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Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (film)
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For the TV miniseries based on the novel, see Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (miniseries).
For the novel by John LeCarré, see Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy.
Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy
British theatrical release poster
Directed by
Tomas Alfredson
Produced by
Tim Bevan
Eric Fellner
Robyn Slovo
Screenplay by
Bridget O'Connor
Peter Straughan
Based on
Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy
by John le Carré
Starring
Gary Oldman
Colin Firth
Tom Hardy
John Hurt
Toby Jones
Mark Strong
Benedict Cumberbatch
Ciarán Hinds
Music by
Alberto Iglesias
Cinematography
Hoyte van Hoytema
Edited by
Dino Jonsäter
Production
company
StudioCanal
Karla Films
Paradis Films
Kinowelt Filmproduktion
Working Title Films
Distributed by
Focus Features
Release date
5 September 2011 (2011-09-05) (Venice Film Festival)
16 September 2011 (2011-09-16) (United Kingdom)
Running time
127 minutes
Country
United Kingdom
France
Germany
Language
English
Budget
$21 million
Box office
$80.6 million[1]
Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy is a 2011 Cold War espionage film directed by Tomas Alfredson. The screenplay was written by Bridget O'Connor and Peter Straughan, based on John le Carré's 1974 novel of the same name. The film, starring Gary Oldman as George Smiley, along with Colin Firth, Tom Hardy, John Hurt, Toby Jones, Mark Strong, Benedict Cumberbatch, and Ciarán Hinds, and featuring David Dencik, is set in London in the early 1970s and follows the hunt for a Soviet double agent at the top of the British secret service.
The film was produced through the British company Working Title Films and financed by France's StudioCanal. It premiered in competition at the 68th Venice International Film Festival. It was a critical and commercial success, and was the highest-grossing film at the British box office for three consecutive weeks. It won the BAFTA Award for Best British Film. The film also received three Academy Awards nominations: Best Adapted Screenplay, Best Original Score, and for Oldman, Best Actor.
The novel had previously been adapted into the award-winning BBC TV miniseries Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (1979) with Sir Alec Guinness playing the lead role of Smiley.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Casting
3.3 Filming
3.4 Post-production
4 Release
4.1 Critical response
4.2 Box office
4.3 Accolades
5 Possible sequel
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
In October 1973, "Control", head of British intelligence (referred to as "The Circus"), sends agent Jim Prideaux to Budapest to meet a Hungarian general wishing to defect. Prideaux is shot and presumed killed. Amidst the international incident that follows, Control and his right-hand man George Smiley are forced into retirement; Control dies of illness shortly after.
Percy Alleline becomes the new Chief, Bill Haydon his deputy and Roy Bland and Toby Esterhase as lieutenants. Despite Control and Smiley's misgivings, their successors have already begun a secret operation—"Witchcraft"—to obtain highly sensitive information from the Soviet Union, which is in turn being traded with the CIA for American intelligence. Smiley is brought out of retirement by Cabinet Office civil servant Oliver Lacon to investigate a claim by Ricki Tarr, a British spy, that for years there has been a mole in a senior role in the Circus, as Control had suspected. Smiley chooses a trustworthy agent, Peter Guillam, and retired Special Branch officer Mendel to help him. He interviews former Circus analyst Connie Sachs, who was sacked by Alleline after deducing that Alexei Polyakov, a Soviet cultural attaché in London, was a spy.
Tarr tells Smiley that on a mission to Istanbul, he had an affair with Irina, a Soviet agent. She wanted to reveal the name of a mole in the top ranks of the Circus but when Tarr reported this to London, they ignored him and ordered him straight home, while the Soviets promptly kidnapped Irina. Concluding that the mole had intercepted his message, Tarr went into hiding, suspected of defecting and murdering the British station chief. Smiley sends Guillam to steal the Circus logbook for the night Tarr had called and he finds the pages for that night have been cut out, supporting Tarr's story. Smiley interviews Prideaux, who reveals that after brutal interrogation, he was exchanged by the Soviets but sacked from the service. Prideaux says the purpose of the mission to Hungary was to get the name of the mole. Control had codenamed the suspects "Tinker" (Alleline), "Tailor" (Haydon), "Soldier" (Bland), "Poorman" (Esterhase) and "Beggarman" (Smiley).
Smiley learns that Alleline, Haydon, Bland and Esterhase have been meeting Polyakov—the "Witchcraft" source—at a safe house somewhere in London, where Polyakov gives them supposedly high-grade Soviet intelligence, in exchange for low-grade British material to help him maintain his cover with the Soviets. However, the mole is passing substantive material, including US intelligence, to Polyakov, his handler, whilst Polyakov's material has just enough substance to persuade the CIA to share information with the British. Smiley blackmails the location of the safe house out of Esterhase, whose exile status makes him vulnerable to deportation. Smiley then has Tarr appear at the Paris office, implying he knows who the mole is. The mole is revealed to be Haydon when he meets Polyakov at the safe house, where Smiley captures him. The Circus plans to exchange Haydon with the Soviets but he is killed by Prideaux, who felt betrayed by him in the Budapest incident. Smiley returns to the Circus as its new chief.
