text:
Vidhan Sabha
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For the upper house, see Vidhan Parishad.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
India
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
India
Constitution and law[show]
Constitutional amendment
Basic structure doctrine
Fundamental rights
Human rights
———————
Code of Civil Procedure, 1908
Uniform civil code
Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973
Indian Penal Code
Law enforcement
Government of India[show]
President (Head of state) (List)
Vice president (List)
———————
Executive:
Prime minister (Head of government) (List)
Union Council of Ministers
Cabinet secretary
Secretaries:
(Defence • Finance • Foreign • Home)
Civil services
All India Services (IAS • IFS/IFoS • IPS)
———————
Legislature:
Parliament
Rajya Sabha (Chairman)
Lok Sabha (Speaker)
Judiciary:
Supreme court (Chief justice)
High courts (Chief justices)
District courts
Elections[show]
Election commission:
Chief Election Commissioner (Election commissioners)
Recent general elections: 2009
2014
2019
Recent state elections: 2017
2018
2019
———————
Political parties
National parties
State parties
National coalitions:
National Democratic Alliance (NDA)
United Progressive Alliance (UPA)
Federalism[show]
Administrative divisions
———————
State governments
Governors (List)
Chief ministers (List)
Chief secretary (Principal secretaries)
Field-level officers
Divisional commissioners
District magistrates
Sub-divisional magistrates
Legislatures:
Vidhan Sabha
Vidhan Parishad
———————
Local governments: Rural bodies:
District councils
Block panchayats
Gram Panchayats
Urban bodies:
Municipal corporations
Municipal councils
Nagar panchayats
Other countries
Atlas
v
t
e
The Vidhan Sabha the Legislative Assembly is the lower house (in states with bicameral) or the sole house (in unicameral states) of the state legislature in the different states of India.[1] The same name is also used for the lower house of the legislatures for two of the Union Territories, Delhi and Puducherry.[citation needed] The upper house in the seven states[citation needed] with a bicameral legislature is called the Legislative Council, or Vidhan Parishad. Members of a Vidhan Sabha are direct representatives of the people of the particular state as they are directly elected by an electorate consisting of all citizens above the age of 18 of that state. Its maximum size as outlined in the Constitution of India is not more than 500 members and not fewer than 60 members. However, the size of the Vidhan Sabha can be fewer than 59 members through an Act of Parliament: such is the case in the states of Goa, Sikkim, Mizoram and the Union Territory of Puducherry. In some states the Governor may appoint 1 member to Governors) to Vidhan Sabha are referred to as Members of Legislative Assembly or MLAs. Each Vidhan Sabha assembles for a five-year term, after which all seats are up for election. During a state of emergency, its term may be extended past five years or it may be dissolved. The term of the Legislative Assembly is five years. But it may be dissolved even earlier than five years by the Governor on the request of the Chief Minister. The term of a Legislative Assembly may be extended during an Emergency, but not by more than six months at a time. A Vidhan Sabha can also be dissolved if a motion of no confidence is passed within it against the majority party or coalition.
Contents
1 Qualifications required to become a member
2 Special powers of the Vidhan Sabha
3 List of Vidhan Sabhas
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Qualifications required to become a member[edit]
To become a member of a Vidhan Sabha, a person must be a citizen of India, not less than 25 years of age. He or she should be mentally sound and should not be bankrupt. He or she should also state an affidavit that there are no criminal procedures against him or her. Speaker of Vidhan Sabha who is responsible for the conduct of business of the body, and also a Deputy Speaker to preside during the Speaker's absence. The Speaker acts as a neutral judge and manages all debates and discussions in the house. Usually he or she is a member of the stronger political party
A Vidhan Sabha holds equal legislative power with the upper house of state legislature, the Vidhan Parishad ('Legislative Council'), except in the area of money bills in which case the Vidhan Sabha has the ultimate authority.
Special powers of the Vidhan Sabha[edit]
A motion of no confidence against the government in the state can only be introduced in the Vidhan Sabha. If it is passed by a majority vote, then the Chief Minister and his Council of Ministers must collectively resign.
A money bill can only be introduced in Vidhan Sabha. In bicameral jurisdictions, after it is passed in the Vidhan Sabha, it is sent to the Vidhan Parishad, where it can be kept for a maximum time of 14 days.
In matters related to ordinary bills, the will of Legislative Assembly prevails and there is no provision of joint sitting. In such cases, Legislative council can delay the legislation by maximum 4 months (3 months in first visit and 1 month in the second visit of the bill).
List of Vidhan Sabhas[edit]
Vidhan Sabha (Legislative Assembly)
Image
List of constituencies
Location/state capital
Number of Constituency
Governing party
Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Amaravathi 175 Telugu Desam Party
Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly List of constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly Itanagar 60 Bharatiya Janata Party
Assam Legislative Assembly List of constituencies of Assam Legislative Assembly Dispur 126 Bharatiya Janata Party
Bihar Legislative Assembly List of constituencies of Bihar Legislative Assembly Patna 243 Janata Dal (United)
Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly List of constituencies of Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly Naya Raipur 90 Bharatiya Janata Party
Delhi Legislative Assembly List of constituencies of Delhi Legislative Assembly New Delhi 70 Aam Aadmi Party
Goa Legislative Assembly List of constituencies of Goa Legislative Assembly Panaji 40 Bharatiya Janata Party
Gujarat Legislative Assembly List of constituencies of Gujarat Legislative Assembly Gandhinagar 182 Bharatiya Janata Party
Haryana Legislative Assembly List of constituencies of Haryana Legislative Assembly Chandigarh 90 Bharatiya Janata Party
Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly List of constituencies of Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly Shimla 68 Bharatiya Janata Party
Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly List of constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly Srinagar 87 Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party
Jharkhand Legislative Assembly List of constituencies of Jharkhand Legislative Assembly Ranchi 81 Bharatiya Janata Party
Karnataka Legislative Assembly List of constituencies of Karnataka Legislative Assembly Bengaluru 224 Janata Dal (Secular)
Kerala Legislative Assembly List of constituencies of Kerala Legislative Assembly Thiruvananthapuram 140 Communist Party of India (Marxist)
Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly List of constituencies of Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly Bhopal 230 Bharatiya Janata Party
Maharashtra Legislative Assembly
List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly
Mumbai
Nagpur (Winter)
288 Bharatiya Janata Party
Manipur Legislative Assembly List of constituencies of Manipur Legislative Assembly Imphal 60 Bharatiya Janata Party
Meghalaya Legislative Assembly List of constituencies of Meghalaya Legislative Assembly Shillong 60 National People's Party
Mizoram Legislative Assembly List of constituencies of Mizoram Legislative Assembly Aizawl 40 Indian National Congress
Nagaland Legislative Assembly List of constituencies of Nagaland Legislative Assembly Kohima 60 Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party
Odisha Legislative Assembly List of constituencies of Odisha Legislative Assembly Bhubaneshwar 147 Biju Janata Dal
Puducherry Legislative Assembly List of constituencies of Puducherry Legislative Assembly Pondicherry 30 Indian National Congress
Punjab Legislative Assembly List of constituencies of Punjab Legislative Assembly Chandigarh 117 Indian National Congress
Rajasthan Legislative Assembly List of constituencies of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Jaipur 200 Bharatiya Janata Party
Sikkim Legislative Assembly List of constituencies of Sikkim Legislative Assembly Gangtok 32 Sikkim Democratic Front
Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly List of constituencies of Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Chennai 234 All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
Telangana Legislative Assembly List of constituencies of Telangana Legislative Assembly Hyderabad 119 Telangana Rashtra Samithi
Tripura Legislative Assembly List of constituencies of Tripura Legislative Assembly Agartala 60 Bharatiya Janata Party
Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly List of constituencies of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Lucknow 403 Bharatiya Janata Party
Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly List of constituencies of Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly Dehradun 70 Bharatiya Janata Party
West Bengal Legislative Assembly List of constituencies of West Bengal Legislative Assembly Kolkata 294 All India Trinamool Congress
Total — — 4120[2] —
See also[edit]
Politics of India
State Assembly elections in India
Vidhan Parishad
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Bihar Vidhan Sabha". vidhansabha.bih.nic.in. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Election Commission of India". eci.nic.in. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
External links[edit]
Legislative Bodies in India website
Assembly constituency level publications website
Laws of India website to download laws made by different states
Punjab Vidhan Sabha Election Results 2012
hide
v
t
e
Elections in India
General elections
1920
1923
1926
1930
1934
1945
1951–52
1957
1962
1967
1971
1977
1980
1984
1989
1991
1996
1998
1999
2004
2009
2014
2019
State elections
1920
1923
1926
1930
1934
1937
1946
1952
1954
1955
1957
1960
1961
1962
1964
1965
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1974
1975
1977
1978
1979
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
See also: Elections in Andhra Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Delhi
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu and Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland
Odisha
Puducherry
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Telangana
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
West Bengal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vidhan_Sabha&oldid=851883985"
Categories:
State legislatures of India
State lower houses in India
Hidden categories:
Articles needing additional references from April 2015
All articles needing additional references
Use Indian English from May 2013
All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017
Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
বাংলা
فارسی
Français
ગુજરાતી
हिन्दी
Bahasa Indonesia
ಕನ್ನಡ
മലയാളം
मराठी
தமிழ்
తెలుగు
اردو
Tiếng Việt
4 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 25 July 2018, at 05:58 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: href title

