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Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief
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This article is about the film. For the novel, see The Lightning Thief. For the series, see Percy Jackson & the Olympians.
Percy Jackson & the Olympians:
The Lightning Thief
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Chris Columbus
Produced by
Karen Rosenfelt
Chris Columbus
Michael Barnathan
Mark Radcliffe
Screenplay by
Craig Titley
Based on
The Lightning Thief
by Rick Riordan
Starring
Logan Lerman
Brandon T. Jackson
Alexandra Daddario
Jake Abel
Sean Bean
Pierce Brosnan
Steve Coogan
Rosario Dawson
Catherine Keener
Kevin McKidd
Joe Pantoliano
Uma Thurman
Music by
Christophe Beck
Cinematography
Stephen Goldblatt
Edited by
Peter Honess
Production
company
1492 Pictures
Sunswept Entertainment
Dune Entertainment
Distributed by
20th Century Fox
Release date
February 2, 2010 (2010-02-02) (Canada)
February 12, 2010 (2010-02-12) (United States)
Running time
119 minutes[1]
Country
United Kingdom[2]
Australia[2]
Canada
United States
Language
English
Budget
$95 million[3][4]
Box office
$227 million[4]
Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief (also known as Percy Jackson & the Lightning Thief) is a 2010 fantasy film directed by Chris Columbus. The film is loosely based on The Lightning Thief, the first novel in the Percy Jackson & the Olympians series by Rick Riordan. It stars Logan Lerman as Percy Jackson alongside an ensemble cast that includes Brandon T. Jackson, Alexandra Daddario, Jake Abel, Rosario Dawson, Steve Coogan, Uma Thurman, Catherine Keener, Kevin McKidd, Sean Bean and Pierce Brosnan. It was released to theaters on February 12, 2010 in the United States by 20th Century Fox.[5]
The film cost $95 million to make.[4] In its opening weekend in North America, it ranked number two at the box office, making $38.8 million.[6] The film, which received mixed reviews from critics, made $226,497,209 worldwide.[4] The film was released on June 29, 2010 on DVD[7] and Blu-ray.[8] A video game based on the film developed by Activision was released for Nintendo DS on February 11, 2010. A stand-alone sequel, Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters, was released on August 7, 2013.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Reception
4.1 Box office
4.2 Critical response
4.3 Awards and nominations
5 Soundtrack
6 Video game
7 Home media
8 Stand-alone sequel
9 References
10 External links
Plot[edit]
In New York City, Zeus and Poseidon meet at the top of the Empire State Building, where Zeus reveals that his master lightning bolt has been stolen and accuses Poseidon's demigod son, Percy Jackson, of the theft. Poseidon reminds him that Percy is unaware of his true identity, but Zeus declares that unless his master bolt is returned to Mount Olympus before the summer solstice, in two weeks' time, war will be waged between all the gods.
Percy is a 16-year-old boy who appears to his peers to be dyslexic and has a unique ability to stay underwater for a long time. While on a school field trip to the local museum, Percy is attacked by Alecto, a Fury disguised as his substitute English teacher, Mrs. Dodds who demands the lightning bolt. Percy's best friend, Grover Underwood, and his Latin teacher, Mr. Brunner— both of whom appear disabled— help Percy and scare off Alecto. Upon learning of Alecto's reason for the attack, Brunner gives Percy a pen, claiming that it is a powerful weapon, and has Grover take Percy and his mother Sally to Camp Half-Blood, leaving behind Sally's abusive husband, Gabe Ugliano. However, upon arriving at the camp, the three are attacked by the Minotaur, who appears to kill Sally, who is unable to enter the camp. Grover tells Percy to use the pen that he received from Brunner, and Percy discovers it is a sword. He uses his sword to fight the Minotaur, without initial success. Percy kills the Minotaur with his own horn, then faints from shock.
Three days later, Percy wakes up in the camp. He learns he is the son of Poseidon, Grover is a disguised Satyr and his junior protector and Brunner is the Centaur, Chiron, also initially disguised. Chiron suggests that Percy go to Mount Olympus to convince Zeus of his innocence. Percy begins training to use his demigod powers, which include water manipulation and using water to heal. He also meets other demigods, including Annabeth Chase, daughter of Athena; and Camp Leader Luke Castellan, son of Hermes. Percy is visited by a fiery apparition of his uncle Hades, who reveals that Sally is with him in the Underworld and that he will return her safely if Percy hands over the lightning bolt. Defying Chiron's orders, Percy decides to go to the Underworld believing if he can convince Hades of his innocence, Hades will release his mother, joined by Grover and Annabeth. They visit Luke, who gives them a map showing the location of three pearls belonging to Hades' wife, Persephone, which they can use to escape the Underworld. They are also given a pair of winged sneakers Luke stole from his father and a shield Luke describes as his favorite.
The trio heads out, locating the first pearl at an old garden center before they suddenly encounter Medusa, who tries to kill them until she is decapitated by Percy; they take her head with them for later use. They locate the second pearl in the Parthenon in Nashville; Percy uses the winged shoes to take it from a statue of Athena. However, they are then confronted by the Hydra, which Grover turns to stone using Medusa's head. The last pearl is located at the Lotus Casino in Las Vegas, where the three eat lotus flowers, which make them forget their reason for being there. They stay in the casino for five days until Poseidon speaks in Percy's mind, helping Percy return to his senses. Percy frees Grover and Annabeth from the effects of the flowers and they flee, discovering that the casino is run by the Lotus-Eaters, and they had been keeping people captive since ancient times. With all three pearls, Percy, Grover, and Annabeth head into the Underworld, the portal to which is located in Hollywood.
In the Underworld, they meet Hades and Persephone. Though Percy tells Hades that he does not have the lightning bolt, Hades finds it hidden inside Luke's shield, revealing that Luke is the lightning thief. Persephone knocks Hades unconscious with the lightning bolt to get her revenge on him for imprisoning her for all eternity and hands the bolt to Percy. However, because they only have three pearls, Grover remains with Persephone to allow Percy's mother to leave. Percy, Annabeth, and Sally teleport to the Empire State Building but are attacked by Luke, who wants to destroy Mount Olympus to secure the demigods' place as the new rulers of Western Civilization. After a fight across Manhattan, Percy defeats and apparently kills Luke and returns the lightning bolt to Zeus, who forgives Percy and allows Poseidon to briefly speak with his son. The film ends with Percy and Annabeth reuniting with Grover, furloughed from Hades and sporting a new pair of small horns that designate his promotion to Percy's senior protector. Percy and Annabeth are reunited, and they nearly kiss but Annabeth tricks Percy and they continue to train.
In the post-credits scene, Ugliano is kicked out of the apartment by Sally. He decides to get a beer on his way out, but finds a note from Percy saying that he should not open the refrigerator. He breaks the lock anyway and is turned to stone and killed by Medusa's head inside, on a serving plate. One of her snakes blurs the screen, revealing the movie's end. The sound of Ugliano turning to stone is heard while the screen is black.
Cast[edit]
See also: List of Percy Jackson & the Olympians cast members
Logan Lerman plays the titular character.
Logan Lerman as Percy Jackson, the demigod son of Poseidon[9]
Brandon T. Jackson as Grover Underwood, Percy's protector, a satyr[9]
Alexandra Daddario as Annabeth Chase, the demigod daughter of Athena, and Percy's romantic foil[10]
Jake Abel as Luke Castellan, the demigod son of Hermes
Sean Bean as Zeus, god of the sky, thunder, lightning, king of the twelve gods of Mount Olympus and brother of Poseidon and Hades. He blames Percy for stealing his bolt.
