text:
Budget Day
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Budget Day is the day that a government presents its budget to a legislature for approval, typically in a ceremonial fashion. It only exists in some countries of the world.
Contents
[hide]
1 India
1.1 Pre-liberalisation
1.2 Post-liberalisation
1.3 Time of budget announcement
1.4 Date of budget announcement
2 Hong Kong
3 Ireland
4 Netherlands
5 United Kingdom
5.1 Preparation
5.2 Presentation to the Monarch
5.3 Presentation to the Cabinet
5.4 The Chancellor's Speech and debate
5.5 Evening broadcast
5.6 Aftermath
6 In the United States
7 Footnotes
8 References
9 External links
India[edit]
The Union Budget of India, referred to as the Annual Financial Statement[1] in Article 112 of the Constitution of India, is the annual budget of the Republic of India, presented each year on the last working day of February by the Finance Minister of India in Parliament. The budget, which is presented by means of the Financial Bill and the Appropriation bill has to be passed by the House before it can come into effect on 1 April, the start of India's financial year.
Pre-liberalisation[edit]
The first Union budget of independent India was presented by R. K. Shanmukham Chetty on 26 November 1947.[2]
The Union budgets for the fiscal years 1959–61 to 1963–64, inclusive of the interim budget for 1962–63, were presented by Morarji Desai.[2] On 29 February in 1964 and 1968, he became the only finance minister to present the Union budget on his birthday.[3] Vyas presented budgets that included five annual budgets, an interim budget during his first stint and one interim budget and three final budgets in his second tenure when he was both the Finance Minister and Deputy Prime Minister of India.[2]
After Desai's resignation, Indira Gandhi, the then Prime Minister of India, took over the Ministry of Finance to become the only woman to hold the post of the finance minister.[2]
Pranab Mukherjee, the first Rajya Sabha member to hold the Finance portfolio, presented the annual budgets for 1982–83, 1983–84 and 1984–85.[2]
Rajiv Gandhi presented the budget for 1987–89 after V P Singh quit his government, and in the process became only the third Prime Minister to present a budget after his mother and grandfather.[2]
N. D. Tiwary presented the budget for 1988–89, S B Chavan for 1989–90, while Madhu Dandawate presented the Union budget for 1990–91.[2]
Manmohan Singh became the Finance Minister but presented the interim budget for 1991–92 as elections were forced.[2]
Due to political developments, early elections were held in May 1991 following which the Indian National Congress returned to political power and Singh, the Finance Minister, presented the budget for 1991–92.[2]
Post-liberalisation[edit]
Manmohan Singh, in his next annual budgets from 1992–93, opened the economy,[4] encouraged foreign investments and reduced peak import duty from 300 plus percent to 50 percent.[2]
After elections in 1996, a non-Congress ministry assumed office. Hence the final budget for 1996–97 was presented by P. Chidambaram, who then belonged to Tamil Maanila Congress.[2]
Following a constitutional crisis when the I. K. Gujral Ministry was on its way out, a special session of Parliament was convened just to pass Chidambaram's 1997–98 budget. This budget was passed without a debate.[2]
After the general elections in March 1998 that led to the Bharatiya Janata Party forming the central government, Yashwant Sinha, the then Finance Minister in this government, presented the interim and final budgets for 1998–99.[2]
After general elections in 1999, Sinha again became the finance minister and presented four annual budgets from 1999–2000 to 2002–2003.[2] Due to elections in May 2004, an interim budget was presented by Jaswant Singh.[2]
Time of budget announcement[edit]
Until the year 2000, the Union Budget was announced at 5 pm on the last working day of the month of February. This practice was inherited from the Colonial Era when the British Parliament would pass the budget in the noon followed by India in the evening of the day.
It was Mr.Yashwant Sinha, the then Finance Minister of India in the NDA government (led by BJP) of Atal Bihari Vajpayee, who changed the ritual by announcing the 2001 Union Budget at 11 am.[5]
Date of budget announcement[edit]
Until the year 2016, the Union Budget was presented in the Lok Sabha on the last working day of February.
It was Mr. Arun Jaitley, the Minister of Finance in the BJP led NDA Government under the Prime Ministership of Mr. Narendra Modi, who changed the date of the Annual Budget of 2017 to the first working day of February.
Additionally, the Railway Budget was also merged with the General Budget after 92 years in 2017. [6]
Hong Kong[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2013)
In Hong Kong the Financial Secretary introduces the appropriations bill for first reading a few weeks before the beginning of a fiscal year on 1 April, with a speech to move the motion for first reading of the bill. In 2002 the tradition for the Secretary for the Treasury to deliver a spending announcement was abolished. The budget day typically falls on a Wednesday in early March, but since 2000 it has been moved to a Wednesday in late February. A resolution for temporary appropriations is usually moved, since the third reading of the appropriations bill usually takes place after 1 April.
