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Nimitz-class aircraft carrier
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"Nimitz Class" redirects here. For 1997 novel, see Nimitz Class (novel).
Nimitz-class aircraft carrier
Nimitz sailing through Canadian waters
Class overview
Name: Nimitz-class aircraft carrier
Builders: Newport News Shipbuilding Company
Operators: United States Navy
Preceded by:
Kitty Hawk class and
Enterprise class
Succeeded by: Gerald R. Ford class
Subclasses:
Theodore Roosevelt class and
Ronald Reagan class
Cost: Approximately 8.5 billion USD
In commission: 3 May 1975
Planned: 10
Completed: 10
Active: 10
Lost: 0
Retired: 0
General characteristics
Type: Aircraft carrier
Displacement: 100,000 to 104,600 long tons (101,600–106,300 t)[1]
Length:
Overall: 1,092 feet (332.8 m)
Waterline: 1,040 feet (317.0 m)
Beam:
Overall: 252 ft (76.8 m)
Waterline: 134 ft (40.8 m)
Draft:
Maximum navigational: 37 feet (11.3 m)
Limit: 41 feet (12.5 m)
Propulsion:
2 × Westinghouse A4W nuclear reactors
4 × steam turbines
4 × shafts
260,000 shp (194 MW)
Speed: 30+ knots (56+ km/h; 35+ mph)
Range: Unlimited distance; 20–25 years
Complement:
Ship's company: 3,200
Air wing: 2,480
Crew: Up to 5,000+
Sensors and
processing systems:
AN/SPS-48E 3-D air search radar
AN/SPS-49(V)5 2-D air search radar
AN/SPQ-9B target acquisition radar
AN/SPN-46 air traffic control radars
AN/SPN-43C air traffic control radar
AN/SPN-41 landing aid radars
4 × Mk 91 NSSM guidance systems
4 × Mk 95 radars
Electronic warfare
& decoys:
AN/SLQ-32A(V)4 Countermeasures suite
SLQ-25A Nixie Torpedo Countermeasures
Armament:
16–24 × RIM-7 Sea Sparrow or NATO Sea Sparrow missiles
3 or 4 × Phalanx CIWSs or RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missiles
Armor: 2.5 in (64 mm) Kevlar over vital spaces[2]
Aircraft carried: 85–90 fixed wing and helicopters[3]
The Nimitz-class supercarriers are a class of ten nuclear-powered aircraft carriers in service with the United States Navy. The lead ship of the class is named after World War II United States Pacific Fleet commander Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz,who was the U.S. Navy's last surviving fleet admiral. With an overall length of 1,092 ft (333 m) and full-load displacement of over 100,000 long tons,[1] they have been the largest warships built and in service.[4]
Instead of the gas turbines or diesel-electric systems used for propulsion on many modern warships, the carriers use two A4W pressurized water reactors which drive four propeller shafts and can produce a maximum speed of over 30 knots (56 km/h) and maximum power of around 260,000 shp (190 MW). As a result of the use of nuclear power, the ships are capable of operating for over 20 years without refueling and are predicted to have a service life of over 50 years. They are categorized as nuclear-powered aircraft carriers and are numbered with consecutive hull numbers between CVN-68 and CVN-77.[Note 1]
All ten carriers were constructed by Newport News Shipbuilding Company in Virginia. USS Nimitz, the lead ship of the class, was commissioned on 3 May 1975, and USS George H.W. Bush, the tenth and last of the class, was commissioned on 10 January 2009. Since the 1970s, Nimitz-class carriers have participated in many conflicts and operations across the world, including Operation Eagle Claw in Iran, the Gulf War, and more recently in Iraq and Afghanistan.
The angled flight decks of the carriers use a CATOBAR arrangement to operate aircraft, with steam catapults and arrestor wires for launch and recovery. As well as speeding up flight deck operations, this allows for a much wider variety of aircraft than with the STOVL arrangement used on smaller carriers. An embarked carrier air wing consisting of up to around 90 aircraft is normally deployed on board.[citation needed] After the retirement of the F-14 Tomcat, the air wings' strike fighters are primarily F/A-18E and F/A-18F Super Hornets and F/A-18A+ and F/A-18C Hornets. In addition to their aircraft, the vessels carry short-range defensive weaponry for anti-aircraft warfare and missile defense.
The unit cost is about $8.5 billion in FY 12 dollars[5] US$8.86 billion (2016) inflation adjusted.
Contents
[hide]
1 Description
1.1 Design
1.2 Construction
1.3 Propulsion
1.4 Armament and protection
1.5 Carrier air wing
1.6 Flight deck and aircraft facilities
1.7 Strike groups
1.8 Design differences within the class
2 Ships in class
3 Service history
3.1 1975–1989
3.2 1990–2000
3.3 2001–present
3.4 Refueling Complex Overhaul
3.5 Symbolic and diplomatic roles
3.6 Accidents and incidents
4 Future
5 See also
6 Notes
6.1 Footnotes
6.2 Citations
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
Description[edit]
The Nimitz-class carriers have an overall length of 1,092 ft (333 m) and a full-load displacement of about 100,000–104,000 long tons (102,000–106,000 t).[6] They have a beam at the waterline of 135 ft (41 m), and the maximum width of their flight decks is 251 feet 10 inches (76.76 m) to 257 feet 3 inches (78.41 m) (depending on the variant). The ship's company can number up to 3,200, not including an air wing of 2,480.[7]
Design[edit]
An artist's impression of a Nimitz class ship in 1968.
