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Salt March
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Gandhi picking up grains of salt at the end of his march, Behind him is his second son Manilal Gandhi vow and Mithuben Petit.
The Salt March, also known as the Dandi March and the Dandi Satyagraha, was an act of nonviolent civil disobedience in colonial India led by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi to produce salt from the seawater in the coastal village of Dandi (now in Gujarat), as was the practice of the local populace until British officials introduced taxation on salt production, deemed their sea-salt reclamation activities illegal, and then repeatedly used force to stop it. The 24-day march began from 12 March 1930 and continued until 6 April 1930 as a direct action campaign of tax resistance and nonviolent protest against the British salt monopoly, and it gained worldwide attention which gave impetus to the Indian independence movement and started the nationwide Civil Disobedience Movement.
The march was the most significant organised challenge to British authority since the Non-cooperation movement of 1920–22, and directly followed the Poorna Swaraj declaration of sovereignty and self-rule by the Indian National Congress on 26 January 1930.[1]
Gandhi led the Dandi March from his base, Sabarmati Ashram, near the city of Ahmedabad. 78 people began the march with Gandhi, who intended to walk 240 miles (390 km) to the coastal village of Dandi, which was located at a small town called Navsari (now in the state of Gujarat). As Gandhi and the others continued on what would become a 24-day march to Dandi to produce salt without paying the tax, growing numbers of Indians joined them along the way. When Gandhi broke the salt laws at 6:30 am on 6 April 1930, it sparked large scale acts of civil disobedience against the British Raj salt laws by millions of Indians.[2] The campaign had a significant effect on changing world and British attitudes towards Indian sovereignty and self-rule [3][4] and caused large numbers of Indians to join the fight for the first time.
After making salt at Dandi, Gandhi continued southward along the coast, producing salt and addressing meetings on the way. The Congress Party planned to stage a satyagraha at the Dharasana Salt Works, 25 miles south of Dandi. However, Gandhi was arrested on the midnight of 4–5 May 1930, just days before the planned action at Dharasana. The Dandi March and the ensuing Dharasana Satyagraha drew worldwide attention to the Indian independence movement through extensive newspaper and newsreel coverage. The satyagraha against the salt tax continued for almost a year, ending with Gandhi's release from jail and negotiations with Viceroy Lord Irwin at the Second Round Table Conference.[5] Over 60,000 Indians were jailed as a result of the Salt Satyagraha.[6] However, it failed to result in major concessions from the British.[7]
The Salt Satyagraha campaign was based upon Gandhi's principles of non-violent protest called satyagraha, which he loosely translated as "truth-force"."[8] Literally, it is formed from the Sanskrit words satya, "truth", and agraha, "insistence". In early 1930 the Indian National Congress chose satyagraha as their main tactic for winning Indian sovereignty and self-rule from British rule and appointed Gandhi to organise the campaign. Gandhi chose the 1882 British Salt Act as the first target of satyagraha. The Salt March to Dandi, and the beating by British police of hundreds of nonviolent protesters in Dharasana, which received worldwide news coverage, demonstrated the effective use of civil disobedience as a technique for fighting social and political injustice.[9] The satyagraha teachings of Gandhi and the March to Dandi had a significant influence on American activists Martin Luther King Jr., James Bevel, and others during the Civil Rights Movement for civil rights for African Americans and other minority groups in the 1960s.[10]
Contents
[hide]
1 Declaration of sovereignty and self-rule
2 Choice of salt as protest focus
3 Satyagraha
4 Preparing to march
5 March to Dandi
6 The first 80 Marchers
7 Mass civil disobedience
7.1 Qissa Khwani Bazaar massacre
7.2 Vedaranyam salt march
7.3 Women in civil disobedience
7.4 Impact
8 Dharasana Satyagraha and Aftermath
9 Long-term effect
10 Partial re-enactment in 2005
11 See also
12 Notes
13 References
14 External links
Declaration of sovereignty and self-rule[edit]
Main article: Purna Swaraj
Mahatma Gandhi and Sarojini Naidu during the March.
At midnight on 31 December 1929, the Indian National Congress raised the tricolour flag of India on the banks of the Ravi at Lahore. The Indian National Congress, led by Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru, publicly issued the Declaration of sovereignty and self-rule, or Purna Swaraj, on 26 January 1930.[11] (Literally in Sanskrit, purna, "complete," swa, "self," raj, "rule," so therefore "complete self-rule".) The declaration included the readiness to withhold taxes, and the statement:
We believe that it is the inalienable right of the Indian people, as of any other people, to have freedom and to enjoy the fruits of their toil and have the necessities of life, so that they may have full opportunities of growth. We believe also that if any government deprives a people of these rights and oppresses them the people have a further right to alter it or abolish it. The British government in India has not only deprived the Indian people of their freedom but has based itself on the exploitation of the masses, and has ruined India economically, politically, culturally and spiritually. We believe therefore, that India must sever the British connection and attain Purna Swaraji or complete sovereignty and self-rule.[12]
The Congress Working Committee gave Gandhi the responsibility for organising the first act of civil disobedience, with Congress itself ready to take charge after Gandhi's expected arrest.[13] Gandhi's plan was to begin civil disobedience with a satyagraha aimed at the British salt tax. The 1882 Salt Act gave the British a monopoly on the collection and manufacture of salt, limiting its handling to government salt depots and levying a salt tax.[14] Violation of the Salt Act was a criminal offence. Even though salt was freely available to those living on the coast (by evaporation of sea water), Indians were forced to purchase it from the colonial government.
