text:
Ellen Harvelle
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Ellen Harvelle
Supernatural character
Samantha Ferris as Ellen Harvelle
First appearance
"Everybody Loves a Clown" (2.02)
October 5, 2006
Last appearance
"My Heart Will Go On" (6.17)
April 15, 2011
Portrayed by
Samantha Ferris
Information
Occupation
Proprietor
Hunter
Spouse(s)
William Anthony Harvelle (husband, deceased)
Children
Jo Harvelle (daughter, deceased)
Ellen Harvelle is a fictional character on The CW Television Network's Supernatural portrayed by Samantha Ferris. Introduced in the second season in order to explore a mother-daughter relationship in the hunting world, the "gun-toting, beer-slinging" Ellen brought a "maternal energy" to the male-dominated series. The mother of Jo Harvelle and the proprietor of Harvelle's Roadhouse—a bar frequented by hunters of supernatural creatures—Ellen provides advice and assistance to Sam and Dean Winchester throughout the second season. Although the character's appearances in the third season were dropped due to the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike and failed negotiations, she returns in the fifth and sixth seasons. Critical reception to the character has been positive, with many critics happy to see her return.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Characterization
3 Development
4 Reception
5 References
5.1 Bibliography
5.2 Footnotes
Plot[edit]
An old friend of John Winchester, Ellen Harvelle is the wife of hunter William Anthony Harvelle and the mother of Jo Harvelle. She runs Harvelle's Roadhouse, a saloon and pub frequented by hunters of supernatural creatures. When Sam and Dean Winchester arrive there in the second season episode "Everybody Loves a Clown", a wary Ellen holds them at gunpoint until she learns that they are John's sons.[1] She gives them information regarding a dangerous hunter named Gordon Walker in "Bloodlust",[2] while Sam and Dean later explain to her in "Simon Said" about the demon Azazel's planned war against humanity.[3] Her relationship with the brothers is strained in the episode "No Exit", where she reveals that she believes her husband's death was the result of a mistake made by John Winchester while they were working together on a hunt.[4] However, she admits to Sam in "Hunted" that her husband's death was not John's fault and that she had forgiven him a long time ago. She also does not blame the brothers for Jo's decision to go off hunting by herself.[5]
The Roadhouse is destroyed by demons in "All Hell Breaks Loose, Part One", and her whereabouts are unknown throughout the episode.[6] It is revealed in "Part Two" that she had left the Roadhouse to run a few errands. She, the Winchesters, and fellow hunter Bobby Singer track Azazel's activities to a cemetery surrounded by a giant devil's trap made of railroad tracks. Unable to step inside the giant symbol without becoming trapped and powerless, Azazel forces the human Jake Talley to do his bidding. The hunters are unable to stop Jake from opening a gateway to Hell in a mausoleum there, and the devil's trap is broken as hundreds of demons are released into the world. As the brothers then kill Azazel, Ellen and Bobby close the gateway.[7]
In the fifth season episode "Good God, Y'all!", Ellen reappears with Jo to help fellow hunter Rufus kill demons that have laid siege to a small town. By the time the Winchesters arrive, it appears that Jo, Rufus, and some other townspeople have become demonically possessed. However, Ellen and Dean eventually realize that War, one of the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, is making the townspeople see each other as demons. Sam and Dean break War's spell just as Ellen is about to be killed by one of the town's residents.[8] In "Abandon All Hope...", Ellen and Jo once again team up with the brothers to find Lucifer and kill him. Upon their arrival in a seemingly abandoned small town, however, they are attacked by the demon Meg and a pack of hellhounds. Jo is severely mauled, forcing them to barricade themselves inside a hardware store. Knowing that her wounds are fatal and that Lucifer must be stopped, Jo convinces them to build a bomb and to use her as bait for a trap. Ellen stays behind and opens the front doors while the Winchesters escape onto the roof. After Jo dies in her arms, Ellen blows up the building, killing the hellhounds and herself in the process.[9]
When the angel Balthazar changes history in the sixth season episode "My Heart Will Go On" so that the Titanic never sank, Ellen is restored to life and is married to Bobby. However, the original timeline is eventually restored.[10]
Characterization[edit]
“ Everyone always loved her because they thought she was this kick-ass broad, but to see Ellen go out with pride, dignity, and emotion was necessary. ”
— Ferris on her character's emotional side.[11]
Series creator Eric Kripke felt that Ellen brought a "maternal energy" to the series, and described the character as "a lioness, which is tough and badass and 'You touch my children, I will kill you.'"[12] Likewise, actress Samantha Ferris described her as a "gun-toting, beer-slinging, bar-owning broad" with a "very maternal core".[13] Ferris also feels that, despite Ellen having gone through a lot in her life, she is cautious rather than jaded, and is "very protective of the things she has in her life", especially her daughter Jo and the Winchesters.[13] Thus, her main concern is Jo's safety, which prompts her to forbid her daughter from going on hunts. When she realizes that she can no longer stop Jo from doing what she wants, Ellen becomes her hunting partner, deciding it is the best way to look after her.[8] By the time of Ellen's final appearance, actress Alona Tal came to view their characters more as equals rather than mother and daughter.[14]
Development[edit]
Due to the father-son dynamics of the hunting world depicted in the series' first season with the Winchesters, the writers decided to explore a mother-daughter relationship, resulting in the introduction of Ellen and her daughter Jo.[12] The name originated from the writers' decision to base her on the "tough yet emotionally-vulnerable" characters portrayed by actress Ellen Barkin.[15] Ellen was meant to have a "true and honest platonic friendship" with John Winchester, and her backstory of her husband having been killed due to John's mistake was added to the storyline to explain why John never mentioned the Roadhouse to his sons.[15] Ferris auditioned for the role, and feels that she was exactly what they had been looking for. She commented, "I have a certain kind of personality that works specifically with a role, and Ellen is just me on television. They were looking for a tough, strong, yet a little maternal actor, and I struck a chord."[13] Series creator Eric Kripke agrees, feeling that Ferris "really brought the character to life," being "nuanced and complex and tough, yet beautiful and feminine."[12]
The writers intended for the character to make only two guest appearances in the third season, which left Ferris "a bit surprised and [disappointed]" at Ellen's lack of involvement.[16] However, her initial return was scrapped due to the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike, and the actress declined a guest appearance in the finale because the lackluster offer "could cost [her] money and work."[17][18][19] The opportunity to return for the fifth season surprised her due to the large time span since her previous appearance. Though she expected her character to eventually die, a devastated Ferris was surprised at how quickly it occurred. However, after speaking to director Phil Sgriccia—he told her that Ellen was the "perfect fodder" for the "kick" that the series needed, and would "go out in a blaze of glory"—the actress came to realize that the character's death made sense.[11] Ellen's last words to Dean—"Kick it in the ass."—was an improvised homage to the late Supernatural executive producer and director Kim Manners, who had died the year before and would often recite the phrase before filming a scene.[11][20]
Wanting to "have a surprise in [the new reality]" of the sixth season episode "My Heart Will Go On," the writers considered bringing back various deceased characters. Executive Producer Robert Singer explained that they ultimately decided upon Ellen because "she's a fan favorite" and "in a perfect world, she probably would be a good mate for Bobby."[21]
Reception[edit]
Critical reception to Ellen has been positive. In their initial appearance, Bryan Enk of UGO felt that the new hunters of the Roadhouse had potential to be the Supernatural equivalent of Buffy the Vampire Slayers's Scooby Gang, comparing Ellen to Buffy's Giles, as she is "the elder who can help guide the boys from a home base and serve as an emotional link to their father, a parental figure without all the melodramatic baggage of the actual father from the first season."[22] Maureen Ryan of Chicago Tribune was "annoyed" at the destruction of the Roadhouse in the second season finale, as she "really loved Ellen."[23] Diana Steenbergen of IGN also favored Ellen from the beginning, believing her to be "a great addition to the show."[24][25] She deemed Ellen "tough and direct, and also female, something the boys don't have a lot of in their lives right now."[24]
Steenbergen was happy to see the character return in the fifth season, noting that the show has been missing "smart, tough women who are not evil in general."[26] Tina Charles of TV Guide also welcomed the character back, and enjoyed how Ellen's initial reaction to Dean Winchester in "Good God, Y'all!"—hugging and then slapping him—was "very much in character."[27] Regarding the character's death, Charles noted that "when [Ellen] went down in 'Abandon All Hope[...]' like [she] did, I felt it. [Her death] meant something."[28] Though also happy to see Ellen reappear in the fifth season, Ryan was disappointed at the lack of screentime the character received in "Good God, Y'All!"[29] Commenting on the character's farewells in the fifth season, Ryan noted that Ferris "brought [her] A-game to 'Abandon All Hope…'" She added that "[Ferris fits] perfectly into the 'Supernatural' world because [she understands] that on this show, restraint is everything. It's not necessarily just about what the characters say or do, it's about what they don't say—what they can't find the words for."[30]
Having missed Ellen's "maternal influence," Charles was happy to see her return in the sixth season episode "My Heart Will Go On," while Ryan called Ellen's scenes with Bobby in the episode "probably the strongest part of the show."[31] [32] Ellen's reappearance gladdened Steenbergen, who called the character a "force to be reckoned with on the show" and added that "she is still missed."[33]
In a poll conducted by SFX for the Top 200 Sexiest Characters In Sci-Fi, Ellen was voted the 77th sexiest female character in fantasy and science fiction film and television.[34]
References[edit]
Bibliography[edit]
Knight, Nicholas (2008). Supernatural: The Official Companion Season 2. Titan Books. ISBN 1-84576-657-1.