The George Washington Carrier Strike Group formation sails in the Atlantic Ocean.
The Nimitz-class aircraft carriers were ordered to supplement the aircraft carriers of the Kitty Hawk class and Enterprise class, maintaining the strength and capability of the U.S. Navy after the older carriers were decommissioned.[8] The ships were designed to be improvements on previous U.S. aircraft carriers, in particular the Enterprise and Forrestal-class supercarriers, although the arrangement of the ships is relatively similar to that of the Kitty Hawk class.[9] Among other design improvements, the two reactors on Nimitz-class carriers take up less space than the eight reactors used on Enterprise. Along with a more generally improved design, this means that Nimitz-class carriers can carry 90% more aviation fuel and 50% more ordnance when compared to the Forrestal class.
The U.S. Navy has stated that the carriers could withstand three times the damage sustained by the Essex class inflicted by Japanese air attacks during World War II.[3] The hangars on the ships are divided into three fire bays by thick steel doors that are designed to restrict the spread of fire. This addition has been present on U.S. aircraft carriers since World War II, after the fires caused by Kamikaze attacks.[10]
The first ships were designed around the time of the Vietnam War, and certain aspects of the design were influenced by operations there. To a certain extent, the carrier operations in Vietnam demonstrated the need for increased capabilities of aircraft carriers over their survivability, as they were used to send sorties into the war and were therefore less subject to attack. As a result of this experience, Nimitz carriers were designed with larger stores of aviation fuel and larger magazines in relation to previous carriers, although this was partly as a result of increased space available by the new design of the ships' propulsion systems.[11]
A major purpose of the ships was initially to support the U.S. military during the Cold War, and they were designed with capabilities for that role, including using nuclear power instead of oil for greater endurance when deployed in blue water, and the ability to make adjustments to the carriers' weapons systems on the basis of new intelligence and technological developments.[12] They were initially categorized only as attack carriers, but ships have been constructed with anti-submarine capabilities since USS Carl Vinson.[13][14] As a result, the ships and their aircraft are now able to participate in a wide range of operations, which can include sea and air blockades, mine laying, and missile strikes on land, air and sea.[15]
Because of a design flaw, ships of this class have inherent lists to starboard when under combat loads that exceed the capability of their list control systems. The problem appears to be especially prevalent on some of the more modern vessels. This problem has been previously rectified by using damage control voids for ballast, but a solution using solid ballast which does not affect the ship's survivability has been proposed.[6][16]
Construction[edit]
All ten Nimitz-class aircraft carriers were constructed between 1968 and 2006 at Newport News Shipbuilding Company, in Newport News, Virginia, in the largest drydock in the western hemisphere, dry dock 12, now 2,172 feet (662 m) long after a recent expansion.
Since USS Theodore Roosevelt, the aircraft carriers were manufactured in modular construction. This means that whole sections could be welded together with plumbing and electrical equipment already fitted, improving efficiency. Using gantry cranes, the modules were lifted into the dry dock and welded. In the case of the bow section, these can weigh over 1,500,000 pounds (680 t).[17][18][19] This method was originally developed by Ingalls Shipbuilding and increases the rate of work because much of the fitting out does not have to be carried out within the confines of the already finished hull.[20]
The total cost of construction for each ship was around $4.5 billion.[Note 2][8]
Propulsion[edit]
One of the 4 propellers of the George Washington.
All ships of the class are powered by two A4W nuclear reactors, housed in separate compartments. They power four propeller shafts and can produce a maximum speed of over 30 knots (56 km/h) and maximum power of 260,000 bhp (190 MW).[3] The reactors produce heat through nuclear fission which heats water. This is then passed through four turbines which are shared by the two reactors. The turbines power the four bronze propellers, each with a diameter of 25 feet (7.6 m) and a weight of 66,000 pounds (30 t). Behind these are the two rudders which are 29 feet (8.8 m) high and 22 feet (6.7 m) long, and each weigh 110,000 pounds (50 metric tons).[21]
The Nimitz-class ships constructed since USS Ronald Reagan also have bulbous bows in order to improve speed and fuel efficiency by reducing wave-making resistance.[22] As a result of the use of nuclear power, the ships are capable of operating continuously for over 20 years without refueling and are predicted to have a service life of over 50 years.[21]
Armament and protection[edit]
The firing of a Sea Sparrow missile from the Theodore Roosevelt. A Phalanx CIWS is in the left of the image.
In addition to the aircraft carried on board, the ships carry defensive equipment for use against missiles and hostile aircraft. These consist of either three or four NATO RIM-7 Sea Sparrow missile launchers designed for defense against aircraft and anti-ship missiles as well as either three or four 20 mm Phalanx CIWS missile defense cannon.
