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Love & Hip Hop: Miami
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For the most recent season, see Love & Hip Hop: Miami (season 1).
Love & Hip Hop: Miami
Genre
Reality television
Starring
Trina
Prince
Amara La Negra
Gunplay
Veronica Vega
Bobby Lytes
Shay Johnson
Trick Daddy
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
1
No. of episodes
12
Production
Executive producer(s)
Mona Scott-Young
Stephanie R. Gayle
Maricarmen Lopez
Toby Barraud
Stefan Springman
Mala Chapple
David DiGangi
Rick de Oliveira
Gilda Brasch
Alissa Horowitz
Nina L. Diaz
Liz Fine
Vivian Gomez
Running time
42–44 minutes
Production company(s)
Monami Entertainment
Eastern TV
Release
Original network
VH1
Picture format
480i (SDTV)
1080i (HDTV)
Original release
January 1, 2018 (2018-01-01) – present
Chronology
Related shows
Love & Hip Hop: New York
Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta
Love & Hip Hop: Hollywood
External links
Website
Love & Hip Hop: Miami is the fourth installment of the Love & Hip Hop reality television franchise. It premiered on January 1, 2018 on VH1 and chronicles the lives of several people in the Miami area, involved with hip hop music.[1][2] The show features appearances from notable figures associated with Southern hip hop, as well as Latin music and reggaeton.
Contents
[hide]
1 Development
2 Series synopsis
2.1 Overview and casting
2.2 Storylines
3 Reception
3.1 Critical response
3.2 Ratings
4 Episodes
4.1 Season 1 (2018)
5 Distribution
6 References
7 External links
Development[edit]
Producers first considered a Love & Hip Hop spin-off set in Miami in 2012, before settling on Atlanta instead, with producer Stefan Springman revealing in the behind-the-scenes special Love & Hip Hop: Dirty Little Secrets: "we found great characters there but it just didn't feel right". Several episodes in Love & Hip Hop: New York's second season were filmed in Miami, originally intended to set up a spin-off starring Teairra Marí and Erica Mena.[3] On July 4, 2014, Scott-Young discussed expanding the franchise to other cities: "we have looked at a bunch of other cities, Miami I’ve looked at as well, so we’re always looking to expand."[4] On November 20, 2014, rapper Trina revealed she had turned down an offer for Love & Hip Hop: Miami.[5]
On February 28, 2016, it was reported that potential spin-offs set in Miami and Houston were in pre-production and the producers were auditioning potential cast members.[6] In April 2016, Trick Daddy and Trina confirmed their involvement in Love & Hip Hop: Miami, despite the latter turning down the offer years earlier.[7][8] Filming was set to began in May 2016,[9] with Trick's storyline centered on managing his artists Mike Smiff and Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta's PreMadonna.[10] Plies, Brianna Perry and PreMadonna's husband Buck Thomas were also reported to be cast members at this time,[11] however all their scenes were left on the cutting room floor during the show's nearly two year development and filming process. On April 20, 2017, after over a year of development hell, it was reported that the show's producers had been granted permission to start filming in South Florida.[12][13] At some point, the show's producers approached Gucci Mane and his fiancée Keyshia Ka'oir to star in the series, however they turned it down to film a wedding special for BET.[14]
On May 8, 2017, Gunplay appeared on Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta, leading to speculation that his appearance was intended to set up Love & Hip Hop: Miami.[15]
On August 25, 2017, VH1 announced Love & Hip Hop: Miami would make its series premiere on January 1, 2018.[16]
Series synopsis[edit]
Overview and casting[edit]
See also: List of Love & Hip Hop: Miami cast members
The cast of the first season, from left to right: Veronica, Bobby, Gunplay, Trick Daddy, Trina, Amara, Shay and Prince.
Love & Hip Hop: Miami cast reflects Miami's diverse community. Its main cast consists of Trina, party promoter Prince, Afro-Latina singer Amara La Negra, Gunplay, Cuban-Venezuelan rapper Veronica Vega, openly gay rapper Bobby Lytes, Pleasure P's girlfriend Shay Johnson and Trick Daddy. The show has a sprawling supporting cast, including "latinx trap" producer Young Hollywood, Amara's mother Mami Ana, Gunplay's girlfriend Keyara Stone, Grammy Award-nominated singer Pleasure P and his Pretty Ricky band mates Baby Blue Whoaaaa, Spectacular and Slick 'Em, rapper Miami Tip, Trick Daddy's wife Joy Young, celebrity stylist Jojo Zarur, Prince's girlfriend Liz Cifuentes, DJ Michelle Pooch, Steph Lecor, JT Money's openly gay son Jeffrey White, stylist Malik Williams, model Gabby Davis, Bryant McKinnie, socialite Chinese Kitty and her mother Chinese Nicky.[17] Love & Hip Hop: New York's Juju C. and Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta's Lil Scrappy make special crossover appearances.
