text:
List of dates for Easter
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Dates for Easter in the past and coming 20 years
(1998–2038 in Gregorian dates)
Year
Western
Eastern
1998
April 12 April 19
1999
April 4 April 11
2000
April 23 April 30
2001
April 15
2002
March 31 May 5
2003
April 20 April 27
2004
April 11
2005
March 27 May 1
2006
April 16 April 23
2007
April 8
2008
March 23 April 27
2009
April 12 April 19
2010
April 4
2011
April 24
2012
April 8 April 15
2013
March 31 May 5
2014
April 20
2015
April 5 April 12
2016
March 27 May 1
2017
April 16
2018
April 1 April 8
2019
April 21 April 28
2020
April 12 April 19
2021
April 4 May 2
2022
April 17 April 24
2023
April 9 April 16
2024
March 31 May 5
2025
April 20
2026
April 5 April 12
2027
March 28 May 2
2028
April 16
2029
April 1 April 8
2030
April 21 April 28
2031
April 13
2032
March 28 May 2
2033
April 17 April 24
2034
April 9
2035
March 25 April 29
2036
April 13 April 20
2037
April 5
2038
April 25
This is a list of dates for Easter. The Easter dates also affect when Ash Wednesday, Good Friday, Holy Saturday, Maundy Thursday, the Ascension of the Lord and Pentecost occur. Easter may occur on different dates in the Gregorian Calendar and the Julian Calendar. The accompanying table provides both sets of dates, for recent decades and forthcoming years — see the computus article for more details on the calculation.
Contents
[hide]
1 Earliest Easter
1.1 Western (Gregorian)
1.2 Orthodox (Julian)
2 Latest Easter
2.1 Western (Gregorian)
2.2 Orthodox (Julian)
3 Western and Orthodox Easter on the same date
4 Range of dates for Western and Orthodox Easter
5 Public holidays
6 References
7 External links
Earliest Easter[edit]
Western (Gregorian)[edit]
In 1818 the Paschal Full Moon fell on Saturday, March 21 (the equinox). Therefore, the following day, March 22, was Easter. It will not fall as early again until 2285, a span of 467 years. The next earliest Easter between 1818 and 2285 (March 23) occurred in 1845, 1856, 1913 and 2008, and will occur again in 2160—an 11, 57, 95 and 152-year gap, respectively.
Orthodox (Julian)[edit]
The earliest dates for Easter in the Eastern Orthodox Church between 1875 and 2099 are April 4, 1915 and April 4, 2010 (Gregorian). Both dates are equivalent to March 22 in the Julian Calendar.
Latest Easter[edit]
Western (Gregorian)[edit]
In 1943 Easter fell on Sunday, April 25. The ecclesiastical full moon did not occur until Saturday, March 20; because it came before the vernal equinox, the paschal full moon did not happen until Sunday, April 18. Consequently, Easter was the following Sunday (April 25). Easter will not fall as late again until 2038—a span of 95 years. The second latest date for Easter, April 24, occurred in 2011. The last time this occurred was in 1859 and will not happen again until 2095—spans of 152 and 84 years. However between years 5121 and 6482, Easter will be no later than April 24.
Orthodox (Julian)[edit]
The latest dates for Orthodox Easter between 1875 and 2099 are May 8, 1983, and May 8, 2078 (Gregorian). Both dates are equivalent to April 25 in the Julian Calendar. Orthodox Easter has never fallen on Gregorian May 7 yet; it will happen in 2051 unless these churches change to another calendar.
Western and Orthodox Easter on the same date[edit]
Despite using calendars that are apart by 13 days, Easter 2014 fell on the same date. According to the Western (Gregorian) calendar, the first Paschal Full Moon after the Spring Equinox (March 20) fell on Monday, April 14, 2014. The following Sunday, April 20, was, therefore, Easter Day.
According to the Orthodox (Julian) calendar (which is 13 days behind the Gregorian calendar), the Spring Equinox also falls on March 21. However, in the Gregorian Calendar, this is April 3. The first Orthodox Full Moon after the Equinox falls on (Julian) Tuesday, April 2, 2014 (Gregorian April 15). The following Sunday, (Julian) April 7, is, therefore, Easter Day (Gregorian April 20).
Range of dates for Western and Orthodox Easter[edit]
Both calendars (Gregorian and Julian) calculate Easter as falling on dates between March 22 and April 25 on their calendars. However, because of the 13-day difference, any member of an Orthodox church would observe that the Western Easter falls between March 10 and April 12 on the Julian calendar. Conversely, any member of a Western church would observe that Orthodox Easter falls between April 4 and May 8 on the Gregorian calendar.
Beginning March 14, 2100 (February 29, 2100, in the Julian Calendar), the difference between the Julian and Gregorian calendars will increase to 14 days.
Public holidays[edit]
This section needs expansion with: details of Easter holidays in other countries; this section currently only mentions those with a four-day weekend. You can help by adding to it. (April 2018)
In Hungary, the United Kingdom except Scotland, Australia, Canada, South Africa, Germany, Switzerland and New Zealand, Easter comprises two public holidays, Good Friday and Easter Monday, making a four-day weekend. The moveable date of Easter sometimes brings it into conflict with other, fixed, public holidays.
In the United Kingdom in 2000 and 2011, the May Day bank holiday was one week after Easter Monday, causing there to be three consecutive weeks with a bank holiday. (In Scotland this did not occur as Easter Monday is not a bank holiday.) In 2011, a bank holiday was declared on Friday 29 April for the Wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton;[1] consequently there were four bank holidays within three consecutive calendar weeks (including two in one week), creating two consecutive four-day weekends (Friday 22 — Monday 25 April and Friday 29 April — Monday 2 May), with a three-day working week in between (Tuesday 26 — Thursday 28 April).
In Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland in 2008, Saint Patrick's Day (Monday 17 March) fell six days before Easter (Sunday 23 March), creating a three-day week (Tuesday 18 — Thursday 20 March). This will next happen in 2035, when Saint Patrick's day falls on Saturday, so the public holiday is moved forward to the following Monday 19 March, again six days before Easter.
Note that in the Catholic liturgical calendar, saints' feasts are not observed when they fall during Holy Week; this caused Saint Patrick not to appear in the liturgical calendar for 2008; 17 March was simply celebrated as Holy Monday. In Ireland, the Church chose to celebrate Saint Patrick on Saturday 15 March instead.[2]
In Australia, ANZAC Day is a public holiday on 25 April. In 2000 and 2011, this created a five-day weekend over Easter: in 2000, Easter Monday fell on 24 April, with Easter Tuesday, 25 April, then being ANZAC Day; in 2011, ANZAC Day and Easter Monday coincided on Monday 25 April, which led to a substitute public holiday being declared for Tuesday 26 April.[3] In 2003 and 2014, ANZAC Day fell on Easter Friday, and in 2019 it will fall on Easter Thursday, and in 2038 it will fall on Easter Sunday; the consequence is three-day working weeks immediately following the Easter weekend.
Easter is not a federal holiday in the United States. In North Carolina, however, it was a public holiday from 1935 to 1987.[4]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Royal Wedding Bank Holiday in the United Kingdom".
