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Dating the Bible
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This article is about the composition of the text of the Bible. For the events described in the Hebrew Bible, see Chronology of the Bible. For the events in the Gospels, see Chronology of Jesus.
The four tables give the most commonly accepted dates or ranges of dates for the Old Testament/Hebrew Bible, the Deuterocanonical books (included in Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox bibles, but not in the Hebrew and Protestant bibles) and the New Testament, including, where possible, hypotheses about their formation-history.
Table I is a chronological overview. Table II treats the Old Testament/Hebrew Bible books, grouped according to the divisions of the Hebrew Bible with occasional reference to scholarly divisions. Table III gives the Deuterocanonical books. Table IV gives the books of the New Testament, including the earliest preserved fragments for each. The tables are in chronological order in reference to how they read in the Bible.
Contents
1 Table I: Chronological overview
2 Table II: Hebrew Bible/Protestant Old Testament
3 Table III: Deuterocanonical Old Testament
4 Table IV: New Testament
5 See also
6 References
6.1 Citations
6.2 Bibliography
Table I: Chronological overview[edit]
This table summarises the chronology of the main tables and serves as a guide to the historical periods mentioned. Much of the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament may have been assembled in the 5th century BCE.[1] The New Testament books were composed largely in the second half of the 1st century CE.[2] The Deuterocanonical books fall largely in between.
Period
Books
Monarchic
8th–7th centuries BCE
c. 745–586 BCE
Late 8th-early 7th: Amos (initial composition of earliest layer);[3] "First Isaiah" (Isaiah 1–39),[4] Hosea,[5] Micah (second half).[6]
7th: Nahum (based on its assumption of the fall of Thebes and call for the destruction of Nineveh),[7] Zephaniah (in the reign of Josiah, c. 649–609 BCE),[8] Habakkuk (possibly shortly before the battle of Carchemish, 605 BCE);[9] first edition of the Deuteronomistic history (books of Joshua/Judges/Samuel/Kings) in the reign of Josiah;[10] Deuteronomy 5–26 in the reign of Josiah.[11]
Exilic
6th century BCE
586–539 BCE
Core of Obadiah around the fall of Jerusalem, 586 BCE.[12]
Completion of Deuteronomistic history (Joshua/Judges/Samuel/Kings).[13]
Deuteronomy expanded with addition of chapters 1–4 and 29–30 to serve as an introduction to the Deuteronomistic history.[11]
Jeremiah active in the last decade of the 7th century and first decades of the 6th;[14]
Ezekiel active in Babylon 592–571 BCE;[15]
"Second Isaiah" (author of Isaiah 40–55) active in Babylon around mid-century.[16]
Expansion and reshaping of Hosea, Amos, Micah and Zephaniah.[17]
Possible early Psalms collection (psalms "of David") ending with psalm 89.[17]
Post-exilic
Persian
5th–4th centuries BCE
538–330 BCE
Torah (books of Genesis/Exodus/Leviticus/Numbers), with 250 BCE as terminus ad quem (last possible date) for the production of the final text on the basis of the extant manuscript evidence.[18][19]
Deuteronomy revised with expansions to chapters 19–25 and addition of chapter 27 and 31–34 to serve as conclusion to the Torah.[11]
"Third Isaiah" (Isaiah 56–66)[16]
Later version (the Masoretic Hebrew version) of Jeremiah[20]
Haggai (self-dated to the second year of the Persian king Darius 520 BCE),[21]
Zechariah (chapters 1–8 contemporary with Haggai, chapters 9–14 from the 5th century)[22]
Malachi (5th century BCE, contemporaneous or immediately prior to the missions of Nehemiah and Ezra)[23]
Chronicles (between 400–250 BC, probably in the period 350–300 BCE)[24]
Origins of Ezra-Nehemiah (may have reached its final form as late as the Ptolemaic period, c. 300–200 BCE).[25]
Post-exilic
Hellenistic
3rd–2nd centuries BCE
330–164 BCE
Job, Ecclesiastes and the Song of Songs (Could have been written in the 4th or even 5th centuries, but seem to reflect contact with Greek culture).[26]
Book of Jonah (Persian or Hellenistic, no later than 2nd century BCE).[27]
Most of the individual psalms making up the final third of the Book of Psalms.[28]
Maccabean/Hasmonean
2nd–1st centuries BCE
164–4 BCE
Daniel (164 BCE, combining newly-written visions, chapters 7–12, with the Persian and Hellenistic tales of chapters 1–6).[29]
1 Maccabees/2 Maccabees/3 Maccabees/possibly 4 Maccabees; Tobit, Judith, Additions to Daniel and Additions to Esther
Wisdom of Solomon late 1st century BCE or early to mid 1st century CE.[26]
Roman
1st century CE onward
after 4 BCE
4 Maccabees (after 63 BCE, probably mid-1st century CE).[30]
Wisdom of Solomon (late 1st century BCE or early to mid 1st century CE).[26]
New Testament (between c. 50–110 CE – see Table IV).
