text:
The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas
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For the film, see The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas (film).
The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas
Author
John Boyne
Country
Ireland
Language
English
Genre
Historical / post modern
Publisher
David Fickling Books
Publication date
5 January 2006
Media type
Print (hard cover & paper back)
Pages
216
ISBN
0-385-60940-X
OCLC
62132588
Dewey Decimal
823.914 22
LC Class
CS 2006/45764
The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas is a 2006[1] Holocaust novel by Irish novelist John Boyne. Unlike the months of planning Boyne devoted to his other books, he said that he wrote the entire first draft of The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas in two and a half days, barely sleeping until he got to the end.[1] As of March 2010, the novel had sold more than five million copies around the world.[2] In both 2007 and 2008, it was the best selling book of the year in Spain, and it has also reached number one on the New York Times bestseller list,[3] as well as in the UK, Ireland, and Australia.[not verified in body] The book was adapted in 2008 as a film of the same name.
Plot[edit]
Bruno is a 9-year-old boy growing up during World War II in Berlin. He lives with his parents, his 12-year-old sister Gretel and maids, one of whom is called Maria. After a visit by Adolf Hitler, Bruno's father is promoted to Commandant, and the family has to move to 'Out-With' because of the orders of "The Fury" (Bruno's naïve interpretation of the word 'Führer'). Bruno is initially upset about moving to Out-With (never identified, but cf. Auschwitz[4]) and leaving his friends, Daniel, Karl, and Martin. From the house at Out-With, Bruno sees a camp. One day, Bruno decides to explore the strange wire fence. As he walks along the fence, he meets a Jewish boy named Shmuel, who he learns shares his birthday. Shmuel says that his father, grandfather, and brother are with him on this side of the fence, but he is separated from his mother. Bruno and Shmuel talk and become very good friends, although Bruno still does not understand very much about Shmuel and his side of the fence. Nearly every day, unless it's raining Bruno goes to see Shmuel and sneaks him food. As the meetings go on, and Shmuel gets more and more skinny, Bruno's naïveté means he never realizes he is living beside a death camp.
When lice eggs are discovered in Bruno's hair he is forced to get all of his hair shaved off. Bruno comments that he looks like Shmuel, and Shmuel agrees, except that Bruno is fatter. Bruno's mother eventually persuades his father to take them back to Berlin and stay at Out-With without them.
The next day Bruno concocts a plan with Shmuel to sneak into the camp to look for Shmuel's father. Shmuel brings a set of prison clothes (which look to Bruno like striped pyjamas), and Bruno leaves his own clothes outside the fence. As they search the camp, both children are rounded up along with a group of prisoners on a "march". In the gas chamber, Bruno apologizes to Shmuel for not finding his father and tells Shmuel that he is Bruno's best friend for life. Shmuel does not answer, as at that moment the door of the gas chamber is closed, it becomes dark, and all is chaos.
Bruno's mother and sister return to Berlin, where they hope to find Bruno sitting on the doorstep, but do not. His father stays at Out-With, where he finally works out what had happened. When soldiers come to take him away from Out-With, he is happy to be leaving.
Critics' Reviews[edit]
Some critics have called the premise of the book and subsequent film – that there would be a child of Shmuel's age in the camp – erroneous. Reviewing the original book, Rabbi Benjamin Blech wrote: "Note to the reader: There were no 9-year-old Jewish boys in Auschwitz – the Nazis immediately gassed those not old enough to work."[5] Rabbi Blech affirmed the opinion of a Holocaust survivor friend that the book is "not just a lie and not just a fairytale, but a profanation". Blech acknowledges the objection that a "fable" need not be factually accurate; he counters that the book trivializes the conditions in and around the death camps and perpetuates the "myth that those [...] not directly involved can claim innocence", and thus undermines its moral authority. Students who read it, he warns, may believe the camps "weren't that bad" if a boy could conduct a clandestine friendship with a Jewish captive of the same age, unaware of "the constant presence of death".[6]
Kathryn Hughes, whilst agreeing about the implausibility of the plot, argues that "Bruno's innocence comes to stand for the willful refusal of all adult Germans to see what was going on under their noses".[7]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Interview with Children’s Author John Boyne (2006)". Archived from the original on 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2007-02-23.
Jump up ^ "BBC World Service - World Book Club - Downloads". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2016-03-15.
Jump up ^ "Biography". John Boyne. Retrieved 2016-03-15.
Jump up ^ Hughes, Kathryn (20 January 2006). "Educating Bruno". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Blech, Benjamin (October 23, 2008). "The Boy in the Striped Pajamas". Aish.com. Archived from the original on August 30, 2009. Retrieved August 30, 2009.
Jump up ^ Rabbi Benjamin Blech (October 23, 2008). "The Boy in the Striped Pajamas". aish.com. Retrieved February 11, 2013.
Jump up ^ Hughes, Kathryn (21 January 2006). "Educating Bruno". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 8 February 2012. Retrieved 8 February 2012.
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 182554061
LCCN: no2009181923
GND: 7719172-9
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Boy_in_the_Striped_Pyjamas&oldid=801424036"
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text:
NBA Most Valuable Player Award
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 1 July 2018.
Jump to navigation Jump to search
hideNational Basketball Association awards and honors
Championship
O'Brien Trophy
Brown Trophy (defunct)
Individual awards
All-Star Game MVP
Bill Russell Finals MVP
Coach of the Year
Defensive Player of the Year
Executive of the Year
J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship
Community Assist Award
Most Improved Player
Most Valuable Player
Rookie of the Year
Sixth Man of the Year
Sportsmanship Award
Twyman–Stokes Teammate of the Year
Lifetime Achievement Award
Honors
All-NBA Team
All-Rookie Team
All-Defensive Team
v
t
e
The National Basketball Association Most Valuable Player Award (MVP) is an annual National Basketball Association (NBA) award given since the 1955–56 season to the best performing player of the regular season.
The winner receives the Maurice Podoloff Trophy, which is named in honor of the first commissioner (then president)[a] of the NBA, who served from 1946 until 1963.
Until the 1979–80 season, the MVP was selected by a vote of NBA players. Since the 1980–81 season, the award is decided by a panel of sportswriters and broadcasters throughout the United States and Canada.