Storylines[edit]
The premiere episode deals with colorism and eurocentrism within the latin community, including a scene where light-skinned producer Young Hollywood criticises dark-skinned singer Amara La Negra's afro.[18][19][20]
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
Ebony praised the show and Afro-Latina star Amara La Negra for "inviting cultural conversations" about misogynoir and the underrepresentation of black latinas in mainstream entertainment, hoping the franchise would continue to go in a more "conscious" direction. [21] La Negra was dubbed by Billboard as the show's "breakout star", landing a multi-album record deal with BMG hours after the show's premiere.[22] However, the show was not well-received by some Miami locals, including Khia and TS Madison who reviewed it negatively on their web show The Queen's Court, comparing it to a "telemundo" and criticising the casting and production values, with Khia stating "they had everything bad but a bad bitch on there".[23]
Ratings[edit]
The series premiere garnered 1.8 million viewers, making it VH1's best launch since Hip Hop Squares the previous year.[24]
Episodes[edit]
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
Extra episodes
First aired
Last aired
Reunion
Specials
1 12 January 1, 2018 (2018-01-01) March 5, 2018 (2018-03-05) March 12, 2018 (2018-03-12)
March 19, 2018 (2018-03-19) N/A
Season 1 (2018)[edit]
Main article: Love & Hip Hop: Miami (season 1)
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)
1
1 "Welcome To Miami" January 1, 2018 (2018-01-01) 1.83[25]
2
2 "Forbidden Fruit" January 8, 2018 (2018-01-08) 1.67[26]
3
3 "Hey Stranger" January 15, 2018 (2018-01-15) 1.57[27]
4
4 "Fashion Victims" January 22, 2018 (2018-01-22) 1.72[28]
5
5 "Good Hair" January 29, 2018 (2018-01-29) 1.88[29]
6
6 "Saints & Sinners" February 5, 2018 (2018-02-05) 1.75[30]
7
7 "I'm Done" February 12, 2018 (2018-02-12) 1.55[31]
8
8 "Real Talk" February 19, 2018 (2018-02-19) 1.78[32]
9
9 "Crossroads" February 26, 2018 (2018-02-26) 1.64[33]
10
10 "TNT" March 5, 2018 (2018-03-05) 1.68[34]
11
11 "Reunion – Part 1" March 12, 2018 (2018-03-12) 1.65[35]
12
12 "Reunion – Part 2" March 19, 2018 (2018-03-19) 1.96[36]
Distribution[edit]
Love & Hip Hop: Miami episodes air regularly on VH1 in the United States.[37][38] Episodes run from around 41–44 minutes and are broadcast in high definition. The series' episodes are also available on demand through the official VH1 website, as well as for digital download at the iTunes Store and Amazon.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Love & Hip Hop Miami Starring Trina, Trick Daddy, and Gunplay, Is Coming In January 2018". www.vh1.com. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ http://www.vh1press.com/press-releases/2017/08/25/2429
Jump up ^ https://www.vladtv.com/article/067592/somaya-reece-replaced-on-love-hip-hop
Jump up ^ thejasminebrand (July 4, 2014). "[INTERVIEW] Exclusive: Mona Scott-Young Downplays Reality TV Fights, Hints LA Spin-Off 'Coming Soon'". TheJasmineBrand.com. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ djvlad (November 20, 2014). "Trina Shares Why She Rejected "Love & Hip Hop: Miami" Offer". Retrieved June 15, 2017 – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ "'Love & Hip Hop' -- Now Sexier & Sweatier! Eyeing Two New Cities". TMZ. February 28, 2016. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Trick Daddy to Star on 'Love & Hip Hop Miami". XXL Magazine. Retrieved April 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Trick Daddy confirms 'Love & Hip Hop: Miami'". Miami Herald. Retrieved April 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.38393/title.trick-daddy-joins-love-hip-hop-miami-cast#
Jump up ^ https://bossip.com/1334328/exclusive-premadonna-responds-to-rumors-that-shes-joining-the-cast-of-love-hip-hop-miami-with-trina-trick-daddy/
Jump up ^ http://popglitz.com/former-nfl-player-bryant-mckinnie-plies-trick-daddy-cast-in-love-hip-hop-miami/
Jump up ^ http://www.miamitodaynews.com/2017/04/18/filming-miami-april-20-2017/
Jump up ^ http://www.miamitodaynews.com/2017/05/30/filming-miami-june-1-2017/
Jump up ^ http://theshaderoom.com/29022-2/
Jump up ^ http://www.hip-hopvibe.com/2017/05/08/gunplay-showed-up-on-lhhatl-and-fans-speculate-that-he-is-being-used-to-introduce-love-hip-hop-miami/
Jump up ^ "Love & Hip Hop Miami Starring Trina, Trick Daddy, and Gunplay, Is Coming In January 2018". www.vh1.com. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ http://www.vh1.com/shows/love-and-hip-hop-miami/cast
Jump up ^ http://www.miamiherald.com/entertainment/article192789424.html
Jump up ^ http://aldianews.com/articles/culture/what-went-viral-latinx-media-week-1229-15/51253
Jump up ^ https://www.allure.com/story/amara-la-negra-love-and-hip-hop-miami-afro
Jump up ^ http://www.ebony.com/news-views/amara-negra-afro-love-hip-hop#axzz53SSmGnGv
Jump up ^ https://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/8085858/love-hip-hop-miami-breakout-star-amara-la-negra-lands-multi-album-record-deal
Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MowA6H8K5Ko
Jump up ^ http://www.thefutoncritic.com/ratings/2018/01/03/vh1s-ratings-soar-with-the-series-premiere-of-love-and-hip-hop-miami-318215/20180103vh101/
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (January 3, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 1.1.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved January 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (January 9, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 1.8.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (January 16, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 1.15.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved January 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (January 23, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 1.22.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved January 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (January 30, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 1.29.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved January 30, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (February 6, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 2.5.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (February 13, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 2.12.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved February 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (February 20, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 2.19.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved February 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (February 27, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 2.26.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved February 27, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (March 6, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 3.5.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved March 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (March 13, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 3.12.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved March 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (March 20, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 3.19.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ http://www.thefutoncritic.com/showatch/love-and-hip-hop-miami/
Jump up ^ http://www.vh1.com/shows/love-and-hip-hop-miami/tv-schedule
External links[edit]
Love & Hip Hop: Miami on IMDb
Love & Hip Hop: Miami trailer at VH1.com
[show]
v
t
e
Love & Hip Hop franchise
Series
Love & Hip Hop: New York
Cast
Episodes
Season 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta
Cast
Episodes
Season 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Love & Hip Hop: Hollywood
Cast
Episodes
Season 1
2
3
4
Love & Hip Hop: Miami
Cast
Season 1
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K. Michelle: My Life
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text:
Total Eclipse of the Heart
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For the episode of "The Vampire Diaries", see Total Eclipse of the Heart (The Vampire Diaries).