Kevin McKidd as Poseidon, Percy's father, god of the seas, earthquakes, horses and brother of Zeus and Hades[11]
Steve Coogan as Hades, god of the Underworld, the dead, riches and brother of Zeus and Poseidon[12]
Melina Kanakaredes as Athena, Annabeth's mother, goddess of crafts, domestic arts, strategic warfare, peace and wisdom[11]
Rosario Dawson as Persephone, goddess of springtime and wife of Hades[12]
Dylan Neal as Hermes, Luke's father, god of trade, thieves, travelers, sports, athletes, and messenger of the gods of Mount Olympus.
Erica Cerra as Hera, goddess of birth, family, marriage, women and queen of the twelve gods of Mount Olympus, sister and wife of Zeus
Stefanie von Pfetten as Demeter, goddess of agriculture, fertility, and the harvest, sister of Zeus and mother of Persephone
Dimitri Lekkos as Apollo, god of the sun, light, knowledge, healing, plague and darkness, the arts, music, poetry, prophecy, archery, and twin brother of Artemis
Ona Grauer as Artemis, goddess of the hunt, virginity, the moon, and all animals, and twin sister of Apollo
Serinda Swan as Aphrodite, goddess of love, beauty, wife of Hephaestus and lover of Ares
Conrad Coates as Hephaestus, god of fire, forge, blacksmiths, craftsmen and husband of Aphrodite
Ray Winstone as Ares, god of war, lover of Aphrodite (uncredited)[citation needed]
Luke Camilleri as Dionysus, god of wine, celebrations, ecstasy, and theatre
Uma Thurman as Medusa, a gorgon cursed by Athena[11]
Pierce Brosnan as Chiron, also known as Mr. Brunner, a centaur who trains heroes at Camp Half-Blood, the immortal son of Kronos and brother of Zeus, Poseidon, Hades, Demeter, and Hera
Maria Olsen as Mrs. Dodds / Alecto, a Fury, servant to Hades
Julian Richings as Charon, ferryman of the River Styx, servant to Hades
Catherine Keener as Sally Jackson, Percy's mother[13]
Joe Pantoliano as Gabe Ugliano, Percy's stepfather
Production[edit]
Chris Columbus is the film's director and producer.
In June 2004, 20th Century Fox acquired feature film rights to the book.[14] In April 2007, director Chris Columbus was hired to helm the project.[15] Filming began in April 2009 in Vancouver.[11] Portions of the film were shot at the Parthenon in Nashville, Tennessee, that has a full-scale replica of the original Parthenon in Athens.[16] Filming wrapped up on the morning of July 25, 2009, in Mission, British Columbia. Additional exterior scenes were filmed on location in Brooklyn, New York during the first week of August 2009.[17] Digital intermediate work began in San Francisco in November 2009.[18] Christophe Beck composed the score.[19] Columbus has stated that the cast was chosen specifically with sequels in mind. "I think with Percy Jackson it was a matter of finding the right cast to fit into these roles, sort of the perfect cast for these roles, because hopefully, God willing, we will go on to do other Percy Jackson films and you want the cast to grow with their characters".[20]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
The film opened on February 12, 2010, in 3,356 theaters; its opening weekend box-office results totaled $31,236,067[4] in the U.S., finishing at #3 below The Wolfman, which opened at #2 with $31,479,235 and below Valentine's Day, which opened at #1 with $56,260,707.[21] The film had a strong opening weekend for its genre, posting the highest opening weekend for a fantasy film not from the Harry Potter, Chronicles of Narnia, or Lord of the Rings series.[22] As of September 14, 2010, it grossed a domestic total of $88,768,303 with $137,728,906 elsewhere in the world, bringing it to $226,497,209.[4]
Critical response[edit]
The film received mixed reviews from critics. It holds a 49% approval rating on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 142 collected reviews, with an average score of 5.3/10. The site's consensus reads: "Though it may seem like just another Harry Potter knockoff, Percy Jackson benefits from a strong supporting cast, a speedy plot, and plenty of fun with Greek mythology."[23] It also holds a Metacritic score of 47 out of 100, based on 31 sampled reviews, indicating "mixed to average reviews."[24] Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times described the film as "standard Hollywood product... unadventurous and uninteresting".[25] The reviewer for The Washington Post thought "the movie suffers by taking itself a little too seriously. It's not just that it's a lot less funny than the book. It's also a lot less fun".[26] On BBC Radio 5, Mark Kermode criticized the similarity of the film to director Chris Columbus's Harry Potter films, likening it to a Harry Potter parody book and dubbing it Benjamin Sniddlegrass and the Cauldron of Penguins.[27] This comment later sparked a satirical fan creation with precisely that title, narrated by Stephen Fry.[28]
Awards and nominations[edit]
Award
Category/Recipient(s)
Result
References
2010 MTV Movie Awards Breakthrough Performance
Logan Lerman
Nominated [29]
Best Fight
Logan Lerman vs. Jake Abel
Nominated
Teen Choice Awards 2010 Choice Movie Actress: Fantasy
Rosario Dawson
Nominated [30][31]
Choice: Breakout Female
Alexandra Daddario
Nominated
Choice: Breakout Male
Logan Lerman
Nominated
Choice: Fight
Logan Lerman vs. Jake Abel
Nominated
37th Saturn Awards Best Performance by a Younger Actor
Logan Lerman
Nominated [32]
2010 Scream Awards Best Cameo
"Rosario Dawson"
Nominated [33]
Soundtrack[edit]
Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief
Soundtrack album by Christophe Beck
Released
February 9, 2010 (2010-02-09)
Genre
Soundtrack
Length
59:07
Label
ABKCO Records
All music composed by Christophe Beck.
No.
Title
Length
1. "Prelude" 2:29
2. "The Minotaur" 5:09
3. "Chiron" 2:02
4. "Victory" 1:32
5. "The Fury" 2:16
6. "Dyslexia" 1:02
7. "The Hydra" 6:54
8. "Medusa" 2:43
9. "Son of Poseidon" 1:57
10. "The Parthenon" 3:42
11. "Hollywood" 2:32
12. "Lost Souls" 2:35
13. "Fighting Luke, Part 1" 3:54
14. "Fighting Luke, Part 2" 2:47
15. "Hades" 2:47
16. "Mount Olympus" 1:27
17. "Poseidon" 3:07
18. "Homecoming" 3:06
19. "End Credits" 7:12
Songs featured in the film that were not included in the soundtrack:
No.
Title
Music
Length
1. "Highway to Hell" AC/DC 3:28
2. "I'll Pretend" Dwight Yoakam 2:22
3. "A Little Less Conversation" Elvis Presley 3:30
4. "Poker Face" Lady Gaga 3:58
5. "Mama Told Me (Not to Come)" Three Dog Night 2:58
6. "Tik Tok" Kesha 3:21
Video game[edit]
A video game based on the film developed by Activision was released for Nintendo DS on February 11, 2010.[34] GameZone's Michael Splechta gave it a 6/10, saying "Percy Jackson might not make a splash when it comes to movie tie-in games, but fans of turn-based combat might find some redeeming qualities in this otherwise bare-bones game."[35] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 based on reviews from critics, the game has a score of 56 (citing "mixed or average reviews") based on 6 reviews.[36]
Home media[edit]
The film was released on June 29, 2010 on DVD[7] and Blu-ray.[8] The movie itself charted at the top of the charts (DVD sales) with $13,985,047 in revenue in its first week.[37] As of October 2011, the movie had sold 2,087,368 DVDs with over $37 million in sales.[38]
Stand-alone sequel[edit]
Main article: Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters
In October 2011, 20th Century Fox announced a stand-alone sequel based on the second book, The Sea of Monsters.[39][40] The film was released on August 7, 2013.[41]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "PERCY JACKSON & THE LIGHTNING THIEF | British Board of Film Classification". Bbfc.co.uk. Retrieved 2017-04-29.