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

value: b

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

value: i

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values:
/wiki/Fundamental_Rights_in_India
mw-redirect
Fundamental Rights in India

values: font-size: 105%; padding: 0px 0px 0.4em; text-align: left; display: none;

values:
/wiki/Chairman_of_Rajya_Sabha
mw-redirect
Chairman of Rajya Sabha

values:
/wiki/High_Courts_of_India
mw-redirect
High Courts of India

values:
/wiki/District_Courts_of_India
mw-redirect
District Courts of India

values: Governors and Lieutenant-Governors of states of India

values:
/wiki/Chief_Secretary_(India)
mw-redirect
Chief Secretary (India)

values:
/wiki/Principal_Secretary_(India)
mw-redirect
Principal Secretary (India)

values:
/wiki/Divisional_Commissioner
mw-redirect
Divisional Commissioner

values:
/wiki/District_Magistrate
mw-redirect
District Magistrate

values:
/wiki/Panchayat_Samiti_(Block)
mw-redirect
Panchayat Samiti (Block)

values:
/wiki/Gram_Panchayats
mw-redirect
Gram Panchayats

values:
/wiki/Municipal_Corporations_in_India
mw-redirect
Municipal Corporations in India

values:
/wiki/Nagar_Palika_(Municipality)
mw-redirect
Nagar Palika (Municipality)

values:
/wiki/Nagar_Panchayat
mw-redirect
Nagar Panchayat

values: padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

values:
/wiki/States_of_India
mw-redirect
States of India

values:
/wiki/Union_Territories
mw-redirect
Union Territories

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2017)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2018)

values:
/wiki/Governors_of_India
mw-redirect
Governors of India

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values: Edit section: Qualifications required to become a member

values:
/wiki/Loss_of_Supply
mw-redirect
Loss of Supply

values: Edit section: Special powers of the Vidhan Sabha

values:
/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_India
mw-redirect
Chief Minister of India

values:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values: List of constituencies of Assam Legislative Assembly

values: List of constituencies of Bihar Legislative Assembly

values:
/wiki/Patna,_Bihar
mw-redirect
Patna, Bihar

values: List of constituencies of Delhi Legislative Assembly

values: List of constituencies of Goa Legislative Assembly

values: List of constituencies of Gujarat Legislative Assembly

values:
/wiki/Gandhinagar,_Gujarat
mw-redirect
Gandhinagar, Gujarat

values: List of constituencies of Haryana Legislative Assembly

values: Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party

values: List of constituencies of Kerala Legislative Assembly

values: List of constituencies of Manipur Legislative Assembly

values: Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party

values: List of constituencies of Odisha Legislative Assembly

values: List of constituencies of Punjab Legislative Assembly

values: List of constituencies of Sikkim Legislative Assembly

values: All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam

values:
/wiki/Hyderabad,_India
mw-redirect
Hyderabad, India

values: Ujjayanta palace Tripura State Museum Agartala India.jpg

values: List of constituencies of Tripura Legislative Assembly

values: West Bengal State Legislative Assembly House, Kolkata.jpg

values:
nofollow
http://www.vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/
external text

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
http://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.lawsofindia.org

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: 1964 elections in India (page does not exist)

values: 1978 elections in India (page does not exist)

values: 1979 elections in India (page does not exist)

values: 1980 elections in India (page does not exist)

values: 1982 elections in India (page does not exist)

values: 1983 elections in India (page does not exist)

values: 1984 elections in India (page does not exist)

values: 1985 elections in India (page does not exist)

values: 1987 elections in India (page does not exist)

values: 1989 elections in India (page does not exist)

values: 1990 elections in India (page does not exist)

values: 1991 elections in India (page does not exist)

values: 1992 elections in India (page does not exist)

values: 1993 elections in India (page does not exist)

values: 1994 elections in India (page does not exist)

values: 1995 elections in India (page does not exist)

values: 1996 elections in India (page does not exist)

values: 1997 elections in India (page does not exist)

values: 1999 elections in India (page does not exist)

values: 2000 elections in India (page does not exist)

values: 2001 elections in India (page does not exist)

values: 2002 elections in India (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Elections_in_Goa
mw-redirect
Elections in Goa

values: Elections in Nagaland (page does not exist)

values: Elections in Puducherry (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Elections_in_Punjab_(India)
mw-redirect
Elections in Punjab (India)

values:
/wiki/Elections_in_Telangana
mw-redirect
Elections in Telangana

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from April 2015

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:Use Indian English from May 2013

values: Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Vidhan_Sabha
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: বিধানসভা – Bangla

values: ودهان سبها – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values: વિધાન સભા – Gujarati

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gu
display: none;

values: विधान सभा – Hindi

values: ವಿಧಾನ ಸಭೆ – Kannada

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values: विधानसभा – Marathi

values: மாநிலச் சட்டப் பேரவை – Tamil

values: శాసనసభ – Telugu

values: ودھان سبھا – Urdu

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Vidhan_Sabha rootpage-Vidhan_Sabha skin-vector action-view