Table II: Hebrew Bible/Protestant Old Testament[edit]
Torah
Date or range of dates most widely held by scholars
Book of Genesis
Book of Exodus
Book of Leviticus
Book of Numbers
Book of Deuteronomy The majority of modern biblical scholars believe that the Torah – the books of Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy – reached its present form in the post-Exilic period.[19]
The five books are drawn from four "sources" (distinct schools of writers rather than individuals): the Priestly source, the Yahwist and the Elohist (these two are often referred to collectively as the "non-Priestly" source), and the Deuteronomist.[31] There is general agreement that the Priestly source is post-exilic, but there is no agreement over the non-Priestly source(s).[31]
Genesis is a post-exilic work combining "Priestly" and "non-Priestly" material.[32]
Exodus is an anthology drawn from nearly all periods of Israel's history.[33]
Leviticus is entirely Priestly and dates from the exilic/post-exilic period.[34]
Numbers is a Priestly redaction (i.e., editing) of a Yahwistic/non-Priestly original.[35]
Deuteronomy, now the last book of the Torah, began as the set of religious laws (these make up the bulk of the book), was extended in the early part of the 6th century to serve as the introduction to the Deuteronomistic history, and later still was detached from that history, extended yet again, and edited to conclude the Torah.[36]
Prophets
Date or range of dates most widely held by scholars
Former Prophets:
Book of Joshua
Book of Judges
Books of Samuel
Books of Kings
This group of books, plus Deuteronomy, is called the "Deuteronomistic history" by scholars. The proposal that they made up a unified work was first advanced by Martin Noth in 1943, and has been widely accepted. Noth proposed that the entire history was the creation of a single individual working in the exilic period (6th century BCE); since then there has been wide recognition that the history appeared in two "editions", the first in the reign of Judah's King Josiah (late 7th century), the second during the exile (6th century).[10] Noth's dating was based on the assumption that the history was completed very soon after its last recorded event, the release of King Jehoiachin in Babylon c. 560 BCE; but some scholars have termed his reasoning inadequate, and the history may have been further extended in the post-exilic period.[37]
Three Major Prophets:
Book of Isaiah
Book of Jeremiah
Book of Ezekiel
Scholars recognise three "sections" in the Book of Isaiah: Proto-Isaiah (the original 8th century Isaiah); Deutero-Isaiah (an anonymous prophet living in Babylon during the exile); and Trito-Isaiah (an anonymous author or authors in Jerusalem immediately after the exile).[38]
The Book of Jeremiah exists in two versions, Greek (the version used in Orthodox Christian Bibles) and Hebrew (Jewish, Catholic and Protestant Bibles), with the Greek representing the earlier version.[39] The Greek version was probably finalised in the early Persian period and translated into Greek in the 3rd century BCE, and the Hebrew version dates from some point between then and the 2nd century BCE.[40]
The Book of Ezekiel describes itself as the words of the Ezekiel ben-Buzi, a priest living in exile in the city of Babylon, and internal evidence dates the visions to between 593 and 571 BCE. While the book probably reflects much of the historic Ezekiel, it is the product of a long and complex history, with significant additions by a "school" of later followers.[41][42]
Twelve Minor Prophets In the Hebrew Bible the Twelve Minor Prophets are a single collection edited in the Second Temple period, but the collection is broken up in Christian Bibles.[43] With the exception of Jonah, which is a fictional work, there exists an original core of prophetic tradition behind each book:[44][45]
Book of Hosea: second half of the 8th century BCE[5]
Book of Joel: late Persian or Hellenistic[46]
Book of Amos: first half of the 8th century[47]
Book of Obadiah: around the time of the fall of Jerusalem, 586 BCE[12]
Book of Jonah: Persian or Hellenistic, no later than 2nd century BCE[27]
Book of Micah: c. 750–700 BCE[48]
Book of Nahum: an "oracle concerning Nineveh", the Assyrian city destroyed in 612 BCE[49]
Book of Habakkuk: possibly shortly before the battle of Carchemish, 605 BCE[9]
Book of Zephaniah: reign of Josiah[8]
Book of Haggai: self-dated to the second year of the Persian king Darius (Darius the Great), 520 BCE[21]
Book of Zechariah: first eight chapters contemporary with Haggai; chapters 9–14 from the 5th century[22]
Book of Malachi: 5th century BCE, contemporaneous or immediately prior to the missions of Nehemiah and Ezra (which, however, are themselves difficult to date)[23]
Writings
Date or range of dates most widely held by scholars
Wisdom collection:
Job, Ecclesiastes and Proverbs The books of Job, Ecclesiastes and Proverbs share a similar outlook which they themselves call "wisdom".[50] It is generally agreed that Job comes from between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE.[51] Ecclesiastes can be no earlier than about 450 BCE, due to the presence of Persian loan-words and Aramaic idioms, and no later than 180 BCE, when the Jewish writer Ben Sira quotes from it.[52][53] Proverbs is a "collection of collections" relating to a pattern of life which lasted for more than a millennium, and impossible to date.[54]
Poetic works: Psalms and Lamentations The psalms making up the first two-thirds of the psalter are predominantly pre-exilic and the last third predominantly post-exilic.[28] The collected book of Psalms was possibly given its modern shape and division into five parts in the post-exilic period, although it continued to be revised and expanded well into Hellenistic and even Roman times.[55] It is generally accepted that the destruction of Jerusalem by Babylon in 586 BCE forms the background to the Book of Lamentations.[56]
Histories: Chronicles and Ezra-Nehemiah Chronicles was composed between 400–250 BCE, probably in the period 350–300 BCE;[24] Ezra-Nehemiah (two books in modern Bibles, but originally one) may have reached its final form as late as the Ptolemaic period, c. 300–200 BCE.[25]
Miscellaneous works: Book of Ruth, Book of Esther, Book of Daniel, Song of Songs The Book of Ruth is commonly dated to the Persian period;[57] Esther to the 3rd or 4th centuries BCE; the Book of Daniel can be dated more precisely to 164 BCE thanks to its veiled prophecy of the death of a Greek king of Syria;[58] and the Song of Songs could have been composed at any time after the 6th century BCE.[59]
Table III: Deuterocanonical Old Testament[edit]
Book
Date or range of dates most widely held by scholars
Tobit 225–175 BCE, on the basis of apparent use of language and references common to the post-exilic period, but lack of knowledge of the 2nd century BCE persecution of Jews.[60]
Judith 150–100 BCE, although estimates range from the 5th century BCE to the 2nd century CE.[61]
1 Maccabees 100 BCE[62]
2 Maccabees c. 100 BCE[62]
3 Maccabees 100–75 BCE "very probable"[63]
4 Maccabees mid-1st century CE[30]
Wisdom of Solomon late 1st century BCE/early 1st century CE, on the basis of shared outlook with other works dating from this time.[64]
Sirach 196–175 BCE, as the author implies that Simon the high priest had died (196 BCE), but shows no knowledge of the persecution of the Jews that began after 175 BCE.[65]
Additions to Daniel Prayer of Azariah (Song of the Three Holy Children); Bel and the Dragon: late 6th century;[66] Susanna and the Elders: possibly 95–80 BCE[67]
Baruch and Letter of Jeremiah 2nd century BCE, as Baruch uses Sirach (written c. 180 BCE) and is in turn used by the Psalms of Solomon (mid-1st century BCE). The Letter of Jeremiah, ch. 6:1–73 of the Book of Baruch, is sometimes considered a separate book.[68]
Table IV: New Testament[edit]
Book
Date or range of dates most widely held by scholars
Earliest known fragment
Gospel of Matthew 80–90 CE.[69] This is based on three strands of evidence: (a) the setting of Matthew reflects the final separation of Church and Synagogue, about 85 CE; (b) it reflects the capture of Jerusalem and destruction of the Temple by the Romans in 70 CE; (c) it uses Mark, usually dated around 70 CE, as a source.[70] P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 104 (150–200 CE)
Gospel of Mark 65–73 CE.[71][72] References to persecution and to war in Judea suggest that its context was either Nero's persecution of the Christians in Rome or the Jewish revolt.[73] P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 45 (250 CE)
Gospel of Luke 80–90 CE.[74][75] Text indicates written a generation after that of the first disciples, uses Gospel of Mark, and appears to address concerns raised by the destruction of the Temple in 70 CE.[76] P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 4, P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 75 (175–250 CE)
Gospel of John 90–110 CE, the upper date based on textual evidence that the gospel was known in the early 2nd century, and the lower on an internal reference to the expulsion of Christians from the synagogues.[77] P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 52 (125–160 CE)