Jump up ^ "Irish bishops move St. Patrick's Day 2008 over conflict with Holy Week". Catholic News Agency. July 19, 2007. Retrieved April 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ https://www.officeholidays.com/countries/australia/2011.php
Jump up ^ "Easter Monday in the United States". TimeandDate.com. Retrieved October 25, 2016.
External links[edit]
http://tlarsen2.tripod.com/thomaslarsen/easterdates.html – has a much larger list of dates
A chronology since Council Nicaea "Date of Easter Sunday" Father Kevin Michael Laughery, as observed by Western Christians since A.D. 326 (last updated Tuesday, November 4, 2008)
Interactive calculator generates historical feast dates in Julian calendar prior to 1582 Gregorian reforms
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Thomas Hardy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other people named Thomas Hardy, see Thomas Hardy (disambiguation).
Thomas Hardy
Hardy between about 1910 and 1915
Born
(1840-06-02)2 June 1840
Stinsford, Dorset, England
Died
11 January 1928(1928-01-11) (aged 87)
Dorchester, Dorset, England
Resting place
Stinsford parish church (heart)
Poets' Corner, Westminster Abbey (ashes)
Occupation
Novelist, poet, and short story writer
Alma mater
King's College London
Literary movement
Naturalism, Victorian literature
Notable works
Tess of the d'Urbervilles,
Far from the Madding Crowd,
The Mayor of Casterbridge,
Collected Poems
Jude the Obscure
Spouse
Emma Gifford
(1874–1912)
Florence Dugdale
(1914–1928)
Signature
Thomas Hardy, OM (2 June 1840 – 11 January 1928) was an English novelist and poet. A Victorian realist in the tradition of George Eliot, he was influenced both in his novels and in his poetry by Romanticism, especially William Wordsworth.[1] He was highly critical of much in Victorian society, especially on the declining status of rural people in Britain, such as those from his native South West England.
While Hardy wrote poetry throughout his life and regarded himself primarily as a poet, his first collection was not published until 1898. Initially, therefore, he gained fame as the author of such novels as Far from the Madding Crowd (1874), The Mayor of Casterbridge (1886), Tess of the d'Urbervilles (1891), and Jude the Obscure (1895). During his lifetime, Hardy's poetry was acclaimed by younger poets (particularly the Georgians) who viewed him as a mentor. After his death his poems were lauded by Ezra Pound, W. H. Auden and Philip Larkin.[2]
Many of his novels concern tragic characters struggling against their passions and social circumstances, and they are often set in the semi-fictional region of Wessex; initially based on the medieval Anglo-Saxon kingdom, Hardy's Wessex eventually came to include the counties of Dorset, Wiltshire, Somerset, Devon, Hampshire and much of Berkshire, in southwest and south central England. Two of his novels, Tess of the d'Urbervilles and Far from the Madding Crowd, were listed in the top 50 on the BBC's survey The Big Read.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Life and career
1.1 Early life
1.2 Marriage and novel writing
1.3 Final years
2 Novels
3 Literary themes
4 Poetry
5 Religious beliefs
6 Locations in novels
7 Influence
8 Works
8.1 Prose
8.2 Poetry collections
8.3 Drama
9 References
10 Biographies and criticism
11 External links
Life and career[edit]
Early life[edit]
"The Hardy Tree" in Old St Pancras churchyard, growing between gravestones moved while Hardy was working there
Thomas Hardy was born on 2 June 1840 in Higher Bockhampton (then Upper Bockhampton), a hamlet in the parish of Stinsford to the east of Dorchester in Dorset, England, where his father Thomas (1811–1892) worked as a stonemason and local builder, and married his mother Jemima (née Hand;[4] 1813–1904) in Beaminster, towards the end of 1839.[5] Jemima was well-read, and she educated Thomas until he went to his first school at Bockhampton at the age of eight. For several years he attended Mr. Last's Academy for Young Gentlemen in Dorchester, where he learned Latin and demonstrated academic potential.[6] Because Hardy's family lacked the means for a university education, his formal education ended at the age of sixteen, when he became apprenticed to James Hicks, a local architect.[7]
Hardy trained as an architect in Dorchester before moving to London in 1862; there he enrolled as a student at King's College London. He won prizes from the Royal Institute of British Architects and the Architectural Association. He joined Arthur Blomfield's practice as assistant architect in April 1862 and worked with Blomfield on All Saints' parish church in Windsor, Berkshire in 1862–64. A reredos, possibly designed by Hardy, was discovered behind panelling at All Saints' in August 2016.[8][9] In the mid-1860s, Hardy was in charge of the excavation of part of the graveyard of St Pancras Old Church prior to its destruction when the Midland Railway was extended to a new terminus at St Pancras.[10]
Hardy never felt at home in London, because he was acutely conscious of class divisions and his social inferiority. During this time he became interested in social reform and the works of John Stuart Mill. He was also introduced by his Dorset friend Horace Moule to the works of Charles Fourier and Auguste Comte. After five years, concerned about his health, he returned to Dorset, settling in Weymouth, and decided to dedicate himself to writing.
Marriage and novel writing[edit]
Max Gate in 2015
In 1870, while on an architectural mission to restore the parish church of St Juliot in Cornwall,[11] Hardy met and fell in love with Emma Gifford, whom he married in Kensington in the autumn of 1874.[5][12][13] In 1885 Thomas and his wife moved into Max Gate, a house designed by Hardy and built by his brother. Although they later became estranged, Emma's subsequent death in 1912 had a traumatic effect on him and after her death, Hardy made a trip to Cornwall to revisit places linked with their courtship; his Poems 1912–13 reflect upon her death. In 1914, Hardy married his secretary Florence Emily Dugdale, who was 39 years his junior. However, he remained preoccupied with his first wife's death and tried to overcome his remorse by writing poetry. In his later years, he kept a dog named Wessex, who was notoriously of ill temperament. Wessex's grave stone can be found on the Max Gate grounds. [14][15] In 1910, Hardy had been awarded the Order of Merit and was also for the first time nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature. He would be nominated for the prize eleven years later.[16]
Final years[edit]
Florence Hardy at the seashore, 1915
Hardy became ill with pleurisy in December 1927 and died at Max Gate just after 9 pm on 11 January 1928, having dictated his final poem to his wife on his deathbed; the cause of death was cited, on his death certificate, as "cardiac syncope", with "old age" given as a contributory factor. His funeral was on 16 January at Westminster Abbey, and it proved a controversial occasion because Hardy had wished for his body to be interred at Stinsford in the same grave as his first wife, Emma. His family and friends concurred; however, his executor, Sir Sydney Carlyle Cockerell, insisted that he be placed in the abbey's famous Poets' Corner. A compromise was reached whereby his heart was buried at Stinsford with Emma, and his ashes in Poets' Corner.[17] Hardy's estate at death was valued at £95,418 (£5276015 in 2015 sterling).[18]
Shortly after Hardy's death, the executors of his estate burnt his letters and notebooks, but twelve documents survived, one of them containing notes and extracts of newspaper stories from the 1820s, and research into these has provided insight into how Hardy used them in his works.[19] In the year of his death Mrs Hardy published The Early Life of Thomas Hardy, 1841–1891, compiled largely from contemporary notes, letters, diaries, and biographical memoranda, as well as from oral information in conversations extending over many years.