"Total Eclipse of the Heart"
Artwork for UK and some European releases
Single by Bonnie Tyler
from the album Faster Than the Speed of Night
B-side
"Take Me Back" (UK)
"Straight from the Heart" (US)
Released
1983
Format
7"
12"
CD
Length
6:59 (album version)
5:53 (2013 re-recording for the album Rocks and Honey)
5:32 (music video version)
4:35 (2011 single version)
4:30 (single version)
3:49 (2005 re-recording for the album Wings)
Label
Columbia
Songwriter(s)
Jim Steinman
Producer(s)
Jim Steinman
Bonnie Tyler singles chronology
"Sayonara Tokyo"
(1981) "Total Eclipse of the Heart"
(1983) "Take Me Back"
(1983)
"Sayonara Tokyo"
(1981) "Total Eclipse of the Heart"
(1983) "Take Me Back"
(1983)
Music video
"Total Eclipse of the Heart" on YouTube
"Total Eclipse of the Heart" is a song recorded by Welsh singer Bonnie Tyler. It was written and produced by Jim Steinman, and released on Tyler's fifth studio album, Faster Than the Speed of Night (1983). The song was released as a single by Columbia Records on 11 February 1983 in the United Kingdom and on 31 May 1983 in the United States.
The song became Tyler's biggest career hit, topping the UK Singles Chart, and becoming the fifth-best-selling single in 1983 in the United Kingdom. In the United States, the single spent four weeks at the top of the charts, and was Billboard's number-six song of the year for 1983.
Worldwide, the single has sales in excess of 6 million copies[1] and was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for sales of over 1 million copies after its release, updated to Platinum in 2001 when the certification threshold changed.[2] In 2015, the song was voted by the British public as the nation's third favourite 1980s number one in a poll for ITV.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background and composition
2 Critical reception
3 Music video
4 Live performances
5 Formats and track listings
6 Credits and personnel
7 Charts and certifications
7.1 Weekly charts
7.2 Year-end charts
7.3 Sales and certifications
8 Impact
9 Other versions by Bonnie Tyler
10 Nicki French version
10.1 Critical reception
10.2 Charts and certifications
10.2.1 Weekly charts
10.2.2 Year-end charts
10.2.3 Sales and certifications
11 Other cover versions
11.1 Westlife version
11.2 Yuridia version
11.3 L'Aura version
11.4 Parody versions
12 See also
13 References
14 External links
Background and composition[edit]
After her contract with RCA Records ended in 1981, Tyler found a new manager in David Aspden and after seeing Meat Loaf perform "Bat Out of Hell" live on The Old Grey Whistle Test, approached Meat Loaf's producer Jim Steinman and asked him to be her producer.[4] Tyler visited Steinman in his apartment in New York in April 1982 with her manager, where she was presented with two tracks: "Have You Ever Seen the Rain?" and "Goin' Through the Motions". She stated that had she not liked the songs Steinman played for her, he would have rejected Tyler's invitation to collaborate.[4] She returned to his studio apartment weeks later, where Steinman and Rory Dodd performed "Total Eclipse of the Heart" for her. He also hand-picked the recording band for the song.[5]
"Total Eclipse of the Heart" had to be shortened for radio play. Tyler did not believe that the song was radio-friendly at its full length; the song was reduced from seven minutes and two seconds to four minutes and thirty seconds.[6]
The power ballad[7] became Tyler's highest charting song in several countries; peaking at No. 1 in the United States, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the United Kingdom. At its peak, it sold 60,000 copies per day, and approximately 6 million copies in total.[1] It won the Variety Club award in the UK for best single of 1983.[8] The song also made number 82 of VH1's top 100 love songs.
"Total Eclipse of the Heart"
A sample of "Total Eclipse of the Heart", performed by Bonnie Tyler.
Problems playing this file? See media help.
Tyler told Record Mirror that she thought the song was about "someone who wants to love so badly she's lying there in complete darkness."[9]
Steinman said in an interview with Playbill:
with 'Total Eclipse of the Heart', I was trying to come up with a love song and I remembered I actually wrote that to be a vampire love song. Its original title was 'Vampires in Love' because I was working on a musical of Nosferatu, the other great vampire story. If anyone listens to the lyrics, they're really like vampire lines. It's all about the darkness, the power of darkness and love's place in the dark...[10]
He also told People magazine that he thought Tyler sounded like John Fogerty, and wrote the song "to be a showpiece for her voice."[11] Tyler described the song as "a challenge [to sing]," stating that she "[doesn't] like songs that anybody can sing. I like songs that need a lot of energy." After Steinman presented her with the song she told The Times, "I just had shivers right up my spine. ... I couldn't wait to actually get in and record it."[12]
According to Meat Loaf, Steinman had written the song, along with "Making Love Out of Nothing at All", for Meat Loaf's album Midnight at the Lost and Found; however, Meat Loaf's record company refused to pay Steinman and he wrote separate songs himself. "Total Eclipse of the Heart" was then given to Bonnie Tyler and "Making Love Out of Nothing at All" to Air Supply.[13] Tyler has denied this claim.[14] "Meat Loaf was apparently very annoyed that Jim gave that to me," Tyler stated. "But Jim said he didn't write it for Meat Loaf, that he only finished it after meeting me."[15]
In an interview with journalist Mick Wall shortly after the release of Meat Loaf's 2006 album Bat Out of Hell III: The Monster Is Loose, Steinman stated: "I didn't write [Total Eclipse of the Heart] for anyone but Bonnie." Steinman believed that CBS were expecting him to write something similar to "It's a Heartache", but he had different ideas.[16]
Critical reception[edit]
Mike DeGagne from AllMusic retrospectively described "Total Eclipse of the Heart" as "one of the finest ballads ever to hit radio." He noted the "lush instrumentation" and said that Tyler's voice "produced the perfect type of 'desperate lovelorn' effect to suit the romantic lyrics." He described Roy Bittan's piano playing as "dreamy" and described Tyler's voice as "wonderfully gritty."[17] Donald A. Guarisco, also from AllMusic, retrospectively reviewed Faster Than the Speed of Night, and noted the song as an "epic ballad," describing the whole album as "rock at its most melodramatic."[18] Jim Beviglia from American Songwriter said that Tyler's raspy vocals helped to legitimize the "melodrama inherent in the lyrics," and described the song as a "garment-rending, chest-beating [and] emotionally exhausting ballad" that suits the throes of a turbulent relationship.[11]
Music video[edit]
Holloway Sanatorium steps, which feature in the video
The music video for "Total Eclipse of the Heart" was directed by Russell Mulcahy[19] and was filmed on location at the Holloway Sanatorium, a large Victorian Gothic hospital near Virginia Water, Surrey, England.[20] The video features Bonnie Tyler clad in white, dreaming or fantasizing about her students in a boys' boarding school. Young men are seen dancing and participating in various school activities and singing in a choir.