^ Jump up to: a b "Percy Jackson & The Olympians The Lightning Thief (2010) | BFI". Explore.bfi.org.uk. Retrieved 2017-04-29.
Jump up ^ "'Valentine's Day,' 'Percy Jackson' and 'Wolfman': The more they cost, the less they made". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Company. February 15, 2010. Retrieved February 16, 2010. The debut of "Percy Jackson" was good, but not great given its $95-million production budget funded by 20th Century Fox, Dune Entertainment and Ingenious Film Partners.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief at Box Office Mojo
Jump up ^ "Contact Information and FAQ:Rick Riordan". Retrieved 2010-01-22.
Jump up ^ Marshall, Rick (February 16, 2010). "What does the 'Percy Jackson' opening weekend mean for Logan Lerman's 'Spider-man' Chances?". Archived from the original on April 1, 2017. Retrieved October 14, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b ASIN B003HARV3Y, Percy Jackson & The Olympians: The Lightning Thief
^ Jump up to: a b ASIN B002ZG98J6, Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief [Blu-ray]
^ Jump up to: a b Siegel, Tatiana (March 2, 2009). "'Percy Jackson' finds lead actors". Variety. Archived from the original on May 15, 2009. Retrieved May 15, 2009.
Jump up ^ Fernandez, Jay A. (March 18, 2009). "'Lightning Thief' finds female lead". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved December 24, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Siegel, Tatiana (March 25, 2009). "Fox 2000 bulks up 'Percy Jackson'". Variety. Archived from the original on May 15, 2009. Retrieved May 15, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Hewitt, Chris (May 7, 2009). "Dawson And Coogan Join Percy Jackson". Empire. Archived from the original on May 15, 2009. Retrieved May 15, 2009.
Jump up ^ Kit, Borys (April 15, 2009). "Catherine Keener joins 'Percy Jackson' film". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on April 19, 2009. Retrieved May 15, 2009.
Jump up ^ Brodesser, Claude (June 23, 2004). "'Lightning Thief' strikes Maverick". Variety. Archived from the original on May 15, 2009. Retrieved May 15, 2009.
Jump up ^ Gilstrap, Peter (April 17, 2007). "Columbus struck by 'Lightning'". Variety. Archived from the original on May 15, 2009. Retrieved May 15, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Portions Of Movie To Be Shot At Parthenon". WSMV-TV. June 2, 2009. Archived from the original on June 25, 2009. Retrieved June 25, 2009.
Jump up ^ Chris Columbus, Joe Pantoliano And Logan Lerman On Location For "Percy Jackson & The Olympians: The Lightning Thief" - August 1, 2009. Wireimage. Retrieved October 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ Caranicas, Peter (October 20, 2009). "Goldblatt, Deakins follow similar path". Variety. Archived from the original on December 24, 2009. Retrieved December 24, 2009.
Jump up ^ Knowles, Harry (November 20, 2009). "New trailer for Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief hits..." Ain't It Cool News. Archived from the original on December 24, 2009. Retrieved December 24, 2009.
Jump up ^ Roberts, Sheila (February 8, 2009). "Exclusive Chris Columbus Interview". Roll Credits. Retrieved February 8, 2009.
Jump up ^ Valentine's Day (2010) - Daily Box Office Results - Box Office Mojo
Jump up ^ "Weekend Report: 'Valentine's Day' Massacres Presidents' Day Record". Box Office Mojo. 2010-02-16. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
Jump up ^ "Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief (2010)". Flixster. Retrieved February 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief". CBS Interactive Inc. Retrieved February 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ Turan, Kenneth (February 12, 2010). "Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief Review". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2010-02-12.
Jump up ^ "Critic Review for Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2010-02-12.
Jump up ^ Percy Jackson and the Lightning Thief reviewed by Mark Kermode on YouTube
Jump up ^ "Septemberfest". Mark Kermode and Simon Mayo's Film Reviews. BBC Radio 5 live. 17 September 2010. Retrieved 19 September 2010.
Jump up ^ MTV Movie Awards: When Twilight & Betty White Collide!
Jump up ^ "First Wave of "Teen Choice 2010" Nominees Announced". The Futon Critic. June 14, 2010. Retrieved June 15, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Winners of 'Teen Choice 2010' Awards Announced; Teens Cast More Than 85 Million Votes".
Jump up ^ 37th Annual Saturn Award Nominations
Jump up ^ 2010 Scream Awards#Best TV Show
Jump up ^ "Percy Jackson and the Olympians: The Lightning Thief for DS - Percy Jackson and the Olympians: The Lightning Thief Nintendo DS - Percy Jackson and the Olympians: The Lightning Thief DS Game". Gamespot.com. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
Jump up ^ Splechta, Michael. "Percy Jackson & The Olympians: The Lightning Thief Review". GameZone.com. Retrieved February 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Percy Jackson and the Olympians: The Lightning Thief Reviews, Ratings, Credits, and More at Metacritic". Metacritic. Retrieved July 18, 2013.
Jump up ^ "US DVD Sales Chart for Week Ending Jul 4, 2010".
Jump up ^ "Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief - DVD Sales".
Jump up ^ Weinstein, Joshua L. (October 12, 2011). "Fox Sets Valentines Day 2013 Release for Next 'Die Hard'". Reuters. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
Jump up ^ [citation needed]
Jump up ^ "Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters Moved up to August 7". comingsoon.net. 2013-04-06. Retrieved 2013-04-21.
External links[edit]
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Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief at Metacritic
Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief at Box Office Mojo
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Adventures in Babysitting (1987)
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Mrs. Doubtfire (1993)
Nine Months (1995)
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Toyota/Save Mart 350
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Toyota/Save Mart 350
Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series
Venue
Sonoma Raceway
Location
Sonoma, California, United States
Corporate sponsor
Toyota
Save Mart
First race
1989 (1989)
Distance
218.9 miles (352.3 km)
Laps
110 (Stage 1: 25
Stage 2: 25
Stage 3: 60)
Previous names
Banquet Frozen Foods 300 (1989–1991)
Save Mart 300K (1992)
Save Mart Supermarkets 300K (1993)
Save Mart Supermarkets 300 (1994–1997)
Save Mart/Kragen 350 (1998–2000)
Dodge/Save Mart 350 (2001–2006)
Most wins (driver)
Jeff Gordon (5)
Most wins (team)
Hendrick Motorsports (6)
Most wins (manufacturer)
Chevrolet (11)
Circuit information
Surface
Asphalt
Length
1.99 mi (3.20 km)
Turns
12
The Toyota/Save Mart 350 is a 218.9-mile (352.3 km) Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series event held annually at Sonoma Raceway at Sears Point in Sonoma, California, This race is one of two NASCAR Cup Series road course events (the other being Watkins Glen), the 220.5-mile (354.9 km) race.