Choice of salt as protest focus[edit]
Initially, Gandhi's choice of the salt tax was met with incredulity by the Working Committee of the Congress,[15] Jawaharlal Nehru and Dibyalochan Sahoo were ambivalent; Sardar Patel suggested a land revenue boycott instead.[16][17] The Statesman, a prominent newspaper, wrote about the choice: "It is difficult not to laugh, and we imagine that will be the mood of most thinking Indians."[17]
The British establishment too was not disturbed by these plans of resistance against the salt tax. The Viceroy himself, Lord Irwin, did not take the threat of a salt protest seriously, writing to London, "At present the prospect of a salt campaign does not keep me awake at night."[18]
However, Gandhi had sound reasons for his decision. The salt tax was a deeply symbolic choice, since salt was used by nearly everyone in India, to replace the salt lost by sweating in India's tropical climate. An item of daily use could resonate more with all classes of citizens than an abstract demand for greater political rights.[19] The salt tax represented 8.2% of the British Raj tax revenue, and hurt the poorest Indians the most significantly.[20] Explaining his choice, Gandhi said, "Next to air and water, salt is perhaps the greatest necessity of life." In contrast to the other leaders, the prominent Congress statesman and future Governor-General of India, C. Rajagopalachari, understood Gandhi's viewpoint. In a public meeting at Tuticorin, he said:
Suppose, a people rise in revolt. They cannot attack the abstract constitution or lead an army against proclamations and statutes...Civil disobedience has to be directed against the salt tax or the land tax or some other particular point — not that; that is our final end, but for the time being it is our aim, and we must shoot straight.[17]
Gandhi felt that this protest would dramatise Purna Swaraj in a way that was meaningful to the lowliest Indians. He also reasoned that it would build unity between Hindus and Muslims by fighting a wrong that touched them equally.[13]
After the protest gathered steam, the leaders realised the power of salt as a symbol. Nehru remarked about the unprecedented popular response, “it seemed as though a spring had been suddenly released.”[17]
Satyagraha[edit]
Main article: Satyagraha
Gandhi had a long-standing commitment to nonviolent civil disobedience, which he termed satyagraha, as the basis for achieving Indian sovereignty and self-rule .[21][22] Referring to the relationship between satyagraha and Purna Swaraj, Gandhi saw "an inviolable connection between the means and the end as there is between the seed and the tree."[23] He wrote, "If the means employed are impure, the change will not be in the direction of progress but very likely in the opposite. Only a change brought about in our political condition by pure means can lead to real progress."[24]
Satyagraha is a synthesis of the Sanskrit words Satya (truth) and Agraha (insistence on). For Gandhi, satyagraha went far beyond mere "passive resistance" and became strength in practising nonviolent methods. In his words:
Truth (satya) implies love, and firmness (agraha) engenders and therefore serves as a synonym for force. I thus began to call the Indian movement Satyagraha, that is to say, the Force which is born of Truth and Love or nonviolence, and gave up the use of the phrase “passive resistance”, in connection with it, so much so that even in English writing we often avoided it and used instead the word “satyagraha”....[25]
His first significant attempt in India at leading mass satyagraha was the non-cooperation movement from 1920–1922. Even though it succeeded in raising millions of Indians in protest against the British created Rowlatt Acts, violence broke out at Chauri Chaura, where a mob killed 22 unarmed policemen. Gandhi suspended the protest, against the opposition of other Congress members. He decided that Indians were not yet ready for successful nonviolent resistance.[26] The Bardoli Satyagraha in 1928 was much more successful. It succeeded in paralysing the British government and winning significant concessions. More importantly, due to extensive press coverage, it scored a propaganda victory out of all proportion to its size.[27] Gandhi later claimed that success at Bardoli confirmed his belief in Satyagraha and Swaraj: "It is only gradually that we shall come to know the importance of the victory gained at Bardoli...Bardoli has shown the way and cleared it. Swaraj lies on that route, and that alone is the cure..."[28] Gandhi recruited heavily from the Bardoli Satyagraha participants for the Dandi march, which passed through many of the same villages that took part in the Bardoli protests.[29]
Preparing to march[edit]
Gandhi on the Salt March
On 5 February, newspapers reported that Gandhi would begin civil disobedience by defying the salt laws. The salt satyagraha would begin on 12 March and end in Dandi with Gandhi breaking the Salt Act on 6 April.[30] Gandhi chose 6 April to launch the mass breaking of the salt laws for a symbolic reason—it was the first day of "National Week", begun in 1919 when Gandhi conceived of the national hartal (strike) against the Rowlatt Act.[31]
Gandhi prepared the worldwide media for the march by issuing regular statements from Sabarmati, at his regular prayer meetings and through direct contact with the press. Expectations were heightened by his repeated statements anticipating arrest, and his increasingly dramatic language as the hour approached: "We are entering upon a life and death struggle, a holy war; we are performing an all-embracing sacrifice in which we wish to offer ourselves as oblation."[32] Correspondents from dozens of Indian, European, and American newspapers, along with film companies, responded to the drama and began covering the event.[33]
For the march itself, Gandhi wanted the strictest discipline and adherence to satyagraha and ahimsa. For that reason, he recruited the marchers not from Congress Party members, but from the residents of his own ashram, who were trained in Gandhi's strict standards of discipline.[34] The 24-day march would pass through 4 districts and 48 villages. The route of the march, along with each evening's stopping place, was planned based on recruitment potential, past contacts, and timing. Gandhi sent scouts to each village ahead of the march so he could plan his talks at each resting place, based on the needs of the local residents.[35] Events at each village were scheduled and publicised in Indian and foreign press.[36]
On 2 March 1930 Gandhi wrote to the Viceroy, Lord Irwin, offering to stop the march if Irwin met eleven demands, including reduction of land revenue assessments, cutting military spending, imposing a tariff on foreign cloth, and abolishing the salt tax.[13][37] His strongest appeal to Irwin regarded the salt tax:
If my letter makes no appeal to your heart, on the eleventh day of this month I shall proceed with such co-workers of the Ashram as I can take, to disregard the provisions of the Salt Laws. I regard this tax to be the most iniquitous of all from the poor man's standpoint. As the sovereignty and self-rule movement is essentially for the poorest in the land, the beginning will be made with this evil.[38]
As mentioned earlier, the Viceroy held any prospect of a 'salt protest' in disdain. After he ignored the letter and refused to meet with Gandhi, the march was set in motion.[39] Gandhi remarked, "On bended knees I asked for bread and I have received stone instead."[40] The eve of the march brought thousands of Indians to Sabarmati to hear Gandhi speak at the regular evening prayer. An American academic writing for The Nation reported that "60,000 persons gathered on the bank of the river to hear Gandhi's call to arms. This call to arms was perhaps the most remarkable call to war that has ever been made."[41]
March to Dandi[edit]
Play media
Original footage of Gandhi and his followers marching to Dandi in the Salt Satyagraha
On 12 March 1930, Gandhi and 80 satyagrahis, many of whom were from scheduled castes, set out on foot for the coastal village of Dandi, Gujarat, over 390 kilometres (240 mi) from their starting point at Sabarmati Ashram.[30] The Salt March was also called the White Flowing River because all the people were joining the procession wearing white khadi.