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ Writer: John Shiban, Director: Phil Sgriccia (October 5, 2006). "Everybody Loves a Clown". Supernatural. Season 2. Episode 2. CW.
Jump up ^ Writer: Sera Gamble, Director: Robert Singer (October 12, 2006). "Bloodlust". Supernatural. Season 2. Episode 3. CW.
Jump up ^ Writer: Ben Edlund, Director: Tim Lacofano (October 26, 2006). "Simon Said". Supernatural. Season 2. Episode 5. CW.
Jump up ^ Writer: Matt Witten, Director: Kim Manners (November 2, 2006). "No Exit". Supernatural. Season 2. Episode 6. The CW.
Jump up ^ Writer: Raelle Tucker, Director: Rachel Talalay (January 11, 2007). "Hunted". Supernatural. Season 2. Episode 10. The CW.
Jump up ^ Writer: Sera Gamble, Director: Robert Singer (May 10, 2007). "All Hell Break Loose, Part One". Supernatural. Season 2. Episode 21. The CW.
Jump up ^ Writer: Eric Kripke, Director: Kim Manners (May 17, 2007). "All Hell Break Loose, Part Two". Supernatural. Season 2. Episode 22. The CW.
^ Jump up to: a b "Good God, Y'All!". Supernatural. Season 5. Episode 2. September 17, 2009. CW.
Jump up ^ "Abandon All Hope...". Supernatural. Season 5. Episode 10. November 19, 2009. CW.
Jump up ^ "My Heart Will Go On". Supernatural. Season 6. Episode 17. April 15, 2011. CW.
^ Jump up to: a b c Cairns, Bryan (May 2010). "A Hero's End". Supernatural Magazine (16). Titan Magazines. pp. 24–27
^ Jump up to: a b c Knight, Nicholas, (Season 2 Companion), p.15
^ Jump up to: a b c Knight, Nicholas, (Season 2 Companion), p.134
Jump up ^ Cairns, Bryan (May 2010). "Hey Jo!". Supernatural Magazine (16). Titan Magazines. pp. 28–29
^ Jump up to: a b Knight, Nicholas, (Season 2 Companion), p.14
Jump up ^ Samantha Ferris (February 25, 2008). "Ellen maybe forgotten...but not gone! yet..." SamanthaFerris.net. Archived from the original on February 29, 2008. Retrieved January 11, 2010.
Jump up ^ Tina Charles (February 7, 2008). "Supernatural Burning Questions Answered!". TV Guide. Retrieved January 11, 2010.
Jump up ^ Don Williams (March 3, 2008). "'Supernatural' Writer Discusses Remainder of Season 3". BuddyTV. Retrieved January 4, 2010.
Jump up ^ Samantha Ferris (March 5, 2008). "Bad News on the Horizon..." SamanthaFerris.net. Archived from the original on April 17, 2008. Retrieved September 22, 2009.
Jump up ^ "'Supernatural,' 'X-Files' Director-Producer Kim Manners Dies". Zap2it. 2009-01-27. Archived from the original on 2009-01-30. Retrieved 2009-02-28.
Jump up ^ "'Supernatural': How John Winchester almost returned in tonight's episode". Entertainment Weekly's EW.com.
Jump up ^ Bryan Enk. "Supernatural Episode 2.2: "Everybody Loves a Clown"". UGO. Archived from the original on June 16, 2011. Retrieved October 22, 2009.
Jump up ^ Maureen Ryan (August 19, 2009). "Thoughts on 'Supernatural' and what you need to know before Season 5 begins". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved October 22, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Diana Steenbergen (June 4, 2009). "Supernatural Flashback: "Everybody Loves a Clown" Review". IGN. Retrieved October 10, 2009.
Jump up ^ Diana Steenbergen (June 18, 2009). "Supernatural Flashback: "Simon Said" Review". IGN. Retrieved October 10, 2009.
Jump up ^ Diana Steenbergen (September 18, 2009). "Supernatural: "Good God, Y'all!" Review". IGN. Retrieved October 10, 2009.
Jump up ^ Tina Charles (September 18, 2009). "Supernatural Episode Recap: "Good God, Y'all!"". TV Guide. Archived from the original on September 26, 2009. Retrieved October 22, 2009.
Jump up ^ Tina Charles (November 20, 2009). "Supernatural Episode Recap: "Abandon All Hope"". TV Guide. Archived from the original on January 23, 2010. Retrieved January 11, 2010.
Jump up ^ Maureen Ryan (September 18, 2009). "Last night's 'Supernatural': For the Winchesters, it's war". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved October 22, 2009.
Jump up ^ Maureen Ryan (November 20, 2009). "The family business: Let's talk about 'Supernatural's' 'Abandon All Hope...'". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved December 19, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Watch Supernatural Season 6 Episode 17: My Heart Will Go On - TVGuide.com". TVGuide.com.
Jump up ^ "WHAT TO WATCH".
Jump up ^ Diana Steenbergen (16 April 2011). "Supernatural: "My Heart Will Go On" Review". IGN.
Jump up ^ "Top 200 Sexiest Characters In Sci-Fi". SFX. March 27, 2012. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
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List of Governors of Rivers State
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Rivers State
This article is part of a series on the
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Constitution[show]
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Ezenwo Wike
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The following is a list of the Governors of Rivers State. This list also contains administrators etc., during the era of Nigeria military juntas. Rivers State was created in 1967 with the split of the Eastern Region of Nigeria.
Contents
[hide]
1 Elected governors (1979–83, 1992–93 and 1999–present)
2 Military governors (1967–79, 1984–92 and 1993–99)
3 Living former governors
4 See also
5 References
Elected governors (1979–83, 1992–93 and 1999–present)[edit]
Name
Title
Took Office
Left Office
Party
Notes
Melford Okilo Governor October 1979 December 1983 NPN Senator
Rufus Ada George Governor January 1992 November 1993 NRC JP
Peter Odili Governor 29 May 1999 29 May 2007 PDP Medical doctor
Celestine Omehia Governor 29 May 2007 26 October 2007 PDP
Chibuike Amaechi Governor 26 October 2007 29 May 2015 PDP Rt. Hon.