A long-running urban legend is that the boy who appears throughout the video and who shakes Tyler's hand at the end is former Italian footballer Gianfranco Zola. In a 2012 interview, Zola confirmed that he did not appear in the video.[21]
Live performances[edit]
Since the song's release, Tyler performs "Total Eclipse of the Heart" in every concert she performs.[22] "I sing it much better now than I used to," she told The Huffington Post. "I think my voice is probably not as husky as it was, I think it's mellowed a bit."[23] The song was performed at the 26th Annual Grammy Awards, held at the Shrine Auditorium, Los Angeles, on 28 February 1984.[24] Tyler performed a brief, live performance of this song on a Royal Caribbean cruise during the solar eclipse of 21 August 2017.[25][26]
Live recordings of Tyler performing the song have been released on her live albums Bonnie Tyler Live (2006) and Live in Germany 1993 (2011). Video performances have also been released on Tyler's DVDs, Bonnie on Tour (2006) and the DVD edition of Live in Germany 1993.
Formats and track listings[edit]
UK 7" single[27]
"Total Eclipse of the Heart" – 4:29
"Take Me Back" – 5:05
US 7" single
"Total Eclipse of the Heart" – 4:29
"Straight from the Heart" – 3:38
UK 12" single
"Total Eclipse of the Heart" – 6:59
"Take Me Back" – 5:22
Promotional CD single[28][29]
"Total Eclipse of the Heart" (Sunset Strippers Verse Club Mix)
"Total Eclipse of the Heart" (Sunset Strippers Dub Mix)
"Total Eclipse of the Heart" (Sunset Strippers Radio Edit)
Credits and personnel[edit]
Credits adapted from AllMusic (from the album, Faster Than the Speed of Night):[30]
Bonnie Tyler – lead vocals
Rick Derringer – guitar
Steve Buslowe – bass guitar
Roy Bittan – piano
Larry Fast – synthesizers
Steve Margoshes – additional synthesizers
Max Weinberg – drums
Jimmy Maelen – percussion
Holly Sherwood – lead backing vocals
Rory Dodd – "Turn around" and backing vocals
Eric Troyer – backing vocals
Charts and certifications[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1983)
Peak
position
Australia (Kent Music Report)[31] 1
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[32] 14
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[33] 1
Canada Adult Contemporary (RPM)[34] 9
France (IFOP)[35] 3
Germany (Official German Charts)[36] 16
Ireland (IRMA)[37] 1
Italy (Hit Parade Italia)[38] 14
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[39] 24
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[40] 18
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[41] 1
Norway (VG-lista)[42] 1
South Africa (Springbok Radio)[43] 1
Spain (AFYVE)[44] 9
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[45] 3
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[46] 3
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[47] 1
US Billboard Adult Contemporary[48] 7
US Billboard Hot 100[48] 1
US Billboard Top Tracks[48] 23
US Cash Box[49] 1
Year
Chart
Peak
position
2008 UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[50] 57
2011 Belgium (Back Catalogue Singles Flanders)[51] 17
Denmark (Tracklisten)[52] 35
2012 France (SNEP)[53] 57
2013 France (SNEP)[54] 98
2014 France (SNEP)[55] 114
2017 US Billboard Digital Songs[56] 13
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1983)
Position
Australia (Kent Music Report)[57] 6
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[58] 5
France (IFOP)[59] 15
Italy (Hit Parade Italia)[38] 81
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[60] 5
South Africa (Springbok Radio)[61] 3
US Billboard Hot 100[62] 6
US Cash Box[63] 5
Sales and certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Canada (Music Canada)[64]
Platinum 100,000^
France (SNEP)[65]
Gold 632,000[66]
Italy (FIMI)[67]
Platinum 30,000
United Kingdom (BPI)[68]
Gold 500,000^
United States (RIAA)[69]
Platinum 1,000,000^
^shipments figures based on certification alone
sales+streaming figures based on certification alone
Impact[edit]
In a 2013 UK survey, the song came first in a list of most popular songs to sing in the shower, above songs by Justin Bieber, Robbie Williams, One Direction and Elton John.[70] In 2015 the song was voted by the British public as the nation's third favourite 1980s number one in a poll for ITV.[71]
"Total Eclipse of the Heart" received substantial media attention during the solar eclipse of March 20, 2015. Tyler's version received a 214% increase of Spotify streams throughout the day.[72] A similar impact was experienced during the solar eclipse of August 21, 2017, when Nielsen Music reported a 503% increase in record sales.[73] Around that time, the song hit number one on the iTunes chart.[74] On 16 August 2017, it was announced that Tyler would perform the song aboard the MS Oasis of the Seas during the total solar eclipse, backed by American dance-rock band DNCE.[75]
In 2014, the Electric Picnic festival announced Bonnie Tyler as part of the lineup.[76] Tickets were already sold out, though Irish rugby player Cian Healy won the Irish Women's rugby team extra tickets for a comic miming video published on Instagram.[77]
Other versions by Bonnie Tyler[edit]
Since the original release in 1983, Tyler has re-recorded the song several times for albums and subsequent single releases. Her first and most successful re-recording of the song was released in 2003. Tyler recorded a French/English duet version called "Si demain... (Turn Around)" with Kareen Antonn. It peaked at number one in France and Belgium.[78][79] Tyler released another version of the song in 2004 as a duet with Peter Brocklehurst on his album For You.[80] A solo version of the recording was released on her studio album Wings in the following year.