Ireland[edit]
In Ireland, Budget Day is the annual statement to the Dáil by the Minister for Finance, made in the first week of December. It sets out the budgetary targets for the following year and consists of (i) a Financial Statement to the Dáil, (ii) Budgetary Measures (a list of budgetary changes detailing the cost/yield of same), (iii) Budget Statistics and Tables and (iv) various financial resolutions.[citation needed]
The day itself is very similar to Budget Day in the United Kingdom. In the early afternoon, the Minister for Finance will normally hold a photocall in the car park of Leinster House, with the traditional budget briefcase (in recent years, a floppy disk or CD-ROM purportely containing the contents of the Budget speech has often been used instead). At 15:45, the Minister for Finance presents the budget speech in Dáil Éireann. The speech, which lasts approximately one hour, is normally carried live on Raidió Teilifís Éireann radio and television. The speech contains the main taxation and other fiscal measures to be employed over the next calendar year. The Opposition Front Bench spokesperson on Finance normally replies to the Budget speech first, followed by the spokespersons on finance of other opposition parties. A vote on supply normally takes place before midnight on the night of the budget, with changes to excise duties on alcohol, tobacco, and petrol taking place from midnight. Most other measures are spelt out in greater detail in the Finance Bill which is introduced in the Oireachtas following the budget, eventually becoming the Finance Act.
Netherlands[edit]
Minister of Finance Onno Ruding carrying the budget briefcase, Prinsjedag 1983
In the Netherlands, the presentation of the budget is made on the same day as when the monarch gives the speech from the throne; this is held on the third Tuesday of September, which is called Prinsjesdag (Little Princes' Day). After the monarch gives the speech from the throne, announcing the government's agenda for the coming year, the National Budget and the Budget Memorandum are presented later that day to the House of Representatives and are brought in a ceremonial briefcase by the minister of finance.[7] This briefcase tradition was introduced in 1947 by Piet Lieftinck in imitation of the British tradition.[8]
United Kingdom[edit]
In the United Kingdom, Budget Day is the day that the Chancellor of the Exchequer delivers the Budget, first privately to the Cabinet and then publicly in a speech to the House of Commons. It is always aligned with the fiscal year, which itself in the UK is still aligned with the Julian Calendar. Nowadays, Budget Day occurs on a Wednesday in March, before the start of the new fiscal year, although in the early 20th century it was delivered in April, after the start of the fiscal year. However, the current chancellor Philip Hammond announced in the 2016 Autumn Statement that the budget would from 2018 be moved to October as an 'autumn budget' and the statement moved to March but as a less important convention.[9][10] The last time the budget was held in the autumn to this timing came from 1993 to 1996, when Budget Day was also shifted from spring to autumn.[11]
Chancellors have had varying opinions on Budget Day. Nigel Lawson wrote, in his memoirs, that it is "best described as an enjoyable ordeal". Harold Macmillan, in explaining his surprise at being appointed Chancellor, said that he thought Budget Day to be "rather like a school Speech Day: a bit of a bore, but there it is".[12][13][14]
Preparation[edit]
The Chancellor, Treasury ministers, and officials will have been working on the Budget some time in advance of Budget Day. Geoffrey Howe initiated the tradition of a weekend meeting, for all Treasury ministers and officials, outside London and some time in advance of Budget Day, for discussing the Budget. This meeting is now a customary part of the annual Budget preparations.[9]
Presentation to the Monarch[edit]
The monarch is the first person to be told of the Budget. Queen Elizabeth II has customarily invited the Chancellor to dinner the day before Budget Day, where she is given an outline of the Budget.[9]
Presentation to the Cabinet[edit]
The Budget is presented to the Cabinet before being presented to Parliament. Formally, the Cabinet has power to amend the Budget. In practice, however, this is made impossible by the fact that the Budget Cabinet meets on the very morning of Budget Day itself, far too late for any but very minor changes to be effected. The Budget is presented to the Cabinet largely as a fait accompli by the Chancellor, the various junior Treasury ministers, and the Prime Minister (in the role of the First Lord of the Treasury).[9]
This swiftness is justified on the grounds of secrecy. It is considered essential the budget details not leak before the Chancellor's public speech. (In 1936, James Henry Thomas famously leaked Budget details after the Budget Cabinet, which at the time was being held five days before Budget Day, which had been until that point the traditional period between the Budget Cabinet and Budget Day itself.) Little objection has apparently been raised by the Cabinet to this. The only times that the Budget Cabinet has raised objections causing last-minute amendment to the Budget have been:[9]
1945
Hugh Dalton removed a proposal to change the tax on fuel oil.