Cast[edit]
Gary Oldman as George Smiley ("Beggarman")
Colin Firth as Bill Haydon ("Tailor")
Tom Hardy as Ricki Tarr
Mark Strong as Jim Prideaux
Ciarán Hinds as Roy Bland ("Soldier")
Benedict Cumberbatch as Peter Guillam
David Dencik as Toby Esterhase ("Poorman")
Stephen Graham as Jerry Westerby
Simon McBurney as Oliver Lacon
Toby Jones as Percy Alleline ("Tinker")
John Hurt as Control
Kathy Burke as Connie Sachs
Roger Lloyd-Pack as Mendel
Svetlana Khodchenkova as Irina
Arthur Nightingale as Bryant
John le Carré as Christmas party guest
Christian McKay as Mackelvore
Konstantin Khabensky as Polyakov
Linda Marlowe as Mrs McCraig
Michael Sarne as Karla
Tomasz Kowalski as Boris
Stuart Graham as Minister
Zoltán Mucsi as Hungarian agent
Laura Carmichael as Sal
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
The project was initiated by Peter Morgan when he wrote a draft of the screenplay, which he offered to Working Title Films to produce. Morgan dropped out as the writer for personal reasons but still served as an executive producer.[2] Following Morgan's departure as writer, Working Title hired Peter Straughan and Bridget O'Connor to redraft the script. Park Chan-wook considered directing the film, but ultimately turned it down.[3] Tomas Alfredson was confirmed to direct on 9 July 2009. The production is his first English language film.[4][5] The film was backed financially by France's StudioCanal and had a budget corresponding to $21 million.[6] The film is dedicated to O'Connor, who died of cancer during production.
Casting[edit]
The director cast Gary Oldman in the role of George Smiley, and described the actor as having "a great face" and "the quiet intensity and intelligence that's needed". Many actors were connected to the other roles at various points, but only days before filming started, Oldman was still the only lead actor who officially had been contracted.[7] David Thewlis was in talks for a role early on.[8] Michael Fassbender was in talks at one point to star as Ricki Tarr, but the shooting schedule conflicted with his work on X-Men: First Class; Tom Hardy was cast instead.[9] On 17 September 2010, Mark Strong was confirmed to have joined the cast.[10] Jared Harris was cast but had to drop out because of scheduling conflicts with Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows; he was replaced by Toby Jones.[11] John le Carré appears in a cameo as a guest in a party scene.[12]
Filming[edit]
Blythe House, the exterior of "The Circus"
The Párizsi Udvar in Budapest, the setting for the Hungarian café scene.
Principal photography took place between 7 October and 22 December 2010.[13] Studio scenes were shot at a former army barracks in Mill Hill, North London.[6] Blythe House in Kensington Olympia, West London, was used as the exterior for "The Circus."[14] The interior hall of Budapest's Párizsi Udvar served as the location for the café scene, in which Jim Prideaux is shot.[15] Empress Coach Works in Haggerston was used as the location for the Merlin safe house. Other scenes were filmed on Hampstead Heath and in Hampstead Ponds, where Smiley is shown swimming, and in the physics department of Imperial College London. The exterior shots of the Islay Hotel, a run-down hotel described in the film as being near Liverpool Street station, which Smiley uses as a base, were shot in Wilkin Street, London NW5.[citation needed]
The events which take place in Czechoslovakia in the novel were moved to Hungary, because of the country's 20% rebate for film productions. The teams filmed in Budapest for five days. Right before Christmas, the team also filmed in Istanbul for nine days.[6] The production reunited Alfredson with cinematographer Hoyte van Hoytema and editor Dino Jonsäter, with whom he had made his previous film Let the Right One In.[16]
Post-production[edit]
The film took six months to edit. The final song in the film, Julio Iglesias' rendition of the French song "La Mer", set against a visual montage of various characters and subplots being resolved as Smiley strides into Circus headquarters to assume command, was chosen because it was something the team thought George Smiley would listen to when he was alone; Alfredson described the song as "everything that the world of MI6 isn't". A scene where Smiley listens to the song was filmed, but eventually cut to avoid giving it too much significance.[17][18]
Heard at a Circus office party, sung along to by the guests, is "The Second Best Secret Agent in the Whole Wide World", composed by Sammy Cahn and Jimmy Van Heusen, and performed by Sammy Davis, Jr., from the British spy spoof Licensed to Kill (1965). At the same office Christmas function, the Circus staff sing the official "State Anthem of the USSR", conducted by a figure dressed as Father Christmas but wearing a Lenin mask.
