text:
List of National Basketball Association single-game playoff scoring leaders
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This is a complete listing of National Basketball Association players who have scored 50 or more points in a playoff game.
It has occurred 35 times in playoff history by 23 players. Only four players have scored 50 or more points on more than one occasion: Michael Jordan (eight times), Wilt Chamberlain (four times), Allen Iverson (three times) and Jerry West (twice).
^ Active NBA player
* Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame
Player's team lost the game
MP Minutes played FGM Field goals made FGA Field goal attempts
FG% Field goal percentage 3PM 3-point field goals made 3PA 3-point field goal attempts
3P% 3-point field goal percentage FTM Free throws made FTA Free throw attempts
FT% Free throw percentage
Points
Player
Team
Date
Opponent
Series
Score
MP
FGM
FGA
3PM
3PA
FTM
FTA
Notes
63 Michael Jordan* Chicago Bulls April 20, 1986 Boston Celtics 1986 Eastern Conference First Round 131–135 53 22 41 0 0 19 21 [a]
61 Elgin Baylor* Los Angeles Lakers April 14, 1962 Boston Celtics 1962 NBA Finals 126–121 48 22 46 – – 17 19 [b]
56 Wilt Chamberlain* Philadelphia Warriors March 22, 1962 Syracuse Nationals 1962 Eastern Division Semifinals 121–104 48 22 48 – – 12 22 [c]
56 Michael Jordan* (2) Chicago Bulls April 29, 1992 Miami Heat 1992 Eastern Conference First Round 119–114 43 20 30 0 0 16 18 [d]
56 Charles Barkley* Phoenix Suns May 4, 1994 Golden State Warriors 1994 Western Conference First Round 140–133 41 23 31 3 4 7 9 [e]
55 Rick Barry* San Francisco Warriors April 18, 1967 Philadelphia 76ers 1967 NBA Finals 130–124 22 48 – – 11 19 [f]
55 Michael Jordan* (3) Chicago Bulls May 1, 1988 Cleveland Cavaliers 1988 Eastern Conference First Round 106–101 44 24 45 0 0 7 7 [g]
55 Michael Jordan* (4) Chicago Bulls June 16, 1993 Phoenix Suns 1993 NBA Finals 111–105 46 21 37 0 1 13 18 [h]
55 Michael Jordan* (5) Chicago Bulls April 27, 1997 Washington Bullets 1997 Eastern Conference First Round 109–104 44:13 22 35 1 2 10 10
55 Allen Iverson* Philadelphia 76ers April 20, 2003 New Orleans Hornets 2003 Eastern Conference First Round 98–90 46:40 21 32 3 5 10 11
54 John Havlicek* Boston Celtics April 1, 1973 Atlanta Hawks 1973 Eastern Conference Semifinals 134–109 48 24 36 – – 6 6 [i]
54 Michael Jordan* (6) Chicago Bulls May 31, 1993 New York Knicks 1993 Eastern Conference Finals 105–95 39 18 30 6 9 12 14 [j]
54 Allen Iverson* (2) Philadelphia 76ers May 9, 2001 Toronto Raptors 2001 Eastern Conference Semifinals 97–92 47:46 21 39 3 5 9 9
53 Wilt Chamberlain* (2) Philadelphia Warriors March 14, 1960 Syracuse Nationals 1960 Eastern Division Semifinals 132–112 47 24 42 – – 5 16 [k]
53 Jerry West* Los Angeles Lakers April 23, 1969 Boston Celtics 1969 NBA Finals 120–118 21 41 – – 11 13 [l]
53 Isaiah Thomas^ Boston Celtics May 2, 2017 Washington Wizards 2017 Eastern Conference Semifinals 129-119 45 18 33 5 12 12 13 [1]
52 Jerry West* (2) Los Angeles Lakers April 5, 1965 Baltimore Bullets 1965 Western Division Finals 118–115 16 38 – – 20 21 [m]
52 Allen Iverson* (3) Philadelphia 76ers May 16, 2001 Toronto Raptors 2001 Eastern Conference Semifinals 121–88 43:29 21 32 8 14 2 2
51 Sam Jones* Boston Celtics March 28, 1967 New York Knicks 1967 Eastern Division Semifinals 118–109 43 19 30 – – 13 17
51 Eric "Sleepy" Floyd Golden State Warriors May 10, 1987 Los Angeles Lakers 1987 Western Conference Semifinals 129–121 44 18 26 2 3 13 14 [n]
51 Ray Allen* Boston Celtics April 30, 2009 Chicago Bulls 2009 Eastern Conference First Round 127–128 58:45 18 32 9 18 6 7 [o]
51 Russell Westbrook^ Oklahoma City Thunder April 19, 2017 Houston Rockets 2017 Western Conference Quarterfinals 111–115 41:22 17 43 1 7 15 18
51 LeBron James^ Cleveland Cavaliers May 31, 2018 Golden State Warriors 2018 NBA Finals 114–124 51 19 32 3 7 10 11
50 Bob Cousy* Boston Celtics March 21, 1953 Syracuse Nationals 1953 Eastern Division Semifinals 111–105 66 10 22 – – 30 32 [p]
50 Bob Pettit* St. Louis Hawks April 12, 1958 Boston Celtics 1958 NBA Finals 110–109 19 34 – – 12 15 [q]
50 Wilt Chamberlain* (3) Philadelphia Warriors March 22, 1960 Boston Celtics 1960 Eastern Division Finals 128–107 45 22 42 – – 6 18
50 Wilt Chamberlain* (4) San Francisco Warriors April 10, 1964 St. Louis Hawks 1964 Western Division Finals 121–97 22 32 – – 6 10
50 Billy Cunningham* Philadelphia 76ers April 1, 1970 Milwaukee Bucks 1970 Eastern Division Semifinals 111–118 48 22 39 – – 6 8
50 Bob McAdoo* Buffalo Braves April 18, 1975 Washington Bullets 1975 Eastern Conference Semifinals 108–102 45 20 32 – – 10 14 [r]
50 Dominique Wilkins* Atlanta Hawks April 19, 1986 Detroit Pistons 1986 Eastern Conference First Round 137–125 33 19 28 0 0 12 15
50 Michael Jordan* (7) Chicago Bulls April 28, 1988 Cleveland Cavaliers 1988 Eastern Conference First Round 104–93 44 19 35 0 0 12 12 [s]
50 Michael Jordan* (8) Chicago Bulls May 5, 1989 Cleveland Cavaliers 1989 Eastern Conference First Round 105–108 43 14 28 0 1 22 27 [t]
50 Karl Malone* Utah Jazz April 22, 2000 Seattle SuperSonics 2000 Western Conference First Round 104–93 43:16 18 32 1 1 13 14 [u]
50 Vince Carter^ Toronto Raptors May 11, 2001 Philadelphia 76ers 2001 Eastern Conference Semifinals 102–78 44:44 19 29 9 13 3 3 [v]
50 Kobe Bryant Los Angeles Lakers May 4, 2006 Phoenix Suns 2006 Western Conference First Round 118–126 52:06 20 35 5 8 5 6 [w]
50 Dirk Nowitzki^ Dallas Mavericks June 1, 2006 Phoenix Suns 2006 Western Conference Finals 117–101 43:29 14 26 5 6 17 18
See also[edit]
List of National Basketball Association players with most points in a game
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Double overtime. Jordan scored 17 points in the first quarter, 6 points in the second quarter, 13 points in the third quarter, 18 points in the fourth quarter, 5 points in the first overtime and 4 points in the second overtime.