Ezenwo Wike Governor 29 May 2015 PDP Chief (Barr.)
Military governors (1967–79, 1984–92 and 1993–99)[edit]
Name
Title
Took Office
Left Office
Notes
Alfred Diete-Spiff Military Governor 28 May 1967 July 1975 King
Zamani Lekwot Military Governor July 1975 July 1978 Major General
Suleiman Saidu Military Governor July 1978 October 1979 Navy Commander
Fidelis Oyakhilome Military Governor January 1984 26 August 1986 Commissioner of Police
Anthony Ukpo Military Governor 26 August 1986 July 1988 Brigadier General
Ernest Adelaye Military Governor July 1988 August 1990
Godwin Abbe Military Governor August 1990 January 1992
Dauda Komo Military Administrator 9 December 1993 22 August 1996 colonel
Musa Shehu Military Administrator 22 August 1996 August 1998
Sam Ewang Military Administrator August 1998 May 1999
Living former governors[edit]
Governor
Took office
Left office
Date of birth (and age)
Rufus Ada George January 1992 November 1993 (1940-07-11) 11 July 1940 (age 77)
Peter Odili 29 May 1999 29 May 2007 (1948-08-15) 15 August 1948 (age 69)
Celestine Omehia 29 May 2007 26 October 2007 (1959-09-15) 15 September 1959 (age 58)
Chibuike Amaechi 26 October 2007 29 May 2015 (1965-05-27) 27 May 1965 (age 52)
See also[edit]
Biography portal
Rivers State portal
Lists portal
Politics portal
Rivers State gubernatorial election, 2015
List of people from Rivers State
Governors of Rivers State – Wikipedia book
References[edit]
"Nigerian Federal States". WorldStatesmen. Retrieved 2009-11-30.
[show]
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Governors of Rivers State
Elected
Melford Okilo
Rufus Ada George
Peter Odili
Celestine Omehia (annulled)
Chibuike Amaechi
Ezenwo N. Wike
Military
Alfred Diete-Spiff
Zamani Lekwot
Suleiman Saidu
Fidelis Oyakhilome
Anthony Ukpo
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Jane the Virgin (season 4)
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Jane the Virgin (season 4)
Starring
Gina Rodriguez
Andrea Navedo
Yael Grobglas
Justin Baldoni
Ivonne Coll
Elias Janssen
Jaime Camil
Anthony Mendez
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
17
Release
Original network
The CW
Original release
October 13, 2017 (2017-10-13) – April 20, 2018 (2018-04-20)
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 3
Next →
Season 5
List of Jane the Virgin episodes
The fourth season of Jane the Virgin aired on The CW from October 13, 2017 to April 20, 2018. The season consisted of 17 episodes and stars Gina Rodriguez as a young Latina university student accidentally artificially inseminated with sperm from her boss, Rafael Solano (Justin Baldoni). In this season, Jane deals with her romantic feelings for Rafael while reuniting with an ex-boyfriend while Rafael loses ownership of the Marbella and gets back together with his ex-wife, Petra Solano (Yael Grobglas). Also, Rogelio de la Vega (Jaime Camil), Jane's father, is expecting a baby with an ex-girlfriend and marries Jane's mother, Xiomara Villanueva (Andrea Navedo).
Contents
1 Cast and characters
1.1 Main
1.2 Recurring
1.3 Special Guest Star
1.4 Guest
2 Episodes
3 Ratings
4 References
Cast and characters[edit]
Main[edit]
Gina Rodriguez as Jane Gloriana Villanueva
Andrea Navedo as Xiomara "Xo" Gloriana de la Vega
Yael Grobglas as Petra Solano/Anezka Archuletta
Justin Baldoni as Rafael Solano
Ivonne Coll as Alba Gloriana Garcia
Elias Janssen as Mateo Gloriano Rogelio Solano Villanueva
Jaime Camil as Rogelio de la Vega
Anthony Mendez as the Latin Lover Narrator (voice over)
Recurring[edit]
Tyler Posey as Adam Alvaro
Yara Martinez as Dr. Luisa Alver
Justina Machado as Darci Factor
Bridget Regan as Rose Solano
Priscilla Barnes as Magda
Shelly Bhalla as Krishna
Rosario Dawson as Jane "J.R." Ramos
Alfonso DiLuca as Jorge Garcia
Special Guest Star[edit]
Brooke Shields as River Fields
Guest[edit]
Francisco San Martin as Fabian Regalo del Cielo
Diane Guerrero as Lina Santillan
Sharon Osbourne as herself
Julie Chen as herself
Sara Gilbert as herself
Sheryl Underwood as herself
Eve as herself
Melanie Mayron as Marlene Donaldson
Eva Longoria as herself
Adam Rodriguez as Jonathan Chavez
Amy Brenneman as Donna
Episodes[edit]
See also: List of Jane the Virgin episodes
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)
65
1 "Chapter Sixty-Five" Brad Silberling Jennie Snyder Urman & Paul Sciarrotta October 13, 2017 (2017-10-13) 0.68[1]
Picking up immediately after where Season 3 left off, Jane is reunited with her first love, Adam, who found the love letter that Michael wrote. She is surprised, but happy, to see him. However, both Xo and Alba are less thrilled that he is back. Meanwhile, Rafael loses ownership of the hotel to his sister and as a result, he finds himself living at Jane's house, broke and homeless. Jane and Rafael learn that the missing Petra has been found after she got away from Anezka and they rush to her side, but Anezka is nowhere to be found. When Petra returns to the hotel, Luisa thinks that Petra is Anezka. Petra goes along with the game, until the real Anezka returns. Elsewhere, Xo and Rogelio's married life is interrupted when they confront the realization that Darci is having Rogelio's baby and she wants full custody.
66
2 "Chapter Sixty-Six" Gina Lamar Valentina Garza & Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin October 20, 2017 (2017-10-20) 0.61[2]
Jane's relationship with Adam helps bring out her "fun side" and reminds her that she isn't just a mom. However, when Adam gets a job opportunity out of state, he asks for Jane's opinion on if he should stay or go. Meanwhile, Rogelio continues to face issues with his co-star at work and things are about to get even worse. Xo is helping to take care of Darci to prove that Rogelio is committed to being a father to the baby. Also, Petra and Rafael begin working together to try and buy back the hotel from Luisa, but they are running into trouble involving Anezka, causing tension between them.
67
3 "Chapter Sixty-Seven" Fernando Sariñana Carolina Rivera & Micah Schraft October 27, 2017 (2017-10-27) 0.60[3]
Jane and Adam's relationship seems to be moving on, and Jane thinks that it might be time for him to meet her son Mateo, but Rafael is not happy with this idea. Meanwhile, as the arrival of Darci's baby approaches, Rogelio's jealousy of her new boyfriend increases as well. Trying to be supportive, Xo encourages Rogelio to step up and be the father he was meant to be. Elsewhere, Rafael is determined to get his hotel and life back from Luisa and will do whatever he has to do to make it happen, with or without Petra's help. At the same time, Luisa begins seeing visions of a certain 'Carl' who may or may not be real.
68
4 "Chapter Sixty-Eight" Gina Lamar Deirdre Shaw & Chantelle M. Wells November 3, 2017 (2017-11-03) 0.69[4]
Jane becomes angry when she learns that Rafael introduced Mateo to his new girlfriend, Katherine, without her consent because she thinks Katherine is a negative influence on both Rafael and Mateo. Jane turns to Petra for help with the situation. Meanwhile, Rogelio and Darci struggle to choose a name for the baby. Elsewhere, Xo, who is focused on opening her own dance studio, decides to go into business with an unlikely foe.
