text:
Belmont Report
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The Belmont Report is a report created by the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. Its full title is the Belmont Report: Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research, Report of the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research.
The report was issued on 30 September 1978[1] and published in the Federal Register on 18 April 1979.[2] The report took its name from the Belmont Conference Center where the document was drafted in part. The Belmont Conference Center, once a part of the Smithsonian Institution, is in Elkridge, Maryland, 10 miles south of Baltimore, and until the end of 2010 was operated by Howard Community College.[3]
The Belmont Report[2] summarizes ethical principles and guidelines for research involving human subjects. Three core principles are identified: respect for persons, beneficence, and justice. Three primary areas of application are also stated. They are informed consent, assessment of risks and benefits, and selection of subjects. According to Vollmer and Howard, the Belmont Report allows for a positive solution, which at times may be difficult to find, to future subjects who are not capable to make independent decisions.[4]
Contents
1 History
2 Summary
3 Today
4 Critique
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
The Belmont Report was first written by the National Commission for the Protection of Human Services of Biomedical and Behavioral Research.[5] Prompted in part by problems arising from the Tuskegee Syphilis Study (1932–1972) and based on the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research (1974–1978), the Department of Health, Education and Welfare (HEW)[6] revised and expanded its regulations for the protection of human subjects 45 CFR part 46 in the late 1970s and early 1980s. In 1978, the Commission’s report Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research was released, and it was published in 1979 in the Federal Register. It was named the Belmont Report, for the Belmont Conference Center, where the National Commission met when first drafting the report.[7] The Belmont Report is one of the leading works concerning ethics and health care research. It allows for the protection of participants in clinical trials and research studies.[5]
The Belmont Report explains the unifying ethical principles that form the basis for the National Commission’s topic-specific reports and the regulations that incorporate its recommendations.
The three fundamental ethical principles for using any human subjects for research are:[2]
Respect for persons: protecting the autonomy of all people and treating them with courtesy and respect and allowing for informed consent. Researchers must be truthful and conduct no deception;
Beneficence: The philosophy of "Do no harm" while maximizing benefits for the research project and minimizing risks to the research subjects; and
Justice: ensuring reasonable, non-exploitative, and well-considered procedures are administered fairly — the fair distribution of costs and benefits to potential research participants — and equally.
These principles remain the basis for the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) human subject protection regulations.
Today, the Belmont Report continues as an essential reference for institutional review boards (IRBs) that review HHS-conducted or -supported human subjects research proposals involving human subjects, in order to ensure that the research meets the ethical foundations of the regulations.
Applications of these principles to conduct research requires careful consideration of i) informed consent, ii) risks benefit assessment, and iii)selection of subjects of research.
Outlined by Jennifer Sims in her article "A brief review of the Belmont Report", she states 7 things nurses, as primary caregivers for individuals participating in a study, must do to ensure the rights of the participant is met.
Ensure the study is approved by an IRB
Get informed consent from the patient
Ensure that the patient understands the full extent of the experiment, and if not, will contact the study coordinator
Ensure the patient wasn't coerced into doing the experiment by means of threatening or bullying
Be careful of other effects of the clinical trial that were not mentioned, and report it to the proper study coordinator
Support the privacy of the patient's identity, their motivation to join or refuse the experiment.
Ensure that all patients at least get the minimal care needed for their condition[5]
Researchers must share the findings of their procedures regardless of them being good or bad results. Also in the case someone did not want to participate in research but would like treatment they cannot be turned away and must be treated with the same standard care.[5]
Summary[edit]
The summary, from the top of the Report:
On July 12, 1974, the National Research Act (Pub. L. 93-348) was signed into law, there-by creating the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. One of the charges to the Commission was to identify the basic ethical principles that should underlie the conduct of biomedical and behavioral research involving human subjects and to develop guidelines which should be followed to assure that such research is conducted in accordance with those principles. In carrying out the above, the Commission was directed to consider: (i) the boundaries between biomedical and behavioral research and the accepted and routine practice of medicine, (ii) the role of assessment of risk-benefit criteria in the determination of the appropriateness of research involving human subjects, (iii) appropriate guidelines for the selection of human subjects for participation in such research and (iv) the nature and definition of informed consent in various research settings.