According to The Statesman, the official government newspaper which usually played down the size of crowds at Gandhi's functions, 100,000 people crowded the road that separated Sabarmati from Ahmadabad.[42][43] The first day's march of 21 kilometres (13 mi) ended in the village of Aslali, where Gandhi spoke to a crowd of about 4,000.[44] At Aslali, and the other villages that the march passed through, volunteers collected donations, registered new satyagrahis, and received resignations from village officials who chose to end co-operation with British rule.[45]
As they entered each village, crowds greeted the marchers, beating drums and cymbals. Gandhi gave speeches attacking the salt tax as inhuman, and the salt satyagraha as a "poor man's struggle". Each night they slept in the open. The only thing that was asked of the villagers was food and water to wash with. Gandhi felt that this would bring the poor into the struggle for sovereignty and self-rule, necessary for eventual victory.[46]
Thousands of satyagrahis and leaders like Sarojini Naidu joined him. Every day, more and more people joined the march, until the procession of marchers became at least two miles long.[47] To keep up their spirits, the marchers used to sing the Hindu bhajan Raghupati Raghava Raja Ram while walking.[48] At Surat, they were greeted by 30,000 people. When they reached the railhead at Dandi, more than 50,000 were gathered. Gandhi gave interviews and wrote articles along the way. Foreign journalists and three Bombay cinema companies shooting newsreel footage turned Gandhi into a household name in Europe and America (at the end of 1930, Time magazine made him "Man of the Year").[46] The New York Times wrote almost daily about the Salt March, including two front-page articles on 6 and 7 April.[49] Near the end of the march, Gandhi declared, "I want world sympathy in this battle of right against might."[50]
Upon arriving at the seashore on 5 April, Gandhi was interviewed by an Associated Press reporter. He stated:
I cannot withhold my compliments from the government for the policy of complete non interference adopted by them throughout the march .... I wish I could believe this non-interference was due to any real change of heart or policy. The wanton disregard shown by them to popular feeling in the Legislative Assembly and their high-handed action leave no room for doubt that the policy of heartless exploitation of India is to be persisted in at any cost, and so the only interpretation I can put upon this non-interference is that the British Government, powerful though it is, is sensitive to world opinion which will not tolerate repression of extreme political agitation which civil disobedience undoubtedly is, so long as disobedience remains civil and therefore necessarily non-violent .... It remains to be seen whether the Government will tolerate as they have tolerated the march, the actual breach of the salt laws by countless people from tomorrow.[51][52]
The following morning, after a prayer, Gandhi raised a lump of salty mud and declared, "With this, I am shaking the foundations of the British Empire."[20] He then boiled it in seawater, producing illegal salt. He implored his thousands of followers to likewise begin making salt along the seashore, "wherever it is convenient" and to instruct villagers in making illegal, but necessary, salt.[53]
The first 80 Marchers[edit]
79 Marchers accompanied Gandhi on his march. Most of them were between the ages of 20 and 30. These men hailed from almost all parts of the country. The march gathered more people as it gained momentum, but the following list of names were the first 79 marchers who were with Gandhi from the beginning of the Dandi March until the end. Most of them simply dispersed after the march was over.[54][55]
Number
Name
Age
Province (British India)
State (Republic of India)
1 Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi 61 Princely State of Porbandar Gujarat
2 Pyarelal Nayyar 30 Punjab Punjab
3 Chhaganlal Naththubhai Joshi 35 Unknown Princely State Gujarat
4 Pandit Narayan Moreshwar Khare 42 Bombay Maharashtra
5 Ganpatrav Godshe 25 Bombay Maharashtra
6 Prathviraj Lakshmidas Ashar 19 Kutch Gujarat
7 Mahavir Giri 20 Princely State of Nepal
8 Bal Dattatreya Kalelkar 18 Bombay Maharashtra
9 Jayanti Nathubhai Parekh 19 Unknown Princely State Gujarat
10 Rasik Desai 19 Unknown Princely State Gujarat
11 Vitthal Liladhar Thakkar 16 Unknown Princely State Gujarat
12 Harakhji Ramjibhai 18 Unknown Princely State Gujarat
13 Tansukh Pranshankar Bhatt 20 Unknown Princely State Gujarat
14 Kantilal Harilal Gandhi 20 Unknown Princely State Gujarat
15 Chhotubhai Khushalbhai Patel 22 Unknown Princely State Gujarat
16 Valjibhai Govindji Desai 35 Unknown Princely State Gujarat
17 Pannalal Balabhai Jhaveri 20 Gujarat
18 Abbas Varteji 20 Gujarat
19 Punjabhai Shah 25 Gujarat
20 Madhavjibhai Thakkar 40 Kutch Gujarat
21 Naranjibhai 22 Kutch Gujarat
22 Maganbhai Vora 25 Kutch Gujarat
23 Dungarsibhai 27 Kutch Gujarat
24 Somalal Pragjibhai Patel 25 Gujarat
25 Hasmukhram Jakabar 25 Gujarat
26 Daudbhai 25 Gujarat
27 Ramjibhai Vankar 45 Gujarat
28 Dinkarrai Pandya 30 Gujarat
29 Dwarkanath 30 Maharashtra
30 Gajanan Khare 25 Maharashtra
31 Jethalal Ruparel 25 Kutch Gujarat
32 Govind Harkare 25 Maharashtra
33 Pandurang 22 Maharashtra
34 Vinayakrao Aapte 33 Maharashtra
35 Ramdhirrai 30 United Provinces
36 Bhanushankar Dave 22 Gujarat
37 Munshilal 25 United Provinces
38 Raghavan 25 Madras Presidency Kerala
39 Ravjibhai Nathalal Patel 30 Gujarat
40 Shivabhai Gokhalbhai Patel 27 Gujarat
41 Shankarbhai Bhikabhai Patel 20 Gujarat
42 Jashbhai Ishwarbhai Patel 20 Gujarat
43 Sumangal Prakash 25 United Provinces
44 Thevarthundiyil Titus 25 Madras Presidency Kerala
45 Krishna Nair 25 Madras Presidency Kerala
46 Tapan Nair 25 Madras Presidency Kerala
47 Haridas Varjivandas Gandhi 25 Gujarat
48 Chimanlal Narsilal Shah 25 Gujarat
49 Shankaran 25 Madras Presidency Kerala
50 Subhramanyam 25 Andhra Pradesh
51 Ramaniklal Maganlal Modi 38 Gujarat
52 Madanmohan Chaturvedi 27 Rajputana Rajasthan
53 Harilal Mahimtura 27 Maharashtra
54 Motibas Das 20 Odisha
55 Haridas Muzumdar 25 Gujarat
56 Anand Hingorini 24 Sindh Sindh (Pakistan)
57 Mahadev Martand 18 Karnataka
58 Jayantiprasad 30 United Provinces
59 Hariprasad 20 United Provinces
60 Anugrah Narain Sinha 20 Bihar
61 Keshav Chitre 25 Maharashtra
62 Ambalal Shankarbhai Patel 30 Gujarat
63 Vishnu Pant 25 Maharashtra
64 Premraj 35 Punjab
65 Durgesh Chandra Das 44 Bengal Bengal
66 Madhavlal Shah 27 Gujarat
67 Jyotiram 30 United Provinces
68 Surajbhan 34 Punjab
69 Bhairav Dutt 25 United Provinces
70 Lalji Parmar 25 Gujarat
71 Ratnaji Boria 18 Gujarat
72 Vishnu Sharma 30 Maharashtra
73 Chintamani Shastri 40 Maharashtra
74 Narayan Dutt 24 Rajputana Rajasthan
75 Manilal Mohandas Gandhi 38 Gujarat
76 Surendra 30 United Provinces
77 Haribhai Mohani 32 Maharashtra
78 Puratan Buch 25 Gujarat
79 Kharag Bahadur Singh Giri 25 Princely State of Nepal
80 Shri Jagat Narayan 50 Uttar Pradesh
A memorial has been created inside the campus of IIT Bombay honouring these Satyagrahis.[56]
Mass civil disobedience[edit]
Gandhi at a public rally during the Salt Satyagraha.
Mass civil disobedience spread throughout India as millions broke the salt laws by making salt or buying illegal salt.[20] Salt was sold illegally all over the coast of India. A pinch of salt made by Gandhi himself sold for 1,600 rupees (equivalent to $750 at the time). In reaction, the British government arrested over sixty thousand people by the end of the month.[51]
What had begun as a Salt Satyagraha quickly grew into a mass Satyagraha.[57] British cloth and goods were boycotted. Unpopular forest laws were defied in the Maharashtra, Karnataka and Central Provinces. Gujarati peasants refused to pay tax, under threat of losing their crops and land. In Midnapore, Bengalis took part by refusing to pay the chowkidar tax.[58] The British responded with more laws, including censorship of correspondence and declaring the Congress and its associate organisations illegal. None of those measures slowed the civil disobedience movement.[59]
There were outbreaks of violence in Calcutta (now Kolkata), Karachi, and Gujarat. Unlike his suspension of satyagraha after violence broke out during the Non-co-operation movement, this time Gandhi was "unmoved". Appealing for violence to end, at the same time Gandhi honoured those killed in Chittagong and congratulated their parents "for the finished sacrifices of their sons.... A warrior's death is never a matter for sorrow."[60]
Qissa Khwani Bazaar massacre[edit]
Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan with Mahatma Gandhi.