The race joined the NASCAR circuit in 1989. It was added as a replacement for the Budweiser 400 at Riverside, which closed in 1988. The race has undergone several name and length changes since its inception. The NASCAR "West Series" held a combination race from 1989 to 1997 and has held a standalone race since 2006. Due to the track's unique layout, the race generates annual discussion, with media, fans, and participants both in favor and against racing this event. Due to its unique layout, "road course ringers" are common, a NASCAR term standing for drivers that appear on the NASCAR circuit only for the road course races.
Contents
[hide]
1 Race history
2 Gilligan's Island
3 Past winners
3.1 Notes
3.2 Multiple winners (drivers)
3.3 Multiple winners (teams)
3.4 Manufacturer wins
3.5 USAC stock car NorCal 200
4 Race summaries
5 Television broadcasters
6 References
7 External links
Race history[edit]
Jeff Gordon and Jimmie Johnson leading the field at the start of the 2005 race
From 1989–1997, NASCAR utilized the full 2.52 miles (4.06 km) road course, best known for sports car racing. Subtle changes to some of the turns accommodated the stock cars, and increased passing widths. Ricky Rudd won the inaugural Cup race at Sonoma.
Tony Stewart 2005 at Infineon
In the 1991 race Sonoma became famous. With 7 laps left in the race Mark Martin tried to pass Tommy Kendall, subbing for an injured Kyle Petty. The two made contact resulting in Martin crashing into the wall-of-tires on a pull-over site and Tommy Kendall cutting his tire. The lead went to Davey Allison. Then with 2 laps left the pole-sitter Ricky Rudd passed Allison for the lead but Allison spun out from contact in the final turn. Ricky Rudd led to the white flag and was contending to win the race, his second Sonoma victory, and to advance his championship points to the lead. However, as he came around to take the win Rudd was black-flagged just 3 feet from the finish line. Davey Allison was declared the winner of the race with Rudd's controversial penalty. Rudd finished in second spot.
The last Sonoma NASCAR race held at the previous road course passage was in 1997 on October 5 at a Truck series event. There Joe Ruttman won the race but controversy erupted when Rich Bickle blamed a loss of a top-ten finish on rookie Boris Said. Rich Bickle cut down Boris' tire and in reply Boris Said waited for Bickle to come back around and crashed him. NASCAR after a brief red flag for a massive crash in a wall of tires, disqualified Said and fined him $10,000 for his actions.
In 1998, the circuit for the NASCAR event was shorted from the full road course to a 1.95 miles (3.14 km) modified road course with the addition of the Chute from turn 4 to turn 7, bypassing turns 5 and 6.
In 2001 the Chute was modified to such that the NASCAR circuit measured 1.99 miles (3.20 km) long.
Gilligan's Island[edit]
From 1989 to 2001, the pit road could only accommodate 34 pit stalls. In the early years, some teams were required to share pit stalls while other teams were forced to pit inside the garage area. When cars dropped out of the race, their pit stalls were reassigned to cars who were sharing.
After a few years, a makeshift auxiliary pit road was constructed inside the hairpin (turn 11) nicknamed Gilligan's Island. Cars that had the nine slowest qualifying speeds were relegated to these pit stalls. Pitting in this area was considered an inconvenience and a competitive disadvantage, more so than even the disadvantages one would experience pitting on the backstretch at a short track at the time.
Since the length of the auxiliary pit road was significantly shorter than the main pit road, the cars that pitted there were held from 15–20 seconds to make up for the time that would have been spent if the cars had traveled the entire main pit road.[1]
Pitting on Gilligan's Island had several other inconveniences. The location (the staging area for drag races) was landlocked by the race course, and crew members were unable to leave once the race began. Teams sent only the primary pit crew to Gilligan's Island, and once they were there, they could not access the garage area or their transporters to collect spare parts/tools. The only repairs that could be made were routine tire changes and refueling, as well as only minor repairs. Other auxiliary pit crew members, who were not part of the main crew, were staged in the garage area, and would have to service the car if it required major repairs. If a team pitting on Gilligan's Island dropped out of the race, the crew was unable to pack up their supplies and prepare to leave (a common practice at other tracks) until the race was over.
Changes to the track in 2002 that included separation of the drag strip from the frontstretch, removal of the main drag strip grandstand, and the new control tower for road racing led to the pit road being expanded by extending pit road into the main straight and moving the pit exit up the hill past Turn 1, thereby expanding it to 43 cars, and Gilligan's Island was abandoned.
Past winners[edit]
Year
Date
No.
Driver
Team
Manufacturer
Race Distance
Race Time
Average Speed
(mph)
Report
Laps
Miles (km)
1989 June 11 26 Ricky Rudd King Racing Buick 74 186.48 (300.11) 2:27:03 76.088 Report
1990 June 10 27 Rusty Wallace Blue Max Racing Pontiac 74 186.48 (300.11) 2:41:35 69.245 Report
1991 June 9 28 Davey Allison Robert Yates Racing Ford 74 186.48 (300.11) 2:33:20 72.97 Report
1992 June 7 4 Ernie Irvan Morgan-McClure Motorsports Chevrolet 74 186.48 (300.11) 2:17:26 81.413 Report
1993 May 16 15 Geoffrey Bodine Bud Moore Engineering Ford 74 186.48 (300.11) 2:25:17 77.013 Report
1994 May 15 28 Ernie Irvan Robert Yates Racing Ford 74 186.48 (300.11) 2:24:27 77.458 Report
1995 May 7 3 Dale Earnhardt Richard Childress Racing Chevrolet 74 186.48 (300.11) 2:38:18 70.681 Report
1996 May 5 2 Rusty Wallace Penske Racing Ford 74 186.48 (300.11) 2:24:03 77.673 Report
1997 May 5 6 Mark Martin Roush Racing Ford 74 186.48 (300.11) 2:27:38 75.788 Report
1998 June 28 24 Jeff Gordon Hendrick Motorsports Chevrolet 112 218.288 (351.3) 3:00:56 72.387 Report
1999 June 27 24 Jeff Gordon Hendrick Motorsports Chevrolet 112 218.288 (351.3) 3:06:06 70.378 Report
2000 June 25 24 Jeff Gordon Hendrick Motorsports Chevrolet 112 222.88 (358.69) 2:46:14 78.789 Report
2001 June 24 20 Tony Stewart Joe Gibbs Racing Pontiac 112 224 (360.493) 2:57:06 75.889 Report
2002 June 23 28 Ricky Rudd Robert Yates Racing Ford 110 218.9 (352.285) 2:42:08 81.007 Report
2003 June 22 31 Robby Gordon Richard Childress Racing Chevrolet 110 218.9 (352.285) 2:57:55 73.821 Report
2004 June 27 24 Jeff Gordon Hendrick Motorsports Chevrolet 110 218.9 (352.285) 2:49:34 77.456 Report
2005 June 26 20 Tony Stewart Joe Gibbs Racing Chevrolet 110 218.9 (352.285) 3:00:18 72.845 Report
2006 June 25 24 Jeff Gordon Hendrick Motorsports Chevrolet 110 218.9 (352.285) 2:57:36 73.953 Report
2007 June 24 42 Juan Pablo Montoya Chip Ganassi Racing Dodge 110 218.9 (352.285) 2:56:11 74.547 Report
2008 June 22 18 Kyle Busch Joe Gibbs Racing Toyota 112* 222.88 (358.69) 2:54:56 76.445 Report
2009 June 21 9 Kasey Kahne Richard Petty Motorsports Dodge 113* 224.87 (361.893) 3:10:00 71.012 Report
2010 June 20 48 Jimmie Johnson Hendrick Motorsports Chevrolet 110 218.9 (352.285) 2:56:38 74.357 Report
2011 June 26 22 Kurt Busch Penske Racing Dodge 110 218.9 (352.285) 2:54:10 75.411 Report
2012 June 24 15 Clint Bowyer Michael Waltrip Racing Toyota 112* 222.88 (358.69) 2:39:55 83.624 Report
2013 June 23 56 Martin Truex Jr. Michael Waltrip Racing Toyota 110 218.9 (352.285) 2:51:20 76.658 Report
2014 June 22 99 Carl Edwards Roush Fenway Racing Ford 110 218.9 (352.285) 2:51:30 76.583 Report
2015 June 28 18 Kyle Busch Joe Gibbs Racing Toyota 110 218.9 (352.285) 2:55:39 74.774 Report
2016 June 26 14 Tony Stewart Stewart-Haas Racing Chevrolet 110 218.9 (352.285) 2:42:13 80.966 Report
2017 June 25 4 Kevin Harvick Stewart-Haas Racing Ford 110 218.9 (352.285) 2:46:52 78.71 Report
Notes[edit]
2008, 2009, and 2012: Race extended due to a NASCAR Overtime finish.