The Belmont Report attempts to summarize the basic ethical principles identified by the Commission in the course of its deliberations. It is the outgrowth of an intensive four-day period of discussions that were held in February 1976 at the Smithsonian Institution's Belmont Conference Center supplemented by the monthly deliberations of the Commission that were held over a period of nearly four years. It is a statement of basic ethical principles and guidelines that should assist in resolving the ethical problems that surround the conduct of research with human subjects. By publishing the Report in the Federal Register, and providing reprints upon request, the Secretary intends that it may be made readily available to scientists, members of Institutional Review Boards, and Federal employees. The two-volume Appendix, containing the lengthy reports of experts and specialists who assisted the Commission in fulfilling this part of its charge, is available as DHEW Publication No. (OS) 78-0013 and No. (OS) 78-0014, for sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.
Unlike most other reports of the Commission, the Belmont Report does not make specific recommendations for administrative action by the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare. Rather, the Commission recommended that the Belmont Report be adopted in its entirety, as a statement of the Department's policy. The Department requests public comment on this recommendation.
Today[edit]
In 1991, 14 other Federal departments and agencies joined HHS in adopting a uniform set of rules for the protection of human subjects, identical to subpart A of 45 CFR part 46 of the HHS regulations. This uniform set of regulations is the Federal Policy for the Protection of Human Subjects, informally known as the "Common Rule". The Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP) was also established within HHS.[8]
Today, the Belmont Report serves as a historical document and provides the moral framework for understanding regulations in the United States on the use of humans in experimental research.
Critique[edit]
In a study by Nancy Shore, community-based participatory researchers were interviewed for their interpretation and critique of the Belmont Report. Interviewees expressed concerns regarding the Belmont Report's ethical principles and interpretations as being one size fits all and advocated researchers to resist the tendency to rely on those principles systematically.[9] It argues that the ethical analysis should be extended to take into account more appropriate factors, such as cultural, gender, ethnic and geographical considerations.[9] Debate continues over the ethics and regulations of research involving human subjects because of discrepancies over the meaning and priority of the Belmont Report's basic ethical principles: respect for persons, beneficence, and justice. Notably, the Belmont Report does not specify how its three ethical principles should be weighted or prioritized. According to Albert R. Jonsen, a member of the National Commission that composed the report, the Institutional Review Board is charged with weighing these principles and deciding how they should be applied. Matters become controversial when deciding if the principles should be interpreted as more or less weighty depending upon the particular circumstances of the research in question, if the principles should be viewed as an obligation that society must undertake on behalf of its members,[4] or if it should be viewed as giving absolute priority to respect for persons’ autonomy over the general good of society.[10]
See also[edit]
Human experimentation in the United States
Clinical trial
Informed consent
Tuskegee Syphilis Study
Menlo Report
References[edit]
Jump up ^ National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research, Department of Health, Education and Welfare (DHEW) (30 September 1978). The Belmont Report (PDF). Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
^ Jump up to: a b c Office of the Secretary, United States Department of Health, Education and Welfare (18 April 1979). "Protection of Human Subjects; Notice of Report for Public Comment" (PDF). Federal Register. 44 (76): 23191–7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-10-17. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Carson, Larry (30 September 2010). "HCC to close Belmont Conference Center". The Baltimore Sun.
^ Jump up to: a b Vollmer, Sara H.; Howard, George (December 2010). "Statistical power, the Belmont Report, and the ethics of clinical trials". Science and Engineering Ethics. 16: 675–91. doi:10.1007/s11948-010-9244-0. PMID 21063801.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Sims, Jennifer (July–August 2010). "A brief review of the Belmont Report". Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing. 29 (4): 173–4. doi:10.1097/dcc.0b013e3181de9ec5.
Jump up ^ HEW was split into the Department of Education and the Department of Health and Human Services in 1980. See https://www.hhs.gov/about/hhshist.html
Jump up ^ Office of Human Subjects Research, National Institutes of Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services. "Regulations and Ethical Guidelines: The Belmont Report Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research". Archived from the original on 2004-04-05. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ "OHRP Home". Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP), United States Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved 2014-06-28.