Main article: Qissa Khwani Bazaar massacre
In Peshawar, satyagraha was led by a Muslim Pashto disciple of Gandhi, Ghaffar Khan, who had trained 50,000 nonviolent activists called Khudai Khidmatgar.[61] On 23 April 1930, Ghaffar Khan was arrested. A crowd of Khudai Khidmatgar gathered in Peshawar's Kissa Khani (Storytellers) Bazaar. The British ordered troops of 2/18 battalion of Royal Garhwal Rifles to open fire with machine guns on the unarmed crowd, killing an estimated 200–250.[62] The Pashtun satyagrahis acted in accord with their training in nonviolence, willingly facing bullets as the troops fired on them.[63] One British Indian Army Soldier Chandra Singh Garwali and troops of the renowned Royal Garhwal Rifles, refused to fire at the crowds. The entire platoon was arrested and many received heavy penalties, including life imprisonment.[62]
Vedaranyam salt march[edit]
C. Rajagopalachari leading the march.
Main article: Vedaranyam March
While Gandhi marched along India's west coast, his close associate C. Rajagopalachari, who would later become sovereign India's first Governor-General, organized the Vedaranyam salt march in parallel on the east coast. His group started from Tiruchirappalli, in Madras Presidency (now part of Tamil Nadu), to the coastal village of Vedaranyam. After making illegal salt there, he too was arrested by the British.[17]
Women in civil disobedience[edit]
The civil disobedience in 1930 marked the first time women became mass participants in the struggle for freedom. Thousands of women, from large cities to small villages, became active participants in satyagraha.[64] Gandhi had asked that only men take part in the salt march, but eventually women began manufacturing and selling salt throughout India. Usha Mehta, an early Gandhian activist, remarked that "Even our old aunts and great-aunts and grandmothers used to bring pitchers of salt water to their houses and manufacture illegal salt. And then they would shout at the top of their voices: 'We have broken the salt law!'"[65] The growing number of women in the fight for sovereignty and self-rule was a "new and serious feature" according to Lord Irwin. A government report on the involvement of women stated "thousands of them emerged....from the seclusion of their homes...in order to join Congress demonstrations and assist in picketing: and their presence on these occasions made the work the police was required to perform particularly unpleasant."[66]
Impact[edit]
British documents show that the British government was shaken by satyagraha. Nonviolent protest left the British confused about whether or not to jail Gandhi. John Court Curry, a British police officer stationed in India, wrote in his memoirs that he felt nausea every time he dealt with Congress demonstrations in 1930. Curry and others in British government, including Wedgwood Benn, Secretary of State for India, preferred fighting violent rather than nonviolent opponents.[66]
Dharasana Satyagraha and Aftermath[edit]
Gandhi himself avoided further active involvement after the march, though he stayed in close contact with the developments throughout India. He created a temporary ashram near Dandi. From there, he urged women followers in Bombay (now Mumbai) to picket liquor shops and foreign cloth. He said that "a bonfire should be made of foreign cloth. Schools and colleges should become empty."[60]
For his next major action, Gandhi decided on a raid of the Dharasana Salt Works in Gujarat, 25 miles south of Dandi. He wrote to Lord Irwin, again telling him of his plans. Around midnight of 4 May, as Gandhi was sleeping on a cot in a mango grove, the District Magistrate of Surat drove up with two Indian officers and thirty heavily armed constables.[67] He was arrested under an 1827 regulation calling for the jailing of people engaged in unlawful activities, and held without trial near Poona (now Pune).[68]
Main article: Dharasana Satyagraha
The Dharasana Satyagraha went ahead as planned, with Abbas Tyabji, a seventy-six-year-old retired judge, leading the march with Gandhi's wife Kasturba at his side. Both were arrested before reaching Dharasana and sentenced to three months in prison. After their arrests, the march continued under the leadership of Sarojini Naidu, a woman poet and freedom fighter, who warned the satyagrahis, "You must not use any violence under any circumstances. You will be beaten, but you must not resist: you must not even raise a hand to ward off blows." Soldiers began clubbing the satyagrahis with steel tipped lathis in an incident that attracted international attention.[69] United Press correspondent Webb Miller reported that:
Not one of the marchers even raised an arm to fend off the blows. They went down like ten-pins. From where I stood I heard the sickening whacks of the clubs on unprotected skulls. The waiting crowd of watchers groaned and sucked in their breaths in sympathetic pain at every blow. Those struck down fell sprawling, unconscious or writhing in pain with fractured skulls or broken shoulders. In two or three minutes the ground was quilted with bodies. Great patches of blood widened on their white clothes. The survivors without breaking ranks silently and doggedly marched on until struck down....Finally the police became enraged by the non-resistance....They commenced savagely kicking the seated men in the abdomen and testicles. The injured men writhed and squealed in agony, which seemed to inflame the fury of the police....The police then began dragging the sitting men by the arms or feet, sometimes for a hundred yards, and throwing them into ditches. [70]
Vithalbhai Patel, former Speaker of the Assembly, watched the beatings and remarked, "All hope of reconciling India with the British Empire is lost forever."[71] Miller's first attempts at telegraphing the story to his publisher in England were censored by the British telegraph operators in India. Only after threatening to expose British censorship was his story allowed to pass. The story appeared in 1,350 newspapers throughout the world and was read into the official record of the United States Senate by Senator John J. Blaine.[72]
Salt Satyagraha succeeded in drawing the attention of the world. Millions saw the newsreels showing the march. Time magazine declared Gandhi its 1930 Man of the Year, comparing Gandhi's march to the sea "to defy Britain's salt tax as some New Englanders once defied a British tea tax."[73] Civil disobedience continued until early 1931, when Gandhi was finally released from prison to hold talks with Irwin. It was the first time the two held talks on equal terms,[74] and resulted in the Gandhi–Irwin Pact. The talks would lead to the Second Round Table Conference at the end of 1931.
Long-term effect[edit]
Salt Satyagraha produced scant progress toward dominion status or self-rule for India, and did not win any major concessions from the British.[75] It also failed to attract Muslim support.[76] Congress leaders decided to end satyagraha as official policy in 1934. Nehru and other Congress members drifted further apart from Gandhi, who withdrew from Congress to concentrate on his Constructive Programme, which included his efforts to end untouchability in the Harijan movement.[77] Even though British authorities were again in control by the mid-1930s, Indian, British, and world opinion increasingly began to recognise the legitimacy of claims by Gandhi and the Congress Party for sovereignty and self-rule .[78] The Satyagraha campaign of the 1930s also forced the British to recognise that their control of India depended entirely on the consent of the Indians – Salt Satyagraha was a significant step in the British losing that consent.[79]
Nehru considered the Salt Satyagraha the high-water mark of his association with Gandhi,[80] and felt that its lasting importance was in changing the attitudes of Indians:
"Of course these movements exercised tremendous pressure on the British Government and shook the government machinery. But the real importance, to my mind, lay in the effect they had on our own people, and especially the village masses....Non-cooperation dragged them out of the mire and gave them self-respect and self-reliance....They acted courageously and did not submit so easily to unjust oppression; their outlook widened and they began to think a little in terms of India as a whole....It was a remarkable transformation and the Congress, under Gandhi's leadership, must have the credit for it."[3]
More than thirty years later, Satyagraha and the March to Dandi exercised a strong influence on American civil rights activist Martin Luther King, Jr., and his fight for civil rights for blacks in the 1960s:
"Like most people, I had heard of Gandhi, but I had never studied him seriously. As I read I became deeply fascinated by his campaigns of nonviolent resistance. I was particularly moved by his Salt March to the Sea and his numerous fasts. The whole concept of Satyagraha (Satya is truth which equals love, and agraha is force; Satyagraha, therefore, means truth force or love force) was profoundly significant to me. As I delved deeper into the philosophy of Gandhi, my skepticism concerning the power of love gradually diminished, and I came to see for the first time its potency in the area of social reform."[10]
Partial re-enactment in 2005[edit]
To commemorate the Great Salt March, the Mahatma Gandhi Foundation proposed a partial re-enactment of the first few kilometres on the 75th anniversary. The event was known as the "International Walk for Justice and Freedom". Mahatma Gandhi's great-grandson Tushar Gandhi and several hundred fellow marchers followed the same route to Dandi. The start of the march on 12 March 2005 in Ahmedabad was attended by Sonia Gandhi, Chairperson of the United Progressive Alliance, as well as several Indian Cabinet Ministers, many of whom walked for the first few kilometres. The participants halted at Dandi on the night of 5 April, with the commemoration ending on 7 April.[81][82]
A series of commemorative stamps were issued on the 75th anniversary of the Dandi March—denomination INR 5, Date of Issue: 5 April 2005.[83]
See also[edit]
Selma to Montgomery marches
Suffrage Hikes
Gandhi Heritage Portal
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Eyewitness Gandhi (1 ed.). London: Dorling Kinderseley Ltd. 2014. p. 44. ISBN 0241185661. Retrieved 3 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "Mass civil disobedience throughout India followed as millions broke the salt laws", from Dalton's introduction to Gandhi's Civil Disobedience. Gandhi & Dalton, 1996, p. 72.
