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AP Poll
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Inaugural AP polls
Div I/FBS football
1936
Div I/FCS football
1978
Div I men's basketball
1948–49
Div I women's basketball
1976–77
Current AP polls
FBS football
2018 season
FCS football
2018 season
Div I men's basketball
2018–19 season
Div I women's basketball
2017–18 season
The Associated Press (AP Poll) provides weekly rankings of the top 25 NCAA teams in one of three Division I college sports: football, men's basketball and women's basketball. The rankings are compiled by polling 65 sportswriters and broadcasters from across the nation.[1] Each voter provides his own ranking of the top 25 teams, and the individual rankings are then combined to produce the national ranking by giving a team 25 points for a first place vote, 24 for a second place vote, and so on down to 1 point for a twenty-fifth place vote. Ballots of the voting members in the AP Poll are made public.[2]
Contents
1 College football
1.1 History
1.2 No. 1 vs. No. 2
1.3 AP Poll inclusion in the BCS
1.4 Final AP football polls
1.5 Other media football polls
2 College basketball
2.1 Men's basketball
2.2 Women's basketball
3 NFL football
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
College football[edit]
The football poll is released Sundays at 2pm Eastern time during the football season, unless ranked teams have not finished their games.
History[edit]
The AP college football poll has a long history. The news media began running their own polls of sports writers to determine who was, by popular opinion, the best football team in the country at the end of the season. One of the earliest such polls was the AP College Football Poll, first run in 1934.[3] In 1935, AP sports editor Alan J. Gould declared a three way tie for national champion in football between Minnesota, Princeton, and Southern Methodist. Minnesota fans protested, and a number of Gould's colleagues led by Charles "Cy" Sherman suggested he create a poll of sports editors instead of only using his own list, and the next year the poll was born.[4] It has run continuously from 1936.[5]
Due to the long-standing historical ties between individual college football conferences and high-paying bowl games like the Rose Bowl and Orange Bowl, the NCAA had not held a tournament or championship game to determine the champion of what is now the highest division, NCAA Division I, Football Bowl Subdivision (the Division I, Football Championship Subdivision and lower divisions do hold championship tournaments). As a result, the public and the media began to acknowledge the leading vote-getter in the final AP Poll as the national champion for that season.
While the AP Poll currently lists the Top 25 teams in the nation, from 1936 to 1961 the wire service only ranked 20 teams. From 1962 to 1967 only 10 teams were recognized. From 1968 to 1988, the AP again resumed its Top 20 before expanding to the current 25 teams in 1989.
The AP began conducting a preseason poll starting in 1950.[6][7]
At the end of the 1947 season the AP released an unofficial post-bowl poll which differed from the regular season final poll.[8] Until the 1968 college football season, the final AP poll of the season was released following the end of the regular season, with the lone exception of the 1965 season. In 1964, Alabama was named the national champion in the final AP Poll following the completion of the regular season, but lost in the Orange Bowl to Texas, leaving Arkansas as the only undefeated, untied team after the Razorbacks defeated Nebraska in the Cotton Bowl Classic. In 1965, the AP's decision to wait to crown its champion paid handsomely, as top-ranked Michigan State lost to UCLA in the Rose Bowl, number two Arkansas lost to LSU in the Cotton Bowl Classic, and fourth-ranked Alabama defeated third-ranked Nebraska in the Orange Bowl, vaulting the Crimson Tide to the top of the AP's final poll (Michigan State was named national champion in the final UPI Coaches Poll, which did not conduct a post-bowl poll).
Beginning in the 1968 season, the post bowl game poll became permanent and the AP championship reflected the bowl game results. The UPI did not follow suit with the coaches' poll until the 1974 season.
No. 1 vs. No. 2[edit]
As of the completion of the 2015 season the number one ranked team has faced the number two ranked team 50 times since the inception of the AP Poll in 1936.[9] The number one team has a record of 28–20–2 against the number two team.[9]
No. 1 vs. No. 2 games
Light blue indicates bowl game
Season
No. 1
Result
No. 2
Site
Event
1943 Notre Dame 35–12 Michigan Michigan Stadium • Ann Arbor, MI 1943 Michigan–Notre Dame football rivalry game
1943 Notre Dame 14–13 Iowa Pre-Flight Notre Dame Stadium • Notre Dame, IN
1944 Army 23–7 Navy Baltimore Stadium • Baltimore, MD 1944 Army–Navy Game
