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Waldseemüller map
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Universalis Cosmographia, the Waldseemüller wall map dated 1507, depicts the Americas, Africa, Europe, Asia, and the Pacific Ocean separating Asia from the Americas, by the Italian Amerigo Vespucci.
Detail of the map showing the name "America".
Detail of the map showing the names "Catigara" and "Mallaqua".
The Waldseemüller map or Universalis Cosmographia ("Universal Cosmography") is a printed wall map of the world by German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller, originally published in April 1507. It is known as the first map to use the name "America". The name America is placed on what is now called South America on the main map. As explained in Cosmographiae Introductio, the name was bestowed in honor of the Italian Amerigo Vespucci.
The map is drafted on a modification of Ptolemy's second projection, expanded to accommodate the Americas and the high latitudes.[1] A single copy of the map survives, presently housed at the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C.
Waldseemüller also created globe gores, printed maps designed to be cut out and pasted onto spheres to form globes of the Earth. The wall map, and his globe gores of the same date, depict the American continents in two pieces. These depictions differ from the small inset map in the top border of the wall map, which shows the two American continents joined by an isthmus.
Contents
1 Wall map
1.1 Description
1.2 History
1.3 Nunn's analysis
2 Gores
3 See also
4 References
5 Further reading
6 External links
Wall map[edit]
Description[edit]
The wall map consists of twelve sections printed from woodcuts measuring 18 by 24.5 inches (46 cm × 62 cm). Each section is one of four horizontally and three vertically, when assembled. The map uses a modified Ptolemaic map projection with curved meridians to depict the entire surface of the Earth. In the upper-mid part of the main map there is inset another, miniature world map representing to some extent an alternative view of the world.
Longitudes, which were difficult to determine at the time, are given in terms of degrees east from the Fortunate Islands (considered by Claudius Ptolemy as the westernmost known land) which Waldseemüller locates at the Canary Islands. The longitudes of eastern Asian places are too great. Latitudes, which were easy to determine, are also quite far off. For example, "Serraleona" (Sierra Leone, true latitude about 9°N) is placed south of the equator, and the Cape of Good Hope (true latitude 35°S) is placed at 50°S.
The full title of the map is Universalis cosmographia secundum Ptholomaei traditionem et Americi Vespucii aliorumque lustrationes (The Universal Cosmography according to the Tradition of Ptolemy and the Discoveries of Amerigo Vespucci and others[2]). One of the "others" was Christopher Columbus. The title signalled his intention to combine or harmonize in a unified cosmographic depiction the traditional Ptolemaic geography of Europe, Asia and Africa with the new geographical information provided by Amerigo Vespucci and his fellow discoverers of lands in the western hemisphere. He explained: "In designing the sheets of our world-map we have not followed Ptolemy in every respect, particularly as regards the new lands ... We have therefore followed, on the flat map, Ptolemy, except for the new lands and some other things, but on the solid globe, which accompanies the flat map, the description of Amerigo that is appended hereto."[3]
Several earlier maps are believed to be sources, chiefly those based on the Geography (Ptolemy) and the Caveri planisphere and others similar to those of Henricus Martellus or Martin Behaim. The Caribbean and what appears to be Florida were depicted on two earlier charts, the Cantino map, smuggled from Portugal to Italy in 1502 showing details known in 1500, and the Caverio map, drawn circa 1503–1504 and showing the Gulf of Mexico.
While some maps after 1500 show, with ambiguity, an eastern coastline for Asia distinct from the Americas, the Waldseemüller map apparently indicates the existence of a new ocean between the trans-Atlantic regions of the Spanish discoveries and the Asia of Ptolemy and Marco Polo as exhibited on the 1492 Behaim globe. The first historical records of Europeans to set eyes on this ocean, the Pacific, are recorded as Vasco Núñez de Balboa in 1513. That is five to six years after Waldseemüller made his map. In addition, the map apparently predicts the width of South America at certain latitudes to within 70 miles.[4] However, as pointed out by E.G. Ravenstein, this is an illusory effect of the cordiform projection used by Waldseemüller, for when the map is laid out on a more familiar equirectangular projection and compared with others of the period also set out on that same projection there is little difference between them: this is particularly evident when the comparison is made with Johannes Schöner's 1515 globe.[5]
Waldseemüller’s 1507 map of America re-drawn on an equirectangular projection and on the same uniform scale as that of Schöner of 1515, so as to be readily comparable.[5]
Schöner's 1515 map of America re-drawn on an equirectangular projection and on the same uniform scale as that of Waldseemüller of 1507, so as to be readily comparable.[5]
Apparently among most map-makers until that time, it was still erroneously believed that the lands discovered by Christopher Columbus, Vespucci, and others formed part of the Indies of Asia. Thus some believe that it is impossible that Waldseemüller could have known about the Pacific, which is depicted on his map. The historian Peter Whitfield has theorized that Waldseemüller incorporated the ocean into his map because Vespucci's accounts of the Americas, with their so-called "savage" peoples, could not be reconciled with contemporary knowledge of India, China, and the islands of Indies. Thus, in the view of Whitfield, Waldseemüller reasoned that the newly discovered lands could not be part of Asia, but must be separate from it, a leap of intuition that was later proved uncannily precise.[6] An alternative explanation is that of George E. Nunn (see below).
Mundus Novus, a book attributed to Vespucci (who had himself explored the extensive eastern coast of South America), was widely published throughout Europe after 1504, including by Waldseemüller's group in 1507. It had first introduced to Europeans the idea that this was a new continent and not Asia. It is theorized that this led to Waldseemüller's separating the Americas from Asia, depicting the Pacific Ocean, and the use of the first name of Vespucci on his map.[2]
An explanatory text, the Cosmographiae Introductio, widely believed to have been written by Waldseemüller's colleague Matthias Ringmann, accompanied the map. It was said in Chapter IX of that text that the earth was now known to be divided into four parts, of which Europe, Asia and Africa, being contiguous with each other, were continents, while the fourth part, America, was "an island, inasmuch as it is found to be surrounded on all sides by the seas".[7]
The inscription on the top left corner of the map proclaims that the discovery of America by Columbus and Vespucci fulfilled a prophecy of the Roman poet, Virgil, made in the Aeneid (VI. 795–797), of a land to be found in the southern hemisphere, to the south of the Tropic of Capricorn:
Many have thought to be an invention what the famous Poet said, that "a land lies beyond the stars, beyond the paths of the year and the sun, where Atlas the heaven-bearer turns on his shoulder the axis of the world set with blazing stars"; but now, at last, it proves clearly to have been true. It is, in fact, the land discovered by the King of Castile's captain, Columbus, and by Americus Vesputius, men of great and excellent talent, of which the greater part lies under the path of the year and sun, and between the tropics but extending nonetheless to about nineteen degrees beyond Capricorn toward the Antarctic pole beyond the paths of the year and the sun. Wherein, indeed, a greater amount of gold is to be found than of any other metal.
The "path" referred to is the ecliptic, which marks the sun's yearly movement along the constellations of the zodiac, so that to go beyond it meant crossing the southernmost extent of the ecliptic, the Tropic of Capricorn. 19° beyond Capricorn is latitude 42° South, the southernmost extent of America shown on Waldseemüller's map. The map legend shows how Waldseemüller strove to reconcile the new geographic information with the knowledge inherited from antiquity.[8][9]
The most southerly feature named on the coast of America on the Waldseemüller map is Rio decananorum, the "River of the Cananoreans". This was taken from Vespucci, who in 1501 during his voyage along this coast reached the port which he called Cananor (now Cananéia). Cananor was the port of Kannur in southern India, the farthest port reached in India during the 1500–1501 voyage of the Portuguese Pedro Álvares Cabral, the discoverer of Brazil, two of whose ships were encountered returning from India by Vespucci.[10] This may be an indication Waldseemüller thought that the "River of the Cananoreans" could have actually been in the territory of Cananor in India and that America was, therefore, part of India.