^ Jump up to: a b Johnson, p. 37.
Jump up ^ Ackerman & DuVall, p. 109.
Jump up ^ Dalton, p. 92.
Jump up ^ Johnson, p. 234.
Jump up ^ Ackerman & DuVall, pp. 106.
Jump up ^ "Its root meaning is holding onto truth, hence truth-force. I have also called it Love-force or Soul-force." Gandhi (2001), p. 6.
Jump up ^ Martin, p. 35.
^ Jump up to: a b King, p. 23.
Jump up ^ "The pledge was taken publicly on 26 January 1930, at morning thereafter celebrated annually as Purna Swaraj Day." Wolpert, 2001, p. 141.
Jump up ^ Wolpert, 1999, p. 204.
^ Jump up to: a b c Ackerman & DuVall, p. 83.
Jump up ^ Dalton, p. 91.
Jump up ^ Dalton, p. 100.
Jump up ^ "Nehru, who had been skeptical about salt as the primary focus of the campaign, realized how wrong he was..." Johnson, p. 32.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Gandhi, Gopalkrishna. "The Great Dandi March — eighty years after", The Hindu, 5 April 1930
Jump up ^ Letter to London on 20 February 1930. Ackerman & DuVall, p.84.
Jump up ^ Gross, David M. (2014). 99 Tactics of Successful Tax Resistance Campaigns. Picket Line Press. p. 64. ISBN 978-1490572741.
^ Jump up to: a b c Gandhi & Dalton, 1996, p. 72.
Jump up ^ "Gandhi's ideas about satyagraha and swaraj, moreover, galvanized the thinking of Congress cadres, most of whom by 1930 were committed to pursuing sovereignty and self-rule by nonviolent means." Ackerman & DuVall, p. 108.
Jump up ^ Dalton, pp. 9–10.
Jump up ^ From Hind Swaraj, Gandhi & Dalton, p. 15.
Jump up ^ Forward to volume of Gokhale's speeches, "Gopal Krishna Gokahalenan Vyakhyanao" from Johnson, p. 118.
Jump up ^ Satyagraha in South Africa, 1926 from Johnson, p. 73.
Jump up ^ Dalton, p. 48.
Jump up ^ Dalton, p. 93.
Jump up ^ From Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi 41: 208–209, Dalton, p. 94.
Jump up ^ Dalton, p. 95.
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.gandhiheritageportal.org/dandi-march-details
Jump up ^ Dalton, p. 113.
Jump up ^ Dalton, p. 108.
Jump up ^ Dalton, p. 107.
Jump up ^ Dalton, p. 104.
Jump up ^ Dalton, p. 105.
Jump up ^ Ackerman & DuVall, p.85.
Jump up ^ https://www.gandhiheritageportal.org/cwmg_redirect/ZW5fX18x/NDNfX18zNg=
Jump up ^ Gandhi's letter to Irwin, Gandhi & Dalton, 1996, p. 78.
Jump up ^ Majmudar, p. 184.
Jump up ^ "Parliament Museum, New Delhi, India – Official website – Dandi March VR Video". Parliamentmuseum.org. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Herbert A. Miller, Gandhi's Campaign Begins, The Nation, 23 April 1930. Dalton, p. 107. Nitin The Broken Heart
Jump up ^ Weber, p. 140.
Jump up ^ The Statesman, 13 March 1930.
Jump up ^ https://www.gandhiheritageportal.org/cwmg_redirect/ZW5fX18x/NDNfX185Mw=
Jump up ^ Weber, pp. 143–144.
^ Jump up to: a b Ackerman & DuVall, p. 86.
Jump up ^ "The March to Dandi". English.emory.edu. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Man – The Mahatma : Dandi March". Library.thinkquest.org. Archived from the original on 30 March 2012. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Dalton, p, 221.
Jump up ^ From Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi 43: 180, Wolpert, p. 148
^ Jump up to: a b Gandhi & Jack, 1994, p. 238-239.
Jump up ^ https://www.gandhiheritageportal.org/cwmg_redirect/ZW5fX18x/NDNfX18yMTc=
Jump up ^ Gandhi & Jack, 1994, p. 240.
Jump up ^ http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/mapping-the-unknown-marcher/
Jump up ^ http://www.gandhiheritageportal.org/dandi-march/the-marchers
Jump up ^ http://indianexpress.com/photos/picture-gallery-others/remembering-the-80-unsung-heroes-of-mahatma-gandhis-dandi-march/#dandimarchprotestors
Jump up ^ "The Salt Satyagraha in the meantime grew almost spontaneously into a mass satyagraha." Habib, p. 57.
Jump up ^ Habib, p. 57.
Jump up ^ "Correspondence came under censorship, the Congress and its associate organizations were declared illegal, and their funds made subject to seizure. These measures did not appear to have any effect on the movement..." Habib, p. 57.
^ Jump up to: a b Wolpert, 2001, p. 149.
Jump up ^ Habib, p. 55.
^ Jump up to: a b Habib, p. 56.
Jump up ^ Johansen, p. 62.
Jump up ^ "...first, it is from this year (1930) that women became mass participants in the struggle for freedom.... But from 1930, that is in the second non-cooperation movement better known as the Civil Disobedience Movement, thousands upon thousands of women in all parts of India, not just in big cities but also in small towns and villages, became part of the satyagraha struggle." Chatterjee, p. 41.
Jump up ^ Hardiman, p. 113.
^ Jump up to: a b Johnson, p. 33.
Jump up ^ Gandhi & Jack, 1994, p. 244-245.
Jump up ^ Riddick, p. 108.
Jump up ^ Ackerman & DuVall, pp. 87–90.
Jump up ^ Webb Miller's report from May 21, Martin, p. 38.
Jump up ^ Wolpert, 2001, p. 155.
Jump up ^ Miller, p. 198-199.
Jump up ^ Time Magazine (5 January 1931). "Man of the Year, 1930". Time. Retrieved 17 November 2007.
Jump up ^ Gandhi & Dalton, 1996, p. 73.
Jump up ^ "...made scant progress toward either dominion status within the empire or outright sovereignty and self-rule. Neither had they won any major concessions on the economic and mundane issues that Gandhi considered vital." Ackerman & DuVall, pp. 106.
Jump up ^ Dalton, p. 119-120.
Jump up ^ Johnson, p. 36.
Jump up ^ "Indian, British, and world opinion increasingly recognized the legitimate claims of Gandhi and Congress for Indian independence." Johnson, p. 37.
Jump up ^ "The old order, in which British control rested comfortably on Indian acquiescence, had been sundered. In the midst of civil disobedience, Sir Charles Innes, a provincial governor, circulated his analysis of events to his colleagues. "England can hold India only by consent," he conceded. "We can't rule it by the sword." The British lost that consent...." Ackerman & DuVall, p. 109.
Jump up ^ Fisher, p. 368.
Jump up ^ "Gandhi's 1930 march re-enacted". BBC News. 12 March 2005. Retrieved 27 December 2007.
Jump up ^ Diwanji, Amberish K (15 March 2005). "In the Mahatma's footsteps". Rediff. Retrieved 27 December 2007.
Jump up ^ "PM releases commemorative stamps on 'Dandi March'". Archived from the original on 18 November 2007. Retrieved 27 December 2007.