Acts 80-90 CE, on the grounds that Luke-Acts uses Mark as a source, looks back on the destruction of Jerusalem, and does not show any awareness of the letters of Paul (which began circulating late in the century); if, however, it does show awareness of the letters of Paul and also of the works of Josephus, then a date early in the 2nd century is more likely.[78][79][80] P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 29, P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 45, P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 48, P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 53, P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 91 (250 CE)
Romans 57-58 CE.[81] One of the indisputably genuine Pauline letters, written to the Romans as Paul was about to leave Asia Minor and Greece, and expressing his hopes to continue his work in Spain.[71] P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 46 (late 2nd century or 3rd century CE)
1 Corinthians 53-57 CE.[82] One of the indisputably genuine Pauline letters. Paul expresses his intention to re-visit the church he founded in the city c. 50–52 CE.[71] P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 46 (late 2nd century or 3rd century CE)
2 Corinthians 55-58 CE.[83] One of the indisputably genuine Pauline letters. Written by Paul in Macedonia after having left Ephesus.[84] P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 46 (late 2nd century or 3rd century CE)
Galatians c. 48 or 55 CE.[85] One of the indisputably genuine Pauline letters. The dating of this letter depends on whether it was written to the northern or southern portion of Galatia (with the former representing the later date). [86] P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 46 (late 2nd century or 3rd century CE)
Ephesians c. 80–90 CE. The letter appears to have been written after Paul's death in Rome, by an author who uses his name.[71] P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 46 (late 2nd century or 3rd century CE)
Philippians c. 54–55 CE. A genuine Pauline letter, it mentions "Caesar's household," leading some scholars to believe that it is written from Rome, but some of the news in it could not have come from Rome. It seems rather to date from an earlier imprisonment, perhaps in Ephesus, from which Paul hopes to be released.[71] P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 46 (late 2nd century or 3rd century CE)
Colossians c. 62–70 CE. Some scholars believe Colossians dates from Paul's imprisonment in Ephesus around 55 CE, but differences in the theology suggest that it comes from much later in his career, around the time of his imprisonment in Rome.[71] P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 46 (late 2nd century or 3rd century CE)
1 Thessalonians c. 51 CE. One of the earliest of the genuine Pauline epistles.[71] P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 46 (late 2nd century or 3rd century CE)
2 Thessalonians c. 51 CE or post-70 CE. If this is a genuine Pauline epistle it follows closely on 1 Thessalonians. But some of the language and theology point to a much later date, from an unknown author using Paul's name.[71] P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 92 (300 CE)
1 Timothy, 2 Timothy, Epistle to Titus c. 100 CE. The two Timothy epistles and Titus reflect a much more developed Church organisation than that reflected in the genuine Pauline epistles.[71] Codex Sinaiticus (350 CE) P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 32 (200 CE)
Philemon c. 54–55 CE. A genuine Pauline epistle, written from an imprisonment (probably in Ephesus) that Paul expects will soon be over.[71] P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 87 (3rd century CE)
Hebrews c. 80–90 CE. The elegance of the Greek and the sophistication of the theology do not fit the genuine Pauline epistles, but the mention of Timothy in the conclusion led to its being included with the Pauline group from an early date.[71] P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 46 (late 2nd century or 3rd century CE)
James c. 65–85 CE. Like Hebrews, James is not so much a letter as an exhortation; the style of the Greek makes it unlikely that it was actually written by James the brother of Jesus.[71] P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 20, P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 23 (early 3rd century CE)
First Peter c. 75–90 CE[71] P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 72 (3rd/4th century CE)
Second Peter c. 110 CE. This is apparently the latest writing in the New Testament, quoting from Jude, assuming a knowledge of the Pauline letters, and including a reference to the gospel story of the Transfiguration of Christ.[71] P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 72 (3rd/4th century CE)
Epistles of John 90–110 CE.[87] The letters give no clear indication, but scholars tend to place them about a decade after the Gospel of John.[87] P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 9, Uncial 0232, Codex Sinaiticus (3rd/4th century CE)
Jude Uncertain. The references to "brother of James" and to "what the apostles of our Lord Jesus Christ foretold" suggest that it was written after the apostolic letters were in circulation, but before 2 Peter, which uses it.[71] P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 72 (3rd/4th century CE)
Revelation c. 95 CE. The date is suggested by clues in the visions pointing to the reign of the emperor Domitian.[71] P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 98 (150–200 CE)
See also[edit]
Authorship of the Bible
Biblical manuscripts
Categories of New Testament manuscripts
Development of the Hebrew Bible canon
Historical criticism
Historicity of the Bible
Marcan priority
Nag Hammadi library
Synoptic problem
References[edit]
Citations[edit]
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Dell, Katherine J. (2003). "Job". In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William. Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802837110.
Dell, Katherine J (1996). "Reinventing the Wheel: the Shaping of the Book of Jonah". In Barton, John; Reimer, David James. After the exile: essays in honour of Rex Mason. Mercer University Press. ISBN 9780865545243.
deSilva, David A. (2003). "4 Maccabees". In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William. Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802837110.
Dozeman, Thomas (2000). "Exodus, Book of". In Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 9789053565032.
Duling, Dennis C. (2010). "The Gospel of Matthew". In Aune, David E. The Blackwell Companion to the New Testament. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-0825-6.
Emmerson, Grace I. (2003). "Hosea". In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William. Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802837110.
Enns, Peter (2012). The Evolution of Adam. Baker Books. ISBN 9781587433153.
Evans, Craig A. (2008-10-01). "Introduction". In Evans, Craig A.; Tov, Emanuel. Exploring the Origins of the Bible: Canon Formation in Historical, Literary, and Theological Perspective. Acadia Studies in Bible and Theology. Baker Academic (published 2008). ISBN 9781585588145.
Fitzmyer, Joseph A. (2003). Tobit. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110175745.
Floyd, Michael H (2000). Minor prophets. 2. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802844521.
France, R.T (2007). The Gospel of Matthew. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802825018.
Gelston, Anthony (2003). "Habakkuk". In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William. Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802837110.
Gelston, Anthony (2003). "Obadiah". In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William. Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802837110.
Gelston, Anthony (2003). "Zephaniah". In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William. Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802837110.
Goldingay, John A. (2003). "Ezekiel". In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William. Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802837110.
Greifenhagen, Franz V. (2003). Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Bloomsbury. ISBN 9780567391360.
Harlow, Daniel C. (2003). "Additions to Daniel". In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William. Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802837110.
Haymen, A. Peter (2003). "Wisdom of Solomon". In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William. Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802837110.
Houston, Walter J (2003). "Leviticus". In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William. Eerdmans Bible Commentary. Eerdmans.
Joyce, Paul M. (2009). Ezekiel: A Commentary. Continuum. ISBN 9780567483614.
Keener, Craig S. (2012). Acts: An Exegetical Commentary. Volume I: Introduction And 1:1-2:47. Baker Academic.
Kselman, John S. (2007). "Psalms". In Coogan, Michael David; Brettler, Marc Zvi; Newsom, Carol Ann. The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books. Oxford University Press.
Kim, P.J (2003). "Letters of John". In Aune, David. Westminster Dictionary of the New Testament and Early Christian Literature. Westminster John Knox Press.