1945 Army 48–0 Notre Dame Yankee Stadium • New York, NY 1945 Army–Notre Dame football rivalry game
1945 Army 32-13 Navy Philadelphia Municipal Stadium • Philadelphia, PA 1945 Army–Navy Game
1946 Army 0–0 Notre Dame Yankee Stadium • New York, NY 1946 Army vs. Notre Dame football game
1962 USC 42–37 Wisconsin Rose Bowl Stadium • Pasadena, CA 1963 Rose Bowl
1963 Oklahoma 7–28 Texas Cotton Bowl • Dallas, TX 1963 Red River Shootout game
1963 Texas 28–6 Navy Cotton Bowl • Dallas, TX 1964 Cotton Bowl Classic
1966 Notre Dame 10–10 Michigan State Spartan Stadium • East Lansing, MI 1966 Notre Dame vs. Michigan State football game
1968 Purdue 37–22 Notre Dame Notre Dame Stadium • Notre Dame, IN 1968 Shillelagh Trophy game
1968 Ohio State 27–16 USC Rose Bowl Stadium • Pasadena, CA 1969 Rose Bowl
1969 Texas 15–14 Arkansas Razorback Stadium • Fayetteville, AR 1969 Texas vs. Arkansas football game
1971 Nebraska 35–31 Oklahoma Oklahoma Memorial Stadium • Norman, OK 1971 Nebraska vs. Oklahoma football game
1971 Nebraska 38–6 Alabama Miami Orange Bowl • Miami, FL 1972 Orange Bowl
1978 Penn State 7–14 Alabama Louisiana Superdome • New Orleans, LA 1979 Sugar Bowl
1981 USC 28–24 Oklahoma Los Angeles Coliseum • Los Angeles
1982 Georgia 23–27 Penn State Louisiana Superdome • New Orleans, LA 1983 Sugar Bowl
1985 Iowa 12–10 Michigan Kinnick Stadium • Iowa City, IA
1986 Oklahoma 16–28 Miami Miami Orange Bowl • Miami, FL
1986 Miami 10–14 Penn State Sun Devil Stadium • Tempe, AZ 1987 Fiesta Bowl
1987 Nebraska 7–17 Oklahoma Memorial Stadium • Lincoln, NE 1987 Nebraska–Oklahoma football rivalry game
1987 Oklahoma 14–20 Miami Miami Orange Bowl • Miami, FL 1988 Orange Bowl
1988 Notre Dame 27–10 USC Los Angeles Coliseum • Los Angeles 1988 Jeweled Shillelagh game
1989 Notre Dame 24–19 Michigan Michigan Stadium • Ann Arbor, MI 1989 Michigan–Notre Dame football rivalry game
1991 Florida State 16–17 Miami Doak Campbell Stadium • Tallahassee, FL 1991 Miami vs. Florida State football game
1992 Miami 13–34 Alabama Louisiana Superdome • New Orleans, LA 1993 Sugar Bowl
1993 Florida State 24–31 Notre Dame Notre Dame Stadium • Notre Dame, IN 1993 Florida State vs. Notre Dame football game
1993 Florida State 18–16 Nebraska Miami Orange Bowl • Miami, FL 1994 Orange Bowl
1995 Nebraska 62–24 Florida Sun Devil Stadium • Tempe, AZ 1996 Fiesta Bowl
1996 Florida 21–24 Florida State Doak Campbell Stadium • Tallahassee, FL 1996 Florida–Florida State football rivalry game
1998 Tennessee 23–16 Florida State Sun Devil Stadium • Tempe, AZ 1999 Fiesta Bowl
1999 Florida State 46–29 Virginia Tech Louisiana Superdome • New Orleans, LA 2000 Sugar Bowl
2002 Miami 24–31 2OT Ohio State Sun Devil Stadium • Tempe, AZ 2003 Fiesta Bowl
2004 USC 55–19 Oklahoma Pro Player Stadium • Miami Gardens, FL 2005 Orange Bowl
2005 USC 38–41 Texas Rose Bowl Stadium • Pasadena, CA 2006 Rose Bowl
2006 Ohio State 24–7 Texas Darrell K Royal – Texas Memorial Stadium • Austin, TX
2006 Ohio State 42–39 Michigan Ohio Stadium • Columbus, OH 2006 Michigan vs. Ohio State football game
2006 Ohio State 14–41 Florida University of Phoenix Stadium • Glendale, AZ 2007 BCS National Championship Game
2007 Ohio State 24–38 LSU Louisiana Superdome • New Orleans, LA 2008 BCS National Championship Game
2008 Alabama 20–31 Florida Georgia Dome • Atlanta, GA 2008 SEC Championship Game
2008 Florida 24–14 Oklahoma Sun Life Stadium • Miami Gardens, FL 2009 BCS National Championship Game
2009 Florida 13–32 Alabama Georgia Dome • Atlanta, GA 2009 SEC Championship Game
2009 Alabama 37–21 Texas Rose Bowl Stadium • Pasadena, CA 2010 BCS National Championship Game
2010 Auburn 22–19 Oregon University of Phoenix Stadium • Glendale, AZ 2011 BCS National Championship Game
2011 LSU 9–6 OT Alabama Bryant–Denny Stadium • Tuscaloosa, AL 2011 LSU vs. Alabama football game
2011 LSU 0–21 Alabama Mercedes-Benz Superdome • New Orleans, LA 2012 BCS National Championship Game
2012 Notre Dame 14–42 Alabama Sun Life Stadium • Miami Gardens, FL 2013 BCS National Championship Game
2013 Florida State 34–31 Auburn Rose Bowl · Pasadena, CA 2014 BCS National Championship Game
2015 Clemson 40–45 Alabama University of Phoenix Stadium · Glendale, AZ 2016 College Football Playoff National Championship
AP Poll inclusion in the BCS[edit]
In 1997, the Bowl Championship Series (BCS) was developed to try to unify the poll results by picking two teams for a "real" national championship game. For the first several years the AP Poll factored in the determination of the BCS rankings, along with other factors including the Coaches Poll and computer-based polls. Because of a series of controversies surrounding the BCS, the AP demanded in December, 2004, that its poll no longer be used in the BCS rankings,[10] and so the 2004–2005 season was the last season that the AP Poll was used for this purpose.