References[edit]
Ackerman, Peter; DuVall, Jack (2000). A Force More Powerful: A Century of Nonviolent Conflict. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-312-24050-3.
Chatterjee, Manini (July–August 2001). "1930: Turning Point in the Participation of Women in the Freedom Struggle". Social Scientist. 29 (7/8): 39–47. doi:10.2307/3518124. JSTOR 3518124.
Dalton, Dennis (1993). Mahatma Gandhi: Nonviolent Power in Action. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-12237-3.
Decourcy, Elisa. "Just a grain of salt?: Symbolic construction during the Indian nationalist movement," Melbourne Historical Journal, 1930, Vol. 38, pp 57–72
Fisher, Margaret W. (June 1967). "India's Jawaharlal Nehru". Asian Survey. 7 (6): 363–373. doi:10.1525/as.1967.7.6.01p02764.
Gandhi, Mahatma; Dalton, Dennis (1996). Selected Political Writings. Hackett Publishing Company. ISBN 0-87220-330-1.
Gandhi, M. K. (2001). Non-Violent Resistance (Satyagraha). Courier Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-41606-2.
Habib, Irfan (September–October 1997). "Civil Disobedience 1930–31". Social Scientist. 25 (9–10): 43–66. doi:10.2307/3517680. JSTOR 3517680.
Hardiman, David (2003). Gandhi in His Time and Ours: The Global Legacy of His Ideas. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-13114-3.
Johansen, Robert C. (1997). "Radical Islam and Nonviolence: A Case Study of Religious Empowerment and Constraint Among Pashtuns". Journal of Peace Research. 34 (1): 53–71. doi:10.1177/0022343397034001005.
Johnson, Richard L. (2005). Gandhi's Experiments With Truth: Essential Writings By And About Mahatma Gandhi. Lexington Books. ISBN 0-7391-1143-4.
King, Jr., Martin Luther; Carson, Clayborne (1998). The Autobiography of Martin Luther King, Jr. Warner Books. ISBN 0-446-67650-0.
Majmudar, Uma; Gandhi, Rajmohan (2005). Gandhi's Pilgrimage of Faith: From Darkness To Light. New York: SUNY Press. ISBN 0-7914-6405-9.
Martin, Brian (2006). Justice Ignited. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-7425-4086-3.
Masselos, Jim. "Audiences, Actors and Congress Dramas: Crowd Events in Bombay City in 1930," South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies, April 1985, Vol. 8 Issue 1/2, pp 71–86
Riddick, John F. (2006). The History of British India: A Chronology. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-32280-5.
Weber, Thomas (1998). On the Salt March: The Historiography of Gandhi's March to Dandi. India: HarperCollins. ISBN 81-7223-372-8.
Wolpert, Stanley (2001). Gandhi's Passion: The Life and Legacy of Mahatma Gandhi. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-515634-X.
Wolpert, Stanley (1999). India. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-22172-9.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Salt March.
Newsreel footage of Salt Satyagraha
Salt march re-enactment slide show
Gandhi's 1930 march re-enacted (BBC News)
Speech by Prime Minister of India on 75th anniversary of Dandi March.
Dandi March Timeline
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Happy (Surface song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
"Happy"
Single by Surface
from the album Surface
Released
1987
Recorded
1986
Genre
R&B
Length
3:57
Songwriter(s)
Bernard Jackson, David Conley, David Townsend
Producer(s)
Bernard Jackson
Surface singles chronology
"Let's Try Again"
(1986) "Happy"
(1987) "Lately"
(1987)
"Let's Try Again"
(1986) "Happy"
(1987) "Lately"
(1987)
"Happy" is a song originally recorded by British funk band Hi-Tension in 1984, titled as "You Make Me Happy". In 1987, it was covered by Surface from their self-titled album. A hit single, Surface's version reached number 20 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and number 16 on the Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales chart.[1] "Happy" was also featured on Surface's album Perfect 10 and was produced by Bernard Jackson, David "Pic" Conley and David Townsend.
Contents
1 Cover versions
2 Extended version vinyl
3 Sampling
4 Charts
5 References
6 External links
Cover versions[edit]
1995: Pauline Henry did a cover version of "Happy".
1995: MN8 covered this song and reached #8 on the UK singles chart and #11 in New Zealand, and #1 in France.
1998: German pop band Squeezer covered "Happy" on their 1998 second album Streetlife.
Extended version vinyl[edit]
Happy
Let's Try Again
Sampling[edit]
"Happy" has been sampled several times in the following songs:
"Pillow Talk" by Kid Cudi
"Happy" by Camelot II
"Only You" by Lil Blacky
"My Baby" by Jagged Edge
"Fast Life" by Kool G Rap featuring Nas
"Use My Shoulder" by JoJo
"Only the Loot Can Make Me Happy" by R. Kelly
"She Is" by Carl Thomas featuring LL Cool J
"Byrdgang Anthem" - Jim Jones featuring Max B, Natalie
Charts[edit]
Chart (1987)
Peak
position
UK Singles Chart 56
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[2] 24
US Billboard Hot 100[3] 20
US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[4] 2
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Surface: Billboard Singles". Allmusic. Retrieved May 26, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Surface Chart History (Adult Contemporary)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Surface Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Surface Chart History (Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs)". Billboard.
http://www.whosampled.com/search/covers/?q=surface%20happy
http://www.whosampled.com/search/samples/?q=surface%20happy
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Happy_(Surface_song)&oldid=863440006"
Categories:
Surface (band) songs
Contemporary R&B ballads
1984 singles
1987 singles
1995 singles
MN8 songs
Songs written by David Conley (musician)
1984 songs
1980s ballads
Songs about happiness
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Articles needing additional references from September 2011
All articles needing additional references
Articles with hAudio microformats
Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary
Singlechart called without song
Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100
Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop
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The Pointy End
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"The Pointy End"
Game of Thrones episode
Khal Drogo gets ready to fight.
Episode no.
Season 1
Episode 8
Directed by
Daniel Minahan
Written by
George R. R. Martin
Featured music
Ramin Djawadi
Cinematography by
Matthew Jensen
Editing by
Martin Nicholson
Original air date
June 5, 2011 (2011-06-05)
Running time
59 minutes[1]
Guest appearance(s)
Donald Sumpter as Maester Luwin
Conleth Hill as Lord Varys
Jerome Flynn as Bronn
James Cosmo as Ser Jeor Mormont
Owen Teale as Ser Alliser Thorne
Ron Donachie as Ser Rodrik Cassel
Charles Dance as Lord Tywin Lannister
Ian McElhinney as Ser Barristan Selmy
John Bradley as Samwell Tarly
Julian Glover as Grand Maester Pycelle
Miltos Yerolemou as Syrio Forel
Kate Dickie as Lady Lysa Arryn
Dominic Carter as Janos Slynt
Natalia Tena as Osha
Susan Brown as Septa Mordane
Clive Mantle as Lord Jon "Greatjon" Umber
Mark Stanley as Grenn
Josef Altin as Pyp
Luke McEwan as Rast
Mark Lewis Jones as Shagga
Mia Soteriou as Mirri Maz Duur
Amrita Acharia as Irri
Roxanne McKee as Doreah
Kristian Nairn as Hodor
Elyes Gabel as Rakharo
Dar Salim as Qotho
Ian Gelder as Ser Kevan Lannister
Lino Facioli as Lord Robin Arryn
Art Parkinson as Rickon Stark
Brian Fortune as Othell Yarwyck
Episode chronology
← Previous
"You Win or You Die" Next →
"Baelor"
Game of Thrones (season 1)
List of Game of Thrones episodes
"The Pointy End" is the eighth episode of the HBO medieval fantasy television series Game of Thrones. First aired on June 5, 2011, the episode was directed by Daniel Minahan and written by George R. R. Martin, the author of the A Song of Ice and Fire novels on which the show is based.[2]
The plot covers the aftermath of Eddard Stark's capture. While the Lannisters seek to capture his daughters, his son and heir, Robb, raises an army in the North. Meanwhile, Daenerys witnesses a Dothraki raid on a peaceful village, and Jon Snow faces a new threat at the Wall. The episode's title refers to the sword fighting lesson that Jon gave to Arya before their farewell: "Stick them with the pointy end."