Lincoln, Andrew (2005). Gospel According to St John. Bloomsbury Publishing.
McDermott, John J (2002). Reading the Pentateuch: a historical introduction. Pauline Press. ISBN 9780809140824.
Miller, Patrick D. (1990). Deuteronomy. John Knox Press.
McKenzie, Steven L. (2004). Abingdon Old Testament Commentaries: I & II Chronicles. Abingdon Press.
Nelson, Richard D. (2014). Historical Roots of the Old Testament (1200–63 BCE). SBL Press.
O'Brien, Julia M. (2002). Nahum. A&C Black.
Perkins, Pheme (2012). Reading the New Testament: An Introduction. Paulist Press.
Perkins, Pheme (1998). "The Synoptic Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles: Telling the Christian Story". In Barton, John. The Cambridge companion to biblical interpretation. Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 241–58. ISBN 978-0-521-48593-7.
Person, Raymond F. (2010). The Deuteronomic History and the Book of Chronicles. Society of Biblical Literature.
Powell, Mark Allan (2018). Introducing the New Testament: A Historical, Literary and Theological Survey (2nd ed.). Baker Academic.
Radine, Jason (2010). The Book of Amos in Emergent Judah. Mohr Siebeck.
Redditt, Paul L (2003). "The Formation of the Book of the Twelve". In Redditt, Paul L; Schart, Aaron. Thematic threads in the Book of the Twelve.
Rogerson, John W. (2003a). "Micah". In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William. Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans.
Rogerson, John W. (2003b). "Deuteronomy". In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William. Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans.
Rogerson, John W. (2003c). "The History of the Tradition: Old Testament and Apocrypha". In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William. Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans.
Rogerson, John W. (2003d). "Nahum". In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William. Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans.
Satlow, Michael L. (2014). How the Bible Became Holy. Yale University Press.
Schmitt, John J. (2003). "Baruch". In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William. Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans.
Schniedewind, William M. (2005). How the Bible Became a Book. Cambridge University Press.
Ska, Jean-Louis (2006). Introduction to reading the Pentateuch. Eisenbrauns.
Snaith, John (2003). "Sirach". In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William. Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans.
Spencer, Richard A. (2002). "Additions to Daniel". In Mills, Watson E.; Wilson, Richard F. Mercer Commentary on the Bible: The Deuterocanonicals/Apocrypha. Mercer University Press.
Stromberg, Jake (2011). An Introduction to the Study of Isaiah. Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 9780567363305.
Sweeney, Marvin A. (2010). The Prophetic Literature. Abingdon Press. ISBN 9781426730030.
Sweeney, Marvin A. (1998). "The Latter Prophets". In McKenzie, Steven L.; Graham, Matt Patrick. The Hebrew Bible Today: An Introduction to Critical Issues. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9780664256524.
Van Seters, John (2004). The Pentateuch: a social-science commentary. T&T Clark International. ISBN 9780567080882.
Vogt, Peter T. (2009). Interpreting the Pentateuch: An Exegetical Handbook. Kregel Academic. ISBN 9780825427626.
West, Gerald (2003). "Judith". In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William. Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802837110.
Wright, J. Edward (1999). The Early History of Heaven. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198029816.
Zvi, Ehud Ben (2004). "Introduction to The Twelve Minor Prophets". In Berlin, Adele; Brettler, Mark Zvi. The Jewish Study Bible. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19529751-5.
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Geiger counter
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Geiger–Müller counter
A "two-piece" bench type Geiger–Müller counter with end-window detector
Other names
Geiger counter
Uses
Particle detector
Inventor
Hans Geiger
Walther Müller
Related items
Geiger–Müller tube
A Geiger counter is an instrument used for detecting and measuring ionizing radiation. Also known as a Geiger-Mueller counter (or Geiger-Müller counter), it is widely used in applications such as radiation dosimetry, radiological protection, experimental physics, and the nuclear industry.
It detects ionizing radiation such as alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma rays using the ionization effect produced in a Geiger–Müller tube, which gives its name to the instrument.[1] In wide and prominent use as a hand-held radiation survey instrument, it is perhaps one of the world's best-known radiation detection instruments.
The original detection principle was realized in 1908, at the Cavendish laboratory, but it was not until the development of the Geiger-Müller tube in 1928 that the Geiger counter could be produced as a practical instrument. Since then, it has been very popular due to its robust sensing element and relatively low cost. However, there are limitations in measuring high radiation rates and the energy of incident radiation.[2]
Contents
1 Principle of operation
1.1 Readout
1.2 Limitations
2 Types and applications
2.1 Particle detection
2.2 Gamma and X-ray detection
2.3 Neutron detection
2.4 Gamma measurement—personnel protection and process control
2.5 Physical design
2.6 Guidance on application use
3 History
4 Gallery
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Principle of operation[edit]
Schematic of a Geiger counter using an "end window" tube for low penetration radiation. A loudspeaker is also used for indication
Main article: Geiger–Müller tube
A Geiger counter consists of a Geiger-Müller tube (the sensing element which detects the radiation) and the processing electronics, which displays the result.
The Geiger-Müller tube is filled with an inert gas such as helium, neon, or argon at low pressure, to which a high voltage is applied. The tube briefly conducts electrical charge when a particle or photon of incident radiation makes the gas conductive by ionization. The ionization is considerably amplified within the tube by the Townsend discharge effect to produce an easily measured detection pulse, which is fed to the processing and display electronics. This large pulse from the tube makes the Geiger counter relatively cheap to manufacture, as the subsequent electronics are greatly simplified.[2] The electronics also generate the high voltage, typically 400–900 volts, that has to be applied to the Geiger-Müller tube to enable its operation. To stop the discharge in the Geiger-Müller tube a little halogen gas or organic material (alcohol) is added to the gas mixture.
Readout[edit]
There are two types of detected radiation readout: counts or radiation dose. The counts display is the simplest and is the number of ionizing events detected displayed either as a count rate, such as "counts per minute" or "counts per second", or as a total number of counts over a set time period (an integrated total). The counts readout is normally used when alpha or beta particles are being detected. More complex to achieve is a display of radiation dose rate, displayed in a unit such as the sievert which is normally used for measuring gamma or X-ray dose rates. A Geiger-Müller tube can detect the presence of radiation, but not its energy, which influences the radiation's ionizing effect. Consequently, instruments measuring dose rate require the use of an energy compensated Geiger-Müller tube, so that the dose displayed relates to the counts detected.[2] The electronics will apply known factors to make this conversion, which is specific to each instrument and is determined by design and calibration.
The readout can be analog or digital, and modern instruments are offering serial communications with a host computer or network.
There is usually an option to produce audible clicks representing the number of ionization events detected. This is the distinctive sound normally associated with hand held or portable Geiger counters. The purpose of this is to allow the user to concentrate on manipulation of the instrument whilst retaining auditory feedback on the radiation rate.