The name for the northern land mass, Parias, is derived from a passage in the Four Voyages of Amerigo Vespucci, in which, after several stops, the expedition arrives at a region that was "situated in the torrid zone directly under the parallel which describes the Tropic of Cancer. And this province is called by them [the inhabitants] Parias."[11][12] Parias was described by Waldseemüller’s follower, Johannes Schöner as: "The island of Parias, which is not a part or portion of the foregoing [America] but a large, special part of the fourth part of the world", indicating uncertainty as to its situation.[13][14]
PARIAS and AMERICA, corresponding to North and South America, are separated by a strait in the region of the present Panama on the main map but on the miniature map inset into the upper-mid part of the main map the isthmus joining the two is unbroken, apparently demonstrating Waldseemüller's willingness to represent alternative solutions to a question yet unanswered.
The map shows the cities of Catigara (near longitude 180° and latitude 10°S) and Mallaqua (Malacca, near longitude 170° and latitude 20°S) on the western coast of the great peninsula that projects from the southeastern part of Asia, or INDIA MERIDIONALIS (Southern India) as Waldseemüller called it. This peninsula forms the eastern side of the SINUS MAGNUS ("Great Gulf"), the Gulf of Thailand.[15][16] Amerigo Vespucci, writing of his 1499 voyage, said he had hoped to sail westward from Spain across the Western Ocean (the Atlantic) around the Cape of Cattigara mentioned by Ptolemy into the Sinus Magnus.[17] Ptolemy understood Cattigara, or Kattigara, to be the most eastern port reached by shipping trading from the Graeco-Roman world to the lands of the Far East. Vespucci failed to find the Cape of Cattigara on his 1499 voyage: he sailed along the coast of Venezuela but not far enough to resolve the question of whether there was a sea passage beyond leading to Ptolemy's Sinus Magnus. The object of his voyage of 1503–1504 was to reach the fabulous spice emporium of "Melaccha in India" (that is, Malacca, or Melaka, on the Malay Peninsula).[18] He had learned of Malacca from one Guaspare (or Gaspard), a pilot with Pedro Álvares Cabral's fleet on its voyage to India in 1500–1501, whom Vespucci had encountered in the Atlantic on his return from India in May 1501.[19] Christopher Columbus, in his fourth and last voyage of 1502–1503, planned to follow the coast of Champa southward around the Cape of Cattigara and sail through the strait separating Cattigara from the New World, into the Sinus Magnus to Malacca. This was the route he understood Marco Polo to have gone from China to India in 1292 (although Malacca had not yet been founded in Polo’s time).[20]:15[21][22] Columbus anticipated that he would meet up with the expedition sent at the same time from Portugal to Malacca around the Cape of Good Hope under Vasco da Gama, and carried letters of credence from the Spanish monarchs to present to da Gama.[23][24] The map therefore shows the two cities that were the initial destinations of Amerigo Vespucci and Christopher Columbus in their voyages that led to the unexpected discovery of a New World.[19][25]
Just to the south of Mallaqua (Malacca) is the inscription: hic occisus est S. thomas (Here St. Thomas was killed), referring to the legend that Saint Thomas the Apostle went to India in 52 AD and was killed there in 72 AD. Waldseemüller had confused Malacca (Melaka) with Mylapore in India.[26][13] The contemporary understanding of the nature of Columbus' discoveries is demonstrated in the letter written to him by the Aragonese cosmographer and Royal counsellor, Jaume Ferrer, dated 5 August 1495, saying: Divine and infallible Providence sent the great Thomas from the Occident into the Orient in order to declare in India our Holy and Catholic Law; and you, Sir, it has sent to this opposite part of the Orient by way of the Ponient [West] so that by the Divine Will you might arrive in the Orient, and in the farthest parts of India Superior in order that the descendants might hear that which their ancestors neglected concerning the teaching of Thomas ... and very soon you will be by the Divine Grace in the Sinus Magnus, near which the glorious Thomas left his sacred body".[27][28]
History[edit]
At the time this wall map was drawn, Waldseemüller was working as part of the group of scholars of the Vosgean Gymnasium at Saint-Dié-des-Vosges in Lorraine, which in that time belonged to the Holy Roman Empire. The maps were accompanied by the book Cosmographiae Introductio produced by the Vosgean Gymnasium.
A facsimile of the Waldseemüller map is prominently displayed in the Treasures Gallery of the Library of Congress in Washington, DC.
Of the one thousand copies of the wall map Waldseemüller stated were printed, only one complete copy is known.[29] It was originally owned by Johannes Schöner (1477–1547), a Nuremberg astronomer, geographer, and cartographer. Its existence was unknown for a long time until its rediscovery in 1901 in the library of Prince Johannes zu Waldburg-Wolfegg in Schloss Wolfegg in Württemberg, Germany by the Jesuit historian and cartographer Joseph Fischer. It remained there until 2001 when the United States Library of Congress purchased it from Waldburg-Wolfegg-Waldsee for ten million dollars.[30][31]
Chancellor Angela Merkel of the Federal Republic of Germany symbolically turned over the Waldseemüller map on April 30, 2007, within the context of a formal ceremony at the Library of Congress, in Washington, DC. In her remarks, the chancellor stressed that the US contributions to the development of Germany in the postwar period tipped the scales in the decision to turn over the Waldseemüller map to the Library of Congress as a sign of transatlantic affinity and as an indication of the numerous German roots to the United States. Today another facsimile of the map is exhibited for the public by the House of Waldburg in their museum on Waldburg Castle in Upper Swabia.
Since 2007, to the celebration of the 500 year jubilee of the first edition, the original map has been permanently displayed in the Library of Congress, within a specially-designed microclimate case. An argon atmosphere fills the case to give an anoxic environment. Prior to display, the entire map was the subject of a scientific analysis project using hyperspectral imaging with an advanced LED camera and illumination system[32] to address preservation storage and display issues.[33][34]
In 2005 the Waldseemüller map was nominated by Librarian of Congress James H. Billington for inscription on UNESCO's Memory of the World Register and was inscribed on the register that same year.[35]
Nunn's analysis[edit]
The geographers of Italy and Germany, like Martin Waldseemüller and his colleagues, were exponents of a theoretical geography, or cosmography. This means they appealed to theory where their knowledge of the American and Asiatic geography was lacking. That practice differed from the official Portuguese and Spanish cartographers, who omitted from their maps all unexplored coastlines.[36]:5-7,12-13,49-51
The second century Alexandrian geographer Claudius Ptolemy had believed that the known world extended over 180 degrees of longitude from the prime meridian of the Fortunate Isles (possibly the Canary Islands) to the city of Cattigara in southeastern Asia.[37] (In fact, the difference in longitude between the Canaries, at 16°W, and Cattigara, at 105°E, is just 121°.) He had also thought that the Indian Ocean was completely surrounded by land. Marco Polo demonstrated that an ocean lay east of Asia and was connected with the Indian Ocean. Hence, on the globe made by Martin Behaim in 1492, which combined the geography of Ptolemy with that of Marco Polo, the Indian Ocean was shown as merging with the Western Ocean to the east. Ptolemy’s lands to the east of the Indian Ocean, however, were retained in the form of a great promontory projecting far south from the southeastern corner of Asia—the peninsula of Upper India (India Superior) upon which the city of Cattigara was situated.
Another result of Marco Polo's travels was also shown on Behaim's globe—the addition of 60 degrees to the longitude of Asia. Columbus had not actually seen Behaim’s globe in 1492 (which apparently owed much to the ideas of Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli); but the globe, except for one important point, reflects the geographical theory on which he apparently based his plan for his first voyage. The exception is that Columbus shortened the length of the degree, thus reducing the distance from the Canaries to Zipangu (Japan), to about 62 degrees or only 775 leagues. Consequently, it seemed to Columbus a relatively simple matter to reach Asia by sailing west.