In the 2003 season the BCS system broke down when the final BCS standings ranked the University of Southern California (USC) at No. 3 while the two human polls in the system had ranked USC at No. 1. As a result, USC did not play in the BCS' designated national championship game. After defeating another highly ranked team, Michigan, in its final game, the AP Poll kept USC at No. 1 while the Coaches Poll was contractually obligated to select the winner of the BCS game, Louisiana State University (LSU), as the No. 1 team. The resulting split national title was the very problem that the BCS was created to solve, and has been widely considered an embarrassment.[11]
In 2004, a new controversy erupted at the end of the season when Auburn and Utah, who both finished the regular season 12–0, were left out of the BCS title game in favor of Oklahoma who also was 12–0 and had won decisively over Colorado in the Big 12 Championship game. USC went on to a win easily over Oklahoma in the Orange Bowl while Auburn and Utah both won their bowl games, leaving three undefeated teams at the end of the season. Also, in that same year, Texas made up late ground on California (Cal) in the BCS standings and as a result grabbed a high-payout, at-large spot in the Rose Bowl. Previous to that poll, Cal had been ranked ahead of Texas in both human polls and the BCS poll. Going into their final game, the Golden Bears were made aware that while margin of victory did not affect computer rankings, it did affect human polls and just eight voters changing their vote could affect the final standings.[12] Both teams won their game that week, but the Texas coach, Mack Brown, had made a public effort to lobby for his team to be moved higher in the ranking. When the human polls were released, Texas remained behind Cal, but it had closed the gap enough so that the BCS poll (which determines placement) placed Texas above Cal, angering both Cal and its conference, the Pac-10.[13] The final poll positions had been unchanged with Cal at No. 4 AP, No. 4 coaches, and No. 6 computers polls and Texas at No. 6 AP, No. 5 coaches, and No. 4 computer polls.[13] The AP Poll voters were caught in the middle because their vote changes were automatically made public, while the votes of the Coaches poll were kept confidential. Although there had been a more substantial shift in the votes of the Coaches Poll, the only clear targets for the ire of fanatical fans were the voters in the AP Poll. While officials from both Cal and the Pac-10 called for the coaches' votes to be made public, the overtures were turned down and did little to solve the problem of AP voters. Cal went on to lose to Texas Tech in the Holiday Bowl. Texas defeated Michigan in the Rose Bowl.
Many members of the press who voted in the AP Poll were upset by the controversy and, at the behest of its members, the AP asked that its poll no longer be used in the BCS rankings. The 2004 season was the last season that the AP Poll was used in the BCS rankings, it was replaced in the BCS equation by the newly created Harris Interactive College Football Poll.[14]
Final AP football polls[edit]
Main article: AP National Championship Trophy
Other media football polls[edit]
The AP Poll is not the only college football poll. The other major poll is the Coaches Poll, which has been sponsored by several organizations: the United Press (1950–1957), the United Press International (1958–1990), USA Today (1991–present), CNN (1991–1996), and ESPN (1997–2005). Having two major polls has led to numerous "split" national titles, where the two polls disagreed on the No. 1 team. This has occurred on eleven different occasions (1954, 1957, 1965, 1970, 1973, 1974, 1978, 1990, 1991, 1997, 2003).
College basketball[edit]
In Division I men's and women's college basketball, the AP Poll is largely just a tool to compare schools throughout the season and spark debate, as it has no bearing on postseason play. Generally, all top 25 teams in the poll are invited to the men's and women's NCAA basketball tournament, also known as March Madness. The poll is usually released every Monday and voters' ballots are made public.[15]
Men's basketball[edit]
For rankings from the most recent season, see 2017–18 NCAA Division I men's basketball rankings § AP Poll.
The AP began compiling a ranking of the top 20 college men's basketball teams during the 1948–1949 season. It has issued this poll continuously since the 1950–1951 season. As of January 2018, UCLA and Duke are tied for the most appearances atop the rankings at 134 times.[16]
Women's basketball[edit]
For rankings from the most recent season, see 2017–18 NCAA Division I women's basketball rankings § AP Poll.
The women's basketball poll began during the 1976–1977 season, and was initially compiled by Mel Greenberg and published by The Philadelphia Inquirer. At first, it was a poll of coaches conducted via telephone, where coaches identified top teams and a list of the Top 20 team was produced. The initial list of coaches did not include Pat Summitt, who asked to join the group, not to improve her rankings, but because of the lack of media coverage, Summitt believed it would be a good way to stay on top of who the top teams were outside of her own schedule.[17] The contributors continued to be coaches until 1994, when the AP took over administration of the poll from Greenberg, and switched to a panel of writers.[18] In 1994, Tennessee started out as No. 1 in the polls with Connecticut at No. 4. After losses by the No. 2 and No. 3 teams, Tennessee and Connecticut were ranked No. 1 and No. 2, headed into a showdown, scheduled as a special event on Martin Luther King day, the only women's basketball game scheduled on that day. Because of the unusual circumstances, the decision was made to hold off the AP voting for one day, to ensure it would be after the game. Connecticut won the game, and moved into first place in the AP poll, published on Tuesday for the only time. (Connecticut went on to complete an undefeated season.)[19] Over the history of the poll, over 255 coaches have had a team represented in polls.[20]
NFL football[edit]
Beginning in 2012, the AP began issuing a weekly pro football ranking, the AP Pro32 rankings.[21]
See also[edit]
College football portal
2016 NCAA Division I FBS football rankings
Bowl Championship Series
Coaches' Poll
College football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS
Dickinson System
Game of the Century (college football)
Grantland Rice Award
Harris Interactive College Football Poll
List of college football teams by weekly appearances atop AP Poll
List of NCAA college football rankings
Mythical national championship
NAIA Coach's Poll
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Associated Press voters 2013 retrieved 2 January 2014 Archived 15 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "AP College Poll Voters [Football]". Associated Press. Archived from the original on February 25, 2009.
Jump up ^ "November 15, 1934 AP Football Poll". College Poll Archive – Historical College Football and Basketball Polls and Rankings. 1934-11-15. Archived from the original on November 10, 2014. Retrieved 2014-06-09.
Jump up ^ Halberstam, David. Breaking news: how the Associated Press has covered war, peace, and everything else. Princeton Architectural Press, 2007. p150-151
Jump up ^ "1936 Final Football Polls". College Poll Archive – Historical College Football and Basketball Polls and Rankings. Archived from the original on October 13, 2014. Retrieved 2014-06-09.