^ Jump up to: a b Shore, Nancy (2006). "Re-conceptualizing the Belmont Report: A community-based participatory research perspective". Journal of Community Practice. 14 (4): 5–26. doi:10.1300/J125v14n04_02.
Jump up ^ Vanderpool, Harold Y. (1996). The Ethics of Research Involving Human Subjects: Facing the 21st Century. Frederick, MD: University Pub. Group. ISBN 9781555720360.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Belmont Report
The Belmont Report - U.S. Health & Human Services website
Belmont Report, original version, 30 September 1978
Belmont Report, Federal Register, 18 April 1979
Revisiting the Belmont Report, Mar. - Apr., 2001
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American Woman
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the song. For the album, see American Woman (album). For other uses, see American Woman (disambiguation).
"American Woman"
Cover of the 1970 German single
Single by the Guess Who
from the album American Woman
B-side
"No Sugar Tonight"
Released
November 1969 (1969-11)
Format
7-inch single
Recorded
April 13, 1969
Genre
Blues rock[1]
hard rock[2]
psychedelic rock[3]
Length
3:51 (single version)
5:10 (album version)
Label
RCA Victor
Songwriter(s)
Burton Cummings
Garry Peterson
Jim Kale
Randy Bachman
Producer(s)
Jack Richardson
the Guess Who singles chronology
"No Time"
(1969) "American Woman"
(1969) "Hand Me Down World"
(1970)
"American Woman" is a song released by the Canadian rock band the Guess Who in November 1969, from their sixth studio album of the same name. It was later released in March 1970 as a single backed with "No Sugar Tonight", which reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100.[4][5] Billboard magazine placed the single at number three on the Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1970 list.[6] On May 22, 1970, the single was certified as gold by the RIAA.[7]
Produced by Jack Richardson, the single was recorded on August 13, 1969 at RCA's Mid-America Recording Center in Chicago.[8]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Personnel
3 Interpretations of the lyrics
4 Chart performance
4.1 Weekly charts
4.2 Year-end charts
5 Cover versions
5.1 Lenny Kravitz version
5.1.1 Track listing
5.1.2 Awards
5.1.3 Chart performance
6 Use in film
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Background[edit]
The song's origins took the form of a live jam that emerged during a curling rink concert in Southern Ontario (various recollections include Kitchener and Mississauga, while Burton Cummings, the lead singer, recalls the curling rink was "The Broom and Stone"—a popular Scarborough location for concerts at the time).[9][10][11] When Bachman broke a string he unknowingly played the riff to American Woman when tuning the replacement string. He played it louder and Cummings improvised the lyrics to fit what Bachman was playing. They liked what they had played and noticed a kid with a cassette recorder making a bootleg recording and asked him for the tape.[10] The subsequent studio recording features the original almost completely unchanged; only a few lines were added.[9]
In an interview with Randy Bachman in Songfacts he elaborated further, calling this "an anti-war protest song," explaining that when they came up with it on stage, the band and the audience had a problem with the Vietnam War. Said Bachman: "We had been touring the States. This was the late '60s, one time at the US/Canada border in North Dakota they tried to draft us and send us to Vietnam. We were back in Canada, playing in the safety of Canada where the dance is full of draft dodgers who've all left the States".[12]
Cummings (the song's lyricist) insists it has nothing to do with American pride. "What was on my mind was that girls in the States seemed to get older quicker than our girls and that made them, well, dangerous." Cummings told the Toronto Star in 2014. "When I said 'American woman, stay away from me,' I really meant 'Canadian woman, I prefer you.' It was all a happy accident."[13]
Shortly after its release, the Guess Who were invited to play at the White House. Because of its perceived anti-American lyrics, Pat Nixon asked that they not play "American Woman".[14]
Personnel[edit]
Burton Cummings – vocals, rhythm guitar, acoustic guitar (intro on full album version)
Randy Bachman – lead guitar
Jim Kale – bass
Garry Peterson – drums
While most of the band's charting songs during this period were written by Bachman or Cummings or Bachman/Cummings, this song is credited to all four members of the band, in keeping with the ad-lib style in which it was created live on stage that fateful night. This full-band writing credit would only happen one other time in the band's history, with their 1973 top 20 Canadian hit "Follow Your Daughter Home", albeit with a different line up by that date.
