text:
Michael Winslow
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Michael Winslow
Winslow in 2008
Birth name
Michael Leslie Winslow
Born
(1958-09-06) September 6, 1958 (age 59)
Spokane, Washington, U.S.
Medium
Stand-up, film, television
Nationality
American
Years active
1980–present
Genres
Character comedy, physical comedy, improvisational comedy
Subject(s)
Pop culture, American culture
Spouse
Belinda Church (m. 1985; d. 1993)
Angela Baytops (m. 1997; div. 2001)
Sharon Winslow (m. 2003; div. 2016)
Children
3
Notable works and roles
Comedy Sound Smackdown
Larvelle Jones in Police Academy
Radar Technician in Spaceballs
Website
http://www.therealmichaelwinslow.com/
Michael Leslie Winslow (born September 6, 1958) is an American actor, beatboxer, and comedian billed as the "Man of 10,000 Sound Effects"[1] for his ability to make realistic sounds using only his voice. He is best known for his roles in all eight Police Academy films as Larvell Jones. He has also appeared in Spaceballs, Cheech and Chong's Next Movie, The Love Boat, and commercials for Cadbury and GEICO.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Filmography
4 References
5 External links
Early life[edit]
Winslow was born in Spokane, Washington, the son of Robert and Verdie Winslow.[2] He attended the Lisa Maile School of Acting, Modeling and Imaging.
Winslow grew up at Fairchild Air Force Base where, according to his own account, he had few constant friends to call on. In order to pass his time, he would imitate the sounds of engines, animals, anything that made noise. Following his high school and college periods, he performed in nightclubs and theaters, where his sound imitation skills won him positive appraisal and enough money to move to and perform his act in Hollywood.[3]
Career[edit]
His first television appearance was on The Gong Show in which he squeezed in sound-alikes of Benji the movie dog, Star Trek, and Jimi Hendrix's "Purple Haze". He is best known for his role as Sgt. Larvelle "Motor Mouth" Jones in the Police Academy series of movies and TV shows. In 1985, Island Records released a 12" of Michael Winslow entitled "I Am My Own Walkman". He also appeared as a radar operator in the movie Spaceballs, in which he performs all the sound effects during his scene himself. Mel Brooks (who wrote, directed, produced, and co-starred in the film), stated that by doing so, Winslow saved the film money. Winslow is also a motivational speaker. Since the fall of 2008, Winslow has hosted the motion-picture television series called "Way Back Wednesday with Winslow" on the cable superstation WGN America, which features movies mostly released in the 1980s. He continues to perform stand-up comedy around the globe.
Michael Winslow debuted his own iPhone and iPod Touch apps in 2010, bringing his sound effects and comedy to a mobile platform. ThatsKungFu generates Winslow's kung fu fighting sounds when the device is swung in a fighting motion.[4] NoizeyMan, billed as the "World's Noiziest App", contains video, ringtones, sound effects, and mini games, all created by Winslow.[5]
In 2011 Winslow worked with Orlando, Florida-based game development studio Phyken Media[6] on a mobile game for iOS[7] and Android platforms[8] entitled Wizard Ops Chapter 1,[9] providing all the sound effects for the game. He also lent his voice on Wizard Ops Tactics, a turn-based tactical game and spiritual successor to the previous game.
He was also featured in a commercial for GEICO Insurance during their "we hired a celebrity" ad campaign.[10]
Filmography[edit]
Cheech & Chong's Next Movie (1980) as Welfare Comedian
Underground Aces (1981) as Nate
Nice Dreams (1981) as Superman Nut
Space Stars (1981) as Plutem (voice)
Tag: The Assassination Game (1982) as Gowdy
Heidi's Song (1982) as Mountain (voice)
Police Academy (1984) as Cadet Larvell Jones
Alphabet City (1984) as Lippy
Gremlins (1984) as Mogwai / Gremlins (voice)
Grandview, U.S.A. (1984) as Spencer
Lovelines (1984) as J.D
Police Academy 2: Their First Assignment (1985) as Cadet Larvell Jones
Starchaser: The Legend of Orin (1985) (voice)
Police Academy 3: Back in Training (1986) as Sgt. Larvell Jones
Police Academy 4: Citizens on Patrol (1987) as Sgt. Larvell Jones
Spaceballs (1987) as Radar Technician
Zärtliche Chaoten (Germany) (1987) as Walker
Police Academy 5: Assignment Miami Beach (1988) as Sgt. Larvell Jones
Starke Zeiten (1988) as Mike
Buy & Cell (1988) as Sly
Zärtliche Chaoten II (Germany) (1988) as Ronny
Police Academy 6: City Under Siege (1989) as Sgt Larvell Jones
Think Big (1989) as Hap
New Kids on the Block (1990) - (voice)
Far Out Man (1990) as Airport Cop
Going Under (1990) as Reporter
Extralarge (1993) (with Bud Spencer) as Dumas
Police Academy: Mission to Moscow (1994) as Sgt Larvell Jones
Be Cool about Fire Safety (1995, TV) as Jose the Fire Hydrant (voice)
Police Academy: The Series TV Series (1997–1998) as Sgt. Larvelle Jones
Lycanthrope (1999) as Lee Davis
Michael Winslow Live (1999) as Michael Winslow
The Blur of Insanity (1999) as Horner's Friend 2
He Outta Be Committed (2000) as Jeremy
The Trumpet of the Swan (2001) as Chief (voice)
The Biggest Fan (2002) as Officer Man
Lenny the Wonder Dog (2005) as John Wyndham
The Great Buck Howard (2008) as Michael Winslow
Redirecting Eddie (2008) as Vaughn
RoboDoc (2009) as Dr. Murphy
The History of the Typewriter recited by Michael Winslow (2010) as Himself
Tosh.0 (2010) as Himself
Blunt Movie (2013) as Coach Al Jefferson
Gingerclown (2013) as Stomachcrumble
Late Night with Jimmy Fallon (July 29, 2013, Comedy Sketch: The Michael Winslow Car Alarm & Musical Sit-In Guest) as Himself
Sharknado 3: Oh Hell No! (2015) as Brian Jonesy Jones
Lavalantula (2015) as Marty
Enter the Fist and the Golden Fleece (2016) as The Argonaut
Characterz (2016) as Police Detective
2 Lava 2 Lantula (2016) as Marty
The Jack and Triumph Show (2015) as Himself
Renaissance Man (2016) as Mike
Hospital Arrest (2016) as Judge Collaway
Killing Hasselhoff (2017) as Himself
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Michael Winslow - The Man Of 10,000 Sound Effects". BroadwayWorld.com. 2008-07-12. Retrieved 2008-08-17.