Each member of the voting panel casts a vote for first to fifth place selections. Each first-place vote is worth 10 points; each second-place vote is worth seven; each third-place vote is worth five, fourth-place is worth three and fifth-place is worth one. Starting from 2010, one ballot was cast by fans through online voting. The player with the highest point total wins the award.[2] As of June 2018[update], the current holder of the award is James Harden of the Houston Rockets.
Every player who has won this award and has been eligible for the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame has been inducted. Kareem Abdul-Jabbar won the award a record six times.[3] Both Bill Russell and Michael Jordan won the award five times,[4] while Wilt Chamberlain and LeBron James won the award four times. Russell and James are the only players to have won the award four times in five seasons.[5] Moses Malone, Larry Bird and Magic Johnson each won the award three times, while Bob Pettit, Karl Malone, Tim Duncan, Steve Nash and Stephen Curry have each won it twice.[4] Only two rookies have won the award: Wilt Chamberlain in the 1959–60 season and Wes Unseld in the 1968–69 season.[6] Hakeem Olajuwon of Nigeria,[b] Tim Duncan of the U.S. Virgin Islands,[c] Steve Nash of Canada[d] and Dirk Nowitzki of Germany are the only MVP winners considered "international players" by the NBA.[9]
Stephen Curry in 2015–16 is the only player to have won the award unanimously. Shaquille O'Neal in 1999–2000 and LeBron James in 2012–13 are the only two players to have fallen one vote shy of a unanimous selection, both receiving 120 of 121 votes.[e][5] Russell Westbrook, is the first to have played for a team that failed to win at least 50 regular-season games since the 1982–83 season.[f][11][12] Every player to have won the award has made at least one appearance as a player in the NBA Finals, with the exceptions of Steve Nash and Derrick Rose.
Contents
1 Winners
2 Multi-time winners
3 See also
4 Notes
5 References
Winners
Bill Russell (left) won the award five times in his NBA career. Wilt Chamberlain (center) won the award four times in his career.
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar won the award a record-setting six times in his career.
Michael Jordan won the award five times in his career.
LeBron James is a four-time NBA MVP.
Tim Duncan, of the San Antonio Spurs, won back-to-back Most Valuable Player awards in the '01-02 and '02-03 seasons.
Derrick Rose became the youngest player to ever win the award at age 22.
Stephen Curry won back-to-back MVP awards and was the first unanimous winner in the '15-16 season.[13]
James Harden is the reigning MVP.
^ Denotes player who is still active in the NBA
* Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame
Denotes player whose team won championship that year
Player (X) Denotes the number of times the player had been named MVP at that time
Team (X) Denotes the number of times a player from this team had won at that time
Season
Player
Position
Nationality
Team
1955–56
Bob Pettit*
Power forward United States St. Louis Hawks
1956–57
Bob Cousy*
Point guard United States Boston Celtics
1957–58
Bill Russell*
Center United States Boston Celtics (2)
1958–59
Bob Pettit* (2)
Power forward United States St. Louis Hawks (2)
1959–60
Wilt Chamberlain*
Center United States Philadelphia Warriors
1960–61
Bill Russell* (2)
Center United States Boston Celtics (3)
1961–62
Bill Russell* (3)
Center United States Boston Celtics (4)
1962–63
Bill Russell* (4)
Center United States Boston Celtics (5)
1963–64
Oscar Robertson*
Point guard United States Cincinnati Royals
1964–65
Bill Russell* (5)
Center United States Boston Celtics (6)
1965–66
Wilt Chamberlain* (2)
Center United States Philadelphia 76ers
1966–67
Wilt Chamberlain* (3)
Center United States Philadelphia 76ers (2)
1967–68
Wilt Chamberlain* (4)
Center United States Philadelphia 76ers (3)
1968–69
Wes Unseld*
Center/Forward United States Baltimore Bullets
1969–70
Willis Reed*
Center United States New York Knicks
1970–71
AaaLew Alcindor*[g]
Center United States Milwaukee Bucks
1971–72
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar*[g] (2)
Center United States Milwaukee Bucks (2)
1972–73
Dave Cowens*
Center United States Boston Celtics (7)
1973–74
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar*[g] (3)
Center United States Milwaukee Bucks (3)
1974–75
Bob McAdoo*
Power forward United States Buffalo Braves
1975–76
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar*[g] (4)
Center United States Los Angeles Lakers
1976–77
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar*[g] (5)
Center United States Los Angeles Lakers (2)
1977–78
Bill Walton*
Center United States Portland Trail Blazers
1978–79
Moses Malone*
Center United States Houston Rockets
1979–80
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar*[g] (6)
Center United States Los Angeles Lakers (3)
1980–81
Julius Erving*
Small forward United States Philadelphia 76ers (4)
1981–82
Moses Malone* (2)
Center United States Houston Rockets (2)
1982–83
Moses Malone* (3)
Center United States Philadelphia 76ers (5)
1983–84
Larry Bird*
Small forward United States Boston Celtics (8)
1984–85
Larry Bird* (2)
Small forward United States Boston Celtics (9)
1985–86
Larry Bird* (3)
Small forward United States Boston Celtics (10)
1986–87
Magic Johnson*
Point guard United States Los Angeles Lakers (4)
1987–88
Michael Jordan*
Shooting guard United States Chicago Bulls
1988–89
Magic Johnson* (2)
Point guard United States Los Angeles Lakers (5)
1989–90
Magic Johnson* (3)
Point guard United States Los Angeles Lakers (6)
1990–91
Michael Jordan* (2)
Shooting guard United States Chicago Bulls (2)
1991–92
Michael Jordan* (3)
Shooting guard United States Chicago Bulls (3)
1992–93
Charles Barkley*
Power forward United States Phoenix Suns
1993–94
Hakeem Olajuwon*
Center Nigeria[b] Houston Rockets (3)
1994–95
David Robinson*
Center United States San Antonio Spurs
1995–96
Michael Jordan* (4)
Shooting guard United States Chicago Bulls (4)
1996–97
Karl Malone*
Power forward United States Utah Jazz
1997–98
Michael Jordan* (5)
Shooting guard United States Chicago Bulls (5)
1998–99
Karl Malone* (2) [h]
Power forward United States Utah Jazz (2)
1999–00
Shaquille O'Neal*
Center United States Los Angeles Lakers (7)
2000–01
Allen Iverson*
Shooting guard United States Philadelphia 76ers (6)