Jump up ^ NBA Finals single-game record. Most points in a playoff regulation game. 25 field goal attempts in the first half, tying the record. Baylor scored 18 points in the first quarter, 15 points in the second quarter, 13 points in the third quarter and 15 points in the fourth quarter.
Jump up ^ Set playoff records for field goal attempts in a game (48) and in a half (25).
Jump up ^ Miami took an 18 point lead before Jordan scored his first points. Jordan scored 54 points in the final three quarters, setting a playoff record for most points in three quarters; he scored 2 points in the first quarter, 17 points in the second quarter, 19 points in the third quarter and 18 points in the fourth quarter.
Jump up ^ Barkley's first quarter line: 11–11 fg, 3–3 3pt, 2–2 ft. 15 field goals made in the first half. Barkley scored his team's first 12 points. Barkley scored 27 points in the first quarter and 11 points in the second quarter.
Jump up ^ Tied playoff single-game record for field goal attempts (48). 24 field goal attempts in each half.
Jump up ^ Tied playoff single-game record for field goals made. 25 field goal attempts in the first half, tying the playoff record. 14 field goals made in the first half. Jordan scored 12 points in the first quarter, 16 points in the second quarter, 15 points in the third quarter and 12 points in the fourth quarter. The second of consecutive 50+ point games in the playoffs by Jordan; becoming the only player in playoff history to do so.
Jump up ^ 14 field goals made in the first half, tying the NBA Finals record. Jordan scored 11 points in the first quarter, 22 points in the second quarter, 10 points in the third quarter and 12 points in the fourth quarter.
Jump up ^ Tied playoff single-game record for field goals made. 14 field goals made in the first half.
Jump up ^ Jordan scored 17 points in the first quarter, 10 points in the second quarter, 18 points in the third quarter and 9 points in the fourth quarter.
Jump up ^ Set playoff single-game record for field goals made.
Jump up ^ West made two free throws with four seconds remaining in the game to secure the win.
Jump up ^ 32 points in the second half. Missed his first free throw in the game, then made 20 in a row. West scored four points in the game's final 23 seconds to secure a come-from-behind win. 14 free throws made in a half, a playoff record at the time.
Jump up ^ 39 points in the second half, and 29 points in the fourth quarter, both playoff records. Also set a playoff record with 12 field goals made in the fourth quarter. He also made the field goals consecutively. 15 field goals made in the second half.
Jump up ^ Triple overtime. Tied playoff single-game record for three-point field goals made. Set playoff single-game record for three-point field goal attempts.
Jump up ^ Quadruple overtime. Set playoff single-game record for free throws made. Free throw attempts were also a playoff record at the time.
Jump up ^ Pettit scored 11 straight points, 19 of his team's last 21 points, and 19 points total in the fourth quarter.
Jump up ^ McAdoo scored 15 points in the third quarter and another 15 points in the fourth quarter.
Jump up ^ 13 field goals made in the first half. The first of back-to-back games of 50+ points; Jordan is the only player in history to record consecutive 50 point games in the playoffs. Jordan scored 9 points in the first quarter. Jordan outscored the entire opposing team 20–19 in the second quarter.
Jump up ^ Overtime. Jordan scored 19 points in the first half, 29 points in the second half (including 19 points in the third quarter and 10 points in the fourth quarter) and 2 points in overtime. 16 free throw attempts in the first half, a playoff record at the time.
Jump up ^ Oldest player (7004134220000000000♠36 years, 273 days) to score 50 points in a playoff game.
Jump up ^ Carter tied the playoff single-game record for three-point field goals made. He set the playoff record with eight three-point field goals made in the first half. Carter scored 15 points in the first quarter and 19 points in the second quarter.
Jump up ^ Scored 12 out of the Lakers' 13 in overtime. 38 before OT.
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text:
Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Mezquita" redirects here. For other uses, see Mezquita (disambiguation).
Cathedral-Mosque of Córdoba
Mezquita-Catedral de Córdoba, a World Heritage Site.
Basic information
Location
Historic centre, Córdoba, Andalusia, Spain
Geographic coordinates
37°52′45.1″N 04°46′47″W / 37.879194°N 4.77972°W / 37.879194; -4.77972Coordinates: 37°52′45.1″N 04°46′47″W / 37.879194°N 4.77972°W / 37.879194; -4.77972
Affiliation
Visigothic Catholic Church from ≈600; divided into Muslim and Christian halves from the 710s[1]
Islam (784–1236)
Catholic Church (1236–present)
District
Diocese of Córdoba
State
Spain
Region
Iberian Peninsula
Country
Spain
Ecclesiastical or organizational status
Active
Status
Cathedral
Heritage designation
UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Europe[2]
Website
catedraldecordoba.es
Architectural description
Architectural type
Mosque, Church
Architectural style
Moorish, Renaissance
Groundbreaking
784
Completed
987
The Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba[3][4] (Spanish: Mezquita-Catedral de Córdoba), also known as the Great Mosque of Córdoba[2][4][5] (Spanish: Mezquita de Córdoba) and the Mezquita,[6][7][8] whose ecclesiastical name is the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Assumption (Spanish: Catedral de Nuestra Señora de la Asunción),[9] is the Catholic cathedral of the Diocese of Córdoba dedicated to the Assumption of the Virgin Mary and located in the Spanish region of Andalusia.[10] The structure is regarded as one of the most accomplished monuments of Moorish architecture.
