text:
Nipper
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For other uses, see Nipper (disambiguation).
Nipper
Francis Barraud's original painting of Nipper looking into an Edison Bell cylinder phonograph
Species
Canis lupus familiaris
Breed
Mongrel (part Fox Terrier or Jack Russell Terrier)
Sex
Male
Born
1884
Bristol, England
Died
1895 (aged 11)
England
Resting place
Kingston upon Thames, England
Coordinates: 51°24′40″N 0°18′08″W / 51.410990°N 0.302226°W / 51.410990; -0.302226
Nation from
British
Owner
Mark Henry Barraud
Nipper (1884–1895) was a dog from Bristol, England, who served as the model for a painting by Francis Barraud titled "His Master's Voice". This image was the basis for the dog-and-gramophone commercial logo, one of the world's most famous used by several audio recording and associated company brands, including Berliner Gramophone and its various successors, affiliates, and successors, including Berliner's German subsidiary Deutsche Grammophon; Berliner's American successor the Victor Talking Machine Co. (later known as RCA Victor and then RCA Records); Victor's Bluebird label; Zonophone; Berliner's (and later Victor's) British affiliate the Gramophone Co. Ltd. (informally known as His Master's Voice) and its successors EMI and HMV Retail Ltd.; the Gramophone Co.'s German subsidiary Electrola; Zonophone; and onetime Victor subsidiary the Japan Victor Company (JVC).
Contents
[hide]
1 Biography
2 Advertising icon
3 Logo variations
4 Legacy
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Biography[edit]
Nipper was born in 1884 in Bristol, England, and died in September 1895.[1] He was a mixed-breed dog and probably part Jack Russell Terrier,[2] although some sources suggest that he was a Smooth Fox Terrier,[3] or "part Bull Terrier".[4] He was named Nipper because he would "nip" the backs of visitors' legs.[5]
Nipper originally lived with his owner, Mark Henry Barraud, in the Prince's Theatre where Barraud was a scenery designer.[6] When Barraud died in 1887, his brothers Philip and Francis took care of the dog. Nipper himself died of natural causes in 1895 and was buried in Kingston upon Thames in Clarence Street, in a small park surrounded by magnolia trees. As time progressed the area was built upon, and a branch of Lloyds Bank now occupies the site. On the wall of the bank, just inside the entrance, a brass plaque commemorates the terrier that lies beneath the building.[7]
On 10 March 2010, a small road near to the dog's resting place in Kingston upon Thames was named Nipper Alley in commemoration of this resident.[8]
Advertising icon[edit]
In 1898, three years after Nipper's death, Francis Barraud, his last owner and brother of his first owner, painted a picture of Nipper listening intently to a wind-up Edison-Bell cylinder phonograph. Thinking the Edison-Bell Company located in New Jersey, USA,[5] might find it useful, he presented it to James E. Hough, who promptly said, "Dogs don't listen to phonographs". On May 31, 1899, Barraud went to the Maiden Lane offices of The Gramophone Company with the intention of borrowing a brass horn to replace the original black horn on the painting. Manager William Barry Owen suggested that if the artist replaced the machine with a Berliner disc gramophone, that he would buy the painting. The image became the successful trademark of the Victor and HMV record labels, HMV music stores, and the Radio Corporation of America, after the acquisition of the Victor company in 1929. The trademark was registered by Berliner for use in the United States on July 10, 1900.[9] (See His Master's Voice for a complete history of the brands based on Nipper.)
The slogan "His Master's Voice", along with the painting, was sold to The Gramophone Company for 100 pounds sterling - 50 pounds for the copyright and 50 pounds for the painting itself.[10] Francis Barraud said : "It is difficult to say how the idea came to me beyond the fact that it suddenly occurred to me that to have my dog listening to the phonograph, with an intelligent and rather puzzled expression, and call it 'His Master's Voice' would make an excellent subject. We had a phonograph and I often noticed how puzzled he was to make out where the voice came from. It certainly was the happiest thought I ever had."[11] The original oil painting hung in the EMI board room in Hayes, Middlesex, for many years.
Logo variations[edit]
The revised painting substitutes a disc gramophone
1910 Deutsche Grammophon logo on Swedish disc
1910 British Gramophone Company
1921 Victor Talking Machine company advertisement
Revised RCA Nipper logo introduced in 1977
JVC Nipper logo
HMV Nipper logo
Legacy[edit]
The Nipper stained glass atop the "Nipper Building", the former RCA Building 17 in Camden, New Jersey. This photo, taken from inside the tower, shows the 2003 replacement of the 1979 replacement of the 1915 original glass
The iconic image of a mixed fox/bull terrier, Nipper, looking into a phonograph became an international symbol of quality and excellence for the Victor Talking Machine Company.[12] Nipper lives on through the brand names; he even appeared in ads on television with his "son", a puppy named Chipper who was added to the RCA family in 1991.[13] Real dogs continue to play the roles of Nipper and Chipper, but Chipper has to be replaced much more frequently, since his character is a puppy.
Nipper continues to be the mascot of HMV stores in countries where the entertainment retailer has the rights to him. Both RCA Records and EMI have deemphasized Nipper in the global music market due to the fragmented ownership of the trademark.
Victor Company of Japan (JVC) also uses the logo within Japan, which includes the "His Master's Voice" slogan.
A huge, four-ton Nipper can be seen on the roof of the old RTA (former RCA distributor) building now owned by Arnoff Moving & Storage[14] and located at 991 Broadway in Albany, New York.[11] A second slightly smaller one was purchased by Jim Wells from RCA in Baltimore for $1. After spending many years on private property in Nipper Park in Merrifield, Virginia, perched over Lee Highway (U.S. Route 29), has now been returned to Baltimore, Maryland, where it originally graced the former RCA Building on Russell Street. Nipper now sits atop the Maryland Historical Society building at Park Avenue and West Centre Street in Baltimore. Though smaller than the Albany Nipper, Baltimore's includes a gramophone for Nipper to listen to. The Baltimore Nipper was saved when the Virginia site where he briefly resided was sold to developers. It is currently the location of a group of townhomes. The street leading to the development is named Nipper Way.[15]
A small statue of Nipper can be seen perched above a doorway in the Merchant Venturers Building on the corner of Park Row and Woodland Road in Bristol; this building, part of the University of Bristol, stands near the site of the old Prince's Theatre.
RCA Nipper atop the old RCA building, Broadway, Albany, New York
Nipper above a doorway of the Merchant Venturers Building in Bristol
A life-size ornament of Nipper appears in the music video to Cyndi Lauper's song "Time After Time."