Track length notes
1989–1997: 2.52 mile course
1998–1999: 1.949 mile course
2000, 2002–present: 1.99 mile course
2001: 2 mile course
Multiple winners (drivers)[edit]
# Wins
Driver
Years Won
5
Jeff Gordon 1998, 1999, 2000, 2004, 2006
3
Tony Stewart 2001, 2005, 2016
2
Ernie Irvan 1992, 1994
Rusty Wallace 1990, 1996
Ricky Rudd 1989, 2002
Kyle Busch 2008, 2015
Multiple winners (teams)[edit]
# Wins
Team
Years Won
6
Hendrick Motorsports 1998, 1999, 2000, 2004, 2006, 2010
4
Joe Gibbs Racing 2001, 2005, 2008, 2015
3
Robert Yates Racing 1991, 1994, 2002
2
Richard Childress Racing 1995, 2003
Penske Racing 1996, 2011
Michael Waltrip Racing 2012, 2013
Roush Fenway Racing 1997, 2014
Stewart-Haas Racing 2016, 2017
Manufacturer wins[edit]
# Wins
Manufacturer
Years Won
11
Chevrolet 1992, 1995, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2010, 2016
8
Ford 1991, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997, 2002, 2014, 2017
4
Toyota 2008, 2012, 2013, 2015
3
Dodge 2007, 2009, 2011
2
Pontiac 1990, 2001
USAC stock car NorCal 200[edit]
1970 Roger McCluskey
Race summaries[edit]
1989: Ricky Rudd won the inaugural race under King Racing which proved to be his only victory of 1989.
1990: Rusty Wallace in his new No. 27 car won the race at Sonoma after Mark Martin got loose with 3 laps left.
1991: After Mark Martin and Tommy Kendall clashed, Davey Allison took the lead in a huge margin against Ricky Rudd. Ricky Rudd nonetheless caught up and in the final turn with 2 laps left, he spun Allison around. Allison contended second after turning a 180 to hold on to second spot. Ricky Rudd led the final lap and in the final turn he waved to his pit crew and gave the victory fist but was instead shown a black-flag at the last second. His furious pit crew retorted to NASCAR that it was plain racing but nonetheless Rudd was disqualified from his victory and put in second place behind the eventual winner Davey Allison.
1992: Ernie Irvan who was black-flagged and given a stop-and-go penalty after the start of the race for jumping the start, wowed the fans by pulling up to the lead in the final laps to hold off Terry Labonte for the victory.
1993: Ernie Irvan dominated but in the final 3 laps he was passed by NASCAR veteran and popular driver, Geoffrey Bodine who held him off to win the race.
1994: Ernie Irvan dominated again and went on to win his second victory at Sonoma.
1995: Dale Earnhardt dominated the race and held off close friend and rival Mark Martin to take the victory. This victory at Sonoma put Earnhardt in the lead of the championship standings which gave him popularity at Sonoma. It was Earnhardt's much sought after, first ever (and only), Cup Series win on a road course.
1996: Again Mark Martin dominated but suffered heartbreak to a fierce rival Rusty Wallace when Wallace passed Martin on a final restart to win the race.
1997: Mark Martin dominated and won the race after Jeff Gordon got loose in the final 5 laps.
1998: Jeff Gordon started on the front row, dominated nearly the entire race and won his first Sonoma victory.
1999: Jeff Gordon again started on front row and won after domination.
2000: Jeff Gordon started in 5th place which caused the fans to think his hopes of victory would not work. However Gordon rushed up to the top spot on a first restart and dominated to win the race for a third consecutive time.
2001: Jeff Gordon won the pole and led the early portions of the race. After pitting, Canadian road ringer Ron Fellows led the most laps of the race, leading over 20 laps. However Fellows lost his shot at the win through an untimely yellow with less than 57 laps to go. The final 30 laps found Robby Gordon (The two Gordons are not related) dominating. Robby Gordon had been fired from his team in spring 2001 and was racing only on rare occasions. R. Gordon hoped to win in order to find a new ride. After Gordon spent too much time battling a lapped Kevin Harvick to keep Harvick a lap down, Tony Stewart got by Robby Gordon for the lead and stole away the victory.
2002: Jeff Gordon dominated but under a final caution he pitted and Jerry Nadeau took the lead by not pitting with 19 laps to go. Jerry Nadeau led 22 laps driving for Petty Enterprises. With 2 laps to go his car engine blew and he stalled in a pullover-site to avoid causing a caution. Ricky Rudd crossed the finish line first and this time he got to keep his victory, and it was also be his final Cup win of his career. Jerry Nadeau finished 34th after another near-miss in less than 9 months (Nadeau ran out of gas on the final lap of the 2001 NAPA 500 at Atlanta).
2003: Robby Gordon ended Jeff Gordon's domination streak by dominating the race in his No. 31 team he was given in 2001. On lap 43, Robby Gordon and his RCR teammate Kevin Harvick got loose racing side-by-side which nearly gave the win away to Ron Fellows. Fellows controlled the race from then until an untimely caution at lap 72 and losing any shot at winning with a spin with less than 20 laps left. Coming to the caution on lap 72, Robby Gordon passed Kevin Harvick in turn 11, violating a non-written gentlemen agreement to not pass under yellow. Robby Gordon went on to win.
2004: Jeff Gordon dominated again and won the race with help from his teammate/student driver Jimmie Johnson who had pushed him on a late restart. The win was overshadowed by an altercation between Tony Stewart and Brian Vickers. Tony Stewart had retaliated against Brian Vickers on lap 85 for prior contact and on pit road Tony Stewart smacked Vickers. For his part Tony Stewart was fined $50000 and put on probation for the rest of the year.
2005: Tony Stewart showed his skills at Sonoma and held off Sonoma favorite, Ricky Rudd to take his second Sonoma victory. Stewart later became the next person after Robby Gordon to win both road course races in one NSCS season. Road ringer Brian Simo drove in this race for Richard Childress Racing and recorded his only top-ten finish, finishing 10th.