2001–02
Tim Duncan
Power forward United States[c] San Antonio Spurs (2)
2002–03
Tim Duncan (2)
Power forward United States[c] San Antonio Spurs (3)
2003–04
Kevin Garnett
Power forward United States Minnesota Timberwolves
2004–05
Steve Nash*
Point guard Canada[d] Phoenix Suns (2)
2005–06
Steve Nash* (2)
Point guard Canada[d] Phoenix Suns (3)
2006–07
Dirk Nowitzki^
Power forward Germany Dallas Mavericks
2007–08
Kobe Bryant
Shooting guard United States Los Angeles Lakers (8)
2008–09
LeBron James^
Small forward United States Cleveland Cavaliers
2009–10
LeBron James^ (2)
Small forward United States Cleveland Cavaliers (2)
2010–11
Derrick Rose^ [i]
Point guard United States Chicago Bulls (6)
2011–12
LeBron James^ (3)
Small forward United States Miami Heat
2012–13
LeBron James^ (4)
Small forward United States Miami Heat (2)
2013–14
Kevin Durant^
Small forward United States Oklahoma City Thunder
2014–15
Stephen Curry^
Point guard United States Golden State Warriors (2)
2015–16
Stephen Curry^ (2)
Point guard United States Golden State Warriors (3)
2016–17
Russell Westbrook^
Point guard United States Oklahoma City Thunder (2)
2017–18
James Harden^
Shooting guard United States Houston Rockets (4)
Multi-time winners
Rank
Player
Team(s)
Awards
Years
1 Kareem Abdul-Jabbar Milwaukee Bucks (3) / Los Angeles Lakers (3) 6 1971, 1972, 1974, 1976, 1977, 1980
2 Bill Russell
Boston Celtics 5 1958, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1965
Michael Jordan Chicago Bulls 1988, 1991, 1992, 1996, 1998
4 Wilt Chamberlain Philadelphia Warriors (1) / Philadelphia 76ers (3) 4 1960, 1966, 1967, 1968
LeBron James Cleveland Cavaliers (2) / Miami Heat (2) 2009, 2010, 2012, 2013
6 Moses Malone Houston Rockets (2) / Philadelphia 76ers (1) 3 1979, 1982, 1983
Larry Bird Boston Celtics 1984, 1985, 1986
Magic Johnson Los Angeles Lakers 1987, 1989, 1990
9 Bob Pettit St. Louis Hawks 2 1956, 1959
Karl Malone Utah Jazz 1997, 1999
Tim Duncan San Antonio Spurs 2002, 2003
Steve Nash Phoenix Suns 2005, 2006
Stephen Curry Golden State Warriors 2015, 2016
See also
National Basketball Association portal
Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award
NBA All-Star Game Most Valuable Player Award
NBA Development League Most Valuable Player Award
Notes
Jump up ^ The official title of the position was President until 1967 when it was changed to Commissioner.[1]
^ Jump up to: a b Hakeem Olajuwon was born in Nigeria, but became a naturalized United States citizen in 1993. He was the first ever international player to win the award.[7]
^ Jump up to: a b c Although Duncan was born in the U.S. Virgin Islands and is a United States citizen,[8] the NBA considers him an international player.[9]
^ Jump up to: a b c Steve Nash, who was born in South Africa, was raised in Canada.[10]
Jump up ^ Allen Iverson received the only other first-place vote in 2000, while Carmelo Anthony received the only other first-place vote in 2013.[5]
Jump up ^ Except for seasons affected by lockouts, when the schedule was shortened from the norm of 82 games. Karl Malone won in 1998–99 when Utah was 37–13 in 50 games, which projected to 60 wins in 82 games. James won in 2011–12 when the Miami Heat were 46–20 in 66 games, which projected to 57 wins.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Before the 1971–72 season, Lew Alcindor changed his name to Kareem Abdul-Jabbar.[14]
Jump up ^ Malone, at 35 years and 284 days old at the end of the regular season, is the oldest MVP in NBA history.[15]
Jump up ^ Rose, at 22 years and 191 days old at the end of the regular season, is the youngest MVP in NBA history.[16]
References
General
"Most Valuable Player". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved July 4, 2008.
"Most Valuable Player Award Winners". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved July 7, 2008.
"NBA MVP – Maurice Podoloff Trophy – Marc Mellon Sculpture Studio". Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved January 19, 2002.
Specific
Jump up ^ Monroe, Mike. "The Commissioners". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved July 8, 2008.
Jump up ^ "LeBron receives 116 first-place votes". ESPN.com. May 2, 2010. Retrieved May 2, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Kareem Abdul-Jabbar". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved July 4, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "Most Valuable Player". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved July 4, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c Wallace, Michael (May 5, 2013). "LeBron James wins 4th MVP award". ESPN.com. Archived from the original on May 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Wes Unseld". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved July 4, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Hakeem Olajuwon Bio: 1992-93". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Archived from the original on May 16, 2008. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Virgin Islands". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved August 12, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "NBA Players from around the world: 2005-2006 Season". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved March 13, 2011.
Jump up ^ McPeek, Jeramie. "The Canadian Kid". NBA.com (from Fastbreak Magazine of Sept./Oct. 1996). Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved April 22, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Who is the leading MVP candidate?". ESPN.com. March 6, 2015. Archived from the original on March 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ Hubbard, Jan (April 22, 1990). "NBA NOTES : Charles Barkley Running a Slick Campaign for MVP". Newsday. Archived from the original on March 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Stephen Curry wins MVP for second straight season". ESPN.com. May 11, 2016. Retrieved May 30, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Kareem Abdul-Jabbar Bio". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved August 4, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Karl Malone 1998-99 game log". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved October 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Derrick Rose 2010-11 game log". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved October 2, 2016.