In the early 16th century, two theories prevailed with regard to America (the present South America). According to one theory, that continent was identified with the southeastern promontory of Asia that figures on Behaim's globe, India Superior or the Cape of Cattigara. The other view was that America (South America) was a huge island wholly unconnected with Asia.[36]:12-13,49-51
It should be noted that Balboa called the Pacific the Mar del Sur and referred to it as "la otra mar", the other sea, by contrast with the Atlantic, evidently with Behaim's concept of only two oceans in mind.[38] The Mar del Sur, the South Sea, was the part of the Indian Ocean to the south of Asia: the Indian Ocean was the Oceanus Orientalis, the Eastern Ocean, as opposed to the Atlantic or Western Ocean, the Oceanus Occidentalis in Behaim’s two ocean world.[36]:57
According to George E. Nunn, the key to Waldseemüller's apparent new ocean is found on the three sketch maps made by Bartolomé Colon (that is, Bartholomew Columbus, Christopher’s brother) and Alessandro Zorzi in 1504 to demonstrate the geographical concepts of Christopher Columbus. One of the Columbus/Zorzi sketch maps bears an inscription saying that: "According to Marinus of Tyre and Columbus, from Cape St. Vincent to Cattigara is 225 degrees, which is 15 hours; according to Ptolemy as far as Cattigara 180 degrees, which is 12 hours".[39][40][20] This shows that Christopher Columbus overestimated the distance eastward between Portugal and Cattigara as being 225 degrees instead of Ptolemy's estimate of 180 degrees, permitting him to believe the distance westward was only 135 degrees and therefore that the land he found was the East Indies. As noted by Nunn, in accordance with this calculation, the Colon/Zorzi maps employ the longitude estimate of Claudius Ptolemy from Cape St. Vincent eastward to Cattigara, but the longitude calculation of Marinus and Columbus is employed for the space between Cape St. Vincent westward to Cattigara.
Nunn pointed out that Martin Waldseemüller devised a scheme that showed both the Columbus and the Ptolemy-Behaim concept on the same map. On the right hand side of the Waldseemüller 1507 map is shown the Ptolemy-Behaim concept with the Ptolemy longitudes: this shows the huge peninsula of India Superior extending to the south of the Tropic of Capricorn. On the left side of the Waldseemüller map the discoveries of Columbus, Vespucci and others are represented as a long strip of land extending from about latitude 50 degree North to latitude 40 degrees South. The western coasts of these trans-Atlantic lands discovered under the Spanish crown are simply described by Waldseemüller as Terra Incognita (Unknown Land) or Terra Ulterior Incognita (Unknown Land Beyond), with a conjectural sea to the west, making these lands apparently a distinct continent. America's (that is, South America’s) status as a separate island or a part of Asia, specifically, the peninsula of India Superior upon which Cattigara was situated, is left unresolved. As the question of which of the two alternative concepts was correct had not been resolved at the time, both were represented on the same map. Both extremities of the map represent the eastern extremity of Asia, according to the two alternative theories. As Nunn said, "This was a very plausible way of presenting a problem at the time insoluble."[41]:479–480[42]:8-9,25
As noted by Nunn, the distance between the meridians on the map is different going eastward and westward from the prime meridian which passes through the Fortunate Isles (Canary Islands). This has the effect of representing the eastern coast of Asia twice: once in accordance with Ptolemy's longitudes to show it as Martin Behaim had done on his 1492 globe; and again in accordance with Columbus' calculation of longitudes to show his and the other Spanish navigators' discoveries across the Western Ocean, which Columbus and his followers considered to be part of India Superior.[41]:479[43]:2-7
On his 1516 world map, the Carta Marina, Waldseemüller identified the land he had called Parias on his 1507 map as Terra de Cuba and said it was part of Asia (Asie partis), that is, he explicitly idendified the land discovered by Columbus as the eastern part of Asia.[42]:8
Gores[edit]
Waldseemüller gores of 1507
Besides Universalis Cosmographia, Waldseemüller published a set of gores for constructing globes. The gores, also containing the inscription America, are believed to have been printed in the same year as the wall map, since Waldseemüller mentions them in the introduction to his Cosmographiæ Introductio.[44] On the globe gores, the sea to the west of the notional American west coast is named the Occeanus Occidentalis, that is, the Western or Atlantic Ocean, and where it merges with the Oceanus Orientalis (the Eastern, or Indian Ocean) is hidden by the latitude staff. This appears to indicate uncertainty as to America's location, whether it was an island continent in the Atlantic (Western Ocean) or in fact the great peninsula of India Superior shown on earlier maps, such as the 1489 map of the world by Martellus or the 1492 globe of Behaim.[36]:12-13,49-51
The fifth copy, slightly different from the others
Only few copies of the globe gores are extant. The first to be rediscovered was found in 1871 and is now in the James Ford Bell Library of the University of Minnesota.[45] Another copy was found inside a Ptolemy atlas and had been in the Bavarian State Library in Munich since 1990. The Library recognized in February 2018, after reviewing its authenticity, that this map is not an original copy - it was printed in the 20th century. [46] A third copy was discovered in 1992 bound into an edition of Aristotle in the Stadtbücherei Offenburg, a public library in Germany. A fourth copy came to light in 2003 when its European owner read a newspaper article about the Waldseemüller map. It was sold at auction to Charles Frodsham & Co. for $1,002,267, a world record price for a single sheet map.[47] In July 2012, a statement was released from Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich that a fifth copy of the gore had been found in the LMU Library's collection which is somewhat different from the other copies, perhaps because of a later date of printing.[48] LMU Library has made an electronic version of their copy of the map available online.[49]
See also[edit]
Ancient world maps
Caverio map, made in 1505.
History of cartography
Johannes Schöner globe, made in 1520.
Mappa mundi
Piri Reis map
Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, considered to be the first true modern atlas.
World map
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Snyder, John P. (1993). Flattening the Earth: 2000 Years of Map Projections, p. 33. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
^ Jump up to: a b Hébert, John R. (September 2003). "The Map That Named America". Library of Congress Information Bulletin. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. Retrieved 16 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "nos in depingendis tabulis typi generalis non omnimodo sequutos esse Ptholomaeum, praesertim circa novas terras ... Et ita quidem temporavimus rem ut in plano, circa novas terras & alia quaepiam, Ptholomaeum; in solido vero quod plano additur, descriptionem Americi subsequentem sectatati fuerimus." Martin Waldseemüller, Cosmographiæ Introductio, cap.ix, f.19 [1]; transcribed and translated in Marie Armand Pascal d'Avezac, Martin Hylacomylus Waltzemüller, ses ouvrages et ses collaborateurs, Paris, Challamel, 1867, p.39.[2]
Jump up ^ Alexander, David (2007-12-05). "Map that named America is a puzzle for researchers". Reuters. Retrieved 2007-12-05.
^ Jump up to: a b c E.G. Ravenstein, Martin Behaim: His Life and His Globe, London, George Philip, 1908, p. 36.
Jump up ^ Bernstein, Richard (June 24, 1998). "The Map Maker's Vision, Skewed Yet Indomitable". New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 20 April 2014. This 1507 map, Mr. Whitfield reminds us, is "one of the most intriguing and enigmatic in the history of cartography".
Jump up ^ Hunc in modum terra iam quadripartita cognoscitur: & sunt tres primae partes continentes: quarta est insula: cum omni quamque mari circumdata conspiciatur ... Nunc vero & haec partes sunt latius lustratae & alia quarta pars per Americum Vesputium (ut in sequentibus audietur) inuenta est.
Jump up ^ Archibald Freeman and Emerson David Fite, A Book of Old Maps delineating American History from the Earliest Days down to the Close of the Revolutionary War, Cambridge (Mass.), Harvard Univ. Press, 1926, p. 26
Jump up ^ Valerie I. J. Flint, The Imaginative Landscape of Christopher Columbus, Princeton, 1992, 84 n. 8).
Jump up ^ Frederick J. Pohl, Amerigo Vespucci: Pilot Major, New York, Columbia U.P., 1944, p. 225.