text:
List of United Nations peacekeeping missions
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
[hide]This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources. (August 2013)
This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (August 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
(Learn how and when to remove this template message)
See also: History of United Nations Peacekeeping
UN refugee camp in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo.
IDP camp in Sudan resulting from the Darfur conflict.
Current Missions Past Missions
This is a list of UN peacekeeping missions since the United Nations was founded in 1945, organized by region, with the dates of deployment, the name of the related conflict, and the name of the UN operation.
Peacekeeping, as defined by the United Nations, is a way to help countries torn by conflict create conditions for sustainable peace. UN peacekeepers—soldiers and military officers, police officers and civilian personnel from many countries—monitor and observe peace processes that emerge in post-conflict situations and assist ex-combatants in implementing the peace agreements they have signed. Such assistance comes in many forms, including confidence-building measures, power-sharing arrangements, electoral support, strengthening the rule of law, and economic and social development.
The Charter of the United Nations gives the Security Council the power and responsibility to take collective action to maintain international peace and security. For this reason, the international community usually looks to the Security Council to authorize peacekeeping operations. Most of these operations are established and implemented by the United Nations itself with troops serving under UN operational command. In other cases, where direct UN involvement is nt functions, including diplomatic relations with other countries, international bodies of justice (such as the International Criminal Court), and eliminating problems such as landmines that can lead to new incidents of fighting.
Contents
[hide]
1 Completed missions (56)
1.1 Africa
1.2 Americas
1.3 Asia
1.4 Europe
1.5 Middle East
2 Current deployment (16)
2.1 Africa
2.2 Americas
2.3 Asia
2.4 Europe
2.5 Middle East
3 See also
4 References
Completed missions (56)[edit]
Africa[edit]
Dates of operation
Name of Operation
Location
Conflict
Website
1960–1964 United Nations Operation in the Congo (ONUC) Democratic Republic of the Congo Congo Crisis [1]
1988–1991 United Nations Angola Verification Mission I (UNAVEM I) Angola Angolan Civil War [2]
1989–1990 United Nations Transition Assistance Group (UNTAG) Namibia Namibian War of Independence [3]
1991–1995 United Nations Angola Verification Mission II (UNAVEM II) Angola Angolan Civil War [4]
1992–1994 United Nations Operation in Mozambique (ONUMOZ) Mozambique Mozambican Civil War [5]
1992–1993 United Nations Operation in Somalia I (UNOSOM I) Somalia Somali Civil War [6]
1993–1997 United Nations Observer Mission in Liberia (UNOMIL) Liberia First Liberian Civil War [7]
1993–1994 United Nations Observer Mission Uganda-Rwanda (UNOMUR) Rwanda Rwandan Civil War [8]
Uganda
1993–1996 United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR) Rwanda Rwandan Civil War [9]
1993–1995 United Nations Operation in Somalia II (UNOSOM II) Somalia Somali Civil War [10]
1994 United Nations Aouzou Strip Observer Group (UNASOG) Chad Aouzou Strip dispute [11]
Libya
1995–1997 United Nations Angola Verification Mission III (UNAVEM III) Angola Angolan Civil War [12]
1997–1999 United Nations Observer Mission in Angola (MONUA) Angola Angolan Civil War [13]
1998–1999 United Nations Observer Mission in Sierra Leone (UNOMSIL) Sierra Leone Sierra Leone civil war [14]
1998–2000 United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic (MINURCA) Central African Republic Central African Republic mutinies [15]
1999–2005 United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL) Sierra Leone Sierra Leone civil war [16]
2000–2008 United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea (UNMEE) Eritrea Eritrean-Ethiopian War [17]
Ethiopia
2004–2007 United Nations Operation in Burundi (ONUB) Burundi Burundi Civil War [18]
1999–2010 United Nations Organisation Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC) Democratic Republic of the Congo Second Congo War [19]
2007–2010 United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad (MINURCAT) Chad
Central African Republic Darfur Conflict, Civil war in Chad (2005–2010) [20]
2005–2011 United Nations Mission in the Sudan (UNMIS) Sudan Second Sudanese Civil War [21]
2004-2017 United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire (UNOCI) Côte d'Ivoire First Ivorian Civil War [22]
Americas[edit]
Dates of operation
Name of Operation
Location
Conflict
Website
1965–1966 Mission of the Representative of the Secretary-General in the Dominican Republic (DOMREP) Dominican Republic Operation Power Pack [23]
1989–1992 United Nations Observer Group in Central America (ONUCA) Costa Rica Nicaraguan Civil War [24]
El Salvador
Guatemala
Honduras
Nicaragua
1991–1995 United Nations Observer Mission in El Salvador (ONUSAL) El Salvador El Salvador Civil War [25]
1993–1996 United Nations Mission in Haiti (UNMIH) Haiti 1991 coup and military rule in Haiti [26]
1996–1997 United Nations Support Mission in Haiti (UNSMIH) Haiti Stabilizing Haiti's new democracy [27]
1997 United Nations Verification Mission in Guatemala (MINUGUA) Guatemala Guatemalan Civil War [28]
1997 United Nations Transition Mission in Haiti (UNTMIH) Haiti Training of the Haitian National Police [29]
1997–2000 United Nations Civilian Police Mission in Haiti (MIPONUH) Haiti Training of the Haitian National Police [30]
2000–2001 United Nations General Assembly International Civilian Support Mission in Haiti (MICAH) Haiti Training of the Haitian National Police [31]
2004-2017 United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) Haiti 2004 Haiti rebellion [32]
1. ^ Shown are the flags of the five countries in which ONUCA operated. They are in this order (sorted alphabetically): Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua.
Asia[edit]
Dates of operation
Name of Operation
Location
Conflict
Website
1962–1963 United Nations Security Force in West New Guinea (UNSF) Netherlands New Guinea Transfer of sovereignty over West New Guinea [33]
Indonesia
1965–1966 United Nations India-Pakistan Observation Mission (UNIPOM) India Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 [34]
Pakistan
1988–1990 United Nations Good Offices Mission in Afghanistan and Pakistan (UNGOMAP) Afghanistan Soviet-Afghan War [35]
Pakistan
1991–1992 United Nations Advance Mission in Cambodia (UNAMIC) Cambodia Vietnamese Occupation of Cambodia [36]
1992–1993 United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) Cambodia Vietnamese Occupation of Cambodia [37]
1994–2000 United Nations Mission of Observers in Tajikistan (UNMOT) Tajikistan Tajikistan Civil War [38]
1999 United Nations Mission in East Timor (UNAMET) East Timor Indonesian invasion of East Timor [39]
Indonesia
1999–2002 The United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET) East Timor Indonesian invasion of East Timor [40]
Indonesia
2002–2005 United Nations Mission of Support in East Timor (UNMISET) East Timor Indonesian invasion of East Timor [41]
2006–2012 United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste (UNMIT) East Timor 2006 East Timor crisis [42]
1. ^ Shown are the flags of the newly independent East Timor and its former occupier, Indonesia (in that order).
Europe[edit]
Dates of operation
Name of Operation
Location
Conflict
Website
1992–1995 United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) Bosnia and Herzegovina Yugoslav wars [43]
Croatia
Republic of Macedonia
FR Yugoslavia
1993–2009 United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia (UNOMIG) Georgia Abkhazian War [44]
1994–1996 United Nations Confidence Restoration Operation (UNCRO) Croatia Croatian War [45]
1995–2002 United Nations Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina (UNMIBH) Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnian War [46]
1995–1999 United Nations Preventive Deployment Force (UNPREDEP) Macedonia Aftermath of the Yugoslav wars [47]
1996–1998 United Nations Transitional Authority in Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium (UNTAES) Croatia Croatian War [48]
1996–2002 United Nations Mission of Observers in Prevlaka (UNMOP) Croatia Prevlaka territorial dispute [49]
FR Yugoslavia
1998 United Nations Civilian Police Support Group (UNPSG) Croatia Croatian War [50]
1. ^ This mission operated within former Yugoslav successor states of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro). The flags are shown in this order.
2. ^ Prevlaka Peninsula was claimed by both Croatia and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) and the flags are shown in this order. Upon resolution, all parties accepted Croatia's claim to the territory.
Middle East[edit]
Dates of operation
Name of Operation
Location
Conflict
Website
1956–1967 First United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF I) Egypt Suez Crisis [51]
Israel
1958 United Nations Observation Group in Lebanon (UNOGIL) Lebanon Lebanon crisis of 1958 [52]
1963–1964 United Nations Yemen Observation Mission (UNYOM) North Yemen Yemen Civil War [53]
1973–1979 Second United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF II) Egypt Yom Kippur War [54]
Israel
1988–1991 United Nations Iran-Iraq Military Observer Group (UNIIMOG) Iran Iran–Iraq War [55]
Iraq
1991–2003 United Nations Iraq-Kuwait Observation Mission (UNIKOM) Iraq Gulf War [56]
Kuwait
2012 United Nations Supervision Mission in Syria (UNSMIS) Syria Syrian civil war [57]
Current deployment (16)[edit]
Africa[edit]
Development work and welfare activities by Bangladesh Peacekeeping Missions
BANAIR-13 with Congo Pygmies at Mambasa, Democratic Republic Congo.
Guard of honor during UN Medal Awarding Parade
Start of operation
Name of Operation
Location
Conflict
Website
1991 United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO) Morocco Western Sahara conflict [58]
Sahrawi Republic
2003 United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) Liberia Second Liberian Civil War [59]
2007 United Nations/African Union Mission in Darfur (UNAMID) Sudan War in Darfur [60]
2010 United Nations Organisation Stabilisation Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO) Democratic Republic of the Congo Kivu conflict [61]
2011 United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA) Sudan Abyei conflict [62]
2011 United Nations Mission in the Republic of South Sudan (UNMISS) South Sudan Ethnic violence in South Sudan
South Sudanese Civil War [63]
2011 United Nations Support Mission in Libya (UNSMIL) Libya aftermath of the Libyan Civil War [64]
1 July 2013 Multidimensional Integrated Stabilisation Mission in Mali (MINUSMA) Mali Northern Mali conflict [65]
2014 United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilisation Mission in the Central African Republic (MINUSCA) Central African Republic Central African Republic conflict [66]
Americas[edit]
Start of operation
Name of Operation
Location
Conflict
Website
2017 United Nations Mission for Justice Support in Haiti (MINUJUSTH). Haiti 2004 Haiti rebellion [67]
Asia[edit]
Dates of operation
Name of Operation
Location
Conflict
Website
1949 United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) India Kashmir conflict [68]
Pakistan
Europe[edit]
Start of operation
Name of Operation
Location
Conflict
Website
1964 United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) Cyprus1 Cyprus dispute [69]
1999 United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) Kosovo2 Kosovo War [70]
Middle East[edit]
Start of operation
Name of Operation
Location
Conflict
Website
1948 United Nations Truce Supervision Organisation (UNTSO) Middle East (Monitors the various ceasefires and assists UNDOF and UNIFIL) [71]
1974 United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF)