According to a traditional account, a small temple of Christian Visigoth origin, the Catholic Basilica of Saint Vincent of Lérins, originally stood on the site.[11][12][13] In 784 Abd al-Rahman I ordered construction of the Great Mosque, which was considerably expanded by later Muslim rulers. Córdoba returned to Christian rule in 1236 during the Reconquista, and the building was converted to a Roman Catholic church, culminating in the insertion of a Renaissance cathedral nave in the 16th century.[14][15]
Since the early 2000s, Spanish Muslims have lobbied the Roman Catholic Church to allow them to pray in the cathedral.[16][17] This Muslim campaign has been rejected on multiple occasions, both by the church authorities in Spain and by the Vatican.[16][18]
Contents
[hide]
1 Origins
2 Design
2.1 Features
2.2 Layout
2.3 Chapels
2.4 Doors
3 The Reconquista
4 2000s Muslim campaign
4.1 2010 incident
5 In popular culture
6 Burials
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Origins[edit]
It is commonly believed that the site of the Mosque-Cathedral was originally a Christian church dedicated to Saint Vincent the Third, which was divided and shared by Muslims and Christians after the Islamic conquest of the Visigothic kingdom.[19][14][15] This sharing arrangement of the site lasted until 784, when the Christian half was purchased by the Emir 'Abd al-Rahman I, who then proceeded to demolish the original structure and build the grand mosque of Córdoba on its ground.[14][20] This narrative, which goes back to the tenth-century historian al-Razi, echoed similar narratives of the Islamic conquest of Syria, in particular the story of building the Great Mosque of Damascus.[19][13] For medieval Muslim historians, these parallels served to highlight a dynastic Umayyad conquest of Spain and appropriation of the Visigothic Córdoba.[19][13] The historicity of this narrative has been challenged,[12] as it is neither archeologically attested nor corroborated by accounts of the events following Abd al-Rahman I's initial arrival in al-Andalus.[13] Another tenth-century source mentions a church that stood at the site of the mosque without giving further details.[13] However, it is almost certain that the building which housed the original mosque was destroyed to build the first version of the Great Mosque.[12] An archaeological exhibit in the Mosque-Cathedral of Cordoba displays fragments of a Visigothic building, emphasizing an originally Christian nature of the complex.[21][22] According to Susana Calvo Capilla, a specialist on the history of the Mosque–Cathedral, although remains of multiple church-like buildings have been located on the territory of the Mosque-Cathedral complex, no clear archaeological evidence has been found of where either the church of St. Vincent or the first mosque were located on the site, and the latter may have been a newly constructed building. The evidence suggests that it may have been the grounds of the episcopal complex rather than a particular church which were initially divided between Muslims and Christians.[22][23]
According to a traditional account, when the exiled Umayyad prince Abd al-Rahman I escaped to Iberia and defeated the governor of Al-Andalus, Yusuf al-Fihri, he found the Cordovese divided into various sects, including the Gnostics, Priscillianists, Donatists, and Luciferians. His ambition was to erect a temple which would rival in magnificence those of Baghdad, Jerusalem, and Damascus, and approach in sanctity the fame of Mecca. Above a Christian church dedicated do Saint Vincent, Abd al-Rahman decided to raise his great mosque. He offered to buy the church and the plot. The negotiations for the sale were placed in the hands of the Sultan's favourite secretary, Umeya ibn Yezid. Under the terms of the transfer, the Cordovese were permitted to reconstruct the church formerly dedicated to Ss Faustus, Januarius, and Marcellus, three Christian martyrs whom they deeply revered.[24]
Abd al-Rahman allowed the Christians to rebuild their ruined churches and purchased the Christian half of the church of St Vincent, as agreed upon in the sale terms.[25][26] The Emirate was rich. Apart from the treasure wrested from the Goths during the recent wars, he also extracted a tithe upon the produce of the land and on manufactures. All able Muslims in Andalusia were asked to provide to pay the Zakat. A mandatory tax known as Jizya was also laid upon only one able Christian and Jew per household in Andalusia as a precondition for services & protection provided by the government of Andalusia, unless they participated in the protection services themselves. The Jizya was lesser than the Zakat[citation needed], and both were one of the main sources of income for the Muslim rulers in lands occupied by Islamic tribes but populated still by Christians, to provide all needed services for all people living in the land, especially the poor.[27] Beyond this, the Moorish kings were greatly enriched by the acquisition of the valuable mines of Iberia, the quarries of marble, and other sources of wealth. From these revenues Abd al-Rahman and his successors, Hisham, Abd-al Rahman II, the greatest of the dynasty and the third of the line, and lastly the extravagant Almanzor, lavished large sums upon the designing, construction, and costly adornment of the Mosque.[24] Abd al-Rahman I and his descendants reworked the building over the next two centuries to fashion it as a mosque, starting in 784. Additionally, Abd al-Rahman I used the mosque (originally called Aljama Mosque) as an adjunct to his palace and named it in honour of his wife. Traditionally, the mihrab (or apse) of a mosque faces in the direction of Mecca; by facing the mihrab, worshipers pray towards Mecca. Mecca is east-southeast of the mosque, but the mihrab of this mosque unusually points south.[28]
The work of building the resplendent Mezquita employed thousands of artisans and labourers, and such a vast undertaking led to the development of all the resources of the district. Hard stone and beautifully veined marble were quarried from the Sierra Morena and the surrounding regions of the city. Metals of various kinds were dug up from the soil, and factories sprang up in Córdoba amid the stir and bustle of an awakened industrial energy. A famous Syrian architect made the plans for the Mosque. Leaving his own house on the edge of Córdoba, the Emir came to reside in the city, so that he might personally superintend the operations and offer proposals for the improvement of the designs. Abd al-Rahman moved about among the workers, directing them for several hours of every day.[24]
The mosque underwent numerous subsequent changes: Abd al-Rahman II ordered a new minaret, while in 961 Al-Hakam II enlarged the building and enriched the Mihrab. The last of such reforms was carried out by Almanzor in 987. It was connected to the Caliph's palace by a raised walkway, mosques within the palaces being the tradition for previous Islamic rulers – as well as Christian Kings who built their palaces adjacent to churches. The Mezquita reached its current dimensions in 987 with the completion of the outer naves and courtyard.
Design[edit]
Plan designs.
Further information: Moorish architecture
In planning the mosque, the architects incorporated a number of Roman columns with choice capitals. Some of the columns were already in the Gothic structure; others were sent from various regions of Iberia as presents from the governors of provinces. Ivory, jasper, porphyry, gold, silver, copper, and brass were used in the decorations. Marvellous mosaics and azulejos were designed. Panels of scented woods were fastened with nails of pure gold, and the red marble columns were said to be the work of God. The primitive part of the building, erected under the direction of Abd al-Rahman I., was that which borders the Court of Oranges. Later, the immense temple embodied all the styles of Morisco architecture into one composition.[24]
The Great Mosque of Córdoba held a place of importance amongst the Islamic community of al-Andalus for three centuries. In Córdoba, the capital, the Mosque was seen as the heart and central focus of the city.[29] Muhammad Iqbal described its hypostyle hall as having "countless pillars like rows of palm trees in the oases of Syria".[30] To the people of al-Andalus "the beauty of the mosque was so dazzling that it defied any description."[31]
The main hall of the mosque was used for a variety of purposes. It served as a central Prayer hall for personal devotion, the five daily Muslim prayers and the special Friday prayers. It also would have served as a hall for teaching and for Sharia Law cases during the rule of Abd al-Rahman & his successors.[32]
The Great Mosque of Córdoba exhibited features, and an architectural appearance, similar to the Great Mosque of Damascus,[33] therefore it is evident that it was used as a model by Abd al-Rahman for the creation of the Great Mosque in Córdoba.
The prayer hall
Columns
Mihrab
Features[edit]
The building is most notable for its arcaded hypostyle hall, with 856 columns of jasper, onyx, marble, and granite. These were made from pieces of the Roman temple which had occupied the site previously, as well as other destroyed Roman buildings, such as the Mérida amphitheatre. The double arches were a new introduction to architecture, permitting higher ceilings than would otherwise be possible with relatively low columns. The double arches consist of a lower horseshoe arch and an upper semi-circular arch. The famous alternating red and white voussoirs of the arches were inspired by those in the Dome of the Rock.[31] and also resemble those of the Aachen Cathedral, which were built almost at the same time. Horseshoe arches were known in the Iberian Peninsula since late Antiquity, as can be seen on the 3rd-century "Estela de los Flavios", now in the arqueological museum of León. A centrally located honey-combed dome has blue tiles decorated with stars.
The edifice also has a richly gilded prayer niche or mihrab. The mihrab is a masterpiece of architectural art, with geometric and flowing designs of plants. Other prominent features were: an open court (sahn) surrounded by arcades, screens of wood, minarets, colourful mosaics, and windows of coloured glass.[31] The walls of the mosque had Quranic inscriptions written on them. As many adherents of Islam reject sculptural or pictorial representations of people or of God within religious contexts, all decoration of the cathedral is accomplished through tile work, calligraphy and architectural forms.