Jump up ^ "in torrida zona sita est directe sub paralello qui cancri tropicum describit ... Et p[ro]uincia ipsa Parias ab ipsis nu[n]cupata est". Qvattvor Americi Vesputii navigationes, sigs. ciiir–ciii v.
Jump up ^ Christine R. Johnson, "Renaissance German Cosmographers and The Naming of America", Past & Present, Number 191, May 2006, pp. 30–31.
^ Jump up to: a b Johannes Schoner, Luculentissima quaedam terrae totius descriptio, Nuremberg, 1515, Tract. II, fol. 60v
Jump up ^ Quoted in Chet van Duzer, Johann Schöner's Globes of 1515: Transcription and Study, Philadelphia, American Philosophical Society, 2010, pp. 104–105.
Jump up ^ J.W. McCrindle, Ancient India as described by Ptolemy, London, Trubner, 1885, revised edition by Ramachandra Jain, New Delhi, Today & Tomorrow’s Printers & Publishers, 1974, p. 204: "By the Great Gulf is meant the Gulf of Siam, together with the sea that stretches beyond it toward China".
Jump up ^ Albert Herrmann, “Der Magnus Sinus und Cattigara nach Ptolemaeus”, Comptes Rendus du 15me Congrès International de Géographie, Amsterdam, 1938, Leiden, Brill, 1938, tome II, sect. IV, Géographie Historique et Histoire de la Géographie, pp. 123–128.
Jump up ^ Amerigo Vespucci to Lorenzo de'Medici, Seville, 18 July 1500; quoted in Ilaria Luzzana Caraci, Amerigo Vespucci, Roma, Istituto poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato, Libreria dello Stato, 1996, Vol. 1, p. 133.
Jump up ^ Clements R. Markham, The Letters of Amerigo Vespucci: and Other Documents Illustrative of His Career, London, Hakluyt Society, 1894, p. 53; Lettera di Amerigo Vespucci: delle Isole nuovamente trovate in quattro suoi Viaggi [1504], Translated by George Tyler Northrup, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1916, p. 41.
^ Jump up to: a b Felipe Fernández-Armesto, Amerigo: The Man who gave his Name to America, New York, Random House, 2007, pp. 86, 168.
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/Ren/Ren1/304.1.html; cited in George E. Nunn, "The Three Maplets attributed to Bartholomew Columbus", Imago Mundi, vol. 9, 1952, 12–22.
Jump up ^ Helen Wallis, "What Columbus Knew", History Today, vol. 42, May 1992, pp. 17–23
Jump up ^ Edmundo O'Gorman, The Invention of America: An Inquiry into the Historical Nature of the New World and the Meaning of its History, Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1961, pp. 106–122.
Jump up ^ The letter, dated 14 March 1502, is published in Martin Fernandez de Navarrete, Coleccion de los Viages y Descubrimientos, 2nd. edn., Madrid, Imprenta Nacional, 1858, p. 430
Jump up ^ The covering letter to Columbus is published in A. Millares Carlo (ed.), Historia de las Indias por Fray Bartólome de las Casas, México, Fondo de Cultura Economica, 1951, Lib. 2, cap.iv, pp. 219–220.
Jump up ^ Felipe Fernández-Armesto, Columbus, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1991, pp. 162, 165.
Jump up ^ Ivar Hallberg, L'Extrême Orient dans la littérature et la cartographie de l'Occident des XIIIe, XIVe, et XVe Siècles, Göteborg, Zachryssons, 1906, p. 355
Jump up ^ Martin Fernandez de Navarrete, Coleccion de los Viages y Descubrimientos, Madrid, Imprenta Nacional, 1825–1837, Vol. II, 104.
Jump up ^ John Boyd Thacher, Christopher Columbus: His Life, His Work, His Remains, New York, 1903, Vol. II, 365–366.
Jump up ^ Lester, Toby (October 28, 2009). "The map that changed the world". BBC. Retrieved 2009-10-28. Waldseemuller himself would later record that 1,000 copies of the map had been printed, a very substantial number for the day. But the rapid pace of geographical discovery meant that copies of the map were soon discarded in favour of newer, more up-to-date pictures of the world, and by 1570 it had all but vanished from memory.
Jump up ^ "Library Acquires Only Known Copy of 1507 World Map Compiled by Martin Waldseemüller". Library of Congress. 2001-07-23.
Jump up ^ "Library Completes Purchase of Waldseemüller Map". Library of Congress. 2003-06-18.
Jump up ^ https://www.loc.gov/preserv/rt/projects/hyperspec_imaging.html
Jump up ^ https://www.loc.gov/preservation/outreach/tops/france_easton/
Jump up ^ "Construction Under Way for Encasement of the 1507 Waldseemüller Map". Library of Congress. 2007-06-29.
Jump up ^ "Universalis cosmographia secundum Ptholomaei traditionem et Americi Vespucii aliorumque Lustrationes". UNESCO Memory of the World Programme. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
^ Jump up to: a b c d George E. Nunn, The Columbus and Magellan Concepts of South American Geography, Glenside, Beans Library, 1932.
Jump up ^ "cum prisci Cosmographi & praesertim Ptolemaeus longitudines locorum a fortunatis insulis in Orientem usque in Cattgaram, Centum, & octoginta gradibus metirentur" (the ancient cosmographers, above all Ptolemy, calculated 180 degrees of longitude from the Fortunate Isles/Canaries to Cattigara in the East) : Maximilianus Transsylvanus, De Moluccis Insulis, Cologne, 1523, cap. 4. See Oc Eo
Jump up ^ Angel de Altolaguirre y Duvale, Vasco Núñez de Balboa, Madrid, 1914, pp. 16, 19–21; cited in George E. Nunn, "Magellan’s Route in the Pacific", The Geographical Review, vol. 24, no. 4, October 1934, p. 627.
Jump up ^ "Alberico", vol. IV, c. 169, Florence, Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale, Banco Rari 234
Jump up ^ Sebastian Crino, "Schizzi cartografici inediti dei primi anni della scoperta dell' America", Rivista marittima, vol. LXIV, no. 9, Supplemento, Novembre 1930, p. 48, fig. 18.
^ Jump up to: a b George E. Nunn, "The Lost Globe Gores of Johann Schöner, 1523–1524", The Geographical Review, vol. 17, no. 3, July 1927, pp. 476-480 https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/208330.pdf?acceptTC=true
^ Jump up to: a b George E. Nunn, The World Map of Francesco Roselli, Philadelphia, Beans Library, 1928.
Jump up ^ George E. Nunn, Origin of the Strait of Anian Concept, Philadelphia, Beans Library, 1929.
Jump up ^ Shirley, Rodney W. (1993). The Mapping of the World, p. 29. London: New Holland (Publishers) Ltd.
Jump up ^ Maps & Mapmakers - Martin Waldseemuller, 2005, retrieved 2012-07-03
Jump up ^ Bayerische Staatsbibliothek: Waldseemüllerkarte in München: "Unzweifelhaft eine Fälschung" - Bavarian State Library: Waldseemüller map in Munich: "Undoubtedly a fake", 2018, retrieved 2018-02-17
Jump up ^ "First map of America makes $1m". CNN.com. 2003-06-08. Archived from the original on May 29, 2006.
Jump up ^ "Details, Date, and Significance of the Fifth Set of Waldseemüller's Globe Gores Recently Discovered in the Munich University Library" (PDF). Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München. Retrieved 2016-02-02.
Jump up ^ Waldseemüller, Martin (after 1507), Globensegmente, retrieved 2012-07-03 Check date values in: |date= (help)
Further reading[edit]
Lester, Toby: "A world redrawn: When America showed up on a map, it was the universe that got transformed", Boston Globe, October 11, 2009
Lester, Toby, "Putting America on the Map", Smithsonian, Volume 40, Number 9, p. 78, December 2009
Lester, Toby: The Fourth Part of the World: An Astonishing Epic of Global Discovery, Imperial Ambition, and the Birth of America, Free Press, 2010, 496 p. ISBN 1-4165-3534-9.
