic Collections
National Insurance Fund
Beveridge Report
Social security
References[edit]
Jump up ^ The Committee Office, House of Commons. "www.parliament.uk: Select Committee on Social Security Fifth Report, the Contributory Principle: The relationship between tax and National Insurance". Publications.parliament.uk. Retrieved 21 May 2010.
Jump up ^ "HM Revenue and Customs receipts" (PDF). hmrc.gov.uk. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 November 2011. Retrieved 11 November 2011.
Jump up ^ Report by the Government Actuary on the draft Social Security Benefits Up-rating Order 2013 and the draft Social Security (Contributions) (Re-rating) Order 2013. Government Actuary's Department, 2013. Retrieved 29 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Ministry of Labour and Ministry of National Insurance: National Insurance Stamps, correspondence". nationalarchives.gov.uk. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
Jump up ^ Kynaston, David (2007). A World to Build. London: Bloomsbury. p. 24. ISBN 9780747585404.
Jump up ^ Department of the Official Report (Hansard), House of Commons, Westminster. "www.parliament.uk: report on debate which refers to the phrase "paying the stamp"". Publications.parliament.uk. Retrieved 21 May 2010. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ "Social Security Administration Act 1992". Opsi.gov.uk. 6 April 1990. Retrieved 21 May 2010.
Jump up ^ Seeley, Anthony (10 June 2014). "National Insurance contributions : an introduction" Check |url= value (help). House of Commons Library. Retrieved 14 June 2014.
Jump up ^ HM Treasury. "2011 Budget Report (para 1.128)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 August 2011. Retrieved 26 March 2011.
Jump up ^ http://nicecalculator.hmrc.gov.uk HMRC NI calculator
Jump up ^ https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/income-tax-and-national-insurance-contributions-treatment-of-termination-payments/income-tax-and-national-insurance-contributions-treatment-of-termination-payments
Jump up ^ "HM Revenue & Customs: Do you need to top up your National Insurance contributions?".
Jump up ^ HM Revenue & Customs. "HM Revenue & Customs: National Insurance Contributions". HM Revenue & Customs. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "Non-benefit credits: Overview: What are National Insurance credits".
Jump up ^ "National Insurance Number". Cabinetoffice.gov.uk. Retrieved 21 May 2010.
Jump up ^ http://www.hmrc.gov.uk/comp/notes12-1.pdf
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to National Insurance.
Citizens Advice Bureau: National Insurance Contributions and Benefits
Introduction to National Insurance, from UK government website Directgov
HMRC Up to date national insurance rates tables
National Insurance contribution rates from 1975-76, from the Institute for Fiscal Studies
..
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