1951
Hugh Gaitskell responded to Cabinet pressure and abandoned his plans for a differential fuel tax.
1962
Cabinet persuaded Selwyn Lloyd to announce the early abolition of the tax on home owner-occupiers.
1981
The so-called "wets" in the Cabinet persuaded Geoffrey Howe to increase the state pension in line with inflation, which he had not wanted to do. (Margaret Thatcher recorded in her memoirs that "[t]he dissenters in the Cabinet ... had been stunned by the budget when they learnt its contents".)
The Chancellor's Speech and debate[edit]
The Chancellor's Speech in the House is given immediately after what is usually a somewhat lacklustre Prime Minister's Question Time, it being largely overshadowed by what is seen as the main Parliamentary event of the day, now usually around 12:30 but previously about 15:30. Nigel Lawson reports that after the press photo-call at 15:15, where like all chancellors he would hold the red dispatch box, purportedly containing the budget speech,N1 aloft; he used to spend time in his room, just behind the Speaker's chair, collecting his thoughts, before entering the house at 15:25, usually to the sound of "a roar from the Government benches".[12][15]
It has varied in length over the years. Macmillan remarked that he "would try not to prolong the agony", and once opined of the speech that he did not think it "necessary to start with the usual long review of the events of the last financial year".[14]
It is also a parliamentary tradition that whilst making the Budget Speech the Chancellor may drink whatever he or she wishes, including alcohol which is otherwise forbidden. Past Chancellors have opted for whisky (Kenneth Clarke), gin and tonic (Geoffrey Howe), brandy and water (Benjamin Disraeli), spritzer (Nigel Lawson) and sherry and beaten egg (William Ewart Gladstone). The previous Chancellor, George Osborne, as well as his two Labour predecessors Alistair Darling and Gordon Brown, have opted for water.[16][17]
The Speech is followed by a debate, which can last for several days. In theory, the report and the financial proposals that the Chancellor sets out in the speech are immediately considered and debated by the House, with the Chancellor in attendance to respond to arguments and, occasionally, to amend proposals. Young reports one Member of Parliament observing that Chancellors customarily "keep up their sleeves one or two million pounds which they propose to give away in concessions during the course of the Finance Bill debates".[10]
In practice, practical concerns dictate otherwise. Nigel Lawson reports, "[as] soon as MPs realise that the tax announcements are over they dash out of the Chamber to get their copies of the Financial Statement and Budget Report — the 'Red Book'".[12]
Similarly, there is a rush by the news services to report Budget items. Young observed in the 1960s that newspapers were "on the street, within minutes it seemed, bringing the glad tidings: TUPPENCE OFF BEER. INCOME TAX DOWN.". Since Parliament has been televised, TV news services have broadcast the Chancellor's speech live, as a "Budget special".[10]
Evening broadcast[edit]
Between 1952 and 2011, the Chancellor would, in the evening of Budget Day, make a television party political broadcast about the budget. Similar broadcasts were made, in response, by representatives of the major Opposition parties. All broadcasts were arranged through the normal Parliamentary processes for arranging party election broadcasts.[9][18] This tradition was discontinued, starting with the 2012 budget, as part of wider changes to the scheduling of party political broadcasts.[19]
Aftermath[edit]
The Finance Bill proper is only itself presented to Parliament some time after Budget Day, and is debated for days or even weeks afterwards. It is common for the bill to be passed, becoming the Finance Act, some time in late July. The Act back-dates its provisions, so that they take effect either from Budget Day itself or from the start of the fiscal year.[20]
In the United States[edit]
The United States does not have a Budget Day.[21] Instead the legislation that establishes the federal government's budget originates in the Congress,[22] although the executive branch traditionally makes a proposal in advance.
Footnotes[edit]
^N1 Famously, on one occasion the budget box of Norman Lamont (Chancellor 1990-1993) did not contain the speech. That was carried in a plastic bag held by his then Parliamentary Private Secretary, William Hague. The budget box contained a bottle of Highland Park whisky.[23]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/welcome.html
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Chidambaram to present his 7th Budget on Feb. 29". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 22 February 2008. Retrieved 22 February 2008.
Jump up ^ "The Central Budgets in retrospect". Press Information Bureau, Government of India. 24 February 2003. Retrieved 22 February 2008.
Jump up ^ "Meet Manmohan Singh, the economist". Rediff.com. 20 May 2004. Retrieved 22 February 2008.
Jump up ^ "Budget with a difference". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 17 March 2001. Retrieved 8 March 2009.