Jump up ^ Michael on BBC Daybreak (2013-02-15). "Man of 10,000 Sound Effects". Michael Winslow. Retrieved 2013-03-10.
Jump up ^ Michael on BBC Daybreak (2013-02-15). "Behind the Sound". Michael Winslow. Archived from the original on 2013-10-14. Retrieved 2013-12-13.
Jump up ^ "iTunes Store". itunes.apple.com. Retrieved 2013-03-10.
Jump up ^ "iTunes Store". itunes.apple.com. Retrieved 2013-03-10.
Jump up ^ "Welcome to PhykenMedia". Phykenmedia.com. Retrieved 2013-03-10.
Jump up ^ "Wizard Ops for iPhone, iPod touch, and iPad on the iTunes App Store". itunes.apple.com. 2012-11-06. Retrieved 2013-03-10.
Jump up ^ "Wizard Ops - Android-apps op Google Play". Play.google.com. Retrieved 2013-03-10.
Jump up ^ "Wizard Ops". Wizard Ops. Archived from the original on 2013-04-05. Retrieved 2013-03-10.
Jump up ^ hallowsnight (9 November 2007). "Geico spot with Michael Winslow". Retrieved 22 October 2016 – via YouTube.
External links[edit]
Official website
Agency profile
Michael Winslow on IMDb
Interview with Heeb Magazine, August 2009
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 49424154
LCCN: nr2004021880
ISNI: 0000 0001 1949 6163
GND: 1062365658
BNF: cb14040993v (data)
MusicBrainz: 077a83ba-4a11-4d2f-99e2-5fa7bd69d464
IATH: w6d63dkb
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Winslow&oldid=819400917"
Categories:
1958 births
Living people
American male film actors
African-American comedians
American comedians
American male comedians
American male voice actors
Male actors from Spokane, Washington
African-American male actors
American male television actors
20th-century American comedians
21st-century American comedians
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text:
Eustachian tube
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Eustachian tube
External and middle ear. Eustachian tube labelled as auditory tube
Middle ear, with auditory tube at bottom right
Details
Pronunciation
/juːˈsteɪʃən/
Precursor
first pharyngeal pouch
Identifiers
Latin
Tuba auditiva, tuba auditivea,
tuba auditoria
MeSH
D005064
TA
A15.3.02.073
FMA
9705
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
The Eustachian tube, also known as the auditory tube or pharyngotympanic tube,[1] is a tube that links the nasopharynx to the middle ear. It is a part of the middle ear. In adult humans the Eustachian tube is approximately 35 mm (1.4 in) long and 3 mm (0.12 in) in diameter.[2] It is named after the sixteenth-century anatomist Bartolomeo Eustachi.[3]
In humans and other land animals the middle ear (like the ear canal) is normally filled with air. Unlike the open ear canal, however, the air of the middle ear is not in direct contact with the atmosphere outside the body. The Eustachian tube connects from the chamber of the middle ear to the back of the nasopharynx.
Normally, the Eustachian tube is collapsed, but it gapes open both with swallowing and with positive pressure. When taking off in an airplane, the surrounding air pressure goes from higher (on the ground) to lower (in the sky). The air in the middle ear expands as the plane gains altitude, and pushes its way into the back of the nose and mouth. On the way down, the volume of air in the middle ear shrinks, and a slight vacuum is produced. Active opening of the Eustachian tube is required to equalize the pressure between the middle ear and the surrounding atmosphere as the plane descends. A diver also experiences this change in pressure, but with greater rates of pressure change; active opening of the Eustachian tube is required more frequently as the diver goes deeper into higher pressure.
Contents
1 Structure
1.1 Bony part
1.2 Cartilaginous part
1.3 Muscles
2 Development
3 Function
3.1 Pressure equalization
3.2 Mucus drainage
4 Clinical significance
4.1 Surgical eardrum piercing
4.2 Permanent venting to external ear canal
4.3 Eustachian tube prosthesis
4.4 Removal of excessive tube tissue
5 Other animals
6 Additional images
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Structure[edit]
Upper respiratory system, showing entrance to auditory tube near middle.
The Eustachian tube extends from the anterior wall of the middle ear to the lateral wall of the nasopharynx, approximately at the level of the inferior nasal concha. It consists of a bony part and a cartilaginous part.
Bony part[edit]
The bony part (1/3) nearest to the middle ear is made of bone and is about 12 mm in length. It begins in the anterior wall of the tympanic cavity, below the septum canalis musculotubarii, and, gradually narrowing, ends at the angle of junction of the squamous and the petrous parts of the temporal bone, its extremity presenting a jagged margin which serves for the attachment of the cartilaginous part.[4]
Cartilaginous part[edit]
The cartilaginous part of the Eustachian tube is about 24 mm in length and is formed of a triangular plate of elastic fibrocartilage, the apex of which is attached to the margin of the medial end of the bony part of the tube, while its base lies directly under the mucous membrane of the nasal part of the pharynx, where it forms an elevation, the torus tubarius or cushion, behind the pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube.