Release[edit]
Gary Oldman at the Venice Film Festival for the premiere of the film
The film premiered in competition at the 68th Venice International Film Festival on 5 September 2011.[19] StudioCanal UK distributed the film in the United Kingdom, where it was released on 16 September 2011.[20] The US rights were acquired by Universal Pictures, which have a permanent first-look deal with Working Title, and they passed the rights to their subsidiary Focus Features. Focus planned to give the film a wide release in the United States on 9 December 2011 but pushed it to January 2012, when it was given an 800 screen release.[21]
Critical response[edit]
Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy received generally positive reviews. The film scored 83% on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 214 reviews, with an average rating of 7.8/10. The site's summary called the film "a dense puzzle of anxiety, paranoia, and espionage that director Tomas Alfredson pieces together with utmost skill".[22] Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating in the 0–100 range based on reviews from top mainstream critics, calculated an average score of 85 based on 42 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".[23]
Jonathan Romney of The Independent wrote, "The script is a brilliant feat of condensation and restructuring: writers Peter Straughan and the late Bridget O'Connor realise the novel is overtly about information and its flow, and reshape its daunting complexity to highlight that".[24] David Gritten of The Daily Telegraph declared the film "a triumph" and gave it a five star rating,[25] as did his colleague, Sukhdev Sandhu.[26] Stateside, Peter Travers of Rolling Stone wrote, "As Alfredson directs the expert script by Peter Straughan and Bridget O'Connor, the film emerges as a tale of loneliness and desperation among men who can never disclose their secret hearts, even to themselves. It's easily one of the year's best films."[27] M. Enois Duarte of High-Def Digest also praised the film as a "brilliant display of drama, mystery and suspense, one which regards its audience with intelligence".[28]
Detractors of the film included Peter Hitchens of The Mail on Sunday, who wrote that the plot would be too baffling for viewers who had not read the book, and that the film's makers had "needlessly messed it up".[29] David Edwards of the Daily Mirror wrote, "The big question – and one le Carré himself asked when the film was announced – is whether such a hefty novel can fit comfortably into a feature-length production. In answering this, the writers have pared things back, meaning it's far pacier than the seven-part TV show. Unfortunately, the plot is every bit as bewildering with an overload of spy-speak, a few too many characters to keep track of and a final act that ends with a whimper, rather than a bang."[30] The Telegraph's Guy Stagg, meanwhile, thought that the movie needed a car chase in the middle.[31] Writing in The Atlantic, le Carré admirer James Parker favourably contrasted Smiley with the James Bond franchise but found this Tinker Tailor adaptation "problematic" compared to the 1979 BBC mini-series. He wrote: "To strip down or minimalize le Carré, however, is to sacrifice the almost Tolkienesque grain and depth of his created world: the decades-long backstory, the lingo, the arcana, the liturgical repetitions of names and functions".[32]
Box office[edit]
The film topped the British box office chart for three consecutive weeks[33] and earned $80,630,608 worldwide.[34]
Accolades[edit]
[show]List of awards and nominations
Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
Result
Academy Awards 26 February 2012 Best Actor Gary Oldman Nominated
Best Adapted Screenplay Bridget O'Connor, Peter Straughan Nominated
Best Original Score Alberto Iglesias Nominated
Amanda Award[35] 17 August 2012 Best Foreign Film Tomas Alfredson Nominated
American Society of Cinematographers[36] 12 February 2012 Best Cinematography in a Feature Film Hoyte van Hoytema Nominated
Art Directors Guild[37] 4 February 2012 Period Film Maria Djurkovic (Production Designer) Nominated
British Academy Film Awards 12 February 2012 Best Film Nominated
Outstanding British Film Won
Best Actor in a Leading Role Gary Oldman Nominated
Best Director Tomas Alfredson Nominated
Best Adapted Screenplay Bridget O'Connor, Peter Straughan Won
Best Original Music Alberto Iglesias Nominated
Best Cinematography Hoyte van Hoytema Nominated
Best Editing Dino Jonsater Nominated
Best Production Design Maria Djurkovic, Tatiana MacDonald Nominated
Best Costume Design Jacqueline Durran Nominated
Best Sound Nominated
Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema John Hurt Won
British Film Bloggers Circle Awards 21 February 2012 Best Film Nominated
Best British Film Nominated
Best Actor Gary Oldman Nominated
Best Director Tomas Alfredson Nominated
Best Adapted Screenplay Won
British Independent Film Awards 4 December 2011 Best British Independent Film Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy Nominated
Best Director of a British Independent Film Tomas Alfredson Nominated
Best Performance by an Actor in a British Independent Film Gary Oldman Nominated
Best Technical Achievement Maria Djurkovic (Production Design) Won
Best Supporting Actress Kathy Burke Nominated
