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Blood alcohol content
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Blood alcohol content
Medical diagnostics
Ethanol
LOINC
5639-0, 5640-8, 15120-9, 56478-1
[edit on Wikidata]
Blood alcohol content (BAC), also called blood alcohol concentration, blood ethanol concentration, or blood alcohol level, is most commonly used as a metric of alcohol intoxication for legal or medical purposes.
Blood alcohol concentration is usually expressed as a percentage of ethanol in the blood in units of mass of alcohol per volume of blood or mass of alcohol per mass of blood, depending on the country. For instance, in North America a BAC of 0.1 (0.1% or one tenth of one percent) means that there are 0.10 g of alcohol for every dL of blood.
Contents
[hide]
1 Effects by blood alcohol content
2 Estimated blood alcohol content by intake
3 Binge drinking
4 Units of measurement
5 Legal limits
5.1 Limits by country (BrAC: breath alcohol content)
5.2 Other limitation schemes
6 Test assumptions
7 Metabolism and excretion
7.1 Full stomachs
7.2 Carbonated beverages
7.3 Stress
7.4 Retrograde extrapolation
8 Highest recorded blood alcohol level/content
9 References
9.1 Notes
9.2 Bibliography
10 External links
Effects by blood alcohol content[edit]
See also: Short-term effects of alcohol
Progressive effects of alcohol[1]
BAC (% by vol.)
Behavior
Impairment
0.001–0.029
Average individual appears normal
Subtle effects that can be detected with special tests
0.030–0.059
Mild euphoria
Relaxation
Joyousness
Talkativeness
Decreased inhibition
Concentration
0.060–0.099
Blunted feelings
Reduced sensitivity to pain
Euphoria
Disinhibition
Extraversion
Reasoning
Depth perception
Peripheral vision
Glare recovery
0.100–0.199
Over-expression
Boisterousness
Possibility of nausea and vomiting
Reflexes
Reaction time
Gross motor control
Staggering
Slurred speech
Temporary erectile dysfunction
0.200–0.299
Nausea
Vomiting
Emotional swings
Anger or sadness
Partial loss of understanding
Impaired sensations
Decreased libido
Possibility of stupor
Severe motor impairment
Loss of consciousness
Memory blackout
0.300–0.399
Stupor
Central nervous system depression
Loss of understanding
Lapses in and out of consciousness
Low possibility of death
Bladder function
Breathing
Dysequilibrium
Heart rate
0.400–0.500
Severe central nervous system depression
Coma
Possibility of death
Breathing
Heart rate
Positional alcohol nystagmus
>0.50
High possibility of death
Estimated blood alcohol content by intake[edit]
Further information: Alcohol equivalence
To calculate estimated peak blood alcohol concentration (EBAC), a variation, including drinking period in hours, of the Widmark formula was used. The formula is:[2]
E B A C = ( 0.806 × S D × 1.2 B W × W t − M R ⋅ D P ) × 10 {\displaystyle EBAC=\left({\frac {0.806\times SD\times 1.2}{BW\times Wt}}-MR\cdot DP\right)\times 10}
where :
0.806 is a constant for body water in the blood (mean 80.6%),
SD is the number of standard drinks, that being 10 grams of ethanol each,
1.2 is a factor to convert the amount in grams to Swedish standards set by The Swedish National Institute of Public Health,
BW is a body water constant (0.58 for men and 0.49 for women),
Wt is body weight (kilogram),
MR is the metabolism constant (0.017) and
DP is the drinking period in hours.[2]
10 converts the result to permillage of alcohol
Regarding metabolism (MR) in the formula; Females demonstrated a higher average rate of elimination (mean, 0.017; range, 0.014–0.021 g/210 L) than males (mean, 0.015; range, 0.013–0.017 g/210 L). Female subjects on average had a higher percentage of body fat (mean, 26.0; range, 16.7–36.8%) than males (mean, 18.0; range, 10.2–25.3%).[3] Additionally, men are, on average, heavier than women but it is not strictly accurate to say that the water content of a person alone is responsible for the dissolution of alcohol within the body, because alcohol does dissolve in fatty tissue as well. When it does, a certain amount of alcohol is temporarily taken out of the blood and briefly stored in the fat. For this reason, most calculations of alcohol to body mass simply use the weight of the individual, and not specifically his/her water content. Finally, it is speculated that the bubbles in sparkling wine may speed up alcohol intoxication by helping the alcohol to reach the bloodstream faster. A study conducted at the University of Surrey in the United Kingdom gave subjects equal amounts of flat and sparkling wines which contained the same levels of alcohol. After 5 minutes following consumption, the group that had the sparkling wine had 54 milligrams of alcohol in their blood while the group that had the same sparkling wine, only flat, had 39 milligrams.[4]
Examples:
80 kg male drinking 3 standard drinks in two hours:
E B A C = ( 0.806 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 1.2 ) / ( 0.58 ⋅ 80 ) − ( 0.015 ⋅ 2 ) = 0.032534483 ≈ 0.033 g / d L {\displaystyle EBAC=(0.806\cdot 3\cdot 1.2)/(0.58\cdot 80)-(0.015\cdot 2)=0.032534483\approx 0.033g/dL}
70 kg woman drinking 2.5 standard drinks in two hours:
E B A C = ( 0.806 ⋅ 2.5 ⋅ 1.2 ) / ( 0.49 ⋅ 70 ) − ( 0.017 ⋅ 2 ) = 0.036495627 ≈ 0.036 g / d L {\displaystyle EBAC=(0.806\cdot 2.5\cdot 1.2)/(0.49\cdot 70)-(0.017\cdot 2)=0.036495627\approx 0.036g/dL}
Standard drink chart (U.S.)[5]
Alcohol
Amount (ml)
Amount (fl oz)
Serving size
Alcohol (% by vol.)
