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Stone Mountain
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This article is about the mountain in the U.S. state of Georgia. For the city of the same name, see Stone Mountain, Georgia. For other uses, see Stone Mountain (disambiguation).
Stone Mountain
The mountain, rock relief, and train
Highest point
Elevation
1,686 ft (514 m)
Prominence
825 ft (251 m)
Coordinates
33°48′21.40″N 84°8′43.52″W / 33.8059444°N 84.1454222°W / 33.8059444; -84.1454222Coordinates: 33°48′21.40″N 84°8′43.52″W / 33.8059444°N 84.1454222°W / 33.8059444; -84.1454222
Geography
Stone Mountain
Stone Mountain, Georgia, United States
Topo map
USGS Stone Mountain, Georgia
Stone Mountain is a quartz monzonite dome monadnock and the site of Stone Mountain Park near Stone Mountain, Georgia. At its summit, the elevation is 1,686 feet (514 m) MSL and 825 feet (251 m) above the surrounding area. Stone Mountain is well known for not only its geology, but also the enormous rock relief on its north face, the largest bas-relief in the world.[1] The carving depicts three Confederate figures, Jefferson Davis, Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson, and has been the subject of widespread controversy.[2]
Stone Mountain was once owned by the Venable Brothers and was the site of the founding of the second Ku Klux Klan in 1915. It was purchased by the State of Georgia in 1958[3] "as a memorial to the Confederacy."[4] Stone Mountain Park officially opened on April 14, 1965 — 100 years to the day after Lincoln's assassination.[5] It is the most visited destination in the state of Georgia.[4]
Stone Mountain is more than 5 miles (8 km) in circumference at its base. The summit of the mountain can be reached by a walk-up trail on the west side of the mountain or by the Skyride aerial tram.
Contents
[hide]
1 Geology
2 Natural history
3 Confederate Memorial
3.1 Carving and the Ku Klux Klan
3.2 Confederate Memorial controversy
4 History
4.1 Aviation incidents
4.2 Governance
5 Places of interest
5.1 Broadcast tower
5.2 Scenic Railroad
5.3 Stone Mountain trails
5.4 Attractions
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
Geology[edit]
South side of Stone Mountain from the Songbird Habitat and Trail in 2009
Stone Mountain is a pluton, a type of igneous intrusion. Primarily composed of quartz monzonite, the dome of Stone Mountain was formed during the formation of the Blue Ridge Mountains around 300–350 million years ago (during the Carboniferous period), part of the Appalachian Mountains.[6] It formed as a result of the upwelling of magma from within the Earth's crust. This magma solidified to form granite within the crust five to ten miles below the surface.
The Stone Mountain pluton continues underground 9 miles (14 km) at its longest point into Gwinnett County. Numerous reference books and Georgia literature have dubbed Stone Mountain as “the largest exposed piece of granite in the world".[7] This misconception is most likely a result of misrepresentation by granite companies and early park administration. Stone Mountain, though often called a pink granite dome, actually ranges in composition from quartz monzonite[8] to granite and granodiorite.[9]
The minerals within the rock include quartz, plagioclase feldspar, microcline and muscovite, with smaller amounts of biotite and tourmaline. The tourmaline is mostly black in color, and the majority of it exists as optically continuous skeletal[10] crystals, but much larger, euhedral pegmatitic tourmaline crystals can also be found in the mountain's numerous, cross-cutting felsic dikes. Embedded in the granite are xenoliths or pieces of foreign rocks entrained in the magma.
The granite intruded into the metamorphic rocks of the Piedmont region during the last stages of the Alleghenian Orogeny, which was the time when North America and North Africa collided. Over time, erosion eventually exposed the present mountain of more resistant igneous rock. This intrusion of granite also gave rise to Panola Mountain and Arabia Mountain, both in DeKalb County, smaller outcroppings farther south of Stone Mountain.
Natural history[edit]
Summit of Stone Mountain, Kennesaw Mountain in background
The top of the mountain is a landscape of bare rock and rock pools, and it provides views of the surrounding area including the skyline of downtown Atlanta, often Kennesaw Mountain, and on very clear days even the Appalachian Mountains. On some days, the top of the mountain is shrouded in a heavy fog, and visibility may be limited to only a few feet. The clear freshwater pools on the summit form by rainwater gathering in eroded depressions, and are home to unusual clam shrimp and fairy shrimp. The tiny shrimp appear only during the rainy season. Through the process of cryptobiosis, the tiny shrimp eggs (or cysts) can remain dormant for years in the dried out depressions, awaiting favorable conditions.
Leaves of the Georgia oak
The mountain's lower slopes are wooded. The rare Georgia oak was first discovered at the summit, and several specimens can easily be found along the walk-up trail and in the woods around the base of the mountain. In the fall, the extremely rare Confederate yellow daisy (Helianthus porteri) flowers appear on the mountain, growing in rock crevices and in the large wooded areas.