Nipper has also been the subject of parodies. One example can be found on the cover of the 1982 bootleg compilation album Elvis' Greatest Shit, a collection of recordings that, in the bootlegger's opinion, were among the worst that Elvis Presley made. The album's putative record company was "Dog Vomit" instead of RCA Victor, Presley's label during almost all of his career, and its logo featured a dog resembling Nipper vomiting into a gramophone.
Currently, as of May 2017, the City of Albany is holding a contest for various groups or artists to submit designs for creative, painted Nipper statues to be placed throughout the City. Ten of the contestants will be chosen to create ten Nipper statues - which will be displayed for one year and then auctioned off for charity.[16]
See also[edit]
RCA
His Master's Voice
Victor Talking Machine Company
References[edit]
Nipper as used by HMV record stores
Jump up ^ History of Nipper
Jump up ^ BBC suggests that he may have been a Jack Russell
Jump up ^ Fudge, Erica (2002). Animal. London: Reaktion. p. 67. ISBN 978-1-86189-134-1.
Jump up ^ Cunliffe, Juliette (2000). The Encyclopedia of Dog Breeds. Bath, England: Parragon. p. 122. ISBN 978-0-7525-4161-7.
^ Jump up to: a b "the nipper saga". designboom. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
Jump up ^ "The History of the Department of Computer Science". Retrieved 19 December 2012.
Jump up ^ http://www.londondogforum.co.uk/nipper-his-masters-voice-c294.html Nipper - His Master's Voice - The London Dog Forum
Jump up ^ Surrey Comet News: Kingston's Toilet Gallery alley named after HMV dog Nipper (Posted: January 1, 2010)
Jump up ^ Vaclav Smil, Creating the Twentieth Century: Technical Innovations of 1867–1914 and Their Lasting Impact (Oxford University Press, 2005), p240
Jump up ^ Petts, Leonard. (1973). The Story of "Nipper" and the "His Master's Voice" Francis Barraud's painting. Talking Machine Review, 19 Glendale Road Bournemouth BH6 4JA England. SBN 902338161
^ Jump up to: a b Rolfs, Joan & Robin. (2007). Nipper Collectibles, The RCA Victor Trademark Dog. Audio Antique LLC, USA. ISBN 978-1-932433-82-1
Jump up ^ "Johnson Victrola Museum, Dover, Delaware".
Jump up ^ Chipper
Jump up ^ "About Us". Arnoff Moving & Storage - New York's Hudson Valley Mover of Choice. Retrieved 14 June 2011.
Jump up ^ Maps.google.com
Jump up ^ Barnes, Steve (13 July 2017). "Albany summer street exhibit features Nipper statues". Times Union. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Nipper (category)
"Little Nipper" background at RCA Global Communications, New York City
Nipper at Curlie (based on DMOZ)
RTA Building, Albany, NY
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nipper&oldid=840620721"
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text:
Pathogenic bacteria
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Bacterial infection
Clostridium tetani is a pathogenic bacterium that causes tetanus
Classification and external resources
MeSH
D001424
[edit on Wikidata]
Pathogenic bacteria are bacteria that can cause disease.[1] This article deals with human pathogenic bacteria. Although most bacteria are harmless or often beneficial, some are pathogenic, with the number of species estimated as fewer than 100 that are seen to cause infectious diseases in humans.[2] By contrast, several thousand species exist in the human digestive system.
One of the bacterial diseases with the highest disease burden is tuberculosis, caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which kills about 2 million people a year, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa. Pathogenic bacteria contribute to other globally important diseases, such as pneumonia, which can be caused by bacteria such as Streptococcus and Pseudomonas, and foodborne illnesses, which can be caused by bacteria such as Shigella, Campylobacter, and Salmonella. Pathogenic bacteria also cause infections such as tetanus, typhoid fever, diphtheria, syphilis, and leprosy. Pathogenic bacteria are also the cause of high infant mortality rates in developing countries.[3]
Koch's postulates are the standard to establish a causative relationship between a microbe and a disease.
Contents
[hide]
1 Diseases
1.1 Pathogenic susceptibility
1.2 Intracellular
1.3 Infections in specific tissue
2 Mechanisms of damage
2.1 Direct
2.1.1 Toxin production
2.2 Indirect
3 Survival in host
3.1 Nutrients
4 Identification
5 Treatment
6 Prevention
7 List of genera and microscopy features
8 List of species and clinical characteristics
9 Genetic transformation
10 See also
11 Notes
12 References
13 External links
Diseases[edit]
Each species has specific effect and causes symptoms in people who are infected. Some, if not most people who are infected with a pathogenic bacteria do not have symptoms. Immuno-compromised individuals are more susceptible to pathogenic bacteria.
Pathogenic susceptibility[edit]
Some pathogenic bacteria cause disease under certain conditions, such as entry through the skin via a cut, through sexual activity or through a compromised immune function.
An abscess caused by opportunistic S. aureus bacteria.
Streptococcus and Staphylococcus are part of the normal skin microbiota and typically reside on healthy skin or in the nasopharangeal region. Yet these species can potentially initiate skin infections. They are also able to cause sepsis, pneumonia or meningitis. These infections can become quite serious creating a systemic inflammatory response resulting in massive vasodilation, shock, and death.[4]
Other bacteria are opportunistic pathogens and cause disease mainly in people suffering from immunosuppression or cystic fibrosis. Examples of these opportunistic pathogens include Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Burkholderia cenocepacia, and Mycobacterium avium.[5][6]
Intracellular[edit]
Obligate intracellular parasites (e.g. Chlamydophila, Ehrlichia, Rickettsia) have the ability to only grow and replicate inside other cells. Even these intracellular infections may be asymptomatic, requiring an incubation period. An example of this is Rickettsia which causes typhus. Another causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever.
Chlamydia is a phylum of intracellular parasites. These pathogens can cause pneumonia or urinary tract infection and may be involved in coronary heart disease.[7]
Other groups of intracellular bacterial pathogens include Salmonella, Neisseria, Brucella, Mycobacterium, Nocardia, Listeria, Francisella, Legionella, and Yersinia pestis. These can exist intracellularly, but can exist outside of host cells.
Infections in specific tissue[edit]
Bacterial pathogens often cause infection in specific areas of the body. Others are generalists.
Bacterial vaginosis is caused by bacteria that change the vaginal microbiota caused by an overgrowth of bacteria that crowd out the Lactobacilli species that maintain healthy vaginal microbial populations.
Other non-bacterial vaginal infections include: yeast infection (candidiasis), Trichomonas vaginalis (trichomoniasis).[8][9]
Bacterial meningitis is a bacterial inflammation of the meninges, that is, the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord.