Hardy's work was admired by many younger writers, including D. H. Lawrence,[20] John Cowper Powys, and Virginia Woolf.[21] In his autobiography Goodbye to All That (1929), Robert Graves recalls meeting Hardy in Dorset in the early 1920s and how Hardy received him and his new wife warmly, and was encouraging about his work.
Hardy's birthplace in Bockhampton and his house Max Gate, both in Dorchester, are owned by the National Trust.
Novels[edit]
Thomas Hardy's birthplace and cottage at Higher Bockhampton, where Under the Greenwood Tree and Far from the Madding Crowd were written
View of the River Frome from the bridge at Lower Bockhampton. In Tess of the d'Urbervilles the lowland vale of the river is described as the Vale of the Great Dairies, in comparison to Tess's home, the fertile Vale of Blackmore, which is the Vale of Little Dairies.
Hardy's first novel, The Poor Man and the Lady, finished by 1867, failed to find a publisher. He then showed it to his mentor and friend, the Victorian poet and novelist, George Meredith, who felt that The Poor Man and the Lady would be too politically controversial and might damage Hardy's ability to publish in the future. So Hardy followed his advice and he did not try further to publish it. He subsequently destroyed the manuscript, but used some of the ideas in his later work.[22]
After he abandoned his first novel, Hardy wrote two new ones that he hoped would have more commercial appeal, Desperate Remedies (1871) and Under the Greenwood Tree (1872), both of which were published anonymously; it was while working on the latter that he met Emma Gifford, who would become his wife.[22] In 1873 A Pair of Blue Eyes, a novel drawing on Hardy's courtship of Emma, was published under his own name. The term "cliffhanger" is considered to have originated with the serialised version of this story (which was published in Tinsley's Magazine between September 1872 and July 1873) in which Henry Knight, one of the protagonists, is left literally hanging off a cliff.[23]
In his next novel Far from the Madding Crowd (1874), Hardy first introduced the idea of calling the region in the west of England, where his novels are set Wessex. Wessex had been the name of an early Saxon kingdom, in approximately the same part of England. Far from the Madding Crowd was successful enough for Hardy to give up architectural work and pursue a literary career. Over the next twenty-five years Hardy produced ten more novels.
Subsequently, the Hardys moved from London to Yeovil, and then to Sturminster Newton, where he wrote The Return of the Native (1878).[24] Hardy published Two on a Tower in 1882, a romance story set in the world of astronomy. Then in 1885, they moved for the last time, to Max Gate, a house outside Dorchester designed by Hardy and built by his brother. There he wrote The Mayor of Casterbridge (1886), The Woodlanders (1887), and Tess of the d'Urbervilles (1891), the last of which attracted criticism for its sympathetic portrayal of a "fallen woman" and was initially refused publication. Its subtitle, A Pure Woman: Faithfully Presented, was intended to raise the eyebrows of the Victorian middle classes.
A major location of The Return of the Native as part of Hardy's fictional Egdon Heath.
Jude the Obscure, published in 1895, met with an even stronger negative response from the Victorian public because of its controversial treatment of sex, religion and marriage. Furthermore, its apparent attack on the institution of marriage caused further strain on Hardy's already difficult marriage because Emma Hardy was concerned that Jude the Obscure would be read as autobiographical. Some booksellers sold the novel in brown paper bags, and the Bishop of Wakefield, Walsham How, is reputed to have burnt his copy.[19] In his postscript of 1912, Hardy humorously referred to this incident as part of the career of the book: "After these [hostile] verdicts from the press its next misfortune was to be burnt by a bishop – probably in his despair at not being able to burn me".[25] Despite this, Hardy had become a celebrity by the 1900s, but some argue that he gave up writing novels because of the criticism of both Tess of the D'Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure.[26] The Well-Beloved, first serialised in 1892, was published in 1897.
Hardy painted by William Strang, 1893
Literary themes[edit]
Considered a Victorian realist, Hardy examines the social constraints on the lives of those living in Victorian England, and criticises those beliefs, especially those relating to marriage, education and religion, that limited people's lives and caused unhappiness. Such unhappiness, and the suffering it brings, is seen by poet Philip Larkin as central in Hardy's works:
"What is the intensely maturing experience of which Hardy's modern man is most sensible? In my view it is suffering, or sadness, and extended consideration of the centrality of suffering in Hardy's work should be the first duty of the true critic for which the work is still waiting [. . .] Any approach to his work, as to any writer's work, must seek first of all to determine what element is peculiarly his, which imaginative note he strikes most plangently, and to deny that in this case it is the sometimes gentle, sometimes ironic, sometimes bitter but always passive apprehension of suffering is, I think, wrong-headed."[27]
In Two on a Tower, for example, Hardy takes a stand against these rules of society with a story of love that crosses the boundaries of class. The reader is forced to reconsider the conventions set up by society for the relationships between women and men. Nineteenth-century society had conventions, which were enforced. In this novel Swithin St Cleeve's idealism pits him against such contemporary social constraints.
In a novel structured around contrasts, the main opposition is between Swithin St Cleeve and Lady Viviette Constantine, who are presented as binary figures in a series of ways: aristocratic and lower class, youthful and mature, single and married, fair and dark, religious and agnostic...she [Lady Viviette Constantine] is also deeply conventional, absurdly wishing to conceal their marriage until Swithin has achieved social status through his scientific work, which gives rise to uncontrolled ironies and tragic-comic misunderstandings.[28]
Fate or chance is another important theme. Hardy's characters often encounter crossroads on a journey, a junction that offers alternative physical destinations but which is also symbolic of a point of opportunity and transition, further suggesting that fate is at work. Far From the Madding Crowd is an example of a novel in which chance has a major role: "Had Bathsheba not sent the valentine, had Fanny not missed her wedding, for example, the story would have taken an entirely different path."[29] Indeed, Hardy's main characters often seem to be held in fate's overwhelming grip.
Poetry[edit]
Thomas Hardy by Walter William Ouless, 1922
For online poems, see "Poetry collections" below.
In 1898 Hardy published his first volume of poetry, Wessex Poems, a collection of poems written over 30 years. While some suggest that Hardy gave up writing novels following the harsh criticism of Jude the Obscure in 1896, the poet C. H. Sisson calls this "hypothesis" "superficial and absurd".[26][30] In the twentieth century Hardy published only poetry.