Confederate Memorial[edit]
Close-up of the memorial
1925 Stone Mountain Memorial Half Dollar
The largest bas-relief sculpture in the world, the Confederate Memorial Carving depicts three Confederate leaders of the Civil War: President Jefferson Davis and Generals Robert E. Lee and Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson (and their favorite horses, "Blackjack", "Traveller", and "Little Sorrel", respectively). The entire carved surface measures 1.57 acres (6,400 m2). The carving of the three men towers 400 feet (120 m) above the ground, measures 76 by 158 feet (23 by 48 m), and is recessed 42 feet (13 m) into the mountain. The deepest point of the carving is at Lee's right elbow, which is 12 feet (3.7 m) to the mountain's surface.[11]
The carving was conceived by Mrs. C. Helen Plane,[12] a charter member of the United Daughters of the Confederacy (UDC). The Venable Brothers, owners of the mountain, deeded the north face of the mountain to the UDC in 1916. The UDC was given 12 years to complete a sizable Civil War monument. Gutzon Borglum was commissioned to do the carving. Borglum abandoned the project in 1925 (and later went on to begin Mount Rushmore). The US Mint issued a 1925 Commemorative silver US half dollar, bearing the words "Stone Mountain", as part of a fundraiser for the monument.[13] American sculptor Augustus Lukeman continued until 1928, when further work stopped for thirty years. In 1941 segregationist Governor Eugene Talmadge formed the Stone Mountain Memorial Association (SMMA) to continue work on the memorial, but the project was delayed once again by the U.S. entry into World War II (1941–45).[14]
In response to Brown v. Board of Education of 1954, and the birth of the Civil Rights Movement, in 1958, at the urging of segregationist Governor Marvin Griffin,[5]:21 the Georgia legislature approved a measure to purchase Stone Mountain at a price of $1,125,000. In 1963, Walker Hancock was selected to complete the carving, and work began in 1964. The carving was completed by Roy Faulkner, who later operated the Stone Mountain Carving Museum (now closed) on nearby Memorial Drive commemorating the carving's history.[15] The carving was completed on March 3, 1972.[16] An extensive archival collection related to the project is now at Emory University, with the bulk of the materials dating from 1915 to 1930; the finding aid provides a history of the project, and an index of the papers contained in the collection.[12]
Stone Mountain Park officially opened on April 14, 1965 — 100 years to the day after Lincoln's assassination.[5] Four flags of the Confederacy are flown.[17] The Stone Mountain Memorial Lawn "contains...thirteen terraces — one for each Confederate state.... Each terrace flies the flag that the state flew as member of the Confederacy."[18]
Carving and the Ku Klux Klan[edit]
The revival of the Ku Klux Klan was emboldened by the release of D. W. Griffith's Klan-glorifying film The Birth of a Nation (1915).[19] It was followed in August by the highly publicized lynching of Leo Frank in nearby Marietta, Georgia. On November 25 of the same year, Thanksgiving Day, a small group, including fifteen robed and hooded "charter members" of the new organization, met at the summit of Stone Mountain to create a new iteration of the Klan. They were led by William J. Simmons, and included two elderly members of the original Klan. As part of their ceremony, they set up on the summit an altar covered with a flag, opened a Bible, and burned a 16-foot cross.[5]:20[20]
Fundraising for the monument resumed in 1923. In October of that year, Venable granted the Klan easement with perpetual right to hold celebrations as they desired.[21] The influence of the UDC continued, in support of Mrs. Plane's vision of a carving explicitly for the purpose of creating a Confederate memorial. She suggested in a letter to the first sculptor, Gutzon Borglum:
I feel it is due to the Klan[,] which saved us from Negro dominations [sic] and carpetbag rule, that it be immortalized on Stone Mountain. Why not represent a small group of them in their nightly uniform approaching in the distance?[5]:21[14]
The UDC established the Stone Mountain Confederate Memorial Association (SMCMA) for fundraising and on-site supervision of the project. Venable and Borglum, who were both closely associated with the Klan, arranged to pack the SMCMA with Klan members.[22] The SMCMA, along with the United Daughters of the Confederacy, continued fundraising efforts. Of the $250,000 raised, part came from the federal government, which in 1925 issued special fifty-cent coins with the soldiers Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson on them.[23] The image on the verso of the coin was based upon 'The Last Meeting of Lee and Jackson'[24] executed in 1869 by Everett B. D. Fabrino Julio (American, b. St. Helena 1843 – 1879, emigrated to US 1860) itself an icon of 'Lost Cause' mythology, now in the American Civil War Museum (until 2012 the Museum of the Confederacy), Richmond VA. [25] When the state completed the purchase in 1960, it condemned the property to remove Venable's agreement to allow the Klan perpetual right to hold meetings on the premises.[22]
William J. Simmons founded the reborn Klan atop Stone Mountain in 1915
The Atlanta Constitution clipping Nov. 28, 1915, describing the Klan re-establishment atop Stone Mountain
Confederate Memorial controversy[edit]
See also: Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials
After the Charleston church shooting in the summer of 2015, Stone Mountain was the subject of a political debate related to the removal of symbols of the Confederacy.[26] This controversy was stimulated by a movement in other states to remove the Confederate battle flag and statues of Confederate leaders from public areas.