The upper edge of the cartilage is curled upon itself, being bent laterally so as to present on transverse section the appearance of a hook; a groove or furrow is thus produced, which is open below and laterally, and this part of the canal is completed by fibrous membrane. The cartilage lies in a groove between the petrous part of the temporal bone and the great wing of the sphenoid; this groove ends opposite the middle of the medial pterygoid plate. The cartilaginous and bony portions of the tube are not in the same plane, the former inclining downward a little more than the latter. The diameter of the tube is not uniform throughout, being greatest at the pharyngeal opening, least at the junction of the bony and cartilaginous portions, and again increased toward the tympanic cavity; the narrowest part of the tube is termed the isthmus.
The position and relations of the pharyngeal opening are described with the nasal part of the pharynx. The mucous membrane of the tube is continuous in front with that of the nasal part of the pharynx, and behind with that of the tympanic cavity; it is covered with ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelia and is thin in the osseous portion, while in the cartilaginous portion it contains many mucous glands and near the pharyngeal orifice a considerable amount of adenoid tissue, which has been named by Gerlach the tube tonsil.
Muscles[edit]
There are four muscles associated with the function of the Eustachian tube:
Levator veli palatini (innervated by the vagus nerve)
Salpingopharyngeus (innervated by the vagus nerve)
Tensor tympani (innervated by the mandibular nerve of CN V)
Tensor veli palatini (innervated by the mandibular nerve of CN V)
The tube is opened during swallowing by contraction of the tensor veli palatini and levator veli palatini, muscles of the soft palate.[1]
Development[edit]
The Eustachian tube is derived from the ventral part of the first pharyngeal pouch and second endodermal pouch, which during embryogenesis forms the tubotympanic recess. The distal part of the tubotympanic sulcus gives rise to the tympanic cavity, while the proximal tubular structure becomes the Eustachian tube. It helps transformation of sound waves.
Function[edit]
Pressure equalization[edit]
Under normal circumstances, the human Eustachian tube is closed, but it can open to let a small amount of air through to prevent damage by equalizing pressure between the middle ear and the atmosphere. Pressure differences cause temporary conductive hearing loss by decreased motion of the tympanic membrane and ossicles of the ear.[5] Various methods of ear clearing such as yawning, swallowing, or chewing gum may be used to intentionally open the tube and equalize pressures. When this happens, humans hear a small popping sound, an event familiar to aircraft passengers, scuba divers, or drivers in mountainous regions. Devices assisting in pressure equalization include an ad hoc balloon applied to the nose, creating inflation by positive air pressure.[6] Some people learn to voluntarily 'click' their ears, together or separately, performing a pressure equalizing routine by opening their Eustachian tubes when pressure changes are experienced, as in ascending/descending in aircraft, mountain driving, elevator lift/drops, etc. Some are even able to deliberately keep their Eustachian tubes open for a brief period, and even increase or decrease air pressure in the middle ear. The 'clicking' can actually be heard by putting one's ear to another's while performing the clicking sound. This voluntary control may be first discovered when yawning or swallowing, or by other means (above). Those who develop this ability may discover that it can be done deliberately without force even when there are no pressure issues involved.
Mucus drainage[edit]
The Eustachian tube also drains mucus from the middle ear. Upper respiratory tract infections or allergies can cause the Eustachian tube, or the membranes surrounding its opening to become swollen, trapping fluid, which serves as a growth medium for bacteria, causing ear infections. This swelling can be reduced through the use of decongestants such as pseudoephedrine, oxymetazoline, and phenylephrine.[7] Ear infections are more common in children because the tube is horizontal and shorter, making bacterial entry easier, and it also has a smaller diameter, making the movement of fluid more difficult. In addition, children's developing immune systems and poor hygiene habits make them more prone to upper respiratory infections.
Clinical significance[edit]
Otitis media, or inflammation of the middle ear, commonly affects the Eustachian tube. Children under 7 are more susceptible to this condition, one theory being that this is because the Eustachian tube is shorter and at more of a horizontal angle than in the adult ear. Others argue that susceptibility in this age group is related to immunological factors and not Eustachian tube anatomy.[citation needed]
Barotitis, a form of barotrauma, may occur when there is a substantial difference in air or water pressure between the outer and the inner ear — for example, during a rapid ascent while scuba diving, or during sudden decompression of an aircraft at high altitude.
Some people are born with a dysfunctional Eustachian tube[8] that is much slimmer than usual. The cause may be genetic, but it has also been posited as a condition in which the patient did not fully recover from the effects of pressure on the middle ear during birth (retained birth compression).[9][unreliable medical source] It is suggested that Eustachian tube dysfunction can result in a large amount of mucus accumulating in the middle ear, often impairing hearing to a degree. This condition is known as otitis media with effusion, and may result in the mucus becoming very thick and glue-like, a condition known as glue ear.
A patulous Eustachian tube is a rare condition in which the Eustachian tube remains intermittently open, causing an echoing sound of the person's own heartbeat, breathing, and speech. This may be temporarily relieved by holding the head upside down.
Smoking can also cause damage to the cilia that protect the Eustachian tube from mucus, which can result in the clogging of the tube and a buildup of bacteria in the ear, leading to a middle ear infection.[10]
Recurring and chronic cases of sinus infection can result in Eustachian tube dysfunction caused by excessive mucus production which, in turn, causes obstruction to the openings of the Eustachian tubes.
Surgical eardrum piercing[edit]
In severe cases of childhood inner ear infections and Eustachian tube blockage, ventilation can be provided by a surgical puncturing of the eardrum to permit air equalization, known as myringotomy. The eardrum would normally naturally heal and close the hole, so a tiny plastic rimmed grommet is inserted into the hole to hold it open. This is known as a tympanostomy tube. As a child grows, the tube is eventually naturally expelled by the body. Longer-lasting vent grommets with larger flanges have been researched, but these can lead to permanent perforation of the eardrum.
Permanent venting to external ear canal[edit]
Surgical implantation of permanent bypasses around the eardrum have also been studied, though these suffer from blockage issues, requiring frequent manual cleaning. These also can lead to inner ear infection due to the direct path from the external to the internal ear.[11]
Eustachian tube prosthesis[edit]
Another approach to permitting middle ear drainage is the use of a prosthesis inserted into the Eustachian tube, to assist in holding the tube open. The prosthesis does not necessarily hold the tube completely open all the time, but may instead lightly brace the tissue walls of a narrow tube to assist in venting.