Limitations[edit]
There are two main limitations of the Geiger counter. Because the output pulse from a Geiger-Müller tube is always of the same magnitude (regardless of the energy of the incident radiation), the tube cannot differentiate between radiation types.[2] Secondly, the inability to measure high radiation rates due to the "dead time" of the tube. This is an insensitive period after each ionization of the gas during which any further incident radiation will not result in a count, and the indicated rate is, therefore, lower than actual. Typically the dead time will reduce indicated count rates above about 104 to 105 counts per second depending on the characteristic of the tube being used.[2] While some counters have circuitry which can compensate for this, for accurate measurements ion chamber instruments are preferred for high radiation rates.
Types and applications[edit]
Geiger counter with pancake type probe
Laboratory use of a Geiger counter with end-window probe to measure beta radiation
The intended detection application of a Geiger counter dictates the tube design used. Consequently, there are a great many designs, but they can be generally categorized as "end-window", windowless "thin-walled", "thick-walled", and sometimes hybrids of these types.
Particle detection[edit]
The first historical uses of the Geiger principle were for the detection of alpha and beta particles, and the instrument is still used for this purpose today. For alpha particles and low energy beta particles, the "end-window" type of a Geiger-Müller tube has to be used as these particles have a limited range and are easily stopped by a solid material. Therefore, the tube requires a window which is thin enough to allow as many as possible of these particles through to the fill gas. The window is usually made of mica with a density of about 1.5 - 2.0 mg/cm2.[1]
Alpha particles have the shortest range, and to detect these the window should ideally be within 10 mm of the radiation source due to alpha particle attenuation.[1] However, the Geiger-Müller tube produces a pulse output which is the same magnitude for all detected radiation, so a Geiger counter with an end window tube cannot distinguish between alpha and beta particles.[2] A skilled operator can use varying distance from a radiation source to differentiate between alpha and high energy beta particles.
The "pancake" Geiger-Muller tube is a variant of the end-window probe, but designed with a larger detection area to make checking quicker. However, the pressure of the atmosphere against the low pressure of the fill gas limits the window size due to the limited strength of the window membrane.
Some beta particles can also be detected by a thin-walled "windowless" Geiger-Müller tube, which has no end-window, but allows high energy beta particles to pass through the tube walls. Although the tube walls have a greater stopping power than a thin end-window, they still allow these more energetic particles to reach the fill gas.[1]
End-window Geiger counters are still used as a general purpose, portable, radioactive contamination measurement and detection instrument, owing to their relatively low cost, robustness and their relatively high detection efficiency; particularly with high energy beta particles.[2][3] However, for discrimination between alpha and beta particles or provision of particle energy information, scintillation counters or proportional counters should be used.[4] Those instrument types are manufactured with much larger detector areas, which means that checking for surface contamination is quicker than with a Geiger counter.
Gamma and X-ray detection[edit]
Geiger counters are widely used to detect gamma radiation, and for this the windowless tube is used. However, efficiency is generally low due to the poor interaction of gamma rays compared with alpha and beta particles. For instance, a chrome steel G-M tube is only about 1% efficient over a wide range of energies.[1] Better suited to detect gamma rays is the scintillation detector which has a much greater sensitivity to gamma rays than a geiger detector.
The article on the Geiger-Muller tube carries a more detailed account of the techniques used to detect photon radiation. For high energy gamma it largely relies on interaction of the photon radiation with the tube wall material, usually 1–2 mm of chrome steel on a "thick-walled" tube, to produce electrons within the wall which can enter and ionize the fill gas.[2] This is necessary as the low-pressure gas in the tube has little interaction with high energy gamma photons. However, for low energy photons there is greater gas interaction and the direct gas ionisation effect increases. With decreasing energy the wall effect gives way to a combination of wall effect and direct ionisation, until direct gas ionisation dominates. Due to the variance in response to different photon energies, windowless tubes employ what is known as "energy compensation" which attempts to compensate for these variations over a large energy range.[1]
Low energy photon radiation such as low energy X rays or gamma rays interacts better with the fill gas. Consequently, a typical design for low energy photon detection for these is a long tube with a thin wall or with an end window. The tube has a larger gas volume than a steel walled tube to give an increased chance of particle interaction.[1]
Neutron detection[edit]
Geiger tube filled with BF3 for detection of thermal neutrons
A variation of the Geiger tube is used to measure neutrons, where the gas used is boron trifluoride or helium-3 and a plastic moderator is used to slow the neutrons. This creates an alpha particle inside the detector and thus neutrons can be counted.
Gamma measurement—personnel protection and process control[edit]
The term "Geiger counter" is commonly used to mean a hand-held survey type meter, however the Geiger principle is in wide use in installed "area gamma" alarms for personnel protection, and in process measurement and interlock applications. A Geiger tube is still the sensing device, but the processing electronics will have a higher degree of sophistication and reliability than that used in a hand held survey meter.
Physical design[edit]
Pancake G-M tube used for alpha and beta detection; the delicate mica window is usually protected by a mesh when fitted in an instrument.
For hand-held units there are two fundamental physical configurations: the "integral" unit with both detector and electronics in the same unit, and the "two-piece" design which has a separate detector probe and an electronics module connected by a short cable.
In the 1930s a mica window was added to the cylindrical design allowing low-penetration radiation to pass through with ease.[5]
The integral unit allows single-handed operation, so the operator can use the other hand for personal security in challenging monitoring positions, but the two piece design allows easier manipulation of the detector, and is commonly used for alpha and beta surface contamination monitoring where careful manipulation of the probe is required or the weight of the electronics module would make operation unwieldy. A number of different sized detectors are available to suit particular situations, such as placing the probe in small apertures or confined spaces.
Gamma and X-Ray detectors generally use an "integral" design so the Geiger–Müller tube is conveniently within the electronics enclosure. This can easily be achieved because the casing usually has little attentuation, and is employed in ambient gamma measurements where distance from the source of radiation is not a significant factor. However, to facilitate more localised measurements such as "surface dose", the position of the tube in the enclosure is sometimes indicated by targets on the enclosure so an accurate measurement can be made with the tube at the correct orientation and a known distance from the surface.
There is a particular type of gamma instrument known as a "hot spot" detector which has the detector tube on the end of a long pole or flexible conduit. These are used to measure high radiation gamma locations whilst protecting the operator by means of distance shielding.
Particle detection of alpha and beta can be used in both integral and two-piece designs. A pancake probe (for alpha/beta) is generally used to increase the area of detection in two-piece instruments whilst being relatively light weight. In integral instruments using an end window tube there is a window in the body of the casing to prevent shielding of particles. There are also hybrid instruments which have a separate probe for particle detection and a gamma detection tube within the electronics module. The detectors are switchable by the operator, depending the radiation type that is being measured.