Marbles of spotless white were chosen for the columns. Arrazi, an Arab writer, speaks of the valuable wine-coloured marble, obtained from the mountains of the district, which was much used in embellishing the naves of the mosque. Hisham's temple covered an area of 460 by 280 feet (140 m × 85 m). It was flanked by stout, fortified walls, with watch towers and a tall minaret. The number of the outer gates was nine, and of the inner doors eleven. These doors led to the same number of naves within the mosque. The court had spacious gates on the north, west, and east sides, and fountains for the purification of the pious. The naves were eleven in number, stretching from north to south, and these were crossed by twenty-one smaller naves running from east to west.[24]
Layout[edit]
The building's floor plan is seen to be parallel to some of the earliest mosques built from the very beginning of Islam.[29] It had a rectangular prayer hall with aisles arranged perpendicular to the qibla, the direction towards which Muslims pray.[34] The prayer hall was large, flat, with timber ceilings held up by arches of horseshoe-like appearance.[29]
One hundred and fifty years after its creation, a staircase to the roof was added, along with a southward extension of the mosque itself. A bridge was built linking the prayer hall with the Caliph's palace.[33] The mosque was later expanded even further south, as was the courtyard which surrounded it. The mosque was built in four stages, with each Caliph and his elite contributing to it.[35]
Until the 11th century, the courtyard was unpaved earth with citrus and palm trees irrigated – at first by rainwater cisterns, and later by aqueduct. Excavation indicates the trees were planted in a pattern, with surface irrigation channels. The stone channels visible today are not original.[36]
Abd al-Rahman III added a new tower. The minaret contained two staircases, which were built for the separate ascent and descent of the tower. On the summit there were three apples, two of gold and one of silver, with lilies of six petals. The minaret is four-faced, with fourteen windows, having arches upon jasper columns, and the structure is adorned with tracery.[24]
Chapels[edit]
West wall, from north to south:
Capilla de San Ambrosio
Capilla de San Agustín
Capilla de Nuestra Señora de las Nieves y San Vicente Mártir
Capilla de los Santos Simón y Judas de la Mezquita-Catedral de Córdoba
Capilla de la Concepción de Salizanes o del Santísimo Sacramento
Capilla de San Antonio Abad
Capilla de la Trinidad
Capilla de San Acacio
Capilla de San Pedro y San Lorenzo
Museo de San Vicente
South wall, from west to east:
Capilla de San Bartolomé
Mihrab y Maqsura
Capilla de Santa Teresa
Capilla de Santa Inés
Capilla del Sagrario
East wall, from north to south:
Capilla de San Antonio de Padua
Capilla de San Marcos, Santa Ana y San Juan Bautista
Capilla de San Mateo y Limpia Concepción de Nuestra Señora
Capilla de San Juan Bautista
Capilla de Santa Marina, de San Matías y del Baptisterio
Capilla de San Nicolás de Bari
Capilla de la Expectación
Capilla del Espíritu Santo
Capilla de la Concepción Antigua
Capilla de San José
Capilla de la Natividad de Nuestra Señora
Capilla de Santa María Magdalena
North wall, from west to east:
Capilla de San Eulogio
Capilla de San Esteban
Capilla de Nuestra Señora del Mayor Dolor
Capilla de la Virgen de la Antigua
Capilla de San Andrés
Capilla de la Epifanía
Capilla de Nuestra Señora del Rosario
Capilla de las Benditas Ánimas del Purgatorio
Capilla de los Santos Varones
Capilla de Santa Francisca Romana y Santa Úrsula
Capilla de Villaviciosa
Capilla Sagrario
Capilla Mayor
Capilla Real
Capilla Teresa
Capilla San Clemente
Capilla San Bartolomé
Capilla de la Concepción
Doors[edit]
West façade, along Calle Torrijos, north to south:
Postigo de la leche
Puerta de los Deanes
Puerta de San Esteban
Puerta de San Miguel
Puerta del Espíritu Santo
Postigo del Palacio
Puerta de San Ildefonso
Puerta del Sabat
Postigo de la Leche.
Puerta de los Deanes.
Puerta de San Esteban.
Puerta de San Miguel.
Puerta del Espíritu Santo.
Postigo del Palacio.
Puerta de San Ildefonso
Puerta del Sabat
East façade, along Calle del Magistrado González Francés, north to south:
Puerta de la Grada Redonda
Fuente de Santa Catalina
Puerta de Santa Catalina
Puerta de San Juan
Puerta del Baptisterio
Puerta de San Nicolás
Puerta de la Concepción Antigua
Puerta de San José
Puerta del Sagrario
Puerta de Jerusalén
Puerta de la Grada Redonda
Puerta de Santa Catalina
Puerta de San Juan
Puerta del Baptisterio
Puerta de San Nicolás
Puerta de la Concepción Antigua
Puerta de San José
Puerta del Sagrario
Puerta de Jerusalén
North façade, along calle Cardenal Herrero, west to east:
Puerta del Perdón
Puerta del Caño Gordo
Puerta del Perdón
Puerta del Caño Gordo
The Reconquista[edit]
Main article: Reconquista
This painting by Edwin Lord Weeks (circa 1880) depicts an old Moor preaching holy war against Christians at the mosque's mihrab. "Despite the painting's illusion of reality, such a jihad, or holy war, would never have been called for in a mosque."[37] Walters Art Museum
In 1236, Córdoba was conquered by King Ferdinand III of Castile, and the centre of the mosque was converted into a Catholic cathedral. Alfonso X oversaw the construction of the Villaviciosa Chapel and the Royal Chapel within the mosque. The kings who followed added further Christian features, such as King Henry II rebuilding the chapel in the 14th century. The minaret of the mosque was also converted to the bell tower of the cathedral. It was adorned with Santiago de Compostela's captured cathedral bells.[38]
The most significant alteration was the building of a Renaissance cathedral nave in the middle of the expansive structure. The insertion was constructed by permission of Charles V, king of Castile and Aragon. However, when Charles V visited the completed cathedral he was displeased by the result and famously commented, "they have taken something unique in all the world and destroyed it to build something you can find in any city."[citation needed]
Artisans and architects continued to add to the existing structure until the late 18th century.
2000s Muslim campaign[edit]
Main article: Muslim campaign at Córdoba Cathedral
Bell tower from Court of Oranges
Muslims across Spain have lobbied the Roman Catholic Church to allow them to pray in the complex, with the Islamic Council of Spain lodging a formal request with the Vatican.[16][17] However, Spanish church authorities and the Vatican have opposed this move.[18] These battles over the cathedral reflect the contested view of what constitutes Spanish history and Spanish identity.[39]
2010 incident[edit]
In April 2010, two Muslim tourists were arrested at the Cathedral, after an incident in which two security guards were seriously injured. The incident occurred when the building was filled with tourists visiting the cathedral during Holy Week.[40][41]
According to cathedral authorities, when half a dozen Austrian Muslims, who were part of a group of 118 people on an organised tour for young European Muslims, knelt to pray at the same time, security guards stepped in and "invited them to continue with their tour or leave the building".[40][41] A fight took place between two of the tourists and the security guards. The security guards suffered serious injuries and had to be hospitalised and two Muslim men were detained.[40][41][42]
In popular culture[edit]
The philosopher and poet Muhammad Iqbal, who is the national poet of Pakistan, visited the Great Cathedral of Córdoba in 1931–32. He asked the authorities to offer adhan at the cathedral. The deep emotional responses that the mosque evoked in him found expression in his poem called "The Mosque of Cordoba". Iqbal saw it as a cultural landmark of Islam and described it as:[43]
Sacred for lovers of art, you are the glory of faith,
You have made Andalusia pure as a holy land![30]
Louis L'Amour's The Walking Drum features a detailed description of the Court of Oranges in the 12th century.