Best Supporting Actor Tom Hardy Nominated
Benedict Cumberbatch Nominated
British Film Institute 4 December 2011 Top Ten Films Won
Best Film 10th Place
Burgundy Film Critics Awards[38] 24 February 2013 Best Foreign Film Tomas Alfredson Won
Ciak d'oro 6 June 2012 Best Foreign Film Tomas Alfredson Runner-up
Chicago Film Critics Association 19 December 2011 Best Actor Gary Oldman Nominated
Best Adapted Screenplay Bridget O'Connor, Peter Straughan Nominated
Crime Thriller Awards 18 September 2012 Best Film Won
Conch Awards 19 September 2012 Best Film Soundtrack Stephen Griffiths Won
Best Film Mix Facility Goldcrest Post Production Nominated
Best Sound Design & Editorial Team Andy Shelley and Stephen Griffiths Nominated
Denver Film Critics Society 11 January 2012 Best Cast Nominated
Best Original Score Alberto Iglesias Nominated
Dublin Film Critics Circle Awards 23 December 2011 Top Ten Films Won
Best Film 4th Place
Top Ten Directors Tomas Alfredson Won
Best Director Tomas Alfredson 4th Place
Top Ten Actors Gary Oldman Won
Best Actor Gary Oldman 3rd Place
Empire Awards 25 March 2012 Best Film Nominated
Best British Film Won
Best Actor Gary Oldman Won
Best Director Tomas Alfredson Nominated
Best Thriller Won
European Film Awards 1 December 2012 Best Actor Gary Oldman Nominated
Best Production Design Maria Djurkovic Won
Best Cinematography Hoyte van Hoytema Nominated
Best Original Score Alberto Iglesias Won
People's Choice Award – Best European Film Tomas Alfredson Won
Evening Standard British Film Awards 7 February 2012 Best Film Nominated
Best Actor Gary Oldman Nominated
Best Technical Achievement Maria Djurkovic Nominated
Alexander Walker Special Award John Hurt Won
Golden Trailer Awards 31 May 2012 Best Drama Trailer Nominated
Best Thriller Trailer Nominated
Best Independent Poster Won
Best Drama Poster Nominated
Georgia Film Critics Association 16 January 2012 Best Film Nominated
Best Director Tomas Alfredson Nominated
Best Actor in a Leading Role Gary Oldman Nominated
Best Supporting Actor Tom Hardy Nominated
Best Ensemble Cast Won
Best Adapted Screenplay Bridget O'Connor, Peter Straughan Nominated
Best Cinematography Hoyte van Hoytema Nominated
Best Production Design Maria Djurkovic Nominated
Gotham Independent Film Awards 18 November 2011 Gotham Tribute Award Gary Oldman Won
Hollywood Film Festival 24 October 2011 Best Composer Alberto Iglesias Won
International Chinephile Society 22 February 2012 Best Cast Runner-up
Best Adapted Screenplay Bridget O'Connor, Peter Straughan Won
Best Production Design Maria Djurkovic Runner-up
Best Original Score Alberto Iglesias Runner-up
International Federation of Film Critics Award 10 September 2012 Grand Prix for the best film Tomas Alfredson 9th Place
International Online Film Critics' Poll[39][40] 20 December 2012 Best Film – Motion Picture Won
Top Ten Films Won
Best Director Tomas Alfredson Won
Best Actor in a Leading Role Gary Oldman Won
Best Ensemble Cast Won
Best Adapted Screenplay Bridget O'Connor, Peter Straughan Won
Best Cinematography Hoyte van Hoytema Nominated
Best Production Design Maria Djurkovic Won
Best Editing Dino Jonsäter Nominated
Best Original Score Alberto Iglesias Nominated
Irish Film and Television Awards 11 February 2012 Best International Film Won
Actor in a Lead Role in a Feature Film Ciarán Hinds Nominated
International Actor Gary Oldman Nominated
Italian Online Film Actors & Dubbers Award 1 September 2012 Best Foreign Actor Gary Oldman Won
Best Foreign Supporting Actor Tom Hardy Nominated
Best Foreign Cast Won
Best Male Dubber Stefano De Sando Won
Public Choice Award for Best Performance Gary Oldman Won
Italy Screenplay Prize 13 July 2012 Best Film Won
Top Ten Films Won
Best Adapted Screenplay – International Bridget O'Connor, Peter Straughan Won
Special Award for Best Director Tomas Alfredson Won
Special Award for Best Performance Gary Oldman Won
Las Vegas Film Critics Society 13 December 2011 Best Actor Gary Oldman Nominated
Best Screenplay Bridget O'Connor, Peter Straughan Nominated
Best Art Direction Maria Djurkovic Nominated
Best Cinematography Nominated
Best Editing Dino Jonsater Nominated
London Film Critics Circle Award 19 January 2012 Top Ten Film Won
Best Film 4th Place
Best British Film Nominated
Best Actor Gary Oldman Nominated
Best British Actor Gary Oldman Nominated
Best Screenplay Bridget O'Connor, Peter Straughan Nominated
Best Technical Achievement Maria Djurkovic Won
Los Angeles Film Critics Association 11 December 2011 Best Art Direction Maria Djurkovic Runner-up
Metacritic Awards 5 January 2012 Best Reviewed Drama 3rd Place
Best Reviewed Thriller Won
Movie Farm Awards 12 February 2012 Best Actor Gary Oldman Won
Music & Sound Awards Best Original Composition in a Film Alberto Iglesias Won
Online Film Critics Society Awards 2 January 2012 Best Actor Gary Oldman Nominated
Best Adapted Screenplay Won
Best Editing Dino Jonsater Nominated
Online Film & Television Association 5 February 2012 Best Actor Gary Oldman Nominated
Best Adapted Screenplay Won
Best Production Design Maria Djurkovic Nominated
Best Cast Won
Best Casting Jina Jay Won
Palm Springs International Film Festival 15 January 2012 Best International Star Gary Oldman Won
Phoenix Film Critics Society 27 December 2011 Best Actor Gary Oldman Nominated
Premio Cinema Ludus[41] 19 November 2012 Gran Prix for Best Film Tomas Alfredson Won