Thomas Hardy wrote in a great variety of poetic forms including lyrics, ballads, satire, dramatic monologues, and dialogue, as well as a three-volume epic closet drama The Dynasts (1904–08),[31] and though in some ways a very traditional poet, because he was influenced by folksong and ballads,[32] he "was never conventional," and "persistently experiment[ed] with different, often invented, stanza forms and metres,[33] and made use of "rough-hewn rhythms and colloquial diction".[34]
Hardy wrote a number of significant war poems that relate to both the Boer Wars and World War I, including "Drummer Hodge", "In Time of 'The Breaking of Nations'", and "The Man He Killed"; his work had a profound influence on other war poets such as Rupert Brooke and Siegfried Sassoon.[35] Hardy in these poems often used the viewpoint of ordinary soldiers and their colloquial speech.[35] A theme in the Wessex Poems is the long shadow that the Napoleonic Wars cast over the nineteenth century, as seen, for example, in "The Sergeant's Song" and "Leipzig".[36] The Napoleonic War is the subject of The Dynasts.
Some of Hardy's most famous poems are from "Poems of 1912–13", part of Satires of Circumstance (1914), written following the death of his wife Emma in 1912. They had been estranged for twenty years and these lyric poems express deeply felt "regret and remorse".[35] Poems like “After a Journey,” “The Voice,” and others from this collection "are by general consent regarded as the peak of his poetic achievement".[31] In a recent biography on Hardy, Claire Tomalin argues that Hardy became a truly great English poet after the death of his first wife, Emma, beginning with these elegies, which she describes as among "the finest and strangest celebrations of the dead in English poetry."[37]
A portrait of Thomas Hardy in 1923
Many of Hardy's poems deal with themes of disappointment in love and life, and "the perversity of fate", but the best of them present these themes with "a carefully controlled elegiac feeling".[38] Irony is also an important element in a number of Hardy's poems, including "The Man he Killed" and "Are You Digging on My Grave".[39] A few of Hardy's poems, such as "The Blinded Bird", a melancholy polemic against the sport of vinkenzetting, reflect his firm stance against animal cruelty, exhibited also in his antivivisectionist views and his membership in The Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.[40]
A number of notable English composers, including Gerald Finzi,[41][42] Benjamin Britten,[43] and Gustav Holst,[44] set poems by Hardy to music. Holst also wrote the orchestral tone poem Egdon Heath: A Homage to Thomas Hardy in 1927.
Although his poems were initially not as well received as his novels had been, Hardy is now recognised as one of the greatest twentieth-century poets, and his verse has had a profound influence on later writers, including Robert Frost, W. H. Auden, Dylan Thomas, and, most notably Philip Larkin.[34] Larkin included twenty-seven poems by Hardy compared with only nine by T. S. Eliot in his edition of the Oxford Book of Twentieth Century English Verse in 1973.[45] There were also fewer poems by W. B. Yeats.[46]
Religious beliefs[edit]
Thomas Hardy aged 70, by William Strang
Hardy's family was Anglican, but not especially devout. He was baptised at the age of five weeks and attended church, where his father and uncle contributed to music. However, he did not attend the local Church of England school, instead being sent to Mr Last's school, three miles away. As a young adult, he befriended Henry R. Bastow (a Plymouth Brethren man), who also worked as a pupil architect, and who was preparing for adult baptism in the Baptist Church. Hardy flirted with conversion, but decided against it.[47] Bastow went to Australia and maintained a long correspondence with Hardy, but eventually Hardy tired of these exchanges and the correspondence ceased. This concluded Hardy's links with the Baptists.
The irony and struggles of life, coupled with his naturally curious mind, led him to question the traditional Christian view of God:
The Christian God – the external personality – has been replaced by the intelligence of the First Cause...the replacement of the old concept of God as all-powerful by a new concept of universal consciousness. The 'tribal god, man-shaped, fiery-faced and tyrannous' is replaced by the 'unconscious will of the Universe' which progressively grows aware of itself and 'ultimately, it is to be hoped, sympathetic'.[48]
Scholars have debated Hardy's religious leanings for years, often unable to reach a consensus. However, Hardy's religious life seems to have mixed agnosticism, deism, and spiritism. Once, when asked in correspondence by a clergyman, Dr A. B. Grosart, about the question of reconciling the horrors of human and animal life with "the absolute goodness and non-limitation of God",[49] Hardy replied,
Mr. Hardy regrets that he is unable to offer any hypothesis which would reconcile the existence of such evils as Dr. Grosart describes with the idea of omnipotent goodness. Perhaps Dr. Grosart might be helped to a provisional view of the universe by the recently published Life of Darwin and the works of Herbert Spencer and other agnostics.[50]
Hardy frequently conceived of, and wrote about, supernatural forces, particularly those that control the universe through indifference or caprice, a force he called The Immanent Will. He also showed in his writing some degree of fascination with ghosts and spirits.[50] Even so, he retained a strong emotional attachment to the Christian liturgy and church rituals, particularly as manifested in rural communities, that had been such a formative influence in his early years, and Biblical references can be found woven throughout many of Hardy's novels.
Hardy's friends during his apprenticeship to John Hicks included Horace Moule (one of the eight sons of Henry Moule), and the poet William Barnes, both ministers of religion. Moule remained a close friend of Hardy's for the rest of his life, and introduced him to new scientific findings that cast doubt on literal interpretations of the Bible,[51] such as those of Gideon Mantell. Moule gave Hardy a copy of Mantell's book The Wonders of Geology (1848) in 1858, and Adelene Buckland has suggested that there are "compelling similarities" between the "cliffhanger" section from A Pair of Blue Eyes and Mantell's geological descriptions. It has also been suggested that the character of Henry Knight in A Pair of Blue Eyes was based on Horace Moule.[52]
Grave of Thomas Hardy's heart at Stinsford parish church
Locations in novels[edit]
Sites associated with Hardy's own life and which inspired the settings of his novels continue to attract literary tourists and casual visitors. For locations in Hardy's novels see: Thomas Hardy's Wessex, and the Thomas Hardy's Wessex[53] research site, which includes maps.[54]
Influence[edit]
Hardy corresponded with and visited Lady Catherine Milnes Gaskell at Wenlock Abbey and many of Lady Catherine's books are inspired by Hardy, who was very fond of her.[55]
D. H. Lawrence's Study of Thomas Hardy (1936) indicates the importance of Hardy for him, even though this work is a platform for Lawrence's own developing philosophy rather than a more standard literary study. The influence of Hardy's treatment of character, and Lawrence's own response to the central metaphysic behind many of Hardy's novels, helped significantly in the development of The Rainbow (1915) and Women in Love (1920).[56]