USS Ronald Reagan has none of these, having been built with the RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile system, two of which have also been installed on USS Nimitz and USS George Washington. These will be installed on the other ships as they return for Refueling Complex Overhaul (RCOH).[3][16] Since USS Theodore Roosevelt, the carriers have been constructed with 2.5 in (64 mm) Kevlar armor over vital spaces, and earlier ships have been retrofitted with it: Nimitz in 1983–1984, Eisenhower from 1985–1987 and Vinson in 1989.[2][23]
The other countermeasures the ships use are four Sippican SRBOC (super rapid bloom off-board chaff) six-barrel MK36 decoy launchers, which deploy infrared Flare (countermeasure) and chaff to disrupt the sensors of incoming missiles; an SSTDS torpedo defense system; and an AN/SLQ-25 Nixie torpedo countermeasures system. The carriers also use AN/SLQ-32(V) Radar jamming and deception systems to detect and disrupt hostile radar signals in addition to the electronic warfare capabilities of some of the aircraft on board.[24][25]
The presence of nuclear weapons on board U.S. aircraft carriers since the end of the Cold War has neither been confirmed nor denied by the U.S. government. As a result of this, the presence of a U.S. aircraft carrier in a foreign port has occasionally provoked protest from local people, for example when USS Nimitz docked in Chennai, India, in 2007. At that time, the Strike Group commander Rear Admiral John Terence Blake stated that: "The U.S. policy is that we do not routinely deploy nuclear weapons on board Nimitz."[26][27]
In May 2013, George H.W. Bush conducted the first carrier-borne end-to-end at-sea test of the Surface Ship Torpedo Defense System (SSTDS). The SSTDS combines the passive detection of the Torpedo Warning System (TWS) that finds, classifies, and tracks torpedoes with the hard-kill capability of a Countermeasure Anti-Torpedo (CAT), an encapsulated miniature torpedo designed to locate, home in on, and destroy hostile torpedoes.[28] This increases protection against wake-homing torpedoes like the Type 53 that don't respond to acoustic decoys. The pieces of the SSTDS are engineered to locate and destroy incoming torpedoes in a matter of seconds. Each system includes one TWS and 8 CATs. Initial operational capability (IOC) is planned for 2019 and all aircraft carriers are to be outfitted by 2035.[29][30][31]
Carrier air wing[edit]
Main article: Carrier air wing
A F/A-18 Hornet launches from the flight deck of the Harry S. Truman. Other aircraft are stored on deck.
In order for a carrier to deploy, it must embark one of ten Carrier Air Wings (CVW).[Note 3] The carriers can accommodate a maximum of 130 F/A-18 Hornets[32] or 85–90 aircraft of different types, but current numbers are typically 64 aircraft. Although the air wings are integrated with the operation of the carriers they are deployed to, they are nevertheless regarded as a separate entity. As well as the aircrew, the air wings are also made up of support personnel involved in roles including maintenance, aircraft and ordnance handling and emergency procedures. Each person on the flight deck wears color-coded clothing to make his role easily identifiable.
A typical carrier air wing can include 24–36 F/A-18E or F Super Hornets as strike fighters; two squadrons of 10–12 F/A-18C Hornets, with one of these often provided by the U.S. Marine Corps (VMFA), also as strike fighters; 4–6 EA-18G Growlers for electronic warfare; 4–6 E-2C or D Hawkeyes for airborne early warning (AEW), C-2 Greyhounds used for logistics (to be replaced by MV-22 Ospreys); and a Helicopter Antisubmarine Squadron of 6–8 SH-60F and HH-60H Seahawks. Aircraft that have previously operated from Nimitz-class carriers include F-4 Phantoms, RA-5C Vigilantes, RF-8G Crusaders, F-14 Tomcats, S-3 Vikings, EA-6B Prowlers, A-7 Corsair II and A-6E Intruder aircraft.[33]
Flight deck and aircraft facilities[edit]
The hangar of the George Washington during a replenishment at sea, 2009.
The flight deck is angled at nine degrees, which allows for aircraft to be launched and recovered simultaneously. This angle of the flight deck was reduced slightly in relation to previous carriers, as the current design improves the air flow around the carrier.[11] Four steam catapults are used to launch fixed-wing aircraft, and four arrestor wires are used for recovery. The two newest carriers, Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush, have only three arrestor wires each, as the fourth was used infrequently on earlier ships and was therefore deemed unnecessary.[10]
This CATOBAR arrangement allows for faster launching and recovery as well as a much wider range of aircraft that can be used on board compared with smaller aircraft carriers, most of which use a simpler STOVL arrangement without catapults or arrestor wires. The ship's aircraft operations are controlled by the air boss from Primary Flight Control or Pri-Fly. Four large elevators transport aircraft between the flight deck and the hangars below. These hangars are divided into three bays by thick steel doors that are designed to restrict the spread of fire.[10]
Strike groups[edit]
Main article: Carrier strike group
The George Washington carrier strike group in the Caribbean Sea, 2006.
When an aircraft carrier deploys, it takes a Strike Group, made up of several other warships and supply vessels which allow the operation to be carried out. The armament of the Nimitz class is made up only of short range defensive weapons, used as a last line of defense against enemy missiles and aircraft. An aircraft carrier, as with all surface ships, is particularly vulnerable to attack from below, specifically from submarines. An aircraft carrier is a very expensive, hard to replace and strategically valuable asset and therefore logically has a huge target value.[34]
As a result of its target value and vulnerability, aircraft carriers are always escorted by at least one submarine for protection. The other vessels in the Strike Group provide additional capabilities, such as long range Tomahawk missiles or the Aegis Combat System, and also protect the carrier from attack. A typical Strike Group may include, in addition to an aircraft carrier: up to six surface combatants, including frigates (since retired from USN service), guided missile cruisers and guided missile destroyers (used primarily for anti-aircraft warfare and anti-submarine warfare); one or two attack submarines (for seeking out and destroying hostile surface ships and submarines); and an ammunition, oiler, and supply ship of Military Sealift Command to provide logistical support.[35] The precise structure and numbers of each type of ship can vary between groups depending on the objectives of the deployment.[36]
Design differences within the class[edit]
While the designs of the final seven ships (beginning with USS Theodore Roosevelt) are slightly different from those of the earlier ships, the U.S. Navy considers all ten carriers as a single class.[37] When the older carriers come in for Refueling and Complex Overhaul (RCOH), their nuclear power plants are refueled and they are upgraded to the standards of the later carriers. Other modifications may be performed to update the ships' equipment.[16][38]
The ships were initially classified only as attack carriers but have been constructed with anti-submarine capabilities since USS Carl Vinson. These improvements include better radar systems and facilities which enable the ships to operate aircraft in a more effective Anti-submarine warfare role, including the fitting of common undersea picture (CUP) technology which uses sonar to allow for better assessment of the threat from submarines.[13] The changes included better support for S-3 Viking ASW patrol planes and SH-60F Seahawk helicopters with dipping sonar systems.