show
v
t
e
NBA Most Valuable Player Award
1956: Pettit
1957: Cousy
1958: Russell
1959: Pettit
1960: Chamberlain
1961: Russell
1962: Russell
1963: Russell
1964: Robertson
1965: Russell
1966: Chamberlain
1967: Chamberlain
1968: Chamberlain
1969: Unseld
1970: Reed
1971: Alcindor
1972: Abdul-Jabbar
1973: Cowens
1974: Abdul-Jabbar
1975: McAdoo
1976: Abdul-Jabbar
1977: Abdul-Jabbar
1978: Walton
1979: M. Malone
1980: Abdul-Jabbar
1981: Erving
1982: M. Malone
1983: M. Malone
1984: Bird
1985: Bird
1986: Bird
1987: Johnson
1988: Jordan
1989: Johnson
1990: Johnson
1991: Jordan
1992: Jordan
1993: Barkley
1994: Olajuwon
1995: Robinson
1996: Jordan
1997: K. Malone
1998: Jordan
1999: K. Malone
2000: O'Neal
2001: Iverson
2002: Duncan
2003: Duncan
2004: Garnett
2005: Nash
2006: Nash
2007: Nowitzki
2008: Bryant
2009: James
2010: James
2011: Rose
2012: James
2013: James
2014: Durant
2015: Curry
2016: Curry
2017: Westbrook
2018: Harden
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Saint Lawrence Seaway
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Saint Lawrence Seaway
Specifications
Length
370 miles (600 km)
Maximum boat length
740 ft 0 in (225.6 m)
Maximum boat beam
78 ft 0 in (23.8 m)
Locks
15
Maximum height above sea level
570 ft (170 m)
Status
Open
History
Construction began
1954
Date of first use
April 25
Date completed
1959
Geography
Start point
Port Colborne, Ontario
End point
Montreal, Quebec
Great Lakes and Saint Lawrence Seaway navigation to the Atlantic Ocean
The Eisenhower Locks in Massena, NY.
Saint Lawrence seaway
Saint Lawrence Seaway separated navigation channel by Montreal.
The Saint Lawrence Seaway (French: la Voie Maritime du Saint-Laurent) is a system of locks, canals and channels in Canada and the United States that permit ocean-going vessels to travel from the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes of North America, as far inland as the western end of Lake Superior. The Seaway is named for the Saint Lawrence River, which flows from Lake Ontario to the Atlantic Ocean. Legally, the Seaway extends from Montreal, Quebec, to Lake Erie and includes the Welland Canal.
This section upstream of the Seaway is not a continuous canal; rather, it consists of several stretches of navigable channels within the river, a number of locks, and canals along the banks of the St. Lawrence River to bypass several rapids and dams. A number of the locks are managed by the St. Lawrence Seaway Management Corporation in Canada, and others in the United States by the Saint Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation; the two bodies together advertise the Seaway as part of "Highway H2O".[1] The section of the river from Montreal to the Atlantic is within Canadian jurisdiction and is regulated by the offices of Transport Canada in the Port of Quebec.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Expansion proposal
3 Locks in the Saint Lawrence River
4 Locks in the Welland Canal
5 Lock, channel dimensions and additional statistical data
6 Ecology
7 International trade and tourism
8 Map
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
History[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The Saint Lawrence Seaway was preceded by a number of other canals. In 1871, locks on the Saint Lawrence allowed transit of vessels 186 ft (57 m) long, 44 ft 6 in (13.56 m) wide, and 9 ft (2.7 m) deep. The First Welland Canal, constructed from 1824–1829, had a minimum lock size of 110 ft (34 m) long, 22 ft (6.7 m) wide, and 8 ft (2.4 m) deep, but it was generally too small to allow passage of larger ocean-going ships. The Welland Canal's minimum lock size was increased to 150 ft (46 m) long, 26.5 ft (8.1 m) wide, and 9 ft (2.7 m) deep for the Second Welland Canal; to 270 ft (82 m) long, 45 ft (14 m) wide, and 14 ft (4.3 m) deep with the Third Welland Canal; and to 766 ft (233 m) long, 80 ft (24 m) wide, and 30 ft (9.1 m) deep for the current (Fourth) Welland Canal.[2]
The first proposals for a bi-national comprehensive deep waterway along the Saint Lawrence were made in the 1890s. In the following decades, developers proposed a hydropower project as inseparable from the seaway; the various governments and seaway supporters believed that the deeper water to be created by the hydro project was necessary to make the seaway channels feasible for ocean-going ships. United States proposals for development up to and including the First World War met with little interest from the Canadian federal government. But the two national governments submitted Saint Lawrence plans to a group for study. By the early 1920s, both The Wooten-Bowden Report and the International Joint Commission recommended the project.
Although the Liberal Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King was reluctant to proceed, in part because of opposition to the project in Quebec, in 1932 he and the United States representative signed a treaty of intent. This treaty was submitted to the United States Senate in November 1932 and hearings continued until a vote was taken on March 14, 1934. The majority voted in favor of the treaty, but it failed to gain the necessary two-thirds vote for ratification. Subsequent attempts between the governments in the 1930s to forge an agreement came to naught due to opposition by the Ontario government of Mitchell Hepburn, and that of Quebec.[citation needed] In 1936, John C. Beukema, head of the Great Lakes Harbors Association and a member of the Great Lakes Tidewater Commission, was among a delegation of eight from the Great Lakes states to meet at the White House with U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt to get his support of the Seaway concept.
Beukema and Saint Lawrence Seaway proponents were convinced that such a nautical link would lead to development of the communities and economies of the Great Lakes region by enabling ocean-going ships. In this period, grain exports to Europe were highly important to the national economy, along with other commodities. The negotiations on the treaty resumed in 1938 and by January 1940, substantial agreement was reached between Canada and the United States. By 1941, President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Mackenzie King made an executive agreement to build the joint hydro and navigation works, but this failed to receive the assent of the U.S. Congress. Proposals for the seaway were met with resistance; primary opposition came from interests representing existing harbors on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts and internal waterways, and from the railroads associations. The railroads carried freight and goods between the coastal ports and the Great Lakes cities.
After 1945, proposals to introduce tolls to the Seaway were not sufficient to gain support by the U.S. Congress for the project. Growing impatient, and with Ontario desperate for the power to be generated by hydro-electricity, Canada began to consider "going it alone". This seized the imagination of Canadians, engendering a groundswell of Saint Lawrence nationalism. Canadian Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent advised U.S. President Harry S. Truman on September 28, 1951 that Canada was unwilling to wait for the United States and would build a seaway alone; the Canadian Parliament authorized the founding of the Saint Lawrence Seaway Authority on December 21 of that year. Fueled by this support, Saint Laurent's administration decided over the course of 1951 and 1952 to construct the waterway alone, combined with the Moses-Saunders Power Dam. (This became the joint responsibility of Ontario and New York: as a hydro-power dam would change the water levels, it required bilateral cooperation.)