Alcohol
80 proof liquor 44 1.5 One shot 40 0.6 US fl oz (18 ml)
Table wine 148 5 One glass 12 0.6 US fl oz (18 ml)
Beer 355 12 One can/bottle 5 0.6 US fl oz (18 ml)
Note: This chart defines a drink as 14g of ethanol, while the formula defines a drink as 10g of ethanol.
Standard Drink Sizes (Australia)[6]
375ml can of light beer (2.7% alcohol) = 0.8 standard drinks
375ml can of mid-strength beer (3.5% alcohol) = 1 standard drink
375ml can of full strength beer (4.8% alcohol) = 1.4 standard drinks
100ml glass of wine (13.5% alcohol) = 1 standard drink
150ml glass of wine (13.5% alcohol) = 1.5 standard drinks
30ml shot of spirits (40% alcohol) = 0.95 standard drinks
440ml can of pre-mix spirits (approx. 5% alcohol) = 1.7 standard drinks
440ml can pre-mix spirits (approx. 7% alcohol) = 2.4 standard drinks
Male
Female
Approximate blood alcohol percentage (by vol.)[7]
One drink has 0.5 US fl oz (15 ml) alcohol by volume
Drinks
Body weight
40 kg
45 kg
55 kg
64 kg
73 kg
82 kg
91 kg
100 kg
109 kg
90 lb
100 lb
120 lb
140 lb
160 lb
180 lb
200 lb
220 lb
240 lb
1 –
0.05 0.04
0.05 0.03
0.04 0.03
0.03 0.02
0.03 0.02
0.03 0.02
0.02 0.02
0.02 0.02
0.02
2 –
0.10 0.08
0.09 0.06
0.08 0.05
0.07 0.05
0.06 0.04
0.05 0.04
0.05 0.03
0.04 0.03
0.04
3 –
0.15 0.11
0.14 0.09
0.11 0.08
0.10 0.07
0.09 0.06
0.08 0.06
0.07 0.05
0.06 0.05
0.06
4 –
0.20 0.15
0.18 0.12
0.15 0.11
0.13 0.09
0.11 0.08
0.10 0.08
0.09 0.07
0.08 0.06
0.08
5 –
0.25 0.19
0.23 0.16
0.19 0.13
0.16 0.12
0.14 0.11
0.13 0.09
0.11 0.09
0.10 0.08
0.09
6 –
0.30 0.23
0.27 0.19
0.23 0.16
0.19 0.14
0.17 0.13
0.15 0.11
0.14 0.10
0.12 0.09
0.11
7 –
0.35 0.26
0.32 0.22
0.27 0.19
0.23 0.16
0.20 0.15
0.18 0.13
0.16 0.12
0.14 0.11
0.13
8 –
0.40 0.30
0.36 0.25
0.30 0.21
0.26 0.19
0.23 0.17
0.20 0.15
0.18 0.14
0.17 0.13
0.15
9 –
0.45 0.34
0.41 0.28
0.34 0.24
0.29 0.21
0.26 0.19
0.23 0.17
0.20 0.15
0.19 0.14
0.17
10 –
0.51 0.38
0.45 0.31
0.38 0.27
0.32 0.23
0.28 0.21
0.25 0.19
0.23 0.17
0.21 0.16
0.19
Subtract approximately 0.01 every 40 minutes after drinking.
Binge drinking[edit]
See also: Binge drinking
The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) define the term "binge drinking" as a pattern of drinking that brings a person’s blood alcohol concentration (BAC) to 0.08 grams percent or above. This typically happens when men consume 5 or more drinks, and when women consume 4 or more drinks, in about 2 hours.[8]
Units of measurement[edit]
There are several different units in use around the world for defining blood alcohol concentration. Each is defined as either a mass of alcohol per volume of blood or a mass of alcohol per mass of blood (never a volume per volume). 1 milliliter of blood has a mass of approximately 1.06 grams. Because of this, units by volume are similar but not identical to units by mass. In the U.S. the concentration unit 1% w/v (percent mass/volume, equivalent to 10 g/l or 1 g per 100 ml) is in use.[9] This is not to be confused with the amount of alcohol measured on the breath, as with a breathalyzer. The amount of alcohol measured on the breath is generally accepted as proportional to the amount of alcohol present in the blood at a rate of 1:2100. Therefore, a breathalyzer measurement of 0.10 mg/L of breath alcohol converts to 0.0001×2100 g/10dL, or 0.021 g/dL of blood alcohol (the units of the BAC in the United States). While a variety of units (or sometimes lack thereof) is used throughout the world, many countries use the g/L unit, which does not create confusion as percentages do. Usual units are highlighted in the table below.