69
5 "Chapter Sixty-Nine" Stuart Gillard Paul Sciarrotta November 10, 2017 (2017-11-10) 0.65[5]
After Adam reveals his dating past to Jane, she becomes so unsure and insecure that it puts a strain on their relationship. Meanwhile, Lina seeks Jane's advice about whether she should get married or not. Petra hears some important information that could help Rafael get the hotel back. Also, Xo asks Rogelio to consider having a medical procedure (vasectomy) done, but he is very hesitant.
70
6 "Chapter Seventy" Melanie Mayron Carolina Rivera & Micah Schraft November 17, 2017 (2017-11-17) 0.61[6]
Jane's book is finally being released but her plans to have a party at the local bookshop where she was inspired to be a writer hit a snag when the bookshop is in danger of closing for good. Always wanting to help Jane, Rogelio devises a plan to save the day, but one of his arch-rivals threatens to ruin the day. Meanwhile, Rafael gets a new job, but it is not exactly what he was hoping for. Adam tells Jane that he has decided to move to California to take a new job, leading her to break up with him. Also, Petra has come up with an interesting strategy to get the Marbella Hotel back from her mother and Anezka, but Rafael wants nothing to do with the scheme.
71
7 "Chapter Seventy-One" Micah Schraft Valentina Garza & Deidre Shaw December 8, 2017 (2017-12-08) 0.65[7]
Anezka is revealed to have faked her death to see where her loyalties lie; initially, she trusts Petra after believing she saw her cry, but after finding out she wasn't crying because of her fake death, she threatens Petra. Later, Anezka falls from Petra's apartment to her death... for real. Meanwhile, Xiomara and Jane set off on Jane's book tour, when Alba decides to tag along. Jane's mental state over her breakup with Adam threatens to derail the reading event. After they get back to Miami, Jane and Rafael share a kiss.
72
8 "Chapter Seventy-Two" Melanie Mayron Carolina Rivera & Paul Sciarrotta January 26, 2018 (2018-01-26) 0.68[8]
Mateo starts kindergarten and invites a friend over to Xiomara and Rogelio's house. Jane and Rafael try to cover up that they are pretending to live in their house so they don't get kicked out. Jane and Rafael show mixed emotions following the kiss and try again, which Mateo notices. He then proclaims: "Does this mean you're going to get married?" After Xo convinces Rogelio to attend couples therapy, they both are surprised by their emotions. Meanwhile, Petra hires a lawyer named Jane Ramos (Rosario Dawson), to ensure she gets no charges pending Anezka's death. Also, Rafael moves out of Jane's house into his new apartment. Rafael also gets angry when he learns that Luisa has left the mental hospital where he left her and that Petra knew that her brother and Anezka plotted to drive Luisa insane to claim the hotel for themselves.
73
9 "Chapter Seventy-Three" Eric Lea Valentina Garza & Chantelle M. Wells February 2, 2018 (2018-02-02) 0.67[9]
When Jane and Rafael finally realize that the uncertain state of their relationship (or lack of it) is stressing out Mateo, they decide that they need to make a decision. Meanwhile, Petra is on the outs with Jane and Rafael after the Luisa fiasco, so she tries to figure out a way to get back into their good graces. It is also revealed that Petra's lawyer Jane Ramos ("J.R.") has a hidden agenda to helping Petra. Elsewhere, Rogelio and Xo are both contemplating their career choices.
74
10 "Chapter Seventy-Four" Gina Rodriguez Micah Schraft & Paul Sciarrotta February 9, 2018 (2018-02-09) 0.80[10]
Jane and Rafael try to be friends, which works great until Jane goes on a date. Meanwhile, Petra and Jane's new partnership is off to a rocky start, but they both know they have to find a way to work together somehow. Rogelio is convinced he has male post-partum depression, which puts him at odds with celebrity Post-Partum Advocate River Fields (guest star Brooke Shields) on The Talk. Also, Alba finally confides in Jane why she turned down the marriage proposal from Jorge, leaving Jane to help Alba in the romance department when Jane takes Alba to a sex store and buys her a vibrator. Elsewhere, Jane and Rafael agree to have sex, and Petra questions her own sexual identity when she starts to have sex dreams about Jane "J.R." Ramos after the lawyer begins flirting with her.
75
11 "Chapter Seventy-Five" Gina Lamar Merigan Mulhern March 2, 2018 (2018-03-02) 0.59[11]
Jane is ready to move on from the Marbella Hotel issues and pursue writing full time, but an unexpected development forces her to consider returning to her teaching roots. Xiomara decides to go back to school where she listens in on an art history class, while Jane teaches a seminar about writing. Here, Jane finds out Jonathan Chavez, her former advisor, is taking advantage of another student of his. While trying to warn the student, Jane accidentally grabs her breasts to avoid falling over and, as a result, doesn't get the teaching job she was applying for. Meanwhile, Petra gets arrested for Anezka's murder due to the blackmailer planting the screws in her apartment, leading Jane Ramos to tell Petra that she was framing her because she was being threatened by an unknown blackmailer who was threatening J.R.'s mother who is residing in a hospice. Also, Rafael and Jane continue their affair. Elsewhere, Rogelio tries to get Eva Longoria to join his Passions of Santos reboot, but instead finds out the two are distant cousins.
76
12 "Chapter Seventy-Six" Melanie Mayron Leah Longoria March 9, 2018 (2018-03-09) 0.58[12]
Jane's fixation on a negative review has left her with writer's block, so Rogelio suggests she take a writing class to help. With the encouragement of Jane, Rafael is ready to dig into his past to find out who his real biological parents are. Meanwhile, Rogelio is trying to make things less about him and more about Xo, but he grows suspicious when he learns she is keeping a secret from him. But the secret Xo has been keeping is not what Rogelio suspected. Elsewhere, Petra tests the loyalty of her lawyer, Jane Ramos, by pretending to be romantically interested in her while trying to find out the identity of the blackmailer. After Petra confides in Jane Ramos of her feelings which are not fake, the two of them sleep together for the first time.
77
13 "Chapter Seventy-Seven" Gina Lamar Deirdre Shaw & Chantelle M. Wells March 16, 2018 (2018-03-16) 0.59[13]
When Jane, Rogelio and Alba learn what is going on with Xo who might have breast cancer, they all try to comfort her, but Xo insists they let her live her life. Meanwhile, Rogelio finally gets River Fields to agree to meet with him, but he learns that River has another plan in mind. Also, Rafael is on a mission to find his missing sister Luisa, who may have the information he has been looking for of his origins. Rafael visits Rose in prison to ask for her help, but he quickly turns her down when she makes a demand to know Luisa's location. Also, Jane is upset with Petra after her twin girls spill a secret to Mateo about the Tooth Fairy being make believe. At the same time, Jane 'J.R.' Ramos tells Petra after their romantic night together that she is not interested in a relationship due to the blackmailer paying a visit to Jane R.'s dementia-stricken mother in a rest home. At the end, the identity of Jane R's blackmailer is finally revealed to be Petra's long-suffering and abused secretary Krishna.
78
14 "Chapter Seventy-Eight" Justin Baldoni Valentina Garza & Micah Schraft March 23, 2018 (2018-03-23) 0.65[14]
Xo struggles to make an important decision on whether or not to get a full mastectomy and looks to Jane for guidance, leaving Rogelio feeling like an outsider. Alba is frustrated with Rogelio when it seems he is once again making his career a priority over Xo's well being. Meanwhile, Petra turns to Rafael for advice on her love life after he finally learns about her new romance with J.R.
79
15 "Chapter Seventy-Nine" Gina Lamar Paul Sciarrotta April 6, 2018 (2018-04-06) 0.53[15]
After Jane and Rafael, Petra and J.R. all go out together on a double date, Jane is bothered to learn that J.R. doesn't like her very much. Jane and Rafael brush off a big relationship moment, but they both try to make up for it in different ways. Meanwhile, Rogelio is nervous to tell Darci that he is no longer able to be a "Danny" to their son, so he uses Xo as a scapegoat... landing him in hot water with both Xo and Darci. Also, Jane helps Alba prepare to take the biggest test of her life: a written exam to become a US citizen.
