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Backstage (2016 TV series)
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Backstage
Genre
Drama
Performing arts
Created by
Jennifer Pertsch
Lara Azzopardi
Starring
Devyn Nekoda
Alyssa Trask
Josh Bogert
Aviva Mongillo
Matthew Isen
Julia Tomasone
Adrianna Di Liello
Colin Petierre
Mckenzie Small
Romy Weltman
Isiah Hall
Kyal Legend
Chris Hoffman
Jane Moffat
Thomas L. Colford
Theme music composer
Andrew Austin
Opening theme
"Spark"
by Stefanie McCarol
Country of origin
Canada
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
2
No. of episodes
60 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Brian Irving
Jennifer Pertsch
Tom McGillis
George Elliott
Lara Azzopardi
Producer(s)
Brian Irving
Camera setup
Single-camera
Running time
22–25 minutes
Production company(s)
Fresh TV
Distributor
DHX Media
Release
Original network
Family Channel
Picture format
480i (SDTV)
1080i (HDTV)
Original release
March 18, 2016 (2016-03-18) – present
External links
Website
www.family.ca/shows/backstage/
Backstage is a Canadian drama and performing arts series created by Jennifer Pertsch and Lara Azzopardi that premiered in Canada on Family Channel on March 18, 2016, and in the United States on Disney Channel on March 25, 2016. The series stars Devyn Nekoda, Alyssa Trask, Josh Bogert, Aviva Mongillo, Matthew Isen, Julia Tomasone, Adrianna Di Liello, Colin Petierre, Mckenzie Small, Romy Weltman, Isiah Hall, Kyal Legend, Chris Hoffman, Jane Moffat, and Thomas L. Colford.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast and characters
3 Production
4 Episodes
5 U.S. ratings
6 Broadcast
7 Reception
8 Music
9 References
10 External links
Plot[edit]
The trials and tribulations of the students at Keaton School of the Arts, which includes dancers, singers, musicians, and artists. The characters frequently break the fourth wall, talking to the viewers in so-called "confessionals".[1]
Cast and characters[edit]
Main article: List of Backstage characters
Devyn Nekoda as Vanessa
Alyssa Trask as Carly
Josh Bogert as Miles
Aviva Mongillo as Alya
Matthew Isen as Jax
Julia Tomasone as Bianca
Adrianna Di Liello as Jenna
Colin Petierre as Sasha
Mckenzie Small as Scarlett
Romy Weltman as Kit
Isiah Hall as Denzel (season 1)
Kyal Legend as Julie
Chris Hoffman as Park
Jane Moffat as Helsweel
Thomas L. Colford as Beckett (season 2)
Hailey Fauchere as Mindy (season 2)
Production[edit]
Actors in the series are all real dancers and musicians embodying the true spirit of the performing arts.[2] Directors for the series include top music video directors such as RT!, Director X, Wendy Morgan, and Warren Sonoda as well as Mario Azzopardi and Lara Azzopardi. The first season production order consisted of 30 episodes.[3]
On May 10, 2016, it was announced that Backstage was renewed for a 30-episode second season for a 2017 broadcast on Family Channel in Canada.[4] On September 30, 2017, the show's cast revealed on social media that the entire 2nd season had been picked up by Netflix.[5]
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of Backstage episodes
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
First aired
Last aired
1 30 March 18, 2016 (2016-03-18) September 30, 2016 (2016-09-30) (U.S.)
2 30[6] July 28, 2017 (2017-07-28) (UK) September 30, 2017 (2017-09-30) (U.S., Netflix)
U.S. ratings[edit]
Season
Episodes
First aired
Last aired
Avg. viewers
(millions)
Date
Viewers
(millions)
Date
Viewers
(millions)
1 30 March 25, 2016 (2016-03-25) 1.23[7] September 30, 2016 (2016-09-30) 0.90[8] 0.95
Broadcast[edit]
The series premiered on Family Channel in Canada on March 18, 2016, and on Disney Channel in the United States on March 25, 2016. Disney Channel secured the license for the series in several countries in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East.[9] It premiered on Disney Channel in the United Kingdom and Ireland on May 9, 2016,[10] and on Disney Channel in Australia and New Zealand on October 28, 2016.[11]
The second season premiered in the UK and Ireland on July 28, 2017, prior to the Canadian premiere.[12]
The Whole second season was released on the ABC ME app and on ABC iview as part of best fest for the school holidays from 15th of September to 15th of October. [13]
Backstage seasons 1 and 2 are available on Netflix.