Bacterial pneumonia is a bacterial infection of the lungs.
Urinary tract infection is predominantly caused by bacteria. Symptoms include the strong and frequent sensation or urge to urinate, pain during urination, and urine that is cloudy.[10] The main causal agent is Escherichia coli. Urine is typically sterile but contains a variety of salts, and waste products.[11] Bacteria can ascend into the bladder or kidney and causing cystitis and nephritis.
Bacterial gastroenteritis is caused by enteric, pathogenic bacteria. These pathogenic species are usually distinct from the usually harmless bacteria of the normal gut flora. But a different strain of the same species may be pathogenic. The distinction is sometimes difficult as in the case of Escherichia.
Bacterial skin infections include:
Impetigo is a highly contagious bacterial skin infection commonly seen in children.[12] It is caused by Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pyogenes.[13]
Erysipelas is an acute streptococcus bacterial infection[14] of the deeper skin layers that spreads via with lymphatic system.
Cellulitis is a diffuse inflammation[15] of connective tissue with severe inflammation of dermal and subcutaneous layers of the skin. Cellulitis can be caused by normal skin flora or by contagious contact, and usually occurs through open skin, cuts, blisters, cracks in the skin, insect bites, animal bites, burns, surgical wounds, intravenous drug injection, or sites of intravenous catheter insertion. In most cases it is the skin on the face or lower legs that is affected, though cellulitis can occur in other tissues.
Mechanisms of damage[edit]
The symptoms of disease appear as pathogenic bacteria damage host tissues or interfere with their function. The bacteria can damage host cells directly. They can also cause damage indirectly by provoking an immune response that inadvertently damages host cells.[16]
Direct[edit]
Once pathogens attach to host cells, they can cause direct damage as the pathogens use the host cell for nutrients and produce waste products.[17] For example, Streptococcus mutans, a component of dental plaque, metabolizes dietary sugar and produces acid as a waste product. The acid decalcifies the tooth surface to cause dental caries.[18] However, toxins produced by bacteria cause most of the direct damage to host cells.[17]
Toxin production[edit]
Protein structure of Botulinum toxin 3BTA
Endotoxins are the lipid portions of lipopolysaccharides that are part of the outer membrane of the cell wall of gram negative bacteria. Endotoxins are released when the bacteria lyses, which is why after antibiotic treatment, symptoms can worsen at first as the bacteria are killed and they release their endotoxins. Exotoxins are secreted into the surrounding medium or released when the bacteria die and the cell wall breaks apart.[19]
Indirect[edit]
An excessive or inappropriate immune response triggered by an infection may damage host cells.[1]
Survival in host[edit]
Nutrients[edit]
Iron is required for humans, as well as the growth of most bacteria. To obtain free iron, some pathogens secrete proteins called siderophores, which take the iron away from iron-transport proteins by binding to the iron even more tightly. Once the iron-siderophore complex is formed, it is taken up by siderophore receptors on the bacterial surface and then that iron is brought into the bacterium.[19]
Identification[edit]
Typically identification is done by growing the organism in a wide range of cultures which can take up to 48 hours. The growth is then visually or genomically identified. The cultured organism is then subjected to various assays to observe reactions to help further identify species and strain.[20]
Treatment[edit]
Main article: Antibiotics
See also: overview list below
Bacterial infections may be treated with antibiotics, which are classified as bacteriocidal if they kill bacteria or bacteriostatic if they just prevent bacterial growth. There are many types of antibiotics and each class inhibits a process that is different in the pathogen from that found in the host. For example, the antibiotics chloramphenicol and tetracyclin inhibit the bacterial ribosome but not the structurally different eukaryotic ribosome, so they exhibit selective toxicity.[21] Antibiotics are used both in treating human disease and in intensive farming to promote animal growth. Both uses may be contributing to the rapid development of antibiotic resistance in bacterial populations.[22] Phage therapy can also be used to treat certain bacterial infections.[23]
Prevention[edit]
Infections can be prevented by antiseptic measures such as sterilizing the skin prior to piercing it with the needle of a syringe and by proper care of indwelling catheters. Surgical and dental instruments are also sterilized to prevent infection by bacteria. Disinfectants such as bleach are used to kill bacteria or other pathogens on surfaces to prevent contamination and further reduce the risk of infection. Bacteria in food are killed by cooking to temperatures above 73 °C (163 °F).
List of genera and microscopy features[edit]
Many genera contain pathogenic bacteria species. They often possess characteristics that help to classify and organize them into groups. The following is a partial listing.
Genus
Species
Gram staining
Shape
Oxygen requirement
Intra/Extracellular
Bacillus[24]
Bacillus anthracis
Bacillus cereus
Positive Rods Facultative anaerobic Extracellular
Bartonella[24]
Bartonella henselae
Bartonella quintana
Negative Rods Aerobic Facultative intracellular
Bordetella[24]
Bordetella pertussis[25][26]
Negative Small coccobacilli Aerobic Extracellular
Borrelia[24]
Borrelia burgdorferi
Borrelia garinii
Borrelia afzelii
Borrelia recurrentis
Negative, stains poorly spirochete Anaerobic Extracellular
Brucella[24]
Brucella abortus
Brucella canis
Brucella melitensis
Brucella suis
Negative coccobacilli Aerobic Intracellular
Campylobacter[24]
Campylobacter jejuni
Negative spiral rods[27]