The International Joint Commission issued an order of approval for joint construction of the dam in October 1952. U.S. Senate debate on the bill began on January 12, 1953, and the bill emerged from the House of Representatives Committee of Public Works on February 22, 1954. It received approval by the Senate and the House by May 1954. The first positive action to enlarge the seaway was taken on May 13, 1954 when U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the Wiley-Dondero Seaway Act[3] to authorize joint construction and to establish the Saint Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation as the US authority. The need for cheap haulage of Quebec - Labrador iron ore was one of the arguments that finally swung the balance in favor of the seaway. Ground-breaking ceremonies took place in Massena, New York, on August 10, 1954. That year John C. Beukema was appointed by Eisenhower to the five-member St. Lawrence Seaway Advisory Board.
In May 1957, the Connecting Channels Project was begun by the United States Army Corps of Engineers. By 1959, Beukema was on board the U.S. Coast Guard cutter Maple for the first trip through the U.S. locks that opened up the Great Lakes to ocean-going ships. On April 25, 1959,[4] large, deep-draft, ocean vessels began streaming to the heart of the North American continent through the seaway, a project which had been supported by every administration from Woodrow Wilson through Eisenhower.
In the United States, Dr. N.R. Danelian (who was the director of the 13-volume Saint Lawrence Seaway Survey in the U.S. Department of Navigation (1932–1963)), worked with the U.S. Secretary of State on Canadian-United States issues regarding the Seaway, persevering through 15 years to gain passage by Congress of the Seaway Act. He later became President of the Great Lakes St. Lawrence Association to promote Seaway development to benefit the American Heartland. The Seaway was heavily promoted by the Eisenhower administration, who were concerned with the its locus of control.[5]
The seaway opened in 1959 and cost C$470 million, $336.2 million of which was paid by the Canadian government.[6] Queen Elizabeth II and American President Dwight D. Eisenhower formally opened the Seaway with a short cruise aboard the royal yacht HMY Britannia after addressing crowds in Saint-Lambert, Quebec. 22,000 workers were employed at one time or another on the project, a 2,300-mile-long superhighway for ocean freighters.[5] Port of Milwaukee director Harry C. Brockel forecast just before the Seaway opened in 1959 that "The St. Lawrence Seaway will be the greatest single development of this century in its effects on Milwaukee's future growth and prosperity." Lester Olsen, president of the Milwaukee Association of Commerce, said, "The magnitude and potential of the St. Lawrence Seaway and the power project stir the imagination of the world."[5]
The seaway's opening is often credited with making the Erie Canal obsolete, and causing the severe economic decline of several cities along the canal in Upstate New York. By the turn of the 20th century, the Erie Canal had already been largely supplanted by the railroads, which had been constructed across New York and could carry freight more quickly and cheaply. The economic decline of Upstate New York was precipitated by numerous factors, only some of which had to do with the St. Lawrence Seaway.
Under the Canada Marine Act (1998), the Canadian portions of the Seaway were set up with a non-profit corporate structure; this legislation also introduced changes to the federal Ports.[7]
Great Lakes and Seaway shipping generates $3.4 billion in business revenue annually in the US. In 2002, ships moved 222 million tons of cargo. Overseas shipments, mostly of inbound steel and outbound grain, accounted for 15.4 million tons, 6.9% of the total cargo moved.[5] In 2004, Seaway grain exports accounted for about 3.6% of the US' overseas grain shipments, according to the U.S. Grains Council. In a typical year, Seaway steel imports account for around 6% of the U.S. annual total. The toll revenue obtained from ocean vessels is about 25-30% of cargo revenue.[5] The Port of Duluth shipped just over 2.5 million metric tons of grain, which is less than the port typically moved in the decade before the Seaway opened Lake Superior to deep-draft oceangoing vessels in 1959.[5]
International changes have affected shipping through the Seaway. Europe is no longer a major grain importer; big US export shipments are now going to South America, Asia and Africa. These destinations make Gulf and West Coast ports more critical to 21st-century grain exports. Referring to the Seaway project, a retired Iowa State University economics professor who specialized in transportation issues said, "It probably did make sense, at about the time it (the Seaway) was constructed and conceived, but since then everything has changed."[5]
Certain Seaway users have been concerned about the low water levels of the Great Lakes that have occurred since 2010.[8]
Expansion proposal[edit]
Comparison of bounding box of Panamax and Seawaymax.
See also: List of crossings of the Saint Lawrence River and the Great Lakes
The Panama Canal was completed in 1914 and also serves ocean-going traffic. In the 1950s, Seaway designers chose not to build the locks to match the size of ships permitted by the 1914 locks at the Panama Canal (965 by 106 feet (294 by 32 m), known as the Panamax limit). Instead, the Seaway locks were built to match the smaller locks of Welland Canal, which opened in 1932. The Seaway locks permit passage of a ship 740 feet (230 m) long by 78 feet (24 m) feet wide (the Seawaymax limit).[5] The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers did a study to expand the St. Lawrence Seaway, but the plan was scrapped in 2011 because of tight budgets.[9][10]
The Seaway locks are planned for expansion in 2030. The expansion would allow container ships to travel into the Great Lakes. The maximum height clearance would be 150 feet (46 m), because of the height clearance limitations of the Mackinac Bridge, Ambassador Bridge, Blue Water Bridge, and the Gordie Howe International Bridge (to be completed in 2019-20). The maximum water draft would be 35 or 36 feet (11 m), compared to 27 feet (8.2 m) now. The Port of Montreal, at the eastern end of the St. Lawrence Seaway, allows 36-foot (11 m) drafts in the estuary.
The proposed New Seawaymax locks would be 1,000 by 110 feet (305 by 34 m) and would allow Panamax-size ships to access the Great Lakes. Only two limits would hinder the largest Panamax ships from entering the Seaway: Ships could be no higher than 150 feet (46 m) above the water line (air draft) and could have a water draft of no more than 37 feet (11 m). The New Seawaymax locks would permit a ship 45 feet (14 m) longer and 4 feet (1.2 m) wider than the Panamax ships permitted by the Panama Canal's 1914 locks.