A proposal was made to remove the Confederate carving from Stone Mountain Park.[27] However, according to Georgia state law, no one is allowed to alter the figures carved upon the stone face. Any changes within the state park would require approval by the state legislature.[28]
On October 11, 2015, The Atlanta Journal-Constitution reported the park is considering a proposal of a permanent "Freedom Bell" honoring Martin Luther King, Jr. and the line "Let freedom ring from Stone Mountain of Georgia" as part of King's "I Have A Dream" speech of 1963.[29] The proposed monument is inspired by a bell-ringing ceremony held in 2013 honoring the 50th anniversary of King's speech. It is not supported by the NAACP or King-founded Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), who want the Confederate symbols removed.[30]
In August 2017, after the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia - a white nationalist protest against the removal of a Confederate monument - turned violent, many people across the country again demanded the removal of many Confederate monuments and memorials as a part of a national political debate.[31][32][33] Georgia State Representative and gubernatorial candidate Stacey Abrams called for the removal of Stone Mountain's carving.[34]
History[edit]
Stone Mountain, c. 1910
Human habitation of Stone Mountain and its surroundings date back into prehistory. When the mountain was first encountered by European explorers, its summit was encircled by a rock wall, similar to that still to be found on Georgia's Fort Mountain. The wall is believed to have been built by early Native American inhabitants of the area, although its purpose remains unclear. By the beginning of the 20th century, the wall had disappeared, the rocks having been taken away by early visitors as souvenirs, rolled down the rockface, or removed by the commercial quarrying operation. The mountain was as well the eastern end of the Campbellton Trail, a Native American path that ran through what is now the Atlanta area.
Europeans first learned of the mountain in 1567, when Spanish explorers were told of a mountain farther inland which was "very high, shining when the sun set like a fire."[further explanation needed] By this time, the Stone Mountain area was inhabited by the Creek and (to a lesser extent) Cherokee peoples.
In the early 19th century, the area was known as Rock Mountain. After the founding of DeKalb County and the county seat of Decatur in 1822, Stone Mountain was a natural recreation area; it was common for young couples on dates to ride to the mountain on horseback. The mountain is easy to climb and there has been a path since the nineteenth century.
Entrepreneur Aaron Cloud built a 165 feet (50 m) wooden observation tower at the summit of the mountain in 1838, but it was destroyed by a storm and replaced by a much smaller tower in 1851. Visitors to the mountain would travel to the area by rail and road, and then walk up the 1.1-mile (1.8 km) mountaintop trail to the top, where Cloud also had a restaurant and club.
Granite quarrying started at Stone Mountain in the 1830s, but became a major industry following the completion of a railroad spur to the quarry site in 1847. This line was rebuilt by the Georgia Railroad in 1869. Over the years, Stone Mountain granite was used in many buildings and structures, including the locks of the Panama Canal, the steps to the East Wing of the United States Capitol and the Imperial Hotel in Tokyo. In recent years, granite suppliers in Georgia sent stone samples cut from Stone Mountain to the Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial Foundation to be considered for use in a planned monument in King's honor; the Foundation later chose to use granite imported from China.[35] Unfortunately, quarrying during earlier periods also destroyed several spectacular geological features on Stone Mountain, such as the Devil's Crossroads, which was located on top of the mountain.
In 1887 Stone Mountain was purchased for $45,000 by the Venable Brothers of Atlanta, who quarried the mountain for 24 more years, and descendents of the Venable family would retain ownership of the mountain until it was purchased by the State of Georgia in the 1950s.
Martin Luther King, Jr. mentioned the monument in his 1963 "I Have a Dream" speech in Washington, D.C., when he said "let freedom ring from Stone Mountain of Georgia!"[36]
During the 1996 Summer Olympics, Stone Mountain Park provided venues for Olympic events in tennis, archery and track cycling.[37][38] The venues for archery and cycling were temporary and are now part of the songbird and habitat trail.[39]
Some of the outdoor scenes for the Netflix series Stranger Things were filmed in the park.[40]
Aviation incidents[edit]
Grist Mill at Stone Mountain
According to George Weiblen's annotated calendar for Monday, May 7, 1928: "Mail plane crashed on mountain at 8:00 P.M."[citation needed] The pilot, Johnny S. Kytle (1905–1931), not only survived the crash, but managed to grab the mail and walk down the mountain.
Around dusk on September 16, 2003, in clear weather, a small airplane circled the mountain five times, then crashed headlong into the south side, burst into flames and killed the pilot. A witness testifying at the NTSB investigation stated that the pilot, a 69-year-old accountant, had threatened on multiple occasions to commit suicide by flying into the mountain. The official NTSB accident report lists the probable cause as "The pilot's intentional flight into the ground for the purpose of suicide while impaired by alcohol."[41]
Governance[edit]
Stone Mountain Park, which surrounds the Confederate Memorial, is owned by the state of Georgia and managed by the Stone Mountain Memorial Association, a Georgia state authority. The Herschend Family Entertainment Corporation currently has a long-term contract to operate park attractions while the Stone Mountain Memorial Association retains ownership and the right to reject any project deemed unfit.
Places of interest[edit]
Covered Bridge at Stone Mountain
Stone Mountain Scenic Railroad depot (1971 photograph)
Carillon at Stone Mountain Park; January 2012
Pavilion and transmitting tower at the summit of Stone Mountain
Confederate Hall, operated directly by the Stone Mountain Memorial Association or SMMA, is a museum that educates students and park guests on the geology and ecology of Stone Mountain as well as historical aspects of the area. A small theater shows a historical documentary about the Civil War in Georgia called "The Battle for Georgia".
The education department is host to thousands of students each school year, teaching the subjects of geology, ecology, and history. Classes are designed to meet the Georgia Performance Standards and the North American Association for Environmental Education guidelines.