coccoid in older cultures[27] Microaerophilic[27] extracellular
Chlamydia and Chlamydophila[24]
Chlamydia pneumoniae
Chlamydia trachomatis
Chlamydophila psittaci
(not Gram-stained) Small, round, ovoid Facultative or strictly aerobic Obligate intracellular
Clostridium[24]
Clostridium botulinum
Clostridium difficile
Clostridium perfringens
Clostridium tetani
Positive Large, blunt-ended rods Obligate anaerobic extracellular
Corynebacterium[24]
Corynebacterium diphtheriae[26][28][29]
Positive (unevenly) bacilli Mostly facultative anaerobic extracellular
Enterococcus[26][30]
Enterococcus faecalis
Enterococcus faecium
Positive Cocci Facultative Anaerobic extracellular
Escherichia[3][26][31]
Escherichia coli
Negative Bacillus Facultative anaerobic extracellular or intracellular
Francisella[24]
Francisella tularensis
Negative coccobacillus strictly aerobic Facultative intracellular
Haemophilus
Haemophilus influenzae[26][32]
Negative coccobacilli to long and slender filaments extracellular
Helicobacter
Helicobacter pylori[33]
Negative Spiral rod Microaerophile extracellular
Legionella[24]
Legionella pneumophila
Negative, stains poorly cocobacilli aerobic facultative intracellular
Leptospira[26][34]
Leptospira interrogans
Leptospira santarosai
Leptospira weilii
Leptospira noguchii
Negative, stains poorly Spirochete Strictly aerobic extracellular
Listeria[24]
Listeria monocytogenes
Positive, darkly Slender, short rods Facultative Anaerobic intracellular
Mycobacterium[24]
Mycobacterium leprae
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Mycobacterium ulcerans
(none) Long, slender rods aerobic extracellular
Mycoplasma[24]
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
(none) 'fried egg' appearance, no cell wall Mostly facultative anaerobic; M. pneumoniae strictly aerobic extracellular
Neisseria[26][35]
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Neisseria meningitidis
Negative Kidney bean-shaped aerobic Gonococcus: facultative intracellular
N. meningitidis: extracellular
Pseudomonas[26][36]
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Negative rods Obligate aerobic extracellular
Rickettsia[24]
Rickettsia rickettsii
Negative, stains poorly Small, rod-like coccobacillary Aerobic Obligate intracellular
Salmonella[24]
Salmonella typhi
Salmonella typhimurium
Negative Bacillus shape Facultative anaerobica Facultative intracellular
Shigella[26][37]
Shigella sonnei
Negative rods Facultative anaerobic extracellular
Staphylococcus[3]
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Positive, darkly Round cocci Facultative anaerobic extracellular, facultative intracellular
Streptococcus[24]
Streptococcus agalactiae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pyogenes
Positive ovoid to spherical Facultative anaerobic extracellular
Treponema[24]
Treponema pallidum
Negative, stains poorly Spirochete Aerobic extracellular
Ureaplasma[3]
Ureaplasma urealyticum
Stains poorly[38] indistinct, 'fried egg' appearance, no cell wall anaerobic extracellular
Vibrio[26][26][39]
Vibrio cholerae
Negative Spiral with single polar flagellum Facultative anaerobic extracellular
Yersinia[26][40]
Yersinia pestis
Yersinia enterocolitica
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
Negative, bipolarly Small rods Facultative Anaerobe Intracellular
List of species and clinical characteristics[edit]
This is description of the more common genera and species presented with their clinical characteristics and treatments.
Species of human pathogenic bacteria
Species
Transmission
Diseases
Treatment
Prevention
Actinomyces israelii Oral flora[41] Actinomycosis:[41] painful abscesses in the mouth, lungs,[42][43] or gastrointestinal tract.[28] Prolonged penicillin G and drainage[41]
Bacillus anthracis
Contact with cattle, sheep, goats and horses[44]
Spores enter through inhalation or through abrasions[26]
Anthrax: pulmonary, gastrointestinal and/or cutaneous symptoms.[41]
In early infection:[45]
Penicillin
Doxycycline
Ciprofloxacin
Raxibacumab[46]
Anthrax vaccine[26]
Autoclaving of equipment[26]
Bacteroides fragilis Gut flora[41] Abscesses in gastrointestinal tract, pelvic cavity and lungs[41] metronidazole[41] Wound care[47]
Aspiration prevention[47]
Bordetella pertussis
Contact with respiratory droplets expelled by infected human hosts.[26]
Whooping cough[26][41]
Secondary bacterial pneumonia[26]
Macrolides[26] such as erythromycin,[26][41] before paroxysmal stage[41]
Pertussis vaccine,[26][41] such as in DPT vaccine[26][41]
Borrelia B. burgdorferi[26][41]
B. garinii[26]
B. afzelii[26]
Ixodes hard ticks
Reservoir in mice, other small mammals, and birds[48]
Lyme disease[49][50]
Early localized: erythema migrans
Early disseminated: neuroborreliosis, Lyme carditis
Late: Lyme arthritis, Achrodermatitis chronica (B. afzelii only)
Doxycycline for adults, amoxicillin for children, ceftriaxone for neurological involvement[49]
Wearing clothing that limits skin exposure to ticks.[26]
Insect repellent.[26]
Avoid areas where ticks are found.[26]
B. recurrentis[51]
and others[note 1]
Pediculus humanus corporis body louse (B. recurrentis only) and Ornithodoros soft ticks[51] Relapsing fever Penicillin, tetracycline, doxycycline[52] Avoid areas where ticks are found[51]
Better access to washing facilities[51]
Reduce crowding[51]
Pesticides[51]
Brucella B. abortus
B. canis
B. melitensis
B. suis
Direct contact with infected animal[26]
Oral, by ingestion of unpasteurized milk or milk products[26]
Brucellosis: mainly fever, muscular pain and night sweats
doxycycline[26]
streptomycin
or gentamicin[26]
Campylobacter jejuni
Fecal-oral from animals (mammals and fowl)[26][41]
Uncooked meat (especially poultry)[26][41]
Contaminated water[26]
Enteritis,[26] bloody diarrhea[41]
Guillain–Barré syndrome[41] (muscle weakness)
Treat symptoms[26]
Fluoroquinolone[41] such as ciprofloxacin[26] in severe cases[26]
Good hygiene[26]
Avoiding contaminated water[26]
Pasteurizing milk and milk products[26]
Cooking meat (especially poultry)[26]