2006: Jeff Gordon again amazed the audience by dominating and winning his 5th Sonoma race. The biggest highlight was Terry Labonte finishing 3rd in a new single-car team-the No. 96 for Hall of Fame Racing.
2007: Jamie McMurray won the pole position and Robby Gordon led the most laps. However the final laps saw Jamie McMurray back on the lead. With 8 laps to go Jamie McMurray was passed by bitter rival; the cup rookie Juan Pablo Montoya. The final 10 laps both McMurray and Montoya were in fuel mileage drama and RCR driver Kevin Harvick (The Daytona 500 winner of 2007) who had enough fuel to make it; was gaining on them. McMurray later ran out of gas in turn one with 3 laps to go and slowed down giving up second place and ending up 37th because he ran out of gas just past pit road. Montoya never gave up his lead and amazed the racing world by stretching off his fuel crisis to win the race. RCR finished an amazing 3 in a row with Harvick in second place, Jeff Burton in third, and Clint Bowyer in fourth place.
2008: Kyle Busch started a road course sweep in 2008 by winning at Sonoma for his first road course victory. He later became the next person after Tony Stewart to sweep both road course races with victory. Marcos Ambrose had his first NSCS start in this race and had contention to win but crashed with Elliott Sadler with 25 laps left. David Gilliland matched his best career finish, finishing second behind Busch.
2009: Kasey Kahne dominated the race and held off Tony Stewart and Marcos Ambrose for his first road course victory in NASCAR.
2010: Due to fuel concerns, leader Marcos Ambrose stopped in turn 1 during a late caution. He drove back to the lead but was discovered to have violated the rule of maintaining speed under caution causing him to be reset by NASCAR in 7th costing him a shot at his first Cup victory; he finished 6th. Jimmie Johnson nabbed the lead thanks to the debacle and scored his first career road course win. As a result of his loss Ambrose announced his decision to leave JTG-Daughtery Racing after 2010 to race under the renamed Petty Enterprises; Richard Petty Motorsports. Boris Said had his first top-ten finish since 2007's Sonoma race, finishing 8th in the new Latitude 43 Motorsports car.
2011: In one of the most action-filled races of the event, after a repeat of history from 2004; a vicious fight between Tony Stewart and Brian Vickers (in which Vickers' retaliation on Smoke saw the number 14 propped on the tire wall at the hairpin), Kurt Busch dominated and won his first road course victory leading 76 laps in total.
2012: Clint Bowyer dominated the race and won his first road course victory and one of Michael Waltrip Racing's first biggest victories in their career. It was also the first victory on a road course for MWR. This victory and a few others in 2012 showed that Bowyer would be a contender for victory even though he left legendary RCR to an underrated MWR team. Phoenix Racing had its greatest NSCS finish since its first win in 2009 at Talladega, with Kurt Busch the defending race winner who ended up in third place for his first top five of 2012's NASCAR season. Kurt almost got second but Tony slipped by Kurt on the final lap for second place his first top five since his 2011 fall Dover win.
2013: Marcos Ambrose led the first quarter against pole sitter Jamie McMurray. After pit stops and penalties for other drivers, Martin Truex Jr. went up front. Eventually the lead was traded with Juan Pablo Montoya, among other drivers. With 22 laps left, Martin Truex Jr. went back up front and held off Jeff Gordon to win his second NSCS win and his first since Dover in 2007. While Truex celebrated an emotional victory MWR got two in a row owner wins at Sonoma, and Kurt Busch was praised by the drivers for recovering from two speeding penalties to finish in the top five. Drivers such as Ron Fellows, Boris Said and Jacques Villeneuve returned to NASCAR to race at Sonoma.
2014: AJ Allmendinger led the most laps of 35 and appeared to probably have a sure victory in his hand. He was driving the No. 47 car which nearly won the 2010 race. However he got tapped from behind by Dale Earnhardt Jr. which put him out of chances of a win. Carl Edwards ended up going on to win the race against Jeff Gordon who finished second for the second consecutive time. Boris Said and Tomy Drissi were the only road ringers who raced in this event.
2015: The race was aired on FS1 for the first time after eight years on TNT, AJ Allmendinger won the pole. Kurt Busch and Jimmie Johnson both dominated the race. With 5 laps to go, Kyle Busch, driving while recovering from a broken leg from the Xfinity series event at Daytona, drove past Johnson and pulled away from brother Kurt. Kurt was unable to close the gap and Kyle won, the first 1–2 finish for the Busch brothers. Boris Said was the only road course ringer in the event.
2016: Carl Edwards put his car on pole and led the early laps. Allmendinger, who started second, ran up front for most of the first 40 laps, leading 20 of the first 40 laps. However, a pit road penalty for an uncontrolled tire, cost Allmendinger his shot at victory. Denny Hamlin led the midpoint of the race while Tony Stewart anticipated a caution and pitted with less than 30 laps to go. Tony's pit stop paid off as the caution came out just after he pitted and he went up front to lead the final 20 laps and hold off a hard-charging Hamlin for the win, ending a 3-year winless streak. The only road course ringer in the race was semi-retired Patrick Carpentier who was driving the #32 Can-Am car. It would be one of the most popular wins of 2016 as it was Stewart's final year of NASCAR competition as a driver, as it became his 49th and final win.
2017: For the first time since 2014, the field involved multiple road course ringers such as Billy Johnson, Kevin O'Connell, Alon Day, Tommy Regan, Boris Said, and Josh Bilicki. The race was primarily a duel between guys such as Martin Truex Jr., Kevin Harvick, Brad Keselowski, Jimmie Johnson, Kyle Busch and Denny Hamlin, with Truex leading the most laps. After Truex's engine blew up on lap 86 while leading the race, the lead went to Kevin Harvick who led the final 22 laps to win the race over teammate Clint Bowyer.
Television broadcasters[edit]
Televised rights were first handled by ESPN from the race outset in 1989 through 2000. The 1998 race started on ESPN2 because a golf tournament, which aired before the race, was in a playoff. Fox held broadcast rights between 2001–2006. TNT broadcast the race from 2007–2014. In 2015, the race will return to Fox Sports. With the final schedule being revealed on August 26, it was announced that the race will be shown on Fox Sports 1, in 2016, the race will air on Fox, the first time aired since 2006. Maxim magazine ranked this race as one of their top ten annual NASCAR Cup Series races.[2]
Year
Network
Lap-by-lap
Color commentator(s)
1989 ESPN Bob Jenkins Benny Parsons
Ned Jarrett[a]
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998 ESPN2
ESPN
1999 ESPN
2000
2001 Fox Mike Joy Darrell Waltrip
Larry McReynolds[b]
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007 TNT Bill Weber Wally Dallenbach
Kyle Petty[c]
2008
2009
2010 Adam Alexander
2011
2012
2013[3]
2014
2015 FS1 Mike Joy Darrell Waltrip
Larry McReynolds
2016 Darrell Waltrip
Jeff Gordon
2017
Jump up ^ From 1991–1996, ESPN put Benny Parsons and Ned Jarrett anywhere around the track: in 1991, Parsons was at turn 1 and Jarrett at turn 7, but from 1992–1995, Parsons was moved to turn 11 while Jarrett was kept at turn 7; from 1996–2000, Parsons and Jarrett were in the commentary box joining Bob Jenkins.
Jump up ^ In 2004, John Lasseter appeared in the Broadcast Booth For the Sonoma Race.