Wood and Stone (1915), the first novel by John Cowper Powys, who was a contemporary of Lawrence, was "Dedicated with devoted admiration to the greatest poet and novelist of our age Thomas Hardy".[57] Powys's later novel Maiden Castle (1936) is set in Dorchester, Hardy's Casterbridge, and was intended by Powys to be a "rival" to Hardy's The Mayor of Casterbridge.[58] Maiden Castle is the last of Powys's so-called Wessex novels, Wolf Solent (1929), A Glastonbury Romance (1932), and Weymouth Sands (1934), which are set in Somerset and Dorset.[59]
Hardy was clearly the starting point for the character of the novelist Edward Driffield in W. Somerset Maugham's novel Cakes and Ale (1930).[60] Thomas Hardy's works also feature prominently in the American playwright Christopher Durang's The Marriage of Bette and Boo (1985), in which a graduate thesis analysing Tess of the d'Urbervilles is interspersed with analysis of Matt's family's neuroses.[61]
Hardy has been a significant influence on Nigel Blackwell, frontman of the post-punk British rock band Half Man Half Biscuit, who has often incorporated phrases (some obscure) by or about Hardy, into his song lyrics.[62]
Works[edit]
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The title page from a first edition of Far from the Madding Crowd (1874)
Prose[edit]
Hardy divided his novels and collected short stories into three classes:[citation needed]
Novels of character and environment
The Poor Man and the Lady (1867, unpublished and lost)
Under the Greenwood Tree: A Rural Painting of the Dutch School (1872)
Far from the Madding Crowd (1874)
The Return of the Native (1878)
The Mayor of Casterbridge: The Life and Death of a Man of Character (1886)
The Woodlanders (1887)
Wessex Tales (1888, a collection of short stories)
Tess of the d'Urbervilles: A Pure Woman Faithfully Presented (1891)
Life's Little Ironies (1894, a collection of short stories)
Jude the Obscure (1895)
Romances and fantasies
A Pair of Blue Eyes: A Novel (1873)
The Trumpet-Major (1880)
Two on a Tower: A Romance (1882)
A Group of Noble Dames (1891, a collection of short stories)
The Well-Beloved: A Sketch of a Temperament (1897) (first published as a serial from 1892)
Novels of ingenuity
Desperate Remedies: A Novel (1871)
The Hand of Ethelberta: A Comedy in Chapters (1876)
A Laodicean: A Story of To-day (1881)
Hardy also produced a number of minor tales; one story, The Spectre of the Real (1894) was written in collaboration with Florence Henniker.[63] An additional short-story collection, beyond the ones mentioned above, is A Changed Man and Other Tales (1913). His works have been collected as the 24-volume Wessex Edition (1912–13) and the 37-volume Mellstock Edition (1919–20). His largely self-written biography appears under his second wife's name in two volumes from 1928 to 1930, as The Early Life of Thomas Hardy, 1840–91 and The Later Years of Thomas Hardy, 1892–1928, now published in a critical one-volume edition as The Life and Work of Thomas Hardy, edited by Michael Millgate (1984).
Short stories (with date of first publication)
"How I Built Myself A House" (1865)
"Destiny and a Blue Cloak" (1874)
"The Thieves Who Couldn't Stop Sneezing" (1877)
"The Duchess of Hamptonshire" (1878) (collected in A Group of Noble Dames)
"The Distracted Preacher" (1879) (collected in Wessex Tales)
"Fellow-Townsmen" (1880) (collected in Wessex Tales)
"The Honourable Laura" (1881) (collected in A Group of Noble Dames)
"What The Shepherd Saw" (1881) (collected in A Changed Man and Other Stories)
"A Tradition of Eighteen Hundred and Four" (1882) (collected in Wessex Tales)
"The Three Strangers" (1883) (collected in Wessex Tales)
"The Romantic Adventures of a Milkmaid" (1883) (collected in A Changed Man and Other Stories)
"Interlopers at the Knap" (1884) (collected in Wessex Tales)
"A Mere Interlude" (1885) (collected in A Changed Man and Other Stories)
"A Tryst at an Ancient Earthwork" (1885) (collected in A Changed Man and Other Stories)
"Alicia's Diary" (1887) (collected in A Changed Man and Other Stories)
"The Waiting Supper" (1887–88) (collected in A Changed Man and Other Stories)
"The Withered Arm" (1888) (collected in Wessex Tales)
"A Tragedy of Two Ambitions" (1888) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
"The First Countess of Wessex" (1889) (collected in A Group of Noble Dames)
"Anna, Lady Baxby" (1890) (collected in A Group of Noble Dames)
"The Lady Icenway" (1890) (collected in A Group of Noble Dames)
"Lady Mottisfont" (1890) (collected in A Group of Noble Dames)
"The Lady Penelope" (1890) (collected in A Group of Noble Dames)
"The Marchioness of Stonehenge" (1890) (collected in A Group of Noble Dames)
"Squire Petrick's Lady" (1890) (collected in A Group of Noble Dames)
"Barbara of the House of Grebe" (1890) (collected in A Group of Noble Dames)
"The Melancholy Hussar of The German Legion" (1890) (collected in Wessex Tales)
"Absent-Mindedness in a Parish Choir" (1891)
"The Winters and the Palmleys" (1891)
"For Conscience' Sake" (1891) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
"Incident in Mr. Crookhill's Life"(1891)
"The Doctor's Legend" (1891)
"Andrey Satchel and the Parson and Clerk" (1891)
"The History of the Hardcomes" (1891)
"Netty Sargent's Copyhold" (1891)
"On The Western Circuit" (1891) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
"A Few Crusted Characters: Introduction" (1891) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
"The Superstitious Man's Story" (1891)
"Tony Kytes, the Arch-Deceiver" (1891)
"To Please His Wife (nl)" (1891) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
"The Son's Veto" (1891) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
"Old Andrey's Experience as a Musician" (1891)
"Our Exploits At West Poley" (1892–93)
"Master John Horseleigh, Knight" (1893)
"The Fiddler of the Reels" (1893) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
"An Imaginative Woman" (1894) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
"The Spectre of the Real" (1894)
"A Committee-Man of 'The Terror'" (1896) (collected in A Changed Man and Other Stories)
"The Duke's Reappearance" (1896) (collected in A Changed Man and Other Stories)
"The Grave by the Handpost" (1897) (collected in A Changed Man and Other Stories)
"A Changed Man" (1900) (collected in A Changed Man and Other Stories)
"Enter a Dragoon" (1900) (collected in A Changed Man and Other Stories)
"Blue Jimmy: The Horse Stealer" (1911)
"Old Mrs. Chundle" (1929)
"The Unconquerable"(1992)
Poetry collections[edit]
Wessex Poems and Other Verses (1898)
Poems of the Past and the Present (1901)
Time's Laughingstocks and Other Verses (1909)
Satires of Circumstance (1914)
Moments of Vision (1917)
Collected Poems (1919)
Late Lyrics and Earlier with Many Other Verses (1922)
Human Shows, Far Phantasies, Songs and Trifles (1925)
Winter Words in Various Moods and Metres (1928)
The Complete Poems (Macmillan, 1976)
Selected Poems (Edited by Harry Thomas, Penguin, 1993)
Hardy: Poems (Everyman's Library Pocket Poets, 1995)
Thomas Hardy: Selected Poetry and Nonfictional Prose (St. Martin's Press, 1996)
Selected Poems (Edited by Robert Mezey, Penguin, 1998)
Thomas Hardy: The Complete Poems (Edited by James Gibson, Palgrave, 2001)
Online poems: Poems by Thomas Hardy[64] at Poetry Foundation and Poems by Thomas Hardy at poemhunter.com[65]
Drama[edit]
The Dynasts: An Epic-Drama of the War with Napoleon (verse drama)
The Dynasts, Part 1 (1904)
The Dynasts, Part 2 (1906)
The Dynasts, Part 3 (1908)
The Famous Tragedy of the Queen of Cornwall at Tintagel in Lyonnesse (1923) (one-act play)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Taylor, Dennis (Winter 1986), "Hardy and Wordsworth", Victorian Poetry, 24 (4) .