Chlamydia C. pneumoniae
Respiratory droplets[26][41]
Atypical pneumonia[41]
Doxycycline[26][41]
Erythromycin[26][41]
None[26]
C. trachomatis
vaginal sex[26]
oral sex[26]
anal sex[26] Vertical from mother to newborn(ICN)[26]
Direct or contaminated surfaces and flies (trachoma)[26]
Trachoma[26][41]
Neonatal conjunctivitis[26][41]
Neonatal pneumonia[26][41]
Nongonococcal urethritis (NGU)[26][41]
Urethritis[26][41]
Pelvic inflammatory disease[26][41]
Epididymitis[26][41]
Prostatitis[26][41]
Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV)[26][41]
Erythromycin[26][41]
(adults)[41] Doxycycline[26][41]
(infants and pregnant women)[41]
Erythromycin or silver nitrate in newborn's eyes[26]
Safe sex[26]
Abstinence[26]
Chlamydophila psittaci Inhalation of dust with secretions or feces from birds (e.g. parrots) Psittacosis, mainly atypical pneumonia
Tetracycline[26]
Doxycycline[26]
Erythromycin[26]
-
Clostridium C. botulinum Spores from soil,[26][41] persevere in canned food, smoked fish and honey[41]
Botulism: Mainly muscle weakness and paralysis[41]
Antitoxin[26][41]
Penicillin[41]
Hyperbaric oxygen[41]
Mechanical ventilation[41]
Proper food preservation techniques
C. difficile
Gut flora,[26][41] overgrowing when other flora is depleted[26]
Pseudomembranous colitis[26][41]
Discontinuing responsible antibiotic[26][41]
Vancomycin or metronidazole if severe[26][41]
Fecal bacteriotherapy
C. perfringens
Spores in soil[26][41]
Vaginal flora and gut flora[26]
Anaerobic cellulitis[26][41]
Gas gangrene[26][41] Acute food poisoning[26][41]
Gas gangrene:
Debridement or amputation[26][41]
Hyperbaric medicine[26][41]
High doses of doxycycline[26] or penicillin G[26][41] and clindamycin[41]
Food poisoning: Supportive care is sufficient[26]
Appropriate food handling[26]
C. tetani
Spores in soil, skin penetration through wounds[26][41]
Tetanus: muscle spasms[53]
Tetanus immune globulin[26][41] Sedatives[26]
Muscle relaxants[26]
Mechanical ventilation[26][41]
Penicillin or metronidazole[41]
Tetanus vaccine (such as in the DPT vaccine)[26]
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
respiratory droplets
part of human flora
Diphtheria: Fever, sore throat and neck swelling, potentially narrowing airways.[54]
Horse serum antitoxin
Erythromycin
Penicillin
DPT vaccine
Ehrlichia E. canis[41]
E. chaffeensis[41]
Dog tick[41] Ehrlichiosis:[41] headache, muscle aches, and fatigue
doxycycline[41]
rifampin[41]
Enterococcus E. faecalis
E. faecium
Part of gut flora,[41] opportunistic or entering through GI tract or urinary system wounds[26]
Bacterial endocarditis,[41] biliary tract infections,[41] urinary tract infections[41]
Ampicillin (combined with aminoglycoside in endocarditis)[41] Vancomycin[26]
No vaccine Hand washing and other nosocomial prevention
Escherichia E. coli (generally)
Gut flora,[26][41] and in urinary tract[41]
Spreading extraintestinally or proliferating in the GI tract[26]
Diarrhea[26][41]
Urinary tract infections (UTI)[26][41]
Meningitis in infants[26][41]
Hospital-acquired pneumonia[41]
Hospital-acquired sepsis[41]
UTI:[26]
(resistance-tests are required first)
Co-trimoxazole
Fluoroquinolone, e.g. ciprofloxacin
Meningitis:[26]
Cephalosporin (e.g. cefotaxime) and gentamicin combination
Diarrhea:[26]
Antibiotics above shorten duration
Electrolyte and fluid replacement
(no vaccine or preventive drug)[26]
Cooking ground beef and pasteurizing milk against O157:H7[26]
Hand washing and disinfection[26]
Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)
Fecal-oral[41] through food and water[26]
Direct physical contact[26]
Traveller's diarrhea[26][41]
Enteropathogenic E. coli
Vertical, in utero or at birth[26]
Diarrhea in infants[26]
Enteroinvasive E.coli (EIEC)
Fecal-oral[55]
bloody diarrhea and fever[41]
Enterohemorrhagic (EHEC), including E. coli O157:H7
Reservoir in cattle[26]
bloody diarrhea[26][41]
Hemolytic-uremic syndrome[26][41]
Francisella tularensis
vector-borne by arthropods[26]
Infected wild or domestic animals, birds or house pets[26]
Tularemia: Fever, ulceration at entry site and/or lymphadenopathy.[56] Can cause severe pneumonia.[56]
Streptomycin[26]
Gentamicin[26]
Avoiding insect vectors[26]
Precautions when handling wild animals or animal products[26]
Haemophilus influenzae
Droplet contact[26]
Human flora of e.g. upper respiratory tract[26]
Bacterial meningitis[26][41]
Upper respiratory tract infections[26][41]
Pneumonia,[26][41] bronchitis[26]
Septic arthritis in infants[41]
Meningitis:[26]
(resistance-tests are required first)
Third generation cephalosporin, e.g. cefotaxime or ceftriaxone[26]
Ampicillin and sulbactam combination[26]
Hib vaccine to infants[26][41]
Rifampin prophylactically[26]
Helicobacter pylori
Colonizing stomach[26]
Unclear person-to-person transmission[26]
Peptic ulcer[26][41]
Chronic gastritis[41]
Risk factor for gastric carcinoma and gastric B-cell lymphoma[26]
Tetracycline, metronidazole and bismuth salt combination[26]
(No vaccine or preventive drug)[26]
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Mouth, skin, and gut flora.[57]
Pneumonia upon aspiration
Klebsiella pneumonia, with significant lung necrosis and hemoptysis[41]
Hospital-acquired Urinary tract infection and sepsis[41]
3rd generation cephalosporin[41]
ciprofloxacin[41]
hand hygiene.[58]
Legionella pneumophila
Droplet contact, from e.g. cooling towers,[26][41] humidifiers,[26] air conditioners[26][41] and water distribution systems[26]
Legionnaire's Disease[26][41]
Pontiac fever[26][41]
Macrolides, such as erythromycin[26][41]
Fluoroquinolones[26]
Rifampin[41]
(no vaccine or preventive drug)[26]
Heating water[26]
Leptospira species
Food and water contaminated by urine from infected wild or domestic animals. Leptospira survives for weeks in fresh water and moist soil.[26]
Leptospirosis: Headaches, muscle pains, and fevers; possible jaundice, kidney failure, pulmonary hemorrhage, and meningitis.[59][60]
Doxycycline for mild cases[61]
Intravenous penicillin for severe cases[61]
Vaccine not widely used[26]