Donald L. McGuirk, Jr. "The Presumed North America on the Waldseemüller World Map (1507): A Theory of Its Discovery by Christopher Columbus", Terrae Incognitae, Volume 46, Issue 2 (September 2014), pp. 86–102. [1]
Whitfield, Peter (1998). "The New World: 1490–1550". New Found Lands: Maps in the History of Exploration. Psychology Press, Routledge. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-4159-2026-1. OCLC 38144335. Retrieved 20 April 2014.
Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture, Williamsburg, Virginia (2011). Martin Brückner, ed. Early American Cartographies (illustrated ed.). Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press Books. ISBN 978-0-8078-3469-5. OCLC 761014612. Retrieved 24 Apr 2014. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Blanding, Michael (2017-12-10). "Why Experts Don't Believe This Is a Rare First Map of America". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 Dec 2017.
Chet Van Duzer, “Waldseemüller's World Maps of 1507 and 1516: Sources and Development”, The Portolan, No.1, Winter 2012, pp.8-20.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Waldseemüller map.
1507 Waldseemüller Map from the US Library of Congress
TOPS Lecture at Library of Congress, Drs. France and Easton
National Geographic News: US Buys Oldest Map Marked "America"
Martin Waldseemüller - Bell Library: Maps and Mapmakers
World Digital Library presentation of Universalis cosmographia secundum Ptholomaei traditionem et Americi Vespucii aliorum que lustrationes or A Map of the Entire World According to the Traditional Method of Ptolemy and Corrected with Other Lands of Amerigo Vespucci. Library of Congress.
Jump up ^ https://www.academia.edu/21549679/The_Presumed_North_America_on_the_Waldseem%C3%BCller_World_Map_1507_A_Theory_of_Its_Discovery_by_Christopher_Columbus
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waldseemüller_map&oldid=850562733"
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List of Cyberchase minor characters
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This is a list of minor characters that have appeared on the PBS Kids series Cyberchase.
Contents
1 Secondary antagonists
1.1 Baskerville
1.2 Ledge
1.3 Wicked
2 Minor antagonists
2.1 Warren
2.2 Ann Arki
2.3 Hacker's other assistants
3 Characters in other cybersites
3.1 Aquari-yum
3.2 Big Bay
3.3 Botopolis
3.4 Castleblanca
3.5 The Cybrary
3.6 ECOhaven
3.7 Ecotopia
3.8 Frogsnorts
3.9 Golftopia
3.10 Gollywood
3.11 Ground Hoggia
3.12 Happily Ever After
3.13 Jimaya
3.14 Memoryville
3.15 Mount Olympus
3.16 Nowhere
3.17 Outta Site
3.18 Parallel Land
3.19 Penguia
3.20 Perfectamundo
3.21 Pompadouria
3.22 Poddleville
3.23 Pyramida
3.24 Radopolis
3.25 R Fair City
3.26 Sensible Flats
3.27 Shangri-La
3.28 Solaria
3.29 Symmetria
3.30 Tikiville
3.31 Thornia
3.32 Topsy-Turvy Island
3.33 The Black Hole
4 Movie exclusive characters
5 Other minor recurring characters
5.1 Sam Vander Rom
5.2 Scanner
6 Other "Cyberchase For Real" characters
6.1 Harley Wilson
6.2 Kareem Blackwell
6.3 Mr. Sleazé
6.4 Kelly
Secondary antagonists[edit]
Baskerville[edit]
Baskerville is a hunchback wolf-like cyborg with a British accent who has often been called up by Hacker to assist in his evil schemes. Hacker hired Baskerville because he wanted a henchman who was evil, cheap, and more reliable than Buzz and Delete. Baskerville took over the daily tasks of Buzz and Delete, earning him their disdain. Afterwards Buzz and Delete, out of jealousy, anonymously helped the cyber squad defeat Hacker. When Hacker went back to having bad luck, Baskerville quit his job with Hacker. Nevertheless, he has returned on many occasions to help Hacker – but he is constantly begrudged by Buzz and Delete in almost every case he is working on. Baskerville also made an appearance along with the Wicked Witch, who gathered some villains together to make a truce with Motherboard, in order to throw suspicion off of her own plots to take over Cyberspace. He is voiced by Juan Chioran. Baskerville is a reference to the Sherlock Holmes novel "The Hound of the Baskervilles".
Ledge[edit]
Ledge (Alex Karzis) made his first debut in the episode "Hackerized", where he was the true mastermind for the Hackerization in "Sensible Flats". His goal was to convince Hacker that they should work together. He used deception in an attempt to separate the Cybersquad and ultimately get rid of them. This was done by creating a false friendship with the Cybersquad and eliminating each member one by one. He nearly succeeded in doing so until he was foiled by Inez's successful tactics in disabling the machine within the 3-minute limit. After being defeated by Inez, Hacker promptly rejected him. Inez and Hacker both hold grudges against him. Unlike Hacker, Ledge thinks through his plans more.
Wicked[edit]
Wicked (Linda Ballantyne) is a witch who lives in Happily Ever After and appears in many adventures. She has bright red hair, likes spending money, and has a quick temper. She wants to take over Cyberspace just as much as Hacker. She often tries to convince Hacker to become her partner. She and Hacker sometimes have a love for each other. Hacker has several times reluctantly hired or even courted her, but always jilts her. In return, Wicked either casts a spell on him or wrecks his evil-doing plans. Wicked, tired of seeing everybody happy and joyful, asked Hacker for help creating misery in Happily-Ever-After. She and Hacker, for most of the series, were in love with each other, but often their interactions would end in arguments. The Wicked Witch has since made multiple attempts to conquer Cyberspace herself, much to Hacker's dismay. She and Hacker have since taken their turns loving and hating each other. Wicked call them Hacker as Hacky-Poo.
Minor antagonists[edit]
Warren[edit]
Warren is a wayward genie who wants to rule Cyberspace. His full name is Warren Plotnick. His mother is a lunch lady from Nowhere who grounded him for twenty years after his last evil rampage. He's tough and intimidating when alone, but when his mother shows up, he's rather wimpy and overly-obedient. He also used to be Hacker's idol, but after their first encounter, they're never happy to see each other. He lives in a bottle in Nowhere but shows up in other cybersites. Digit can imitate Warren's mother's voice. He is voiced by James Rankin.
Ann Arki[edit]
Ann Arki (a play on the word "Anarchy") is a villain, who is also known as the Queen of Chaos. She is able to appear like a genie and gives out an award for villains, called the Arki award. Hacker attempted to win the Arki, but became ineligible. She is voiced by Julie Lemieux.
Hacker's other assistants[edit]
Olga was hired by Hacker to help drain the pond in EcoHaven in episode 504. She appears to be a mechanic. Olga also appeared in episode 804 when Hacker tried to find out who created the Hackerizer.
Scratch is a vulture that helped Hacker out.
Cyclops was first seen giving Hacker a massage in episode 409. He was later hired to help drain the pond in EcoHaven in episode 504.
Trashinator (voiced by Philip Williams, also known as "Trash") is another cyborg who was seen helping Hacker. He appears to enjoy doughnuts. He is known for his skills in slugball.
Tonga is a red mechanical gorilla.
Gigabyte is a monster created by Hacker to help him take over all of Cyberspace. He first appeared in episode 102, where he was ordered to get Dr. Marbles's brain, but instead got Delete's brain, much to Hacker's frustration and embarrassment. He then appeared in episode 307, where Hacker tried to use the sun to bring him back to life. His last (and most brief) appearance was in episode 501, where he is seen trick-or-treating with a mummy. He is voiced by Rob Tinkler.
Cool Starmaker (CS) is a borg whom Hacker turned to when he found that his fear rating was dropping fast. CS agreed to help Hacker figure out the perfect crime to regain the fear of the cyber citizens. CS gave Hacker the idea to break the antenna of a radio station and kept track of Hacker's fear rating. He is voiced by Norman Foote.