80
16 "Chapter Eighty" Micah Schraft Micah Schraft April 13, 2018 (2018-04-13) 0.57[16]
Jane and Rafael start saving up to buy a one-bedroom apartment, but their plan falls apart when Mateo breaks an antique $4,000 clock. Rafael moves into the Villanueva house, but after Alba hits Mateo, the two get into a heated argument and Rafael moves back out. Xiomara starts chemotherapy, and makes a friend named Donna (guest star Amy Brenneman). The timeline moves forward nine weeks, and Donna dies of unforeseen consequences. Xiomara is shown not to be doing well due to the chemotherapy, Alba and Rafael are still in a fight and River and Rogelio are still arguing over the Passions of Santos adaptation. Alba breaks down to Jane, and she and Rafael make up. Xiomara bonds with River over telenovelas, after she accidentally eats a pot brownie, and she agrees to do the Passions of Steve and Brenda the Latin American way. Jane Ramos gets herself disbarred, and as a result gets the case against Petra thrown out.
81
17 "Chapter Eighty-One" Gina Lamar Jennie Snyder Urman & Paul Sciarrotta April 20, 2018 (2018-04-20) 0.58[17]
In the fourth season finale, Rafael intends to propose to Jane, however Rose's news unsettles him. Meanwhile, Alba finally becomes a naturalized American citizen and the Villanuevas throw her a surprise party. River spends the week with Rogelio in order to help them be believable as a married couple, but she soon starts to take her role too seriously. Jane Ramos and Petra plan to move in together as a couple, until Jane R. finds out that Petra really did kill Anezka intentionally that night. As she walks out of Petra's office, the imprisoned Krishna phones and tells Jane Ramos that her life is in danger for she was only the blackmailer's associate. J.R. returns and saves Petra's life by shooting, and killing, the blackmailer (who is not shown... leading to "who did J.R. shoot?"). At the end, Jane meets with Rafael, and he shows her that Michael is alive.
Ratings[edit]
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)
1 "Chapter Sixty-Five" October 13, 2017 0.3/1 0.68[1] 0.3 0.67 0.6 1.35[18]
2 "Chapter Sixty-Six" October 20, 2017 0.2/1 0.61[2] 0.3 0.58 0.5 1.19[19]
3 "Chapter Sixty-Seven" October 27, 2017 0.3/1 0.60[3] N/A 0.54 N/A 1.16[20]
4 "Chapter Sixty-Eight" November 3, 2017 0.2/1 0.69[4] 0.3 0.55 0.5 1.24[21]
5 "Chapter Sixty-Nine" November 10, 2017 0.3/1 0.65[5] N/A 0.61 N/A 1.26[22]
6 "Chapter Seventy" November 17, 2017 0.2/1 0.61[6] 0.3 0.55 0.5 1.16[23]
7 "Chapter Seventy-One" December 8, 2017 0.3/1 0.65[7] 0.3 0.61 0.6 1.25[24]
8 "Chapter Seventy-Two" January 26, 2018 0.2/1 0.68[8] 0.4 0.71 0.6 1.39[25]
9 "Chapter Seventy-Three" February 2, 2018 0.3/1 0.67[9] 0.3 0.60 0.6 1.27[26]
10 "Chapter Seventy-Four" February 9, 2018 0.3/1 0.80[10] 0.3 0.59 0.6 1.39[27]
11 "Chapter Seventy-Five" March 2, 2018 0.2/1 0.59[11] 0.3 0.62 0.5 1.21[28]
12 "Chapter Seventy-Six" March 9, 2018 0.2/1 0.58[12] 0.3 0.53 0.5 1.12[29]
13 "Chapter Seventy-Seven" March 16, 2018 0.2/1 0.59[13] 0.3 0.59 0.5 1.19[30]
14 "Chapter Seventy-Eight" March 23, 2018 0.2/1 0.65[14] 0.3 N/A 0.5[31] N/A
15 "Chapter Seventy-Nine" April 6, 2018 0.2/1 0.54[15] 0.3 0.59 0.5 1.13[32]
16 "Chapter Eighty" April 13, 2018 0.2/1 0.57[16] 0.2 0.48 0.4 1.10[33]
17 "Chapter Eighty-One" April 20, 2018 0.2/1 0.58[17] 0.3 0.61 0.5 1.20[34]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Welch, Alex (October 16, 2017). "'Hell's Kitchen,' 'MacGyver,' 'Once Upon a Time,' & more remain unchanged: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 16, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (October 23, 2017). "'Jane the Virgin,' 'Hawaii Five-0,' all others unchanged: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 23, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (October 30, 2017). "'MacGyver,' 'Jane the Virgin' and World Series adjust up: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 30, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (November 6, 2017). "'Hawaii Five-0,' 'Once Upon a Time' and others unchanged: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 6, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (November 13, 2017). "'Hawaii Five-0,' 'Hell's Kitchen,' everything else unchanged: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 13, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (November 20, 2017). "'Hell's Kitchen,' 'MacGyver' and all others unchanged: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 20, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (December 11, 2017). "'Blue Bloods' adjusts down: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 11, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (January 29, 2018). "'Blindspot,' 'Agents of SHIELD,' all others hold: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (February 5, 2018). "'Hell's Kitchen' finale, 'Jane the Virgin,' all others hold: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (February 12, 2018). "Olympics opening ceremony adjusts up: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 12, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (March 5, 2018). "'Blue Bloods,' 'Blindspot,' all other unchanged: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 5, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (March 12, 2018). "Blue Bloods,' 'Taken,' 'Confronting Putin' adjust down: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 12, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (March 19, 2018). "NCAA Tournament adjusts down: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 19, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (March 26, 2018). "NCAA Tournament and 'Dynasty' adjust down: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (April 9, 2018). "'Agents of SHIELD' adjusts up: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 9, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (April 16, 2018). "'Agents of SHIELD' adjusts up, 'Taken' adjusts down: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 16, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (April 23, 2018). "'Dynasty' adjusts down: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 25, 2017). "'The Good Doctor' is the most-watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 2, 2017). "'Chicago PD,' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 9, 2017). "'Grey's Anatomy' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 17, 2017). "'This Is Us' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 27, 2017). "'This Is Us' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (December 5, 2017). "'Jane the Virgin,' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (December 21, 2017). "'Agents of SHIELD' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (February 8, 2018). "'This Is Us' sets NBC records in week 18 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (February 16, 2018). "Closing the book on the Super Bowl 'This Is Us': Week 19 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (February 22, 2018). "'The Good Doctor' and 'This Is Us' on top again: Week 20 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 24, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (March 14, 2018). "'Agents of SHIELD,' 16 other shows double in week 23 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (March 22, 2018). "'This Is Us' leads the week 24 broadcast Live +7 ratings – by quite a bit". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (March 29, 2018). "'This Is Us' goes out on top: Week 25 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 29, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (April 6, 2018). "'The Good Doctor' scores highest in week 26 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (April 19, 2018). "'Will & Grace' finale, 11 other shows double in week 28 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (April 26, 2018). "'New Girl' premiere doubles in week 29 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (May 7, 2018). "'Scandal' and 'Criminal Minds' get biggest finale bumps in week 30 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 8, 2018.
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United States foreign policy in the Middle East
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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A U.S. soldier stands guard duty near a burning oil well in the Rumaila oil field, Iraq, April 2003
United States foreign policy in the Middle East has its roots as early as the Barbary Wars in the first years of the U.S.'s existence, but became much more expansive after World War II. American policy during the Cold War tried to prevent Soviet Union influence by supporting anti-communist regimes and backing Israel against Soviet-sponsored Arab countries. The U.S. also came to replace the United Kingdom as the main security patron of the Persian Gulf states in the 1960s and 1970s, working to ensure a stable flow of Gulf oil.[1] Since the 9/11 attacks of 2001, U.S. policy has included an emphasis on counter-terrorism. The U.S. has diplomatic relations with all countries in the Middle East except for Iran, whose 1979 revolution brought to power a staunchly anti-American regime.