Reception[edit]
Backstage has received positive, albeit lukewarm reviews from critics. Common Sense Media gave the series three out of five stars, saying that while it "doesn't really break new ground", it "does touch on many issues that are worthwhile for kids".[14]
Music[edit]
The primary source for performers and writers is the end credits of episodes.
"Songs from Backstage, Vol. 1"
Single by Backstage Cast
Released
March 18, 2016 (2016-03-18)
Format
Digital download
Genre
Pop
Length
10:29
Label
Cardinal Point
Songwriter(s)
Various
Songs from Backstage, Vol. 1[15]
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Performer(s)
Length
1. "Spark" Andrew Austin Stefanie McCarol 3:15
2. "Heartbeats" Emery Taylor Aviva Mongillo 3:36
3. "Heartbeats (Acoustic)" Emery Taylor Aviva Mongillo 3:37
"Songs from Backstage, Vol. 2"
Single by Backstage Cast
Released
March 25, 2016 (2016-03-25)
Format
Digital download
Genre
Pop
Length
5:23
Label
Cardinal Point
Songwriter(s)
Various
Songs from Backstage, Vol. 2[16]
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Performer(s)
Length
1. "I Don't Wanna Hear It" Jeff Milutinovic Kasey Brown 2:22
2. "Who You Lookin'" Dave Sorbara Laura Nikolic 3:01
"Songs from Backstage, Vol. 3"
Single by Backstage Cast
Released
April 8, 2016 (2016-04-08)
Format
Digital download
Genre
Pop
Length
5:56
Label
Cardinal Point
Songwriter(s)
Various
Songs from Backstage, Vol. 3[17]
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Performer(s)
Length
1. "Going Home" Rob Melamed Maya Killtron 2:53
2. "Elevator"
Andrew Austin
Jeff Milutinovic
Mckenzie Small 3:03
"Songs from Backstage, Vol. 4"
Single by Backstage Cast
Released
April 22, 2016 (2016-04-22)
Format
Digital download
Genre
Pop
Length
5:21
Label
Cardinal Point
Songwriter(s)
Various
Songs from Backstage, Vol. 4[18]
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Performer(s)
Length
1. "Dig Deep (Miles Version)"
Andrew Austin
Ryan McLarnon
Kate Hewlett
Josh Bogert
Aviva Mongillo
2:34
2. "Lost in Contemplation" Ryan McLarnon Andrew Austin 2:47
"Songs from Backstage, Vol. 5"
Single by Backstage Cast
Released
May 13, 2016 (2016-05-13)
Format
Digital download
Genre
Pop
Length
7:21
Label
Cardinal Point
Songwriter(s)
Various
Songs from Backstage, Vol. 5[19]
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Performer(s)
Length
1. "Shot Me Down" Emery Taylor Aviva Mongillo 4:53
2. "Gimme Some L" TBA TBA 2:28
"Songs from Backstage, Vol. 6"
Single by Backstage Cast
Released
June 3, 2016 (2016-06-03)
Format
Digital download
Genre
Pop
Length
7:29
Label
Cardinal Point
Songwriter(s)
Various
Songs from Backstage, Vol. 6[20]
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Performer(s)
Length
1. "Born at the Right Time" Tom Westin Kelly McCluskey 2:48
2. "Eyes of the Camera" Andrew Austin Mckenzie Small 2:41
3. "Eyes of the Camera (A Cappella)" Andrew Austin Mckenzie Small 2:00
"Songs from Backstage, Vol. 7"
Single by Backstage Cast
Released
June 24, 2016 (2016-06-24)
Format
Digital download
Genre
Pop
Length
5:34
Label
Cardinal Point
Songwriter(s)
Various
Songs from Backstage, Vol. 7[21]
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Performer(s)
Length
1. "Dig Deep (Alya Version)"
Andrew Austin
Ryan McLarnon
Kate Hewlett
Aviva Mongillo
Josh Bogert
2:37
2. "Step, Sister!" (parts 1–5)
Kevin Krouglow
Igor Simoes Correia
Jeff Milutinovic
Rob Melamed
Kasey Brown 2:57
"Songs from Backstage, Vol. 8"
Single by Backstage Cast
Released
September 16, 2016 (2016-09-16)
Format
Digital download
Genre
Pop
Length
9:03
Label
Cardinal Point
Songwriter(s)
Various
Songs from Backstage, Vol. 8[22]
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Performer(s)
Length