Prix for Best Actor Gary Oldman Won
Best European Film Won
Best European Director Tomas Alfredson Won
Best European Actor Gary Oldman Won
Best European Screenplay Bridget O'Connor, Peter Straughan Won
Best European Technical Achievement Maria Djurkovic Won
Best Producer Tim Bevan, Eric Fellner Won
Richard Attenborough Regional Film Awards 2 February 2012 Best British Film of the year Won
Best Actor of the year Gary Oldman Nominated
Best British Actor of the year Gary Oldman Won
Best Screenplay Bridget O'Connor, Peter Straughan Won
San Francisco Film Critics Circle 25 March 2012 Best Actor Gary Oldman Won
Best Adapted Screenplay Bridget O'Connor, Peter Straughan Won
Satellite Award 18 December 2011 Best Film – Motion Picture Nominated
Best Director Tomas Alfredson Nominated
Best Actor – Motion Picture Gary Oldman Nominated
Spanish Film Music Critics Awards 29 June 2012 Best Spanish Composer Alberto Iglesias Won
Stockholm Film Festival 20 November 2011 FIPRESCI Award Won
Sydney Film Critics 21 December 2011 Top Twenty Unreleased Films Won
Best Unreleased Film 4th Place
Total Film Hotlist 3 August 2012 Hottest Film Nominated
Hottest Actor Benedict Cumberbatch Nominated
Hottest Actor Tom Hardy Nominated
Venice Film Festival 10 September 2011 Golden Lion Nominated
Virgin Media Movie Awards 1 March 2012 Best Film Nominated
Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association 5 December 2011 Best Adapted Screenplay Bridget O'Connor, Peter Straughan Nominated
YouMovie Awards[42][43] 30 June 2012 Best Film Won
Best Drama Film Won
Best Thriller Won
Best Actor in a Leading Role Gary Oldman Won
Best Supporting Actor Benedict Cumberbatch Nominated
Best Supporting Actor Colin Firth Nominated
Best Cast Won
Best Villain Colin Firth Nominated
Best Director Tomas Alfredson Won
Best Trailer Won
Best Cinematography Hoyte Van Hoytema Nominated
Best Art Direction Maria Djurkovic Nominated
Best Screenplay Bridget O'Connor, Peter Straughan Won
Best Costume Design Jaqueline Durran Nominated
World Soundtrack Academy 20 October 2012 Best Score of the Year Alberto Iglesias Won
Best Composer of the Year Alberto Iglesias Won
Possible sequel[edit]
While doing press for Working Title's Les Misérables film adaptation, producer Eric Fellner stated that fellow producer Tim Bevan was working with writer Straughan and director Alfredson on developing a sequel to Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy. Fellner did not specify whether or not the sequel would be based on The Honourable Schoolboy or Smiley's People, the two remaining Smiley novels in Le Carré's Karla trilogy.[44] While doing press for Dawn of the Planet of the Apes in 2014, Oldman stated that talk of a sequel, an adaptation of Smiley's People, had since disappeared; while also stressing that he would still like to see the film produced.[45] However, in July 2016 Oldman confirmed that the sequel was in its early stages, stating, "There is a script, but I don't know when we will shoot."[46]
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External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (film).
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (film)
Official movie website at the Wayback Machine (archived 23 September 2011)
Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy at AllMovie
Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy on IMDb
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Related topic navboxes
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Films directed by Tomas Alfredson
Screwed in Tallinn (1999)
Four Shades of Brown (2004)
Let the Right One In (2008)
Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (2011)
The Snowman (2017)
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Works by John le Carré
Novels
Call for the Dead (1961)
A Murder of Quality (1962)
The Spy Who Came in from the Cold (1963)
The Looking Glass War (1965)
A Small Town in Germany (1968)
The Naïve and Sentimental Lover (1971)
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Pizza delivery
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the SpongeBob SquarePants episode, see Pizza Delivery (SpongeBob SquarePants).
Part of a series on
Pizza
Main articles[show]
History of pizza
Pizza
Pizza delivery
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California-style pizza
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Chocolate pizza
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Cooking variations[show]
Deep-fried pizza
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v
t
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Scooter used for pizza delivery in Hong Kong
An Oldsmobile Alero used to deliver pizza
Pizza delivery is a service in which a pizzeria or pizza chain delivers a pizza to a customer. An order is typically made either by telephone or over the internet to the pizza chain, in which the customer can request pizza type, size and other products alongside the pizza, commonly including soft drinks. Pizzas may be delivered in pizza boxes or delivery bags, and deliveries are made with either an automobile, motorized scooter, or bicycle. Customers can, depending on the pizza chain, choose to pay online, or in person, with cash, credit card, debit card or cryptocurrency. A delivery fee is often charged with what the customer has bought.