Jump up ^ Watts, Cedric (2007). Thomas Hardy: 'Tess of the d'Urbervilles'. Humanities-Ebooks. pp. 13, 14.
Jump up ^ "BBC – The Big Read". BBC. April 2003, Retrieved 16 December 2016
Jump up ^ "Thomas Hardy: The Time-Torn Man". the Guardian.
^ Jump up to: a b "FreeBMD Home Page". www.freebmd.org.uk.
Jump up ^ Tomalin, Claire (2007), Thomas Hardy: the Time-torn Man, Penguin, pp. 30, 36 .
Jump up ^ Walsh, Lauren (2005), "Introduction", The Return of the Native, by Thomas Hardy (print), Classics, New York: Barnes & Noble .
Jump up ^ Flood, Alison (16 August 2016). "Thomas Hardy altarpiece discovered in Windsor church". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Legendary author Thomas Hardy's lost contribution to Windsor church uncovered". Royal Borough Observer.
Jump up ^ Burley, Peter (2012). "When steam railroaded history". Cornerstone. 33 (1): 9.
Jump up ^ Gibson, James (ed.) (1975) Chosen Poems of Thomas Hardy, London: Macmillan Education; p.9.
Jump up ^ Hardy, Emma (1961) Some Recollections by Emma Hardy; with some relevant poems by Thomas Hardy; ed. by Evelyn Hardy & R. Gittings. London: Oxford University Press
Jump up ^ "Thomas Hardy – the Time-Torn Man" (a reading of Claire Tomalin's book of the same name), BBC Radio 4, 23 October 2006
Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/books/2006/sep/30/biography.thomashardy
Jump up ^ "Wiltshire Days Out – Thomas Hardy at Stourhead". BBC. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Nomination Database".
Jump up ^ Bradford,Charles Angell (1933). Heart Burial. London: Allen & Unwin. p. 246. ISBN 978-1-162-77181-6.
Jump up ^ From Probate Index for 1928: "Hardy O. M. Thomas of Max Gate Dorchester Dorsetshire died 11 January 1928 Probate London 22 February to Lloyds Bank Limited Effects £90707 14s 3d Resworn £95418 3s 1d."
^ Jump up to: a b "Homeground: Dead man talking". BBC Online. 20 August 2003. Archived from the original on 31 August 2004. Retrieved 12 August 2006.
Jump up ^ Steele, Bruce, ed. (1985) [1914], "Literary criticism and metaphysics", Study of Thomas Hardy and other essays, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-25252-0 .
Jump up ^ "The Novels of Thomas Hardy", The Common Reader, 2nd series.
^ Jump up to: a b J. B. Bullen (24 June 2013). Thomas Hardy: The World of his Novels. Frances Lincoln. p. 143. ISBN 978-1-78101-122-5.
Jump up ^ Thomas Hardy (17 November 2013). Delphi Complete Works of Thomas Hardy (Illustrated). Delphi Classics. pp. 570–. ISBN 978-1-908909-17-6.
Jump up ^ "Curiosities of Sturminster Newton - Dorset Life - The Dorset Magazine". www.dorsetlife.co.uk. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Hardy, Thomas (1998). Jude the Obscure. Penguin Classics. p. 466. ISBN 0-14-043538-7.
^ Jump up to: a b "Thomas Hardy", The Norton Anthology of English Literature, 7th edition, vol.2 . New York: W. W. Norton, 2000, p.1916.
Jump up ^ Larkin, Philip 1983, "Wanted: Good Hardy Critic" in Required Writing, London: Faber and Faber.
Jump up ^ Geoffrey Harvey, Thomas Hardy: The Complete Critical Guide to Thomas Hardy. New York: Routledge, 2003, p.108.
Jump up ^ "Far from the Madding Crowd, Thomas Hardy – Introduction (Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism. Ed. Linda Pavlovski. Vol. 153. Gale Group, Inc.,". Enotes.com. Retrieved 7 September 2009.
Jump up ^ "Introduction" to the Penguin edition of Jude the Obscure (1978). Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1984, p.13.
^ Jump up to: a b "Thomas Hardy (British writer) – Encyclopædia Britannica". Britannica.com. 6 November 2013. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Thomas Hardy", The Bloomsbury Guide to English Literature, ed. Marion Wynne Davies. New York: Prentice Hall, 1990, p.583.
Jump up ^ The Bloomsbury Guide, p.583.
^ Jump up to: a b "Thomas Hardy | Academy of American Poets". Poets.org. 11 January 1928. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Axelrod, Jeremy. "Thomas Hardy". The Poetry Foundation. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Katherine Kearney Maynard, Thomas Hardy's Tragic Poetry: The Lyrics and The Dynasts. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1991, pp.8–12.
Jump up ^ Tomalin, Claire. "Thomas Hardy." New York: Penguin, 2007.
Jump up ^ "The Norton Anthology of English Literature, 7th edition, vol. 2, p.1916.
Jump up ^ Katherine Kearney Maynard, Thomas Hardy's Tragic Poetry: The Lyrics and The Dynasts. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1991, pp8-12.
Jump up ^ Herbert N. Schneidau. Waking Giants: The Presence of the Past in Modernism. Retrieved 16 April 2008. (Google Books)
Jump up ^ Song cycle Earth and Air and Rain (1936)
Jump up ^ "Biography " Gerald Finzi Official Site". Geraldfinzi.com. 27 September 1956. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Song cycle Winter Words (1953)
Jump up ^ "Gustav Holst (The Lied, Art Song, and Choral Texts Archive: Texts and Translations to Lieder, mélodies, canzoni, and other classical vocal music)". Recmusic.org. Retrieved 19 May 2014. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "Poetry.org". Poets.org. 11 January 1928. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Thomas Hardy", The Norton Anthology of English Literature, 7th edition, vol.2, p.1916.
Jump up ^ Claire Tomalin, Thomas Hardy, The Time Torn Man(Penguin, 2007), pp.46–47.
Jump up ^ Wotton, G. (1985), Thomas Hardy: Towards A Materialist Criticism, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, p.36
Jump up ^ Florence Emily Hardy, The Early Life of Thomas Hardy, 1840–1891, p. 269
^ Jump up to: a b Ellman, Richard, & O'Clair, Robert (eds.) 1988. "Thomas Hardy" in The Norton Anthology of Modern Poetry, Norton, New York.
Jump up ^ [1] Archived 22 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Adelene Buckland: Thomas Hardy, Provincial Geology and the Material Imagination". Retrieved 10 December 2011.
Jump up ^ "Thomas Hardy's Wessex". St-andrews.ac.uk. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Thomas Hardy's Wessex: The Evolution of Wessex". St-andrews.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 2 May 2013. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Gamble, Cynthia, 2015 Wenlock Abbey 1857–1919: A Shropshire Country House and the Milnes Gaskell Family, Ellingham Press.