Guidance on application use[edit]
In the United Kingdom the National Radiological Protection Board issued a user guidance note on selecting the best portable instrument type for the radiation measurement application concerned.[4]. This covers all radiation protection instrument technologies and includes a guide to the use of G-M detectors.
History[edit]
An early alpha particle counter designed by Rutherford and Geiger.
Early Geiger-Muller tube made in 1932 by Hans Geiger for laboratory use
In 1908 Hans Geiger, under the supervision of Ernest Rutherford at the Victoria University of Manchester (now the University of Manchester), developed an experimental technique for detecting alpha particles that would later be used to develop the Geiger-Müller tube in 1928.[6] This early counter was only capable of detecting alpha particles and was part of a larger experimental apparatus. The fundamental ionization mechanism used was discovered by John Sealy Townsend between 1897 and 1901,[7] and is known as the Townsend discharge, which is the ionization of molecules by ion impact.
It was not until 1928 that Geiger and Walther Müller (a PhD student of Geiger) developed the sealed Geiger-Müller tube which used basic ionization principles previously used experimentally. Small and rugged, not only could it detect alpha and beta radiation as prior models had done, but also gamma radiation.[5][8] Now a practical radiation instrument could be produced relatively cheaply, and so the Geiger counter was born. As the tube output required little electronic processing, a distinct advantage in the thermionic valve era due to minimal valve count and low power consumption, the instrument achieved great popularity as a portable radiation detector.
Modern versions of the Geiger counter use the halogen tube invented in 1947 by Sidney H. Liebson.[9] It superseded the earlier Geiger-Müller tube because of its much longer life and lower operating voltage, typically 400-900 volts.[10]
Gallery[edit]
Use of a "hot spot" detector on a long pole to survey waste casks.
G-M pancake detector feeding a microcontroller data-logger sending data to a PC via bluetooth. A radioactive rock was placed on top the G-M causing the graph to rise.
G-M counters being used as gamma survey monitors, seeking radioactive satellite debris
See also[edit]
Becquerel Unit, measures counts of ionising actions
Civil Defense geiger counters, handheld radiation monitors, both G-M and ion chambers
Counting efficiency
Dosimeter, a device used by personnel to measure what radiation dose they have received
Ionization chamber, the simplest of ionising radiation detector
Gaseous ionization detectors, an overview of the main gaseous detector types
Geiger–Müller tube, provides a more detailed description of GM tube operation and types
Geiger plateau, the correct operating voltage range for a G-M tube
Photon counting
Radioactive decay, the process by which unstable atoms emit radiation
Safecast (organization), use of G-M counter technology in citizen science
Scintillation counter, a gasless radiation detector
Sievert, the SI unit of effects of low levels of radiation on the human body
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g ’’Geiger Muller Tubes; issue 1’’ published by Centronics Ltd, UK.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Glenn F Knoll. Radiation Detection and Measurement, third edition 2000. John Wiley and sons, ISBN 0-471-07338-5
Jump up ^ "G-M detector function and measuring methods". Retrieved 2017-03-07.
^ Jump up to: a b [1] Selection, use and maintenance of portable monitoring instruments. UK HSE
^ Jump up to: a b Korff, SNTM (2012) 20: 271. doi:10.1007 / s00048-012-0080-y
Jump up ^ E. Rutherford and H. Geiger (1908) "An electrical method of counting the number of α particles from radioactive substances," Proceedings of the Royal Society (London), Series A, vol. 81, no. 546, pages 141–161.
Jump up ^ John S. Townsend (1901) "The conductivity produced in gases by the motion of negatively charged ions," Philosophical Magazine, series 6, 1 (2) : 198-227.
Jump up ^ See:
H. Geiger and W. Müller (1928), "Elektronenzählrohr zur Messung schwächster Aktivitäten" (Electron counting tube for the measurement of the weakest radioactivities), Die Naturwissenschaften (The Sciences), vol. 16, no. 31, pages 617–618.
Geiger, H. and Müller, W. (1928) "Das Elektronenzählrohr" (The electron counting tube), Physikalische Zeitschrift, 29: 839-841.
Geiger, H. and Müller, W. (1929) "Technische Bemerkungen zum Elektronenzählrohr" (Technical notes on the electron counting tube), Physikalische Zeitschrift, 30: 489-493.
Geiger, H. and Müller, W. (1929) "Demonstration des Elektronenzählrohrs" (Demonstration of the electron counting tube), Physikalische Zeitschrift, 30: 523 ff.
Jump up ^ Liebson, S. H. (1947). "The Discharge Mechanism of Self-Quenching Geiger-Mueller Counters". Physical Review. 72 (7): 602–608. Bibcode:1947PhRv...72..602L. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.72.602.
Jump up ^ History of Portable Radiation Detection Instrumentation from the period 1920–60
External links[edit]
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How a Geiger counter works.
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text:
Punjab Legislative Assembly
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Punjab Legislative Assembly
ਪੰਜਾਬ ਵਿਧਾਨ ਸਭਾ
Type
Type
Unicameral
Leadership
Speaker
Rana KP Singh[1], INC
Deputy Speaker
Ajaib Singh Bhatti, INC
Leader of the House
Capt. Amarinder Singh, INC
Leader of the Opposition
Sukhpal Singh Khaira [2], AAP
Structure
Seats
117
Political groups
Government (77)
INC (77)[3]
Opposition (40)
AAP (20)
SAD (15)
BJP (3)
LIP (2)
Length of term
5 years
Elections
Voting system
First-past-the-post
Last election
February 4, 2017
Meeting place
Vidhan Bhavan, Chandigarh, India
Website
Homepage
The Punjab Legislative Assembly or the Punjab Vidhan Sabha (Punjabi: ਪੰਜਾਬ ਵਿਧਾਨ ਸਭਾ) is the unicameral legislature of the state of Punjab in northern India. At present, it consists of 117 members, directly elected from 117 single-seat constituencies. The tenure of the Legislative Assembly is five years, unless dissolved sooner. The current Speaker of the Assembly is Rana KP Singh, he is Pro-tem Speaker. The meeting place of the Legislative Assembly since 6 March 1961 is the Vidhan Bhavan in Chandigarh.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 British Raj
1.2 1947-Present
2 Speaker of the Vidhan Sabha
3 Past speakers
4 Past deputy speakers
5 Political Parties and MLAs in 2017[4]
5.1 Members of the Punjab Legislative Assembly elected in 2017
6 See also
7 References
History[edit]
British Raj[edit]
An Executive Council was formed under The Indian Councils Act, 1861. It was only under the Government of India Act 1919 that a Legislative Council was set up in Punjab. Later, under the Government of India Act 1935, the Punjab Legislative Assembly was constituted with a membership of 175. It was summoned for the first time on 1 April 1937. In 1947, Punjab Province was partitioned into West Punjab and East Punjab and the East Punjab Legislative Assembly was formed, the forerunner of the current assembly consisting of 72 members.