Reference
Unit
Dimensions
Equivalent to
Used in
BAC by volume 1 percent (%) 1/100 g/mL = 1 g/dL 9.43 mg/g, 217.4 mmol/L United States, Australia, Canada
1 permille (‰) 1/1000 g/mL = 1 g/L 0.943 mg/g, 21.7 mmol/L Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, France, Latvia, Lithuania, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey
1 basis point (‱) 1/10,000 g/mL = 10 mg/100 mL 94.3 ppm, 2.17 mmol/L United Kingdom
BAC by mass 1 percent (%) 1/100 g/g = 1 cg/g 1.06 cg/mL, 230 mmol/L
1 permille (‰) 1/1000 g/g = 1 mg/g 1.06 mg/mL, 23 mmol/L Finland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Ireland, Russian Federation
1 part per million (ppm) 1/1,000,000 g/g = 1 μg/g 1.06 μg/mL, 23 μmol/L
Legal limits[edit]
Further information: Drunk driving law by country
Map of Europe showing countries' blood alcohol limits as defined in g/dl for the general population.
For purposes of law enforcement, blood alcohol content is used to define intoxication and provides a rough measure of impairment. Although the degree of impairment may vary among individuals with the same blood alcohol content, it can be measured objectively and is therefore legally useful and difficult to contest in court. Most countries disallow operation of motor vehicles and heavy machinery above prescribed levels of blood alcohol content. Operation of boats and aircraft are also regulated.
The alcohol level at which a person is considered legally impaired varies by country. The list below gives limits by country. These are typically blood alcohol content limits for the operation of a vehicle.
Zero effective tolerance
It is illegal to have any measurable alcohol in the blood while driving in these countries. Most jurisdictions have a tolerance slightly higher than zero to account for false positives and naturally occurring alcohol in the body. Some of the following jurisdictions have a general prohibition of alcohol.
Australia—Learner drivers or those drivers with a Provisional/Probationary Licence
Bangladesh
Brazil
Brunei
Canada—new drivers undergoing graduated licensing in Ontario, British Columbia[10] and Newfoundland and Labrador; drivers under the age of 22 in Manitoba, New Brunswick, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Ontario,[11] Saskatchewan, Quebec and in Alberta receive a 30-day suspension and 7-day vehicle seizure.[12]
Colombia —Zero Alcohol Tolerance law is effective since December 2013 [13][14]
Czech Republic
Estonia
Fiji
Hungary
Israel—24 µg per 100 ml (0.024%) of breath (penalties only apply above 26 µg per 100 ml (0.026%) of breath due to lawsuits about sensitivity of devices used). New drivers, drivers under 24 years of age and commercial drivers 5 µg per 100 ml of breath.(0,005%) [15]
Italy—drivers under the age of 21
Japan—drivers under the age of 20 because of not reaching legal drinking age.
New Zealand—drivers under the age of 20 and convicted drivers required to gain a zero-limit license.
Nepal
Oman
Pakistan
Paraguay
Romania (beyond 0.08% drivers will not only receive a fine and have their license suspended, the offense will also be added to their criminal records.)
Russian Federation (0% introduced in 2010,[16] but discontinued in September 2013[17])
Saudi Arabia
Slovakia
Uruguay[18]
United Arab Emirates

0.02%
China
Netherlands (for drivers in their first five years after gaining a driving license)[19]
Norway (road vehicles and sea vessels over 15 m),[20] alternatively 0.1 mg/L of breath.
Poland
Puerto Rico [21]
Sweden
Ukraine
United States—drivers under the age of 21 may have up to 0.02%, on the federal level, however most states have Zero Tolerance laws emplaced.
0.03%
Belarus
Bosnia and Herzegovina (0.031%)
Chile
India (note: In the state of Kerala, a policy of zero tolerance has developed.)[22]
Serbia
Japan[23]
Russia (since September 2013[17])
0.04%
Lithuania (0.00% for car drivers in their first two years after gaining a driving license, motorcycle and truck drivers)
0.05%
Argentina (0.02% for motorbikes, 0.00% for truck, taxi, and bus drivers, 0.00% in the provinces of Cordoba and Salta)
Australia (0.00% for Australian Capital Territory learner, provisional and convicted DUI drivers (changed down from 0.02% on December 1, 2010), 0.02% for truck/bus/taxi, 0.00% for learner drivers, provisional/probationary drivers (regardless of age), truck and bus drivers, driving instructors and DUI drivers in all other states)
Austria – no limit for pedestrians; 0.08% for cycling; 0.05% generally for cars <7,5 t (driving licence B) and motorbikes (A); but 0,01% during learning (for driver and teacher or L17-assistant), during probation period (at least the first 2 years) or up to the age of 20 (A1, AM, L17, F), trucks (C >7,5 t), bus (D), drivers of taxi and public transport [24][25]
Belgium (also for cyclists)
Bulgaria
Canada: Alberta, British Columbia, Ontario, Manitoba, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick—provincial offence. Drivers have not committed a criminal offense, however a 3-day licence suspension and 3-day vehicle seizure occurs.