Burials[edit]
'Abd al-Rahman I, reportedly under the site of the Mezquita
See also[edit]
Al-Andalus
Islamic architecture
Timeline of Muslim history
Umayyad Mosque of Damascus
12 Treasures of Spain
History of Medieval Arabic and Western European domes
Muslim campaign at Córdoba Cathedral
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Fichner-Rathus, Lois (2012). Understanding Art (with Art Coursemate with EBook Printed Access Card). Cengage Learning. p. 336. ISBN 1111836957. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Historic Centre of Cordoba". UNESCO. Retrieved 17 Aug 2016. The Great Mosque of Cordoba was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1984
Jump up ^ "Web Oficial del Conjunto Monumental Mezquita-Catedral de Córdoba". Retrieved 15 August 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Mosque-Cathedral of Córdoba". Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 15 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Lapunzina, Alejandro (2005). Architecture of Spain. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 81.
Jump up ^ DK Eyewitness Travel Guide: Seville & Andalusia. Penguin. 2006. p. 148.
Jump up ^ Geoff Garvey, Mark Ellingham (2009). The Rough Guide to Andalucia. Penguin. p. 474.
Jump up ^ Isabella Noble; John Noble; Josephine Quintero; Brendan Sainsbury (2016). Lonely Planet Andalucia. Lonely Planet. p. 22.
Jump up ^ 100 Countries, 5,000 Ideas. National Geographic Society. 2011. p. 299. ISBN 9781426207587. The eight-century Great Mosque with double arches in Córdoba was transformed into the Cathedral of our Lady of Assumption.
Jump up ^ Daniel, Ben (2013). The Search for Truth about Islam. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 93. ISBN 9780664237059. The church is Catholic and has been for centuries, but when Catholic Spaniards expelled the local Arabic and Muslim population (the people they called the Moors) in 1236, they didn't do what the Catholic Church tended to do everywhere else when it moved in and displaced locally held religious beliefs: they didn't destroy the local religious shrine and build a cathedral of the foundations of the sacred space that had been knocked down. Instead, they built a church inside and up through the roof of the mosque, and then dedicated the entire space to Our Lady of the Assumption and made it the cathedral for the Diocese of Córdoba.
Jump up ^ www.mezquitadecordoba.org, Alhambra Valparaiso Ocio y Cultura S.L. -. "History of the Mosque Cathedral of Cordoba". mezquitadecordoba.org.
^ Jump up to: a b c Jonathan M. Bloom and Sheila S. Blair, eds. (2009). "Cordoba". The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture. Oxford University Press. The tradition that the first mosque in Córdoba was housed in the Christian monastery of St. Vincent, and that it was said to have been shared with the city’s Christian congregation, has been challenged. It is almost certain, however, that the building that housed the early 8th-century mosque was destroyed by ῾Abd al-Rahman I for the first phase of the present Mezquita (Great Mosque). CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link)
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Nuha N. N. Khoury (1996). "The Meaning of the Great Mosque of Cordoba in the Tenth Century". Muqarnas. Brill. 13: 84 – via JSTOR. (Subscription required (help)). A myth that associates the mosque's site with the church of Saint Vincent acts as an intermediary step in the transformation of the mosque into a monument of dynastic conquest [...] On the authority of the tenth-century al-Razi, later medieval historians assert that the original founders of the Cordoba mosque shared the church of Saint Vincent with the city's Christian population [...] The account posits a parallel with two earlier Islamic paradigms [...] However, the church of Saint Vincent is neither archaelogically attested as the major edifice mentioned by the historians [...] nor specifically by name in accounts of the events following Abd al-Rahman I's initial arrival in al-Andalus. Rather, the anonymous tenth-century Akhbar Majmu'a on the history of al-Andalus mentions a church, "the site of the present-day Friday mosque"
^ Jump up to: a b c Guia, Aitana (1 July 2014). The Muslim Struggle for Civil Rights in Spain, 1985–2010: Promoting Democracy Through Islamic Engagement. Sussex Academic Press. p. 137. ISBN 9781845195816. It was originally a small temple of Christian Visigoth origin. Under Umayyad reign in Spain (711–1031 CE), it was expanded and made into a mosque, which it would remain for eight centuries. During the Christian reconquest of Al-Andalus, Christians captured the mosque and consecrated it as a Catholic church.
^ Jump up to: a b Armstrong, Ian (2013). Spain and Portugal. Avalon Travel Publishing. ISBN 9781612370316. On this site originally stood the Visigoths' Christian Church of San Vicente, but when the Moors came to town in 758 CE they knocked it down and constructed a mosque in its place. When Córdoba fell once again to the Christians, King Ferdinand II and his successors set about Christianizing the structure, most dramatically adding the bright pearly white Renaissance nave where mass is held every morning.
^ Jump up to: a b c Sills, Ben (19 April 2004). "Cathedral may see return of Muslims". The Guardian. London.
^ Jump up to: a b Thomson, Muslims ask Pope to OK worship in ex-mosque, Reuters, (2011), [1]
^ Jump up to: a b Fuchs, Dale (28 December 2006). "Pope asked to let Muslims pray in cathedral". The Guardian. London.
^ Jump up to: a b c Ann Christys (2017). "The meaning of topography in Umayyad Cordoba". In Anne E. Lester. Cities, Texts and Social Networks, 400–1500. Routledge. It is a commonplace of the history of Córdoba that in their early years in the city, the Muslims shared with the Christians the church of S. Vicente, until ʿAbd al-Raḥmān I bought the Christians out and used the site to build the Great Mosque. It was a pivotal moment in the history of Córdoba, which later historians may have emphasised by drawing a parallel between Córdoba and another Umayyad capital, Damascus. The first reference to the Muslims’ sharing the church was by Ibn Idhārī in the fourteenth century, citing the tenth-century historian al-Rāzī. It could be a version of a similar story referring to the Great Mosque in Damascus, which may itself have been written long after the Mosque was built. It is a story that meant something in the tenth-century context, a clear statement of the Muslim appropriation of Visigothic Córdoba.
Jump up ^ Jarbel, Rodriguez. Muslim and Christian Contact in the Middle Ages: A Reader. University of Toronto Press. p. 41. ISBN 9781442600669.
Jump up ^ D. Fairchild Ruggles (2010). "The Stratigraphy of Forgetting". In Helaine Silverman. Contested Cultural Heritage: Religion, Nationalism, Erasure, and Exclusion in a Global World. Springer. p. 63. An archaeological display in the Mosque-Cathedral of Cordoba displays fragments of a Visigothic building, emphasizing an originally Christian nature of the site.
^ Jump up to: a b Eric Calderwood (10 April 2015). "The Reconquista of the Mosque of Córdoba". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 29 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Susana Calvo Capilla (2007). "Las primeras mezquitas de al-Andalus a través de las fuentes árabes". Al-Qantara. 28 (1): 169–170.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Calvert, Albert Frederick; Gallichan, Walter Matthew (1907). Cordova, a City of the Moors (Public domain ed.). J. Lane. pp. 42–.