Jump up ^ In 2007 Kyle Petty did double jobs driving and commentary for TNT joining Wally Dallenbach and Bill Weber.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Jayski's Sears Point/Sonoma Raceway Past News". Retrieved 2002. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
Jump up ^ NASCAR's Best Races
Jump up ^ "TNT to Provide "All-Access" Pass to 2013 NASCAR Summer Series". Turner Sports. 2013-05-30. Retrieved 2013-05-31.
External links[edit]
NASCAR Commentators Crews and Networks
Ratings/Viewership For Toyota/Save Mart 350 Since '99

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Buddhist councils
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The First Buddhist council
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Lists and numbering of Buddhist councils vary between and even within schools. The numbering here is normal in Western writings.
Contents
[hide]
1 First Buddhist council (c. 400 BCE)
2 Second Buddhist council
3 Third council
4 Fourth Buddhist Councils
5 Theravada Buddhist council in 1871 (Fifth Buddhist Council)
6 Theravada Buddhist council in 1954 (Sixth Buddhist Council)
7 See also
8 References
9 Bibliography
First Buddhist council (c. 400 BCE)[edit]
Main article: First Buddhist council
According to the scriptures of all Buddhist schools, the first Buddhist Council was held soon after the death of the Buddha, dated by the majority of recent scholars around 400 BCE,[1] under the patronage of the king Ajatashatru with the monk Mahakasyapa presiding, at Sattapanni caves Rajgriha (now Rajgir). Its objective was to preserve the Buddha's sayings (suttas) and the monastic discipline or rules (Vinaya). The Suttas were recited by Ananda, and the Vinaya was recited by Upali. According to D.N. commentary's introduction, the Abhidhamma Pitaka, or its matika, and ancient commentary was also included. Also, the Sangha made the unanimous decision to keep all the rules of the Vinaya, even the lesser and the minor rules.
Scholars of Indian Buddhism have generally tended to dismiss this council as an actual historical event.[2]
The circumstances surrounding the First Buddhist Council are recorded in the Vinaya Pitaka of the early Buddhist schools. The text is called the Recitation of Five-Hundred (Pañcasatikakkhandhaka) because five hundred senior monks were chosen by the community to collect and clarify the Buddha's teachings.
Second Buddhist council[edit]
Main article: Second Buddhist council
The historical records for the so-called "Second Buddhist Council" derive primarily from the canonical Vinayas of various schools. In most cases, these accounts are found at the end of the Skandhaka portion of the Vinaya. While inevitably disagreeing on points of details, they nevertheless agree that the root dispute was points of vinaya or monastic discipline.
The Second Council resulted in the first schism in the Sangha. Modern scholars see this event as probably caused by a group of reformists called Sthaviras who split from the conservative majority Mahāsāṃghikas.[3] This view is supported by the vinaya texts themselves, as vinayas associated with the Sthaviras do contain more rules than those of the Mahāsāṃghika Vinaya.[4]
Virtually all scholars agree that this second council was a historical event.[5] There is no agreement however on the dating of the event or if it was pre or post Ashoka (304–232 BCE).[6]
Third council[edit]
Main article: Third Buddhist council
Asoka and Moggaliputta-Tissa at the Third Council, at the Nava Jetavana, Shravasti
In striking contrast to the uniform accounts of the Second Council, there are records of several possible "Third Councils". These different versions function to authorize the founding of one particular school or other.
According to the Theravāda commentaries and chronicles, the Third Buddhist Council was convened by the Mauryan king Ashoka at Pātaliputra (today's Patna), under the leadership of the monk Moggaliputta Tissa.[7] Its objective was to purify the Buddhist movement, particularly from opportunistic factions which had been attracted by the royal patronage. The king asked the suspect monks what the Buddha taught, and they claimed he taught views such as eternalism, etc., which are condemned in the canonical Brahmajala Sutta. He asked the virtuous monks, and they replied that the Buddha was a "Teacher of Analysis" (Vibhajjavādin), an answer that was confirmed by Moggaliputta Tissa.[8] The Council proceeded to recite the scriptures once more, adding to the canon Moggaliputta Tissa's own book, the Kathavatthu, a discussion of various dissenting Buddhist views now contained in the Theravāda Abhidhamma Pitaka. This council seems to have been the cause of the split between the Sarvastivada and the Vibhajjavāda schools.[9]
Also, emissaries were sent to various countries in order to spread Buddhism, as far as the Greek kingdoms in the West (in particular the neighboring Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, and possibly even farther according to the inscriptions left on stone pillars by Ashoka). According to Frauwallner (Frauwallner, 1956), several of these missionaries were responsible for founding schools in various parts of India: Majjhantika was the father of the Kasmiri Sarvastivādins; Yonaka Dhammarakkhita may have been the founder of the Dharmaguptaka school; Mahādeva, sent to the Mahisa country may have been the founder of the Mahisasakas; and several teachers travelled to the Himalayas where they founded the Haimavata school, including a certain Kassapagotta, who may be connected with the Kasyapiyas. Relics of some of the Haimavata monks have been excavated at Vedisa in central India.[10] The most famous of the missionaries, and the main focus of interest for these Theravada histories, is Mahinda, who travelled to Sri Lanka where he founded the school we now know as Theravada.
The Theravāda's own Dipavamsa records a quite different Council called the "Great Recital" (Mahāsangiti), which it claims was held by the reformed Vajjiputtakas following their defeat at the Second Council. The Dipavamsa criticizes the Mahasangitikas (who are the same as the Mahasanghikas) for rejecting various texts as non-canonical: the [Vinaya] Parivāra; the 6 books of the Abhidhamma; the Patisambhida; the Niddesa; part of the Jatakas; and some verses. (Dipavamsa 76, 82)
The Mahāsanghika, for their part, remember things differently: they allege, in the Sāriputraparipriccha that there was an attempt to unduly expand the old Vinaya. The Mahasanghikas' own vinaya gives essentially the same account of the Second Council as the others, i.e. they were on the same side.
An entirely different account of Mahāsanghika origins is found in the works of the Sarvāstivāda group of schools. Vasumitra tells of a dispute in Pātaliputra at the time of Ashoka over five heretical points: that an Arahant can have nocturnal emission; that he can have doubts; that he can be taught by another; that he can lack knowledge; and that the path can be aroused by crying "What suffering!". These same points are discussed and condemned in Moggaliputta Tissa's Kathavatthu, but there is no mention of this Council in Theravadin sources. The later Mahavibhasa develops this story into a lurid smear campaign against the Mahasanghika founder, who it identifies as "Mahadeva". This version of events emphasizes the purity of the Kasmiri Sarvastivadins, who are portrayed as descended from the arahants who fled persecution due to Mahadeva.
Fourth Buddhist Councils[edit]
Main article: Fourth Buddhist council
By the time of the Fourth Buddhist councils, Buddhism had long since splintered into different schools. The Theravada had a Fourth Buddhist Council in the first century BCE in Tambapanni, i.e. Sri Lanka, at Aloka Lena now Alu Vihara during the time of King Vattagamani-Abaya. However it should be clarified that an anonymous local chieftain had given patronage and not the king, since he was a firm follower of the Abayagir school (a Mahayana Sect.). In fact one of the main reasons for the Council was the cruel policy the king held against the Mahavihara Priests who were Theravadians who were once attacked at the Mahavihara Premises killing many and driving away the others. The temple was destroyed and in its place a Mahayana Temple was built. The other main reasons for the Council were the unstable political situation within the country due to constant invasions which lead the king himself to flee several times and also severe famine. It is said to have been devoted to committing the entire Pali Canon to writing, which had previously been preserved by memory. No mention had been made as to who led this Council, for which the approximate cause would have been the deteriorating status of Buddhism then, and the collective effort by the priesthood to preserve the religion in its purest form therefore not needing a leader(only the fact that the Mahavihara priesthood i.e. Theravada school took part in this recital and compilation had been mentioned).