Costa Rica[26]
Croatia—professional drivers, driving instructors and drivers of the vehicle categories C1, C1+E, C, C+E, D, D+E and H; the limit for other drivers is 0.50 mg/g, but they do get an additional separate fine if they cause an accident while having a blood alcohol level between 0 and 0,50 mg/g [27]
Denmark
Finland
France (0.025% for bus drivers)[28]
Germany (0.0% for learner drivers, all drivers 18–21 and newly licensed drivers of any age for first two years of licence; also, if the BAC exceeds 0.03%, driving is illegal if the driver is showing changes in behavior ("Relative Fahruntüchtigkeit"))
Greece
Hong Kong
Iceland
Ireland (0.02% for learner drivers and professional drivers)[29]
Israel 24 µg per 100 ml (0.024%) of breath (penalties only apply above 26 µg per 100 ml (0.026%) of breath due to lawsuits about sensitivity of devices used). This is equivalent to a BAC of 0.05. New drivers, drivers under 24 years of age and commercial drivers 5 µg per 100 ml of breath. This is equivalent to a BAC of 0.01.[15]
Italy (0.00% for drivers in their first three years after gaining a driving license)
Latvia (0.02% for drivers in their first two years after gaining a driving license)
Luxembourg
Macedonia (0.00% for drivers in their first two years after gaining a driving license)
Netherlands (0.02% for drivers in their first five years after gaining a driving license)[19]
New Zealand
Peru
Philippines (0.00% for taxicab and public transport drivers)[30]
Portugal (0.02% for drivers holding a driver's licence for less than three years, professional drivers, and drivers of taxis, heavy vehicles, emergency vehicles, public transport of children and carrying dangerous goods).
Scotland
Slovenia (0.00% for drivers in their first two years after gaining a drivers licence, drivers under 21 and professional drivers, such as buses, trucks...)
South Africa
Spain (0.03% for drivers in their first two years after gaining a driving license and common carriers, such as buses, trucks...)
Switzerland (0.01% for drivers in their first three years after gaining a drivers licence and for driving instructors)[31]
Thailand
Taiwan (breath alcohol limit decreased from 0.25 to 0.15 from 13 June 2013)
Turkey
0.06%
The Bahamas[32]
0.07%
Honduras
0.08%
Canada[33] Quebec (provincial law)
England and Wales[34] (0.02% for operators of fixed-wing aircraft).
Malaysia (0.00 for Probationary Driving Licence holders)
Malta
Mexico
New Zealand Criminal offence
Norway (legal limit for sea vessels under 15 m)[35]
Northern Ireland (The government of Northern Ireland intends to reduce the general limit to 0.05%.[36])
Puerto Rico (for drivers 21 years and older)[21]
Singapore[37]
Trinidad and Tobago
United States—all states impose penalties for driving with a BAC of 0.08% or greater.[38] Even below those levels drivers can have civil liability and other criminal guilt (e.g., in Arizona driving impairment to any degree caused by alcohol consumption can be a civil or criminal offense in addition to other offenses at higher blood alcohol content levels). Drivers under 21 (the most common U.S. legal drinking age) are held to stricter standards under zero tolerance laws adopted in varying forms in all states: commonly 0.01% to 0.05%. See Alcohol laws of the United States by state. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration: 0.04% for drivers of a commercial vehicle requiring a commercial driver's license[39] and 0.01% for operators of common carriers, such as buses.[40]
0.1%
Cayman Islands
Limits by country (BrAC: breath alcohol content)[edit]
In certain countries, alcohol limits are determined by the breath alcohol content (BrAC), not to be confused with blood alcohol content (BAC).
In Greece, the BrAC limit is 250 microgrammes of alcohol per litre of breath. The limit in blood is 0.50 g/l. The BrAC limit for drivers in their first two years after gaining a driving license and common carriers are more restricted to 100 microgrammes per litre of breath.
BrAC 250–400 = €200 fine.
BrAC 400–600 = €700 fine, plus suspension of driving license for 90 days (introduced in 2007)[41]
BrAC >600 = 2 months imprisonment, plus suspension of driving license for 180 days, plus €1,200 fine
In Hong Kong, the BrAC limit is 220 microgrammes per litre of breath (as well as other defined limits)
In The Netherlands and Finland, the BrAC limit is 220 microgrammes of alcohol per litre of breath (μg/l, colloquially known as "Ugl").