Recent priorities of the U.S. government in the Middle East have included resolving the Arab–Israeli conflict and limiting the spread of weapons of mass destruction[2] among regional states.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Formation of Israel
3 Syria: 1949
4 Mosaddeq and the Shah
5 The Suez Crisis
6 The Six Day War and Black September
7 Iran–Iraq War
7.1 Support for Iraq
7.2 Support for Iran
8 Saudi Arabia
9 Afghanistan and Pakistan
10 Iraq (2003–present)
11 Libya (2011–present)
12 Syria (2011–present)
13 Turkey
13.1 Coup attempt (2016)
14 American allies
15 Criticism
16 See also
17 References
18 Further reading
19 External links
History[edit]
U.S. naval officer Stephen Decatur boarding a Tripolitan gunboat during the First Barbary War, 1804
The United States' relationship with the Middle East prior to World War I was limited, although commercial ties existed even in the early 19th century. President Andrew Jackson established formal ties with the Sultan of Muscat and Oman in 1833. (The Sultan saw the U.S. as a potential balance to Britain's overwhelming regional influence.) Commercial relations opened between the U.S. and Persia in 1857, after Britain persuaded the Persian government not to ratify a similar agreement in 1851.[3]
In comparison to European powers such as Britain and France which had managed to colonize almost all of the Middle East region after defeating the Ottoman Empire in 1918, the United States was "popular and respected throughout the Middle East".[4] Indeed, "Americans were seen as good people, untainted by the selfishness and duplicity associated with the Europeans."[5] American missionaries had brought modern medicine and set up educational institutions all over the Middle East. Moreover, the United States had provided the Middle East with highly skilled petroleum engineers.[6] Thus, there were some connections made between the United States and the Middle East before the Second World War. Other examples of cooperations between the U.S. and the Middle East are the Red Line Agreement signed in 1928 and the Anglo-American Petroleum Agreement signed in 1944. Both of these agreements were legally binding and reflected an American interest in control of Middle Eastern energy resources, namely oil, and moreover reflected an American "security imperative to prevent the (re)emergence of a powerful regional rival".[7] The Red Line Agreement had been "part of a network of agreements made in the 1920s to restrict supply of petroleum and ensure that the major [mostly American] companies … could control oil prices on world markets".[8] The Red Line agreement governed the development of Middle East oil for the next two decades. The Anglo-American Petroleum Agreement of 1944 was based on negotiations between the United States and Britain over the control of Middle Eastern oil. Below is shown what the American President Franklin D. Roosevelt had in mind for to a British Ambassador in 1944:
Persian oil … is yours. We share the oil of Iraq and Kuwait. As for Saudi Arabian oil, it's ours.[9]
King Ibn Saud converses with President Franklin D. Roosevelt on board the USS Quincy, after the Yalta Conference in 1945
On August 8, 1944, the Anglo-American Petroleum Agreement was signed, dividing Middle Eastern oil between the United States and Britain. Consequently, political scholar Fred H. Lawson remarks, that by the mid-1944, U.S. officials had buttressed their country's position on the peninsula by concluding an Anglo-American Petroleum Agreement that protected "all valid concession contracts and lawfully acquired rights" belonging to the signatories and established a principle of "equal opportunity" in those areas where no concession had yet been assigned.[10] Furthermore, political scholar Irvine Anderson summarises American interests in the Middle East in the late 19th century and the early 20th century noting that, "the most significant event of the period was the transition of the United States from the position of net exporter to one of net importer of petroleum."[11]
By the end of the Second World War, the United States had come to consider the Middle East region as "the most strategically important area of the world."[12] and "one of the greatest material prizes in world history," argues Noam Chomsky.[12] For that reason, it was not until around the period of World War II that America became directly involved in the Middle East region. At this time the region was going through great social, economic and political changes and as a result, internally the Middle East was in turmoil. Politically, the Middle East was experiencing an upsurge in the popularity of nationalistic politics and an increase in the number of nationalistic political groups across the region, which was causing great trouble for the English and French colonial powers.
History scholar Jack Watson explains that "Europeans could not hold these lands indefinitely in the face of Arab nationalism".[13] Watson then continues, stating that "by the end of 1946 Palestine was the last remaining mandate, but it posed a major problem".[14] In truth, this nationalistic political trend clashed with American interests in the Middle East, which were, as Middle East scholar Louise Fawcett argues, "about the Soviet Union, access to oil and the project for a Jewish state in Palestine".[15] Hence, Arabist Ambassador Raymond Hare described the Second World War, as "the great divide" in United States' relation with the Middle East, because these three interests would later serve as a backdrop and reasoning for a great deal of American interventions in the Middle East and thus also come to be the cause of several future conflicts between the United States and the Middle East.[5]
Formation of Israel[edit]
Main article: United States–Israel relations
In 1947, the U.S. and the Truman administration, under domestic political pressure, pushed for a solution and resolution on the Arab–Israeli conflict, and in May 1948 the new state of Israel came into existence. This process was not without its fights and loss of lives. Nevertheless, "the first state to extend diplomatic recognition to Israel was the United States; the Soviet Union and several Western nations quickly followed suit. No Arab state, however, recognized Israel."[16]
Syria: 1949[edit]
Syria became an independent republic in 1946, but the March 1949 Syrian coup d'état, led by Army Chief of Staff Husni al-Za'im, ended the initial period of civilian rule. Za'im met at least six times with CIA operatives in the months prior to the coup to discuss his plan to seize power. Za'im requested American funding or personnel, but it is not known whether this assistance was provided. Once in power, Za'im made several key decisions that benefitted the United States. He approved the Trans-Arabian Pipeline (TAPLINE), an American project designed to transport Saudi Arabian oil to Mediterranean ports. Construction of TAPLINE had been delayed due to Syrian intransigence. Za'im also improved relations with two American allies in the region: Israel and Turkey. He signed an armistice with Israel, formally ending the 1948 Arab–Israeli War and he renounced Syrian claims to Hatay Province, a major source of dispute between Syria and Turkey. Za'im also cracked down on local communists. However, Za'im's regime was short-lived. He was overthrown in August, just four and a half months after seizing power.[17][18][19][20]
Mosaddeq and the Shah[edit]
See also: 1953 Iranian coup d'état
Supporters of Mohammed Mosaddeq in 1952
Opposed to foreign intervention in Iran and a keen nationalist, Mohammed Mosaddeq became the prime minister of Iran in 1951. Thus, when Mosaddeq was elected he chose to nationalize the Iranian oil industry, where previously British holdings had generated great profits for Britain through the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company. Furthermore, prior to the nationalisation of Iranian oil Mosaddeq had also cut all diplomatic ties with Britain.[21] The Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was opposed to the nationalisation of Iranian oil as he feared this would result in an oil embargo, which would destroy Iran's economy and thus, the Shah was very concerned with the effect of Mosaddeq's policies on Iran. Equally worried were workers in the Iranian oil industry, when they experienced the economic effect of the sanctions on Iranian oil exports which Mosaddeq's policies had resulted in, and riots were happening across Iran.[22]