1. "Until You Loved Me" ("Step, Sister!" part 7) Andrew Austin Andrew Austin 3:29
2. "Music Gonna Make You Feel Alright" Mark Domitric Maya Kiltron 3:20
3. "Move Over" Igor Simoes Correia TBA 2:14
"Songs from Backstage, Vol. 9"
Single by Backstage Cast
Released
September 30, 2016 (2016-09-30)
Format
Digital download
Genre
Pop
Length
9:06
Label
Cardinal Point
Songwriter(s)
Various
Songs from Backstage, Vol. 9[23]
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Performer(s)
Length
1. "Spin Yourself in Circles" Rob Melamed Rob Melamed 3:00
2. "Beating of the Drum" Ryan McLarnon Aviva Mongillo 3:39
3. "Phat Beat" Igor Simoes Correia
Laura Nikolic
Samples
2:27
"Songs from Backstage, Vol. 10"
Single by Backstage Cast
Released
October 14, 2016 (2016-10-14)
Format
Digital download
Genre
Pop
Length
6:56
Label
Cardinal Point
Songwriter(s)
Various
Songs from Backstage, Vol. 10[24]
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Performer(s)
Length
1. "Watch Me Get It"
Mark Domitric
Rich Kidd
Rich Kidd 2:56
2. "Cake"
Emery Taylor
Rob GF
Rob GF 4:00
Songs from Backstage, Vol. 11
EP by Backstage Cast
Released
November 11, 2016 (2016-11-11)
Genre
Pop
Length
11:19
Label
Cardinal Point
Songs from Backstage, Vol. 11[25]
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Performer(s)
Length
1. "The Fool"
Emery Taylor
Andrew Austin
Julia Tomasone
Aviva Mongillo
Capri Anderson
Emily Persich
2:51
2. "Surfacing" Kevin Krouglow TBA 2:36
3. "When the Light Shines" Kevin Krouglow Kevin Krouglow 3:14
4. "Colour Me Happy"
Andrew Austin
Scott Oleszkowicz
Josh Bogert
Aviva Mongillo
2:38
"Songs from Backstage, Vol. 12"
Single by Backstage Cast
Released
October 14, 2016 (2016-10-14)
Format
Digital download
Genre
Pop
Length
6:56
Label
Cardinal Point
Songwriter(s)
Various
Songs from Backstage, Vol. 12[26]
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Performer(s)
Length
1. "Switch" Andrew Austin
Mckenzie Small
Aviva Mongillo
Julia Tomasone
3:23
2. "Letting You Go"
Igor Simoes Correia
Jeff Milutinovic
TBA 3:05
3. "Fresh" Emery Taylor Roshin 3:10
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Backstage: Episode 1 Confessional - Alya. Backstage. April 19, 2016. Retrieved June 13, 2017 – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ Julianna Cummins (July 6, 2015). "Family Channel Goes Backstage". Playback Online. Retrieved March 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Fresh TV Takes Centre Stage with a New Performing Arts School Drama, Backstage, for Family" (Press release). Fresh TV. July 6, 2015. Archived from the original on June 17, 2016. Retrieved July 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "DHX Television Orders Second Season of Hit Original Drama Backstage" (Press release). DHX Media. May 10, 2016. Retrieved June 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ {cite press release|Madison MacGregor on Instagram. Instagram (September 30, 2017). Retrieved on September 30, 2017.|
Jump up ^ Joanna Landsberg (May 10, 2016). "DHX Television Orders Second Season of Hit Original Drama Backstage" (Press release). Toronto, Ontario: DHX Media. Retrieved June 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (March 28, 2016). "Top 150 Friday Cable Originals: 3.25.2016". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved May 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (October 3, 2016). "Top 150 Friday Cable Originals: 9.30.2016". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved October 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ "DHX Media Licenses Backstage to Disney Channel in the US and Internationally" (Press release). DHX Media. February 8, 2016. Retrieved March 20, 2016 – via PR Newswire.