In New Zealand, the BrAC limit is 250 microgrammes of alcohol per litre of breath for those aged 20 years or over, and zero (meaning illegal to have any measurable breath alcohol content) for those aged under 20 years.[42]
In Singapore, the BrAC limit is 350 microgrammes of alcohol per litre of breath.[37]
In Spain the BrAC limit is 250 microgrammes of alcohol per litre of breath and 150 microgrammes per litre of breath for drivers in their first two years after gaining a driving license and common carriers.
In England and Wales the BrAC limit is 350 microgrammes of alcohol per litre of breath (as well as the above defined blood alcohol content).
In Scotland the BrAC limit is 220 microgrammes of alcohol per litre of breath (as well as the above defined blood alcohol content).
In Trinidad and Tobago the BrAC limit is 35 microgrammes of alcohol per 100 millilitres of breath (as well as the above defined blood alcohol content).
Other limitation schemes[edit]
For South Korea, the penalties for different blood alcohol content levels include
0.01–0.049 = No penalty
0.05–0.09 = 100 days license suspension
>0.10 = Cancellation of car license.
Test assumptions[edit]
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Blood alcohol tests assume the individual being tested is average in various ways. For example, on average the ratio of blood alcohol content to breath alcohol content (the partition ratio) is 2100 to 1. In other words, there are 2100 parts of alcohol in the blood for every part in the breath. However, the actual ratio in any given individual can vary from 1300:1 to 3100:1, or even more widely.[43][44] This ratio varies not only from person to person, but within one person from moment to moment. Thus a person with a true blood alcohol level of .08% but a partition ratio of 1700:1 at the time of testing would have a .10 reading on a Breathalyzer calibrated for the average 2100:1 ratio.
A similar assumption is made in urinalysis. When urine is analyzed for alcohol, the assumption is that there are 1.3 parts of alcohol in the urine for every 1 part in the blood, even though the actual ratio can vary greatly.
Breath alcohol testing further assumes that the test is post-absorptive—that is, that the absorption of alcohol in the subject's body is complete.[45] If the subject is still actively absorbing alcohol, their body has not reached a state of equilibrium where the concentration of alcohol is uniform throughout the body. Most forensic alcohol experts reject test results during this period as the amounts of alcohol in the breath will not accurately reflect a true concentration in the blood.
Metabolism and excretion[edit]
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Alcohol is absorbed throughout the gastrointestinal tract, but more slowly in the stomach than in the small or large intestine. For this reason, alcohol consumed with food is absorbed more slowly, because it spends a longer time in the stomach. Furthermore, alcohol dehydrogenase is present in the stomach lining. After absorption, the alcohol passes to the liver through the hepatic portal vein, where it undergoes a first pass of metabolism before entering the general bloodstream.[46]
Alcohol is removed from the bloodstream by a combination of metabolism, excretion, and evaporation. The relative proportion disposed of in each way varies from person to person, but typically about 95% is metabolized by the liver. The remainder of the alcohol is eliminated through excretion in breath, urine, sweat, feces, milk and saliva.[47] Excretion into urine typically begins after about 40 minutes, whereas metabolisation commences as soon as the alcohol is absorbed, and even before alcohol levels have risen in the brain.
Alcohol is metabolized mainly by the group of six enzymes collectively called alcohol dehydrogenase. These convert the ethanol into acetaldehyde (an intermediate more toxic than ethanol). The enzyme acetaldehyde dehydrogenase then converts the acetaldehyde into non-toxic acetic acid.
Many physiologically active materials are removed from the bloodstream (whether by metabolism or excretion) at a rate proportional to the current concentration, so that they exhibit exponential decay with a characteristic halflife (see pharmacokinetics). This is not true for alcohol, however. Typical doses of alcohol actually saturate the enzymes' capacity, so that alcohol is removed from the bloodstream at an approximately constant rate. This rate varies considerably between individuals. Another sex based difference is in the elimination of alcohol. People under 25[citation needed], women[48] or with liver disease may process alcohol more slowly. False High (BAC) readings are related to patients with proteinuria and hematuria, due to kidney-liver metabolism and failure (for example, Hematuria 1+ protenuria 1+ )
Such persons have impaired acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, which causes acetaldehyde levels to peak higher, producing more severe hangovers and other effects such as flushing and tachycardia. Conversely, members of certain ethnicities that traditionally did not use alcoholic beverages have lower levels of alcohol dehydrogenases and thus "sober up" very slowly, but reach lower aldehyde concentrations and have milder hangovers. Rate of detoxification of alcohol can also be slowed by certain drugs which interfere with the action of alcohol dehydrogenases, notably aspirin, furfural (which may be found in fusel alcohol), fumes of certain solvents, many heavy metals, and some pyrazole compounds. Also suspected of having this effect are cimetidine (Tagamet), ranitidine (Zantac), and acetaminophen (Tylenol) (paracetamol).