Interpretations of the lyrics[edit]
The song's lyrics have been the matter of some debate, often interpreted as an attack on U.S. politics (especially the draft). Jim Kale, the group's bassist and the song's co-author, explained his take on the lyrics:
The popular misconception was that it was a chauvinistic tune, which was anything but the case. The fact was, we came from a very strait-laced, conservative, laid-back country, and all of a sudden, there we were in Chicago, Detroit, New York – all these horrendously large places with their big city problems. After that one particularly grinding tour, it was just a real treat to go home and see the girls we had grown up with. Also, the war was going on, and that was terribly unpopular. We didn't have a draft system in Canada, and we were grateful for that. A lot of people called it anti-American, but it wasn't really. We weren't anti-anything. John Lennon once said that the meanings of all songs come after they are recorded. Someone else has to interpret them.[9]
Chart performance[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1970)
Peak
position
Australia [15] 43
UK (The Official Charts Company)[16] 19
Canadian RPM Singles Chart[17] 1
Switzerland (Hit Parade Top 75 Singles)[18] 4
Austria (Top 40)[19] 7
Netherlands (Dutch Charts)[20] 4
New Zealand (Listener)[21] 16
US Billboard Hot 100[5] 1
US Cash Box Top Singles[22] 1
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1970)
Rank
Australia [15] 105
Canada [23] 5
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[24] 76
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 [25] 3
U.S. Cash Box [26] 7

Cover versions[edit]
"American Woman" has been covered by a number of artists. In 1982, Swiss hard rock band Krokus included a cover on their album One Vice at a Time.[27] Butthole Surfers created a drum-heavy experimental version for their 1986 album Rembrandt Pussyhorse.[28]
Lenny Kravitz version[edit]
"American Woman"
Single by Lenny Kravitz
from the album 5
Released
June 29, 1999 (1999-06-29)
Format
CD
Recorded
1997–98
Genre
Funk rock
Length
3:50
Label
Virgin
Songwriter(s)
Burton Cummings
Garry Peterson
Jim Kale
Randy Bachman
Producer(s)
Lenny Kravitz
Lenny Kravitz singles chronology
"Fly Away"
(1998) "American Woman"
(1999) "Black Velveteen"
(1999)
"Fly Away"
(1998) "American Woman"
(1999) "Black Velveteen"
(1999)
Alternate cover
Cover of the limited edition single
The most notable cover of "American Woman" is Lenny Kravitz's 1999 version. Kravitz recorded the song for the soundtrack of Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me. It was released as a single and was later included in the 1999 reissue of Kravitz's album 5. Kravitz's version is slower and softer than the original, without the signature guitar solo; he later said to Randy Bachman that the reason why he skipped the lead guitar part was "I couldn't get the sound. I couldn't get the tone."[29] The music video (directed by Paul Hunter) featured actress Heather Graham (who starred in The Spy Who Shagged Me); the original political themes of the song were largely replaced by sex appeal. In 1999, Kravitz and his band were joined by the Guess Who for a live performance of "American Woman" at the MuchMusic Video Awards.
Track listing[edit]
"American Woman" (Single version) – 3:50
"Straight Cold Player" (Live performance) – 3:42
"Thinking of You" (Hexum Dancehall Remix) – 5:58
"Fields of Joy" (Live performance) – 4:20
Awards[edit]
Grammy Awards 2000
Best Male Rock Performance: Won
Chart performance[edit]
Chart (1999)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[30] 14
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[31] 26
Canada Rock Report (RPM)[32] 2
Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[33] 16
France (SNEP)[34] 88
Germany (Official German Charts)[35] 78
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[36] 59
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[37] 12
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[38] 19
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[39] 59
US Billboard Hot 100[40] 49
US Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[41] 23
US Alternative Songs (Billboard)[42] 7
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[43] 17
US Mainstream Rock (Billboard)[44] 3
Use in film[edit]
It was also featured in Sam Mendes's movie American Beauty.[45] Sam the Eagle performed a karaoke version of this song in a Muppets viral video. It is being used in the HBO trailer for the movie Game Change. A version sung by an older man was used in the film The Cable Guy (1996). It was heard during the ending credits of the Witchblade TV movie (2000), starring Yancy Butler and based on the Top Cow comic book series. American Woman was featured in the Austin Powers movie "The Spy Who Shagged Me" with Heather Graham dancing provocatively whilst it played. The song was featured in an episode of "Due South"s first season. Kelly Clarkson recorded a cover version of the song as a theme song from the Paramount Network TV series, American Woman.