Another Fourth Buddhist Council was held in the Sarvastivada tradition, said to have been convened by the Kushan emperor Kanishka, in 78 AD at Kundalban in Kashmir. It is said that Kanishka gathered five hundred Bhikkhus in Kashmir, headed by Vasumitra, to systematize the Sarvastivadin Abhidharma texts, which were translated from earlier Prakrit vernacular languages (such as Gandhari in Kharosthi script) into the classical language of Sanskrit. It is said that during the council three hundred thousand verses and over nine million statements were compiled, a process which took twelve years to complete. Although the Sarvastivada are no longer extant as an independent school, its traditions were inherited by the Mahayana tradition. The late Professor Etienne Lamotte, an eminent Buddhologist, held that Kanishka's Council was fictitious.[11] However, David Snellgrove, another eminent Buddhologist, considers the Theravada account of the Third Council and the Sarvastivada account of the Fourth Council "equally tendentious," illustrating the uncertain veracity of much of these histories.[12]
Theravada Buddhist council in 1871 (Fifth Buddhist Council)[edit]
Main article: Fifth Buddhist council
Another Buddhist Council, this time presided by Theravada monks took place in Mandalay, Burma, in 1871 in the reign of King Mindon. The chief objective of this meeting was to recite all the teachings of the Buddha and examine them in minute detail to see if any of them had been altered, distorted or dropped. It was presided over by three Elders, the Venerable Mahathera Jagarabhivamsa, the Venerable Narindabhidhaja, and the Venerable Mahathera Sumangalasami in the company of some two thousand four hundred monks (2,400). Their joint Dhamma recitation lasted for five months. It was also the work of this council to approve the entire Tripitaka inscribed for posterity on seven hundred and twenty-nine marble slabs in the Burmese script before its recitation.[13] This monumental task was done by the monks and many skilled craftsmen who upon completion of each slab had them housed in beautiful miniature 'pitaka' pagodas on a special site in the grounds of King Mindon's Kuthodaw Pagoda at the foot of Mandalay Hill where it and the so-called 'largest book in the world', stands to this day. This Council is not generally recognized outside Burma.[14]
Theravada Buddhist council in 1954 (Sixth Buddhist Council)[edit]
Main article: Sixth Buddhist council
The Sixth Buddhist Council
The Sixth Council was called at Kaba Aye in Yangon (formerly Rangoon) in 1954, 83 years after the fifth one was held in Mandalay. It was sponsored by the Burmese Government led by the then Prime Minister, the Honourable U Nu. He authorized the construction of the Maha Passana Guha, the "great cave", an artificial cave very much like India's Sattapanni Cave where the first Buddhist Council had been held. Upon its completion The Council met on 17 May 1954.
As in the case of the preceding councils, its first objective was to affirm and preserve the genuine Dhamma and Vinaya. However it was unique insofar as the monks who took part in it came from eight countries. These two thousand five hundred learned Theravada monks came from Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, India, and Nepal. Germany can only be counted as the nationality of the only two western monks in attendance: Venerable Nyanatiloka Mahathera and Venerable Nyanaponika Thera. They both were invited from Sri Lanka. The late Venerable Mahasi Sayadaw was appointed the noble task of asking the required questions about the Dhamma of the Venerable Bhadanta Vicittasarabhivamsa who answered all of them learnedly and satisfactorily. By the time this council met all the participating countries had had the Pali Tripiṭaka rendered into their native scripts, with the exception of India.[15]
The traditional recitation of the Buddhist Scriptures took two years and the Tripiṭaka and its allied literature in all the scripts were painstakingly examined and their differences noted down and the necessary corrections made and all the versions were then collated. It was found that there was not much difference in the content of any of the texts. Finally, after the Council had officially approved them, all of the books of the Tipitaka and their commentaries were prepared for printing on modern presses and published in the Burmese script. This notable achievement was made possible through the dedicated efforts of the two thousand five hundred monks and numerous lay people. Their work came to an end on the evening of Vesak, 24 May 1956, exactly two and a half millennia after Buddha's Parinibbana, according to the traditional Theravada dating.
See also[edit]
Buddhism portal
World Fellowship of Buddhists
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Prebish, Charles S. (2008), "Cooking the Buddhist Books: The Implications of the New Dating of the Buddha for the History of Early Indian Buddhism" (PDF), Journal of Buddhist Ethics 15, 1–21
Jump up ^ Berkwitz, Stephen C. South Asian Buddhism: A Survey, Routledge, 2012, page 43.
Jump up ^ Harvey, Peter (2013). An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices (2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pg. 88-90.
Jump up ^ Skilton, Andrew. A Concise History of Buddhism. 2004. p. 48
Jump up ^ "Buddhist council." Encyclopædia Britannica. Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2008.
Jump up ^ Bhikkhu Sujato. Sects & Sectarianism
Jump up ^ Berkwitz, Stephen C. South Asian Buddhism: A Survey, Routledge, 2012, page 44.
Jump up ^ Berkwitz, Stephen C. South Asian Buddhism: A Survey, Routledge, 2012, page 45.
Jump up ^ Berkwitz, Stephen C. South Asian Buddhism: A Survey, Routledge, 2012, page 45.
Jump up ^ M. Willis, "Buddhist Saints in Ancient Vedisa", Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 11 (2001): 219-28
Jump up ^ Teaching of Vimalakirti, Pali Text Society, page XCIII
Jump up ^ Indo-Tibetan Buddhism. Snellgrove, David. Shambhala. Boston:2003. pg. 46
Jump up ^ Bollée in Pratidanam (Kuiper Festschrift), pub Mouton, the Hague/Paris, 1968
Jump up ^ Mendelson, Sangha and State in Burma, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 1975, pages 276f
Jump up ^ http://pariyatti.org/FreeResources/Treasures/ChatthaSangayana/tabid/78/Default.aspx
Bibliography[edit]
Cousins, L. S. (2001). On the Vibhajjavadins. Buddhist Studies Review, 18 (2), 131-182.
Dutt, N. (1998). Buddhist Sects in India. New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
Frauwallner, E. (1956). The Earliest Vinaya and the Beginnings of Buddhist Literature.
Lamotte, E. (1976). History of Indian Buddhism. Paris: Peeters Press.
La Vallée Poussin, Louis de (1905). Les conciles bouddhiques, Louvain, J.B. Istas
La Vallée Poussin, Louis de (1976). The Buddhist Councils, Calcutt : K.P. Bagchi
Law, B. C. (1940, reprinted 1999). The Debates Commentary. Oxford: Pali Text Society.
Mukherjee, Biswadeb (1994). The Riddle of the First Buddhist Council - A Retrospection in Chung-Hwa Buddhist Journal, No.7, pp. 452~473, 1994
Prebish, J. N. (1977). Mahasamghika Origins. History of Religions, pp. 237–72.
Prebish, Charles S. (1974). "A Review of Scholarship on the Buddhist Councils"; Journal of Asian Studies 33 (2), 239-254
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