Israel
Lebanon
Syria Agreed withdrawal by Syrian and Israeli forces following the Yom Kippur War. [72]
1978 United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) Lebanon Israeli invasion of Lebanon and 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict [73]
1. ^ The United Nations and all foreign governments but Turkey recognise the sovereignty of the Republic of Cyprus, whose flag is shown first, over the whole island of Cyprus. The second flag is that of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, a de facto state, by virtue of controlling the northern third of the island, which is recognised only by Turkey.
2. ^ The first flag is the flag of Serbia, used by Republic of Serbia which claims sovereignty over Kosovo. The second is the flag of the Republic of Kosovo which is in de facto control over the territory. As of 17 February 2018, it is recognised by 115 UN member countries. For more information see Kosovo.
See also[edit]
List of non-UN peacekeeping missions
Peacekeeping
Timeline of UN peacekeeping missions
Human Rights in United Nations missions
References[edit]
See individual mission websites with their listing.
UN peacekeeping website
[hide]
v
t
e
United Nations
António Guterres, Secretary-General
Amina J. Mohammed, Deputy Secretary-General
Miroslav Lajčák, General Assembly President
United Nations System
United Nations Charter
Preamble
Principal organs
General Assembly
President
Security Council
Members
Economic and Social Council
Secretariat
Secretary-General
Deputy Secretary-General
Under-Secretary-General
International Court of Justice
statute
Trusteeship Council
Secretariat Offices
and Departments
Headquarters
Envoy on Youth
Spokesperson for the Secretary-General
Geneva
Palace of Nations
Nairobi
Vienna
Economic and Social Affairs
Political Affairs
Public Information
Dag Hammarskjöld Library
Safety and Security
Palestinian Rights
Peacekeeping Operations
Internal Oversight
Legal Affairs
Developing Countries
Sport for Development and Peace
Disarmament Affairs
Outer Space Affairs
Partnerships
Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
UN organizations by location
United Nations Office for Developing Countries
Sexual Violence in Conflict
Programmes and
specialized agencies
FAO
ICAO
IFAD
ILO
IMO
ITC
IPCC
IAEA
MINURSO
UNIDO
ITU
UNAIDS
SCSL
UNCTAD
UNCITRAL
UNCDF
UNDG
UNDP
UNDPI
UNDPKO
peacekeeping
UNEP
OzonAction
UNEP/GRID-Arendal
UNEP-WCMC
UNESCO
UNFIP
UNFPA
UN-HABITAT
OHCHR
UNHCR
UNHRC
UNICEF
UNICRI
UNIDIR
UNITAR
UN-Oceans
UNODC
UNOPS
UNOSAT
UNRISD
UNRWA
UNSSC
UNU
UNU-OP
UNU-CRIS
UNV
UN Women
UNWTO
UPU
WFP
WHO
WIPO
WMO
Members / observers
Full members
Founding members
UNSC Permanent members
Observers
European Union
History
League of Nations
Four Policemen
Declaration by United Nations
Peacekeeping missions
history
timeline
Enlargement
Resolutions
Security Council vetoes
General Assembly
66th
67th
Security Council
Cyprus
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Lebanon
Nagorno-Karabakh
North Korea
Palestine
Syria
Western Sahara
Elections
Secretary-General (2006
2016)
International Court of Justice 2011
General Assembly President (2012
2016)
Security Council (2015
2016)
Related
Bretton Woods system
Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty
Criticism
Delivering as One
Flag
Honour Flag
Four Nations Initiative
Genocide Convention
UN Global Compact
ICC
International Decade for a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World
International Years
UN laissez-passer
Military Staff Committee
Official languages
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
Peacekeeping
Treaty Series
UN Day
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Millennium Declaration
Summit
Development Goals
Security Council veto power
UN reform
Security Council reform
UN Art Collection
UN Memorial Cemetery Korea
Other
Outline
UN television film series (1964–1966)
In popular culture
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_Nations_peacekeeping_missions&oldid=832104650"
Categories:
Peacekeeping missions and operations involving the United Nations
Lists of military operations
United Nations-related lists
Military operations other than war
Peacekeeping operations
Hidden categories:
Articles needing additional references from August 2013
All articles needing additional references
Articles lacking in-text citations from August 2013
All articles lacking in-text citations
Articles with multiple maintenance issues
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Asturianu
Български
Bosanski
Català
Čeština
Deutsch
Español
Français
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
Basa Jawa
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Suomi
中文
12 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 23 March 2018, at 21:37.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: img

value: td

value: span

attrs: class role tabindex

values: mw-collapsible-toggle button 0

attrs: class href

values: Talk:List of United Nations peacekeeping missions

value: small

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-one_source

values: Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-No_footnotes

values:
mw-collapsible
width:95%; margin: 0.2em 0;

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox

values:
/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Congo
mw-redirect
Democratic Republic of Congo

values: border:none; padding:1px .6em; background-color:#4b92db; color:black; font-size:95%; line-height:1.25; text-align:center;

values: border:none; padding:1px .6em; background-color:#a5c8ed; color:black; font-size:95%; line-height:1.25; text-align:center;

values:
/wiki/UN_peacekeeping
mw-redirect
UN peacekeeping

values:
/wiki/Charter_of_the_United_Nations
mw-redirect
Charter of the United Nations

values:
/wiki/Security_Council
mw-redirect
Security Council

values: United Nations Angola Verification Mission I

values: United Nations Transition Assistance Group

values:
/wiki/Namibian_War_of_Independence
mw-redirect
Namibian War of Independence

values: United Nations Angola Verification Mission II

values: United Nations Observer Mission in Liberia

values: United Nations Observer Mission Uganda-Rwanda

values: United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda

values: United Nations Aouzou Strip Observer Group (page does not exist)

values: United Nations Angola Verification Mission III

values: United Nations Observer Mission in Angola

values:
/wiki/Sierra_Leone_civil_war
mw-redirect
Sierra Leone civil war

values: United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic

values: Central African Republic mutinies (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Eritrean-Ethiopian_War
mw-redirect
Eritrean-Ethiopian War

values:
/wiki/Burundi_Civil_War
mw-redirect
Burundi Civil War

values:
/wiki/Darfur_conflict
mw-redirect
Darfur conflict

values: Mission of the Representative of the Secretary-General in the Dominican Republic (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Operation_Power_Pack
mw-redirect
Operation Power Pack

values: United Nations Observer Group in Central America

values: United Nations Observer Mission in El Salvador

values:
/wiki/El_Salvador_Civil_War
mw-redirect
El Salvador Civil War

values: United Nations Support Mission in Haiti (page does not exist)

values: United Nations Verification Mission in Guatemala

values: United Nations Transition Mission in Haiti (page does not exist)

values: United Nations Civilian Police Mission in Haiti (page does not exist)

values: United Nations International Civilian Support Mission in Haiti (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/2004_Haiti_rebellion
mw-redirect
2004 Haiti rebellion

values: United Nations Security Force in West New Guinea

values:
/wiki/West_New_Guinea
mw-redirect
West New Guinea

values: United Nations India-Pakistan Observation Mission

values:
/wiki/Soviet-Afghan_War
mw-redirect
Soviet-Afghan War

values: United Nations Advance Mission in Cambodia

values: Cambodia under Vietnamese occupation (1979-1989)

values: United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia

values: United Nations Mission of Observers in Tajikistan

values:
/wiki/Tajikistan_Civil_War
mw-redirect
Tajikistan Civil War

values: United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor

values: United Nations Mission of Support to East Timor

values:
/wiki/2006_East_Timor_crisis
mw-redirect
2006 East Timor crisis

values:
/wiki/Yugoslav_wars
mw-redirect
Yugoslav wars

values:
/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia
mw-redirect
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

values: United Nations Confidence Restoration Operation

values:
/wiki/Croatian_War
mw-redirect
Croatian War

values: United Nations Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina

values: United Nations Preventive Deployment Force

values: History of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

values: United Nations Mission of Observers in Prevlaka

values: United Nations Civilian Police Support Group (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Successor_state
mw-redirect
Successor state

values: United Nations Observation Group in Lebanon (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Lebanon_crisis_of_1958
mw-redirect
Lebanon crisis of 1958

values: United Nations Yemen Observation Mission

values: United Nations Iran-Iraq Military Observer Group

values: United Nations Iraq-Kuwait Observation Mission

values: United Nations Supervision Mission in Syria

values:
/wiki/Syrian_civil_war
mw-redirect
Syrian civil war

values:
toccolours
float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em;

values:
/wiki/South_Kordofan_conflict
mw-redirect
South Kordofan conflict

values: Ethnic violence in South Sudan (2011–present)

values:
nofollow
http://unsmil.unmissions.org/
external autonumber

values: Central African Republic conflict (2012–present)

values: United Nations Mission for Justice Support in Haiti

values:
nofollow
external autonumber
https://minujusth.unmissions.org/en

values:
/wiki/Republic_of_Kosovo
mw-redirect
Republic of Kosovo

values:
nofollow
external autonumber
http://www.unmikonline.org

values:
/wiki/Operation_Litani
mw-redirect
Operation Litani

values:
/wiki/2006_Israel-Lebanon_conflict
mw-redirect
2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict

values:
/wiki/Republic_of_Cyprus
mw-redirect
Republic of Cyprus

values:
nofollow
https://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/
external text

values: Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations

values: President of the United Nations General Assembly

values: List of members of the United Nations Security Council

values: United Nations Economic and Social Council

values: Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations

values: Statute of the International Court of Justice

values: Office of the Secretary-General's Envoy on Youth

values: Office of the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General

values: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs

values: United Nations Department of Political Affairs

values: United Nations Department of Public Information

values: United Nations Department for Safety and Security

values: United Nations Division for Palestinian Rights

values: United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations

values: United Nations Office of Internal Oversight Services

values: United Nations Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States