One such example invented in 1978 is a silicone tube with a flange at the top, which keeps it from dislodging and sliding out into the throat.[12] However, in a study in 1978 it was not found to be effective for long-term use, and would eventually become internally blocked with mucus or otitis media, or dislodged from its position.[13]
Removal of excessive tube tissue[edit]
Debridement has also been studied as a solution to inability to open the Eustachian tube. Hypertrophy (excessive growth) of the cells that produce mucus can make the tube hard to open, and the procedure to reduce the growth is known as "microdebrider Eustachian tuboplasty".[14]
Other animals[edit]
In the equids (horses) and some rodent-like species such as the desert hyrax, an evagination of the Eustachian tube is known as the guttural pouch and is divided into medial and lateral compartments by the stylohyoid bone of the hyoid apparatus. This is of great importance in equine medicine as the pouches are prone to infections, and, due to their intimate relationship to the cranial nerves (VII, IX, X, XI) and the internal and external carotid artery, various syndromes may arise relating to which is damaged. Epistaxis (nosebleed) is a very common presentation to veterinary surgeons and this may often be fatal unless a balloon catheter can be placed in time to suppress bleeding.
Additional images[edit]
Frontal section through left ear; upper half of section
View of the inner wall of the tympanum (enlarged)
The right membrana tympani with the hammer and the chorda tympani, viewed from within, from behind, and from above
See also[edit]
Ear
Ear drum
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Keith L. Moore; Arthur F. Dalley; A. M. R. Agur (13 February 2013). Clinically Oriented Anatomy. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 970. ISBN 978-1-4511-1945-9.
Jump up ^ "Eustachian Tube Dysfunction or Blockage Symptoms & How to Clear". medicinenet.com. Archived from the original on 5 October 2017. Retrieved 6 May 2018.
Jump up ^ Eustachian tube at Who Named It?
Jump up ^ 'Ear – Dissector Answers Archived 2006-08-24 at the Wayback Machine. at University of Michigan Medical School
Jump up ^ Page 152 in: Rex S. Haberman (2004). Middle Ear and Mastoid Surgery. New York: Thieme Medical Pub. ISBN 1-58890-173-4.
Jump up ^ Leunig, A.; Mees, K. (2008). "Mittelohrbelüftung mit dem Otovent®-Latexmembran- System". Laryngo-Rhino-Otologie. 74 (6): 352–354. doi:10.1055/s-2007-997756. PMID 7662078.
Jump up ^ "Middle Ear, Eustachian Tube, Inflammation/Infection Treatment & Management". Medscape. Archived from the original on 2014-08-10. Retrieved 2014-08-06.
Jump up ^ Eustachian Tube Function and Dysfunction Archived 2016-08-10 at the Wayback Machine. at Baylor College of Medicine
Jump up ^ "FAQs – Cranial Osteopathy". The Children's Clinic. Archived from the original on 2010-05-29. Retrieved 2008-12-23.
Jump up ^ Dubin MG, Pollock HW, Ebert CS, Berg E, Buenting JE, Prazma JP (2002). "Eustachian tube dysfunction after tobacco smoke exposure". Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery. 126 (1): 14–19. doi:10.1067/mhn.2002.121320. PMID 11821759.
Jump up ^ US Patent #3,982,545, "Middle ear aeration and implant", issued Aug 22, 1974 "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-03-11. Retrieved 2016-02-04. CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link) Accessed Feb 4, 2016
Jump up ^ US Patent #4015607, "Eustachian tube prosthesis", issued Jan 23, 1976 "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-03-11. Retrieved 2016-02-04. CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link) Accessed Feb 4, 2016
Jump up ^ J.W. Wright III et al. "The Eustachian tube prosthesis revisited", Journal of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, vol. 86, 1978, pp. 834–837
Jump up ^ Metson, R; Pletcher, SD; Poe, DS (2007). "Microdebrider Eustachian tuboplasty: A preliminary report". Otolaryngol Head and Neck Surg. 136: 422–7. doi:10.1016/j.otohns.2006.10.031. PMID 17321871.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eustachian tube.
Eustachian Tube Dysfunction And Sinus Infection
5-Minute Clinical Consult Eustachian Tube Dysfunction
Pressure Regulation
hide
v
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e
Anatomy of hearing and balance
Outer ear
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tragus
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NDL: 00575806
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text:
Flag of Nigeria
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
It has been suggested that Flag of Nigeria (1914–1960) be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since July 2016.
[hide]This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
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This article is written like a personal reflection or opinion essay that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings about a topic. Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style. (June 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
(Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Nigeria
Use
National flag
Proportion
1:2
Adopted
1 October 1960 (57 years ago)
Design
A vertical bicolour triband of green, white and green
Designed by
Micheal Taiwo Akinkunmi
Variant flag of Nigeria
Use
State flag
Proportion
1:2
Design
A vertical bicolour triband of green, white and green; charged with the Coat of arms in the centre
Variant flag of Nigeria
Use
Civil ensign
Proportion
1:2
Design
A red field with the national flag, in the canton
Variant flag of Nigeria
Use
State ensign
Proportion
1:2
Design
A blue field with the national flag, in the canton
Variant flag of Nigeria
Use
Naval ensign
Proportion
1:2
Design
A white field with the national flag in the canton, with the Naval seal in the fly.
Variant flag of Nigeria
Use
Air force ensign
Proportion
1:2
Design
A sky-blue field with the national flag in the canton, with the air force roundel in the fly.
The flag of Nigeria was designed in 1959 and first officially hoisted on 1 October 1960. The flag is a vertical 1:2 triband of green, white, green. The two green stripes represent Nigeria's natural wealth, while the white band represents peace.