Thus, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi asked Mosaddeq to resign, as was the Shah's constitutional right, but Mosaddeq refused, which resulted in national uprisings. The Shah, fearing for his personal security, fled the country but nominated General Fazlollah Zahedi as new Prime Minister. Although General Fazlollah Zahedi was a nationalist, he did not agree with the Mosaddeq's lenient attitude towards the communist Tudeh party, which the United States had also become increasingly concerned with, fearing Soviet influence spreading in the Middle East. Therefore, when in late 1952, the British government asked the U.S. administration for help with the removal of Mohammed Mosaddeq. President Harry S. Truman thought Mossadeq was a valuable bulwark against Soviet influence.[23] However, Truman left office in January 1953, and the new administration of Dwight Eisenhower shared British concern over Mossadeq. Allen Dulles, the director of the CIA, approved one million dollars on April 4, 1953 to be used "in any way that would bring about the fall of Mossadegh"[24] Consequently, after a failed attempt on August 15, "on August 19, 1953, General Fazlollah Zahedi succeeded [with the help of the United States and Britain] and Mossadegh was overthrown. The CIA covertly funneled five million dollars to General Zahedi's regime on August 21, 1953."[24]
This CIA operation, often referred to as Operation Ajax and led by CIA officer Kermit Roosevelt, Jr., ensured the return of the Shah on August 22, 1953.[22]
The Suez Crisis[edit]
Main article: Suez Crisis
Play media
President Eisenhower press conference about the crisis, 9 August 1956
Today more than a quarter of the world's oil is shipped through the Suez Canal.[25]
Although accepting large sums of military aid from the United States in 1954, by 1956 Egyptian leader Nasser had grown tired of the American influence in the country. The involvement that the U.S. would take in Egyptian business and politics in return for aid, Nasser thought "smacked of colonialism."[26] Indeed, as political scholar B.M. Bleckman argued in 1978, "Nasser had ambivalent feelings toward the United States. From 1952 to 1954 he was on close terms with U.S. officials and was viewed in Washington as a promising moderate Arab leader. The conclusion of an arms deal with the USSR in 1955, however, had cooled the relationship between Cairo and Washington considerably, and the Dulles-Eisenhower decision to withdraw the offer to finance the Aswan High Dam in mid-1956 was a further blow to the chances of maintaining friendly ties. Eisenhower's stand against the British, French, and Israeli attack on Egypt in October 1956 created a momentary sense of gratitude on the part of Nasser, but the subsequent development of the Eisenhower Doctrine, so clearly aimed at 'containing' Nasserism, undermined what little goodwill existed toward the United States in Cairo."[27] "The Suez Crisis of 1956 marked the demise of British power and its gradual replacement by USA as the dominant power in the Middle East."[28] The Eisenhower Doctrine became a manifestation of this process. "The general objective of the Eisenhower Doctrine, like that of the Truman Doctrine formulated ten years earlier, was the containment of Soviet expansion."[29] Furthermore, when the Doctrine was finalised on March 9, 1957, it "essentially gave the president the latitude to intervene militarily in the Middle East … without having to resort to Congress."[30] indeed as, Middle East scholar Irene L. Gerdzier explains "that with the Eisenhower Doctrine the United States emerged "as the uncontested Western power … in the Middle East."[31]
Meanwhile, in Jordan nationalistic anti-government rioting broke out and the United States decided to send a battalion of marines to Lebanon in case of possibly having to intervene in Jordan later that year. Moreover, attempting to keep the pro-American King Hussein of Jordan in power, the CIA started to make secret payments of millions of dollars a year to King Hussein. In the same year, the U.S. supported allies in Lebanon, Iraq, Turkey and Saudi Arabia and sent fleets to be near Syria as Syria's government had executed nationalistic and pro-Soviet policies the same year.[32] However, 1958 was to become a difficult year in U.S. foreign policy; in 1958 Syria and Egypt were merged into the "United Arab Republic", anti-American and anti-government revolts started occurring in Lebanon, causing the Lebanese president Chamoun to ask America for help, and the very pro-American King Feisal the 2nd of Iraq was overthrown by a group of nationalistic military officers.[33] It was quite "commonly believed that [Nasser] … stirred up the unrest in Lebanon and, perhaps, had helped to plan the Iraqi revolution."[34]
The Six Day War and Black September[edit]
For more details on Black September, see Black September in Jordan.
In June 1967 Israel fought with Egypt, Jordan, and Syria in the Six-Day War. As a result of the war, Israel captured the West Bank, Golan Heights, and the Sinai Peninsula. The U.S. supported Israel with weapons and continued to support Israel financially throughout the 1970s. On September 17, 1970, with U.S. and Israeli help, Jordanian troops attacked PLO guerrilla camps, while Jordan's U.S.-supplied air force dropped napalm from above. The U.S. deployed the aircraft carrier Independence and six destroyers off the coast of Lebanon and readied troops in Turkey to support the assault.
The American interventions in the years before the Iranian revolution have all proven to be based in part on economic considerations, but more so have been influenced and led by the international Cold War context.[35]
Iran–Iraq War[edit]
Support for Iraq[edit]
Main article: United States support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq war
Support for Iran[edit]
See also: Iran–Contra affair and Israel's role in the Iran–Iraq war
Saudi Arabia[edit]
President Obama with King Salman of Saudi Arabia, Riyadh, 27 January 2015
See also: Saudi Arabia–United States relations and Saudi Arabia lobby in the United States
Saudi Arabia and the United States are strategic allies,[36][37][38] but relations with the U.S. became strained following September 11 attacks.[39]
In March 2015, President Barack Obama declared that he had authorized U.S. forces to provide logistical and intelligence support to the Saudis in their military intervention in Yemen, establishing a "Joint Planning Cell" with Saudi Arabia.[40] The report by Human Rights Watch stated that US-made bombs were being used in attacks indiscriminately targeting civilians and violating the laws of war.[41]
Afghanistan and Pakistan[edit]
See also: CIA activities in Afghanistan and War in Afghanistan (2001–2014)
Afghanistan and Pakistan, though situated in South Asia, are considered part of the Greater Middle East. U.S. intervention in both Afghanistan and Pakistan started with the Carter Administration after the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. The relations of the U.S. with Afghanistan and Pakistan have been closely tied to the War on terrorism that has happened there. American policy has been instrumental in coordinating the ongoing conflicts in Afghanistan and northwestern Pakistan. In recent times, political situations of both countries have been bracketed under a single theater of operations, denoted by the newly coined American term "AfPak."[42]
Iraq (2003–present)[edit]
Main articles: 2003 invasion of Iraq, Iraq War, and American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–present)
Libya (2011–present)[edit]
Main articles: Libyan Civil War (2011), 2011 military intervention in Libya, and Libyan Civil War (2014–present)
Syria (2011–present)[edit]
Main article: American-led intervention in Syria
Turkey[edit]
Coup attempt (2016)[edit]
On 15 July 2016, a coup d'état was attempted in Turkey by a faction within the Turkish Armed Forces against state institutions, including, but not limited to the government and President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan.