Currently, the only known substance that can increase the rate of metabolism of alcohol is fructose. The effect can vary significantly from person to person, but a 100 g dose of fructose has been shown to increase alcohol metabolism by an average of 80%. Fructose also increases false positives of high BAC ratio readings in anyone with proteinuria and hematuria, due to kidney-liver metabolism.[49]
Full stomachs[edit]
Alcohol absorption can be slowed by ingesting alcohol on a full stomach.[50][51]
Carbonated beverages[edit]
See also: Carbonated water § Metabolism and excretion
Alcohol in carbonated beverages is absorbed faster than alcohol in non-carbonated drinks.[51][52] Another study also confirmed this, conducted at the University of Surrey in the United Kingdom gave subjects equal amounts of flat and sparkling champagne which contained the same levels of alcohol. After 5 minutes following consumption, the group that had the sparkling wine had 54 milligrams of alcohol in their blood while the group that had the same wine, only flat, had 39 milligrams.[4]
Stress[edit]
Being under stress causes alcohol to metabolize faster.[51][53][54]
Retrograde extrapolation[edit]
Retrograde extrapolation is the mathematical process by which someone's blood alcohol concentration at the time of driving is estimated by projecting backwards from a later chemical test. This involves estimating the absorption and elimination of alcohol in the interim between driving and testing. The rate of elimination in the average person is commonly estimated at .015 to .020 grams per deciliter per hour (g/dl/h),[55] although again this can vary from person to person and in a given person from one moment to another. Metabolism can be affected by numerous factors, including such things as body temperature, the type of alcoholic beverage consumed, and the amount and type of food consumed.
In an increasing number of states, laws have been enacted to facilitate this speculative task: the blood alcohol content at the time of driving is legally presumed to be the same as when later tested. There are usually time limits put on this presumption, commonly two or three hours, and the defendant is permitted to offer evidence to rebut this presumption.
Forward extrapolation can also be attempted. If the amount of alcohol consumed is known, along with such variables as the weight and sex of the subject and period and rate of consumption, the blood alcohol level can be estimated by extrapolating forward. Although subject to the same infirmities as retrograde extrapolation—guessing based upon averages and unknown variables—this can be relevant in estimating BAC when driving and/or corroborating or contradicting the results of a later chemical test.
Highest recorded blood alcohol level/content[edit]
There have been reported cases of blood alcohol content higher than 1%:
On 26 October 2012 a man from Gmina Olszewo-Borki, Poland, who died in a car accident, recorded a blood alcohol content of 2.23%; however, the blood sample was collected from a wound and thus possibly contaminated.[56]
In South Africa, a man driving a Mercedes-Benz Vito light van containing 15 sheep, allegedly stolen from nearby farms, was arrested on December 22, 2010, near Queenstown in Eastern Cape. His blood had an alcohol content of 1.6%. Also in the vehicle were five boys and a woman who were also arrested.[57]
In 1982, a 24-year-old woman was admitted to the UCLA emergency room with a serum alcohol content of 1.51%, corresponding to a BAC of 1.33%. She was alert and oriented to person and place.[58] Serum alcohol concentration is not equal to nor calculated in the same way as blood alcohol content.[59]
In 1984 a 30-year-old man survived a blood alcohol concentration of 1.5% after vigorous medical intervention that included dialysis and intravenous therapy with fructose.[60]
In 1995, a man from Wrocław, Poland, caused a car accident near his hometown. He had a blood alcohol content of 1.48% ; he was tested five times but all results were the same. He died a few days later of injuries from the accident.[61]
In 2013, on July 26 a 40-year-old man from Alfredówka, Poland, was found by Municipal Police Patrol from Nowa Dęba lying in the ditch along the road in Tarnowska Wola. At the hospital there was recorded that the man had a blood alcohol content of 1.374%. The man survived.[62][63]
In 2004, an unidentified Taiwanese woman died of alcohol intoxication after immersion for twelve hours in a bathtub filled with 40% ethanol. Her blood alcohol content was 1.35%. It was believed that she had immersed herself as a response to the SARS epidemic.[64]
In August 2017, in Cape Town, South Africa, a driving instructor was caught driving with a blood alcohol content of 1.34 mg per 100ml. He was on his way to assist a client with his drivers licence test.
In March 2009, a 45-year-old man was admitted to the hospital in Skierniewice, Poland, after being struck by a car. The blood test showed blood alcohol content at 1.23%. The man survived but did not remember either the accident or the circumstances of his alcohol consumption.[65]
In Poland, a homeless man was found sleeping half-naked on January 28, 2011, in Cieszyn. His blood had an alcohol level of 1.024%. Despite the temperature of −10 °C and extremely high blood alcohol content, the man survived.[66]
References[edit]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ A hybridizing of effects as described at Alcohol's Effects Archived May 5, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. from Virginia Tech and Federal Aviation Regulation (CFR) 91.17: Alcohol and Flying (hosted on FlightPhysical.com)
^ Jump up to: a b Andersson, Agneta; Wiréhn, Ann-Britt; Ölvander, Christina; Ekman, Diana; Bendtsen, Preben (2009). "Alcohol use among university students in Sweden measured by an electronic screening instrument". BMC Public Health. 9: 229. PMC 2724514  . PMID 19594906. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-9-229.