Contents
[hide]
1 Design
2 Flag specifications
2.1 Colour specifications
3 Gallery
3.1 Government flags
3.2 Historical flags
3.3 Subnational flags
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Design[edit]
The national flag is an adaptation of the winning entry from Michael Taiwo Akinkunmi in a competition held in 1959. The original submission had a red radiating sun badge in the centre triptych of one white vertical with a green vertical on each side. After the badge was removed by the judges, the flag has remained unchanged. Like other countries, Nigeria has special ensigns for civil and naval vessels. Some of its states also have flags.[1]
Akinkunmi was a twenty-three year-old student at the time he designed the flag. He was studying at Norwich Technical College in London, England, when he saw an advertisement in a newspaper that submissions were being accepted for the design of a new national flag of Nigeria. In 1959 Akinkunmi's design was chosen as the winner and, with adaptations, was first officially used on 1 October 1960, Nigeria's Independence Day.[2]
Flag specifications[edit]
Colour specifications[edit]
Colour scheme
Green
White
RAL
None 9003
Signal white
CMYK 100.0.39.47 0.0.0.0
Hexadecimals #008753 #FFFFFF
Decimals 0,135,83 255,255,255
Gallery[edit]
Government flags[edit]
Flag of the President of Nigeria
Flag of the President as Commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces
Former flag of the President, adopted in 1963
Flag of the Nigerian Defence Forces
Naval ensign of Nigeria (1960-1998)
Akinkunmi's original proposal
Historical flags[edit]
Flag of the Royal Niger Company (1887-1888)
Flag of the Royal Niger Company (1888-1899)
Flag of the British West African Settlements
Flag of the Lagos Colony (1886-1906)
Flag of the Oil Rivers Protectorate
Flag of the Niger Coast Protectorate
Flag of the Northern Nigeria Protectorate (1900-1914)
Flag of the Southern Nigeria Protectorate (1900-1914)
Flag of the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria (1914-1960)
Subnational flags[edit]
Flag of Osun State
See also[edit]
Nigeria portal
Heraldry portal
Coat of arms of Nigeria
Flag of Rhodesia
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Nigeria: One Nation, Many Flags
Jump up ^ http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/60-minutes-with-the-man-who-designed-nigerian-flag/160096/
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flags of Nigeria.
Nigeria at Flags of the World
http://www.flagscorner.com/nigeria-flag/
Worldstatesmen.org – Nigeria
[show]
v
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Benue
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Flag
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Smoking
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Outline
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Category
Portal
[show]
v
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recognition
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Dependencies and
other territories
Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla / (see also plazas de soberanía) (Spain)
Madeira (Portugal)
Mayotte / Réunion (France)
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom)
[show]
v
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National flags and coats of arms
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Sovereign states
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Heraldry portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Nigeria&oldid=805621527"
Categories:
Flags adopted through competition
Flags of Africa
National symbols of Nigeria
Flags introduced in 1960
National flags
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This page was last edited on 16 October 2017, at 15:48.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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Aaron Hotchner
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For the American editor, novelist, playwright, and biographer, see A. E. Hotchner.
Aaron Hotchner
Criminal Minds character
Thomas Gibson as Aaron Hotchner
First appearance
"Extreme Aggressor"
1x01, September 22, 2005
Last appearance
"Sick Day"
12x02, October 5, 2016
Created by
Jeff Davis
Portrayed by
Thomas Gibson
Information
Nickname(s)
Hotch
Occupation
FBI Special Agent
Title
FBI BAU Supervisory Special Agent
FBI BAU Unit Chief
FBI BAU Communications Liaison
Family
Sean Hotchner (brother)
Spouse(s)
Haley Brooks Hotchner (ex-wife, deceased) - ( Beth Clemmons) ex- girlfriend
Children
Jack Hotchner (son)
Seasons
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12
Aaron Hotchner is a fictional character from the CBS crime drama Criminal Minds, portrayed by Thomas Gibson. He is a Supervisory Special Agent and the unit chief of the FBI's Behavioral Analysis Unit, and has appeared from the series' pilot episode "Extreme Aggressor", which was originally broadcast on September 22, 2005.
Hotch begins the series married to his high school sweetheart Haley (Meredith Monroe). They have a son named Jack (Cade Owens), though they later separated over Hotch's dedication to his job. Meredith Monroe's character Haley was later killed in season five by serial killer George Foyet.
On August 12, 2016, CBS producers announced that Gibson had been dismissed from Criminal Minds following a physical altercation with one of the show's writers and that "creative details" regarding the character's departure would be announced at a later date.[1] After appearing in the first two episodes of the 2016-2017 season, the Hotchner character was removed from the opening credits of subsequent episodes. At the start of the third episode, one character explained Hotch's absence by remarking that he was on TDY.
In episode 12.6 titled "Elliott's Pond" it was revealed that Gibson's character, Aaron Hotchner, was leaving his post as longtime head of the Behavioral Analysis Unit after Peter Lewis (aka Mr. Scratch) began stalking Hotch's son, Jack. The two decided to enter the Witness Protection Program. The move would make it nearly impossible for Hotch to return to his field of work at the BAU, prompting him to resign from the position in effort to protect Jack. After Peter Lewis's death, Hotch and Jack left the Witness Protection Program and Hotch chose not return in the BAU to spend time with his child as a full-time dad.
A new BAU chief had to be named and Hotch personally requested Emily Prentiss (Paget Brewster), who didn't really know what to think about the position, but she decided to accept it.