BabyPinkStar recorded the song with Tyler in a punk/electronic remix version that was released as a single in the UK in January 2007.[81] In 2009, Tyler released another version of the song with Welsh choral group Only Men Aloud![1] In 2011, Tyler re-recorded the song on an EP named after the song, released by Cleopatra Records.[82] Her most recent recording of the song appears as a bonus track on her album Rocks and Honey (2013).
Nicki French version[edit]
"Total Eclipse of the Heart"
Single by Nicki French
from the album Secrets
Released
27 February 1995
Format
CD single
cassette single
7"
12"
Recorded
1994
Genre
Hi-NRG[83]
Length
3:50
Label
Bags of Fun
Love This
Mega
Songwriter(s)
Jim Steinman
Producer(s)
Mike Stock
Matt Aitken
Nicki French singles chronology
"Total Eclipse of the Heart"
(1995) "For All We Know"
(1995)
"Total Eclipse of the Heart"
(1995) "For All We Know"
(1995)
Music video
"Total Eclipse of the Heart" on YouTube
Nicki French released a Hi-NRG remake of "Total Eclipse of the Heart" in 1995, which was also a worldwide hit. It originally peaked at No. 54 on the UK Singles Chart in 1994, but reached No. 5 in the after being re-issued in 1995. In the United States, French's version peaked at No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100, behind "Have You Ever Really Loved a Woman?" by Bryan Adams and it garnered frequent airplay on AC radio. It enjoyed greater success in Australia, spending four nonconsecutive weeks at No. 2 behind "Here's Johnny!" by Hocus Pocus.[84] Elsewhere, the cover reached number 13 in New Zealand, number 16 in Canada, and peaked within the top 10 of several European countries.
French had made her first dance version recording of "Total Eclipse of the Heart" in 1994: she had purchased the Bonnie Tyler original as a teenager in 1983 and reacted negatively to the original suggestion that she (i.e. French) remake the song as dance track — "I thought, no, it's too strong a song to go down the dance route. You know, it demeans it almost. But then I thought well, I'll give it a go. And as soon as I heard the track, I thought it actually does work."[85] French's first recording of "Total Eclipse of the Heart", made with John Springate of the Glitter Band producing, came to the attention of Mike Stock and Matt Aitken who produced their own recording of the song by French and it was this version which appeared on the UK chart dated 15 October 1994 at No. 54. French would recall: "I just thought oh well that was great...I've [worked with] Mike Stock and Matt Aitken and it was a dream come true...we tried and I had a great time...And then about two months later I had a call out of the blue from Mike saying the buzz will not die down on this track so we're going to re-record the beginning...and we're going to re-release it at the beginning of 1995."[86]
According to French, her remake of "Total Eclipse of the Heart" became popular in the UK and the US in distinct remixes: "the slower version was the one that actually took a hold in the UK where originally they started with the fast one and then decided to go with the [remix which began] in the same vein as the Bonnie Tyler version [and then] sped up when the chorus came in...In the US it was the [remix] which was fast all the way through."[86]
Critical reception[edit]
Music & Media wrote about the song: "Away is the sandpaper vocal of Bonny Tyler, the edge now comes from the dance context put into the ballad. Needless to say it's an upbeat song anno 1995. Top 10 in the UK."[87]
Charts and certifications[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1994)
Peak
position
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[88] 50
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[89] 54
Chart (1995)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[90] 2
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[91] 14
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[92] 16
Canada Adult Contemporary (RPM)[93] 17
Canada Dance/Urban (RPM)[94] 1
Europe (Eurochart Hot 100)[95] 21
Germany (Official German Charts)[96] 65
Iceland (Íslenski Listinn Topp 40)[97] 5
Ireland (IRMA)[37] 15
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[98] 7
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[99] 10
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[100] 13
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[101] 4
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[102] 5
US Billboard Adult Contemporary[48] 20
US Billboard Adult Top 40[103] 36
US Billboard Hot 100[103] 2
US Billboard Hot Dance Club Play[103] 37
US Billboard Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales[103] 5
US Billboard Rhythmic Top 40[103] 12
US Billboard Top 40 Mainstream[103] 1
US Cash Box[104] 3
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1995)
Position
Australia (ARIA)[105] 17
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[106] 80
Canada Dance/Urban (RPM)[107] 7
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[108] 80
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[109] 90
US Billboard Hot 100[110] 19
US Cash Box[111] 27
Sales and certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Australia (ARIA)[112]
Platinum 70,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)[113]
Silver 200,000^
United States (RIAA)[114]
Gold 600,000[115]
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
Other cover versions[edit]
Westlife version[edit]
"Total Eclipse of the Heart"
Promotional single by Westlife
from the album The Love Album
Released
2007[28]
Format
digital download
Genre
Pop
Length
4:40
Label
Sony BMG
Songwriter(s)
Jim Steinman
The Love Album track listing
"The Rose"
(1) "Total Eclipse of the Heart"
(2) "All Out of Love (featuring Delta Goodrem)"
(3)
The Love Album track listing
show
11 tracks
"The Rose"
"Total Eclipse of the Heart"
"All Out of Love"
"You Light Up My Life"
"Easy"
"You Are So Beautiful (To Me)"
"Have You Ever Been In Love"
"Love Can Build a Bridge"
"The Dance"
"All or Nothing"
"You've Lost That Lovin' Feeling"
Irish boy band Westlife recorded a cover of the song on their 2006 album The Love Album.[116] The song would have been released as the album's second single but was cancelled due to their The Love Tour conflicts, though a promo release still reached No. 5 on the radio charts in the Philippines and No. 55 in Czech Republic. Three official remixes have been made for their version as well as a remix done by Jim Steinman, which was ultimately rejected by the record label but has surfaced on the Internet. The song was released as a promotional single in 2007.