Jump up ^ Cowan Jr, JM; Weathermon, A; McCutcheon, JR; Oliver, RD (1996). "Determination of volume of distribution for ethanol in male and female subjects". Journal of analytical toxicology. 20 (5): 287–90. PMID 8872236. doi:10.1093/jat/20.5.287.
^ Jump up to: a b G. Harding "A Wine Miscellany" pp. 136–137, Clarkson Potter Publishing, New York 2005 ISBN 0-307-34635-8
Jump up ^ Based on the CDC standard of 0.6 fl oz alcohol per drink. CDC alcohol FAQ
Jump up ^ McBrien, Greg (4 August 2017). "Random Breath Tests in Australia - Everything you need to know". ADT Breathalysers Blog.
Jump up ^ BAC Charts Archived June 30, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. from Virginia Tech
Jump up ^ "Quick Stats: Binge Drinking." The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. April 2008.[1].
Jump up ^ "Research Blood Alcohol Concentration – Drugs, Alcohol, and Tobacco". www.BookRags.com.
Jump up ^ "The Various Alcohol and Drug Related Prohibitions and Suspensions – Prohibitions and Suspensions – RoadSafetyBC".
Jump up ^ "Newsroom : Keeping Drivers Safe". news.ontario.ca.
Jump up ^ "Tolérance zéro pour les conducteurs de moins de 21 ans". La Presse.
Jump up ^ "Tolerancia cero: ni una cerveza si va a conducir". eltiempo.com.
Jump up ^ http://wsp.presidencia.gov.co/Normativa/Leyes/Documents/2013/LEY%201696%20DEL%2019%20DE%20DICIEMBRE%20DE%202013.pdf
^ Jump up to: a b "Alcohol and Driving". Ministry of Transport. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "Medvedev signs total drink driving ban". RIAN. 2010-07-23.
^ Jump up to: a b "Russian drivers to be allowed to have slight alcohol content in blood". Itar-tass. 2013-07-26.
Jump up ^ "Alcohol cero rige a partir de 2016".
^ Jump up to: a b "Alcohol".
Jump up ^ /d: LOV-1965-06-18-4 :d/ Lov om vegtrafikk (vegtrafikkloven)
^ Jump up to: a b [2]
Jump up ^ according to Section 185 of Motor Vehicles Act 1988. On first offence, the punishment is imprisonment of 6 months and/or fine of 2000 Indian Rupees (INR). If the second offence is committed within three years, the punishment is 2 years and/or fine of 3000 Indian Rupees (INR). The clause of 30 mg/dL was added by an amendment in 1994. It came into effect beginning 14 November 1994.
Jump up ^ http://www.npa.go.jp/policies/application/license_renewal/pdf/english.pdf The breath alcohol concentration limit for driving in Japan is 0.15 mg/l, which, assuming a breath alcohol to blood alcohol ratio of 1:2,100, is roughly equivalent to a BAC of 0.0315%. The penalties become even more severe at 0.25 mg/l, which is roughly equivalent to a BAC of 0.0525%.
Jump up ^ https://www.help.gv.at/Portal.Node/hlpd/public/content/4/Seite.042000.html Alkohol am Steuer, HELP.gv.at, of 19. January 2013, retr. 22. April 2013
Jump up ^ http://www.verkehrspsychologie.at/gesetzliche_grundlagen_fuehrerscheinentzug.htm Gesetzliche Grundlagen für den Führerscheinentzug (Alkohol), verkehrspsychologie.at, AAP – Angewandte Psychologie und Forschung GmbH, Wien, retr. 22. April 2013
Jump up ^ "Chart". driveandstayalive.com. Retrieved 2015-07-20.
Jump up ^ Driving law (hr)
Jump up ^ Between 0.05% and 0.08%, drivers can be fined €135 and have six points removed from their licence. Above 0.08%, the punishment is more severe with possible imprisonment of up to two years, heavy fines and licence suspension. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2008-12-01. Retrieved 2008-06-23. (in French)
Jump up ^ [3]
Jump up ^ "BAC and BrAC Limits – International Alliance for Responsible Drinking". International Alliance for Responsible Drinking.
Jump up ^ "Quoi de neuf en 2014 ?".
Jump up ^ "Driving Under the Influence Unit".
Jump up ^ Drinking and Driving: SAAQ
Jump up ^ "The drink drive limit".
Jump up ^ /d: LOV-1998-06-26-47 :d/ Lov om fritids- og småbåter
Jump up ^ DOE – Biggest shake up in drink driving laws for forty years – Attwood
^ Jump up to: a b Driving In Singapore – Home Archived February 2, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. http://alcoholpolicy.niaaa.nih.gov/Blood_Alcohol_Concentration_Limits_Adult_Operators_of_Noncommercial_Motor_Vehicles.html. Accessed on February 01, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Commercial Driver's License Program". Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration.
Jump up ^ "18 U.S.C. § 343 : US Code – Section 343: Presumptions". Findlaw.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-10-07. Retrieved 2009-11-28.