Jump up ^ Terry R. Wright, "Hardy's Heirs: D. H. Lawrence and John Cowper Powys" in A Companion to Thomas Hardy. Chichester, Sussex: John Wiley, 2012.[2]
Jump up ^ Terry R. Wright, "Hardy's Heirs: D. H. Lawrence and John Cowper Powys"
Jump up ^ Morine Krissdottir, Descents of Memory: The Life of John Cowper Powys. (New York: Overlook Duckworth, 2007), p. 312.
Jump up ^ Herbert Williams, John Cowper Powys. (Bridgend, Wales: Seren, 1997), p. 94.
Jump up ^ "Cakes and Ale". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Christopher Durang The Marriage of Bette and Boo. New York: Grove Press, 1987.[3]
Jump up ^ See for example the song "Their damnation slumbereth not", which is a quotation from Thomas Hardy's novel Tess of the d'Urbervilles, Hardy, Thomas (1891). Tess of the d'Urbervilles. Chapter 12. Retrieved 21 February 2015. which is itself an adaptation of the Second Epistle of Peter at 2:3: "Their damnation slumbereth not".
Jump up ^ Purdy, Richard (October 1944). "Thomas Hardy And Florence Henniker: The Writing Of "The Spectre Of The Real". Colby Library Quarterly, series 1, no.8: 122–6.
Jump up ^ Axelrod, Jeremy. "Thomas Hardy". The Poetry Foundation. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
Jump up ^ http://www.poemhunter.com/i/ebooks/pdf/thomas_hardy_2004_9.pdf
Biographies and criticism[edit]
Armstrong, Tim. "Player Piano: Poetry and Sonic Modernity" in Modernism/Modernity 14.1 (January 2007), 1–19.
Beatty, Claudius J.P. Thomas Hardy: Conservation Architect. His Work for the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings. Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society 1995. ISBN 0-900341-44-0
Blunden, Edmund. Thomas Hardy. New York: St. Martin's, 1942.
Brady, Kristen. The Short Stories of Thomas Hardy. London: Macmillan, 1982.
Boumelha, Penny. Thomas Hardy and Women. New Jersey: Barnes and Noble, 1982.
Brennecke, Jr., Ernest. The Life of Thomas Hardy. New York: Greenberg, 1925.
Cecil, Lord David. Hardy the Novelist. London: Constable, 1943.
D'Agnillo, Renzo, "Music and Metaphor in Under the Greenwood Tree, in The Thomas Hardy Journal, 9, 2 (May 1993), pp.39–50.
D'Agnillo, Renzo, “Between Belief and Non-Belief: Thomas Hardy’s ‘The Shadow on the Stone’”, in Thomas Hardy, Francesco Marroni and Norman Page (eds), Pescara, Edizioni Tracce, 1995, pp.197–222.
Deacon, Lois and Terry Coleman. Providence and Mr. Hardy. London: Hutchinson, 1966.
Draper, Jo. Thomas Hardy: A Life in Pictures. Wimborne, Dorset: The Dovecote Press.
Ellman, Richard & O'Clair, Robert (eds.) 1988. "Thomas Hardy" in The Norton Anthology of Modern Poetry, Norton, New York.
Gatrell, Simon. Hardy the Creator: A Textual Biography. Oxford: Clarendon, 1988.
Gibson, James. Thomas Hardy: A Literary Life. London: Macmillan, 1996.
Gibson, James. Thomas Hardy: Interviews and Recollections. London: Macmillan, 1999; New York: St Martin's Press, 1999.
Gittings, Robert. Thomas Hardy's Later Years. Boston : Little, Brown, 1978.
Gittings, Robert. Young Thomas Hardy. Boston : Little, Brown, 1975.
Gittings, Robert and Jo Manton. The Second Mrs Hardy. London: Heinemann, 1979.
Gossin, P. Thomas Hardy's Novel Universe: Astronomy, Cosmology, and Gender in the Post-Darwinian World. Aldershot, Ashgate, 2007 (The Nineteenth Century Series).
Halliday, F. E. Thomas Hardy: His Life and Work. Bath: Adams & Dart, 1972.
Hands, Timothy. Thomas Hardy : Distracted Preacher? : Hardy's religious biography and its influence on his novels. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1989.
Hardy, Evelyn. Thomas Hardy: A Critical Biography. London: Hogarth Press, 1954.
Hardy, Florence Emily. The Early Life of Thomas Hardy, 1840–1891. London: Macmillan, 1928.
Hardy, Florence Emily. The Later Years of Thomas Hardy, 1892–1928 London: Macmillan, 1930.
Harvey, Geoffrey. Thomas Hardy: The Complete Critical Guide to Thomas Hardy. New York: Routledge (Taylor & Francis Group), 2003.
Hedgcock, F. A., Thomas Hardy: penseur et artiste. Paris: Librairie Hachette, 1911.
Holland, Clive. Thomas Hardy O.M.: The Man, His Works and the Land of Wessex. London: Herbert Jenkins, 1933.
Jedrzejewski, Jan. Thomas Hardy and the Church. London: Macmillan, 1996.
Johnson, Lionel Pigot. The art of Thomas Hardy (London: E. Mathews, 1894).
Kay-Robinson, Denys. The First Mrs Thomas Hardy. London: Macmillan, 1979.
Langbaum, Robert. "Thomas Hardy in Our Time." New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995, London: Macmillan, 1997.
Marroni, Francesco, "The Negation of Eros in 'Barbara of the House of Grebe’ ", in "Thomas Hardy Journal", 10, 1 (February 1994) pp. 33–41
Marroni, Francesco and Norman Page (eds.), Thomas Hardy. Pescara: Edizioni Tracce, 1995.
Marroni, Francesco, La poesia di Thomas Hardy. Bari: Adriatica Editrice, 1997.
Marroni, Francesco, "The Poetry of Ornithology in Keats, Leopardi, and Hardy: A Dialogic Analysis", in "Thomas Hardy Journal", 14, 2 (May 1998) pp. 35–44
Millgate, Michael (ed.). The Life and Work of Thomas Hardy by Thomas Hardy. London: Macmillan, 1984.
Millgate, Michael. Thomas Hardy: A Biography. New York: Random House, 1982.
Millgate, Michael. Thomas Hardy: A Biography Revisited. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
Morgan, Rosemarie, (ed) The Ashgate Research Companion to Thomas Hardy, (Ashgate publishing), 2010.
Morgan, Rosemarie, (ed) The Hardy Review,(Maney Publishing), 1999–.
Morgan, Rosemarie, Student Companion to Thomas Hardy (Greenwood Press),2006.
Morgan, Rosemarie, Cancelled Words: Rediscovering Thomas Hardy (Routledge, Chapman & Hall),1992
Morgan, Rosemarie, Women and Sexuality in the Novels of Thomas Hardy (Routledge & Kegan Paul), 1988; paperback: 1990.
Musselwhite, David, Social Transformations in Hardy's Tragic Novels: Megamachines and Phantasms, Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.