Locks in the Saint Lawrence River[edit]
Iroquois Locks
Beauharnois Lock
St. Lambert Lock
There are seven locks in the Saint Lawrence River portion of the Seaway. From downstream to upstream they are:[11]
St. Lambert Lock—Saint Lambert, QC
Côte Ste. Catherine Lock—Sainte-Catherine, QC
Beauharnois Locks (two locks)—Melocheville, QC at 45°18′12.6″N 73°55′36.5″W / 45.303500°N 73.926806°W / 45.303500; -73.926806 and 45°19′0.1″N 73°55′6.6″W / 45.316694°N 73.918500°W / 45.316694; -73.918500
Snell Lock—Massena, NY
Eisenhower Lock—Massena, NY
Iroquois Lock—Iroquois, ON at 44°49′48″N 75°18′46.8″W / 44.83000°N 75.313000°W / 44.83000; -75.313000
Water Level Elevations
Lake Ontario 243 feet above sea level.
Drop through Iroqois Lock is 1 foot.
Lake St. Lawrence 242 feet above sea level.
Drop through Eisenhower Lock is 38 feet.
Wiley-Dondero Canal 204 feet above sea level.
Drop through Snell Lock is 45 feet.
Lake St. Francis 159 feet above sea level.
Drop through Upper Beauharnois Lock is 41 feet.
Beauharnois Canal 118 feet above sea level.
Drop through Lower Beauharnois Lock is 41 feet.
Lake St. Louis 77 feet above sea level.
Drop through Cote Ste Catherine Lock is 30 feet.
Laprairie Basin 47 feet above sea level.
Drop through St. Lambert Lock is 15 feet.
Drop through Lachine Rapids is a few feet.
Montreal Harbour 30 feet approximately above sea level.
Locks in the Welland Canal[edit]
There are eight locks on the Welland Canal. From the north to the south, there is the Lake Ontario level control lock at Port Weller, followed by Lock 2 and then Lock 3, a site with a visitors' information centre and museum in St. Catharines, Ontario. There are four locks in Thorold, Ontario, including twin flight locks 4, 5 and 6, with Lock 7 leading up to the main channel. The Lake Erie level control lock sits in Port Colborne, Ontario.
Locks 5, 6, & 7 on the Welland Canal
Lock, channel dimensions and additional statistical data[edit]
The size of vessels that can traverse the seaway is limited by the size of locks. Locks on the St. Lawrence and on the Welland Canal are 766 ft (233.5 m) long, 80 ft (24.4 m) wide, and 30 ft (9.14 m) deep. The maximum allowed vessel size is slightly smaller: 740 ft (225.6 m) long, 78 ft (23.8 m) wide, and 26.5 ft (8.1 m) deep. Many vessels designed for use on the Great Lakes following the opening of the seaway were built to the maximum size permissible by the locks, known informally as Seawaymax or Seaway-Max. Large vessels of the lake freighter fleet are built on the lakes and cannot travel downstream beyond the Welland Canal. On the remaining Great Lakes, these ships are constrained only by the largest lock on the Great Lakes Waterway, the Poe Lock at the Soo Locks (at Sault Ste. Marie), which is 1,200 ft (365.8 m) long, 110 ft (33.5 m) wide and 32 ft (9.8 m) deep.
A vessel's draft is another obstacle to passage on the seaway, particularly in connecting waterways such as the St. Lawrence River. The depth in the channels of the seaway is 41 ft (12.5 m) (Panamax-depth) downstream of Quebec City, 35 ft (10.7 m) between Quebec City and Deschaillons, 37 ft (11.3 m) to Montreal, and 27 ft (8.2 m) upstream of Montreal. Channel depths and limited lock sizes mean that only 10% of current ocean-going ships, which have been built much larger than in the 1950s, can traverse the entire seaway. Proposals to expand the seaway, dating from as early as the 1960s, have been rejected since the late 20th century as too costly. In addition, researchers, policymakers and the public are much more aware of the environmental issues that have accompanied Seaway development and are reluctant to open the Great Lakes to more invasions of damaging species, as well as associated issues along the canals and river. Questions have been raised as to whether such infrastructure costs could ever be recovered. Lower water levels in the Great Lakes have also posed problems for some vessels in recent years, and pose greater issues to communities, industries and agriculture in the region.
While the seaway is currently (2010) mostly used for shipping bulk cargo, the possibility of its use for large-scale container shipping is under consideration as well. If the expansion project goes ahead, feeder ships would take containers from the port of Oswego on Lake Ontario in upstate New York to Melford International Terminal in Nova Scotia for transfer to larger ocean-going ships.[12]
A useful website hosts measurements of wind, water levels and water temperatures.[13] A real-time interactive map of Seaway Locks, Vessels and Ports is available at.[14] The NOAA-funded Great Lakes Water Level Dashboard compiles statistics on water depth at various points along the Seaway.[15]
Ecology[edit]
To create a navigable channel through the Long Sault rapids and to allow hydroelectric stations to be established immediately upriver from Cornwall, Ontario and Massena, New York, Lake St. Lawrence was created behind a dam. It required the condemnation and acquisition by the government of all the properties of six villages and three hamlets in Ontario; these are now collectively known as "The Lost Villages".[16] The area was flooded on July 1, 1958, creating the lake. There was also inundation on the New York side of the border and the village of Louisville Landing was submerged. A notable adverse environmental effect of the operation of the Seaway has been the introduction of numerous invasive species of aquatic animals into the Great Lakes Basin. The zebra mussel has been most damaging in the Great Lakes and through its invasion of related rivers, waterways and city water facilities.
The Seaway, along with the Saint Lawrence River it passes through also provides opportunities for outdoor recreation, such as boating, camping, fishing, and scuba diving. Unfortunately invasive species and artificial water level controls imposed by the Seaway have had a negative impact on recreational fishing.[17] Of note, The Old Power House near Lock 23 (near Morrisburg, Ontario) became an attractive site for scuba divers. The submerged stone building has become covered with barnacles and is home to an abundance of underwater life.[18]
The Seaway passes through the Saint Lawrence River, which provides a number of divable shipwrecks within recreational scuba limits (shallower than 130 ft (40 m)) The region also offers technical diving with some wrecks lying at 240 ft (73 m). Surprisingly, the water temperature can be as warm as 75 °F (24 °C) during the mid to late summer months. The first 10 ft (3 m) of Lake Ontario is warmed and enters the St. Lawrence river as the fast-moving water body has no thermocline circulation.