values: United Nations Office on Sport for Development and Peace

values: United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs

values: United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs

values: United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs

values: List of United Nations organizations by location

values: United Nations Special Representative on Sexual Violence in Conflict

values: List of specialized agencies of the United Nations

values: International Civil Aviation Organization

values: International Fund for Agricultural Development

values: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

values: United Nations Industrial Development Organization

values: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS

values: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

values: United Nations Commission on International Trade Law

values: United Nations Fund for International Partnerships (UNFIP)

values: United Nations Human Settlements Programme

values: Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights

values: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

values: United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute

values: United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research

values: United Nations Institute for Training and Research

values: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

values: United Nations Office for Project Services

values: United Nations Research Institute For Social Development

values: World Intellectual Property Organization

values: Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council

values: United Nations General Assembly observers

values: Timeline of United Nations peacekeeping missions

values: List of vetoed United Nations Security Council resolutions

values: United Nations General Assembly resolution

values: List of resolutions at the sixty-sixth session of the United Nations General Assembly

values: List of resolutions at the sixty-seventh session of the United Nations General Assembly

values: United Nations Security Council resolution

values: List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning Cyprus

values: List of United Nations resolutions concerning Iran

values: List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning Iraq

values: List of United Nations resolutions concerning Israel

values: List of United Nations resolutions relating to Lebanon

values: List of United Nations Security Council resolutions on the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict

values: List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning North Korea

values: List of United Nations resolutions concerning Palestine

values: List of United Nations resolutions concerning Syria

values: List of United Nations resolutions concerning Western Sahara

values: United Nations Secretary-General selection, 2006

values: United Nations Secretary-General selection, 2016

values: International Court of Justice judges election, 2011

values: United Nations General Assembly presidential election, 2012

values: United Nations General Assembly presidential election, 2016

values: United Nations Security Council election, 2015

values: United Nations Security Council election, 2016

values:
/wiki/International_observance
mw-redirect
International observance

values: Official languages of the United Nations

values: Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons

values: United Nations Security Council veto power

values: Reform of the United Nations Security Council

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Peacekeeping missions and operations involving the United Nations

values: Category:Military operations other than war

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from August 2013

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:Articles lacking in-text citations from August 2013

values: Category:All articles lacking in-text citations

values: Category:Articles with multiple maintenance issues

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: قائمة بعثات حفظ السلام للأمم المتحدة – Arabic

values: Anexu:Misiones de caltenimientu de la paz de Naciones Xuníes – Asturian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values: Мисии на ООН – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values: Spisak mirovnih misija Ujedinjenih nacija – Bosnian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values: Llista de missions de manteniment de la pau de les Nacions Unides – Catalan

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values: Anexo:Misiones de mantenimiento de la paz de Naciones Unidas – Spanish

values: Liste des opérations de maintien de la paix – French

values: Daftar misi penjaga perdamaian PBB – Indonesian

values: Lista delle missioni e operazioni di pace delle Nazioni Unite – Italian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-jv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: 国際連合平和維持活動の一覧 – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values: Liste over FNs fredsbevarende styrker – Norwegian

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values: Lista das missões de manutenção da paz das Nações Unidas – Portuguese

values: Lista misiunilor de menținere a păcii a Națiunilor Unite – Romanian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Список миротворческих миссий и операций ООН – Russian

values: Luettelo YK:n rauhanturvaoperaatioista – Finnish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values: 联合国维持和平行动列表 – Chinese

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-List_of_United_Nations_peacekeeping_missions rootpage-List_of_United_Nations_peacekeeping_missions skin-vector action-view