Jump up ^ Ellis, Zac (2013-08-17). "AP Poll: Alabama, Ohio State headline first preseason rankings". Campus Union - SI.com. Retrieved 2014-06-09.
Jump up ^ "5 things to know about the AP preseason poll - TimesDaily: College". 18 August 2013. Archived from the original on 18 August 2013. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
Jump up ^ The official final AP poll, taken before the bowls, had Notre Dame No. 1 (107 first place votes) and Michigan No. 2 (25 first place votes). Michigan won the Rose Bowl 49–0 over USC while Notre Dame did not play in a bowl game. Detroit Free Press sports editor Lyall Smith arranged a post-bowl AP poll with only Michigan or Notre Dame as choices. Michigan won that poll 266–119. Kyrk, John. Natural Enemies. pp. 142–7. ISBN 1-58979-090-1.
^ Jump up to: a b AP No. 1 vs. No. 2 games. Associated Press, August 13, 2008
Jump up ^ AP Removes Its Poll From BCS, ncaasports.com, Dec. 22, 2004, Accessed June 6, 2006.
Jump up ^ Tim Layden, Embarrassing moments in College Football (#10), SportsIllustrated.com, Aug. 2, 2006 , Accessed Aug. 2, 2006.
Jump up ^ Kelly Whiteside = California bears burden of making point that it's BCS-worthy. USA TODAY, November 29, 2004
^ Jump up to: a b * "2004 BCS Standings, BCS Rankings" (PDF). The National Football Foundation and College Hall of Fame, Inc. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-10. Retrieved 2007-12-14.
Jump up ^ BCS Replaces AP Poll, ncaasports.com, July 12, 2005, Accessed June 6, 2006.
Jump up ^ "AP College Poll Voters [Men's Basketball]". College Poll Tracker.
Jump up ^ "Total AP Men's BB Poll Appearances Summary - College Poll Archive - Historical College Football and Basketball Polls and Rankings". collegepollarchive.com. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
Jump up ^ Greenberg, Mel. ""The stare" may have been Summitt's trademark, but it did not define her true personality". FullCourt.com. Retrieved 8 Nov 2012.
Jump up ^ "Mel Greenberg Class of 2004/2005 – Sports Writer". Philadelphia Jewish Sports Hall of Fame. Retrieved 1 Oct 2017.
Jump up ^ Mel Greenberg, Mel. "Guru's College Special: How A Previous NHL Lockout Enhanced WBB To UConn's Benefit". Womhoops Guru. Retrieved 8 Nov 2012.
Jump up ^ Greenberg, Mel. "Guru's College Report: Associated Press Preseason Poll Trivia". Womhoops Guru. Retrieved 8 Nov 2012.
Jump up ^ Wilner, Barry (31 July 2012). "Packers top first-ever AP Pro32 rankings". The Washington Times. Retrieved 31 July 2012.
External links[edit]
The Associated Press Top 25 College Football Poll at The Associated Press
The Associated Press Top 25 Men's College Basketball Poll at The Associated Press
Index AP Ballot Information by Voter and Team for Football/Men's Basketball
AP Football Poll voters
AP Men's Basketball Poll voters
Archive of all AP weekly polls for football and men's/women's basketball
List of all Final AP football Poll results and champions

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Of Mice and Men
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Mice and Men" redirects here. For the 1916 film, see Mice and Men (film). For other uses, see Of Mice and Men (disambiguation).
Of Mice and Men
First edition cover
Author
John Steinbeck
Cover artist
Ross MacDonald
Country
United States
Language
English
Publisher
Covici Friede
Publication date
1937
Pages
187
Of Mice and Men is a novella[1][2] written by author John Steinbeck. Published in 1937, it tells the story of George Milton and Lennie Small, two displaced migrant ranch workers, who move from place to place in California in search of new job opportunities during the Great Depression in the United States.
Steinbeck based the novella on his own experiences working alongside migrant farm workers as a teenager in the 1910s (before the arrival of the Okies he would vividly describe in The Grapes of Wrath). The title is taken from Robert Burns' poem "To a Mouse", which reads: "The best laid schemes o' mice an' men / Gang aft agley". (The best laid schemes of mice and men / Often go awry.)
While it is a book taught in many schools,[3] Of Mice and Men has been a frequent target of censors for vulgarity and what some consider offensive and racist language; consequently, it appears on the American Library Association's list of the Most Challenged Books of 21st Century.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Characters
3 Themes
4 Development
5 Reception
6 Adaptations
6.1 Stage
6.2 Film
6.3 Radio
7 References
7.1 Notes
7.2 Bibliography
8 External links
Plot
Two migrant field workers in California on their plantation during the Great Depression—George Milton, an intelligent but uneducated man, and Lennie Small, a bulky, strong man but mentally disabled—are in Soledad on their way to another part of California. They hope to one day attain the dream of settling down on their own piece of land. Lennie's part of the dream is merely to tend and pet rabbits on the farm, as he loves touching soft animals, although he always kills them. This dream is one of Lennie's favorite stories, which George constantly retells. They had fled from Weed after Lennie touched a young woman's dress and wouldn't let go, leading to an accusation of rape. It soon becomes clear that the two are close and George is Lennie's protector, despite his antics.
After being hired at a farm, the pair are confronted by Curley—The Boss's small, aggressive son with a Napoleon complex who dislikes larger men, and starts to target Lennie. Curley's flirtatious and provocative wife, to whom Lennie is instantly attracted, poses a problem as well. In contrast, the pair also meets Candy, an elderly ranch handyman with one hand and a loyal dog, and Slim, an intelligent and gentle jerkline-skinner whose dog has recently had a litter of puppies. Slim gives a puppy to Lennie and Candy, whose loyal, accomplished sheep dog was put down by fellow ranch-hand Carlson.