The Antebellum Plantation and Farmyard is an open-air museum composed of 19 historic buildings, built between 1790 and 1875, which have been re-erected on the site to represent a pre-Civil War Georgia plantation. The historic houses have been furnished with an extensive collection of period furniture and decorations. The farm features a petting zoo.
A 732-bell carillon that originated at the 1964 New York World's Fair provides a daily concert.
A covered bridge, dating from 1892, which originally spanned the Oconee River in Athens, Georgia.[42]
A grist mill, dating from 1869 and moved to the park in 1965.
Broadcast tower[edit]
The mountain top and Skyride
The short broadcast tower on the top of the mountain transmits two non-commercial stations: television station WGTV TV 8, and weather radio station KEC80 on 162.55 MHz. FM radio station WABE FM 90.1 was located on this tower from 1984 until 2005, when it was required to relocate to accommodate WGTV's digital conversion.[citation needed] W266BW FM 101.1 now has a permit as well. Atop the tower also sits the W4BOC Amateur Radio repeater, which operates on a frequency of 146.760 mhz.
The tower is also used for the park's Project 25 two-way radio systems.[43][44]
Scenic Railroad[edit]
Main article: Stone Mountain Scenic Railroad
Stone Mountain trails[edit]
Stone Mountain walk-up trail
Walk Up Trail: A 1.3-mile (2.1 km) trail to the top of Stone Mountain ascending 786 ft (240 m) in elevation to a height of 1,686 ft (514 m). The trail is steep, but spectacular panoramic views and cool winds await hikers at the top.
Cherokee Trail: A 5-mile (8 km) National Recreation Trail, the Cherokee Trail loops around the mountain base, with a mile section going up and over the west side of the mountain (crosses Walk Up Trail). It passes primarily through an oak-hickory forest, but views of the lakes, streams, and mountain are common.[45]
Nature Garden Trail: A scenic 3⁄4 mile (1.2 km) loop trail through a mature oak-hickory forest community, it is excellent for viewing shade-loving native plants. A small garden with interpretive native plant signs is at the entrance to the trail.
Songbird Habitat Trails: Comprising two loop trails each running 1 mile (1.6 km), the field trail is an excellent birding spot and the woodland trail provides shade and numerous native plants. Dogs are not allowed.
Attractions[edit]
Stone Mountain riverboat
The Park features several attractions that are operated by Herschend Family Entertainment Corporation.
On summer evenings the mountain hosts the Stone Mountain Laser Show Spectacular, a fireworks and laser light display. The laser lightshow projects moving images of the Deep South as well as Georgia history onto the Confederate Memorial carving on the side of the mountain. During Memorial Day Weekend of 2011, Stone Mountain unveiled its overhaul of the laser show, dubbed Mountainvision. This incorporates digital projectors, lasers, special effects, and pyrotechnics.[46]
The Skyride, a Swiss-built cable car to the summit of the mountain, passes by the carving on the way up.
The Riverboat offered a scenic cruise aboard a reproduction of a Mississippi riverboat on 363-acre (147 ha) Stone Mountain Lake. It has been retired.
The Antebellum Plantation is a collection of historic buildings relocated from around the state of Georgia, including three plantation manor-houses dating from 1794, 1850, and 1845; two slave cabins; a barn; and other outbuildings. The Plantation Farmyard features historic breeds of sheep, goats, and pigs that guests can pet.
Crossroads is a recreation of an 1872 southern town with several attractions that include a modern 4-D movie theater, an adventure mini-golf course, a duck tour ride, stores and restaurants. Craft demonstrators include glass blowing and candy-making. Among other attractions in this area:
The Great Barn is a children's activity area that features 65 interactive games, climbing structures, trampoline floors, slides and more.
Sky Hike is a family ropes adventure course. Guests can choose their own path and level of challenge.
Geyser Towers is a playground featuring a large fountain at the entrance, so guests have the option of climbing through the course or getting wet.
Panoramic view from the top of Stone Mountain. The skyline of Atlanta is visible at right.
See also[edit]
Atlanta portal
List of colossal sculpture in situ
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Stone Mountain Archived 2008-04-22 at the Wayback Machine.." georgia.gov, retrieved February 2007.
Jump up ^ "Stone Mountain Controversy" "[1]." "smithsonianmag.com," retrieved May 2018.
Jump up ^ Stewart, Bruce E. (31 October 2016). "Stone Mountain". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Suggs, Ernie (January 15, 2017). "Birth of an idea: Where the King monument on Stone Mountain came from". Atlanta Journal-Constitution.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e McKinney, Debra (Spring 2018). "Stone Mountain. A Monumental Dilemma". Southern Poverty Law Center Intelligence Report. No. 164. pp. 18–22.
Jump up ^ "New Georgia Encyclopedia: Granite Outcrops". Georgiaencyclopedia.org. 2005-01-07. Retrieved 2012-12-18.
Jump up ^ Scheffel, Richard L.; Wernet, Susan J., eds. (1980). Natural Wonders of the World. United States of America: Reader's Digest Association, Inc. p. 358. ISBN 0-89577-087-3.
Jump up ^ Herrmann, L.A. 1954. Geology of the Stone Mountain-Lithonia District, Georgia. Georgia Geological Survey Bulletin 61. Atlanta, GA.