text:
Earth's rotation
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the duration of daylight and night, see Daytime and Night.
An animation of Earth's rotation around the planet's axis
This long-exposure photo of the northern night sky over the Nepali Himalayas shows the apparent paths of the stars as Earth rotates.
Earth's rotation is the rotation of Planet Earth around its own axis. Earth rotates eastward, in prograde motion. As viewed from the north pole star Polaris, Earth turns counter clockwise.
The North Pole, also known as the Geographic North Pole or Terrestrial North Pole, is the point in the Northern Hemisphere where Earth's axis of rotation meets its surface. This point is distinct from Earth's North Magnetic Pole. The South Pole is the other point where Earth's axis of rotation intersects its surface, in Antarctica.
Earth rotates once in about 24 hours with respect to the Sun, but once every 23 hours, 56 minutes, and 4 seconds with respect to the stars (see below). Earth's rotation is slowing slightly with time; thus, a day was shorter in the past. This is due to the tidal effects the Moon has on Earth's rotation. Atomic clocks show that a modern day is longer by about 1.7 milliseconds than a century ago,[1] slowly increasing the rate at which UTC is adjusted by leap seconds. Analysis of historical astronomical records shows a slowing trend of about 2.3 milliseconds per century since the 8th century BCE.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Empirical tests
2 Periods
2.1 True solar day
2.2 Mean solar day
2.3 Stellar and sidereal day
2.4 Angular speed
3 Changes
3.1 In rotational axis
3.2 In rotational velocity
3.2.1 Tidal interactions
3.2.2 Resonant stabilization
3.2.3 Global events
3.3 Measurement
3.4 Ancient observations
4 Origin
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
Among the ancient Greeks, several of the Pythagorean school believed in the rotation of the earth rather than the apparent diurnal rotation of the heavens. Perhaps the first was Philolaus (470–385 BCE), though his system was complicated, including a counter-earth rotating daily about a central fire.[3]
A more conventional picture was that supported by Hicetas, Heraclides and Ecphantus in the fourth century BCE who assumed that the earth rotated but did not suggest that the earth revolved about the sun. In the third century BCE, Aristarchus of Samos suggested the sun's central place.
However, Aristotle in the fourth century BCE criticized the ideas of Philolaus as being based on theory rather than observation. He established the idea of a sphere of fixed stars that rotated about the earth.[4] This was accepted by most of those who came after, in particular Claudius Ptolemy (2nd century CE), who thought the earth would be devastated by gales if it rotated.[5]
In 499 CE, the Indian astronomer Aryabhata wrote that the spherical earth rotates about its axis daily, and that the apparent movement of the stars is a relative motion caused by the rotation of the Earth. He provided the following analogy: "Just as a man in a boat going in one direction sees the stationary things on the bank as moving in the opposite direction, in the same way to a man at Lanka the fixed stars appear to be going westward."[6][7]
In the 10th century, some Muslim astronomers accepted that the Earth rotates around its axis.[8] According to al-Biruni, Abu Sa'id al-Sijzi (d. circa 1020) invented an astrolabe called al-zūraqī based on the idea believed by some of his contemporaries "that the motion we see is due to the Earth's movement and not to that of the sky."[9][10] The prevalence of this view is further confirmed by a reference from the 13th century which states: "According to the geometers [or engineers] (muhandisīn), the earth is in constant circular motion, and what appears to be the motion of the heavens is actually due to the motion of the earth and not the stars."[9] Treatises were written to discuss its possibility, either as refutations or expressing doubts about Ptolemy's arguments against it.[11] At the Maragha and Samarkand observatories, the Earth's rotation was discussed by Tusi (b. 1201) and Qushji (b. 1403); the arguments and evidence they used resemble those used by Copernicus.[12]
In medieval Europe, Thomas Aquinas accepted Aristotle's view[13] and so, reluctantly, did John Buridan[14] and Nicole Oresme[15] in the fourteenth century. Not until Nicolaus Copernicus in 1543 adopted a heliocentric world system did the contemporary understanding of earth's rotation begin to be established. Copernicus pointed out that if the movement of the earth is violent, then the movement of the stars must be very much more so. He acknowledged the contribution of the Pythagoreans and pointed to examples of relative motion. For Copernicus this was the first step in establishing the simpler pattern of planets circling a central sun.[16]
Tycho Brahe, who produced accurate observations on which Kepler based his laws, used Copernicus's work as the basis of a system assuming a stationary earth. In 1600, William Gilbert strongly supported the earth's rotation in his treatise on the earth's magnetism[17] and thereby influenced many of his contemporaries.[18] Those like Gilbert who did not openly support or reject the motion of the earth about the sun are often called "semi-Copernicans".[19] A century after Copernicus, Riccioli disputed the model of a rotating earth due to the lack of then-observable eastward deflections in falling bodies;[20] such deflections would later be called the Coriolis effect. However, the contributions of Kepler, Galileo and Newton gathered support for the theory of the rotation of the Earth.
Empirical tests[edit]
The earth's rotation implies that the equator bulges and the poles are flattened. In his Principia, Newton predicted this flattening would occur in the ratio of 1:230, and pointed to the 1673 pendulum measurements by Richer as corroboration of the change in gravity,[21] but initial measurements of meridian lengths by Picard and Cassini at the end of the 17th century suggested the opposite. However measurements by Maupertuis and the French Geodesic Mission in the 1730s established the flattening, thus confirming both Newton and the Copernican position.[22]
In the Earth's rotating frame of reference, a freely moving body follows an apparent path that deviates from the one it would follow in a fixed frame of reference. Because of the Coriolis effect, falling bodies veer slightly eastward from the vertical plumb line below their point of release, and projectiles veer right in the northern hemisphere (and left in the southern) from the direction in which they are shot. The Coriolis effect is mainly observable at a meteorological scale, where it is responsible for the differing rotation direction of cyclones in the northern and southern hemispheres.
Hooke, following a 1679 suggestion from Newton, tried unsuccessfully to verify the predicted eastward deviation of a body dropped from a height of 8.2 meters, but definitive results were only obtained later, in the late 18th and early 19th century, by Giovanni Battista Guglielmini in Bologna, Johann Friedrich Benzenberg in Hamburg and Ferdinand Reich in Freiberg, using taller towers and carefully released weights.[n 1] A ball dropped from a height of 158.5 m (520 ft) departed by 27.4 mm (1.08 in) from the vertical compared with a calculated value of 28.1 mm (1.11 in).
The most celebrated test of Earth's rotation is the Foucault pendulum first built by physicist Léon Foucault in 1851, which consisted of a lead-filled brass sphere suspended 67 m from the top of the Panthéon in Paris. Because of the Earth's rotation under the swinging pendulum, the pendulum's plane of oscillation appears to rotate at a rate depending on latitude. At the latitude of Paris the predicted and observed shift was about 11 degrees clockwise per hour. Foucault pendulums now swing in museums around the world.
Periods [edit]
Starry circles arc around the south celestial pole, seen overhead at ESO's La Silla Observatory.[23]
True solar day[edit]
Main article: Solar time
Earth's rotation period relative to the Sun (solar noon to solar noon) is its true solar day or apparent solar day. It depends on the Earth's orbital motion and is thus affected by changes in the eccentricity and inclination of Earth's orbit. Both vary over thousands of years, so the annual variation of the true solar day also varies. Generally, it is longer than the mean solar day during two periods of the year and shorter during another two.[n 2] The true solar day tends to be longer near perihelion when the Sun apparently moves along the ecliptic through a greater angle than usual, taking about 10 seconds longer to do so. Conversely, it is about 10 seconds shorter near aphelion. It is about 20 seconds longer near a solstice when the projection of the Sun's apparent motion along the ecliptic onto the celestial equator causes the Sun to move through a greater angle than usual. Conversely, near an equinox the projection onto the equator is shorter by about 20 seconds. Currently, the perihelion and solstice effects combine to lengthen the true solar day near 22 December by 30 mean solar seconds, but the solstice effect is partially cancelled by the aphelion effect near 19 June when it is only 13 seconds longer. The effects of the equinoxes shorten it near 26 March and 16 September by 18 seconds and 21 seconds, respectively.[24][25][26]
Mean solar day[edit]
Main article: Mean solar day
The average of the true solar day during the course of an entire year is the mean solar day, which contains 86,400 mean solar seconds. Currently, each of these seconds is slightly longer than an SI second because Earth's mean solar day is now slightly longer than it was during the 19th century due to tidal friction. The average length of the mean solar day since the introduction of the leap second in 1972 has been about 0 to 2 ms longer than 86,400 SI seconds.[27][28][29] Random fluctuations due to core-mantle coupling have an amplitude of about 5 ms.[30][31] The mean solar second between 1750 and 1892 was chosen in 1895 by Simon Newcomb as the independent unit of time in his Tables of the Sun. These tables were used to calculate the world's ephemerides between 1900 and 1983, so this second became known as the ephemeris second. In 1967 the SI second was made equal to the ephemeris second.[32]
The apparent solar time is a measure of the Earth's rotation and the difference between it and the mean solar time is known as the equation of time.
Stellar and sidereal day[edit]
On a prograde planet like the Earth, the stellar day is shorter than the solar day. At time 1, the Sun and a certain distant star are both overhead. At time 2, the planet has rotated 360° and the distant star is overhead again but the Sun is not (1→2 = one stellar day). It is not until a little later, at time 3, that the Sun is overhead again (1→3 = one solar day).
Earth's rotation period relative to the fixed stars, called its stellar day by the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS), is 86,164.098 903 691 seconds of mean solar time (UT1) (23h 56m 4.098 903 691s, 0.997 269 663 237 16 mean solar days).[33][n 3] Earth's rotation period relative to the precessing or moving mean vernal equinox, named sidereal day, is 86,164.090 530 832 88 seconds of mean solar time (UT1) (23h 56m 4.090 530 832 88s, 0.997 269 566 329 08 mean solar days).[33] Thus the sidereal day is shorter than the stellar day by about 8.4 ms.[35]
Both the stellar day and the sidereal day are shorter than the mean solar day by about 3 minutes 56 seconds. The mean solar day in SI seconds is available from the IERS for the periods 1623–2005[36] and 1962–2005.[37]
Recently (1999–2010) the average annual length of the mean solar day in excess of 86,400 SI seconds has varied between 0.25 ms and 1 ms, which must be added to both the stellar and sidereal days given in mean solar time above to obtain their lengths in SI seconds (see Fluctuations in the length of day).
Angular speed[edit]
Plot of latitude vs tangential speed. The dashed line shows that the Kennedy Space Center example. The dot-dash line denotes typical airliner cruise speed.
The angular speed of Earth's rotation in inertial space is (7.2921150 ± 0.0000001) ×10−5 radians per SI second (mean solar second).[33] Multiplying by (180°/π radians)×(86,400 seconds/mean solar day) yields 360.9856°/mean solar day, indicating that Earth rotates more than 360° relative to the fixed stars in one solar day. Earth's movement along its nearly circular orbit while it is rotating once around its axis requires that Earth rotate slightly more than once relative to the fixed stars before the mean Sun can pass overhead again, even though it rotates only once (360°) relative to the mean Sun.[n 4] Multiplying the value in rad/s by Earth's equatorial radius of 6,378,137 m (WGS84 ellipsoid) (factors of 2π radians needed by both cancel) yields an equatorial speed of 465.1 m/s (1,526 ft/s), or 1,674.4 km/h (1,040.4 mph).[38] Some sources state that Earth's equatorial speed is slightly less, or 1,669.8 km/h.[39] This is obtained by dividing Earth's equatorial circumference by 24 hours. However, the use of only one circumference unwittingly implies only one rotation in inertial space, so the corresponding time unit must be a sidereal hour. This is confirmed by multiplying by the number of sidereal days in one mean solar day, 1.002 737 909 350 795,[33] which yields the equatorial speed in mean solar hours given above of 1,674.4 km/h.
The tangential speed of Earth's rotation at a point on Earth can be approximated by multiplying the speed at the equator by the cosine of the latitude.[40] For example, the Kennedy Space Center is located at latitude 28.59° N, which yields a speed of: cos 28.59° × 1,674.4 km/h (1,040.4 mph; 465.1 m/s) = 1,470.23 km/h (913.56 mph; 408.40 m/s)
Changes[edit]
Main articles: Fluctuations in the length of day and ΔT
Earth's axial tilt is about 23.4°. It oscillates between 22.1° and 24.5° on a 41,000-year cycle and is currently decreasing.
In rotational axis[edit]
The Earth's rotation axis moves with respect to the fixed stars (inertial space); the components of this motion are precession and nutation. It also moves with respect to the Earth's crust; this is called polar motion.
Precession is a rotation of the Earth's rotation axis, caused primarily by external torques from the gravity of the Sun, Moon and other bodies. The polar motion is primarily due to free core nutation and the Chandler wobble.
In rotational velocity[edit]
Tidal interactions[edit]