Contents
1 Development
2 Storylines
2.1 Backstory
2.2 Criminal Minds
3 References
3.1 Episode sources
4 External links
Development[edit]
Gibson was cast as Hotchner having previously starred in the comedy series Dharma and Greg. Of the transition to Criminal Minds, he explained: "It's very nice to do a little bit of the darkness after a little bit of the lightness. Variety is the spice of life. I enjoy both and hopefully I will be able to do as big a variety as I possibly can."[2] Gibson's family lives in San Antonio, Texas, while he commutes to Los Angeles to film Criminal Minds on a weekly basis, something he feels gives him an insight into Hotch's divided priorities.[3] Discussing the effect working in the BAU has on the agents' personal lives, Gibson opined: "I think it can't help but take some toll. And the first casualty may not be the agents themselves, but their families, spouses and children."[4] Prior to Hotch and Haley's separation, in a 2007 interview Gibson stated that he hoped the two would make their relationship last, explaining: "Marriage can certainly survive lots of hardships. You think about in real life the marriages that survive. They certainly suffer... and I think it's going to be very interesting to see how they work it out because I know it's certainly taking its toll. Haley wanted the marriage to work out."[3] Discussing the conflict between Hotch's career and home life, Gibson detailed:
He knows his family is getting the short shift. He knows his job is costing him in time spent with his wife and son. I think he's sincere when he says he wants to be there for his family. But it's really, really hard doing what they do - being on call and dedicated to the job. To be able to pull both of those things off, I think that his ambitions have to come face to face with a certain reality that's in contradiction with what he thought was possible. It'll be very interesting to see how it all shakes out, because I think his realistic appraisal of all the balls he thought he was capable of keeping in the air at the same time - something's gotta give... I'm not sure he's reconciled what's gotta give. His job is very important.
Gibson characterized Hotch as having "moments of levity", but continued: "Unfortunately, he has a very, very, probably-dusty-it's-so-dry sense of humor. It's pretty dark. It's pretty bone dry. We all need a little levity, but I wouldn't necessarily look for him to break into song and dance. I think Hotch feels there's a lot at stake all the time."[3] Prior to the departure of Mandy Patinkin's Jason Gideon from the series, Gibson described Gideon and Hotch as "an old married couple", deeming them father figures to the rest of the BAU and professional peers to one another.[3] Of Hotch's relationship with the rest of the BAU team, Gibson commented:
I think they all know he is dedicated to doing the job. I think he understands how to negotiate both his responsibilities to the team and his own responsibilities to the job and put aside some of the things that might be sources of conflict within the time. When you spend that much time with people you're going to have conflict, and he's aware of that... There's also a kind of detachment that has to be there for you to do this job acceptably, but at the same time there's a very engaged quality to the work where you have to dedicate yourself to the idea that you're putting yourself in these criminals' shoes, because that's how they're effective at doing it.[3]
Before Gibson was cast in the role, the character was originally envisioned as a "blonde haired, blue-eyed Mormon".[5]
Storylines[edit]
This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
This section includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help to improve this section by introducing more precise citations. (August 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Backstory[edit]
Hotch first met his future wife Haley Brooks in high school. They married soon thereafter, and were initially happy together. Before joining the FBI, Hotch worked as a prosecutorE301 for the District Attorney's office.E319 He has a younger brother named Sean (Eric Johnson), a New York City-based chef.E116 His mother is an alumna of Mary Baldwin College in Staunton, VA.E11. Their father was a workaholic lawyer who survived cancer,E219 and suffered a heart attack at 47, dying while Sean was still a child.E116
Upon joining the FBI, Hotch was initially assigned to the Field Office in Seattle, Washington, before transferring to Quantico, Virginia.
In "Natural Born Killer", Hotchner spoke to a serial killer, Vincent Perotta (Patrick Kilpatrick), and discussed the physical abuse he suffered as a child at the hands of his father. Perotta claimed that everyone who is abused as a child becomes a serial killer, with Hotchner correcting him by saying that "some people grow up to become serial killers". When Perotta caught the correction, he asked what the use of "some" meant. Hotchner replied by saying "and some people grow up to catch them". From his explanation to Perotta earlier, it seems Hotchner and his mother were abused, but she did not do anything with the issue.
Criminal Minds[edit]
Thomas Gibson filming in 2010
In general, Hotchner is depicted as a hard-working, (mostly) humorless, no-nonsense agent who rarely smiles or acts out in anger; his aloof demeanor and composure tend to be mistaken for a complete lack of emotion. He takes great care to avoid antagonizing witnesses, local law enforcement and suspects unless he believes provoking them will cause them to reveal information, occasionally chastising his team mates for needlessly flippant or hostile behavior. With few exceptions, he takes the ethics of his profession very seriously, as evidenced by his angry reaction to Elle Greenaway's killing of a suspect, which he (correctly) believed was cold-blooded murder. Though lacking evidence, he very clearly stated he would arrest her if he had such. He occasionally sympathizes with the subjects he pursues, although he universally condemns their behavior and never allows them to justify it.
Following the birth of his son Jack, Hotch's work with the BAU began disrupting his family life. Following a two-week suspension in 2007 (engineered by office rival Section Chief Erin Strauss after a case at a college campus in Flagstaff, Arizona that ended in disaster when both serial killer Nathan Tubbs and copycat killer Anna Begley died), he requested a transfer to a different division, which pleased Haley, until Derek Morgan (Shemar Moore) convinced him to help the team with a case in Milwaukee. He changed his mind about leaving the department, and when he returned home, he found that Haley had taken Jack and left him.E302 He was later served with divorce papers at work.E311 Hotch attempted to see Jack weekly, but was unable to spend time with him as often as he would like.E416
At the beginning of the show's fourth season, it was shown that the car exploding at the end of season three was Hotch's SUV. Both he and SSA Kate Joyner were caught in the bombing outside the New York City Federal Plaza. Kate eventually died from her injuries, and Hotch suffered shrapnel wounds and a punctured eardrum which resulted in hyperacusis, causing temporary hearing problems.E402 Later in the season, the team worked one of Hotch's old cases: the case of the Boston Reaper. Hotch revealed to Rossi that he had maintained an interest in the case over the ten years since he had investigated it. It was also shown that the Reaper, a power-hungry predator, had taken an interest in Hotch himself.