Doxycycline[26]
Prevention of exposure[26]
Rodent control[26]
Listeria monocytogenes
Raw milk or cheese,[26][41] ground meats,[26] poultry[26]
Vertically to newborn or fetus[26][41]
Listeriosis:[26]
Meningitis[41]
Sepsis[41]
Ampicillin[26][41]
Co-trimoxazole[26][41]
(no vaccine)[26]
Proper food preparation and handling[26]
Mycobacterium M. leprae
Prolonged human-human contact, e.g. through exudates from skin lesions to abrasion of other person[26]
Leprosy (Hansen's disease):[26] granulomas of the nerves, respiratory tract, skin, and eyes.[62]
Tuberculoid form:
Dapsone and rifampin[26]
Lepromatous form:
Clofazimine[26]
BCG vaccine shows some effects[26]
M. tuberculosis
Droplet contact[26]
Tuberculosis: chronic cough with blood-containing sputum, fever, night sweats, and weight loss[63]
(difficult, see Tuberculosis treatment for more details)[26]
Standard "short" course:[26]
First 2 months, combination:
Isoniazid
Rifampicin
Pyrazinamide
Ethambutol
Further 4 months, combination:
Isoniazid
Rifampicin
BCG vaccine
Isoniazid
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Human flora[26][41]
Respiratory droplets[26][41]
Mycoplasma pneumonia[26]
Doxycycline and erythromycin[26][41]
Neisseria N. gonorrhoeae
Sexually transmitted[26][41]
vertical in birth[26]
Gonorrhea[26][41]
Urethritis (men)[41]
Pelvic inflammatory disease (women)[41]
Ophthalmia neonatorum[26][41]
Septic arthritis[26][41]
Uncomplicated gonorrhea:[26]
Ceftriaxone[41]
Tetracycline, e.g. doxycycline if also chlamydia is suspected[41]
Spectinomycin for resistance[26][41] or patient allergy to cephalosporin[26]
Ophthalmia neonatorum:
Erythromycin[26][41] + ceftriaxone[41]
(No vaccine)[26]
Safe sex[26]
Erythromycin into eyes of newborn at risk[26][41]
N. meningitidis
Droplet transmission[26]
Meningococcal disease including meningitis[26][41]
Sepsis, including Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome[26][41]
Penicillin G[26][41]
Ceftriaxone[26][41]
NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135 vaccine[26][41]
Rifampin[26][41]
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Opportunistic;[41] Infects damaged tissues or people with immunodeficiency.[26] Pseudomonas infection:[26]
Pneumonia[26][41]
Urinary tract infection[26][41]
Corneal infection[26][41]
Endocarditis[26][41]
Osteomyelitis[26][41]
Burn wound infection[41]
Sepsis[26][41]
Malignant external otitis[41]
Anti-pseudomonal penicillins[26] such as ticarcillin[41]
Aminoglycoside[26]
(no vaccine)[26]
Topical silver sulfadiazine for burn wounds[26]
Nocardia asteroides In soil[41] Nocardiosis:[41] Pneumonia, endocarditis, keratitis, neurological or lymphocutaneous infection TMP/SMX[41]
Rickettsia rickettsii
Wood or dog tick[26][41]
Rocky mountain spotted fever[26][41]
Doxycycline[26][41]
Chloramphenicol[26][41]
(no preventive drug or approved vaccine)[26]
Vector control, such as clothing[26]
Prompt removal of attached ticks[26]
Salmonella S typhi
Fecal-oral route, through food or water[26][41]
Typhoid fever type salmonellosis[26] (fever, abdominal pain, hepatosplenomegaly, rose spots)[41]
Chronic carrier state[41]
Ceftriaxone[26][41]
Fluoroquinolones, e.g. ciprofloxacin[26][41]
Ty21a and ViCPS vaccines[26]
Hygiene and food preparation[26]
Other Salmonella species

e.g. S. typhimurium[26]
Fecal-oral[26]
Food contaminated by fowl[26] (e.g. uncooked eggs)[41] or turtles[41]
Salmonellosis[26] with gastroenteritis[26][41]
Paratyphoid fever[41]
Osteomyelitis in people with sickle cells[41]
Sepsis[41]
Fluid and electrolyte replacement for diarrhea[26][41]
Antibiotics (in neonates[41] and immuno-compromised[26][41]):
Ciprofloxacin[41]
Ceftriaxone [41]
TMP/SMX[41]
Azithromycin[41]
(No vaccine or preventive drug)[26]
Proper sewage disposal[26]
Food preparation[26]
Good personal hygiene[26]
Shigella S. sonnei[26]

S. dysenteriae[41]
Fecal-oral[26][41]
Shigellosis (bacillary dysentery)
Fluid and electrolyte replacement[41]
Fluoroquinolone[41] such as ciprofloxacin[26] if severe[41]
Protection of water and food supplies[26]
Vaccines are in trial stage[64]
Staphylococcus aureus
Human flora on mucosae in e.g. anterior nares, skin and vagina,[26][41] entering through wound
Coagulase-positive staphylococcal infections:
Skin infections, including impetigo[26][41]
Acute infective endocarditis[26][41]
Septis[26][26]
Necrotizing pneumonia[26]
Meningitis[41]
Osteomyelitis[41]
Toxinoses
Scalded skin syndrome[26][41]
Toxic shock syndrome[26][41]
Staphylococcal food poisoning[26][41]
Incision and drainage of localized lesions[26]
Nafcillin,[26][41] oxacillin,[26] methicillin[41]
Vancomycin for Methicillin-resistant (MRSA)[26]
(no vaccine or preventive drug)
Barrier precautions, washing hands and fomite disinfection in hospitals
epidermidis Human flora in skin,[26][41] anterior nares[26] and mucous membranes[41]
Infections of implanted prostheses (e.g. heart valves[26] and joints[41]) and catheters[26][41]
Vancomycin[26][41]
None[26]
saprophyticus Part of normal vaginal flora[26]
Cystitis in women[26][41]
TMP/SMX or norfloxacin[65]
None[26]
Streptococcus agalactiae Human flora in vagina,[26][41] urethral mucous membranes,[26] rectum[26]
Vertically during childbirth[26]
Sexually[26]
Neonatal meningitis[26][41]
Neonatal sepsis[26][41]
Neonatal pneumonia[41]
Endometritis in postpartum women[26]
Opportunistic infections with septicemia and pneumonia[26]
Penicillin G[26][41]
Aminoglycoside in case of lethal infection[26]
None[26]
pneumoniae
Respiratory droplets
Human flora in nasopharynx[41] (spreading in immunocompromised)[26]
Acute bacterial pneumonia & meningitis in adults[26][41]
Otitis media and sinusitis in children[26][41]
Sepsis[41]
Penicillin G[26][41]
23-serotype vaccine for adults (PPV)[26][41]
Heptavalent conjugated vaccine for children (PCV)[26]
pyogenes
Respiratory droplets[26]
Direct physical contact with impetigo lesions[26]
Streptococcal pharyngitis[26][41]
Sepsis[41]
Scarlet fever[26][41]
Rheumatic fever[26][41]
Impetigo and erysipelas[26][41]
Puerperal fever[26]
Necrotizing fasciitis[26]
Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis[41]
Penicillin G[26][41] or V[41]
Macrolide, e.g. clarithromycin[26] or erythromycin[41] in penicillin allergy
Drainage and debridement for necrotizing fasciitis[26]
No vaccine[26]
Rapid antibiotic treatment helps prevent rheumatic fever[26]
viridans Oral flora,[41] penetration through abrasions
Subacute bacterial endocarditis[41]
Dental cavities[41]
Abscesses of brain and liver[41]
Penicillin G[41]
Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum
Sexual[26][41]
Vertical (from mother to fetus)[26]
Syphilis:[26][41] First a chancre, (a painless skin ulceration), then diffuse rash.[66] Later: gummas (soft growths), neurological, or heart symptoms.[67]
Congenital syphilis[26][41]
Penicillin G[26][41]
Doxycycline if penicillin allergy[26][41]
Penicillin offered to recent sexual partners[68]
Antibiotics to pregnant women if risk of transmitting to child[26]
No vaccine available[26]
Safe sex[26]
Vibrio cholerae
Fecal-oral route[41]
Contaminated water and raw seafood[26]
Cholera: Severe "rice water" diarrhea[41]
Fluid[41] and electrolyte replacement[26]
Doxycycline[26][41]
Proper sanitation[26]
Adequate food preparation[26]
Yersinia pestis
Fleas from animals[26][69]
Ingestion of animal tissues[26]
Respiratory droplets[26]
Plague:
Bubonic plague
Pneumonic plague
Streptomycin primarily[26][70][71]
Tetracyclin[26][72]
Supportive therapy for shock[26]
Plague vaccine[73]
Minimize exposure to rodents and fleas[26]
Genetic transformation[edit]
Of the 59 species listed in the table with their clinical characteristics, 11 species (or 19%) are known to be capable of natural genetic transformation.[74] Natural transformation is a bacterial adaptation for transferring DNA from one cell to another. This process includes the uptake of exogenous DNA from a donor cell by a recipient cell and its incorporation into the recipient cell’s genome by recombination. Transformation appears to be an adaptation for repairing damage in the recipient cell’s DNA. Among pathogenic bacteria, transformation capability likely serves as an adaptation that facilitates survival and infectivity.[74] The pathogenic bacteria able to carry out natural genetic transformation (of those listed in the table) are Campylobacter jejuni, Enterococcus faecalis, Haemophilus influenzae, Helicobacter pylori, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitides, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Vibrio cholerae.
See also[edit]
Human microbiome project
List of antibiotics
Pathogenic viruses
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Relapsing fever can also be caused by the following Borrelia species: B. crocidurae, B. duttonii, B. hermsii, B. hispanica, B. miyamotoi, B. persica, B. turicatae and B. venezuelensis.
- Barbour, Alan G. (2017). "Relapsing Fever". In Kasper, Dennis L.; Fauci, Anthony S. Harrison's Infectious Diseases (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw Hill Education. pp. 678–687. ISBN 978-1-259-83597-1.
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External links[edit]
Bacterial Pathogen Pronunciation by Neal R. Chamberlain, Ph.D at A.T. Still University
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[show]
v
t
e
Infectious disease and microbiology
Disciplines
(pathogens)
Major diseases
Bacteriology (bacteria)
Cholera
Diphtheria
Leprosy
Syphilis
Tuberculosis
Virology (viruses, prions)
AIDS
Influenza
Measles
Polio
Smallpox
Mycology (fungi)
Aspergillosis
Candidiasis
Tinea
Parasitology (protozoa, helminths)
Amoebic dysentery
Hookworm
Malaria
Schistosomiasis
Entomology (ectoparasites)
Lice
Scabies
People
Alexander Fleming
Edward Jenner
Robert Koch
Louis Pasteur
Ignaz Semmelweis
Related topics
Antibiotics
Eradication
Pandemic
Transmission
horizontal
vertical
Vaccination
Zoonosis
[show]
v
t
e
Firmicutes (low-G+C) Infectious diseases
Bacterial diseases: G+
primarily A00–A79, 001–041, 080–109
Bacilli
Lactobacillales
(Cat-)
Streptococcus
α
optochin susceptible
S. pneumoniae
Pneumococcal infection
optochin resistant
Viridans streptococci: S. mitis
S. mutans
S. oralis
S. sanguinis
S. sobrinus
milleri group
β
A
bacitracin susceptible: S. pyogenes
Group A streptococcal infection
Streptococcal pharyngitis
Scarlet fever
Erysipelas
Rheumatic fever
B
bacitracin resistant, CAMP test+: S. agalactiae
Group B streptococcal infection
ungrouped
Streptococcus iniae
Cutaneous Streptococcus iniae infection
γ
D
BEA+: Streptococcus bovis
Enterococcus
BEA+: Enterococcus faecalis
Urinary tract infection
Enterococcus faecium
Bacillales
(Cat+)
Staphylococcus
Cg+
S. aureus
Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome
Toxic shock syndrome
MRSA
Cg-
novobiocin susceptible
S. epidermidis
novobiocin resistant
S. saprophyticus
Bacillus
Bacillus anthracis
Anthrax
Bacillus cereus
Food poisoning
Listeria
Listeria monocytogenes
Listeriosis
Clostridia
Clostridium (spore-forming)
motile:
Clostridium difficile
Pseudomembranous colitis
Clostridium botulinum
Botulism
Clostridium tetani
Tetanus
nonmotile:
Clostridium perfringens
Gas gangrene
Clostridial necrotizing enteritis
Peptostreptococcus (non-spore forming)
Peptostreptococcus magnus
Mollicutes
Mycoplasmataceae
Ureaplasma urealyticum
Ureaplasma infection
Mycoplasma genitalium
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Mycoplasma pneumonia
Anaeroplasmatales
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
Erysipeloid
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v
t
e
Gram-positive bacterial infection: Actinobacteria (primarily A00–A79, 001–041, 080–109)
Actinomycineae
Actinomycetaceae
Actinomyces israelii
Actinomycosis
Cutaneous actinomycosis
Tropheryma whipplei
Whipple's disease
Arcanobacterium haemolyticum
Arcanobacterium haemolyticum infection
Actinomyces gerencseriae
Propionibacteriaceae
Propionibacterium acnes
Corynebacterineae
Mycobacteriaceae
M. tuberculosis/
M. bovis
Tuberculosis: Ghon focus/Ghon's complex
Pott disease
brain
Meningitis
Rich focus
Tuberculous lymphadenitis
Tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis
cutaneous
Scrofuloderma
Erythema induratum
Lupus vulgaris
Prosector's wart
Tuberculosis cutis orificialis
Tuberculous cellulitis
Tuberculous gumma
Lichen scrofulosorum
Tuberculid
Papulonecrotic tuberculid
Primary inoculation tuberculosis
Miliary
Tuberculous pericarditis
Urogenital tuberculosis
Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis
Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis
M. leprae
Leprosy: Tuberculoid leprosy
Borderline tuberculoid leprosy
Borderline leprosy
Borderline lepromatous leprosy
Lepromatous leprosy
Histoid leprosy
Nontuberculous
R1:
M. kansasii
M. marinum
Aquarium granuloma
R2:
M. gordonae
R3:
M. avium complex/Mycobacterium avium/Mycobacterium intracellulare/MAP
MAI infection
M. ulcerans
Buruli ulcer
M. haemophilum
R4/RG:
M. fortuitum
M. chelonae
M. abscessus
Nocardiaceae
Nocardia asteroides/Nocardia brasiliensis
Nocardiosis
Rhodococcus equi
Corynebacteriaceae
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Diphtheria
Corynebacterium minutissimum
Erythrasma
Corynebacterium jeikeium
Group JK corynebacterium sepsis
Bifidobacteriaceae
Gardnerella vaginalis
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v
t
e
Infectious diseases
Bacterial disease: Proteobacterial G−
primarily A00–A79, 001–041, 080–109
α
Rickettsiales
Rickettsiaceae/
(Rickettsioses)
Typhus
Rickettsia typhi
Murine typhus
Rickettsia prowazekii
Epidemic typhus, Brill–Zinsser disease, Flying squirrel typhus
Spotted
fever
Tick-borne
Rickettsia rickettsii
Rocky Mountain spotted fever
Rickettsia conorii
Boutonneuse fever
Rickettsia japonica
Japanese spotted fever
Rickettsia sibirica
North Asian tick typhus
Rickettsia australis
Queensland tick typhus
Rickettsia honei
Flinders Island spotted fever
Rickettsia africae
African tick bite fever
Rickettsia parkeri
American tick bite fever
Rickettsia aeschlimannii
Rickettsia aeschlimannii infection
Mite-borne
Rickettsia akari
Rickettsialpox
Orientia tsutsugamushi
Scrub typhus
Flea-borne
Rickettsia felis
Flea-borne spotted fever
Anaplasmataceae
Ehrlichiosis: Anaplasma phagocytophilum
Human granulocytic anaplasmosis, Anaplasmosis
Ehrlichia chaffeensis
Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis
Ehrlichia ewingii
Ehrlichiosis ewingii infection
Rhizobiales
Brucellaceae
Brucella abortus
Brucellosis
Bartonellaceae
Bartonellosis: Bartonella henselae
Cat-scratch disease
Bartonella quintana
Trench fever
Either B. henselae or B. quintana
Bacillary angiomatosis
Bartonella bacilliformis
Carrion's disease, Verruga peruana
β
Neisseriales
M+
Neisseria meningitidis/meningococcus
Meningococcal disease, Waterhouse–Friderichsen syndrome, Meningococcal septicaemia
M−
Neisseria gonorrhoeae/gonococcus
Gonorrhea
ungrouped:
Eikenella corrodens/Kingella kingae
HACEK
Chromobacterium violaceum
Chromobacteriosis infection
Burkholderiales
Burkholderia pseudomallei
Melioidosis
Burkholderia mallei
Glanders
Burkholderia cepacia complex
Bordetella pertussis/Bordetella parapertussis
Pertussis
γ
Enterobacteriales
(OX−)
Lac+
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Rhinoscleroma, Klebsiella pneumonia
Klebsiella granulomatis
Granuloma inguinale
Klebsiella oxytoca
Escherichia coli: Enterotoxigenic
Enteroinvasive
Enterohemorrhagic
O157:H7
O104:H4
Hemolytic-uremic syndrome
Enterobacter aerogenes/Enterobacter cloacae
Slow/weak
Serratia marcescens
Serratia infection
Citrobacter koseri/Citrobacter freundii
Lac−
H2S+
Salmonella enterica
Typhoid fever, Paratyphoid fever, Salmonellosis
H2S−
Shigella dysenteriae/sonnei/flexneri/boydii
Shigellosis, Bacillary dysentery
Proteus mirabilis/Proteus vulgaris
Yersinia pestis
Plague/Bubonic plague
Yersinia enterocolitica
Yersiniosis
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
Far East scarlet-like fever
Pasteurellales
Haemophilus:
H. influenzae
Haemophilus meningitis
Brazilian purpuric fever
H. ducreyi
Chancroid
H. parainfluenzae
HACEK
Pasteurella multocida
Pasteurellosis
Actinobacillus
Actinobacillosis
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
HACEK
Legionellales
Legionella pneumophila/Legionella longbeachae
Legionnaires' disease
Coxiella burnetii
Q fever
Thiotrichales
Francisella tularensis
Tularemia
Vibrionaceae
Vibrio cholerae
Cholera
Vibrio vulnificus
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Vibrio alginolyticus
Plesiomonas shigelloides
Pseudomonadales
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Pseudomonas infection
Moraxella catarrhalis
Acinetobacter baumannii
Xanthomonadaceae
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
Cardiobacteriaceae
Cardiobacterium hominis
HACEK
Aeromonadales
Aeromonas hydrophila/Aeromonas veronii
Aeromonas infection
ε
Campylobacterales
Campylobacter jejuni
Campylobacteriosis, Guillain–Barré syndrome
Helicobacter pylori
Peptic ulcer, MALT lymphoma, Gastric cancer
Helicobacter cinaedi
Helicobacter cellulitis
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Infectious diseases
Bacterial diseases: BV4 non-proteobacterial G- (primarily A00–A79, 001–041, 080–109)
Spirochaete
Spirochaetaceae
Treponema
Treponema pallidum
Syphilis/bejel
Yaws
Treponema carateum (Pinta)
Treponema denticola
Borrelia
Borrelia burgdorferi/Borrelia afzelii
Lyme disease
Erythema chronicum migrans
Neuroborreliosis
Borrelia recurrentis (Louse borne relapsing fever)
Borrelia hermsii/Borrelia duttoni/Borrelia parkeri (Tick borne relapsing fever)
Leptospiraceae
Leptospira
Leptospira interrogans (Leptospirosis)
Chlamydiaceae
Chlamydophila
Chlamydophila psittaci (Psittacosis)
Chlamydophila pneumoniae
Chlamydia
Chlamydia trachomatis
Chlamydia
Lymphogranuloma venereum
Trachoma
Bacteroidetes
Bacteroides fragilis
Tannerella forsythia
Capnocytophaga canimorsus
Porphyromonas gingivalis
Prevotella intermedia
Fusobacteria
Fusobacterium necrophorum (Lemierre's syndrome)
Fusobacterium nucleatum
Fusobacterium polymorphum
Streptobacillus moniliformis (Rat-bite fever/Haverhill fever)
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