1947-Present[edit]
On 15 July 1948, eight princely states of East Punjab grouped together to form a single state, Patiala and East Punjab States Union. The Punjab State Legislature was a bicameral house in April 1952, comprising the Vidhan Sabha (lower house) and Vidhan Parishad (upper house). In 1956 the state was reorganised and renamed Punjab, the strength of the Vidhan Parishad of the new State of Punjab was enhanced from 40 seats to 46 seats and in 1957, it was increased to 51. Punjab was tri-furcated in 1966 to form Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, and Punjab. The Vidhan Parishad was reduced to 40 seats and the Vidhan Sabha was grown by 50 seats to 104 seats. On 1 January 1970, the Vidhan Parishad was abolished leaving the state with a unicameral legislature.
Speaker of the Vidhan Sabha[edit]
Rana KP Singh is the current Speaker of the Punjab Legislative Assembly; he is Pro-tem Speaker.
Past speakers[edit]
Name
Term
Kapur Singh 1947–1951
Satya Pal 1952–1954
Gurdial Singh Dhillon 1954–1962
Parbodh Chandra 1962–1964
Harbans Lal 1964–1967
Joginder Singh Mann 1967–1969
Darbara Singh 1969–1973
Kewal Krishan 1973–1977
Ravi Inder Singh 1977–1980
Brij Bhushan Mehra 1985–1986
Ravi Inder Singh 1985–1986
Surjit Singh Minhas 1986–1992
Harcharan Singh Ajnala 1992–1993
Harnam Das Johar 1993–1996
Dilbagh Singh Daleke 1996–1997
Charanjit Singh Atwal 1997–2002
Kewal Krishan 2002–2007
Nirmal Singh Kahlon 2007-2012
Charanjit Singh Atwal 2012–2017
Rana KP Singh (Pro-tem Speaker) 2017–
Past deputy speakers[edit]
Name
from
to
Thakur Panchan Chand 03.11.1947 20.03.1951
Smt. Chhanno Devi 26.03.1951 20.06.1951
S. Gurdial Singh Dhillon 10.05.1952 17.05.1954
Ch. Swaroop Singh 19.05.1954 28.02.1962
Smt. Shanno Devi 19.03.1962 31.10.1966
Dr. Jagjit Singh 27.03.1967 27.11.1967
S. Baldev Singh 08.12.1967 23.08.1968
Brig. (Retd.) Bikramajit Singh Bajwa 20.03.1969 24.04.1970
Brig. (Retd.) Bikramajit Singh Bajwa 28.07.1970 13.10.1971
Dr. Kewal Krishan 28.03.1972 25.09.1973
S. Nasib Singh Gill 28.09.1973 30.04.1977
Sh. Panna Lal Nayyar 08.07.1977 17.02.1980
S. Guizar Singh 08.07.1980 26.06.1985
S. Nirmal Singh Kahlon 05.11.1985 06.05.1986
S. Jaswant Singh 02.06.1986 05.03.1988
Sh. Romesh Chander Dogra 07.04.1992 07.01.1996
Sh. Naresh Thakur 28.02.1996 11.02.1997
Ch. Swarna Ram 18.06.1997 26.07.1997
Dr. Baldev Raj Chawla 23.12.1997 31.12.1999
Shri Satpal Gosain 05.09.2000 24.02.2002
Prof. Darbari Lal 26.06.2002 10.03.2003
S. Bir Devinder Singh 27.03.2003 09.07.2004
Prof.Darbari Lal 12.07.2004 10.03.2012
Dinesh Singh 20.03.2012 03.2017
Ajaib Singh Bhatti 2017 onwards
Political Parties and MLAs in 2017[4][edit]
Rank
Party
Seats Contested
Seats Won
% Votes
1 Indian National Congress 117 77 38.5
2 Aam Aadmi Party 112 20 23.7
3 Shiromani Akali Dal (SAD) 94 15 25.2
4 Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) 23 3 5.4
5 Lok Insaaf Party 5 2 1.2
Total 117
Members of the Punjab Legislative Assembly elected in 2017[edit]
Constituency
Member
Political party
Number of votes won
Abohar ARUN NARANG Bharatiya Janata Party 55091
Adampur PAWAN KUMAR TINU Shiromani Akali Dal 45229
Ajnala HARPARTAP SINGH Indian National Congress 61378
Amargarh SURJIT SINGH DHIMAN Indian National Congress 50994
Amloh RANDEEP SINGH Indian National Congress 39669
Amritsar Central OM PARKASH SONI Indian National Congress 51242
Amritsar East NAVJOT SINGH SIDHU Indian National Congress 60477
Amritsar North SUNIL DUTTI Indian National Congress 59212
Amritsar South INDERBIR SINGH BOLARIA Indian National Congress 47581
Amritsar West RAJ KUMAR VERKA Indian National Congress 52271
Anandpur Sahib KANWAR PAL SINGH Indian National Congress 60800
Atam Nagar SIMARJEET SINGH BAINS Lok Insaaf Party 53421
Attari TARSEM SINGH D.C. Indian National Congress 55335
Baba Bakala SANTOKH SINGH Indian National Congress 45965
Balachaur DARSHAN LAL Indian National Congress 49558
Balluana NATHU RAM Indian National Congress 25266
Banga SUKHWINDER KUMAR Shiromani Akali Dal 45256
Barnala GURMEET SINGH MEET HAHER Aam Aadmi Party 47606
Bassi Pathana GURPREET SINGH Indian National Congress 47319
Batala LAKHBIR SINGH LODHINANGAL Shiromani Akali Dal 42517
Bathinda Rural RUPINDER KAUR RUBY Aam Aadmi Party 51572
Bathinda Urban MANPREET SINGH BADAL Indian National Congress 63942
Bhadaur PIRMAL SINGH DHAULA Aam Aadmi Party 57095
Bhagha Purana DARSHAN SINGH BRAR Indian National Congress 48668
Bhoa JOGINDER PAL Indian National Congress 67865
Bholath SUKHPAL SINGH KHAIRA Aam Aadmi Party 48873
Bhucho Mandi PRITAM SINGH KOTBHAI Indian National Congress 51605
Budhlada BUDH RAM Aam Aadmi Party 52265
Chabbewal DR. RAJ KUMAR Indian National Congress 57857
Chamkaur Sahib CHARANJIT SINGH CHANNI Indian National Congress 61060
Dakha HARVINDER SINGH PHOOLKA Aam Aadmi Party 58923
Dasuya ARUN DOGRA Indian National Congress 56527
Dera Baba Nanak SUKHJINDER SINGH RANDHAWA Indian National Congress 60385
Dera Bassi NARINDER KUMAR SHARMA Shiromani Akali Dal 70792
Dharamkot SUKHJIT SINGH Indian National Congress 63238
Dhuri DALVIR SINGH GOLDY Indian National Congress 49347
Dina Nagar ARUNA CHAUDHARY Indian National Congress 72176
Dirba HARPAL SINGH CHEEMA Aam Aadmi Party 46434
Faridkot KUSALDEEP SINGH KIKI DHILLON Indian National Congress 51026