Contents
[hide]
1 Ordering
2 Charge
3 Delivery technology
3.1 Delivery bag
3.2 Pizza box
3.3 Pizza saver
4 Employment
5 Hazards
5.1 Prank order
5.2 Assaults on pizza delivery workers
6 In popular culture
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Ordering[edit]
Ordering pizza for delivery usually involves contacting a local pizza restaurant or chain by telephone or online. Online ordering is available in many countries, where some pizza chains offer online menus and ordering.[1]
The pizza delivery industry has kept pace with technological developments since the 1980s beginning with the rise of the personal computer. Specialized computer software for the pizza delivery business helps determine the most efficient routes for carriers, track exact order and delivery times, manage calls and orders with PoS software, and other functions. Since 2008 GPS tracking technology has been used for real-time monitoring of delivery vehicles by customers over the Internet.[2]
Some pizzerias, such as the Ontario-based Canadian chain Pizza Pizza, will incorporate a guarantee to deliver within a predetermined period of time.[3] For example, Domino's Pizza had a commercial campaign in the 1980s and early 1990s which guaranteed orders in 30 minutes. The guarantee was for 3 dollars off the order if broken but is often misremembered today as "30 minutes or its free". This was discontinued in the United States in 1993 due to the number of lawsuits arising from accidents caused by hurried delivery drivers, but is still offered in some countries. Pizzerias with no time guarantee will commonly state to the customer an approximate time frame for a delivery, without making any guarantees as to the actual delivery time.[citation needed]
According to Domino's, Super Bowl Sunday is the most popular day for its pizza deliveries; others are Halloween, New Year's Day, New Year's Eve, and the day before Thanksgiving.[4] Unscheduled events may also cause an increase in pizza deliveries; for example, Domino's stated that its sales during the O. J. Simpson slow-speed chase were as large as on Super Bowl Sunday.[5]
Charge[edit]
For decades, "free delivery" was a popular slogan for almost all pizza stores.[citation needed][6] In Australia, a portion of the delivery charge is given to the driver as the store is required to reimburse the driver for the use of a personal vehicle.[citation needed]
Domino's Pizza is credited with popularizing free pizza delivery in the United States.[7] Pizza Hut began experimenting in 1999 with a 50-cent delivery charge in ten stores in the Dallas-Fort Worth area.[8] By mid-2001 it was implemented in 95% of its 1,749 company-owned restaurants in the U.S., and in a smaller number of its 5,250 franchisee-owned restaurants.[9] By 2002, a small percentage of stores owned or franchised by U.S. pizza companies Domino's and Papa John's were also charging delivery fees of 50 cents to $1.50, and some of Little Caesar's franchisees charged delivery fees.[9] In 2005, Papa John's implemented delivery charges in the majority of its company-owned stores.[10]
In some countries, it is common to give the pizza deliverer an optional tip upon paying for the order. In Canada and the United States, tipping for pizza delivery is customary. Opinions on appropriate amounts vary widely.[11][12][13] Employees are legally obligated to report tips to their employer for income tax purposes, while independent contractors, who may charge a per-delivery fee to a restaurant, are legally obligated to report tips to the Internal Revenue Service.[14]
Delivery technology[edit]
An electrically heated pizza bag, plug at the bottom
Delivery bag[edit]
Bags used to keep pizza hot while being transported are commonly referred to as hotbags[15] or hot bags.[16] Hotbags are thermal bags, typically made of vinyl, nylon, or Cordura, that passively retain heat.[15] Material choice affects cost, durability, and condensation.[15] Heated bags supply added heat through insertion of externally heated disks, electrical heating elements, or pellets heated by induction from electrically generated magnetic waves.[15] Innovations in delivery bag designs have allowed without the usage of a fixed box for bike delivery, such as a hard frame, back straps, and waterproofing. These systems proved to be cheaper, more efficient and faster to use.[citation needed][17]
Pizza box[edit]
Main article: Pizza box
Pizza in a box, with a pizza saver in the middle
Modern pizza boxes are made of corrugated fiberboard.[18] Corrugated board has a number of advantages for pizza delivery: it is cheap, recyclable, and disposable, it is stiff yet light, it is absorbent thus keeping oil and juice from leaking, and the channels of air in the cardboard have excellent insulation properties.[19]
The history of the pizza box began in Naples during the 1800s where bakers put pizzas into metal containers called stufas: round, vented tin or copper containers with shelves that held the pizzas apart from one another.[18] Since the 1940s pizza take-out was done with the pizza sitting on a round cardboard base and covered with a paper bag.[18] It is believed Domino's developed the modern corrugated flat square pizza box in the early 1960s, but they never patented it.[18] Patent designs for pizza boxes date to at least 1968.[20] Innovations since have included various venting configurations;[21] built-in holders for extra sauces; designs for easier recycling; and perforated tops so wedge-shaped pieces of cardboard can be used as plates.[18][19] The lid of the box is often supported by a disposable plastic tripod on top of the pizza known as a pizza saver.
Pizza boxes have a large amount of corrugated fiberboard, individually and in total volume produced each year, but they are not accepted by some municipal recycling programs because the cardboard is often soaked with grease, making them unsuitable for some forms of recycling.[22] Boxes may thus be commonly thrown away with household waste into landfills; a more environmentally friendly disposal option that has been proposed is a form of composting for pizza boxes. It is also possible to tear off unstained or unsaturated sections such as the lid and/or sides of the box and recycle those.
Pizza saver[edit]
Main article: Pizza saver
In 1985 Carmela Vitale was issued a patent for a plastic 3-legged tripod stool that would sit in the middle of the box and keep the top from sagging into the pie.[19] Vitale called her device a "package saver" and used that term also as the title of her patent, but it has since been renamed the "pizza saver".[19] Variations on the device have since been invented, such as a disposable plastic spatula whose handle holds the box top up; and a plastic tripod like that made by Vitalie, but with one of the legs serrated like a knife, making for easy cutting of stuck cheese and bread.[19]
Employment[edit]
This pizzeria bills itself as being open late.