The Ronald Reagan in the Strait of Magellan, 2004.
USS Theodore Roosevelt and later carriers have slight structural differences from the earlier Nimitz carriers such as improved protection for ordnance stored in their magazines. Other improvements include upgraded flight deck ballistic protection, first installed on USS George Washington, and the high-strength low-alloy steel (HSLA-100) used for constructing ships starting with USS John C. Stennis.[9][39] More recently, older ships have had their flight decks upgraded with a new non-slip material fitted on new-build ships, to improve safety for both crew members and aircraft.[40][41]
The final carrier of the class, USS George H.W. Bush, was designed as a "transition ship" from the Nimitz class to the replacement Gerald R. Ford class. Bush incorporates new technologies including improved propeller and bulbous bow designs, a reduced Radar cross-section and electronic and environmental upgrades.[42][43], the ship's cost was $6.2 billion. The earlier Nimitz-class ships each cost around $4.5 billion.[44] To lower costs, some new technologies and design features were also incorporated into USS Ronald Reagan, the previous carrier, including a redesigned island.[45]
Ships in class[edit]
The United States Navy lists the following ten ships in the Nimitz class:[37]
Ship
Hull Number
Crest
Laid down
Launched
Commissioned
Refuel,
Overhaul
Homeport
References
Nimitz subclass
Nimitz CVN-68 22 June 1968 13 May 1972 3 May 1975 1998–2001 Naval Base Kitsap, Bremerton, Washington [7][46]
Dwight D. Eisenhower
(ex-Eisenhower) CVN-69 15 August 1970 11 October 1975 18 October 1977 2001–2005 Naval Station Norfolk, Norfolk, Virginia [47][48]
Carl Vinson CVN-70 11 October 1975 15 March 1980 13 March 1982 2005–2009 Naval Air Station North Island, San Diego, California [49][50]
Theodore Roosevelt subclass
Theodore Roosevelt CVN-71 31 October 1981 27 October 1984 25 October 1986 2009–2013 Naval Air Station North Island, San Diego, California [1][51]
Abraham Lincoln CVN-72 3 November 1984 13 February 1988 11 November 1989 2013–2017 Naval Station Norfolk, Norfolk, Virginia [52][53]
George Washington CVN-73 25 August 1986 21 July 1990 4 July 1992 2017– Naval Station Norfolk, Norfolk, Virginia [1][54]
John C. Stennis CVN-74 13 March 1991 11 November 1993 9 December 1995 Naval Base Kitsap, Bremerton, Washington [1][55]
Harry S. Truman
(ex-United States) CVN-75 29 November 1993 7 September 1996 25 July 1998 Naval Station Norfolk, Norfolk, Virginia [1][56]
Ronald Reagan subclass
Ronald Reagan CVN-76 12 February 1998 4 March 2001 12 July 2003 Yokosuka Naval Base, Yokosuka, Japan [1][57]
George H.W. Bush CVN-77 6 September 2003 9 October 2006 10 January 2009 Naval Station Norfolk, Norfolk, Virginia [58]
Service history[edit]
1975–1989[edit]
One of the first major operations in which the ships were involved was Operation Eagle Claw launched by USS Nimitz in 1980 after she had deployed to the Indian Ocean in response to the taking of hostages in the U.S. embassy in Tehran.[15] Although initially part of the U.S. Atlantic Fleet,[59] Eisenhower relieved Nimitz in this operation after her service in the Mediterranean Sea.[46] Nimitz conducted a Freedom of Navigation exercise alongside the aircraft carrier USS Forrestal in August 1981 in the Gulf of Sidra, near Libya. During this exercise, two of the ship's F-14 Tomcats shot down two Libyan aircraft in what became known as the Gulf of Sidra incident.[60] In 1987, Vinson participated in the first U.S. carrier deployment in the Bering Sea,[61] and Nimitz provided security during the 1988 Olympic Games in Seoul.[62]
1990–2000[edit]
USN RH-53D Sea Stallion helicopters aboard Nimitz in early 1980, prior to execution of Operation Eagle Claw.
The two most significant deployments the Nimitz class was involved in during the 1990s were the Gulf War and its aftermath, and Operation Southern Watch in southern Iraq. All active vessels were engaged in both of these to some extent, with Operation Southern Watch continuing until 2003.[63] Most carriers in operation in Operation Desert Shield and Operation Desert Storm played supporting roles, with only Roosevelt playing an active part in combat operations.