In spite of problems, their dream leaps towards reality when Candy offers to pitch in $350 with George and Lennie so that they can buy a farm at the end of the month, in return for permission to live with them. The trio are ecstatic, but their joy is overshadowed when Curley attacks Lennie, who defends himself by easily crushing Curley's fist while urged on by George.
Nevertheless, George feels more relaxed, to the extent that he even leaves Lennie behind on the ranch while he goes into town with the other ranch hands. Lennie wanders into the stable, and chats with Crooks, the bitter, yet educated stable buck, who is isolated from the other workers racially. Candy finds them and they discuss their plans for the farm with Crooks, who cannot resist asking them if he can hoe a garden patch on the farm albeit scorning its possibility. Curley's wife makes another appearance and flirts with the men, especially Lennie. However, her spiteful side is shown when she belittles them and threatens Crooks to have him lynched.
The next day, Lennie accidentally kills his puppy while stroking it. Curley's wife enters the barn and tries to speak to Lennie, admitting that she is lonely and how her dreams of becoming a movie star are crushed, revealing her personality. After finding out about Lennie's habit, she offers to let him stroke her hair, but panics and begins to scream when she feels his strength. Lennie becomes frightened, and unintentionally breaks her neck thereafter and runs away. When the other ranch hands find the corpse, George realizes that their dream is at an end. George hurries to find Lennie, hoping he will be at the meeting place they designated in case he got into trouble.
George meets Lennie at the place, their camping spot before they came to the ranch. The two sit together and George retells the beloved story of the dream, knowing it is something they'll never share. He then shoots and kills Lennie, with Curley, Slim, and Carlson arriving seconds after. Only Slim realizes what happened, and consolingly leads him away. Curley and Carlson look on, unable to comprehend the subdued mood of the two men.
Characters
I was a bindlestiff myself for quite a spell. I worked in the same country that the story is laid in. The characters are composites to a certain extent. Lennie was a real person. He's in an insane asylum in California right now. I worked alongside him for many weeks. He didn't kill a girl. He killed a ranch foreman. Got sore because the boss had fired his pal and stuck a pitchfork right through his stomach. I hate to tell you how many times I saw him do it. We couldn't stop him until it was too late.
John Steinbeck, interview by The New York Times, 1937[5][6]
George Milton: A quick-witted man who is Lennie's guardian and best friend. His friendship with Lennie helps sustain his dream of a better future. He was bound in teasing Lennie since he was young. He is described by Steinbeck in the novel as "small and quick," every part of him being "defined," with small strong hands on slender arms. He has a dark face and "restless eyes" and "sharp, strong features" including a "thin, bony nose."
Lennie Small: A mentally disabled, but physically strong man who travels with George and is his constant companion.[6] He dreams of "living off the fatta' the lan'" and being able to tend to rabbits. His love for soft things conspires against him, mostly because he does not know his own strength, and eventually becomes his undoing. Steinbeck defines his appearance as George's "opposite," writing that he is a "huge man, shapeless of face, with large, pale eyes" and "wide, sloping shoulders." Lennie walks heavily, dragging his feet a little, "the way a bear drags his paws," adding that his arms do not swing at his sides, but hang loosely.
Candy: An aging ranch handyman, Candy lost his hand in an accident and worries about his future on the ranch. Fearing that his age is making him useless, he seizes on George’s description of the farm he and Lennie will have, offering his life’s savings if he can join George and Lennie in owning the land.
Slim: A "jerkline skinner," the main driver of a mule team and the "prince of the ranch". Slim is greatly respected by many of the characters and is the only character whom Curley treats with respect. His insight, intuition, kindness and natural authority draw the other ranch hands automatically towards him, and he is significantly the only character to fully understand the bond between George and Lennie.
Curley: The Boss' son, a young, pugnacious character, once a semi-professional boxer. He is described by others, with some irony, as "handy", partly because he likes to keep a glove filled with vaseline on his left hand. He is very jealous and protective of his wife and immediately develops a dislike toward Lennie. At one point, Curley loses his temper after he sees Lennie appear to laugh at him, and ends up with his hand horribly damaged after Lennie fights back against him.
Curley's wife: A young, pretty woman, who is mistrusted by her husband. The other characters refer to her only as "Curley's wife". Steinbeck explained that she is "not a person, she's a symbol. She has no function, except to be a foil – and a danger to Lennie."[6] Curley's wife's preoccupation with her own beauty eventually helps precipitate her death: She allows Lennie to stroke her hair as an apparently harmless indulgence, only for her to upset Lennie when she yells at him to stop him 'mussing it'. Lennie tries to stop her yelling and eventually, and accidentally, kills her by breaking her neck.
Crooks: Crooks, the black stable-hand, gets his name from his crooked back. Proud, bitter, and cynical, he is isolated from the other men because of the color of his skin. Despite himself, Crooks becomes fond of Lennie, and though he claims to have seen countless men following empty dreams of buying their own land, he asks Lennie if he can go with them and hoe in the garden.
Candy's dog: A blind dog who is described as "old", "stinky", and "crippled", and is killed by Carlson.
Carlson: A "thick bodied" ranch hand, he kills Candy's dog with little sympathy.
The Boss: Curley's father, the superintendent of the ranch. The ranch is owned by "a big land company" according to Candy.
Whit: A young ranch hand.