Yuridia version[edit]
Mexican singer Yuridia covered the song in Spanish as "Eclipse Total del Amor" from her second studio album Habla El Corazón in 2006. The single peaked at number 36 on the Billboard Latin Pop Songs chart.[117]
L'Aura version[edit]
Italian singer L'Aura covered the song in Italian as "Eclissi del cuore" from her third studio album Sei come me in 2010, which was not originally released as a single. One year later, a new version of the song, now a duet with fellow Italian singer Nek was officially released as a single, this duet peaking at number 6 on the Italian charts.[118]
Parody versions[edit]
A parody of the song and music video were published in 2009, in what the fans and makers call a "literal video version", which is a type of video that replaces the original song lyrics with humorous lyrics describing the images in the video. Time magazine listed it as the 6th best viral video of 2009.[119] This was also the 6th literal video produced by professional video editor David A. Scott Jr.; the singer who performed for this re-dub was Scott's friend Felisha Noble using the pseudonym Persephone Maewyn.[120] The video is still viewable on Funny or Die's website, where it has received over 100,000 views, qualifying it for "Immortal" status since April 2012.[121]
In 2010, Tyler appeared in an advertisement for MasterCard, performing a short parody of the song with its noted new lyric "Turn around, Neville."[122] She performed the original song in a similar advertisement for Westpac in 2012.[123]
Warby Parker produced a parody video in anticipation of the solar eclipse of August 21, 2017.[124]
See also[edit]
1983 in British music
List of best-selling singles
List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 1983
List of Billboard Mainstream Top 40 number-one songs of the 1990s
List of Cash Box Top 100 number-one singles of 1983
List of number-one singles of 1983 (Australia)
List of number-one singles of 1983 (Canada)
List of number-one singles of 1983 (Ireland)
List of number-one singles from the 1980s (New Zealand)
List of RPM number-one dance singles of 1995
List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 1980s
VG-lista 1964 to 1994
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^ Jump up to: a b French, Nicki (19 April 2013). "Nicki French interview". Round Trip With Dave O' (Interview). Interviewed by Dave O'. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "New Releases: Singles" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 11 no. 5. 4 February 1995. p. 15. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Nicki French: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – Nicki French – Total Eclipse Of The Heart". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Nicki French – Total Eclipse Of The Heart" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Top RPM Singles: Issue 7762." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Top RPM Adult Contemporary: Issue 8483." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Top RPM Dance/Urban: Issue 8489." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Eurochart Hot 100 Singles" (PDF). Music & Media. 18 February 1995. p. 19. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Nicki French – Total Eclipse Of The Heart". GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Íslenski Listinn Nr. 111: Vikuna 1.4 '95 – 7.4 '95" (PDF). Dagblaðið Vísir. 1 April 1995. p. 24. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – Nicki French - Total Eclipse Of The Heart" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Nicki French – Total Eclipse Of The Heart" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Nicki French – Total Eclipse Of The Heart". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Nicki French – Awards". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 9 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "CASH BOX Top 100 Singles – Week ending JUNE 10, 1995". Archived from the original on 11 October 2012. . Cash Box magazine.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Charts – End Of Year Charts – Top 50 Singles 1995". ARIA Charts. Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Jaaroverzichten 1995" (in Dutch). Ultratop. Hung Medien. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "RPM Top 50 Dance Tracks of 1995". RPM. Vol. 62 no. 20. Library and Archives Canada. 18 December 1995. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Top 100-Jaaroverzicht van 1995" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Jaaroverzichten – Single 1995" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Hung Medien. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Billboard Top 100 – 1995". The Longbored Surfer. Archived from the original on 11 August 2010. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "The CASH BOX Year-End Charts: 1995". Archived from the original on 10 October 2012. . Cash Box magazine.
Jump up ^ "The ARIA Australian Top 100 Singles 1995". Imgur.com (original document published by ARIA). Retrieved 1 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "British single certifications – Nicki French – Total Eclipse of the Heart". British Phonographic Industry. Select singles in the Format field. Select Silver in the Certification field. Enter Total Eclipse of the Heart in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – Nicki French – Total Eclipse of the Heart". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
Jump up ^ "Best-Selling Records of 1995". Billboard. 108 (3): 56. 20 January 1996. ISSN 0006-2510.
Jump up ^ Mawer, Sharon. "Westlife – The Love Album". AllMusic. Retrieved 12 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Yuridia – Awards". AllMusic. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Database Top of the music: L'Aura". Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
Jump up ^ "The Top 10 Viral Videos of 2009". Time. Retrieved 17 August 2010.
Jump up ^ Laderman, David; Westrup, Laurel (2014). Sampling Media. Oxford University Press. p. 230.