Throughout the 1990s and more recently, Nimitz-class carriers have been deployed as part of humanitarian missions. While deployed in the Gulf War, Lincoln was diverted to the Pacific Ocean to participate alongside 22 other ships in Operation Fiery Vigil, evacuating civilians following the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo on Luzon Island in the Philippines. In October 1993, Lincoln deployed to Somalia to assist UN humanitarian operations there, spending four weeks flying patrols over the area around Mogadishu while supporting U.S. troops during Operation Restore Hope. The same ship also participated in Operation Vigilant Sentinel in the Persian Gulf in 1995.[53]
Roosevelt flew patrols in support of the Kurds over northern Iraq as part of Operation Provide Comfort in 1991. In 1996, George Washington played a peacekeeping role in Operation Decisive Endeavor in Bosnia and Herzegovina.[64] In 1999, Roosevelt was called to the Ionian Sea to support Operation Allied Force alongside other NATO militaries.[65]
2001–present[edit]
Abraham Lincoln in dry dock, 1990.
Harry S. Truman's maiden deployment was in November 2000. The carrier's air wing flew 869 combat sorties in support of Operation Southern Watch, including a strike on Iraqi air defense sites on 16 February 2001, in response to Iraqi surface-to-air missile fire against United Nations coalition forces.[66]
Crew of Abraham Lincoln filling water containers while deployed to assist humanitarian efforts in the aftermath of 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami.
After the September 11 attacks, Carl Vinson and Theodore Roosevelt were among the first warships to participate in Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan. Carl Vinson sailed towards the Persian Gulf intending to support Operation Southern Watch in July 2001. This changed in response to the attacks, and the ship changed course to travel towards the North Arabian Sea, where she launched the first airstrikes in support of the operation on 7 October 2001.[67]
Following the attacks, John C. Stennis and George Washington participated in Operation Noble Eagle, carrying out homeland security operations off the West Coast of the United States. All active ships have been involved to some extent in Iraq and Afghanistan since that time. This included the invasion in 2003, as well as providing subsequent support for Operation Iraqi Freedom since then.[68]
The carriers have also provided aid after natural disasters. In 2005, Abraham Lincoln supported Operation Unified Assistance in Indonesia after the December 2004 tsunami,[69] and Truman provided aid after Hurricane Katrina later in 2005.[70] The Reagan Carrier Strike Group performed humanitarian assistance and disaster relief operations in the Philippines in June 2008 after Typhoon Fengshen, which killed hundreds from the central island regions and the main island of Luzon.[71] In January 2010 Vinson operated off Haiti, providing aid and drinking water to earthquake survivors as part of the U.S. led Operation Unified Response, alongside other major warships and hospital ship Comfort.[72]
Refueling Complex Overhaul[edit]
Main article: Refueling and Overhaul
In order to refuel their nuclear power plants, the carriers each undergo a Refueling and Overhaul (RCOH) once in their service lives. This is also the most substantial overhaul the ships undergo while in service and involves bringing the vessels' equipment up to the standards of the newest ships. The ship is placed in dry dock, and essential maintenance is carried out including painting of the hull below the waterline and replacement of electrical and mechanical components such as valves. Because of the large time periods between the ships' constructions, the armament and designs of the newer ships are more modern than those of the older ships. In RCOH, the older ships are refitted to the standards of the newer ships, which can include major upgrades to the flight deck, aircraft catapults and combat systems as well as other upgrades such as improved radar systems, although precise details can vary significantly between the ships. The improvements normally take around four years to complete. The RCOH for USS Theodore Roosevelt took four years to complete (2009–2013) and cost about US$2.6 billion.[73][74][75][76] Planned Incremental Availability is a similar procedure, although it is less substantial and does not involve refueling of the nuclear power plants.[77]
Symbolic and diplomatic roles[edit]
George Washington underway with the Royal Malaysian Navy Lekiu-class frigates KD Jebat (FFG 29) and KD Lekiu (FFG 30) during a transit of the Andaman Sea.
Because of their status as the largest warships in the U.S. Navy, the deployment of an aircraft carrier can fulfill a symbolic role, not just in terms of a deterrent to an enemy, but often as a diplomatic tool, in strengthening relations with allies and potential allies. The latter of these functions can take place either as a single visit to a country, in which senior naval officers are allowed to observe the operating of the carrier and to interact with its senior officers,[78] or as part of an international task force. This can be in combat operations, such as NATO bombing of Yugoslavia in 1999,[79] or other deployments involving training, such as Exercise RIMPAC. In addition, carriers have participated in international Maritime security operations, combating piracy in the Persian Gulf and off the coast of Somalia.[80][81]
Accidents and incidents[edit]
As on most large warships, there have been several incidents involving the death or injury of one or more crew members, although most have involved freak accidents or failures, such as a man overboard as a result of poor weather. One of the highest-profile incidents was on 26 May 1981, when an EA-6B Prowler crashed on the flight deck of Nimitz, killing 14 crewmen and injuring 45 others.[15][82] Forensic testing of the personnel involved showed that several tested positive for marijuana. While this in itself was not found to have directly caused the crash, the findings of the investigation prompted the introduction of mandatory drug testing of all service personnel.[83][84]
In cases of ditched aircraft, pilots have been able to eject safely in several cases. However, fatal aircraft crashes have occurred; in 1994, Lt. Kara Hultgreen, the first female F-14 Tomcat pilot, was killed while attempting to land on board Abraham Lincoln during a training exercise.[53]
Fires have also caused damage to the ships; in May 2008, while rotating through to her new homeport at Yokosuka Naval Base in Yokosuka, Japan, George Washington suffered a serious fire which cost $70 million in repairs, injured 37 sailors and led to the ship undergoing three months of repairs at San Diego; this led to its having to miss the 2008 RIMPAC exercises and delayed the final withdrawal from service of USS Kitty Hawk. The fire was caused by unauthorized smoking in an area near improperly stored flammable refrigerant compressor oil.[85][86][87]
Future[edit]
An artist's impression of the Gerald R. Ford class.