Jump up ^ "Disney Channel UK". Disney UK. Archived from the original on May 5, 2016. Retrieved May 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ Disney Aus [@DisneyAUSInfo] (October 5, 2016). "Series Premiere: #BackstageTV (@BackstageTVShow) premieres Friday 28th October at 5pm AEDT on Disney Channel Australia & New Zealand" (Tweet). Retweeted by Backstage TV [BackstageTVShow]. Retrieved October 5, 2016 – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ "Backstage – Series 2 Episode 1 – And We're Back.." Radio Times. Archived from the original on July 20, 2017. Retrieved July 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ http://iview.abc.net.au/collection/3-best-fest. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ "Backstage TV Review". Common Sense Media. Retrieved June 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Songs from Backstage, Vol. 1 – Single by Backstage Cast". iTunes Store. United States. March 18, 2016. Retrieved August 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Songs from Backstage, Vol. 2 – Single by Backstage Cast". iTunes Store. United States. March 25, 2016. Retrieved August 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Songs from Backstage, Vol. 3 – Single by Backstage Cast". iTunes Store. United States. April 8, 2016. Retrieved August 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Songs from Backstage, Vol. 4 – Single by Backstage Cast". iTunes Store. United States. April 22, 2016. Retrieved August 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Songs from Backstage, Vol. 5 – Single by Backstage Cast". iTunes Store. United States. May 13, 2016. Retrieved August 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Songs from Backstage, Vol. 6 – Single by Backstage Cast". iTunes Store. United States. June 3, 2016. Retrieved August 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Songs from Backstage, Vol. 7 – Single by Backstage Cast". iTunes Store. United States. June 24, 2016. Retrieved August 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Songs from Backstage, Vol. 8 – Single by Backstage Cast". iTunes Store. United States. September 16, 2016. Retrieved September 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Songs from Backstage, Vol. 9 – Single by Backstage Cast". iTunes Store. United States. September 30, 2016. Retrieved October 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Songs from Backstage, Vol. 10 – Single by Backstage Cast". iTunes Store. United States. October 14, 2016. Retrieved October 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Songs from Backstage, Vol. 11 – EP by Backstage Cast". iTunes Store. United States. November 11, 2016. Retrieved May 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Songs from Backstage, Vol. 12 – Single by Backstage Cast". iTunes Store. United States. November 28, 2016. Retrieved May 21, 2017.
External links[edit]
Backstage at Family Channel (Canada)
Backstage at Disney Channel (U.S.)
Backstage on IMDb
Backstage at epguides.com
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text:
Atrium (heart)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Atrium (disambiguation).
Atrium
[Picture] Front view of heart showing the atria
Details
Part of
Heart
System
Circulatory system
Identifiers
Latin
Atrium
TA
A12.1.00.017
FMA
7099
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
The atrium is the upper chamber in which blood enters the heart. There are two atria in the human heart, which receive blood - the left atrium from the lungs, and the right atrium from the venous circulation. The atria receive blood, and when the heart muscle contracts, pump blood to the ventricles. All animals with a closed circulatory system include at least one atrium / auricle (humans have two atria).