Jump up ^ Josef W. Meri and Jere L. Bacharach, Medieval Islamic Civilization, Routledge, (2005), p. 176 ff.
Jump up ^ Irving, T. B. (1962). The Falcon of Spain. Ashraf Press, Lahore. p. 82.
Jump up ^ Blockmans, Wim, and Peter Hoppenbrouwers. Introduction to Medieval Europe 300–1500. Routledge, 2014.
Jump up ^ Lapunzina, Alejandro (2005). Architecture of Spain. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 82–83.
^ Jump up to: a b c Jayyusi, Salma Khadra, ed. The Legacy of Muslim Spain, 2 Vols.. Leiden: BRILL, p.599.
^ Jump up to: a b Muhammad Iqbal, The Mosque of Córdoba
^ Jump up to: a b c Anwar, G. Chejne, Muslim Spain: Its History and Culture, MINNE ed. Minnesota: University Of Minnesota Press, p.364.
Jump up ^ Jan, Read. The Moors in Spain and Portugal. London: Rowman & Littlefield Pub Inc, p.56.
^ Jump up to: a b The Literature of Al-Andalus (The Cambridge History of Arabic Literature). New Ed ed. New York: Cambridge University Press, 161.
Jump up ^ The Literature of Al-Andalus, p.159
Jump up ^ The Literature of Al-Andalus p.162
Jump up ^ Ruggles, D. Fairchild (2008). Islamic Gardens and Landscapes. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 152. ISBN 0-8122-4025-1.
Jump up ^ "Interior of a Mosque at Cordova". The Walters Art Museum.
Jump up ^ Chris, Lowney A Vanished World: Muslims, Christians, and Jews in Medieval Spain. New York: Oxford University Press, USA, 11.
Jump up ^ D. Fairchild Ruggles, "The Stratigraphy of Forgetting: The Great Cathedral of Cordoba and Its Contested Legacy," in Contested Cultural Heritage, ed. Helaine Silverman. New York: Springer, 2011, pp. 51–67. Spanish translation in the journal Antípoda:Revista de Antropología y Arqueología (Bogotá, Colombia) 12 (2011): 19–38.
^ Jump up to: a b c Tremlett, Giles (1 April 2010). "Two arrested after fight in Cordoba's former mosque". The Guardian. London.
^ Jump up to: a b c Keeley, Graham (3 April 2010). "Muslims arrested for trying to pray in Cordobas former Mosque". The Times. London.
Jump up ^ "Muslims in Spain campaign to worship alongside Christians". CNN. 7 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "Iqbal and Spain – Home Page". allamaiqbal.com.
Barbara Messina, Geometrie in pietra. La moschea di Cordova, Giannini editore, Napoli 2004, ISBN 9788874312368
External links[edit]
Official website
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mezquita de Córdoba.
The Great Mosque of Cordoba, Shadieh Mirmobiny, Smarthistory
Mezquita (Great Mosque) of Córdoba
Mezquita (Great Mosque) of Córdoba at Google Maps
Wonders of the World: Mezquita videos
The Mosque of Cordova (during early 19th century)
Al-Andalus: the art of Islamic Spain, an exhibition catalogue from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on the Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba (see index)
The Great Mosque of Cordoba in the tenth century, VirTimePlace.
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List of equine fatalities in the Grand National
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Modern steeplechase races have an average of just over 4 equine fatalities for every 1,000 horses taking part, according to the British Horseracing Authority.[1] However, the Grand National, a popular steeplechase held annually in England, yielded 7 fatalities out of 439 horses taking part between 2000 and 2010.[2][3]
The Grand National is a National Hunt handicap race over a distance of 4 miles 3½ furlongs and over 30 fences at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool. The high number of equine deaths in the race has made it a target for animal rights activists. While course officials have repeatedly taken safety measures over the years, such as improving veterinary facilities and reducing the severity of fences,[4] some have campaigned for further modifications or the abolition of the event that was inaugurated in 1839.[5]
After the 1989 Grand National, in which two horses died in incidents at Becher's Brook (the sixth and 22nd fence on the course), Aintree began making significant changes to the fences that are jumped during the National. The brook on the landing-side of Becher's was filled in to prevent horses rolling back into it, and the incline on the landing-side has been mostly levelled out, whilst retaining a drop to slow the runners. Other fences have been reduced in height, toe-boards have been made taller, and the entry requirements for participating horses have been made stricter, such as the requirement for runners to have been placed fourth or better in a previous recognised steeplechase over a distance of at least three miles.
Some within the horseracing community, including some with notable achievements in the Grand National, such as Ginger McCain and Bob Champion,[6][7][8] have argued that the lowering of fences and the narrowing of ditches, primarily designed to increase horse safety, has had the adverse effect by encouraging the runners to race faster. During the 1970s and 1980s the Grand National saw a total of 12 horses die (half of which were at Becher's Brook); in the next 20-year period from 1990 to 2010, when modifications to the course were most significant, there were 17 equine fatalities.