After being misled for a time, Hotch and the team finally identified the Reaper as George Foyet, the only one to have supposedly survived the Reaper by injuring himself. Hotch and the team arrested Foyet but he escaped from prison shortly afterward, going on the run. In the season four finale, "...And Back", Hotch was confronted in his apartment by the Reaper (identified by his trademark mask).E426 Foyet stabbed Hotch nine times and tortured him with a knife before delivering him to the hospital. Although Hotch survived, Foyet took Haley's and Jack's address from Hotch's apartment, requiring them to be placed in protective custody and unable to contact Hotch while Foyet was at large. Following the encounter with Foyet and subsequent loss of contact with Hotch's family, there was concern within the Bureau, and also on the part of Agent Morgan, that Agent Hotchner was suffering the effects of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, and Hotchner's actions were analyzed more closely.E502 In season 9, Hotch is hospitalized due to complications from the old stab wounds after collapsing in the team's conference room.
When Chief Strauss began putting pressure on Hotchner to justify all of his tactical decisions, E505 Hotch decided to step down as unit chief to avoid being reassigned to a different unit. He relinquished his position to Morgan, which he accepted on the condition that he would step down once Foyet had been captured. Shortly thereafter Foyet reappeared,E508 baiting Hotchner through correspondence with an old unsub (The Fox) who had been convicted and imprisoned after being captured in the Season 1 episode, "The Fox". With the help of the team, Hotchner proceeded to track Foyet,E509 who posed as a US Marshal in order to locate Haley and Jack. Having gained access to her Witsec-issued home, Foyet forced Haley to call Hotch on speaker phone. Hotch managed to issue a code to their son, Jack, which meant for him to go hide in his secret place. However, Hotch was unable to save Haley, whom Foyet murdered while she was still talking to him on the phone.
Upon arriving at the house, Hotch found Haley's body in the bedroom and noticed Foyet hiding behind the curtains. He repeatedly shot at his shadow outlined in the curtains only to discover Foyet was wearing a bullit-proof vest. A full-out hand-to-hand fight then ensued, with Foyet eventually lying on the floor with Hotch sitting on top of him. In shock, enraged and afraid for his son's life, Hotchner continued to pummel Foyet's head and face, literally beating him to death. Although dead, he continued pounding on Foyet until the rest of the team arrived; Morgan had to physically restrain Hotch to get him to stop. During the post-incident inquiry by Section Chief Strauss, the team demonstrated complete support of Agent Hotchner and his actions, despite Strauss's persistence in painting them as premeditated. Her position towards the events eventually changed upon speaking directly with Agent Hotchner who, when asked what he believed would have happened if Foyet had lived, responded: "I don't have to think; I know that he would have tried to kill my son, too." Chief Strauss concluded that Hotchner's actions were entirely justifiable.
After his ex-wife's murder, Hotch took time off to grieve and spend time with his son. He spoke at Haley's funeral.E510 It was clear that Jack was missing his mother, and was comforted by sleeping in his dad's bed. Hotch was offered early retirement from the BAU in order to be with his son. However, after Haley's sister, Jessica, offered to stay with Jack when Hotch had to go away, Hotch agreed and decided to return to the BAU. Since then, Hotch has attempted to build a better relationship with his son by being his pillar of support. Many of Jack's actions make it clear that he holds his father in high regard. For example, in one scene,E510 Jack is shown playing with two figures at the dinner table. He explains to his father that one figure is Hotch, while the other is a "bad guy". When Jack's Aunt Jessica, who is making pancakes for dinner, asks Jack who is going to win, he replies: "Daddy. No one beats Daddy."
In another episode,E606 he refuses to dress up as Spider-Man for Halloween because "he's not a real super hero". Instead Jack puts on a suit that is slightly too large for him, and when Hotch asks him what hero he's supposed to be, he says, "I'm you, Daddy." Later on, Hotch is asked to coach Jack's soccer team when the team's performance lacks and he decides to do it with a little help from Rossi, whom he takes on as his assistant. At the end of the episode, Hotch and Rossi are shown coaching Jack's team and making them win. Despite his many responsibilities, after JJ's departure from the team, Hotch has chosen to take on part of JJ's role as media liaison, a move that he shares with Penelope Garcia. Former Media Communications Officer Jennifer "JJ" Jareau has moved on to become an official full-time profiler.
Hotchner requested to run the psych review on his team following Prentiss' "death". This request was granted by Strauss, and saw the different reactions from his team. Strauss questioned why he had not submitted a psych report for himself, he made an excuse. Hotch is also very protective of Spencer Reid, which is shown in small ways throughout the episodes. In the pilot episode "Extreme Aggressor", Hotch explains that they introduce him as Dr. Spencer Reid instead of Special Agent Spencer Reid so that people will respect him despite his youth. He has mostly taken over the fatherly role with Spencer after Gideon's departure. In the season seven premiere, it was revealed that Hotch was assigned to temporary duty with an investigative task force in Pakistan during the period between seasons. Once Hotch gets back, he tells JJ it's time for the team to learn that Prentiss is alive.
Although JJ isn't sure it's a good idea, Hotch tells her Prentiss is already on her way. He quickly tells the team what happened with Prentiss on the operating table. Rossi, Morgan, Reid, and Garcia are all shocked. Later, in "Proof", Hotch witnesses Reid's hostile behavior towards JJ and tells him to take his anger out on him and not JJ. Reid only replies that it wasn't to Hotch whom he spent ten weeks crying over Prentiss, it was JJ, and she never said a word. In addition to being a BAU Special Agent and also the BAU Unit Chief, Hotch has been promoted to Section Chief because Erin Strauss, the former Section Chief, resigned in the episode "Self-Fulfilling Prophecy" because she had been drinking on the job. This was despite the fact that his involvement in the above mentioned, bungled Arizona case led to his being told that he was not likely to be considered for a promotion.