Over millions of years, the Earth's rotation slowed significantly by tidal acceleration through gravitational interactions with the Moon. In this process, angular momentum is slowly transferred to the Moon at a rate proportional to r − 6 {\displaystyle r^{-6}} , where r {\displaystyle r} is the orbital radius of the Moon. This process gradually increased the length of day to its current value and resulted in the Moon being tidally locked with the Earth.
This gradual rotational deceleration is empirically documented with estimates of day lengths obtained from observations of tidal rhythmites and stromatolites; a compilation of these measurements[41] found the length of day to increase steadily from about 21 hours at 600Myr ago[42] to the current 24 hour value. By counting the microscopic lamina that form at higher tides, tidal frequencies (and thus day lengths) can be estimated, much like counting tree rings, though these estimates can be increasingly unreliable at older ages.[43]
Resonant stabilization[edit]
The current rate of tidal deceleration is anomalously high, implying the Earth's rotational velocity must have decreased more slowly in the past. Empirical data[41] tentatively shows a sharp increase in rotational deceleration about 600Myr ago. Some models suggest that the Earth maintained a constant day length of 21 hours throughout much of the Precambrian.[42] This day length corresponds to the semidiurnal resonant period of the thermally-driven atmospheric tide; at this day length, the decelerative lunar torque could have been canceled by an accelerative torque from the atmospheric tide, resulting in no net torque and a constant rotational period. This stabilizing effect could have been broken by a sudden change in global temperature. Recent computational simulations support this hypothesis and suggest the Marinoan or Sturtian glaciations broke this stable configuration about 600Myr ago, citing the resemblance of simulated results and existing paleorotational data.[44]
Deviation of day length from SI based day
Global events[edit]
Additionally, some large-scale events, such as the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, have caused the length of a day to shorten by 3 microseconds by affecting the Earth's moment of inertia.[45] Post-glacial rebound, ongoing since the last Ice age, is also changing the distribution of the Earth's mass thus affecting the moment of inertia of the Earth and, by the conservation of angular momentum, the Earth's rotation period.[46]
Measurement[edit]
The primary monitoring of the Earth's rotation is performed with very-long-baseline interferometry coordinated with the Global Positioning System, satellite laser ranging, and other satellite techniques. This provides an absolute reference for the determination of universal time, precession, and nutation.[47]
Ancient observations[edit]
There are recorded observations of solar and lunar eclipses by Babylonian and Chinese astronomers beginning in the 8th century BCE, as well as from the medieval Islamic world and elsewhere. These observations can be used to determine changes in the Earth's rotation over the last 27 centuries, since the length of the day is a critical parameter in the calculation of the place and time of eclipses. A change in day length of milliseconds per century shows up as a change of hours and thousands of kilometers in eclipse observations. The ancient data is consistent with a shorter day, meaning the Earth was turning faster throughout the past.[48][49]
Origin[edit]
An artist's rendering of the protoplanetary disk.
The Earth's original rotation was a vestige of the original angular momentum of the cloud of dust, rocks, and gas that coalesced to form the Solar System. This primordial cloud was composed of hydrogen and helium produced in the Big Bang, as well as heavier elements ejected by supernovas. As this interstellar dust is heterogeneous, any asymmetry during gravitational accretion resulted in the angular momentum of the eventual planet.[50]
However, if the giant-impact hypothesis for the origin of the Moon is correct, this primordial rotation rate would have been reset by the Theia impact 4.5 billion years ago. Regardless of the speed and tilt of the Earth's rotation before the impact, it would have experienced a day some five hours long after the impact.[51] Tidal effects would then have slowed this rate to its modern value.
See also[edit]
Allais effect
Axial precession
Diurnal cycle
Earth's orbit
Formation and evolution of the Solar System
Geodesic (in mathematics)
Geodesics in general relativity
Geodesy
Giant-impact hypothesis
History of Earth
History of geodesy, Space techniques
List of important publications in geology
Newcomb's Tables of the Sun
Nychthemeron
Spherical Earth
World Geodetic System
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ See Fallexperimente zum Nachweis der Erdrotation (German Wikipedia article).
Jump up ^ When Earth's eccentricity exceeds 0.047 and perihelion is at an appropriate equinox or solstice, only one period with one peak balances another period that has two peaks.[24]
Jump up ^ Aoki, the ultimate source of these figures, uses the term "seconds of UT1" instead of "seconds of mean solar time".[34]
Jump up ^ In astronomy, unlike geometry, 360° means returning to the same point in some cyclical time scale, either one mean solar day or one sidereal day for rotation on Earth's axis, or one sidereal year or one mean tropical year or even one mean Julian year containing exactly 365.25 days for revolution around the Sun.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Dennis D. McCarthy; Kenneth P. Seidelmann (18 September 2009). Time: From Earth Rotation to Atomic Physics. John Wiley & Sons. p. 232. ISBN 978-3-527-62795-0.
Jump up ^ Stephenson, F. Richard (2003). "Historical eclipses and Earth's rotation". Astronomy & Geophysics. 44 (2). pp. 2.22–2.27. Bibcode:2003A&G....44b..22S. doi:10.1046/j.1468-4004.2003.44222.x.
Jump up ^ Burch, George Bosworth (1954). "The Counter-Earth". Osiris. 11: 267–294. doi:10.1086/368583. JSTOR 301675.
Jump up ^ Aristotle. Of the Heavens. Book II, Ch 13. 1.
Jump up ^ Ptolemy. Almagest Book I, Chapter 8.
Jump up ^ http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/data1/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005b61_51.pdf
Jump up ^ Kim Plofker (2009). Mathematics in India. Princeton University Press. p. 71. ISBN 0-691-12067-6.
Jump up ^ Alessandro Bausani (1973). "Cosmology and Religion in Islam". Scientia/Rivista di Scienza. 108 (67): 762.
^ Jump up to: a b Young, M. J. L., ed. (2 November 2006). Religion, Learning and Science in the 'Abbasid Period. Cambridge University Press. p. 413. ISBN 9780521028875.
Jump up ^ Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (1 January 1993). An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines. SUNY Press. p. 135. ISBN 9781438414195.
Jump up ^ Ragep, Sally P. (2007). "Ibn Sīnā: Abū ʿAlī al‐Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbdallāh ibn Sīnā". In Thomas Hockey; et al. The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. New York: Springer. pp. 570–2. ISBN 978-0-387-31022-0. (PDF version)
Jump up ^ Ragep, F. Jamil (2001a), "Tusi and Copernicus: The Earth's Motion in Context", Science in Context, Cambridge University Press, 14 (1–2): 145–163, doi:10.1017/s0269889701000060
Jump up ^ Aquinas, Thomas. Commentaria in libros Aristotelis De caelo et Mundo. Lib II, cap XIV. trans in Grant, Edward, ed. (1974). A Source Book in Medieval Science. Harvard University Press. pages 496–500
Jump up ^ Buridan, John (1942). Quaestiones super libris quattuo De Caelo et mundo. pp. 226–232. in Grant 1974, pp. 500–503
Jump up ^ Oresme, Nicole. Le livre du ciel et du monde. pp. 519–539. in Grant 1974, pp. 503–510
Jump up ^ Copernicus, Nicolas. On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres. Book I, Chap 5–8.
Jump up ^ Gilbert, William. De Magnete, On the Magnet and Magnetic Bodies, and on the Great Magnet the Earth. pp. 313–347.
Jump up ^ Russell, John L. "Copernican System in Great Britain". In J. Dobrzycki. The Reception of Copernicus' Heliocentric Theory. p. 208.
Jump up ^ J. Dobrzycki 1972, p. 221
Jump up ^ Almagestum novum, chapter nine, cited in Graney, Christopher M. (2012). "126 arguments concerning the motion of the earth. GIOVANNI BATTISTA RICCIOLI in his 1651 ALMAGESTUM NOVUM" (PDF). Journal for the History of Astronomy. volume 43, pages 215–226.
Jump up ^ Newton, Isaac (1846). Newton's Principia. Translated by A. Motte. p. 412.
Jump up ^ Shank, J. B. (2008). The Newton Wars and the Beginning of the French Enlightenment. U of Chicago Press. pp. 324, 355.
Jump up ^ "Starry Spin-up". Retrieved 24 August 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Jean Meeus; J. M. A. Danby (January 1997). Mathematical Astronomy Morsels. Willmann-Bell. pp. 345–346. ISBN 978-0-943396-51-4.
Jump up ^ Equation of time in red and true solar day in blue
Jump up ^ The duration of the true solar day
Jump up ^ http://hpiers.obspm.fr/eoppc/eop/eopc04_05/eopc04.62-now
Jump up ^ Physical basis of leap seconds
Jump up ^ Leap seconds Archived 12 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Prediction of Universal Time and LOD Variations
Jump up ^ R. Hide et al., "Topographic core-mantle coupling and fluctuations in the Earth's rotation" 1993.
Jump up ^ Leap seconds by USNO Archived 12 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b c d IERS EOP Useful constants
Jump up ^ Aoki, et al., "The new definition of Universal Time", Astronomy and Astrophysics 105 (1982) 359–361.
Jump up ^ Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac, ed. P. Kenneth Seidelmann, Mill Valley, Cal., University Science Books, 1992, p.48, ISBN 0-935702-68-7.
Jump up ^ IERS Excess of the duration of the day to 86,400s … since 1623 Archived 3 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Graph at end.
Jump up ^ IERS Variations in the duration of the day 1962–2005
Jump up ^ Arthur N. Cox, ed., Allen's Astrophysical Quantities p.244.
Jump up ^ Michael E. Bakich, The Cambridge planetary handbook, p.50.
Jump up ^ Butterworth & Palmer. "Speed of the turning of the Earth". Ask an Astrophysicist. NASA Goddard Spaceflight Center.
^ Jump up to: a b Williams, George E. (1 February 2000). "Geological constraints on the Precambrian history of Earth's rotation and the Moon's orbit". Reviews of Geophysics. 38 (1): 37–59. Bibcode:2000RvGeo..38...37W. doi:10.1029/1999RG900016. ISSN 1944-9208.
^ Jump up to: a b Zahnle, K.; Walker, J. C. (1 January 1987). "A constant daylength during the Precambrian era?". Precambrian Research. 37: 95–105. Bibcode:1987PreR...37...95Z. doi:10.1016/0301-9268(87)90073-8. ISSN 0301-9268. PMID 11542096.
Jump up ^ Scrutton, C. T. (1 January 1978). Brosche, Professor Dr Peter; Sündermann, Professor Dr Jürgen, eds. Periodic Growth Features in Fossil Organisms and the Length of the Day and Month. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 154–196. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-67097-8_12. ISBN 9783540090465.
Jump up ^ Bartlett, Benjamin C.; Stevenson, David J. (1 January 2016). "Analysis of a Precambrian resonance-stabilized day length". Geophysical Research Letters: 2016GL068912. arXiv:1502.01421  . Bibcode:2016GeoRL..43.5716B. doi:10.1002/2016GL068912. ISSN 1944-8007.
Jump up ^ Sumatran earthquake sped up Earth's rotation, Nature, 30 December 2004.
Jump up ^ Wu, P.; W.R.Peltier (1984). "Pleistocene deglaciation and the earth's rotation: a new analysis". Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society. 76 (3): 753–792. Bibcode:1984GeoJ...76..753W. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.1984.tb01920.x.
Jump up ^ Permanent monitoring
Jump up ^ Sid Perkins (6 December 2016). "Ancient eclipses show Earth's rotation is slowing". Science. doi:10.1126/science.aa10469.
Jump up ^ FR Stephenson; LV Morrison; CY Hohonkerk (7 December 2016). "Measurement of the Earth's rotation: 720 BC to AD 2015". Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 472 (2196). Bibcode:2016RSPSA.47260404S. doi:10.1098/rspa.2016.0404.
Jump up ^ "Why do planets rotate?". Ask an Astronomer.
Jump up ^ Stevenson, D. J. (1987). "Origin of the moon–The collision hypothesis". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 15 (1): 271–315. Bibcode:1987AREPS..15..271S. doi:10.1146/annurev.ea.15.050187.001415.
External links[edit]
USNO Earth Orientation new site, being populated
USNO IERS old site, to be abandoned
IERS Earth Orientation Center: Earth rotation data and interactive analysis
International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS)
If the Earth's rotation period is less than 24 hours, why don't our clocks fall out of sync with the Sun?
[hide]
v
t
e
Earth-related topics
History
Age of the Earth
Evolutionary history of life
Faint young Sun paradox
Formation and evolution of the Solar System
Future of Earth
Geologic time scale
Geological history of Earth
History of Earth
Timeline of evolution
Geography
Geology
Clairaut's theorem
Continents
Earthquake
Equatorial bulge
Extremes on Earth
Geology of solar terrestrial planets
Geophysics
Plate tectonics
Structure of the Earth
Time zones
Ecology
Earth Day
Global warming
Human impact on the environment
Imaging
Apple Maps
Baidu Maps
Bhuvan
Bing Maps
Global Map
Google Earth
Google Maps
MapmyIndia
NASA World Wind
Here
OpenStreetMap
Wikimapia
Remote sensing
Yahoo! Maps
Yandex Maps
Arts
Culture
Society
Earth in culture
Earth in science fiction
Etymology of the word "Earth"
History of the world
International law
Landscape painting
List of countries
World economy
Other topics
Biosphere
Earth's orbit
Earth trojan
The ecliptic
Flag of Earth
Gravity
Magnetic field
The Moon
Claimed moons of Earth
2006 RH120
Kordylewski cloud
Solar System
Earth's location in the Universe
Theia
Earth sciences portal
Solar System portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earth%27s_rotation&oldid=842927578"
Categories:
Dynamics of the Solar System
Earth
Rotation
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
Use dmy dates from April 2017
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
বাংলা
Bân-lâm-gú
Беларуская
भोजपुरी
Български
Bosanski
Català
Čeština
Deutsch
Eesti
Español
فارسی
Français
Galego
한국어
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Íslenska
עברית
Кыргызча
Lëtzebuergesch
Lietuvių
Македонски
मराठी
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Shqip
සිංහල
سنڌي
Slovenčina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Svenska
தமிழ்
Татарча/tatarça
తెలుగు
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
中文
39 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 25 May 2018, at 16:51.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