Themes
In every bit of honest writing in the world there is a base theme. Try to understand men, if you understand each other you will be kind to each other. Knowing a man well never leads to hate and nearly always leads to love. There are shorter means, many of them. There is writing promoting social change, writing punishing injustice, writing in celebration of heroism, but always that base theme. Try to understand each other.
—  John Steinbeck in his 1938 journal entry[7]
Steinbeck emphasizes dreams throughout the book.[clarification needed] George aspires to independence, to be his own boss, to have a homestead, and most importantly to be "somebody". Lennie aspires to be with George on his independent homestead, and to quench his fixation on soft objects. Candy aspires to reassert his responsibility lost with the death of his dog, and for security for his old age—on George's homestead. Crooks aspires to a small homestead where he can express self-respect, security, and most of all, acceptance. Curley's wife dreams to be an actress, to satisfy her desire for fame lost when she married Curley, and an end to her loneliness.
Loneliness is a significant factor in several characters' lives. Candy is lonely after his dog is gone. Curley's wife is lonely because her husband is not the friend she hoped for—she deals with her loneliness by flirting with the men on the ranch, which causes Curley to increase his abusiveness and jealousy. The companionship of George and Lennie is the result of loneliness. Crooks states the theme candidly as "A guy goes nuts if he ain't got anybody. Don't make any difference who the guy is, long's he's with you."[8] The author further reinforces this theme through subtle methods by situating the story near the town of Soledad, which means "solitude" in Spanish.[9]
Despite the need for companionship, Steinbeck emphasizes how loneliness is sustained through the barriers established from acting inhuman to one another. The loneliness of Curley's wife is upheld by Curley's jealousy, which causes all the ranch hands to avoid her. Crooks's barrier results from being barred from the bunkhouse by restraining him to the stable; his bitterness is partially broken, however, through Lennie's ignorance.
Steinbeck's characters are often powerless, due to intellectual, economic, and social circumstances. Lennie possesses the greatest physical strength of any character, which should therefore establish a sense of respect as he is employed as a ranch hand. However, his intellectual handicap undercuts this and results in his powerlessness. Economic powerlessness is established as many of the ranch hands are victims of the Great Depression. As George, Candy and Crooks are positive, action- oriented characters, they wish to purchase a homestead, but because of the Depression, they are unable to generate enough money. Lennie is the only one who is basically unable to take care of himself, but the other characters would do this in the improved circumstances they seek. Since they cannot do so, the real danger of Lennie's mental handicap comes to the fore.
Regarding human interaction, evil of oppression and abuse is a theme that is illustrated through Curley and Curley's wife. Curley uses his aggressive nature and superior position in an attempt to take control of his father's farm. He constantly reprimands the farm hands and accuses some of fooling around with his wife. Curley's Napoleon complex is evidenced by his threatening of the farm hands for minuscule incidents. Curley's wife, on the other hand, is not physically but verbally manipulative. She uses her sex appeal to gain some attention, flirting with the farm hands. According to the Penguin Teacher's Guide for Of Mice and Men, Curley and Curley's wife represent evil in that both oppress and abuse the migrants in different ways.[10]
Fate is felt most heavily as the characters' aspirations are destroyed when George is unable to protect Lennie (who is a real danger). Steinbeck presents this as "something that happened" or as his friend coined for him "non-teleological thinking" or "is thinking", which postulates a non-judgmental point of view.[7]
Development
Of Mice and Men was Steinbeck's first attempt at writing in the form of novel-play termed a "play-novelette" by one critic. Structured in three acts of two chapters each, it is intended to be both a novella and a script for a play. It is only 30,000 words in length. Steinbeck wanted to write a novel that could be played from its lines, or a play that could be read like a novel.[11]
Steinbeck originally titled it Something That Happened (referring to the events of the book as "something that happened" because nobody can be really blamed for the tragedy that unfolds in the story). However, he changed the title after reading Robert Burns's poem To a Mouse.[12] Burns's poem tells of the regret the narrator feels for having destroyed the home of a mouse while plowing his field.[13]
Steinbeck wrote this book and The Grapes of Wrath in what is now Monte Sereno, California. An early draft of Of Mice and Men was eaten by Steinbeck's dog, named Max.[14]
Reception
Attaining the greatest positive response of any of his works up to that time, Steinbeck's novella was chosen as a Book of the Month Club selection before it was published. Praise for the work came from many notable critics, including Maxine Garrard (Enquirer-Sun),[15] Christopher Morley, and Harry Thornton Moore (New Republic).[16] New York Times critic Ralph Thompson described the novella as a "grand little book, for all its ultimate melodrama."[17][18]
The novella has been banned from various US public and school libraries or curricula for allegedly "promoting euthanasia", "condoning racial slurs", being "anti-business", containing profanity, and generally containing "vulgar" and "offensive language".[19] Many of the bans and restrictions have been lifted and it remains required reading in many other American, Australian, Irish, British, New Zealand and Canadian high schools. As a result of being a frequent target of censors, Of Mice and Men appears on the American Library Association's list of the Most Challenged Books of the 21st Century (number 4).[20] In the UK, it was listed at number 52 of the "nation's best loved novels" on the BBC's 2003 survey The Big Read.[21] Of Mice and Men has been challenged 54 times since it was published in 1936.[22] However, scholars like Thomas Scarseth have fought to protect the book by citing its literary value. According to Scarseth "in true great literature the pain of Life is transmuted into the beauty of Art",.[23] The book was once studied in English Literature GCSE, but was dropped because it didn't originate from England.[24]
Adaptations
See also: Of Mice and Men in popular culture
Stage
Main articles: Of Mice and Men (play) and Of Mice and Men (opera)
The first stage production was written by Steinbeck, produced by Sam H. Harris and directed by George S. Kaufman. It opened on November 23, 1937, in the Music Box Theatre on Broadway.[25] Running for 207 performances, it starred Wallace Ford as George and Broderick Crawford as Lennie.[25] The role of Crooks was performed by Leigh Whipper, the first African-American member of the Actors' Equity Association.[26] Whipper repeated this role in the 1939 film version.[27]
The production was chosen as Best Play in 1938 by the New York Drama Critics' Circle.[28]
In 1939 the production was moved to Los Angeles, still with Wallace Ford in the role of George, but with Lon Chaney, Jr., taking on the role of Lennie. Chaney's performance in the role resulted in his casting in the movie.