See also[edit]
List of anti-war songs
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Joan Nicks; Jeannette Sloniowski (21 October 2009). Slippery Pastimes: Reading the Popular in Canadian Culture. Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press. p. 221. ISBN 978-1-55458-761-2.
Jump up ^ James E. Perone (2001). Songs of the Vietnam Conflict. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-313-31528-2.
Jump up ^ Jacqueline Edmondson Ph.D. (3 October 2013). Music in American Life: An Encyclopedia of the Songs, Styles, Stars, and Stories that Shaped our Culture [4 volumes]: An Encyclopedia of the Songs, Styles, Stars, and Stories That Shaped Our Culture. ABC-CLIO. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-313-39348-8.
Jump up ^ Martin Charles Strong (2002). The Great Rock Discography. Canongate. p. 912. ISBN 978-1-84195-312-0.
^ Jump up to: a b The Guess Who - Awards at AllMusic
Jump up ^ Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1970
Jump up ^ "Type "The Guess Who" under Artist". RIAA. Archived from the original on June 26, 2007. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
Jump up ^ Greatest Hits RCA Victor BG2 67774 liner notes
^ Jump up to: a b c ""American Woman" - The Guess Who". Superseventies.com. 1970-05-09. Archived from the original on July 17, 2011. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
^ Jump up to: a b Cummings, Burton (July 23, 2013). "The Guess Who legend reveals true origin of "American Woman"". Used View (Interview). Interviewed by Ray Shasho. Clarity Digital Group. Retrieved 21 June 2017. It was jammed onstage one night in Mississauga, Ontario, we were playing at a club called the Broom & Stone which was actually a curling rink and doing two shows that night. Between the two shows, I was outside bartering with this kid, he had some old Gene Vincent records that I wanted to get for my collection and tried to strike up a deal with this guy. The next thing I know, it’s time to start the second show and the other three guys have gone back on stage and I hear them start this riff … I said to this guy, Oh my God; I’m supposed to be on stage man, I’ve got to run, I’ll see you later about these Gene Vincent records. I run inside and run up onto the stage and just grab a microphone and singing whatever came into my head; it was all stream of consciousness at the moment stuff … all that stuff about war machines and ghetto scenes, colored lights can hypnotize… it was all just spur-of-the-moment. And nobody would have ever heard it again but there happened to be a kid bootlegging the show that night. This was way back in the 60’s and he had a cassette machine, and those machines were a relatively new invention at that time. But this was 1968, forty-five years ago. We noticed this onstage as the night went on and he still kept recording. So we motioned to our road manager, go get that tape, go get that tape! He got the cassette tape and we listened to it later and heard this jam about American Woman stay away from me. So we actually kind of learned it from that tape, otherwise nobody would have ever heard it again. So talk about a Cinderella story. And that was a monstrous hit record for us; it was number one on Billboard for three weeks. So it was all an accident, I guess the music gods were smiling on us. The music gods probably sent that kid with the cassette machine.
Jump up ^ "Memories of Scarborough: A Bicentennial Celebration". Scarborough Public Library Board. 1997. Retrieved 2015-07-06.
Jump up ^ Prato, Greg (23 December 2014). "Randy Bachman : Songwriter Interviews". Songfacts.
Jump up ^ Ouzounian, Richard (30 August 2013). "Burton Cummings doesn't live in the past, but he loves it". The Toronto Star.
Jump up ^ Steve Huey. "The Guess Who | Biography & History". AllMusic. Retrieved 2016-10-02.