On July 12, 2010, Richelieu (owned by Canada Steamship Lines) ran aground after losing power near the Côte-Sainte-Catherine lock. The grounding punctured a fuel tank, spilling an estimated 200 tonnes of diesel fuel, covering approximately 500 m2. The Seaway and the lock were shut down to help contain the spill.[19]
International trade and tourism[edit]
The seaway is important for American and Canadian international trade. The seaway handles 40 to 50 million annual tons of cargo. About 50% of the cargo carried travels to and from international ports in Europe, the Middle East and Africa. The rest comprises coastal trade, or short sea shipping, between various American and Canadian ports.[20] Among international shippers are found:
Polsteam maintains a fleet of dry-bulk only vessels that transit every two weeks from the Dutch town of IJmuiden to Duluth, Minnesota
Fednav Group, private[21] international dry-bulk only ocean transportation group, with routes between the Port of Antwerp and Sorel, Quebec even in wintertime[22]
World Shipping Inc., a privately owned[23] and truly global logistics operation[24]
Canfornav, a subsidiary of Canfor[25] which does dry-bulk only and registers most of its vessels in Cyprus
American Steamship Company, a subsidiary of the General American Transportation Corporation (GATX)[26]
Rand Logistics, which was formed from the acquisition of Lower Lakes Towing Ltd,[27] and does not ship containers
McKeil Marine, headquartered in Hamilton, provides service to Arctic ports[28]
Groupe Desgagnés,[29] owner of MV Camilla Desgagnés, an arctic steamer
The Port of Montreal is the site of operations of
Maersk Line, a unit of the A.P. Moller-Maersk Group
Mediterranean Shipping Company
Compagnie Maritime d'Affrètement / Compagnie Generale Maritime, a French transshipper
Hapag-Lloyd acquired the Port of Montreal docks of, along with the rest of, CP Ships in 2005
Orient Overseas Container Line, a Hong Kong-based multinational
Arrimage Quebec has stevedoring operations in Baie-Comeau, Becancour, Chicago, Cote-Sainte-Catherine, Gaspe, Gros-Cacouna, Hamilton, Matane, Oshawa, Pointe-au-Pic, Port Colborne, Portneuf, Quebec, Rimouski, Saguenay, Sept-Iles, Sorel-Tracy, St. Catharines, and other ports in the Maritime provinces of Canada.[30]
The Saint Lawrence seaway (along with ports in Quebec) is the main route for Ontario grain exports to overseas markets.[31] Its fees are publicly known, and were limited in 2013 to an increase of 3%.[32] A trained Pilot is required for any foreign trade vessel,[33] and the employment of these skilled personnel follows the law of supply and demand. A set of rules and regulations are available to help transit.[34]
Commercial vessel transit information is hosted on the U.S. Saint Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation website.
Since 1997, international cruise liners have been known to transit the Seaway. The Hapag-Lloyd Christopher Columbus carried 400 passengers to Duluth, Minnesota that year. Since then, the number of annual Seaway cruising passengers has increased to 14,000.[35]
Every year, more than 2,000 recreational boats, of more than 20 ft and one ton, transit the Seaway.[36] The tolls have been fixed for 2013 at $30 per lock, except for the Welland Canal, where $30 pays for all eight locks between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario.[37] Lockages are scheduled 12 hours a day between the hours of 07:00 and 19:00 from June 15 to September 15.[38]
A list of organisations that serve the Seaway in some fashion, such as Chambers of Commerce and Municipal or Port authorities, is available at the SLSDC website. A 56-page electronic "Great Lakes St. Lawrence Seaway System" Directory is published by Harbor House Publishers.[39]
Map[edit]
Map of the North American Great Lakes and the Saint Lawrence Seaway from 1959, depicting the entire length beginning at the Gulf of Saint Lawrence in the east to the western-most terminus at Lake Superior. This map is in the public domain and is available at Wikimedia Commons in several resolutions.
Thousand Islands Bridge, Ogdensburg-Prescott International Bridge, International High Level Bridge, Valleyfield Bridge, St. Louis Bridge, Champlain Bridge
Lake Ontario, Lake Saint Francis (Canada), Lake Saint-Louis, Montreal Harbour
See also[edit]
Container on barge
Glossary of nautical terms
Great Lakes Waterway
Lachine Canal
Lake Champlain Seaway
Lake freighter
Merchant vessel
Navigability
Seawaymax
Ship transport
Soulanges Canal
Watercraft
Waterway
References[edit]
Notes
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-11-06. Retrieved 2014-08-15.
Jump up ^ "Brief History of the Welland Canal and the Welland Recreational Canal" (PDF). Welland Recreational Canal Corporation. Retrieved September 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ "GreatLakesSeawayNews.com". GreatLakesSeawayNews.com. Retrieved November 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ Rodrigue, Jean-Paul. "The St. Lawrence Seaway and Regional Development". The Geography of Transport Systems. Hofstra University.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Egan, Dan (October 30, 2005). "Sinking treasure". Jsonline.com. Retrieved November 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ "History of the Saint Lawrence Seaway" (PDF). Infrastructure Canada. Infrastructure.gc.ca. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 25, 2008. Retrieved March 27, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Canada Marine Act (1998, c. 10)". Transport Canada.
Jump up ^ "Great Lakes low water levels could cost $19B by 2050". CBC News. The Canadian Press. June 27, 2014. Retrieved October 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ US Army Corps of Engineers, "Weighing Costs-Benefits of Expanding the St. Lawrence Seaway", California State University
Jump up ^ Michelle McQuigge (2011-08-16). "St. Lawrence Seaway Expansion Plans Nixed: Report". Huffingtonpost.ca. Retrieved 2016-11-25.
Jump up ^ "Seaway System". Greatlakes-seaway.com. Retrieved 2016-11-25.
Jump up ^ John Doherty, "Oswego Considered For Major Container Port: Plan calls for $3M facility to create first Great Lakes site handling global container shipments", Syracuse Post-Standard, October 22, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Great Lakes St. Lawrence Seaway System". Greatlakes-seaway.com. Retrieved November 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Seaway System". Greatlakes-seaway.com. Retrieved November 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ noaa.gov: "Great Lakes Water Level Dashboard", accessed July 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Lost Villages". The Ottawa Citizen. June 28, 2008. Retrieved February 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-05-15. Retrieved 2015-06-06.
Jump up ^ "History". Morrisburg.ca. 1958-07-01. Retrieved 2016-11-25.
Jump up ^ CBC News (July 13, 2010). "Ship's fuel leaks into St. Lawrence Seaway". CBC. Retrieved July 13, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Introducing the Great Lakes/St. Lawrence Seaway System" (PDF). Saint Lawrence Seaway Management Corporation.