Fatehgarh Churian TRIPT RAJINDER SINGH BAJWA Indian National Congress 54348
Fatehgarh Sahib KULJIT SINGH NAGRA Indian National Congress 58205
Fazilka DAVINDER SINGH GHUBAYA Indian National Congress 39276
Firozpur City PARMINDER SINGH PINKI Indian National Congress 67559
Firozpur Rural SATKAR KAUR Indian National Congress 71037
Garhshankar JAI KRISHAN Aam Aadmi Party 41720
Ghanaur THEKEDAR MADAN LAL JALALPUR Indian National Congress 65965
Gidderbaha AMRINDER SINGH @ RAJA WARRING Indian National Congress 63500
Gill KULDEEP SINGH VAID(BULARA) Indian National Congress 67927
Gurdaspur BARINDERMEET SINGH PAHRA Indian National Congress 67709
Guru Har Sahai GURMEET SINGH SODHI Indian National Congress 62787
Hoshiarpur SUNDER SHAM ARORA Indian National Congress 49951
Jagraon SARAVJIT KAUR MANUKE Aam Aadmi Party 61521
Jaitu BALDEV SINGH Aam Aadmi Party 45344
Jalalabad SUKHBIR SINGH BADAL Shiromani Akali Dal 75271
Jalandhar Cantt. PARGAT SINGH POWAR Indian National Congress 59349
Jalandhar Central RAJINDER BERI Indian National Congress 55518
Jalandhar North AVTAR SINGH JUNIOR Indian National Congress 69715
Jalandhar West SUSHIL KUMAR RINKU Indian National Congress 53983
Jandiala SUKHWINDER SINGH DANNY BANDALA Indian National Congress 53042
Kapurthala RANA GURJIT SINGH Indian National Congress 56378
Kartarpur CHAUDHARY SURINDER SINGH Indian National Congress 46729
Khadoor Sahib RAMANJEET SINGH SAHOTA SIKKI Indian National Congress 64666
Khanna GURKIRAT SINGH KOTLI Indian National Congress 55690
Kharar KANWAR SANDHU Aam Aadmi Party 54171
Khem Karan SUKHPAL SINGH BHULLAR Indian National Congress 81897
Kotkapura KULTAR SINGH SANDHWAN Aam Aadmi Party 47401
Lambi PARKASH SINGH Shiromani Akali Dal 66375
Lehra PARMINDER SINGH DHINDSA Shiromani Akali Dal 65550
Ludhiana Central SURINDER KUMAR DAWAR Indian National Congress 47871
Ludhiana East SANJEEV TALWAR Indian National Congress 43010
Ludhiana North RAKESH PANDEY Indian National Congress 44864
Ludhiana South BALVINDER SINGH BAINS Lok Insaaf Party 53955
Ludhiana West BHARAT BHUSHAN (ASHU) Indian National Congress 66627
Majitha BIKRAM SINGH MAJITHIA Shiromani Akali Dal 65803
Malerkotla RAZIA SULTANA Indian National Congress 58982
Malout AJAIB SINGH BHATTI Indian National Congress 49098
Mansa NAZAR SINGH MANSHAHIA Aam Aadmi Party 70586
Maur JAGDEV SINGH Aam Aadmi Party 62282
Mehal Kalan KULWANT SINGH PANDORI Aam Aadmi Party 57551
Moga HARJOT KAMAL SINGH Indian National Congress 52357
Mukerian RAJNISH KUMAR BABBI Indian National Congress 56787
Muktsar KANWARJIT SINGH Shiromani Akali Dal 44894
Nabha SADHU SINGH Indian National Congress 60861
Nakodar GURPRATAP SINGH WADALA Shiromani Akali Dal 56241
Nawanshahr ANGAD SINGH Indian National Congress 38197
Nihal Singhwala MANJIT SINGH Aam Aadmi Party 67313
Pathankot AMIT Indian National Congress 56383
Patiala AMARINDER SINGH Indian National Congress 72586
Patiala Rural BRAHM MOHINDRA Indian National Congress 68891
Patti HARMINDER SINGH GILL Indian National Congress 64617
Payal LAKHVIR SINGH LAKHA Indian National Congress 57776
Phagwara SOM PARKASH Bharatiya Janata Party 45479
Phillaur BALDEV SINGH KHAIRA Shiromani Akali Dal 41336
Qadian FATEHJANG SINGH BAJWA Indian National Congress 62596
Raikot JAGTAR SINGH JAGGA HISSOWAL Aam Aadmi Party 48245
Raja Sansi SUKHBINDER SINGH SARKARIA Indian National Congress 59628
Rajpura HARDIAL SINGH KAMBOJ Indian National Congress 59107
Rampura Phul GURPREET SINGH KANGAR Indian National Congress 55269
Rupnagar AMARJIT SINGH SANDOA Aam Aadmi Party 58994
S.A.S.Nagar BALBIR SINGH SIDHU Indian National Congress 66844
Sahnewal SHARANJIT SINGH DHILLON Shiromani Akali Dal 63184
Samana RAJINDER SINGH Indian National Congress 62551
Samrala AMRIK SINGH DHILLON Indian National Congress 51930
Sangrur VIJAY INDER SINGLA Indian National Congress 67310
Sanour HARINDER PAL SINGH CHANDUMAJRA Shiromani Akali Dal 58867
Sardulgarh DILRAJ SINGH Shiromani Akali Dal 59420
Shahkot AJIT SINGH KOHAR Shiromani Akali Dal 46913
Sham Chaurasi PAWAN KUMAR ADIA Indian National Congress 46612
Shutrana NIRMAL SINGH Indian National Congress 58008
Sri Hargobindpur BALWINDER SINGH Indian National Congress 57489
Sujanpur DINESH SINGH Bharatiya Janata Party 48910
Sultanpur Lodhi NAVTEJ SINGH CHEEMA Indian National Congress 41843
Sunam AMAN ARORA Aam Aadmi Party 72815
Talwandi Sabo PROF. BALJINDER KAUR Aam Aadmi Party 54553
Tarn Taran Dr. Dharambir Agnihotri Indian National Congress 59794
Urmar SANGAT SINGH GILZIAN Indian National Congress 51477
Zira KULBIR SINGH Indian National Congress 69899
See also[edit]
Punjab Legislative Assembly election, 2012; previously held Legislative assembly election (in 2012)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/congress-picks-hindu-face-rana-kp-as-new-punjab-assembly-speaker/story-HPH4Cz3QpSjSkD1JTekT7J.html
Jump up ^ http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/h-s-phoolka-to-be-leader-of-oppn-in-punjab-117031501141_1.html
Jump up ^ "Punjab elections results: All you need to know". http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Indiatimes. March 11, 2017. Retrieved March 11, 2017. External link in |website= (help)
Jump up ^ Punjab MLA List 2017
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