The atrium used to be called the "auricle", and that term is still used to describe this chamber in, for example, the Mollusca, but in humans that name is now used for an appendage of the atrium.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Nodes
1.2 Blood supply
1.3 Development
2 Function
3 Clinical significance
4 Other animals
5 See also
6 References
Structure[edit]
Right heart anatomy
left atrial appendage shown at upper right
Humans have a four-chambered heart consisting of the right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, and left ventricle. The atria are the two upper chambers. The right atrium receives and holds deoxygenated blood from the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, anterior cardiac veins and smallest cardiac veins and the coronary sinus, which it then sends down to the right ventricle (through the tricuspid valve) which in turn sends it to the pulmonary artery for pulmonary circulation. The left atrium receives the oxygenated blood from the left and right pulmonary veins, which it pumps to the left ventricle (through the mitral valve) for pumping out through the aorta for systemic circulation.[2][3]
The right atrium and right ventricle are often referred to as the right heart and similarly the left atrium and left ventricle are often referred to as the left heart. The atria do not have valves at their inlets [4] and as a result, a venous pulsation is normal and can be detected in the jugular vein as the jugular venous pressure.[5][6] Internally, there are the rough pectinate muscles and crista terminalis of His, which act as a boundary inside the atrium and the smooth walled part of the right atrium, the sinus venarum derived from the sinus venosus. The sinus venarum is the adult remnant of the sinus venous and it surrounds the openings of the venae cavae and the coronary sinus. [7] Attached to the right atrium is the right atrial appendage – a pouch-like extension of the pectinate muscles. The interatrial septum separates the right atrium from the left atrium and this is marked by a depression in the right atrium –the fossa ovalis. The atria are depolarised by calcium.
High in the upper part of the left atrium is a muscular ear-shaped pouch – the left atrial appendage. This appears to "function as a decompression chamber during left ventricular systole and during other periods when left atrial pressure is high".[8]
Nodes[edit]
The sinoatrial (SA) node is located in posterior aspect of the right atrium, next to the superior vena cava. This is a group of pacemaker cells which spontaneously depolarize to create an action potential. The cardiac action potential then spreads across both atria causing them to contract, forcing the blood they hold into their corresponding ventricles.
The atrioventricular node (AV node) is another node in the cardiac electrical conduction system. This is located between the atria and the ventricles.
Blood supply[edit]
The left atrium is supplied mainly by the left circumflex coronary artery, and its small branches.[9]
The oblique vein of the left atrium is partly responsible for venous drainage; it derives from the embryonic left superior vena cava.
Development[edit]
During embryogenesis at about two weeks, a primitive atrium begins to be formed. It begins as one chamber which over the following two weeks becomes divided by the septum primum into the left atrium and the right atrium. The interatrial septum has an opening in the right atrium, the foramen ovale which provides access to the left atrium; this connects the two chambers, which is essential for fetal blood circulation. At birth, when the first breath is taken fetal blood flow is reversed to travel through the lungs. The foramen ovale is no longer needed and it closes to leave a depression (the fossa ovalis) in the atrial wall.