Jump up ^ Grant, W.H. 1962. Field excursion, Stone Mountain-Lithonia district. Georgia Geologic Survey Guidebook 2. Atlanta, Georgia
Jump up ^ Skeletal Tourmaline, Undercooling, and Crystallization History of the Stone Mountain Granite, Georgia, U.S.A., Kristen M. Longfellow and Samuel E. Swanson (incomplete ref)
Jump up ^ Mellen, Mickey (August 19, 2011). "Just how big is the Stone Mountain sculpture?". Google Earth Blog. Retrieved 2017-08-25.
^ Jump up to: a b Stone Mountain collection, 1915-1977. Manuscript Collection No. 95. Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library. Emory University. emory.edu. Retrieved 2017-08-25.
Jump up ^ Pilitowski, Tom. "Information about the Stone Mountain Half Dollar coin". U.S. Rare Coin Investments. The authorized issue was 5 million coins, to be sold at $1 each, but only 1.3 million coins released. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Stewart, Bruce E. (2004). "Stone Mountain". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved June 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ Pousner, Howard (June 16, 1985). "Stone Mountain's mass appeal also brings some tall problems". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved May 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ "History". Stone Mountain Park. stonemountainpark.org. Retrieved 2017-08-25.
Jump up ^ Davis, Mark (July 2, 2015). "Flag causes flap at Stone Mountain". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved May 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ Corson, Pete. "Photos: Confederate memorials in metro Atlanta". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved May 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ "A Painful Present as Historians Confront a Nation's Bloody Past". Hartford-hwp.com. Retrieved 2014-07-29.
Jump up ^ "The Various Shady Lives of the Ku Klux Klan". Time. April 9, 1965. An itinerant Methodist preacher named William Joseph Simmons started up the Klan again in Atlanta in 1915. Simmons, an ascetic-looking man, was a fetishist on fraternal organizations. He was already a "colonel" in the Woodmen of the World, but he decided to build an organization all his own. He was an effective speaker, with an affinity for alliteration; he had preached on "Women, Weddings and Wives," "Red Heads, Dead Heads and No Heads," and the "Kinship of Kourtship and Kissing." On Thanksgiving Eve 1915, Simmons took 15 friends to the top of Stone Mountain, near Atlanta, built an altar on which he placed an American flag, a Bible and an unsheathed sword, set fire to a crude wooden cross, muttered a few incantations about a "practical fraternity among men," and declared himself Imperial Wizard of the Invisible Empire of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan.
Jump up ^ Patsy Sims (1996). The Klan. University Press of Kentucky. p. 247. ISBN 0-8131-0887-X.
^ Jump up to: a b "Stone Mountain Carving". Ngeorgia.com. Retrieved 2014-07-29.
Jump up ^ Shaff, Howard & Audrey arl Shaff, ‘’Six Wars at a Time: the lif and times of Gutzon Borglum, Sculptor of Mt. Rushmore’’, The Center For Western Studies, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, 1985 p. 207
Jump up ^ "Confederate Half Dollar". xroads.virginia.edu. Retrieved 1 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Last Meeting". Encyclopediavirginia.org\accessdate=1 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Debate brewing over Stone Mountain Park's Confederate flags". Retrieved 2015-08-11. .
Jump up ^ "NAACP calls for removal of giant Confederate carving on Georgia mountainside". Retrieved 2016-07-23.
Jump up ^ "The removal of the Confederate carving at Stone Mountain is seen as unlikely". Retrieved 2015-07-26. "
Jump up ^ "A monument to MLK will crown Stone Mountain - Political Insider blog". Politics.blog.ajc.com. Retrieved 1 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Suggs, Ernie (October 15, 2015). "Civil rights groups oppose King monument on Stone Mountain". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved May 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ Schachar, Natalie (August 15, 2015). "Jindal seeks to block removal of Confederate monuments in New Orleans". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kenning, Chris (August 15, 2017). "Confederate Monuments Are Coming Down Across the United States". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ "U.S. cities step up removal of Confederate statues, despite Virginia". Reuters. August 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Week: After Charlottesville, eyes turn to Stone Mountain". ajc. Retrieved 2017-08-20.
Jump up ^ Democracy in America American politics (August 30, 2011). "Martin Luther King: A blockheaded memorial". The Economist. Retrieved 2012-12-18.
Jump up ^ King, Martin Luther, Jr (28 August 1963). "I have a Dream". Lillian Goldman Law Library. Retrieved 8 October 2011. let freedom ring from Stone Mountain of Georgia!
Jump up ^ 1996 Summer Olympics official report. Volume 1. p. 543.
Jump up ^ 1996 Summer Olympics official report. Volume 3. pp. 448, 453.
Jump up ^ Driving Map: Stone Mountain Park (2009). Pamphlet. Stone Mountain, Georgia: Stone Mountain Park.
Jump up ^ "Georgia Locations for Netflix's 'Stranger Things'". Deep South Magazine. Deep South Media. July 28, 2016. Retrieved January 1, 2017. Georgia’s small towns outside of Atlanta, including Douglasville, Conyers, Jackson, Winston and Fayetteville, easily pass for the Midwest, and Jackson’s intact downtown isn’t a far stretch from 1983 Hawkins on film.
Jump up ^ NTSB Accident Report: Stone Mountain Archived 2006-06-18 at the Wayback Machine., 16 September 2003.