The Turkish government accused the coup leaders of being linked to the Gülen movement, which is designated as a terrorist organization by the Republic of Turkey and led by Fethullah Gülen, a Turkish businessman and cleric who lives in Pennsylvania, United States. Erdoğan accuses Gülen of being behind the coup—a claim that Gülen denies—and accused the United States of harboring him. President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan accused the head of United States Central Command, chief General Joseph Votel[43] of "siding with coup plotters," (after Votel accused the Turkish government of arresting the Pentagon's contacts in Turkey).[44]
American allies[edit]
States
Israel (see Israel–United States relations)
Saudia Arabia (see Saudi Arabia–United States relations)
Autonomous provinces
Iraqi Kurdistan (see Iraqi Kurdistan–United States relations)
Factions
Syrian Democratic Forces
Free Syrian Army
Criticism[edit]
Main article: Criticism of United States foreign policy
See also[edit]
Arab lobby in the United States
Foreign policy of the United States
Daesh
Gulf War
Iran–Contra affair
Saddam Hussein
Iraq–United States relations
Mission Accomplished
Dual containment
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ Fain, W. Taylor (2008-06-15). American Ascendance and British Retreat in the Persian Gulf Region. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 17–18. ISBN 978-0-230-60151-2. Retrieved 21 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Fawcett, L., (2005) The International Relations of the Middle East, UK: Oxford University Press, p. 284
^ Jump up to: a b Fawcett, L. (2005) The International Relations of the Middle East UK: Oxford University Press p 285
Jump up ^ Rugh, W. A. (2005) American Encounters with Arabs: The Soft Power of U.S. Public Diplomacy in the Middle East U.S.: Praeger Publishers Inc. ISBN 978-0-275-98817-3 pp 25–26
Jump up ^ Le Billon, P., El Khatib, F. (March 2004) "From free oil to 'freedom oil': terrorism, war and U.S. Geopolitics in the Persian Gulf", Geopolitics, Volume 9, Issue 1 p. 109
Jump up ^ Review (Winter 1982): "State Power and Industry Influence: American Foreign Oil Policy in the 1940s", International Organization 36, no. 1 p. 168
Jump up ^ Yergin, D (1991) The Prize: The Epic quest for Oil, Money and Power New York: Simon and Schuster p 401
Jump up ^ Lawson, F. H. (Aug., 1989) "The Iranian Crisis of 1945–1946 and the Spiral Model of International Conflict" International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 21, No. 3 p. 310
Jump up ^ Anderson, Irvine.(1981) Aramco, The United States, and Saudi Arabia. Princeton University Press. p. 36
^ Jump up to: a b Chomsky, Noam (January/February 2005) "Imperial Presidency", Canadian Dimension, Vol. 39, No. 1 p. 8
Jump up ^ Watson, J, B(1981) Success in Twentieth century World Affairs since 1919 Norwich: John Murray (Publishers) Ltd p. 295
Jump up ^ Watson, J. B. (1981), Success in Twentieth Century World Affairs since 1919, Norwich: John Murray (Publishers) Ltd p. 295
Jump up ^ Fawcett, L. (2005), International Relations of the Middle East UK: Oxford University Press, p. 284
Jump up ^ McWilliams, W, C, Piotrowski, H, (6th ed.)(2005) The World since 1945: A History of International Relations U.S. Lynne Rienner Publishers p 154
Jump up ^ Douglas Little (1990). "Cold War and Covert Action: The United States and Syria, 1945–1958". Middle East Journal. 44 (1).
Jump up ^ "1949–1958, Syria: Early Experiments in Cover Action, Douglas Little, Professor, Department of History, Clark University" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-10-09.
Jump up ^ Gendzier, Irene L. (1997). Notes from the Minefield: United States Intervention in Lebanon and the Middle East, 1945–1958. Columbia University Press. p. 98. Retrieved February 13, 2012. Recent investigation … indicates that CIA agents Miles Copeland and Stephen Meade … were directly involved in the coup in which Syrian colonel Husni Za'im seizedpower. According to then former CIA agent Wilbur Eveland, the coup was carried out in order to obtain Syrian ratification of TAPLINE.
Jump up ^ Gerolymatos, André (2010). Castles Made of Sand: A Century of Anglo-American Espionage and Intervention in the Middle East. Thomas Dunne books (MacMillan). Retrieved February 13, 2012. Miles Copeland, formerly a CIA agent, has outlined how he and Stephen Meade backed Zaim, and American archival sources confirm that it was during this period that Meade established links with extremist right-wing elements of the Syrian army, who ultimately carried out the coup.
Jump up ^ Dionisi, D, J(2005) American Hiroshima: The reasons why and a call to strengthen America's Democracy, Canada: Trafford Publishing, ISBN 1-4120-4421-9, pp 30–38
^ Jump up to: a b Immerman, R, H, Theoharis, A, G (2006) The Central Intelligence Agency: Security under Scrutiny U.S.: Greenwood Press, ISBN 0-313-33282-7, p. 314
Jump up ^ "Mohammad Mosaddeq and the 1953 Coup in Iran". National Security Archive. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Dionisi, D, J(2005) American Hiroshima: The reasons why and a call to strengthen America's Democracy, Canada: Trafford Publishing, ISBN 1-4120-4421-9, p. 40
Jump up ^ Fiscus, J, W (2004) War and Conflict in the Middle East: The Suez Crisis, U.S.: The Rosen Publishers Group, ISBN 0-8239-4550-2, p. 5
Jump up ^ Lesch, D, W(ed.) (2003) The Middle East and the United States: A Historical and Political Reassesment U.S.: Westview Press, p. 94
Jump up ^ Bleckman B, M, Kaplan, S, S (1978) Force Without War: U.S. armed Forces As a Political Instrument U.S.: The Brookings Institution p 249
Jump up ^ Attie, C, C, (2004) Struggle in the Levant, Kings Lynn: The Centre for Lebanese Studies, Oxford p 1
Jump up ^ Attie, Struggle in the Levant, p. 109
Jump up ^ Attie, Struggle in the Levant, p. 110
Jump up ^ Gettleman, M, E, Schaar, S (2003) The Middle East and Islamic World Reader, U.S.: Grove Press p. 248
Jump up ^ Ambrose, S, E (1980) The Rise to Globalism: American Foreign Policy, 1938–1980 New York: Penguin Books p. 463
Jump up ^ Eisenhower, (1965) White House Years, vol. 2: Waaina Peace 1956–1961 New York: Doubleday, p. 268
Jump up ^ Owen, R, Louis, R(2002) A Revolutionary year: The Middle East in 1958, U.K.: I.B. Tauris & Co,. Ltd, ISBN 1-86064-402-3, p. 2
Jump up ^ Watson, J, B (1981) Success in Twentieth century World Affairs since 1919 Norwich: John Murray (Publishers) Ltd p. 301
Jump up ^ "How strained are US-Saudi relations?". BBC News. 20 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Old friends US and Saudi Arabia feel the rift growing, seek new partners". Asia Times. 2 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Gulf allies and ‘Army of Conquest". Al-Ahram Weekly. 28 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Madawi Al-Rasheed (2010). A History of Saudi Arabia. p. 233. ISBN 978-0-521-74754-7.
Jump up ^ "Saudi Arabia launces air attacks in Yemen". The Washington Post. 25 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "Saudi airstrikes in Yemen violate laws of war, rights group says". mcclatchydc. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Terry H. Anderson, Bush's Wars (Oxford University Press; 2011) on Iraq and Afghanistan, 2001–2011
Jump up ^ "Department of Defense Press Briefing by Pentagon Press Secretary Peter". Retrieved 2016-09-14.
Jump up ^ "U.S. general denies involvement in Turkish coup attempt". Reuters. 2016-07-29. Retrieved 2016-09-14.
Further reading[edit]
Baxter, Kylie, and Shahram Akbarzadeh. US foreign policy in the Middle East: The roots of anti-Americanism (Routledge, 2012)
Cramer, Jane K., and A. Trevor Thrall, eds. Why Did the United States Invade Iraq? (Routledge, 2013)
Fawcett, Louise. International relations of the Middle East (Oxford University Press, 2013)
Hemmer, Christopher. Which lessons matter?: American foreign policy decision making in the Middle East, 1979-1987 (SUNY Press, 2012)
Jacobs, Matthew F. Imagining the Middle East: The Building of an American Foreign Policy, 1918-1967 (2011)
O'Sullivan, Christopher D. FDR and the End of Empire: The Origins of American Power in the Middle East (2012)
Petersen, Tore. Anglo-American Policy toward the Persian Gulf, 1978–1985: Power, Influence and Restraint (Sussex Academic Press, 2015)
Pillar, Paul R. Intelligence and US Foreign Policy: Iraq, 9/11, and Misguided Reform (Columbia University Press, 2014) 432p
Pollack, Kenneth. Unthinkable: Iran, the bomb, and American strategy (2014)
External links[edit]
Middle East – U.S. Relations from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
Establishment of U.S. Consuls and Colonies in the Levant – Shapell Manuscript Foundation
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This page was last edited on 17 September 2017, at 13:15.
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