^ Jump up to: a b "David Kent's "Australian Chart Book 1970-1992"". Austchartbook.com.au. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved 2016-07-03.
Jump up ^ "The Guess Who - American Woman/No Sugar Tonight". Chart Stats. Archived from the original on April 11, 2012. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
Jump up ^ "Top Singles - Volume 13, No. 12, May 9, 1970". RPM. Retrieved 2011-02-23.
Jump up ^ Steffen Hung. "The Guess Who - American Woman". hitparade.ch. Archived from the original on November 11, 2012. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
Jump up ^ Steffen Hung. "The Guess Who - American Woman". austriancharts.at. Archived from the original on November 3, 2012. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
Jump up ^ Steffen Hung. "The Guess Who - American Woman". dutchcharts.nl. Archived from the original on October 25, 2012. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
Jump up ^ "Search listener". Flavour of New Zealand. Retrieved 2016-07-03.
Jump up ^ "Cash Box Top Singles - 1970". Cashboxmagazine.com. Archived from the original on 2011-08-18. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
Jump up ^ "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada". collectionscanada.gc.ca.
Jump up ^ "Jaaroverzichten – Single 1970" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Hung Medien. Retrieved February 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Hits of 1970/Top 100 Songs of 1970". Musicoutfitters.com. Retrieved 2016-07-03.
Jump up ^ "Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1970". 50.6.195.142. Archived from the original on November 29, 2014. Retrieved 2016-07-03.
Jump up ^ Henderson, Alex. "Krokus One Vice at a Time review". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved December 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ Leland, John & Robbins, Ira. "Butthole Surfers biography". Trouser Press. Retrieved December 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ Pat Pemberton (2010-08-06). "Randy Bachman Learns to Enjoy Lenny Kravitz's 'American Woman' Cover - Spinner Canada". www.spinner.ca. Retrieved 2010-11-11.
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – Lenny Kravitz – American Woman". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved 6 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Image : RPM Weekly - Library and Archives Canada". Retrieved 6 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Image : RPM Weekly - Library and Archives Canada". Retrieved 6 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Lenny Kravitz: American Woman" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland. Retrieved 6 March 2018.
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Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Lenny Kravitz – American Woman". GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved 6 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Lenny Kravitz – American Woman" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved 6 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Lenny Kravitz – American Woman". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved 6 March 2018.
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External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
"American Woman" at Super Seventies
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Related articles
Discography
Jack Richardson
Book
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Lenny Kravitz singles
Let Love Rule
"Let Love Rule" (1989)
"I Build This Garden for Us" (1990)
"Mr. Cab Driver" (1990)
Mama Said
"Always on the Run" (featuring Slash) (1991)
"It Ain't Over 'til It's Over" (1991)
"Fields of Joy" (1991)
Are You Gonna Go My Way
"Are You Gonna Go My Way" (1993)
"Heaven Help" (1993)
"Heaven Help" / "Spinning Around Over You" (1994)
Circus
"Rock and Roll Is Dead" (1995)
5
"If You Can't Say No" (1998)
"Thinking of You" (1998)
"I Belong to You" (1998)
"Fly Away" (1998)
"American Woman" (1999)
"Black Velveteen" (1999)
Greatest Hits
"Black Velveteen" (1999)
"Again" (2000)
Lenny
"Dig In" (2001)
"Stillness of Heart" (2002)
"Believe in Me" (2002)
"If I Could Fall in Love" (2002)
Baptism
"Where Are We Runnin'?" (2004)
"California" (2004)
"Calling All Angels" (2004)
"Lady" (2005)
It Is Time for a Love Revolution
"I'll Be Waiting" (2008)
"Love Love Love" (2008)
"Dancin' Til Dawn" (2008)
Black and White America
"Stand" (2011)
Strut
"The Chamber" (2014)
Raise Vibration
"It's Enough!" (2018)
"Low" (2018)
Soundtracks
"American Woman" (1999)
Other singles
"Deuce" (featuring Stevie Wonder) (1994)
"(I Can't Make It) Another Day" (featuring Michael Jackson) (2010)
"Superlove" (vs. Avicii) (2012)
Book
Category
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Woman&oldid=849364587"
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