Jump up ^ "Union Budget 2017 on 1 Feb: End of a colonial hangover for speedy implementation of schemes". Firstpost. 16 November 2016. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Budget Day (Prince's Day) - Budget - Government.nl". www.government.nl. Retrieved 23 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "History of Budget Day (Prince's Day) - Budget - Government.nl". www.government.nl. Retrieved 23 June 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Rodney Brazier (1997). Ministers of the Crown. Oxford University Press. pp. 151–152, 346. ISBN 0-19-825988-3.
^ Jump up to: a b c Roland Arnold Young (1962). The British Parliament. Faber and Faber. p. 170.
Jump up ^ "Factsheet P5: Budgets and Financial Documents" (PDF). House of Commons Information Office. 2010. p. 6.
^ Jump up to: a b c Nigel Lawson (1992). The View from No. 11: Memoirs of a Tory Radical. Bantam. p. 326. ISBN 0-593-02218-1.
Jump up ^ B. E. V. Sabine (2006). A History of Income Tax. Taylor and Francis. p. 230. ISBN 0-415-38196-7.
^ Jump up to: a b Emrys Hughes (1962). Macmillan: Portrait of a Politician. London: G. Allen & Unwin.
Jump up ^ John Biffen (1989). Inside the House of Commons. Grafton. p. 127. ISBN 0-246-13479-8.
Jump up ^ Frequently Asked Questions: The Budget Archived 9 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine. UK Parliament
Jump up ^ "Chancellor names his preferred Budget tipple – a glass of plain London tap water". The Scotsman. Johnston Press. 6 March 2008. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
Jump up ^ David Boothroyd. "Political Television 1936–1955". Political Television. Demon Internet. Retrieved 9 October 2008.
Jump up ^ "BBC axes Budget Day political broadcasts". BBC News. BBC. 7 February 2012.
Jump up ^ Mervyn A. King and Mark H. Robson (1993). "United Kingdom". In Dale Weldeau Jorgenson and Ralph Landau. Tax Reform and the Cost of Capital. Brookings Institution Press. p. 300. ISBN 0-8157-4715-2.
Jump up ^ Walter Hines Page and Arthur Wilson Page (1916). The World's Work ...: A History of Our Time. New York: Doubleday, Page & Co. p. 190.
Jump up ^ U.S. Constitution, Article 1, Sections 7–8.
Jump up ^ BBC News (26 November 1998). "What was in Norman Lamont's Budget box?". BBC.
External links[edit]
Budget microsite on HM Treasury website
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Nala (Disney)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Nala
The Lion King character
Adult Nala as she appears in the first film
First appearance
The Lion King (1994)
Created by
Irene Mecchi
Jonathan Roberts
Linda Woolverton
Voiced by
Moira Kelly
(adult, speaking)
Niketa Calame
(cub, speaking)
Sally Dworsky
(adult, singing)
Laura Williams
(cub, singing)
Gabrielle Union
(The Lion Guard)
Beyoncé (adult in The Lion King (2019 film)
Shahadi Wright Joseph (cub in The Lion King (2019 film)
Information
Species
East African lion
Gender
Female
Family
Sarafina (mother)
Mufasa (father-in-law, deceased)
Sarabi (mother-in-law)
Kovu (son-in-law)
Scar (uncle-in-law, deceased)
Spouse(s)
Simba (husband)
Children
Kiara (daughter)
Kion (son)
Nala is a fictional lioness, a character who appears in the Disney Lion King franchise. Introduced in the animated film The Lion King in 1994, Nala subsequently appears as a less prominent character in the film's sequels The Lion King II: Simba's Pride (1998) and The Lion King 1½ (2004). In the original film, the adult Nala was voiced by American actress Moira Kelly. Young Nala's speaking voice is provided by actress Niketa Calame, while singers Laura Williams and Sally Dworsky provide the singing voices of young and adult Nala respectively.
Nala is introduced as the childhood best friend of Simba, and ultimately becomes his wife by the end of The Lion King. Several years after Simba's uncle Scar has killed Simba's father Mufasa and usurped the throne, Nala desperately ventures into the jungle to find help. Upon unexpectedly reuniting with a grown Simba, who she had long been tricked by Scar into presuming dead, Nala encourages him to return to Pride Rock, overthrow his uncle and ultimately become king. As Simba's queen, Nala has a daughter, Kiara, whose story is explored in The Lion King: Simba's Pride.
Nala is the most significant female character in The Lion King. As the film was inspired by William Shakespeare's tragedy Hamlet, Nala is considered to be The Lion King's equivalent of Hamlet's love interest Ophelia, although differences remain between the two characters. Many early concepts first developed for Nala were eventually abandoned, including a brother and father for the character, as well as her being romantically pursued by Scar. While critical reception towards Nala has been generally mixed – both film and feminist critics complained about the character's lack of involvement in the story and supposedly submissive demeanor during the song "Can You Feel the Love Tonight" – Kelly's vocal performance has been praised.