Jump up ^ Seibert, David. "Stone Mountain Covered Bridge". GeorgiaInfo: an Online Georgia Almanac. Digital Library of Georgia. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Stone Mountain Park Memorial Association system: WPRF799 (public safety) FCC website
Jump up ^ Stone Mountain Park Memorial Association system: WNAU431 (businesses) FCC website
Jump up ^ [2] Archived March 10, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Stone Mountain Park Debuts New Lasershow Spectacular™ in Mountainvision This Summer – STONE MOUNTAIN, Ga., March 21, 2011 /PRNewswire/". Prnewswire.com. 2011-03-21. Retrieved 2014-07-29.
Further reading[edit]
Deborah Yost (1997). Georgia's Stone Mountain Park. Aerial Photography Services, Inc. ISBN 1-880970-11-2.
Golden Ink (1994–2003). About North Georgia: Stone Mountain. Retrieved July 29, 2005.
James W. Loewen (1999). Lies Across America: What Our Historic Sites Get Wrong. New Press. ISBN 1-56584-344-4.
"Ecosystem". Stone Mountain Park. Stone Mountain Memorial Association. Archived from the original on 4 October 2006. Retrieved 24 July 2016.
United Daughters of the Confederacy(2007). Georgia Division, United Daughters of the Confederacy.
Atlanta's Stone Mountain: A Multicultural History (2011) Written by: Paul Stephen Hudson and Laura Pond Mirza.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stone Mountain Park, Georgia.
Atlanta, Georgia, a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary
City of Stone Mountain, Georgia, from the City of Stone Mountain
Main Street Stone Mountain
Stone Mountain article, from the New Georgia Encyclopedia
Stone Mountain Park and City Information
Stone Mountain Park Photos
Stone Mountain Park website, from the state authority that owns the park
Stone Mountain Park guide, with current and historical photos
View from the top of Stone Mountain looking Northeast (1934) and Granite Quarry at Stone Mountain (1913) from the Georgia Geological Survey photographs in the collection of the Georgia Archives.
Stone Mountain Granite Corporation – Producers and Manufacturers Stone Mountain Light Gray Granite For Building Work – Dorian Gray For Mausoleums and Monuments & Stone Mountain Granite Corporation Granite Price List, circa 1914 (Office, quarries, and finishing plant located at Stone Mountain, Georgia)
Southeast Granite Company – Stone Mountain Granite Memorial/Monumental Stones Catalog (1920s)
Shades of Gray: The Changing Focus of Stone Mountain Park
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Cycling road course
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Georgia State University Gymnasium
Georgia Tech Aquatic Center
Georgia World Congress Center
Marathon course
Morehouse College Gymnasium
Morris Brown College Stadium
Centennial Olympic Stadium
Omni Coliseum
Walking course
Metro Atlanta
Atlanta Beach
Georgia International Horse Park
Lake Lanier
Stone Mountain Park Archery Center and Velodrome
Stone Mountain Tennis Center
Wolf Creek Shooting Complex
Other venues
Florida Citrus Bowl (Orlando, Florida)
Golden Park (Columbus, Georgia)
Legion Field (Birmingham, Alabama)
Ocoee Whitewater Center (Polk County, Tennessee)
Orange Bowl (Miami, Florida)
RFK Memorial Stadium (Washington, D.C.)
Sanford Stadium (Athens, Georgia)
University of Georgia Coliseum (Athens, Georgia)
Wassaw Sound (Savannah, Georgia)
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Olympic venues in archery
1900: Bois de Vincennes
1904: Francis Field
1908: White City Stadium
1920: Nachtegalen Park
1972: Bogenschießlage
1976: Olympic Archery Field, Joliette
1980: Krylatskoye Sports Complex Archery Field
1984: El Dorado Park
1988: Hwarang Archery Field
1992: Olympic Archery Field
1996: Stone Mountain Park Archery Center and Velodrome
2000: Sydney International Archery Park
2004: Panathenaic Stadium
2008: Olympic Green Archery Field
2012: Lord's
2016: Sambódromo
2020: Dream Island Archery Field
2024: Les Invalides
2028: Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park
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Olympic venues in cycling
1896
Marathon (city), Neo Phaliron Velodrome
1900
Vélodrome de Vincennes
1904
Francis Field
1908
White City Stadium
1912
Liljeholmen, Mälaren
1920
Antwerp, Vélodrome d'Anvers Zuremborg
1924
Stade de Colombes, Vélodrome de Vincennes
1928
Amsterdam, Olympic Stadium
1932
Los Angeles Avenue, Pacific Coast Highway, Rose Bowl in Pasadena, Vineyard Avenue
1936
Avus Motor Road, BSV 92 Field & Stadium
1948
Herne Hill Velodrome, Windsor Great Park
1952
Käpylä, Maunula, Pakila, Velodrome
1956
Broadmeadows, Velodrome
1960
Olympic Velodrome, Via Cassia, Via Flaminia, Via Cristoforo Colombo, Via di Grottarossa
1964
Hachioji City, Hachioji Velodrome
1968
Agustín Melgar Olympic Velodrome, Satellite Circuit
1972
Bundesautobahn 96, Grünwald, Radstadion
1976
Mount Royal Park, Olympic Velodrome, Quebec Autoroute 40
1980
Krylatskoye Sports Complex Cycling Circuit, Krylatskoye Sports Complex Velodrome, Moscow-Minsk Highway
1984