Nimitz-class carriers were designed to have a 50-year service life.[88] At the end of the service life, ships will be decommissioned. This process will first take place on Nimitz and is estimated to cost from $750 to $900 million. This compares with an estimate of $53 million for a conventionally powered carrier. Most of the difference in cost is attributed to the deactivation of the nuclear power plants and safe removal of radioactive material and other contaminated equipment.[89]
A new class of carriers, the Gerald R. Ford class, is being constructed to replace previous vessels after decommissioning. Ten of these are expected, and the first has entered service as of 22 July 2017 to replace Enterprise. Most of the rest of these new carriers are to replace the oldest Nimitz ships as they reach the end of their service lives.[90] The new carriers will have a similar design to George H.W. Bush (using an almost identical hull shape) and technological and structural improvements.[91]
See also[edit]
Book: Nimitz class aircraft carriers
Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier
List of aircraft carriers
List of naval ship classes in service
List of aircraft carrier classes of the United States Navy
Modern US Navy carrier air operations
Naval aviation
Aircraft Carrier (Medium)
List of aircraft carriers of the United States Navy
Timeline of aircraft carriers of the United States Navy
United States Navy portal
Notes[edit]
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ The letters CVN denote the type of ship: "CV" is the hull classification symbol for aircraft carriers, and "N" indicates nuclear-powered propulsion. The number after the CVN means that this is the 68th "CV", or large aircraft carrier.
Jump up ^ All monetary values are adjusted for inflation to 2000s figures
Jump up ^ Although there are ten carrier air wings in the U.S. Navy, they are numbered between CVW-1 (USS Enterprise) and CVW-17 (USS Carl Vinson)
Citations[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Polmar, p. 112
^ Jump up to: a b Fontenoy, Paul E. (2006). Aircraft carriers: an illustrated history of their impact. ABC-CLIO Ltd. p. 349. ISBN 978-1-85109-573-5.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Gibbons, Tony (2001). The Encyclopedia of Ships. London, United Kingdom: Amber Books. p. 444. ISBN 978-1-905704-43-9.
Jump up ^ "What is the biggest warship ever built?". Royal Museums Greenwich. Retrieved 16 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Aircraft carriers – CVN". Retrieved 12 June 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Wolfson, Dianna. "A Solution to the Inherent List on Nimitz Class Aircraft Carriers" Defense Technical Information Center 2004
^ Jump up to: a b "USS Nimitz (CVN 68) Multi-Purpose Aircraft Carrier". Naval Vessel Register. 2004. Retrieved 18 December 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Ronald O'Rourke (2005). "Navy CVN-21 Aircraft Carrier Program: Background and Issues for Congress". US Department of the Navy. Archived from the original on 1 December 2006. Retrieved 18 December 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Polmar, p. 113
^ Jump up to: a b c Darwin, Robert; Bowman, Howard; Hunstad, Mary; Leach, William; Williams, Frederick (2005). Aircraft Carrier Flight and Hangar Deck Fire Protection: History and Current Status. Defense Technical Information Center. p. 10. Retrieved 1 July 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Friedman, p. 316
Jump up ^ Jim Wilson "21st Century Carrier Force" Popular Mechanics October 1998, pp. 58–66
^ Jump up to: a b Sandra I. Erwin (July 2003). "7th Fleet Experiment Probes Navy's Near-Term Concerns". National Defense Industrial Association. Retrieved 31 December 2009.
Jump up ^ Patricia Kime (September 2003). "Navy Should Bolster Crisis Planning for Theater ASW". Navy League of the United States. Retrieved 31 December 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Cold War Ship – Nimitz class". Royal Air Force Museum London. 2008. Retrieved 21 December 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Aircraft Carriers – CVN". U.S. Navy. 6 November 2009. Retrieved 19 December 2009.
Jump up ^ "CVN 78 Construction & Facilities". Northrop Grumman Shipbuilding. Retrieved 30 May 2010.
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^ Jump up to: a b "Aircraft Carriers – CV, CVN". Fact File. U.S. Navy. 12 October 2007. Retrieved 10 January 2009.
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Jump up ^ "Design Enhancements". Northrop Grumman Shipbuilding. Archived from the original on 13 November 2009. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
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^ Jump up to: a b "USS Nimitz (CVA(N)-68)". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History and Heritage Command. 8 May 2009. Retrieved 23 March 2010.
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^ Jump up to: a b c Evans, Mark L. (13 August 2008). "Abraham Lincoln". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History & Heritage Command. Retrieved 23 March 2010.
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References[edit]
Friedman, Norman (1983). U.S. Aircraft Carriers: An Illustrated Design History. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-739-5.
Lambeth, Benjamin (2005). American Carrier Air Power at the Dawn of a New Century. Santa Monica, California: RAND Corporation. ISBN 978-0-8330-3842-5.
Polmar, Norman (2004). The Naval Institute Guide to the Ships and Aircraft of the U.S. Fleet. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-685-8.
Stevens, Ted (1998). Navy Aircraft Carriers: Cost-effectiveness of Conventionally and Nuclear-powered Carriers: Report to Congressional Requesters. Washington, D.C.: Government Accountability Office. ISBN 1-4289-7664-7.