Characters in other cybersites[edit]
Aquari-yum[edit]
Binary is the mermaid gatekeeper of Aquari-Yum. She's green with long reddish, pinkish, purplish hair. She has a yellow shirt, a blue hat and purple lips.
Icky is a large gastropod resembling a slug. He absorbs energy directly from his surroundings, understands several languages, and communicates through patterns of electric buzzes. If he doesn't absorb the natural energy of Aquari-yum, the site will boil over and he'll shrivel up to nothing. He can also camouflage himself.
The Crab Prince of the kingdom is a crab that helps people. He protects Icky the Slug's energy pod. His job to keep Icky's secret hideaway a secret, but tells the Cybersquad about it. (Voiced by Jason Michas).
Manny the Medium is a lazy cyber-manatee that usually sleeps, but knows everything. He is voiced by Harvey Atkin.
Stringie and Bow are the prince's friends.
Big Bay[edit]
Captain Ebenezer Skuttlebutt is the keeper of Mega Bays. He and his father both cared for the bays, while maintaining the wildlife that lives there. He is a pirate with one lost leg and keeps a little parrot called Ditto. He is voiced by Terry Kelly
Ditto is a parrot that lives on Captain Skuttlebutt's shoulder. He has been around for two (or more) generations of Skuttlebutt's and is the reason Digit did not return to Mega Bays. Ditto constantly repeats the sentences of others, annoying Digit, but because they are both birds they eventually become friends. Ditto literally means to agree.
Botopolis[edit]
Princess Deah is the ruler of Botopolis. She only appeared in Buzz and Delete save the day. She calls Buzz and Delete that the bots have turned into sleep mode walkers. For saving the day, she handed them the award. She was voiced by Julie Lemieux.
Castleblanca[edit]
The Sams are a two-headed creature that often helped the Cybersquad. They are musicians. They appear in the "Lucky Star" game clip on the Cyberchase website.
Erica Ram is a pretty, friendly, and inquisitive cyborg with pink hair and light blue skin who fell in love with Hacker. She hosts a TV show and interviews people. She almost always smiles, and doesn't like carolers.
Gnome is found in castles and acts as a watchman. He is mean and annoyed by long speeches.
Mayor Wolfman is the mayor of Castleblanca. Hacker once took over his castle and found out his secrets. He has a blue or black nose. He is seen in episode 1002 where he hosts the cookoff between Hacker and Digit. Voiced by Cal Dodd.
Dracula is seen in many episodes. He has two spikes of hair and is mean and nasty. He wears a long, torn cape.
The Cybrary[edit]
Ms. Fileshare, the head cybrarian of the Cybrary, is voiced by Jasmine Guy. She has four arms. She has high standards, and early in the series, is inflexible, but later learned to be open-minded.
ECOhaven[edit]
Nero the Animal Hero He is a TV Star of series. Voiced by Juan Chioran
Unga D'Bigtop She is the Leader of the Circus.
Target is the Hunter of ECOhaven.
Ecotopia[edit]
Abby (voiced by Emilie Barlow) is the mother of Ollie and a ranger of the Ecotopian preserve. She has dedicated her life to save the animals and to keep everything in order. Once, she saved her son Ollie who was stuck in a tree. She knows everything about the preserve and owns a Preservepad to communicate with others on the preserve.
Ollie (voiced by Modern Family star Rico Rodriguez) is the son of Abby. He used to be a junior ranger but became a full-fledged ranger.
Frogsnorts[edit]
Shari Spotter is a kind and responsible witch-like girl who uses her special powers to protect her school, Frogsnorts Sorcerer's Academy (a reference to Hogwarts from Harry Potter). Shari wears perfectly round and red glasses. She has a crush on Matt, which Inez and Jackie tease him about. She is voiced by Julie Lemieux.
Professor Stumblesnore is the firm headmaster of Frogsnorts. His name is a reference to Dumbledore from the Harry Potter book series, but he looks similar to Gandalf from The Lord of the Rings. He is voiced by Ivan Sherry.
Dody (Voiced by Annika Walter) is a dodo bird that oftentimes speaks in rhymes. She is found in Stumblesnore's office.
Golftopia[edit]
Gimme (Voiced by Sergio Mandez) is a friendly kilt-wearing Scotsman who is Digit's friend and runs a golf shop.
Gollywood[edit]
Mister Zero is the compassionate king of 0 and he lives in Gollywood. He once temporarily left because Hacker was sending him hateful anonymous letters.
Stormy Gale is a meteorologist and is voiced by Janice Huff, an actual meteorologist with New York's WNBC-TV. She appears in two episodes aired in April 2009. Janice Huff was also in some of the 'For Real' segments.
Mayor – the Mayor (Voiced by Hunter Hayes) is the mayor of Gollywood. He is see in episode 1004 where he was trying to figure out whether to give a piece of land to Hacker for a tower or to make it a park for the Gollywood children to play on. He has a pet diedlebeast.
Wholesome Twins are twin sister celebrities that reside in Gollywood. They have a stressed out manager and each got a square on the sidewalk of 7" (303).
Bank President was a citizen of Gollywood who was in charge of the bank and was replaced temporarily by Hacker who made it appear he lost 9 million Snelfus by forcing Mister Zero out, thus removing the zeros from the sign and making the sign read 9 Snelfus.
Ground Hoggia[edit]
Punxie is a Ground Hoggian who helps the cybersquad, voiced by Julie Lemieux.
The Grand Ground Hoggian is a Ground Hoggian who wakes up on Grand Ground Hoggian Day to see his shadow to determine when harvest time will arrive; if he doesn't see his shadow, that means the Ground Hoggians will wait for 6 more weeks. His grandfather was the previous Grand Ground Hoggian. Voiced by Phillip Williams.
Mayor is voiced by Lisette St-Louis and she announces the Grand Ground Hoggian Day.
Happily Ever After[edit]
The King of Happily Ever After (voiced by Bruce Hunter) is a fictional fairy tale character. He is emotional and does not appreciate anyone speaking to him rudely. Digit nicknames him Kingy.
The Town Crier is a sad man who worries a lot about Happily Ever After. He is responsible for spreading the news.
Spider is a spider who wears glasses, six boots and a green shirt. Jackie is fond of him. He has a positive and hopeful personality, but he is usually an outcast because everyone was afraid of him. However, everyone began to warm up to him when he helped count the golden eggs for the king's ransom.
Ziff (voiced by Adrian Egan) is a green pig who lives with his two brothers. Previously, his name was Pig 2. He once made a deal with Hacker, who promised to protect him and his brothers from the big, bad wolf (who would not stop bothering them). However, he has since helped the Cybersquad.
Wanda (voiced by mathematician Danica McKellar) is Wicked's magic wand. She is very smart, but can only do magic if Wicked gives her a command. She's seen in every episode Wicked appears in, but is only anthropomorphized in episode #503.
Little Red Riding Hood is seen in episode 1002, where she is one of the judges in the cookoff between Digit and Hacker. Her judgments in the contest are based upon whether or not her Grandma would cook the foods using those ingredients. She does not like being called little. Voiced by Sara Quinn
Jimaya[edit]
Jam Master, the guardian of the Jimayan pyramid and the symball. He is a large stone face styled similar to Aztec art and has a tendency to blather.
Jules, who was first seen as a cave guard in episode 507, is a good friend of the Cybersquad. He appears again in episode 607, where Hacker tricks him into pressing the nose of the Jam Master, causing Matt, Jackie, Creech and himself to get sucked into the chamber of Jimaya. After that, he appeared in episode 801 where he helped in Hacker's Challenge. He is often trying to find a job, but Hacker continuously tries to ruin it for him. He is timid, but does not let others push him around. He is voiced by Scott McCord.
Memoryville[edit]
The Mayor of Memoryville promises that he will give the key to the town to whoever wins the Slugball Championship, but forbids the winner from opening the door to the memory banks. He is voiced by James Rankin.