Jump up ^ Scott, David (16 April 2011). "Total Eclipse of the Heart: Literal Video Version". Retrieved 26 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Benedictus, Leo (21 April 2010). "A word on our sponsors: Total eclipse of the card". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "Westpac brings in Bonnie Tyler to sing at couple's fantasy wedding". mUmBRELLA. 21 November 2012. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Matthewson, Samantha (1 August 2017). "This 'Total Eclipse of the Heart' Parody Video for the 2017 Solar Eclipse Is Just Awesome". Space.com. Retrieved 3 August 2017.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Total_Eclipse_of_the_Heart&oldid=850566361"
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Party (law)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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A party is a person or group of persons that compose a single entity which can be identified as one for the purposes of the law. Parties include: plaintiff (person filing suit), defendant (person sued or charged with a crime), petitioner (files a petition asking for a court ruling), respondent (usually in opposition to a petition or an appeal), cross-complainant (a defendant who sues someone else in the same lawsuit), or cross-defendant (a person sued by a cross-complainant).[1] A person who only appears in the case as a witness is not considered a party.
Courts use various terms to identify the role of a particular party in civil litigation, usually identifying the party that brings a lawsuit as the plaintiff, or, in older American cases, the party of the first part; and the party against whom the case was brought as the defendant, or, in older American cases, the party of the second part.
See also[edit]
Erga omnes
Ex parte proceeding
Inter partes proceeding
Intervention (law)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Party - legal definition".

This legal term article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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History of the violin
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Part of a series on
Fiddle and Violin
Basic physics
Fiddlers
History of the violin
Luthiers
Musical styles
Violin making and
maintenance
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The violin, viola, and cello were first made in the early 16th century, in Italy. The earliest evidence for their existence is in paintings by Gaudenzio Ferrari from the 1530s, though Ferrari's instruments had only three strings. The Academie musicale, a treatise written in 1556 by Philibert Jambe de Fer, gives a clear description of the violin family much as we know it today.
Violins are likely to have been developed from a number of other string instruments of the 15th and 16th centuries, including the vielle, rebec, and lira da braccio. The history of bowed string instruments in Europe goes back to the 9th century with the Byzantine lira (or lūrā, Greek: λύρα).
Since their invention, instruments in the violin family have seen a number of changes. The overall pattern for the instrument was set in the 17th century by luthiers like the prolific Amati family, Jakob Stainer of the Tyrol, and Antonio Stradivari, with many makers at the time and since following their templates.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early history
2 Emergence of the violin
3 Early makers
4 Transition from Baroque to modern form
5 Trade violins
6 Recent inventions
7 See also
8 Sources
9 Further reading
10 References
Early history[edit]
The Persian geographer Ibn Khurradadhbih (d. of the 9th century, was the first to cite the bowed Byzantine lira as a typical instrument of the Byzantines and equivalent to the rabāb used in the Muslim world of that time.[1] The Byzantine lira spread through Europe westward and in the 11th and 12th centuries European writers use the terms fiddle and lira interchangeably when referring to bowed instruments (Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009). In the meantime rabāb was introduced to the Western Europe possibly through the Iberian Peninsula and both bowed instruments spread widely throughout Europe giving birth to various European bowed instruments.
Over the centuries that followed, Europe continued to have two distinct types of bowed instruments: one, relatively square-shaped, held in the arms, known with the Italian term lira da braccio (meaning viol for the arm) family; the other, with sloping shoulders and held between the knees, known with the Italian term lira da gamba (or viola da gamba, meaning viol for the leg) group.[2] During the Renaissance the gambas were important and elegant instruments; they eventually lost ground to the louder (and originally viewed as less aristocratic) lira da braccio family of the modern violin.
Emergence of the violin[edit]
Gaudenzio Ferrari's "Madonna of the Orange Trees", from 1529-30. Bottom, left of centre, is an infant playing a three-stringed violin
The cupola of Madonna dei Miracoli in Saronno , with angels playing violin, viola and cello.
The first clear record of a violin-like instrument comes from paintings by Gaudenzio Ferrari. In his Madonna of the Orange Tree, painted 1530, a cherub is seen playing a bowed instrument which clearly has the hallmarks of violins. A few years later, on a fresco inside the cupola of the church of Madonna dei Miracoli in Saronno, angels play three instruments of the violin family, corresponding to violin, viola and cello. The instruments Ferrari depicts have bulging front and back plates, strings which feed into peg-boxes with side pegs, and f-holes. They do not have frets. The only real difference between these instruments and the modern violin is that Ferrari's have three strings, and a rather more extravagant curved shape.[3] It is not clear exactly who made these first violins, but there is good evidence that they originate from northern Italy, in the vicinity (and at the time the political orbit) of Milan. Not only are Ferrari's paintings in this area, but at the time towns like Brescia and Cremona had a great reputation for the craftsmanship of stringed instruments.
The earliest documentary evidence for a violin is in the records of the treasury of Savoy, which paid for "trompettes et vyollons de Verceil", that is to say, "trumpets and violins from Vercelli", the town where Ferrari painted his Madonna of the Orange Tree. The first extant written use of the Italian term violino occurs in 1538, when "violini Milanese" (Milanese violinists) were brought to Nice when negotiating the conclusion of a war.[4]
The violin quickly became very popular, both among street-musicians and the nobility, which is illustrated by the fact that Charles IX of France commissioned an extensive range of string instruments in the second half of the 16th century.[5]
The oldest confirmed surviving violin, dated inside, is the "Charles IX" by Andrea Amati, made in Cremona in 1564, but the label is very doubtful. The Metropolitan Museum of Art has an Amati violin that may be even older, possibly dating to 1558 but just like the Charles IX the date is unconfirmed.[6] One of the most famous and certainly the most pristine is the Messiah Stradivarius (also known as the 'Salabue') made by Antonio Stradivari in 1716 and very little played, perhaps almost never and in an as new state. It is now located in the Ashmolean Museum of Oxford.
Early makers[edit]
Instruments of approximately 300 years of age, especially those made by Stradivari and Guarneri del Gesù, are the most sought after instruments (for both collectors and performers). In addition to the skill and reputation of the maker, an instrument's age can also influence both price and quality.