Wertheim, Eric (2007). The Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World: Their Ships, Aircraft and Systems. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-955-2.
Further reading[edit]
Schank, John F.; Mark V. Arena; Denis Rushworth; John Birkler; James Chiesa (2002). Refueling and Complex Overhaul of the USS Nimitz (CVN 68): Lessons for the Future. Santa Monica, California: Rand Corporation. ISBN 0-8330-3288-7. Retrieved 4 December 2010.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nimitz class aircraft carriers.
U.S. Navy website
Discovery channel video
Naval Vessel Register page for USS Nimitz
Busting the speed myth of USS Enterprise and Nimitz-class nuclear-powered supercarrier, a special report by NavWeaps.Com
CVN-68 Nimitz-class Modernization – GlobalSecurity.org
[show]
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Jay Gatsby
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Jay Gatsby
Created by
F. Scott Fitzgerald
Portrayed by
Warner Baxter (1926 film)
Alan Ladd (1949 film)
Robert Redford (1974 film)
Toby Stephens (2000 film)
Leonardo DiCaprio (2013 film)
Information
Full name
James Gatz (birth name)
Gender
Male
Occupation
Businessman
Yachtsman
Soldier
Entrepreneur
Bootlegger
Family
Henry C. Gatz (father)
Significant other(s)
Daisy Buchanan
Nationality
American
Jay Gatsby (originally named James "Jimmy" Gatz) is the title character of the 1925 F. Scott Fitzgerald novel The Great Gatsby. The character, a billionaire and the owner of a luxurious mansion where extravagant parties are often hosted, is described by the novel's narrator, Nick Carraway, as being "the single most hopeful person I've ever met".
Contents
[hide]
1 Character biography
2 Gatsby as a reference point
3 Portrayals
3.1 Film
3.2 Television
3.3 Radio
4 References
Character biography[edit]
James Gatz hailed from rural North Dakota,[1] and was born into a poor farmer family. He attended St. Olaf College but dropped out a few weeks into his first semester because he hated supporting himself by working as a janitor.
After dropping out, he went to Lake Superior, where he met copper tycoon Dan Cody in Little Girl Bay. Cody became Gatz's mentor and invited him to join his ten-year yacht trek. At seventeen, Gatz changed his name to Jay Gatsby and, over the next five years, learned the ways of the wealthy. Cody left Gatsby $25,000 in his will, but after his death, Cody's mistress cheated Gatsby out of the inheritance.
In 1917, during his training for the infantry in World War I, 27-year-old Gatsby met and fell in love with 18-year-old debutante Daisy Fay, who was everything Gatsby was not: rich and from a patrician Louisville family.
During the war, Gatsby reached the rank of Major in the U.S. 16th Infantry Regiment, and was decorated for valor for his participation in the Marne and the Argonne. After the war (as he also tells Nick Carraway years later), he briefly attended Trinity College, Oxford.[2][3] While there, he received a letter from Daisy, telling him that she had married the wealthy Tom Buchanan. Gatsby then decided to commit his life to becoming a man of the kind of wealth and stature he believed would win Daisy's love.[4]
Gatsby returned home and settled in New York, which was being transformed by the Jazz Age. It is speculated, but never confirmed, that Gatsby took advantage of Prohibition by making a fortune from bootlegging and built connections with various gangsters such as Meyer Wolfsheim (who Gatsby claims is "the man who fixed the World's Series back in 1919").
With his vast income, Gatsby purchased a mansion in the fictional West Egg (a reference to Great Neck or perhaps Kings Point) of Long Island. West Egg lies on the opposite bay from old-money East Egg (a reference to Sands Point), where Daisy, Tom, and their three-year-old daughter Pammy live. At his West Egg mansion, Gatsby hosted elaborate parties every weekend, open to all comers, in an attempt to attract Daisy as a party guest. Through Daisy's cousin Nick Carraway, Gatsby finally had a chance to reunite with her. Gatsby did not reveal to Daisy or to Nick the truth of how he came to acquire his wealth. During several meetings, Gatsby tried to revive his relationship with Daisy to what had been five years ago. He sought to woo her with his wealth and asked her to leave her boorish, faithless husband.
At the Buchanan home, Jordan, Nick, Jay, and the Buchanans decided to visit New York City. Tom borrowed Gatsby's yellow Rolls Royce to drive up to the city. On the way to New York City, Tom made a detour at a gas station in "the Valley of Ashes", a run-down part of Long Island. The owner, George Wilson, shared his concern that his wife, Myrtle, may be having an affair. This unnerves Tom, who has been having an affair with Myrtle, and he leaves in a hurry.
During the party in an expensive hotel suite, the casual conversation evolved into a confrontation between Daisy, Gatsby and Tom. In a fit of anger, Gatsby insisted that Daisy loved him, not Tom, and that she only married Tom for his money. Daisy admitted she loved both Tom and Gatsby. The party then broke up, with Daisy driving Gatsby out of New York City in the yellow Rolls-Royce and Tom leaving with Daisy's friend Jordan Baker and Nick in Tom's car.
From her upstairs room at the gas station, Myrtle saw an approaching car. Mistakenly believing Tom had returned for her, she ran out towards the car, but was struck and killed instantly. Panicked, Daisy drove away from the scene of the accident. At Daisy's house in East Egg, Gatsby promised Daisy he would take the blame if they were ever caught.
Tom told George that it was Gatsby's car that killed Myrtle. George went to Gatsby's house in West Egg, where he shot and killed Gatsby before committing suicide. Gatsby is later found dead, floating in his pool.