attrs: href class title

attrs: class style

values:
/wiki/Claudius_Ptolemy
mw-redirect
Claudius Ptolemy

values:
/wiki/Astronomy_in_medieval_Islam
mw-redirect
Astronomy in medieval Islam

values:
/wiki/Abu_Sa%27id_al-Sijzi
mw-redirect
Abu Sa'id al-Sijzi

values:
/wiki/John_Buridan
mw-redirect
John Buridan

values:
/wiki/Coriolis_effect
mw-redirect
Coriolis effect

values: Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica

values:
/wiki/History_of_Geodesy#Europe
mw-redirect
History of Geodesy

values:
/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Benzenberg
mw-redirect
Johann Friedrich Benzenberg

values:
/wiki/Freiberg,_Saxony
mw-redirect
Freiberg, Saxony

values:
/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on_(Paris)
mw-redirect
Panthéon (Paris)

values:
/wiki/Mean_solar_day
mw-redirect
Mean solar day

values:
/wiki/Tidal_friction
mw-redirect
Tidal friction

values:
/wiki/Ephemeris_second
mw-redirect
Ephemeris second

values:
/wiki/Direct_motion
mw-redirect
Direct motion

values:
/wiki/Precession_(astronomy)
mw-redirect
Precession (astronomy)

values:
/wiki/Fluctuations_in_the_length_of_day
mw-redirect
Fluctuations in the length of day

values:
/wiki/Cruise_speed
mw-redirect
Cruise speed

values:
/wiki/Inertial_space
mw-redirect
Inertial space

values: vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.381ex; height:2.676ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;

values:
/wiki/Tidal_rhythmites
mw-redirect
Tidal rhythmites

values:
/wiki/Resonance_frequency
mw-redirect
Resonance frequency

values:
/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake
mw-redirect
2004 Indian Ocean earthquake

values:
/wiki/Conservation_of_angular_momentum
mw-redirect
Conservation of angular momentum

values:
/wiki/Universal_time
mw-redirect
Universal time

values:
/wiki/Interstellar_dust
mw-redirect
Interstellar dust

values: Formation and evolution of the Solar System

values: List of important publications in geology

values: -moz-column-width: 22em; -webkit-column-width: 22em; column-width: 22em;

values: de:Fallexperimente zum Nachweis der Erdrotation

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1086%2F368583

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/301675

values: Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers

values:
/wiki/Almagestum_novum
mw-redirect
Almagestum novum

values:
nofollow
external text
http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/leapsec.html

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1029%2F1999RG900016

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1944-9208

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0301-9268

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11542096

values:
nofollow
external text
//arxiv.org/abs/1502.01421

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1002%2F2016GL068912

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1944-8007

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aa10469

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.2016.0404

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
http://hpiers.obspm.fr/eop-pc/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.iers.org/
external text

values:
row
navbox-group
text-align: center;;width:1%

values: Timeline of evolutionary history of life

values:
/wiki/Etymology_of_the_word_%22Earth%22
mw-redirect
Etymology of the word "Earth"

values:
navbox-abovebelow
2
text-align: center;;font-weight:bold;

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Earth%27s_rotation
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: دوران الأرض – Arabic

values: পৃথিবীর আহ্নিক গতি – Bangla

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan
display: none;

values: Сутачнае вярчэнне Зямлі – Belarusian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: पृथ्वी के घूर्णन – Bhojpuri

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bh
display: none;

values: Движения на Земята – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: حرکت وضعی زمین – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values: 지구의 자전 – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values: כדור הארץ – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values: Жердин айлануусу – Kyrgyz

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ky
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values: Земјино вртење – Macedonian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values: पृथ्वीचे परिवलन – Marathi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values: Суточное вращение Земли – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sq
display: none;

values: පෘථිවියෙහි භ්‍රමණය – Sinhala

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-si
display: none;

values: ڌرتي جي چرپر – Sindhi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sd
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: புவியின் சுழற்சி – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: Җирнең тәүлеклек әйләнүе – Tatar

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tt
display: none;

values: భూభ్రమణం – Telugu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-te
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Обертання Землі – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: Hiện tượng tự quay của Trái Đất – Vietnamese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Earth_s_rotation rootpage-Earth_s_rotation skin-vector action-view