The most famous violin makers, between the early 16th century and the 18th century included:
Micheli family of Italian violin makers, Zanetto Micheli 1490 - 1560, Pellegrino Micheli 1520 - 1607, Giovanni Micheli 1562 - 1616, Francesco Micheli 1579 - 1615, and the brother in law Battista Doneda 1529 - 1610
Bertolotti da Salò (Gasparo da Salò) family of Italian violin and double bass players and makers: Francesco 1513 - 1563 and Agostino 1510 - 1584 Bertolotti, Gasparo Bertolotti 1540 - 1609 called Gasparo da Salò
Giovanni Paolo Maggini 1580 - 1630 pupil of Gasparo da Salò
Amati family of Italian violin makers, Andrea Amati (1500–1577), Antonio Amati (1540–1607), Hieronymous Amati I (1561–1630), Nicolo Amati (1596–1684), Hieronymous Amati II (1649–1740)
Guarneri family of Italian violin makers, Andrea Guarneri (1626–1698), Pietro of Mantua (1655–1720), Giuseppe Giovanni Battista Guarneri (Joseph filius Andreae) (1666–1739), Pietro Guarneri (of Venice) (1695–1762), and Giuseppe Guarneri (del Gesu) (1698–1744)
Antonio Stradivari (1644–1737) of Cremona
Jacob Stainer (1617–1683) of Absam in Tyrol
An intricately carved 17th century (circa 1660) British Royal Family violin, on display in the Victoria and Albert Museum in London.
Transition from Baroque to modern form[edit]
Between the 16th and 19th centuries, several changes occurred, including:
The fingerboard was made a little longer to be able to play even the highest notes (in the 19th century).
The fingerboard was tilted a little more, to produce even more volume as larger and larger orchestras became popular.
Nearly all old instruments were modified, including lengthening of the neck by one centimeter, in response to the raising of pitch that occurred in the 19th century.
The bass bar of nearly all old instruments was made heavier to allow a greater string tension.
The classical luthiers "nailed" and glued the instrument necks to the upper block of the body before gluing on the soundboard, while later luthiers mortise the neck to the body after completely assembling the body.
The chinrest was invented in the early 19th century by Louis Spohr.
The results of these adjustments are instruments that are significantly different in sound and response from those that left the hands of their makers. Regardless, most violins nowadays are built superficially resembling the old instruments.
Trade violins[edit]
In the 19th and 20th centuries numerous violins were produced in France, Saxony and the Mittenwald in what is now Germany, in the Tyrol, now parts of Austria and Italy, and in Bohemia, now part of the Czech Republic. About seven million violin family instruments and basses, and far more bows, were shipped from Markneukirchen between 1880 and 1914. Many 19th and early 20th century instruments shipped from Saxony were in fact made in Bohemia, where the cost of living was less. While the French workshops in Mirecourt employed hundreds of workers, the Saxon/Bohemian instruments were made by a cottage industry of "mostly anonymous skilled laborers quickly turning out a simple, inexpensive product."[7]
Today this market also sees instruments coming from China, Romania, and Bulgaria.
Recent inventions[edit]
More recently, the Stroh violin used mechanical amplification similar to that of an unelectrified gramophone to boost sound volume. Some Stroh violins have a small "monitor" horn pointed at the player's ear, for audibility on a loud stage, where the main horn points at the audience. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries before electronic sound amplification became common, Stroh violins were used particularly in the recording studio. These violins with directional horns better suited the demands of the early recording industry's technology than the traditional violin. Stroh was not the only person who made instruments of this class. Over twenty different inventions appear in the Patent books up to 1949. Often mistaken for Stroh and interchangeably known as being Stroh-viols, phono-fiddles, horn-violins or trumpet-violins, these other instruments have slipped into comparative obscurity.
The history of the electric violin spans the entire 20th century. The success of electrical amplification, recording and playback devices brought an end to the use of the Stroh violin in broadcast and recording. Acoustic-electric violins have a hollow body with soundholes, and may be played with or without amplification. Solid-body electric violins produce very little sound on their own, and require the use of an electronic sound reinforcement system, which usually includes equalization and may also apply sonic effects.
Electric violins may have four strings, or as many as seven strings. Since the strength of materials imposes limits on the upper string, it is usually tuned to E5, with additional strings tuned in fifths below the usual G3 of a typical four-string violin. The five-string electric violin shown in the gallery below was built by John Jordan in the early 21st century, and is tuned C G D A E.
Stroh Violin
Electric 5-string violin
See also[edit]
Luthier
Ravanahatha
Sources[edit]
Boyden, David The History of Violin Playing from its origins to 1761. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1965. ISBN 0-19-316315-2.
Further reading[edit]
Schoenbaum, David, The Violin: A Social History of the World's Most Versatile Instrument, New York, New York : W.W. Norton & Company, December 2012. ISBN 9780393084405
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Margaret J. Kartomi: On Concepts and Classifications of Musical Instruments. Chicago Studies in Ethnomusicology, University of Chicago Press, 1990
Jump up ^ stringed instrument. (2009). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved March 14, 2009, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/569200/stringed-instrument (Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009)
Jump up ^ Boyden, p. 6-8
Jump up ^ Boyden, p.21-28
Jump up ^ Violin - History and Repertory to 1600 - (v) Authenticity and Surviving instruments, Grove Music Online, Accessed 14 November 2006. (subscription required)
Jump up ^ "Andrea Amati: Violin (1999.26)". Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 2008-11-17.
Jump up ^ Ward, Richard (2005). "The Mystery of Origin". Strings Magazine. String Letter Publishing, Inc. (Oct): 73–79. ISSN 0888-3106.
[hide]
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Violin family
Instruments
Violin
Viola
Cello
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Violin range
Kit violin
Five string violin
Violino piccolo
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Parts
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Violin physics
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This page was last edited on 1 April 2018, at 22:43.
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