This section may be unbalanced towards certain viewpoints. Please improve the article by adding information on neglected viewpoints, or discuss the issue on the talk page. (December 2012)
In the United States, two labor unions have been formed specifically for pizza delivery drivers: the now-defunct Association of Pizza Delivery Drivers (APDD)[23] and the American Union of Pizza Delivery Drivers (AUPDD).[24]
APDD was formed in 2002. Its initial claim to fame was as an Internet-based union, eschewing traditional methods of organizing, and making contributions and the sale of goods the center of its fundraising activities, instead of dues.[citation needed] People could join APDD using a form at their website, or chat with its officers in an IRC-compatible Java chat every Tuesday evening. At its peak, it claimed approximately 1,000 members in 46 US states.[citation needed] APDD held several certification votes in the US, but was never successful in organizing a local. In March 2006 APDD lost a lawsuit against a Domino's franchise in Mansfield, Ohio. This combined with massive debt left the union with little choice but to shut down.[citation needed]
AUPDD was founded in early 2006 by Jim Pohle, a driver for a Domino's Pizza store in Pensacola, Florida.[24] It was certified as the representative union for his store in April 2006.[25] Pohle cites the sub-minimum wage paid by his store as the instigating factor in forming a union.[24]
While formed in the more traditional method of organizing at one's own workplace, AUPDD uses certain Internet-based techniques originated by APDD, such as its mass communications with the press and its fundraising activities (although more traditional dues are collected from the eleven members of the fledgling local).[citation needed] It also uses the Internet as its primary outreach to those wishing to start locals across the US.[citation needed]
Hazards[edit]
Papa John's Pizza delivery
Pizza delivery, by its nature, can pose risks for those engaged in it, as they are required to go to the homes of strangers, in unfamiliar neighborhoods.
In 2004, Pizza Hut fired a delivery driver who shot and killed a robber while on the job, citing its company policy against employees carrying weapons.[26] Other national chains such as Domino's and Papa John's also prohibit carrying weapons, though many independent pizzerias allow delivery persons to carry weapons in a legal manner.[27][28] Employer restrictions on carrying weapons is a controversial issue in the U.S.
Prank order[edit]
Pizza places may be subject to prank orders for numerous pizzas or to random houses or a target house.[29] A prank order may cost businesses money and aggravation, resulting in the restaurant throwing away the unpaid pizzas. For example, in November 2010 in Amherst, Massachusetts, a man claiming to be part of Bob Dylan's crew placed an order for 148 pizzas which cost nearly $4,000.[30] Prank callers have been fined in Singapore for placing false orders.[31]
Assaults on pizza delivery workers[edit]
Pizza delivery drivers have been subjected to assault, kidnappings, robbery, and have sometimes been raped or killed while on the job.[27][32] Fake orders are sometimes used to lure robbery victims or kidnappings, and delivery people have been injured and killed in robberies and kidnappings.[33][34]
Pizza delivery workers who have been lured and murdered include Yafim Weinstein, Brian Douglas Wells, and Michael Choy.
In popular culture[edit]
Minuteman Missile National Historic Site entrance door
Pizza delivery has been featured as a major element in several media in popular culture. There are several works of fiction where the main character delivers pizzas, including Tom Wolfe's novel I Am Charlotte Simmons (2004), and Neal Stephenson's cyberpunk novel Snow Crash (1992), which posits a future in which pizza delivery is organised by the Mafia as one of the US's four major industries. Several feature films also use pizza delivery prominently, including the 1984 comedy Delivery Boys, the Spike Lee 1989 film Do the Right Thing, and the 2000 comedy film Dude, Where's My Car?. In the case of other films, use of pizza delivery has been regarded by critics as "overly integrated product placement".[35]
Pizza delivery has been the subject of films, even to the point of being the subject of such feature-length films as Drivers Wanted and Fat Pizza: The Movie, as well as Pizza: The Movie.[36] Pizza delivery has served as major plot element of such films as Loverboy.[37] The 2011 American comedy film 30 Minutes or Less is concerned about the kidnapping of a pizza-delivery driver and his subsequent coercive involvement in a bank robbery, which was loosely based on the 2003 death of Erie, Pennsylvania pizza deliveryman Brian Douglas Wells.[38] In television, the Australian comedy series Pizza centres on Pauly and his co-workers who deliver pizzas for a Sydney-based pizzeria called Fat Pizza.
See also[edit]
List of pizza chains
Waiter.com
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Kretzmann, David. "Why Domino's Digital Component Is Important". DailyFinance. Retrieved 2013-12-28.
Jump up ^ Marianne Kolbasuk McGee. "GPS Comes To High-Tech Pizza-Delivery Tracking", InformationWeek, Feb 1, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Pizza Pizza's Guarantee". pizzapizza.ca. Archived from the original (Commercial website) on 2007-12-24. Retrieved 2007-12-07.
Jump up ^ "Domino's Pizza Readies for Record Sales on Super Bowl Sunday" (Press release). PR Newswire. 1999-01-26. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "How O.J. Simpson's Car Chase Led To Record Sales At Domino's Pizza". Business Insider. 2014-06-17. Retrieved 2015-02-02.