The play was revived in a 1974 Broadway production in the Brooks Atkinson Theatre starring Kevin Conway as George and James Earl Jones as Lennie.[29] Noted stage actress Pamela Blair played Curley's Wife in this production.
In 1970 Carlisle Floyd wrote an opera based on this novella. One departure between Steinbeck's book and Floyd's opera is that the opera features The Ballad Singer, a character not found in the book.[30]
A new version of the play opened on Broadway at The Longacre Theater on March 19, 2014 for a limited 18-week engagement, starring James Franco, Chris O'Dowd, Leighton Meester and Jim Norton.[31][32]
Film
Poster for the 1939 film
The first adaptation was in 1939, two years after the publication of the novella, and starred Lon Chaney Jr. as Lennie, with Burgess Meredith as George, and was directed by Lewis Milestone.[27] It was nominated for four Academy Awards.[27]
A TV version, produced by David Susskind in 1968, starred George Segal as George, Nicol Williamson as Lennie, Will Geer as Candy, Moses Gunn as Crooks, and Don Gordon and Joey Heatherton as Curley and his wife.[33]
A 1972 Iranian film, Topoli, directed by Reza Mirlohi was adapted from and dedicated to John Steinbeck and his story.[citation needed]
In 1981 a TV movie version was made, starring Randy Quaid as Lennie, and Robert Blake as George, and directed by Reza Badiyi.[34]
Another theatrical film version was made in 1992, directed by Gary Sinise, who was nominated for the Palme d'Or at Cannes.[35] Sinise also played George in the film, and the role of Lennie was played by John Malkovich. For this adaptation, both men reprised their roles from the 1980 Steppenwolf Theatre Company production.[36]
The 1992 Malayalam film Soorya Manasam directed by Viji Thampi is also based on the novel.[37]
Radio
Of Mice and Men was adapted by Donna Franceschild as a radio play directed by Kirsty Williams starring David Tennant broadcast on BBC Radio 4 on 7 March 2010.[38]
References
Notes
Jump up ^ Of Mice and Men Key Facts on Sparknotes
Jump up ^ Who, what, why: Why do children study Of Mice and Men? on BBC
Jump up ^ Stephen Maunder (March 25, 2011). "Who, what, why: Why do children study Of Mice and Men?". BBC News. Retrieved March 26, 2011.
Jump up ^ "American Library Association Top 100 Banned/Challenged Books: 2000–2009". web page. American Library Association. 2011. Retrieved July 1, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Mice, Men, and Mr. Steinbeck". The New York Times: 7. 1937-12-05.
^ Jump up to: a b c Parini, Jay (1992-09-27). "FILM; Of Bindlestiffs, Bad Times, Mice and Men". The New York Times. Retrieved June 17, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Tracy Barr; Greg Tubach,, eds. (2001) [2001]. Cliff Notes: On Steinbeck's Of Mice and men. 909 Third Avenue, New York City, New York: Wiley Publishing. ISBN 0-7645-8676-9.
Jump up ^ Of Mice and Men, p. 71
Jump up ^ Kirk, Susan Van (2001) [2001]. Tracy Barr; Greg Tubach,, eds. Cliff Notes: On Steinbeck's Of Mice and men. 909 Third Avenue, New York City, New York: Wiley Publishing. ISBN 0-7645-8676-9.
Jump up ^ Reed, Ph.D, Arthea J.S. A Teacher's Guide to the Penguin Edition of John Steinbeck's Of Mice and Men (PDF). Penguin Group (USA).
Jump up ^ Burning Bright – in the foreword Steinbeck states that Of Mice and Men and The Moon Is Down were his first two play yo man Shillinglaw "John Steinbeck, American Writer". The Martha Heasley Cox Center for Steinbeck Studies. January 18, 2004. Archived from the original on September 8, 2006. Retrieved December 28, 2006.
Jump up ^ Dr. Susan Shillinglaw (January 18, 2004). "John Steinbeck, American Writer". The Martha Heasley Cox Center for Steinbeck Studies. Archived from the original on September 8, 2006. Retrieved December 28, 2006.
Jump up ^ Coyer, Megan. "More About This Poem". Robert Burns - To a Mouse. BBC. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Robert McCrum (January 18, 2004). "First drafts". The Guardian. UK. Retrieved December 27, 2006.
Jump up ^ ""John Steinbeck – The Contemporary Reviews"". Retrieved 10 December 2017. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "goldenbooksgroup.co.uk". www.goldenbooksgroup.co.uk. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
Jump up ^ McElrath, Joseph R.; Jesse S. Crisler; Susan Shillinglaw (1996). John Steinbeck: The Contemporary Reviews. Cambridge University Press. pp. 71–94. ISBN 978-0-521-41038-0. Retrieved October 8, 2007.
Jump up ^ CliffNotes: Of Mice and Men : About the Author. Wiley Publishing, Inc. 2000–2007. pp. 71–94. Archived from the original on October 14, 2007. Retrieved October 8, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Banned and/or Challenged Books from the Radcliffe Publishing Course Top 100 Novels of the 20th Century". American Library Association. 2007. Retrieved October 8, 2007.