Stats (voiced by Ian James Corlett) is the commentator for the Slugball games.
Mount Olympus[edit]
Zeus (voiced by Philip Bosco) is a stereotyped version of his mythological namesake and is ruler of Mount Olympus. He is also the ruler of the Gods and has a very boisterous laughter.
Athena (voiced by Linda Ballantyne) is not as similar to her mythological namesake as Zeus.
Poseidon is seen in episode 606 with Athena and Hermes atop Mt. Olympus when Zeus wants them to work as a team before calling Control Central. He is recognizable with his trident and merman-like features.
Hermes is based on the Greek god Hermes. He has a caduceus, winged helmet, and winged sandals.
Artemis (voiced by Julie Lemix) helps the cybersquad find the Bluebird of Zappiness by shooting an arrow to the point of the next clue. She has a slight New York accent.
The Beast (voiced by Cal Dodd) is the drummer for the band that plays the Music of the Spheres and is much more humble than the rest of the band. He was treated by the rest of the band members like a stray dog because they were tired of hearing his drumming. However, after realizing the importance of his drum part, they turned around.
Apollo (Voiced by Kim Mitchell) is the Greek god of music and also the gong player in the band that plays the music that keeps the site from being destroyed. He is slightly egotistical.
Himaropa (voiced by Esme Martin) is a siren, and the horn player of her band. She is very egotistic and is obsessed with her hair.
Calliope (voiced by Katie Griffin) is a muse, and a lyrist for the Music of the Spheres band. She is a poet in addition to being a passionate musician.
Homer (voiced by John Stocker) is a poet, but has writer's block and asks Calliope for ideas.
Nowhere[edit]
Warren's mom is a lunch lady. She can be kind, but had to ground her son because of an evil rampage. She collects action figures and has a whole stash of them. She speaks with a southern accent. She is voiced by Kathleen Laskey.
Outta Site[edit]
DJ Groovy is the DJ that runs the Farout radio. He talks in a hip-hop style with words like "groovy" or "far out". He is voiced by Rory O'Shea.
Hector is a bee that teams up with the Cybersquad. He can tell what the other bees want or how they feel. He is voiced by Carlos Diaz.
Gordon is Hector's assistant at the computer chip factory. He fills in when Hector is away from the factory and keeps his boss informed of any situation.
Parallel Land[edit]
TW (Teeny Weeny Parallini, voiced by Isabel de Carteret) is a small square girl. She is not scared of Hacker, and despite the fact that her mother would not let her help the Cybersquad, she does help them find Diamond Joe. She also helps in the Hacker's challenge.
Diamond Joe Parallini (voiced by James Rankin) is an old man and used to be a member of the flying Parallinis, a group of parallelograms that would fly and make shapes in the air. He seems to be somewhat of a cowboy.
Mother Parallini is TW's mother. She is strict but kind-hearted and wants the best for her fellow Parallinis. She is voiced by Danielle Jonas.
Penguia[edit]
Fluff (Voiced by Austin Dilulio) is a penguin that plays hockey, which is hard in Cyberia. He is a kind, logical penguin determined to follow in his father's footsteps and make him proud. Fluff got to lead the Starlight Night deliveries. He helped the Cybersquad with the Hacker's challenge. He is an ally of the Cybersquad and is called a "Cyberbrat" by Hacker.
Coach (voiced by Roch Voisine) is a penguin who teaches the kids and penguins how to play ice hockey. He uses a monitor to track the puck and show the players what works and what doesn't.
Ice is one of the best players of penguin hockey and the captain of the Penguin Village Voyagers. She is able to hit the pole with 100% accuracy, by shooting at a special "aiming spot". She is sister of Emma Penguin and is voiced by Lisette St. Louis.
Fergie (voiced by Julie Lemieux) is known for her inventions. Her inventions include: The Polar Engine, the Ice-O-Nart, and the Meltmeister.
PJ is Fluff's dad. Despite the fact he never met them, he proves to be an ally to the cyber squad. He is determined to stop the Hacker. He participated in the snowflake ceremonies and the Starlight Night Penguin March, then passed his place down to Fluff. He also scored the winning goal to get the Penguia Cup when he played the Titans when he was younger. He's very proud of his son. He is voiced by James Rankin.
Rusty is the leader of the penguin march, and apparently Fluff's aunt. She is voiced by Stacey DePass.
Berny (voiced by Cory Doran) is Fluff's best friend and a fellow member of the Penguin Village Voyagers. He cares about Fluff and appears to have Fluff's best interests at heart.
Walter (voiced by Kim Mitchell) is a crafty cyber walrus who guards the bridge that leads to the Ice Palace. Every year on Starlight Night, he pulls the same old prank by stalling the penguin march. He lets the marchers pass only if they correctly answer a question. Rusty doesn't like him very much.
Perfectamundo[edit]
Razz (voiced by Helen King) is a Perfectamundian who is famous for inventing the Digifizz toy. He is a partner of Digit.
Mayor (voiced by Julie Lemieux) is the leader of Perfectamundo.
Waldo (voiced by Rob Tinkler) is the Mayor's assistant.
Pompadouria[edit]
The Grand Pasha is the ruler of Pompadouria. He was briefly made a pawn of the Hacker, who tried to exchange the Wicked Witch for the Shah's absent daughter. He was voiced by Len Carlson in season 2 and Brad Adamson in season 7.
Petra (voiced by Bryn McAuley) is a Hedgehopper. She helps the group to break the love cast by Wicked.
Keesha is a green Hedgehopper that was only mentioned once.
Mikey is a blue Hedgehopper that was only mentioned once.
Poddleville[edit]
Annie is a young Poddle. She helped the Cybersquad escape from jail in Poddleville after they were arrested by mistake. She is apparently good friends with Jackie. She is voiced by Elizabeth Jones.
The Mayor (voiced by Len Carlson) is the mayor of Poddleville and has a 1 on his chest. He is a caring Poddle who at first thinks the cybersquad is ruining the town, but then warms up to them when he sees them save Poddleville. Later, he saves Dr. Marbles. He accepted an offer of peace from Hacker, although it was later revealed that Hacker was plotting to steal Poddleville's energy.
Irma (voiced by Denise Oliver) is a Poddle who helps with a crime scene investigation. The night Hacker's recharger key was stolen, she witnessed a square leaving the town hall, which suggested that Sleight O. Hand stole the key. She is the mayor's daughter.
Sleight O. Hand is Dr. Marbles' nephew with an Irish accent that acts as a magician. He has been nicknamed the "best pickpocket in all of cyberspace." He was accused of stealing Hacker's recharger key. He has a dog named Presto (A commonly used magic word) whom he gets to do tricks for his acts. He is voiced by James Rankin.
Chief is the police chief in Poddleville. Like the other citizens of Poddleville, Hacker convinces him that Sleight O. Hand stole his recharger key. He is voiced by singer Kim Mitchell.
Lily is a poddle seen in episode 805, where the Poddles and cybersquad throw a birthday party for her. While the poddles are comparing their shadows, Lilly gets upset that her shadow isn't long, and Jackie explains to her that the length of one's shadow is determined by one's height. She is voiced by Katie Griffin.
Puck is a chef seen in episode 1002, where he judges the contest between Digit and Hacker. He is referred to as the "Palate pleasing poddle" by Mayor Wolfman. He is voiced by Rob deLeeuw.
Pyramida[edit]
Binky is a smart-mouthed, anthropomorphic cat who attends the Mummy's Tomb. She's often impatient, but proves an ally to the Cybersquad. She is also very aggravating to Hacker. Binky is voiced by Bebe Neuwirth.
Mummsy is the leader of this cybersite.
Radopolis[edit]
King Dudicus (voiced by Peter Cugno) is the head of Radopolis, an extreme sports-themed cybersite, and often uses slang. In the episode Totally Rad, The Hacker attempts to dethrone him. The king decides to resolve the problem according to the customs of Radopolis: by a skate-off contest.