Norman, Andrew. Behind the Mask, History Press, 2011. ISBN 978-0-7524-5630-0
O'Sullivan, Timothy. Thomas Hardy: An Illustrated Biography. London: Macmillan, 1975.
Orel, Harold. The Final Years of Thomas Hardy, 1912–1928. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1976.
Orel, Harold. The Unknown Thomas Hardy. New York: St. Martin's, 1987.
Page, Norman, ed. Thomas Hardy Annual. No.1: 1982; No.2: 1984; No.3: 1985; No.4:1986; No.5; 1987. London: Macmillan, 1982–1987.
Phelps, Kenneth. The Wormwood Cup: Thomas Hardy in Cornwall. Padstow: Lodenek Press, 1975.
Pinion, F. B. Thomas Hardy: His Life and Friends. London: Palgrave, 1992.
Pite, Ralph. Thomas Hardy: The Guarded Life. London: Picador, 2006.
Saxelby, F. Outwin. A Thomas Hardy dictionary : the characters and scenes of the novels and poems alphabetically arranged and described (London: G. Routledge, 1911).
Seymour-Smith, Martin. Hardy. London: Bloomsbury, 1994.
Stevens-Cox, J. Thomas Hardy: Materials for a Study of his Life, Times, and Works. St. Peter Port, Guernsey: Toucan Press, 1968.
Stevens-Cox, J. Thomas Hardy: More Materials for a Study of his Life, Times, and Works. St. Peter Port, Guernsey: Toucan Press, 1971.
Stewart, J. I. M. Thomas Hardy: A Critical Biography. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1971.
Taylor, Richard H. The Neglected Hardy: Thomas Hardy's Lesser Novels. London: Macmillan; New York: St Martin's Press, 1982.
Taylor, Richard H., ed. The Personal Notebooks of Thomas Hardy. London: Macmillan, 1979.
Turner, Paul. The Life of Thomas Hardy: A Critical Biography. Oxford: Blackwell, 1998.
Weber, Carl J. Hardy of Wessex, his Life and Literary Career. New York: Columbia University Press, 1940.
Wilson, Keith. Thomas Hardy on Stage. London: Macmillan, 1995.
Wilson, Keith, ed. Thomas Hardy Reappraised: Essays in Honour of Michael Millgate. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2006.
Wilson, Keith, ed. A Companion to Thomas Hardy. Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.
Wotton, George. Thomas Hardy: Towards A Materialist Criticism. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 1985.
External links[edit]
Library resources about
Thomas Hardy
Resources in your library
Resources in other libraries
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Thomas Hardy
Wikisource has original works written by or about:
Thomas Hardy
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Hardy, Thomas.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thomas Hardy.
Dorset County Museum, Dorchester, Dorset, contains the largest Hardy collections in the world, donated directly to the Museum by the Hardy family and enscribed on the UNESCO Memory of the World register for the United Kingdom.
Hardy Collection at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin
Hardy's Cottage National Trust visitor information for Hardy's birthplace.
Hardy Country A visitor guide for 'Hardy Country' in Dorset (sites of interest).
Thomas Hardy at the British Library
A Hyper-Concordance to the Works of Thomas Hardy at the Victorian Literary Studies Archive, Nagoya University, Japan
Letter from Hardy to Bertram Windle, transcribed by Birgit Plietzsch, from Collected Letters, vol 2, pp.131–133. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
Max Gate National Trust visitor information for Max Gate (the home Hardy designed, lived and died in).
The Thomas Hardy Association (TTHA)
The Thomas Hardy Society
The New Hardy Players Theatrical group specialising in the works of Thomas Hardy.
Works by Thomas Hardy at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about Thomas Hardy at Internet Archive
Works by Thomas Hardy at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
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v
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Thomas Hardy
Novels
The Poor Man and the Lady (1867)
Desperate Remedies (1871)
Under the Greenwood Tree (1872)
A Pair of Blue Eyes (1873)
Far from the Madding Crowd (1874)
The Hand of Ethelberta (1876)
The Return of the Native (1878)
The Trumpet-Major (1880)
A Laodicean (1881)
Two on a Tower (1882)
The Mayor of Casterbridge (1886)
The Woodlanders (1887)
Tess of the d'Urbervilles (1891/92)
Jude the Obscure (1895)
The Well-Beloved (1897)
Short story collections
Wessex Tales (1888)
A Group of Noble Dames (1891)
Life's Little Ironies (1894)
A Changed Man and Other Tales (1913)
Short stories
"The Three Strangers" (1883)
"A Mere Interlude" (1885)
"Alicia's Diary" (1887)
"Barbara of the House of Grebe" (1891)
"The Fiddler of the Reels" (1893)
"A Tragedy of Two Ambitions" (1894)
Poetry collections
Wessex Poems and Other Verses (1898)
Poems of the Past and the Present (1901)
Time's Laughingstocks (1909)
Poems 1912–13
Satires of Circumstance (1914)
Moments of Vision (1917)
Late Lyrics (1922)
Human Shows (1925)
Winter Words (1928)
Poems
"Neutral Tones" (1898)
"The Darkling Thrush" (1901)
"The Ruined Maid" (1901)
"The Respectable Burgher" (1901)
"The Man He Killed" (1902)
"A Trampwoman's Tragedy" (1903)
"The Convergence of the Twain" (1915)
"The Blinded Bird" (1916)
Plays
The Dynasts (1904–1908)
Life
Thomas Hardy's Cottage
Max Gate home
Emma Gifford (first wife)
Florence Dugdale (second wife)
Related
Thomas Hardy's Wessex
Egdon Heath
Winter Words (song cycle)
[show]
v
t
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Thomas Hardy's Far from the Madding Crowd (1874)
Adaptations
1915 film (lost)
1967 film
1998 TV miniseries
2015 film
Related
Thomas Hardy's Wessex
Tamara Drewe (comic strip)
Tamara Drewe (film)
Wikisource texts
[show]
v
t
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Thomas Hardy's Tess of the d'Urbervilles (1892)
Film
Tess of the d'Urbervilles (1913)
Tess of the d'Urbervilles (1924)
Tess (1979)
Prem Granth (1996)
Trishna (2011)
Television
Tess of the D'Urbervilles (2008 TV series)
Related
Thomas Hardy's Wessex
Wikisource texts
[show]
v
t
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Thomas Hardy's The Mayor of Casterbridge (1886)
Adaptations
The Mayor of Casterbridge (1921)
Mayor Nair (1966)
Daag (1973)
The Mayor of Casterbridge (1978)
Vichitra Jeevitham (1978)
The Claim (2000)
The Mayor of Casterbridge (2003)
Related
Thomas Hardy's Wessex
Wife selling
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 54148778
LCCN: n79046230
ISNI: 0000 0001 2133 3830
GND: 118545930
SELIBR: 208832
SUDOC: 026914735
BNF: cb11906896c (data)
BIBSYS: 90058863
ULAN: 500225003
MusicBrainz: d4665aa6-efae-439d-b12d-86c81cd02898
NLA: 35170918
NDL: 00442456
NKC: jn19990003162
BNE: XX821647
SNAC: w6gh9j5m
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hardy&oldid=832031819"
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