Nala appears in the Broadway musical adaptation of the film, first played by singer Heather Headley. The character also appears in the television series The Lion Guard, with Gabrielle Union replacing Kelly as the voice of Nala and in the upcoming 2019 remake of the original film directed by Jon Favreau.
Contents
[hide]
1 Development
1.1 Conception and writing
1.2 Voice and music
2 Characterization and themes
3 Appearances
3.1 Film and television
3.2 Musical
4 Reception
5 References
Development[edit]
Conception and writing[edit]
Film critic James Berardinelli identified Nala as The Lion King's "sole significant female character." Screenwriter Linda Woolverton conceived Nala "as part of a gradual progression ... which have driven recent public conversation about what young girls should be able to expect from their cinematic role models."[1] In early versions of the screenplay, Nala has a younger brother named Mheetu, who enjoys accompanying his sister and her best friend Simba on their adventures.[2] Pronounced "me too", the character's name alludes to this personality trait.[2] At one point, Simba was supposed to save the cub from a wildebeest stampede,[3] and Nala would eventually become responsible for protecting Mheetu from Simba's tyrannical uncle Scar.[2] Nala also had a fox friend named Bhati.[3] According to Woolverton, Mheetu and Bhati were eventually written out of the film because their stories were beginning to distract from Simba's, in addition to the Mheetu-Scar subplot making the film too dark when combined with the death of Simba's father Mufasa.[2] At one point, Nala also had a father; the character was similarly abandoned.[4]
Because The Lion King was originally conceived as a much more mature and adult-oriented film, Nala was supposed to have been banished from the Pride Lands as punishment for rejecting Scar's romantic advances.[4] This idea was to have been further explored in Scar's song "Be Prepared (Reprise)", during which Scar demands that Nala become his queen,[5] but the musical number was ultimately cut from the final film because the scene was considered too "creepy."[5] Matthew Roulette of TheFW believes that the scene was abandoned because of the characters' significant age difference.[6] This scene however appears in the musical during the song "The Madness of King Scar", minus Scar banishing Nala.
Nala means "gift" in Swahili.[7] The character has a mother, whose name is never mentioned in the film;[8] however, she is credited as Sarafina during the film's end credits.[8] Candice Russel of the Sun-Sentinel believes that Nala contributes to the film's love story – "an indispensable factor in Disney cartoon features" – in addition to convincing Simba to return to Pride Rock.[9][10] It has been observed that, unlike Disney's three previous animated efforts (The Little Mermaid (1989), Beauty and the Beast (1991) and Aladdin (1992), the romantic relationship between Nala and Simba is not main plot of the film. Ella Ceron of Thought Catalog observed that "At [Simba's] return, she's not exactly the friendliest little kitten, either ... but is willing to overlook her own hurt ego in the spirit of their friendship. She believes in Simba, and doesn’t understand why he wouldn’t want to fight for his right to rule."[11]
Voice and music[edit]
The speaking voice of adult Nala is provided by American actress Moira Kelly.[12] Kelly was first informed that Disney was scheduling auditions for the role of Nala by her agent.[13] Despite not having been the directors' first choice for the role initially, Kelly was allowed to audition nonetheless because the filmmakers had been longing to hear different voices.[14] Kelly believes that the directors were searching for a specific "quality of voice ... a sort of authoritative voice but with a lot of warmth" to compliment Nala's sensible yet nurturing personality.[13] After a series of callbacks, during which Kelly returned to Disney several times to read the character's lines, the final decision eventually came down to be between Kelly and one other actress.[13] It was not until several months after her audition that Kelly would finally be contacted and offered the part;[14] Disney's initial first choice for the role remains undisclosed.[14] Actor Matthew Broderick, voice of Simba, had already begun recording alongside another actress who had been cast as Nala before that actress was eventually replaced with Kelly.[15] Broderick was not informed about his original co-star being recast, and only learned that Nala was actually voiced by Kelly at the film's premiere.[15]