The episode was well received by critics, who praised Martin's adaptation of his own work as well as the actors' performances. It was dedicated to Ralph Vicinanza, an executive producer who died of natural causes. In the United States, the episode achieved a viewership of 2.72 million in its initial broadcast. The episode garnered an Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Costumes for a Series, but lost to The Borgias.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
1.1 In the Mountains of the Moon
1.2 In the Eyrie
1.3 In the North
1.4 In the Riverlands
1.5 At the Wall
1.6 In Lhazar
1.7 In King's Landing
2 Production
2.1 Writing
2.2 Casting
2.3 Filming locations
2.4 Dedication
3 Reception
3.1 Ratings
3.2 Critical response
3.3 Emmy nomination
4 References
5 External links
Plot[edit]
Like previous episodes, "The Pointy End" interweaves action in multiple separate locations in and around the Seven Kingdoms of Westeros.
In the Mountains of the Moon[edit]
As Tyrion and Bronn head towards Tywin Lannister's camp, they are surrounded by one of the barbarian hill tribes of the Vale. Tyrion convinces them to serve as his escorts by promising them gold, weapons and an army to help them seize the Vale of Arryn. Tywin is displeased, but agrees to keep Tyrion's promises if the hill tribes join the fight against the Starks. The tribesmen agree, but want Tyrion to follow them as insurance, much to Tyrion's discomfort.
In the Eyrie[edit]
Catelyn confronts her sister Lysa about the letter Catelyn received regarding events at King's Landing. Lysa refuses to send troops to help the Starks against the Lannisters because she only cares for the safety of her son Robin. A disgusted Catelyn leaves the Eyrie.
In the North[edit]
After receiving his sister's letter (see below), Maester Luwin decides that Cersei is manipulating Sansa. Robb calls his family's bannermen to war against the Lannisters, much to Theon Greyjoy's pleasure. After gaining the respect of Stark bannerman Lord "Greatjon" Umber and leaving Bran in charge of Winterfell, Robb and his army march south.
In the Riverlands[edit]
The Stark forces, having made camp in the Riverlands, are joined by Catelyn. During a council of war at which Robb ponders whether to attack Tywin's or Jaime's forces, his men present him with a captured Lannister scout. Robb decides to let him go with a message to Tywin that "winter is coming" for him, but tricks him into thinking Robb is sending his entire army of 20,000 men to attack Tywin.
At the Wall[edit]
Jon Snow, Sam and their party return to the Wall after finding two frozen corpses. Lord Commander Mormont recognizes them as Benjen Stark's fellow rangers and orders their bodies examined. Sam points out that there is no sign of decay on their corpses, even though they have apparently been dead for weeks. Later, Mormont informs Jon about events in the south and warns him to keep his commitment to the Night's Watch. Jon loses his temper after Ser Alliser Thorne mocks Eddard Stark's treason. Enraged, Jon charges at Thorne with a knife but is held back by his companions and confined to his quarters by Mormont.
Later that night, Jon's direwolf Ghost behaves strangely, prompting Jon to investigate Mormont's quarters. As Jon enters, he is attacked by one of the dead rangers, returned to life as a wight. The undead monster is immune to Jon's sword, continuing to attack even after being run through and losing an arm. As Mormont enters, Jon throws a lantern at the wight, setting the wight ablaze and finally destroying it. The next morning, Mormont and the Night's Watch burn the two bodies, and Sam tells them that he read that corpses touched by the White Walkers are reanimated and can only be killed by fire.
In Lhazar[edit]
Khal Drogo's khalasar sacks a Lhazareen village in order to gather funds for the ships they need to invade the Seven Kingdoms. Daenerys Targaryen is dismayed by their brutality, and after seeing Dothraki raiders gather several village women for use as sex slaves, she orders Ser Jorah Mormont and her bodyguards to claim the women as hers. Challenged in front of Drogo, she defends her actions as her right as khaleesi, and demands that the raiders marry rather than enslave the women they desire. Impressed, Drogo sides with his wife, but the leading raider, Mago, is unimpressed and challenges the Khal to a duel. Mago is swiftly killed by Drogo, but not before inflicting a deep wound. Daenerys worries about the wound, and the Khal reluctantly allows one of the spared villagers, a healer by the name of Mirri Maz Duur, to treat his wounds. This attracts further ire from the Dothraki, who derisively call the woman "maegi", a witch.
In King's Landing[edit]
After Ned Stark is imprisoned following his failed attempt to arrest Joffrey and Cersei Lannister, the Lannisters move against the rest of the Stark household. While Ned's eldest daughter Sansa is detained, Arya is able to escape after her fencing teacher Syrio Forel holds off the Lannister men. As Arya runs outside looking for her sword, a stable boy tries to detain her for the Queen, but she fatally stabs him before fleeing the castle.
Cersei convinces Sansa that to save her father's life, she must write a letter to her brother Robb imploring him to come to King's Landing and swear fealty to Joffrey. Later, Joffrey and Cersei hold court, where they reward Janos Slynt, the Captain of the City Watch, with a lordship, while Tywin Lannister is named the new Hand of the King. Joffrey also relieves Ser Barristan Selmy as Lord Commander of the Kingsguard and gives his post to Jaime Lannister. Selmy is offered a castle and land in recognition of his service, but a furious Selmy, regarding the offer as an insult, throws his sword at Joffrey's feet and storms out in disgust. Sansa takes the opportunity to publicly plead for her father's life, and Joffrey agrees to show mercy if Ned will confess to treason and accept him as the rightful king.
Production[edit]
Writing[edit]
George R. R. Martin is the original author of A Game of Thrones.
The episode was written by George R. R. Martin, the author of the book A Game of Thrones on which the series is based. Content from this episode is derived from chapters 43, 51-54, 55-58, and 61(Tyrion VI, Arya IV, Sansa IV, Jon VII, Bran VI, Catelyn VIII, Tyrion VII, Sansa V, the early part of Eddard XV, and Daenerys VII).[3] Martin has extensive experience in television writing, but it had been a decade since he had produced a teleplay. He said that he found writing this episode very easy because of his familiarity with the characters and the story, and that the hardest part was "getting used to the new screenwriting software that [he] had to use."[4]
Martin delivered the first draft of the script to the show's executive producers David Benioff and D. B. Weiss on May 1, 2010, admitting that it was probably "too long and too expensive."[5] In fact, one scene that Martin wrote – Robb Stark calling his father's Northern bannermen, with a montage of eight different castles receiving the summons and riding out – was deemed impossible to film.[6]
The first scenes depicting Tyrion descending with Bronn from the Mountains of the Moon and encountering the clansmen were not written by Martin. Since they were originally intended to be part of episode seven, they were written by that episode's authors, David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. As often happens in TV production, the scene was moved from one episode to another during editing.[7]
Casting[edit]
"The Pointy End" includes the first appearance of two significant recurring characters in the book series: Clive Mantle as the Northern bannerman Lord Jon Umber, known as the Greatjon due to his size, and Ian Gelder as Lord Tywin's brother and right-hand man Ser Kevan Lannister.[8]
Audley's Castle was used as one of the ruined towers of Moat Cailin that defend the Neck.