Later, Hotch makes a connection with a female runner while training for a triathlon. Hotch is hesitant and Rossi feels that is because Hotch doesn't think enough time has passed since Haley was murdered two years ago. While on the plane, the group - including Garcia - debate the issue of Hotch's dating. After their recent case, Hotch admits to Rossi that he will go on a bike ride with the woman. At the end of the episode, the woman, Beth, makes it clear that she's interested in him romantically, which leaves Hotch smiling. During the beginning of the episode "Closing Time", it is revealed that Hotch and Beth have continued training as well as having lunches together. Hotch then asks her out on a date, which she says yes to. At the end of the episode Hotch shows up a day early with roses, and he and Beth have their first kiss. Later, after running the triathlon, Hotch finally introduces his son to Beth.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.usmagazine.com/entertainment/news/thomas-gibson-fired-from-criminal-minds-after-fight-with-writer-w434243
Jump up ^ Johnson, Caitlin A. (November 29, 2006). "Thomas Gibson's 'Criminal' Success". CBS News. Retrieved 2009-11-05.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Garfinkel, Jacki (April 19, 2007). "Thomas Gibson Profiles Aaron Hotchner on Criminal Minds". Media Village. Archived from the original on 2008-01-16. Retrieved 2009-11-05.
Jump up ^ Keveney, Bill (November 21, 2006). "Profiling 'Criminal Minds'". USA Today. Gannett Company. Retrieved 2009-11-05.
Jump up ^ Criminal Minds Season One - "Extreme Aggressor" Commentary (DVD). United States: Paramount. 2006-11-28.
Episode sources[edit]
^E116 "The Tribe". Criminal Minds. Season 1. Episode 16. 2006-03-08. CBS.
^E219 "Ashes and Dust". Criminal Minds. Season 2. Episode 19. 2007-03-21. CBS.
^E301 "Doubt". Criminal Minds. Season 3. Episode 01. 2007-09-26. CBS.
^E302 "In Name and Blood". Criminal Minds. Season 3. Episode 02. 2007-10-03. CBS.
^E311 "Birthright". Criminal Minds. Season 3. Episode 11. 2007-12-12. CBS.
^E319 "Tabula Rasa". Criminal Minds. Season 3. Episode 19. 2008-05-14. CBS.
^E418 "Omnivore". Criminal Minds. Season 4. Episode 18. CBS.
^E402 "The Angel Maker". Criminal Minds. Season 4. Episode 2. CBS.
^E416 "Pleasure is My Business". Criminal Minds. Season 4. Episode 16. CBS.
^E426 "And Back". Criminal Minds. Season 4. Episode 26. 2009-05-20. CBS.
^E502 "Haunted". Criminal Minds. Season 5. Episode 2. CBS.
^E505 "Cradle to Grave". Criminal Minds. Season 5. Episode 5. CBS.
^E508 "Outfoxed". Criminal Minds. Season 5. Episode 8. CBS.
^E509 "100". Criminal Minds. Season 5. Episode 9. CBS.
^E510 "The Slave of Duty". Criminal Minds. Season 5. Episode 10. CBS.
^E606 "Devil's Night". Criminal Minds. Season 6. Episode 6. CBS.
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The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see The Lord of the Rings (disambiguation).
This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
In 1979 the US National Public Radio broadcast a radio dramatization of J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings. It was produced by The Mind's Eye and has since been made available by several different companies.
It is sometimes confused with the later BBC production in 1981, but is distinguished by the fact that the most widely circulated US edition comes in a wooden box, whether on compact discs or cassette tapes.
The cast includes Ray Reinhardt (Bilbo), James Arrington (Frodo), Pat Franklyn (Merry), Mac McCaddon (Pippin), Lou Bliss (Sam), Bernard Mayes (Gandalf and Tom Bombadil), Gail Chugg (Narrator), and Tom Luce (Strider/Aragorn). Additionally, Franklyn, McCaddon, Chugg, Reinhardt, Bob Lewis, John Vickery, Erik Bauersfeld and Carl Hague were credited for "additional voices".
The radio script of The Lord of the Rings was written by Bernard Mayes. It emphasized dialogue over description. The broadcasts totaled more than 11 hours. The budget was small and production time was limited. The cast were local theater players, and the production used stock music and homemade sound effects. The script of The Lord Of The Rings is notable for including the Tom Bombadil scenes, unlike most other adaptations of the book.
This production was popular at the time of its broadcast. It was later overshadowed by the BBC radio dramatization. The Mind's Eye also produced a six-hour adaptation of The Hobbit.
The Mind's Eye adaptation has also been identified with Soundelux, and, most recently, with Highbridge. The name changes correspond to the companies which owned the rights at different times.
The newer editions of the drama on compact disc and MP3 have a somewhat shorter running time than the original cassettes, omitting or condensing a considerable amount of dialogue and narration.
External links[edit]
www.sf-worlds.com article on the Mind's Eye radio adaptation
The different versions available - Wayback Machine Link

External audio
The Lord of the Rings - Mind's Eye Theater Recording
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The Hobbit
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Bilbo's Last Song
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Characters
Aragorn
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Butterbur
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Faramir
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Adaptations and other derivative works
Books
Bored of the Rings (1969)
The Last Ringbearer (1999)
Muddle Earth (2003)
Theatre
Fellowship! (2005)
Lord of the Rings (2006)
Radio
The Lord of the Rings (1955)
The Lord of the Rings (1979)
Hordes of the Things (1980)
The Lord of the Rings (1981)
Der Herr der Ringe (1992)
Film
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The Lord of the Rings (1978)
The Return of the King (1980)
Peter Jackson trilogy
The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001)
The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (2002)
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003)
Fan-made
The Hunt for Gollum (2009)
Born of Hope (2009)
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Lego The Lord of the Rings
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Middle-earth: Shadow of War
Tabletop role-playing games
The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game
Middle-earth Role Playing
The One Ring Roleplaying Game
Board games
Middle Earth
Lord of the Rings
Risk: The Lord of the Rings Trilogy Edition
War of the Ring
Other games
The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game
The Lord of the Rings: The Card Game
The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game
Middle-earth Collectible Card Game
Toys
Middle-earth Lego sets
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This page was last edited on 8 September 2016, at 15:58.
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