Jump up ^ "How Pizzas got Delivered for free?" (website). Agreatpizza.com. 2007-05-13. Retrieved 2007-12-07.
Jump up ^ Miller, Hannah (April–May 2006). "American Pie". American Heritage Magazine. 57 (2). americanheritage.com. Archived from the original on 2009-07-12. Retrieved 2007-09-18.
Jump up ^ "Meet PIzza Lover". Knight Ridder/Tribune News Service, via accessmylibrary.com. 1999-09-18. Archived from the original (commercial website, payment required for full article) on 2016-10-22.
^ Jump up to: a b Horovitz, Bruce (2002-09-03). "Pizza chains deliver ... fees". USA Today via usatoday.com. Retrieved 2007-09-18.
Jump up ^ "Papa John's Reports Third Quarter Earnings; October Comparable Sales Results Announced". Papa John's International Inc. 2005-11-01. Archived from the original (Press release) on October 10, 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-18.
Jump up ^ "Naughty or nice? TIPs complete guide to passing the bucks". MSNBC. 2004-11-15. Archived from the original (News website) on October 27, 2006. Retrieved 2007-09-25.
Jump up ^ "Tipping etiquette" (News website). ExtraTV. 2001-03-30. Retrieved 2007-09-25.
Jump up ^ Myers, Stephanie (2002-02-02). "Pizza drivers say tips make or break". The Tower Light, via thetowerlight.com. Archived from the original on 2007-10-21. Retrieved 2007-09-24.
Jump up ^ Coomes, Steve (2007-03-17). "Truth or Consequences". Pizza Marketplace, via pizzamarketplace.com. Archived from the original on 2007-10-21. Retrieved 2007-09-25.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Hotbags: Turning Up the Heat on Deliveries". PMQ (Pizza Magazine Quarterly) via pmq.com. Winter 2002. Archived from the original on 2007-08-14. Retrieved 2007-09-18.
Jump up ^ "Pizza Delivery Hot Bags". Pizzatools.com. Archived from the original (Commercial website) on 2007-08-14. Retrieved 2007-09-18.
Jump up ^ "Insulated Food Delivery Bags Buying Guide". WebstaurantStore. Retrieved 2018-03-18.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Madrigal, Alexis (July 18, 2011). "The 3 Big Advances in the Technology of the Pizza Box". The Atlantic. Retrieved May 26, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Petroski, Henry (July–August 2011). "A Round Pie in a Square Box". American Scientist.
Jump up ^ "US Patent 3484015". Google Patent Search.
Jump up ^ Chari, Mridula. "This is the world's best-designed pizza box". Quartz. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Granger, Trey (18 February 2009). "Is Food Packaging Really Recyclable?". earth911.com. Retrieved 22 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Associated Press (2004-11-18). "Pizza drivers seek national union". MSNBC.com. Retrieved 2007-09-18.
^ Jump up to: a b c Associated Press (2006-09-22). "Pizza delivery drivers form first union". USA Today via usatoday.com. Retrieved 2007-09-18.
Jump up ^ "Photo Album". American Union of Pizza Delivery Drivers. Archived from the original (Organization website) on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2007-09-18.
Jump up ^ "Deliveryman: I Shot Man In Self-Defense". The Indy Channel (television news website). 2004-05-18. Archived from the original on 31 October 2004. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Chan, Sewell (1996-07-10). "Pizza Redlining: Green Says 'Go', Red Says Tough Neighborhood". The Wall Street Journal Online. Retrieved 2007-09-18.
Jump up ^ "Arming delivery drivers a tossup for pizzerias". Indianapolis Star via ohioccw.org (commercial website). July 16, 2004. Retrieved 2013-10-02.
Jump up ^ "Don't believe your eyes... Pizza delivery men tricked by pranksters ordering food to fake houses". Daily Mail. 2 September 2009. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Bruno, Jackie (23 November 2010). "Amherst police called after pizza prank". WWLP-22News. Archived from the original on January 11, 2011. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "Singapore Airlines pilot accused of prank fast-food calls". Canada.com. 14 October 2007. Archived from the original on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "Police: Teens Rape, Rob Tallahassee Pizza Delivery Woman". News4Jax.com. Associated Press. 2004-01-05. Archived from the original on 2007-10-22. Retrieved 2007-09-18.
Jump up ^ Pizza Chains Create 'Do Not Deliver' List - Some Areas Deemed Too Unsafe For Pizza Deliveries Archived 2011-09-29 at the Wayback Machine., WLWT, Cincinnati News, October 8, 2009
Jump up ^ Two teens charged with murder of pizza delivery driver, The Columbus Dispatch, July 23, 2007
Jump up ^ Heather Boerner. "Review of R.L. Stine's Haunting House: Don't Think About: Tween-friendly, ad-happy Halloween fright fest". Common Sense Media.
Jump up ^ Joshua Tyler (2004-07-25). "Pizza: The Movie - Review". Cinema Blend.
Jump up ^ Caryn James (April 29, 1989). "Reviews/Film; A Youth's Salty Specialty On a Pizza-Delivery Route". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ The Tennessean August 11, 2011 Section D
External links[edit]
Media related to Pizza delivery at Wikimedia Commons
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