Slider (voiced by Tim Hamaguchi) is a serious and James Dean-style 13-year-old skateboarder in Radopolis who builds and repairs skateboards and bikes. Since season three, he has been a recurring character in the series. His father Coop had abandoned him when he was younger because The Hacker had hunted Coop for many years. However, in the episode "Measure for Measure", Slider finds out that his father abandoned him to protect him. He can be somewhat touchy about the subject of his father, to the extent that he raised his voice at Jackie in the episode "Past Perfect Prediction" for trying to give him unwanted comfort. Throughout the remainder of the series, Jackie and Inez seem to have a crush on him, which embarrasses him. He has neck-length brown hair and black eyes. He wears a red short-sleeved sweat-shirt with a yellow spot on it with a long-sleeved white shirt underneath.
Coop (voiced by legendary skateboarder Tony Hawk) is the father of Slider. For several years, The Hacker had hunted Coop in order to find his transformation machine. After Coop refused to hand it over, The Hacker infected him with a dose of magnetite which prematurely aged him. Since then, he hid from Hacker, leaving Slider to fend on his own. Coop was reunited with Slider in episode #405. He is also in episode #502, but has a slightly different appearance, suggesting that he found a cure for the magnetite.
R Fair City[edit]
Lucky is the manager of R Fair City and speaks with a Brooklyn accent. She helps the Cybersquad when Hacker poses a threat to her amusement park. Lucky is voiced by Linda Kash.
Grubby is a man who lives in R Fair City. He is very funny and wears a garbage can for clothing. He runs a game stand at R Fair City called "Grubby's Whacky Worms".
Cy Clone is a clone catcher who looks like a cowboy. He was asked by Lucky and the Cybersquad to capture several clones of Delete bumbling around in R Fair City.
Glowla is a bird who looks similar to Digit and is only seen once. She is a famous performer and is voiced by Stephanie Morgenstern.
Spout is a whale who was made by Glowla to help her in performances.
Sensible Flats[edit]
Judge Trudy (voiced by Carolyn Scott) and Sheriff Judy (also voiced by Scott) are the leaders of Sensible Flats. They are often seen together, usually investigating criminals, especially Hacker. Their names are parodies of Judge Judy.
Rudy (voiced by Dwayne Hill) is the cousin of Trudy and Judy and manages the Sensible Flats reservoir. He plays the harmonica, and keeps records of the water supply in town.
Deke is an old hermit who lives by Lost Lake and plays the banjo. Trudy, Judy and Rudy have never heard of him. During especially dry times, he and the fish will do a rain dance in attempt to bring the rain. He uses a line graph to keep track of the water level of the lake changes over time and to predict the future water level. He also helped Inez stop the Hackerization.
Chef Foody is a chef that is seen in 601 and 1002. In 601 he made one of his famous chocolate sculptures for Digit's birthday. He states that the chocolate must be kept at a certain temperature or it will melt. IN episode 1002, he appears as one of the judges in the cookoff between Hacker and Digit. He speaks with a French accent. Voiced by Dwayne Hill.
Shangri-La[edit]
Master Pi (voiced by Geoffrey Holder) is the reigning leader of Shangri-La, an East Asian-themed Cybersite, and is dressed in a blue robe and holds a rod with a ball with the symbol Pi. Master Pi can move around by simply appearing and disappearing. He often gives words of wisdom. Also, he only provides hospitality to those who understand the rules of politeness. Hacker sometimes calls him Pi-Face and Buzz sometimes calls him Pi-Man.
Solaria[edit]
Olli (voiced by Robert Smith) is the head manager of Solaria and gives tours of the Cybersite. He is a sports fan with a very nervous personality. In episode 202, he is the host of the Radopolis skate-off, and in 208 he introduces Glowla and Spout.
The Sedimentary Sentry (voiced by David Berni) is a talking face made out of stone. Inez, Jules, and Creech encountered him during their challenge. He is the Jam Master's cousin. He loves telling rock-related jokes.
Symmetria[edit]
AVA (voiced by Jasmine Guy) is in charge of the cybersite Symmetria. She gets help from Dr. Marbles and thanks him by making miniature robots that resemble him. When Hacker attempted to destroy Symmetria, Motherboard sent the Cybersquad to stop him and help AVA. At first, AVA does not trust the children, but becomes friendly with them after seeing evidence that Motherboard sent them.
Tikiville[edit]
Creech is the young Big Kahuna (ruler) of Tikiville. She became the ruler after competing in a race with other Tikiville-inhabitants and Hacker. Creech is in some ways similar to Inez, helping the two to become friends easily. Both have a fairly similar outlook: optimistic until something goes completely wrong, and they both have a large vocabulary. She also is the person in charge of Tikiville's Egg of Benedicta. She is voiced by Stephanie Beard.
Max is Creech's father. He went to school with Hacker and always beat Hacker at everything. He only appeared once and was voiced by Matthew Broderick.
Big Kahuna is the Big Kahuna of Tikiville in episode 305. At the end of that episode, he hands over the title to Creech.
Thornia[edit]
Deci helps around in Thornia. He wears an outfit resembling that of a military officer's and is very efficient at his job. He is voiced by Eli Jones.
Topsy-Turvy Island[edit]
Zanko is Delete's fairy Borg father. Zanko appears to Delete when he is having a bad day and grants him nine wishes. Hacker attempts to kidnap Zanko to make his wish of taking over Cyberspace come true, but Delete and Zanko refuse to let him do so.
Rourke is a fairy Borg agent from the Fairy Borg Father Eligibility Department. It's his job to visit applicants and inform them if they are qualified for the Fairy Borg Father program or not. He visits Hacker only to explain to the latter that he cannot qualify for the Fairy Borg Father Program due to Hacker's many attempts to take over Cyberchase, meaning that he will never get any wishes ever.
The Black Hole[edit]
Bernie is the owner of the black hole. He charges disposal fees for objects dumped into the hole. Hacker intends to dispose the Encrpytor Chip with Motherboard into the black hole, but Bernie requires 10 million sneflus for the disposal, which Hacker does not have. Angered, Hacker tries to throw the chip into the hole, but it bounces back.
Movie exclusive characters[edit]
Ollie is an explorer boy voiced by Modern Family star Rico Rodriguez. When Inez accidentally falls into him from the portal, she first meets him and starts to develop feelings for him.
Abby is Ollie's mother.
Other minor recurring characters[edit]
Sam Vander Rom[edit]
Sam Vander Rom is a robotic reporter featured in the show's second season, voiced by The Today Show weatherman, Al Roker. In his first appearance in the episode "True Colors", Sam acts as a moderator during an election between Motherboard and Hacker.
Scanner[edit]
Scanner is a character who is interested in his gadgets. He was slouched over and not fit, until Jackie helped him become more active.
Other "Cyberchase For Real" characters[edit]
Harley Wilson[edit]
Harley Wilson (played by Michael R. Buckley) is the cousin of Harry Wilson. He is known to pester and annoy Harry and interfere with his ideas. He used to work in Hollywood until he lost his job. He was also seen at Times Square on New Year's Eve with Harry's girlfriend.
Kareem Blackwell[edit]
Kareem Blackwell was seen only once, as the protagonist for the For Real segment of the pilot episode "The Poddleville Case," where he met with the New York cast of Stomp. Unlike in most future "For Real" segments, Kareem's one-time skit did not use the episode's theme (patterns) as a problem-solving device. Instead, the segment revolved around Stomp explaining how to use patterns in music to create enjoyable songs.
Mr. Sleazé[edit]
Mr. Sleazé (played by Matthew A. Wilson) is a scam artist. He sold Harry "Sleazy-Off" cream that didn't work. He also ran a fraudulent carnival game and a fraudulent wheel game, both of which Bianca fell victim to.
Kelly[edit]
Kelly is Bianca's friend, who often helps her get out of her many problems.
This television-related list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Cyberchase_minor_characters&oldid=854208156"
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