The film's entire recording process took approximately three years to complete, during which Kelly's sessions were held in both the United States and Canada, while her co-stars Broderick and Jeremy Irons, voice of Scar, were recording in the United States and England, respectively.[14] Each main cast member recorded their dialogue separately,[14] which took Kelly some time to get used to because she had grown accustomed to working with several other actors at a time on the sets of live-action films.[13] For The Lion King, a director would often take the place of another actor for Kelly to act opposite of.[13] Vocally, Kelly decided to approach the role as though she were reading to a child, explaining, "it's kind of fun to play with different voices and try to color the lines for the child so they can imagine it more fully", which she admitted is different than how the actress would approach a live-action role.[14] Because Nala is a "very straight character", determining what kind of voice she would use for her was not a particularly challenging task.[13] Additionally, the filmmakers would also film Kelly's performances in order to incorporate her own facial expressions into her character's design, the process of which impressed the actress.[14] In her film debut, actress Niketa Calame voices young Nala.[16][17] According to Calame's official website, Nala remains the actress' "biggest role to date".[18] A classically trained pianist and chorister, Laura Williams provides the singing voice of young Nala, which can be heard in the song "I Just Can't Wait to Be King";[16] the singer was 15 years old at the time.[16] Meanwhile, singer-songwriter Sally Dworsky provides the singing voice of adult Nala, which is heard during the song "Can You Feel the Love Tonight".[16] The film's love theme, "Can You Feel the Love Tonight"'s lyrics were re-written approximately 15 times, according to lyricist Tim Rice, who wrote the song alongside composer Elton John.[16] At one point, the producers wanted the song to be a comical duet performed by supporting characters Timon and Pumbaa,[4][19] despite the fact that John had originally composed the song with Nala and Simba in mind.[20] However, John lobbied in favor of "Can You Feel the Love Tonight" being a love song performed as a duet by Nala and Simba, with which the filmmakers ultimately agreed.[16]
When asked by Disney if she was interested in reprising her role as Nala in The Lion King II: Simba's Pride, Kelly immediately accepted, joking, "Sure, you wanna do a third, fourth, fifth? I'm right there".[14] In the case of The Lion King 1½, it took the actress only a few days to record her character's dialogue due to Nala's comparatively smaller role in the film; much of Nala's footage from the first film was simply reused accordingly.[14] Elton John's official website cites Kelly among the film's cast of actors who "would grace any red carpet."[21] Kelly's performance as Nala is responsible for introducing the actress to a younger audience. Previously, she had been better known for appearing in more adult-oriented live-action films at that time.[22] In 2011, Kelly revealed that fans of the film rarely recognize her speaking voice as the voice of Nala,[23] although Robert DeSalvo of NextMovie.com claims that the actress "has a ... distinctive voice that The Lion King fans will instantly recognize as the voice of adult Nala."[24]
Characterization and themes[edit]
A straight woman character, Kelly described Nala as a sensible and nurturing yet authoritative character,[13] while Amber Leab of Bitch Flicks described her as strong, independent and intelligent.[25] According to Oh My Disney, Nala serves as "the proverbial glue that keeps The Lion King together", from whose perspective the audience watches the film because she "says EXACTLY what we’re thinking".[26] Occupying the role of the film's female lead, Nala is The Lion King's most important female character,[27] who contributes to the film's "small romance element".[28] Often identified as the film's deuteragonist,[29][30][31] Taylor Orci of The Atlantic felt that "Nala is really the agent of change in The Lion King", dismissing Simba as a "rich, lazy boyfriend."[29] Leab observed that The Lion King's male characters tend to "take the center stage" while "female characters take a backseat to the action."[25] Lenka Křivánková of Masaryk University wrote in her thesis "1990s Hollywood Break-Away Hits: A Feminist Perspective" that she was not particularly surprised by the film's lack of strong roles for women because of its Shakespearean source material, dubbing the film "an old traditional fairy tale with all its traditional features", including patriarchy and monarchism.[27] Writing for the University of Waterloo's Kinema, Vicky Wong believes that Nala reinforces the film's "take your place" motif, reminding main character Simba of his responsibilities.[32] In his book Retelling Stories, Framing Culture: Traditional Story and Metanarratives in Children's Literature, author John Stephens credits Nala with teaching Simba about responsibility – "the lesson the hero must learn before he can become an adult".[28]
Including Nala, The Lion King has only three major female characters in comparison to the film's total of nine male ones.[27] Shepherd University's Emmylou Allen observed that Nala is introduced "as a dominating young girl" who ultimately matures into "a strong woman" by the film's conclusion.[33] Mouse Morality: The Rhetoric of Disney Animated Film author Annalee R. Ward wrote that Nala's role in The Lion King reflected "a 1990s feminist reversal".[34] In her book Biblical Allusions, author Lindsay Bacher acknowledged that Nala is often depicted as a stronger and more responsible character than Simba, despite observations that The Lion King's female characters lack agency.[35] Leab identified Nala as Simba's "equal" who is "a more naturally sound leader throughout the film, while Simba tends to be comparatively a bit more immature and in need of multiple characters propelling him into responsible/rightful action."[25] Physically, Nala is also a stronger and more skilled fighter than Simba, proven by the character's ability to overwhelm him in battle,[35][36] which is reminiscent "of the physical power of lionesses in the real nature."