Artesia Freeway, Olympic Velodrome, Streets of Mission Viejo
1988
Olympic Velodrome, Tongillo Road Course
1992
A-17 highway, Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya, Sant Sadurní Cycling Circuit, Velòdrom d'Horta
1996
Cycling road course, Georgia International Horse Park, Stone Mountain Park Archery Center and Velodrome
2000
Centennial Parklands, Dunc Gray Velodrome, Western Sydney Parklands
2004
Athens Olympic Velodrome, Kotzia Square, Parnitha Olympic Mountain Bike Venue, Vouliagmeni Olympic Centre
2008
Laoshan Bicycle Moto Cross (BMX) Venue, Laoshan Mountain Bike Course, Laoshan Velodrome, Urban Road Cycling Course
2012
BMX Circuit, Hadleigh Farm, London Velodrome, Hampton Court Palace
2016
Fort Copacabana, Mountain Bike Centre, Olympic BMX Centre, Pontal, Rio Olympic Velodrome
2020
Izu Velodrome, Fuji Speedway, Olympic BMX Course
2024
Vélodrome de Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Champs-Élysées, Élancourt Hill
2028
VELO Sports Center, Los Angeles Convention Center, Grand Park, Downtown Long Beach, Frank G. Bonelli Regional Park
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Atlanta landmarks
hide
Current
Commercial
Atlantic Station
AmericasMart
Clermont Lounge
Five Points Coca-Cola sign
Lenox Square
Mary Mac's Tea Room
Phipps Plaza
Ponce City Market
Underground Atlanta
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Governmental
Atlanta City Hall
Elbert P. Tuttle United States Court of Appeals Building
Federal Penitentiary
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Miss Freedom
Monuments
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Carnegie Education Pavilion
Millennium Gate
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Stone Mountain Confederate Memorial
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Museums
APEX Museum
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Atlanta History Center
Callanwolde Fine Arts Center
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Delta Flight Museum
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Fernbank Science Center
Hammonds House Museum
High Museum of Art
Jimmy Carter Library and Museum
Joel Chandler Harris House (Wren's Nest)
King Plow Arts Center
Margaret Mitchell House and Museum
Martin Luther King Jr. National Historic Site
Michael C. Carlos Museum
Museum of Contemporary Art of Georgia
Museum of Design Atlanta
National Center for Civil and Human Rights
Rhodes Memorial Hall House Museum
Robert C. Williams Paper Museum
William Breman Jewish Heritage & Holocaust Museum
World of Coca-Cola
Parks and
wildlife
Atlanta Botanical Garden
BeltLine
Stone Mountain
Centennial Olympic Park
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Grant Park
Historic Fourth Ward Park
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Performing
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Alliance Theatre
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Variety Playhouse
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Residential
(former)
Asa G. Candler Jr. (Callanwolde)
Water T. Candler (Lullwater)* Joel Chandler Harris (Wren's Nest)
Alonzo F. Herndon
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Martin Luther King, Jr.
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Margaret Mitchell
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Amos Giles Rhodes (Rhodes Hall)
Rufus M. Rose
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Skyscrapers
Historic
(pre-WWII)
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Healey (1914)
Hurt (1926)
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The Metropolitan (1911)
Rhodes-Haverty (1929)
Southern Bell (1929)
William-Oliver (1930)
Winecoff Hotel (1913)
Downtown
25 Park Place (Trust Company of Georgia)
55 Marietta Street (Fulton National Bank)
191 Peachtree Tower
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Equitable
Five Points Plaza
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10 Sixty Five Midtown
1075 Peachtree)
1100 Peachtree
1180 Peachtree
1280 West
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The Atlantic)
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ViewPoint
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2828 Peachtree
3344 Peachtree
3630 Peachtree
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Sports venues
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show
Former
688 Club
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National Museum of Patriotism
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Ponce de Leon amusement park
Ponce de Leon Park (ballpark)
Ponce de Leon Springs
Republic Block
Rich's
Riverbend Apartments
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SciTrek
State Square
Terminal Station
Trout House
Turner Broadcasting tower
Turner Field†
Union Stations: 1853
1871
1930
Post Office and Customs House/City Hall (1911-1930)
Washington Hall
† – Centennial Olympic Stadium was rebuilt in 1997 as Turner Field. Subsenquently, Turner Field was rebuilt in 2017 as Georgia State Stadium.