Jump up ^ "Fednav Limited - Montreal - Ship chartering, Shipping agency, Marine Agencies, Tie-downs, Stevedoring, Boats, Boats repair and maintenance, International commerce, Ship owning, Navigation services, Exportation services, Ice navigation services, Logistic services, Transportation, Transportation of bulk, Oceanic transportation". Occq-Qcco.com. 1974-08-01. Retrieved 2016-11-25.
Jump up ^ "Liner Shipping: Falline". Fednav.com. Retrieved 2016-11-25.
Jump up ^ "World Shipping, Inc.: Private Company Information - Bloomberg". Investing.businessweek.com. Retrieved 2016-11-25.
Jump up ^ "World Shipping, Inc". Worldshipping.com. 2014-06-20. Retrieved 2016-11-25.
Jump up ^ "About us". Canfornav.com. Retrieved 2016-11-25.
Jump up ^ "American Steamship Company". Americansteamship.com. Retrieved 2016-11-25.
Jump up ^ "About Rand". Rand Logistics, Inc. Retrieved 2016-11-25.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-01-04. Retrieved 2014-01-02.
Jump up ^ "Groupe Desgagnés". Desgagnes.com. 2015-12-01. Retrieved 2016-11-25.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-02-11. Retrieved 2014-01-04.
Jump up ^ "Wheat Export". Grain Farmers of Ontario.
Jump up ^ "Seaway System - Commercial Shipping - Toll Schedule". Greatlakes-seaway.com. Retrieved 2016-11-25.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-02-13. Retrieved 2013-12-03.
Jump up ^ "Seaway System - Commercial Shipping - Transiting the Seaway". Greatlakes-seaway.com. Retrieved 2016-11-25.
Jump up ^ "Cruising the Great Lakes St. Lawrence Seaway", p. 1, Seaway, US Dept. of Transportation
Jump up ^ "Seaway System - Recreational Boating". Greatlakes-seaway.com. Retrieved 2016-11-25.
Jump up ^ "Seaway System - Recreational Boating - Pleasure Craft Tolls". Greatlakes-seaway.com. Retrieved 2016-11-25.
Jump up ^ "Seaway System - Recreational Boating - Lockage Schedule". Greatlakes-seaway.com. Retrieved 2016-11-25.
Jump up ^ "Great Lakes St. Lawrence Seaway Directory". Harborhouse.com. Retrieved 2016-11-25.
Further reading
Macfarlane, Daniel (2014) Negotiating a River: Canada, the US, and the Creation of the St. Lawrence Seaway. Vancouver: UBC Press.
Puccia Parham, Claire (2009), The St. Lawrence Seaway and Power Project : an oral history of the greatest construction show on earth, Syracuse University Press, ISBN 978-0-8156-0913-1
St. Lawrence Seaway Management Corporation (2006) "Seaway Handbook" Cornwall, Ontario, Canada.
Willoughby, William R. (1961). The St. Lawrence Waterway: A Study in Politics and Diplomacy. Madison, University of Wisconsin Press.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to St Lawrence Seaway.
Tommy Trent's ABC's of the Seaway, a brochure for young people
Great Lakes St Lawrence Seaway System web site
The St Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation
"Stairways to the Seas". Popular Mechanics, January 1959, pp. 97–103. Detail article with illustrations of lock system.
St. Lawrence Seaway April 25, 1959
Documents and Photographs relating to the St. Lawrence Seaway, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library
The Lost Villages Historical Society
Excerpt from the Illustrated London News, January 11, 1862 describing the Canals of Canada.
The Great Waterway: a site dedicated to tourism along the waterway from Lake Ontario to Cornwall and the Seaway Valley
Exchange of Notes, amending 1959 Agreement of Application of Tolls
CBC Digital Archives — The St Lawrence Seaway: Gateway to the world
Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law See Great Lakes; St. Lawrence River and Seaway. Peace Palace Library
Channel Depth and Width and Length
A film clip "Longines Chronoscope with George A. Dondero" is available at the Internet Archive
St. Lawrence Waterway Project Report Clippings, 1921 Brock University Library Digital Repository
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Red White and Blue
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4 See also
Flags[edit]
Any Tricolour flag or banner having the three colors of red, white and blue (38 total):
The flag of Australia
The flag of Cambodia
The flag of Chile
The flag of the Cook Islands
The flag of Costa Rica
The flag of Croatia
The flag of Cuba
The flag of the Czech Republic
The flag of the Dominican Republic
The flag of the Faroe Islands
The flag of France
The flag of Haiti
The flag of Iceland
The flag of North Korea
The flag of South Korea
The flag of Laos
The flag of Liberia
The flag of Luxembourg
The flag of Malaysia
The flag of Nepal
The flag of the Netherlands
The flag of New Zealand
The flag of Norway
The flag of Panama
The flag of Paraguay
The flag of the Philippines
The flag of Puerto Rico
The flag of Russia
The flag of Samoa
The flag of Schleswig-Holstein
The flag of Serbia
The flag of Sint Maarten
The flag of Slovakia
The flag of Slovenia
The flag of Taiwan
The flag of Thailand
The Union Jack of the United Kingdom
The flag of the United States
Arts and media[edit]
The Three Colors trilogy of films by Krzysztof Kieślowski
Red, White and Blue (comics), a fictional trio of soldiers in the DC Comics universe
Red, White & Blues, a 1992 album by The Blues Brothers
"Red, White and Blue" (song), a 1976 song by Loretta Lynn
"Red White & Blue (Love It or Leave)", a 2003 song by Lynyrd Skynyrd
Red, White & Blue (film), written and directed by Simon Rumley
Columbia, Gem of the Ocean, an American patriotic song sometimes called "The Red, White and Blue"
Red White Blue, an artwork series by Hong Kong artist Stanley Wong
Red, White & Blue, a fictional drug in comics published by Marvel Comics
Other uses[edit]
Red White & Blue Beer, a brand of American beer
The Red White & Blue Festival, an annual event staged by the British National Party, held in Codnor from 2007 to 2009
Red-white-blue bag, a bag made out of colored canvas invented in Hong Kong in the 1960s
See also[edit]
Bleu, blanc et rouge (disambiguation)
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Red White and Blue.
If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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This page was last edited on 12 October 2017, at 18:35.
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