[27] However, as strong as she is, Nala has little impact elsewhere;[27] author Brian K. Pennington wrote in his book Teaching Religion and Violence that "Nala's assertions of gender equality are clearly groundless, since only a male lion can stop Scar."[37] New York's David Denbey dismissed Nala's athleticism as nothing more than Disney's attempt to "disguise [the film's] essential boss-daddy ethos."[38] Bacher believes that had The Lion King featured Nala as the Pride Lands' hero as opposed to Simba, the film could have avoided having a "patriarchal structure."[35] Leab concluded that "the main and most problematic aspects of the film" remain that The Lion King "boils down to the fact that an entire group of strong female characters are unable to confront a single male oppressor; to do so, they need to be led by a dominant male." Leab continued, "It almost sucks more that Nala is such a strong ... female character and still ends up constrained by this plot device", accusing the film of depicting women as weak.[25]
Alongside Faline from Bambi (1942) and Maid Marian from Robin Hood (1973) added, Nala belongs to a trio of Disney heroines who, after having been separated from their love interests for several years, eventually reunite with them.[39] Stephens believes that Nala and Simba's separation allows the characters to fall in love "properly" upon reuniting as young adults.[28] Because The Lion King is loosely based on William Shakespeare's tragedy Hamlet,[40][41][42] Nala is considered to be the film's "representative" of the Hamlet character Ophelia, Hamlet's love interest.[43] Both characters' relationships with and opinions of their love interests are similar,[44] however, there are several differences between the two women.[33] The Daily Californian's Miyako Singer argued that "Nala is no poor, tragic Ophelia", instead resembling a“fierce princess warrior" similar to the strong heroines Disney introduced during the 1990s.[45] While identifying Nala as "the closest character in The Lion King to Ophelia," Shepherd University's Emmylou Allen acknowledged in her article "Shakespeare in the Pride Lands" that "their similarities are not as great as their contrasts."[33] Unlike Ophelia, Nala does not succumb to insanity, nor does she eventually die. Instead, Nala establishes herself as "a physically powerful ally"[46] by encouraging Simba to return to Pride Rock, and helping the character overthrow Scar.[43] Additionally, Nala is a more stubborn character than Ophelia, the latter of whom is quite passive and obedient.[44] While Ophelia is raised by a single father, Nala is raised solely by her mother, which inspired Allen to believe that Nala is a manifestation of how Ophelia would have turned out had she been raised by a woman instead of a man, concluding, "Nala is able to show the potential that Ophelia could have had.".[33]
Appearances[edit]
Film and television[edit]
A young Nala debuted in The Lion King (1994) as the daughter of Sarafina and the best friend of Simba, who she often accompanies on his adventures throughout the Pride Lands. Simba invites Nala to visit the forbidden Elephant Graveyard with him, despite his father Mufasa's orders. The cubs are soon ambushed by Shenzi, Banzai and Ed, a trio of hyenas chosen by Simba's treacherous uncle Scar to kill Simba in order to improve his own chances of becoming king, but are ultimately rescued by Mufasa. The following day, however, Nala is devastated to learn from Scar that both Simba and Mufasa have perished during a wildebeest stampede. With both Simba and Mufasa dead, Scar usurps the throne and becomes king. Several years into Scar's tyrannical rule, which has left the kingdom barren and starving, a desperate Nala ventures into the jungle in search of help, where she attempts to eat a warthog named Pumbaa; little does she know that the warthog is actually a friend of Simba's, who is in fact alive and well. While defending Pumbaa from Nala, Simba recognizes Nala, and the two finally reunite only to argue over why Simba is refusing to face his responsibilities and return to Pride Rock. Upon learning that Simba has eventually decided to return to Pride Rock and face Scar, Nala travels back to the Pride Lands to assist him. Surprised to find Simba alive, Scar forces his guilt-ridden nephew to "admit" to the pride that he is responsible for Mufasa's death, which was in fact caused by Scar himself by throwing Mufasa off a cliff into the stampede. Upon learning the truth, Simba forces his uncle to admit his crime to the pride, and a battle ensues between the pride and Scar's army of hyenas. Simba eventually defeats Scar and becomes king, with Nala ultimately becoming his queen.[47]
In the film's first direct-to-video sequel The Lion King II: Simba's Pride (1998), Nala appears in a less prominent role as Queen of the Pride Lands and mother of Kiara, the spirited daughter of her and Simba. Nala observes that Kiara, of whom Simba is very protective, has inherited her father's rebellious personality and love of adventure. When Kiara befriends Zira's son Kovu, a young lion from an exiled pride of Scar's followers known as the Outsiders, Nala is much more tolerant of their relationship than Simba, and convinces him to offer Kovu a chance to prove himself trustworthy.[48]At the end of the film, Nala gains Kovu as her son-in-law after he marries Kiara. In The Lion King 1½ (2004), which focuses instead on Timon and Pumbaa's friendship, Nala's role is virtually identical to that of her appearance in The Lion King because filmmakers reused most of the character's footage from the first film.[14][49]