Jump up ^ "American Library Association list of the Most Challenged Books of 21st Century". American Library Association. 2007. Retrieved August 25, 2009.
Jump up ^ "The Big Read", BBC, April 2003. Retrieved January 12, 2014
Jump up ^ Doyle, Robert. "Banned And/or Challenged Books from the Radcliffe Publishing Course Top 100 Novels of the 20th Century." ALA.org. American Library Association, 2010. Web. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-01-19. Retrieved 2012-04-25. .
Jump up ^ Scarseth, Thomas. "A Teachable Good Book: Of Mice and Men." Censored Books: Critical Viewpoints. Ed. Nicholas J. Karolides, Lee Burress, and John M. Kean. Scarecrow Press, 1993. 388–394. Rpt. in Novels for Students. Ed. Diane Telgen. Vol. 1. Detroit: Gale, 1998. Literature Resource Center. Web.
Jump up ^ Kennedy, Maev (25 May 2014). "To Kill a Mockingbird and Of Mice and Men axed as Gove orders more Brit lit". Retrieved 10 December 2017 – via www.theguardian.com.
^ Jump up to: a b "Internet Broadway Database: Of Mice and Men". The League of American Theatres and Producers. 2001–2007. Retrieved October 8, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Internet Broadway Database: Leigh Whipper". 2001–2007. Retrieved October 8, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Of Mice and Men (1939)". Internet Movie Database Inc. 1990–2007. Retrieved October 8, 2007.
Jump up ^ "National Steinbeck Center: About John Steinbeck : Facts, Awards, & Honors". National Steinbeck Center. Retrieved October 8, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Internet Broadway Database: Of Mice and Men (1974)". The League of American Theatres and Producers. 2001–2007. Retrieved October 8, 2007.
Jump up ^ Henahan, Donal (October 14, 1983). "NY Times Review of 1983 City Opera production". The New York Times. Retrieved July 17, 2009.
Jump up ^ Dzieemianowicz, Joe (March 6, 2013). "James Franco Says He's Coming to Broadway to Star in 'Of Mice and Men'". Daily News. New York City. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved March 10, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Leighton Meester on Broadway". Yahoo! Philippines. December 8, 2013. Retrieved December 8, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Of Mice and Men (1968)". Turner Entertainment Networks, Inc. Retrieved January 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Of Mice and Men (1981)". Internet Movie Database Inc. 1990–2007. Retrieved October 8, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Of Mice and Men (1992)". Internet Movie Database Inc. 1990–2007. Retrieved October 8, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Of Mice and Men (1992)". Rotten Tomatoes / IGN Entertainment, Inc. 1998–2007. Retrieved October 8, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Sooryam Manasam". Retrieved 29 May 2015.
Jump up ^ BBC – Classic Serial – Of Mice and Men
Bibliography
"Of Mice and Men Factsheet". English Resources. 2002. Archived from the original on September 16, 2007. Retrieved October 8, 2007.
External links
Novels portal
Photos of the first edition of Of Mice and Men
1953 Best Plays radio adaptation of play version at Internet Archive
[show]
v
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e
Works by John Steinbeck
Novels and
novellas
Cup of Gold (1929)
The Red Pony (1933)
To a God Unknown (1933)
Tortilla Flat (1935)
In Dubious Battle (1936)
Of Mice and Men (1937)
The Grapes of Wrath (1939)
The Moon Is Down (1942)
Cannery Row (1945)
The Wayward Bus (1947)
The Pearl (1947)
Burning Bright (1950)
East of Eden (1952)
Sweet Thursday (1954)
The Short Reign of Pippin IV: A Fabrication (1957)
The Winter of Our Discontent (1961)
The Acts of King Arthur and His Noble Knights (1976)
Short story
collections
The Pastures of Heaven (1932)
The Long Valley (1938)
Screenplays
The Forgotten Village (1941)
The Pearl (1947)
The Red Pony (1949)
Viva Zapata! (1952)
Adaptations
Of Mice and Men
Of Mice and Men (1937 play)
Of Mice and Men (1939 film)
Of Mice and Men (1969 opera)
Of Mice and Men (1992 film)
Best Laid Plans (2012 film)
The Grapes of Wrath
The Grapes of Wrath (1940 film)
The Grapes of Wrath (1988 play)
The Grapes of Wrath (2007 opera)
The Red Pony
The Red Pony (1949 film)
The Red Pony (1949 film score)
The Red Pony (1973 film)
Other
Tortilla Flat (1942 film)
The Moon Is Down (1943 film)
La perla (The Pearl) (1947 film)
East of Eden (1955 film)
The Wayward Bus (1957 film)
East of Eden (1981 miniseries)
Cannery Row (1982 film)
The Winter of Our Discontent (1983 film)
In Dubious Battle (2016 film)
Non-fiction
Sea of Cortez: A Leisurely Journal of Travel and Research (1941)
Bombs Away: The Story of a Bomber Team (1942)
A Russian Journal (1948)
The Log from the Sea of Cortez (1951)
Once There Was a War (1958)
Travels with Charley (1962)
America and Americans (1966)
Journal of a Novel: The East of Eden Letters (1969)
[show]
v
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e
John Steinbeck's Of Mice and Men (1937)
Film
Of Mice and Men (1939)
Of Mice and Men (1992)
Best Laid Plans (2012)
Stage
Of Mice and Men (1937 play)
Of Mice and Men (1969 opera)
Related
Popular culture
Hoppy Go Lucky
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 180993990
GND: 4316771-8
SUDOC: 031187323
BNF: cb12245096p (data)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Of_Mice_and_Men&oldid=830574585"
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