Contents
1 List of fatalities
2 Summary by fence
3 See also
4 References
List of fatalities[edit]
The animal welfare charity League Against Cruel Sports counts the number of horse deaths at 40 over the three-day meet from the year 2000 to 2013.[9] The following list details the equine fatalities during, or as a direct result of participating in, the Grand National, that is, the showpiece steeplechase itself rather than all the various races held over the entire three-day "Grand National meeting" (which includes two other races over one circuit of the National course: the Fox Hunters for amateur jockeys and the Topham for professional jockeys). It includes, where applicable and where known, the fence at which the fatality occurred.[10]
Year
Horse
Fence #
Fate
Going
Ran
Note
Source
2012 Synchronised While running riderless Fell Good 40 Fell at Becher's Brook but continued running riderless until the 11th fence where he fractured his right-hind tibia and fibula and had to be euthanised. [11]
2012 According to Pete (6 &) 22 Brought down Good 40 Fractured his left-fore humerus and had to be euthanised. [11][12]
2011 Ornais 4 (& 20) Fell Good 40 Incurred a cervical fracture upon falling and died. [13]
2011 Dooneys Gate 6 (& 22) Fell Good 40 Fractured his thoracolumbar upon falling and had to be euthanised. [13]
2009 Hear The Echo While running Collapsed Good-soft 40 Collapsed on the run-in and died. [14]
2008 McKelvey While running riderless Collided with barrier Good 40 Unseated rider at 20th fence and continued running riderless until he collided with railings, was unable to regain his feet due to injuries, and had to be euthanised. [15]
2007 Graphic Approach While running riderless Collapsed Good 40 Fell at Becher's Brook but continued running riderless before collapsing with concussion; he was euthanised several days later. [16]
2006 Tyneandthyneagain 1 (& 17) Fell Good-soft 40 Continued running riderless until falling later, was diagnosed with a spinal injury and had to be euthanised. [17]
2003 Goguenard (3 &) 19 Brought down Good 40 Injured in a mêlée by another falling horse and had to be euthanised. [18]
2002 The Last Fling (8 &) 24 Fell Good 40 Broke his back upon falling and died. [19]
2002 Manx Magic (4 &) 20 Fell Good 40 Incurred a cervical fracture upon falling and died. [19]
1999 Eudipe (6 &) 22 Fell Good 32 Broke his back upon falling and had to be euthanised. [20]
1998 Pashto 1 (& 17) Fell Heavy 37 Collapsed after falling and had to be euthanised. [21]
1998 Do Rightly 4 (& 20) Fell Heavy 37 Suffered a heart attack whilst jumping the fence. [21]
1998 Griffins Bar While running Fell Heavy 37 Incurred a shoulder fracture after jumping the fifth fence and fell; later had to be euthanised. [21]
1997 Straight Talk 14 (& 30) Fell Good 36 Incurred a leg fracture upon falling and had to be euthanised. [22]
1997 Smith's Band (4 &) 20 Fell Good 36 Incurred a cervical fracture upon falling and died. [22]
1996 Rust Never Sleeps While running Pulled up Good 27 Pulled up lame before the 13th fence, diagnosed with a broken shoulder and euthanised. [23]
1991 Ballyhane After finishing Collapsed Good-soft 40 Suffered a haemorrhage after completing the race and died. [24]
1990 Roll-A-Joint 8 (& 24) Fell Firm 38 Incurred a cervical fracture upon falling and died. [25]
1990 Hungary Hur While running Pulled up Firm 38 Incurred a leg fracture while running towards the 19th fence, pulled up and euthanised. [25]
1989 Brown Trix 6 (& 22) Fell Heavy 40 Incurred a shoulder fracture upon falling. [26]
1989 Seeandem 6 (& 22) Fell Heavy 40 Broke his back upon falling and died. [26]
1987 Dark Ivy 6 (& 22) Fell Good 40 Incurred a cervical fracture upon falling and died. [27]
1984 Earthstopper After finishing Collapsed Good 40 Collapsed and died after finishing the race. [28]
1983 Duncreggan 8 (& 24) Fell Soft 41 Injured in fall and later euthanised. [29]
1982 Again The Same 8 (& 24) Pulled up 39 Upon his return home the horse was found to have broken a bone in his knee and had to be euthanised. [30]
1979 Kintai 15 Brought down Good 34 Injured in fall and later euthanised. [31]
1979 Alverton (6 &) 22 Fell Good 34 Incurred a cervical fracture upon falling and died. [32]
1978 Rag Trade While running Pulled up Firm 37 Pulled up lame before the 22nd fence and later euthanised. [33]
1977 Winter Rain 6 (& 22) Fell Good 42 Injured in fall and later euthanised. [34][35]
1977 Zeta's Son (9 &) 25 Fell Good 42 Injured in fall and later euthanised. [34][35]
1975 Land Lark 15 Fell Good 31 Suffered a heart attack while jumping the fence. [36]
1975 Beau Bob (6 &) 22 Fell Good 31 Incurred a cervical fracture upon falling and died. [36]
1973 Grey Sombrero 15 Fell Firm 38 Incurred a shoulder fracture upon falling and had to be euthanised. [37]
1970 Racoon 3 (& 19) Fell Good 28 Incurred a cervical fracture upon falling and had to be euthanised. [38]
1967 Vulcano 3 (& 19) Fell Good 44 Injured in fall and euthanised. [39]
1960 Belsize II (4 &) 20 Fell Good 26 Injured in fall and euthanised with a suspected cervical fracture. [40]
1959 Henry Purcell 6 & 22 Fell Good 34 Broke his back upon falling and had to be euthanised. [41]
1954 Dominick's Bar 2 & 18 Fell Soft 29 Suffered a heart attack while jumping the fence. [42][43]
1954 Paris New York 4 & 20 Fell Soft 29 Incurred a cervical fracture upon falling and died. [42][43]
1954 Legal Joy 13 & 29 Fell Soft 29 Broke a leg in a fall and had to be euthanised. [42][43]
1954 Coneyburrow 12 & 28 Fell Soft 29 Injured in a fall and later euthanised. [42][43]
1953 Cardinal Error 4 (& 20) Fell Good 31 Injured or possibly killed in a fall. [44]
1953 Parasol II 8 (& 24) Fell Good 31 Injured in a fall and later euthanised. [44]
1952 Skouras 6 & 22 Fell Good-firm 47 Incurred a cervical fracture upon falling and had to be euthanised. [45]
1950 Limestone Cottage 8 (& 24) Fell Good 49 Injured in fall. [46]
1946 Symbole 6 & 22 Fell Good 34 Incurred a cervical fracture upon falling and died. [47]
1938 Cabin Fire 8 (& 24) Fell Good 36 [citation needed]
1938 Rock Lad 16 Injured on landing Good 36 [citation needed]
1936 Avenger 1 & 17 Fell Good 36 Incurred a cervical fracture and had to be euthanised. [48]
1931 Swift Roland 6 & 22 Fell "Perfect" 43 Fatally injured when another faller landed on him. [49]
1931 Drin 9 & 25 Fell "Perfect" 43 Incurred a leg fracture and had to be euthanised. [49]
1930 Derby Day Fell "Perfect" 41 [50]
1929 Stort Fell "Average" 66 Incurred a leg fracture and had to be euthanised. [50]
1926 Lone Hand Fell Good 30 [50]
1922 The Inca 6 & 22 Fell Good 32 Incurred a leg fracture and had to be euthanised. [51]
1922 Awbeg 8 & 24 Fell Good 32 Incurred a leg fracture and had to be euthanised. [51]
1907 Kilts 1 & 17 Fell Good 23 [52]
1901 True Blue Fell Snow 24 [52]
1891 The Emperor While running Fell Good 21 Having been pulled up, fell and broke his back while running back to the stables. [52]
1882 Wild Monarch Fell Heavy 12 [52]
1872 Primrose 2 & 18 Fell Hard 25 Injured in fall and had to be euthanised. [52]
1871 Lord Raglan Fell "Perfect" 25 Broke a leg and was euthanised. [52][53]
1869 Huntsman's Daughter "Average" 22 Reports state only that the horse had to be euthanised after the race. [54]
1868 Chimney Sweep While running Collided with barrier Heavy 21 Injured when collided with barrier on the Melling Road and had to be euthanised. [52]
1863 Telegraph 5 & 21 Fell Good 16 Injured in fall and had to be euthanised. [52]
1862 O'Connell 15 Fell "Average" 13 Was taken to the stables where he later died. His rider, Joe Wynne, also died later that evening from injuries sustained in the fall; this is the only occasion a jockey has been killed in the Grand National. [55]
1861 The Conductor Refused "Average" 24 Injured in mêlée and had to be euthanised. [52]
1857 Garry Owen Pulled up Heavy 28 Ruptured his loins. [56]
1857 Albatross Collapsed Heavy 28 Fell dead while running towards the fence. [56]
1856 Banstead 2 & 18 Fell "Average" 21 Injured in fall and had to be euthanised. [52]
1855 Miss Mowbray 8 & 24 Fell Heavy 20 Incurred a cervical fracture upon falling and died.
1854 Bedford 9 & 25 Fell Good 20 Injured in fall and had to be euthanised. [52]
1849 The Curate 2 & 18 Fell Heavy 24 Injured in fall and had to be euthanised. [57]
1849 Equinox 3 & 19 Fell Heavy 24 Injured in fall and had to be euthanised.
1849 Kilfane 4 & 20 Fell Heavy 24 Injured in fall and had to be euthanised.
1848 Counsellor Fell Heavy 29
1848 The Sailor Fell Heavy 29 [58]
1848 Blue Pill Fell Heavy 29
1845 Clansman 8 & 24 Fell Heavy 16
1839 Dictator 9 & 25 Fell Heavy 17 Burst blood vessel. [59][60]
Summary by fence[edit]
The following table summarises the total number of equine fatalities by each of the 16 fences on the course, and includes the current height of each.