Filming locations[edit]
Interior scenes were filmed at The Paint Hall studio, in Belfast, including all the scenes set in the Red Keep and Winterfell.[9] The exterior of the Stark and Lannister war camps were shot on location in the Castle Ward estate, near the village of Strangford. Audley's Castle in the estate doubled as the ruined remains of one of Moat Cailin's towers, seen when Catelyn and Rodrik join Robb's army.[9]
The scenes at the village of the Lamb Men that is sacked by the Dothraki were filmed towards the end of October 2010 in Malta, at the farming town of Manikata.[10] For the exterior of the Red Keep where Arya recovers her sword Needle, San Anton Palace was used.[11]
Dedication[edit]
The episode was dedicated to the memory of Ralph Vicinanza. He had been one of the co-executive producers attached to Game of Thrones, and died in his sleep from a cerebral aneurysm on September 25, 2010. Vicinanza was the literary agent who handled George R. R. Martin's foreign language rights, and (with Vince Gerardis) one of the co-founders of the management company Created By which aimed at developing feature films and television shows based on the works of Vicinanza's clients. He was instrumental in bringing Martin's work to the screen, recommending the books to David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, and leading the negotiations with HBO. He died a few days after HBO greenlighted the series.[12]
Reception[edit]
Ratings[edit]
The episode was seen by 2.7 million viewers for the first airing, a season high, and by another additional 900,000 for the repeat. It therefore obtained a total audience of 3.6 million for the night.[13]
Critical response[edit]
"The Pointy End" was well received by critics. Among the most enthusiastic was Maureen Ryan from AOL TV, who called it "the best episode yet," and wrote that she was "extremely impressed with how many moving parts were deployed smoothly and how the hour just flowed."[14] IGN's Matt Fowler remarked that this mostly Ned-less episode was very busy; he enjoyed that Robb got to share the spotlight as viewers witnessed part of his "maturation."[15]
The episode's multiple perspectives were commented on: James Hibberd wrote for Entertainment Weekly that "for a show that can often seem disjointed due by having so many storylines unfolding in different locations, this was the most cohesive episode we've seen yet, as the entire realm was impacted by Ned Stark being arrested for treason."[16] At HitFix, Alan Sepinwall called it "by far the busiest episode of the series to date," remarking that it not only moved "pieces around the chess board to set things up for the season's final two episodes," but also included "some crackling dialogue, a few good character moments and some of the best action the show has featured to date."[17] David Sims from the A.V. Club wrote that the episode "masterfully kept us abreast of everything going on, while sticking to the point-of-view style the show has held from the start."[18] On his blog Cultural Learnings, reviewer Myles McNutt found the episode "filled with moments where much is done with very little. We don't really spend a sustained period in any one location, with only brief scenes possible to establish some pretty substantial story developments."[19]
"There was a level of sureness and confidence on display in this script, and that makes a whole lot of sense, given that Martin invented this world and created these people. There was no tentativeness when it came to shaping and adapting the material for the small screen. There have been standout scenes in other episodes, and the show has certainly gained confidence and momentum as the season has progressed, but 'The Pointy End' was just on a different level. I loved it."
— Maureen Ryan, AOL TV[14]
Many critics considered that a great part of the episode's merits were due to George R. R. Martin's script. Sepinwall felt that "Martin didn't get the easiest draw when he wound up having to dramatize the events depicted in 'The Pointy End,' " but still loved the results.[17] Mo Ryan concluded that anyone who was doubting whether Martin had forgotten about writing television scripts should now put their doubts to rest.[14] The "expert" review from the A.V. Club by Todd VanDerWerff noted "a definite sense of Martin's hand at work here. Characters that have never quite worked onscreen—like Sansa—suddenly feel much more alive. Characters that have been working—like Tyrion and Arya—get lots of fun stuff to play that never once feels labored."[20]
The scenes with Sansa Stark were also noted. According to Elio Garcia from westeros.org, "Sophie Turner really shines in her scenes. There are a lot of people out there who judge Sansa very harshly, but you would have to have a heart of stone not to sympathize with her plight in this episode."[21] Many reviewers agreed with this sentiment, commenting on the transition from a "spoiled brat" to a young, confused, but courageous teenager were noted by several reviewers positively.[14][17][22] Time's reviewer James Poniewozik emphasized the growth of Robb Stark's character, praising both Martin's writing and Richard Madden's acting.[23] Maureen Ryan highlighted the scene where Syrio Forel confronts the Lannister men to allow Arya's escape, which she considered masterfully staged.[14]
Emmy nomination[edit]
Michele Clapton (costume designer) and Rachael Webb-Crozier (costume supervisor) were nominated for the 2011 Emmy Award for Outstanding Costumes for a Series for "The Pointy End",[24] but lost to The Borgias.[25]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Game of Thrones 08". HBO. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Episode Guide". Winter is Coming.net. Retrieved May 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ Garcia, Elio; Antonsson, Linda (March 31, 2012). "EP108: The Pointy End". Westeros.org. Retrieved November 9, 2014.
Jump up ^ Radish, Christina. "George R. R. Martin Interview". Collider.com. Retrieved June 6, 2011.
Jump up ^ Martin, George R.R. "May Day". Not a blog. Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved June 6, 2011.
Jump up ^ Bennett, Tara. "How George R.R. Martin was won over by Games of Thrones miniseries". Blastr.com. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
Jump up ^ Martin, George R.R. "The Pointy End". Not a blog. Archived from the original on June 9, 2011. Retrieved June 6, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Game of Thrones Episode: "The Pointy End"". TV Guide. Retrieved January 14, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Locations of Thrones: Northern Ireland". Culture Addict/History Nerd!. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved June 6, 2011.
Jump up ^ Cogman, Bryan. "Dispatches From The Seven Kingdoms: Speaking Dothraki". Makinggameofthrones.com. Retrieved June 8, 2011.
Jump up ^ Cogman, Bryan. "Dispatches From The Seven Kingdoms: The Favored Hand". Makinggameofthrones.com. Retrieved June 8, 2011.
Jump up ^ Martin, George R.R. "Ralph". Not a blog. Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
Jump up ^ Rice, Lynette. "'Game of Thrones' hits ratings high". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Ryan, Maureen. "'Game of Thrones' Season 1, Episode 8 Recap". Aol TV. Retrieved June 8, 2011.
Jump up ^ Fowler, Matt. "Game of Thrones: "The Pointy End" Review". IGN. Retrieved June 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ Hibberd, James. "'Game of Thrones' recap: Unleash the Direwolves of War". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved June 8, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c Sepinwall, Alan. "Review: 'Game of Thrones' – 'The Pointy End': Family feud". HitFix. Retrieved June 8, 2011.
Jump up ^ Sims, David. ""The Pointy End" (for newbies)". The A.V. Club. Retrieved June 8, 2011.
Jump up ^ McNutt, Myles. "Game of Thrones – "The Pointy End"". Cultural Learnings. Retrieved June 8, 2011.
Jump up ^ VanDerWerff, Todd. ""The Pointy End" (for experts)". The A.V. Club. Retrieved June 8, 2011.
Jump up ^ Garcia, Elio. "EP108: The Pointy End". Westeros.org. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
Jump up ^ Meslow, Scott. "'Game of Thrones': The Sins of Ned Stark". The Atlantic. Retrieved June 8, 2011.
Jump up ^ Poniewozik, James (June 6, 2011). "Game of Thrones Watch: The Quality of Mercy". Time. Retrieved June 8, 2011.
Jump up ^ "2011 nominations for outstanding costumes for a series". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Retrieved January 14, 2012.
Jump up ^ "2011 Emmy Awards – Winners and Nominees". The Costume Designers Guild. Archived from the original on October 20, 2011. Retrieved January 14, 2012.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: The Pointy End
"The Pointy End" at HBO
"The Pointy End" on IMDb
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