Despite the many guests who attended Gatsby's parties, only one (an individual known as "Owl Eyes") attended his funeral. Also at the funeral are Nick Carraway and Gatsby's father, Henry C. Gatz, who stated that he was proud of his son's achievement as a self-made millionaire.[5]
Gatsby as a reference point[edit]
The figure of Jay Gatsby became a cultural touchstone in 20th century America. When the poor native son Gatsby tells Nick Carraway, his only true friend and a relative of Daisy's, he was brought up wealthy and that he attended Oxford because "all my ancestors have been educated there", MSNBC political commentator Chris Matthews sees him as the eternal American striver: "Gatsby needed more than money: he needed to be someone who had always had it..... this blind faith that he can retrofit his very existence to Daisy's specifications is the heart and soul of The Great Gatsby. It's the classic story of the fresh start, the second chance."[6]
"Jay Gatsby..... appears to be the quintessential American male hero. He is a powerful businessman with shady connections, drives a glamorous car..... and pursues the beautiful, privileged Daisy," Michael Kimmel and Amy Aronson write.[7] In the Handbook of American Folklore, Richard Dorson sees Gatsby as a new American archetype who made a decision to transform himself after his first chance encounter with his mentor Dan Cody, who opens the door to riches in bootlegging. "The ragged youth who some months later (after Gatsby drops out of St. Olaf) introduces himself to a degenerate yachtsman as Jay Gatsby has explicitly rejected the Protestant ethic... in favor of a much more extravagant form of ambition."[8]
Referring to real life figures as Gatsby has been common in the United States, usually in reference to rich men whose rise to prominence involved an element of deception. In a story on R. Foster Winans, a reporter for the Wall Street Journal's "Heard on the Street" column who was fired after it was discovered he was giving advance knowledge of the columns' contents to Peter Brant, the Seattle Post Intelligencer described Brant as "Winan's Gatsby." The article noted that Brant had changed his name from Bornstein and said he was "a man who turned his back on his heritage and his family because he felt that being recognized as Jewish would be a detriment to his career."[9]
The character is often used as a symbol of great wealth. Reporting in 2009 on the collapse of home prices and tourist spending in the exclusive Hamptons on Long Island, not far from the fictional setting of Gatsby's home, the Wall Street Journal quoted a struggling hotelier as saying "Jay Gatsby is dead."[10]
Portrayals[edit]
Film[edit]
Jay Gatsby has been portrayed by several actors in film adaptations of Fitzgerald's novel. Among the actors to portray the character are Alan Ladd in the 1949 film adaptation, Robert Redford in the 1974 film adaptation, Leonardo DiCaprio in director Baz Luhrmann's 2013 film adaptation and Gregg Sulkin in Kevin Asch's 2014 drama film Affluenza, billed as a loose re-telling of the novel set among a group of rich and privileged teenagers in Long Island before the 2008 financial crash. The character is renamed Dylan Carson in this version. There was also a 1926 silent film in which Gatsby was portrayed by Warner Baxter, but there are no remaining copies known to exist.
Television[edit]
Toby Stephens played Gatsby in the 2000 television adaptation.
Mr. Burns was heavily based of Gatsby in "The Simpsons" episodes twelve and thirteen of season 28 - "The Great Phatsby"
Radio[edit]
Kirk Douglas starred as Gatsby in an adaptation broadcast on CBS' Family Hour of Stars on January 1, 1950.[11]
Andrew Scott played Gatsby in the 2012 two-part BBC Radio 4 Classic Serial production.[12]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Character Analysis: Jay Gatsby". CliffsNotes.
Jump up ^ McCullen, Bonnie Shannon (2007). "This Tremendous Detail: The Oxford Stone in the House of Gatsby". In Assadi, Jamal; Freedman, William. A Distant Drummer: Foreign Perspectives on F. Scott Fitzgerald. New York: Peter Lang. ISBN 978-0820488516.
Jump up ^ After World War I the United States military gave four months' leave to about 2,000 American soldiers to study at British universities. The American University Union in Europe. 1921. p. 6.
Jump up ^ "Spark Notes study guide synopsis on Jay Gatsby". Sparknotes.com. Retrieved August 20, 2010.
Jump up ^ Fitzgerald, F. Scott; Prigozy, Ruth (1998). "Introduction". The Great Gatsby (Oxford World's Classics ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-283269-6.
Jump up ^ Mathews, Chris (2003). "Chapter One, "A Self Made Country"". American: Beyond Our Grandest Notions. Simon & Schuster. pp. 18–19. ISBN 978-0-7432-4086-4.
Jump up ^ Kimmel, Michael; Aronson, Amy (2004). Men & Masculinities: A Social, Cultural, and Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 334. ISBN 978-1-57607-774-0.
Jump up ^ Dorson, Richard M (1986). Handbook of American Folklore. Indiana University Press. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-253-20373-1.
Jump up ^ "Scandal At Wall Street Journal: It'S A Great Gatsby Tale". Seattle Post Intelligencer. October 4, 1986. Retrieved August 20, 2010. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Lagnado, Lucette (February 20, 2009). "The Hamptons Half-Price Sale". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved August 20, 2010.
Jump up ^ http://www.radioechoes.com/family-hour-of-stars#.Va5-pqSwFe0[permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "F Scott Fitzgerald - The Great Gatsby, Episode 1 of 2". BBC Radio Classical Serial.
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The Short Stories of F. Scott Fitzgerald (1989)
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