Fence # Current height Total fatalities
1 & 17 4'06" 4
2 & 18 4'07" 4
3 & 19 (open ditch) 4'10" 4
4 & 20 4'10" 8
5 & 21 5'00" 1
6 & 22 (Becher's Brook) 5'00" 14
7 & 23 (Foinavon) 4'06" 0
8 & 24 (Canal Turn) 5'00" 7
9 & 25 (Valentine's) 5'00" 4
10 & 26 5'00" 0
11 & 27 (open ditch) 5'00" 0
12 & 28 5'00" 1
13 & 29 4'07" 1
14 & 30 4'06" 1
15 (The Chair) 5'02" 3
16 (Water Jump) 2'06" 0
See also[edit]
Overview of the Grand National fences
Race Horse Death Watch
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Injuries and Fatalities British Horseracing Authority.
Jump up ^ "Risk of fatalities at Grand National is too high, says academic". Anglia Ruskin University. Archived from the original on 18 July 2012. Retrieved 7 April 2011.
Jump up ^ "BBC News - Who, what, why: How dangerous is the Grand National?". bbc.co.uk. 11 April 2011. Retrieved 14 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Horse Welfare & Safety". Aintree.co.uk. 14 April 2012. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Animal Welfare Groups Have Called For A Ban On Aintree's Grand National Race After Two Horses Died | UK News | Sky News". News.sky.com. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "BBC Sport - Horse Racing - Grand National: Ginger McCain queries smaller fences". BBC News. 10 April 2011. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Grand National: Neptune Collonge Honoured After Horses Die Following Aintree Race | UK News | Sky News". News.sky.com. Archived from the original on 19 April 2012. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "BBC Sport - According to Pete trainer wants bigger Grand National fences". Bbc.co.uk. 16 April 2012. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
Jump up ^ http://www.league.org.uk/news-and-opinion/press-releases/2014/apr/injury-and-fatalities-are-inevitable-during-grand-national-meet
Jump up ^ http://www.aintree.co.uk/docLib/2009_pages010109.pdf
^ Jump up to: a b "Synchronised and According to Pete die in Grand National". 14 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Grand-National-deaths-According-To-Pete-trainer-backs-Aintree". Daily Mail. London. 16 April 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Davies, Stephen (10 April 2011). "Aintree day of horror as TV audience of millions see two horses die at the National". Daily Mail. London.
Jump up ^ "Mon Mome seals shock National win". BBC News. 4 April 2009.
Jump up ^ Harlow, Phil (5 April 2008). "Comply Or Die wins Grand National". BBC News.
Jump up ^ Armytage, Marcus (11 May 2007). "Sad end for Graphic Approach". The Daily Telegraph. London.
Jump up ^ "Aintree Grand National Result 2006". Racingbetter.co.uk. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Monty's Pass wins Grand National". BBC News. 5 April 2003.
^ Jump up to: a b "News - Liverpool Local News - Bindaree comes back to win National". Liverpool Echo. 6 April 2002. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
Jump up ^ http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Aintree+%2799%3A+Eudipe+team+left+stunned+by+loss.-a060189260
^ Jump up to: a b c "Inquiries launched into Grand National deaths". BBC News. 6 April 1998.
^ Jump up to: a b "Horses pay price of failure". BBC News. 3 April 1998.
Jump up ^ http://www.thefreelibrary.com/WHERE+THEY+FINISHED+WHERE+THEY+FELL.-a061180250
Jump up ^ [1][dead link]
^ Jump up to: a b http://grandnational-thearchives.bravehost.com/1990.html
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.angelfire.com/alt/constantinople66/thefences.htm
Jump up ^ "'A mistake at Becher's proved fatal. Dark Ivy came down perpendicular and broke his neck' « Sporting Intelligence". Sportingintelligence.com. 9 April 2010. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Hello Dandy Wins National". The New York Times. 1 April 1984.
Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1KsZqGdBZ_U
Jump up ^ http://grittar1982.webs.com/
Jump up ^ "Rubstic". Grand National. 10 March 2010. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Patrick Weaver (12 April 2010). "Jonjo O'Neill exorcises Alverton demons". Retrieved 17 April 2011.
Jump up ^ "Rag Trade". Grand National. 9 March 2010. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "1977: Hat trick for Red Rum". BBC News. 2 April 1977.
^ Jump up to: a b [2]
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.grandnationalinsider.co.uk/pdfs/1975.pdf
Jump up ^ http://www.freewebs.com/grandnationalanorak/therace.htm
Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NxVSjJcxTxw
Jump up ^ Malcolm, Derek (9 January 1967). "Classic report: Foinavon takes evasive action and triumphs". The Guardian. London.
Jump up ^ BBC TV race footage shows the field racing towards Becher's second time with Belsize tailed off. The horse takes a heavy fall at fence 20. Press coverage confirms the fall proved fatal.
Jump up ^ "The Priston Web". Priston.org.uk. 2 January 1957. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "1954 GRAN NATIONAL,GREAT FOOTAGE,ROYAL TAN WINS". YouTube. 9 August 2008. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "GRAND NATIONAL (CRUELTY) (Hansard, 29 April 1954)". Hansard.millbanksystems.com. 29 April 1954. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Belfast Telegraph Newspaper, 28 March 1953
Jump up ^ "Skouras Takes a Fatal Fall at Aintree - HU045787 - Rights Managed - Stock Photo - Corbis". Corbisimages.com. 5 April 1952. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
Jump up ^ http://fiftiesnationals.webs.com/1950.htm
Jump up ^ "1946 GRAND NATIONAL,GREAT FOOTAGE,LOVELY COTTAGE WINS". YouTube. 9 August 2008. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "THE GRAND NATIONAL 1936 - British Pathé". Britishpathe.com. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Sport: Grand National, Apr. 6, 1931". Time. 6 April 1931.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Animals: Gamble, Violation, Disgrace". Time. 27 April 1931.
^ Jump up to: a b "29 CHASERS FELL IN RACE.; Only Three Finished in Grand National Over Hard English Course" (PDF). The New York Times. 18 April 1922.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k "Full text of "Heroes and heroines of the Grand National"". Archive.org. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Liverpool Mercury 22 March 1871 page 7
Jump up ^ Liverpool Mercury Thursday 4 March 1869 page 3, column 3
Jump up ^ Liverpool Mercury 13 March 1862 page 3
^ Jump up to: a b Liverpool Daily Post Thursday 5 March 1857
Jump up ^ Grand National History 1849 - 1840 Grand National History 1840s
Jump up ^ Charles Arlington Blew, William (1901). A History of Steeple-chasing. London: J.C. Nimmo. p. 302.
Jump up ^ "Grand National : The 1839 Grand National". Grandnational.hyak.co.uk. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "The 26th of February 1839 AD, First Grand National, famous dates in History". Information-britain.co.uk. 3 February 2011. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
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