show
Planned
Atlanta Multi-Modal Passenger Terminal
Atlanta Symphony Center
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Protected areas of Georgia
Federal
National historic sites
and military parks
Andersonville NHS
Jimmy Carter NHS
Martin Luther King Jr. NHS
Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park
Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park
National monuments
Fort Frederica
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Ocmulgee
National forests
Chattahoochee
Oconee
National wildlife refuges
Banks Lake
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Eufaula
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Piedmont
Savannah
Wassaw
Wolf Island
Wilderness areas
Big Frog Wilderness
Blood Mountain Wilderness
Brasstown Wilderness
Cohutta Wilderness
Cumberland Island National Seashore
Ellicott Rock Wilderness
Mark Trail Wilderness
Okefenokee Wilderness
Raven Cliffs Wilderness
Rich Mountain Wilderness
Southern Nantahala Wilderness
Tray Mountain Wilderness
Wild and scenic rivers
Chattooga River
National trails
Appalachian Trail
Pinhoti National Recreation Trail
Other protected areas
Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area
Cumberland Island National Seashore
Gray's Reef National Marine Sanctuary
Sapelo Island National Estuarine Research Reserve
State
Parks
Amicalola Falls
Black Rock Mountain
Bobby Brown
Buck Shoals
Chattahoochee Bend
Cloudland Canyon
Crooked River
Don Carter
Elijah Clark
F.D. Roosevelt
Florence Marina
Fort Mountain
Fort Yargo
General Coffee
George L. Smith
George T. Bagby
Georgia Veterans
Gordonia-Alatamaha
Hamburg
Hard Labor Creek
Hart
High Falls
Indian Springs
James H. "Sloppy" Floyd
John Tanner
Laura S. Walker
Little Ocmulgee
Magnolia Springs
Mistletoe
Moccasin Creek
Panola Mountain
Providence Canyon
Red Top Mountain
Reed Bingham
Richard B. Russell
Sapelo Island
Seminole
Skidaway Island
Smithgall Woods
Sprewell Bluff
Standing Boy Creek
Stephen C. Foster
Sweetwater Creek
Tallulah Gorge
Tugaloo
Unicoi
Victoria Bryant
Vogel
Watson Mill Bridge
Historic parks
and sites
A.H. Stephens
Chief Vann House
Dahlonega Gold Museum
Etowah Indian Mounds
Fort McAllister
Fort King George
Fort Morris
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Jarrell Plantation
Jefferson Davis Memorial
Kolomoki Mounds
Lapham-Patterson House
Little White House
New Echota
Pickett's Mill Battlefield
Robert Toombs House
Travelers Rest
Wormsloe
Forests
Baldwin
Bartram
Brender-Hitchiti
Dixon Memorial
Dawson
Hightower
Paulding
Spirit Creek
Other
Centennial Olympic Park
Charlie Elliott Wildlife Center
Jekyll Island
Len Foote Hike Inn
Radium Springs
Sapelo Island
Stone Mountain Park
County,
municipal
and other
Parks
Chehaw Park
Cobb County Parks
McIntosh Reserve
Murphey Candler Park
Okefenokee Swamp Park
Robert G. Hunter Memorial Park
Roswell Recreation and Parks
Seaborn Jones Memorial Park
Shaking Rock Park
Forests and
nature preserves
Autrey Mill Nature Preserve & Heritage Center
Fernbank Forest
Marshall Forest
Morningside Nature Preserve
Phinizy Swamp Nature Park
Reynolds Nature Preserve
Nature and environmental
education centers
Birdsong Nature Center
Charlie Elliott Wildlife Center
Chattahoochee Nature Center
Cochran Mill Nature Center
Dauset Trails Nature Center
Dunwoody Nature Center
Elachee Nature Science Center
Georgia Nature Center
Grand Bay Wetland Education Center
Melvin L. Newman Wetlands Center
Oatland Island Wildlife Center
Oxbow Meadows Environmental Learning Center
Panola Mountain State Park Nature Center
Sandy Creek Nature Center
Savannah-Ogeechee Canal Museum & Nature Center
Tidelands Nature Center
Tybee Island Marine Science Center
West Atlanta Watershed Alliance Outdoor Activity Center
Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Georgia Forestry Commission (web)
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Stonewall Jackson
Leadership
Instructor, Virginia Military Institute
Colonel, Virginia Militia
Stonewall Brigade
Second Corps of the Army of Northern Virginia
Mexican–American War
Siege of Veracruz
Battle of Contreras
Battle of Chapultepec
Battle for Mexico City
American Civil War
raids and expeditions
Great Train Raid of 1861
Romney Expedition
American Civil War
battles and campaigns
First Battle of Manassas
Valley Campaign
Seven Days Battles
Northern Virginia Campaign
Maryland Campaign
Battle of Fredericksburg
Battle of Chancellorsville
Historic items
Thomas Jonathan Jackson (sculpture)
Winchester Headquarters
Stone Mountain
Stone Mountain Memorial half dollar
Monument Avenue
"Stonewall Jackson's Way"
CSS Stonewall
USS Stonewall
USS Stonewall Jackson
Related
Lee–Jackson Day
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Herschend Family Entertainment
Amusement parks
Dollywood
Silver Dollar City
Wild Adventures
Aquariums
Adventure Aquarium
Newport Aquarium
Water parks
Dollywood's Splash Country
Splash Island (Wild Adventures)
White Water Branson
Other
Dolly Parton's Stampede
Harlem Globetrotters
Ride the Ducks
Showboat Branson Belle
Stone Mountain Park
Talking Rocks Cavern
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stone_Mountain&oldid=846041978"
Categories:
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Granite domes
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Museums in DeKalb County, Georgia
Natural monoliths
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Outdoor sculptures in Georgia (U.S. state)
Parks in Georgia (U.S. state)
Protected areas established in 1958
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Seven Natural Wonders of Georgia (U.S. state)
Tourist attractions in Atlanta
Aerial tramways in the United States
Landforms of DeKalb County, Georgia
Rock reliefs
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Reliefs in the United States
Ku Klux Klan
American Civil War museums in Georgia (U.S. state)
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values: ستون ماونتن – Arabic

values: Stone Mountain (bukid sa Estados Unidos, Georgia, DeKalb County, lat 33,81, long -84,15) – Cebuano

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values: Stone Mountain (berg in Georgia) – Dutch

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