In some cases, the foramen ovale fails to close. This abnormality is present in approximately 25% of the general population.[10] This is known as a patent foramen ovale, an atrial septal defect. It is mostly unproblematic, although it can be associated with paradoxical embolization and stroke.[10]
Within the fetal right atrium, blood from the inferior vena cava and the superior vena cava flow in separate streams to different locations in the heart, and this has been reported to occur through the Coandă effect.[11] Atriums were previously named 'auricles'
Function[edit]
In human physiology, the atria facilitate circulation primarily by allowing uninterrupted venous flow to the heart during ventricular systole.[12][13] By being partially empty and distensible, atria prevent the interruption of venous flow to the heart that would occur during ventricular systole if the veins ended at the inlet valves of the heart. In normal physiologic states, the output of the heart is pulsatile, and the venous inflow to the heart is continuous and non-pulsatile. But without functioning atria, venous flow becomes pulsatile, and the overall circulation rate decreases significantly.[14][15]
Atria have four essential characteristics that cause them to promote continuous venous flow. (1) There are no atrial inlet valves to interrupt blood flow during atrial systole. (2) The atrial systole contractions are incomplete and thus do not contract to the extent that would block flow from the veins through the atria into the ventricles. During atrial systole, blood not only empties from the atria to the ventricles, but blood continues to flow uninterrupted from the veins right through the atria into the ventricles. (3) The atrial contractions must be gentle enough so that the force of contraction does not exert significant back pressure that would impede venous flow. (4) The "let go" of the atria must be timed so that they relax before the start of ventricular contraction, to be able to accept venous flow without interruption.[13][16]
By preventing the inertia of interrupted venous flow that would otherwise occur at each ventricular systole, atria allow approximately 75% more cardiac output than would otherwise occur. The fact that atrial contraction is 15% of the amount of the succeeding ventricular ejection has led to a misplaced emphasis on their role in pumping up the ventricles (the so-called "atrial kick"), whereas the key benefit of atria is in preventing circulatory inertia and allowing uninterrupted venous flow to the heart.[13][17]
Also, of importance in maintaining the blood flow are the presence of atrial volume receptors. These are low-pressure baroreceptors in the atria, which send signals to the hypothalamus when a drop in atrial pressure (which indicates a drop in blood volume) is detected. This triggers a release of vasopressin.[18]
Clinical significance[edit]
In an adult, an atrial septal defect would result in the flow of blood in the reverse direction – from the left atrium to the right – which will reduce cardiac output, potentially causing cardiac failure and in severe or untreated cases cardiac arrest and sudden death.
CT scan of the chest showing a thrombus in the left atrial appendage (left: axial plane, right: coronal plane)
In patients with atrial fibrillation, mitral valve disease, and other conditions, blood clots have a tendency to form in the left atrial appendage.[8] The clots may dislodge (forming emboli), which may lead to ischemic damage to the brain, kidneys, or other organs supplied by the systemic circulation.[19] Left atrial appendage occlusion is an experimental treatment to prevent stroke in atrial fibrillation.[20]
The left atrial appendage can serve as an approach for mitral valve surgery.[21] The left atrial appendage can be seen on a standard posteroanterior x-ray, where the lower level of the left hilum becomes concave.[22]
Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome
Atrial flutter
Atrial tachycardia
Sinus tachycardia
Multifocal atrial tachycardia – several types
Premature atrial contraction
Atriomegaly
Other animals[edit]
Many other animals, including mammals, also have four-chambered hearts, which have a similar function. Some animals (amphibians and reptiles) have a three-chambered heart, in which the blood from each atrium is mixed in the single ventricle before being pumped to the aorta. In these animals, the left atrium still serves the purpose of collecting blood from the pulmonary veins.
In some fish, the circulatory system is very simple: a two-chambered heart including one atrium and one ventricle. Among sharks, the heart consists of four chambers arranged serially (and therefore called a serial heart): blood flows into the most posterior chamber, the sinus venosus, and then to the atrium which moves it to the third chamber, the ventricle, before it reaches the conus anteriosus, which itself is connected to the ventral aorta. This is considered a primitive arrangement, and many vertebrates have condensed the atrium with the sinus venosus and the ventricle with the conus anteriosus.[23]
With the advent of lungs came a partitioning of the atrium into two parts divided by a septum. Among frogs, the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood are mixed in the ventricle before being pumped out to the body's organs; in turtles, the ventricle is almost entirely divided by a septum, but retains an opening through which some mixing of blood occurs. In birds, mammals, and some other reptiles (alligators in particular) the partitioning of both chambers is complete.[23]
See also[edit]
This article uses anatomical terminology; for an overview, see Anatomical terminology.