Voiced by actress Gabrielle Union,[50] Nala reprises her role as Queen of the Pride Lands in the television series The Lion Guard, the 2016 premiere of which was preceded by the made-for-television film The Lion Guard: Return of the Roar (2015). Set within the time gap in The Lion King II: Simba's Pride,[51] the show revolves around Nala and Simba's son Kion who, being their second-born cub after Kiara, has been tasked with forming the next Lion Guard, a group responsible for protecting the Pride Lands.[52] Although a fan of the Lion King franchise, Union avoided watching previous Lion King films in preparation for the role because she wanted to "put [her] own stamp" on the character.[53]
On November 1, 2017, it was confirmed that Beyoncé would voice adult Nala in Jon Favreau's The Lion King, which is expected to be released in July 19, 2019.[54] The same day Shahadi Wright Joseph was cast as young Nala in the film.[55]
Musical[edit]
In the Broadway musical adaptation of The Lion King, the role of Nala was originated by Trinidadian-American singer Heather Headley. Her Broadway debut,[56] at first auditioning for the role proved a challenge for the singer due to her Ragtime contract, which her agent was eventually successful in getting her released from.[57] Director Julie Taymor felt that Nala's journey in the film was underdeveloped and among the story's weaker elements, and thus decided to "strengthen" the character's narrative for Broadway.[58]
Reception[edit]
Critical reception towards Nala has been generally mixed; both film and feminist critics have accused the film of lacking empowering roles for female characters, including Nala.[25][27][59] James Berardinelli of ReelViews appreciated the fact that "after three animated motion pictures centered upon the love of two people from different worlds", the love story between Nala and Simba has been relegated to that of "a subplot."[60] Desson Howe of The Washington Post advised parents to remind their daughters that despite the fact that Nala "pads in the supportive shadows, awaiting her inevitable marriage to Simba, it doesn't mean human girls can't grow up to be monarchs too."[61]
Nala's role and demeanor during the film's romantic "Can You Feel the Love Tonight" sequence has drawn criticism in regards to her "submissive behaviour".[27] The New York Times' Janet Maslin cited the film's lack of a strong heroine among its weaknesses, dismissing Nala and Simba's interaction throughout "Can You Feel the Love Tonight" as "obligatory" and "gratuitous".[59] Joel W. Martin wrote in the Journal of Religion and Film, "One song later, [Nala and Simba] have fallen in love. Playing one day, they literally tumble down a hillside in the jungle, and he ends up on top of her. This time, she does not bear her teeth, but instead, shows 'bedroom eyes'". Martin ultimately accused the scene's "reversal of positions" of "establish[ing] male dominance."[36] Criticizing the film for "being merely distracting when it could have been both meaningful and instructive", Robert Humanick of Slant Magazine wrote, "Small potatoes, then, when Simba's former childhood friend and betrothed queen Nala ... unexpectedly reappears in his duty-free, protein-rich life, demanding he return to his kingly responsibilities and coaxing the lion to sleep tonight with arguably the most blatant 'fuck me now' face to ever appear in a PG-rated film."[62]
However, the character has garnered positive reviews as well. Sara Franks-Allen of ScreenCrush wrote that "If being a Disney princess is about being a good role model for little girls, then Nala has a lot in her favor", elaborating, "She's strong enough to take down Simba, ventures out on her own to find help for her pride and calls Simba out for ignoring his responsibilities."[63] Meanwhile, Ella Ceron of Thought Catalog ranked Nala 14th on her list of "The 16 Most Awesome Female Characters From Disney Movies".[11] Responsible for introducing the seasoned actress to a younger audience,[22] Kelly's vocal performance as Nala has garnered critical acclaim. Writing for The Washington Post, Desson Howe hailed Kelly's voice acting as "terrific."[61] Jeremy Gerard of Variety commended Kelly for voicing the character "beautifully".[64] PopSugar ranked Kelly among the website's "Favorite Animated Voices", writing, "there are a lot of great voices in Disney's The Lion King ... but Moira Kelly has a unique quality to her voice, and I remember reveling in it as a youngster anytime the adult Nala was on the screen."[65] Official Disney Blogs published an article entitled "We All Thought it… But Nala Actually Said It", which cites the character's most revered quotes.[26] The blog also ranked Nala eighth on the website's "Definitive Ranking of Disney Cats" list.[66] In a 2014 interview, actor Eddie Redmayne admitted that Nala was his first "celebrity crush",[67] having been specifically attracted to the character's "sweet" face and singing voice,[68] referring to the experience as his "sexual awakening".[69]
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