Syncytium
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Auricles (of atria) definition - Drugs.com".
Jump up ^ "Structure of the Heart".
Jump up ^ Human heart anatomy diagram. Retrieved on 2010-07-02.
Jump up ^ "American Heart Association - Building healthier lives, free of cardiovascular diseases and stroke".
Jump up ^ "Jugular Venous Pressure. JVP information; Cannon wave".
Jump up ^ Applefeld, Mark M. (1 January 1990). Walker, H. Kenneth; Hall, W. Dallas; Hurst, J. Willis, eds. Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations. Butterworths. PMID 21250143 – via PubMed.
Jump up ^ "Embryo Images Online".
^ Jump up to: a b Al-Saady NM; et al. (1999). "Left atrial appendage: structure, function, and role in thromboembolism: Review". Heart. 82 (5): 547–54. doi:10.1136/hrt.82.5.547. PMC 1760793  . PMID 10525506.
Jump up ^ Keith L. Moore; Arthur F. Dalley; Anne M.R. Agur (2010). Clinically oriented anatomy (6th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 145. ISBN 9780781775250.
^ Jump up to: a b Homma, S. (2005). "Patent Foramen Ovale and Stroke". Circulation. 112 (7): 1063–72. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.524371. ISSN 0009-7322. PMID 16103257.
Jump up ^ Ashrafian H (July 2006). "The Coanda effect and preferential right atrial streaming". Chest. 130 (1): 300. doi:10.1378/chest.130.1.300. PMID 16840419.
Jump up ^ Anderson, RM. The Gross Physiology of the Cardiovascular System (2nd ed., 2012). See "Chapter 1: Normal Physiology."
^ Jump up to: a b c Anderson R.M.; Fritz J.M.; O'Hare J.E. (1967). "The Mechanical Nature of the Heart as a Pump" (PDF). American Heart Journal. 73 (1): 92–105. doi:10.1016/0002-8703(67)90313-4. PMID 6016029.
Jump up ^ The Determinants of Cardiac Output (video produced by University of Arizona Biomedical Communications; demonstration of atrial effect begings at 13:43).
Jump up ^ http://cardiac-output.info (See discussion of atrial effect in text Chapter 1.)
Jump up ^ Anderson, RM. The Gross Physiology of the Cardiovascular System (2nd ed.) See "Chapter 1: Normal Physiology."
Jump up ^ "The Gross Physiology of the Cardiovascular System". Robert M. Anderson – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ Sherwood, Lauralee (2008). Human physiology: From cells to systems (7th revised ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 567. ISBN 978-0-495-39184-5.
Jump up ^ Parekh A, Jaladi R, Sharma S, Van Decker WA, Ezekowitz MD (September 2006). "Images in cardiovascular medicine. The case of a disappearing left atrial appendage thrombus: direct visualization of left atrial thrombus migration, captured by echocardiography, in a patient with atrial fibrillation, resulting in a stroke". Circulation. 114 (13): e513–14. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.617886. PMID 17000914.
Jump up ^ Stöllberger C, Schneider B, Finsterer J (December 2003). "Elimination of the left atrial appendage to prevent stroke or embolism? Anatomic, physiologic, and pathophysiologic considerations". Chest. 124 (6): 2356–62. doi:10.1378/chest.124.6.2356. PMID 14665520.
Jump up ^ Guhathakurta S, Kurian VM, Manmohan G, Cherian KM (2004). "Mitral valve reoperation through the left atrial appendage in a patient with mesocardia". Tex Heart Inst J. 31 (3): 316–18. PMC 521780  . PMID 15562857.
Jump up ^ Corne; et al. (2002). Chest X-Ray Made Easy. Churchill Livingstone. ISBN 0-443-07008-3.
^ Jump up to: a b Doris R. Helms; Carl W. Helms; Robert J. Kosinski (15 December 1997). Biology in the Laboratory: With BioBytes 3.1 CD-ROM. W. H. Freeman. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-7167-3146-7.
[hide]
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