Jump up ^ "Alcohol and drug limits". Driving Tests Resources.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-06-24. Retrieved 2012-12-04.
Jump up ^ Alobaidi TA, Hill DW, Payne JP (1976). "Significance of variations in blood: breath partition coefficient of alcohol.". Br Med J. 2: 1479–81. PMC 1689868  . PMID 793681. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.6050.1479.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-01-12. Retrieved 2012-12-04. [full citation needed][self-published source?]
Jump up ^ Alan J.Buglass, ed. (2011). Handbook of alcoholic beverages : technical, analytical and nutritional aspects. Chichester: Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-97665-4. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Alcohol and the Human Body
Jump up ^ Thomasson, Holly R. (2002). "Gender Differences in Alcohol Metabolism". Recent Developments in Alcoholism. 12. pp. 163–72. ISBN 0-306-44921-8. doi:10.1007/0-306-47138-8_9.
Jump up ^ Fructose & ethanol
Carpenter, Thorne M.; Lee, Robert C (1937). "THE EFFECT OF FRUCTOSE ON THE METABOLISM OF ETHYL ALCOHOL IN MAN". Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 60 (3). Retrieved 23 June 2016.
Tygstrup, Niels; Winkler, Kjeld; Lundquist, Frank (1 May 1965). "The Mechanism of the Fructose Effect on the Ethanol Metabolism of the Human Liver*". Journal of Clinical Investigation. 44 (5): 817–830. PMC 292558  . PMID 14276139. doi:10.1172/JCI105194.
Patel, AR; Paton, AM; Rowan, T; Lawson, DH; Linton, AL (August 1969). "Clinical studies on the effect of laevulose on the rate of metabolism of ethyl alcohol.". Scottish medical journal. 14 (8): 268–71. PMID 5812044.
Lowenstein, LM; Simone, R; Boulter, P; Nathan, P (14 September 1970). "Effect of fructose on alcohol concentrations in the blood in man.". JAMA. 213 (11): 1899–901. PMID 4318655. doi:10.1001/jama.1970.03170370083021.
Pawan, GL (September 1972). "Metabolism of alcohol (ethanol) in man.". The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 31 (2): 83–9. PMID 4563296. doi:10.1079/pns19720020.
Thieden, HI; Grunnet, N; Damgaard, SE; Sestoft, L (October 1972). "Effect of fructose and glyceraldehyde on ethanol metabolism in human liver and in rat liver.". European Journal of Biochemistry / FEBS. 30 (2): 250–61. PMID 4145889. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1972.tb02093.x.
Soterakis, J; Iber, FL (March 1975). "Increased rate of alcohol removal from blood with oral fructose and sucrose.". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 28 (3): 254–7. PMID 1119423.
Rawat, AK (February 1977). "Effects of fructose and other substances on ethanol and acetaldehyde metabolism in man.". Research communications in chemical pathology and pharmacology. 16 (2): 281–90. PMID 847286.
Iber, FL (September 1977). "The effect of fructose on alcohol metabolism.". Archives of Internal Medicine. 137 (9): 1121. PMID 901079. doi:10.1001/archinte.137.9.1121.
Bode, JC; Bode, C; Thiele, D (1 February 1979). "Alcohol metabolism in man: effect of intravenous fructose infusion on blood ethanol elimination rate following stimulation by phenobarbital treatment or chronic alcohol consumption.". Klinische Wochenschrift. 57 (3): 125–30. PMID 439778. doi:10.1007/bf01476052.
Sprandel, U; Tröger, HD; Liebhardt, EW; Zöllner, N (1980). "Acceleration of ethanol elimination with fructose in man.". Nutrition and metabolism. 24 (5): 324–30. PMID 7443107. doi:10.1159/000176278.
Meyer, BH; Müller, FO; Hundt, HK (6 November 1982). "The effect of fructose on blood alcohol levels in man.". South African medical journal (Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde). 62 (20): 719–21. PMID 6753183.
Crownover, BP; La Dine, J; Bradford, B; Glassman, E; Forman, D; Schneider, H; Thurman, RG (March 1986). "Activation of ethanol metabolism in humans by fructose: importance of experimental design.". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 236 (3): 574–9. PMID 3950864.
Mascord, D; Smith, J; Starmer, GA; Whitfield, JB (1991). "The effect of fructose on alcohol metabolism and on the [lactate]/[pyruvate] ratio in man.". Alcohol and Alcoholism. 26 (1): 53–9. PMID 1854373.
Onyesom, I; Anosike, EO (June 2004). "Oral fructose-induced changes in blood ethanol oxidokinetic data among healthy Nigerians.". The Southeast Asian journal of tropical medicine and public health. 35 (2): 476–80. PMID 15691159.
Uzuegbu, UE; Onyesom, I (June 2009). "Fructose-induced increase in ethanol metabolism and the risk of Syndrome X in man.". Comptes rendus biologies. 332 (6): 534–8. PMID 19520316. doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2009.01.007.
Jump up ^ McBrien, Greg (4 August 2017). "Random Breath Tests in Australia - Everything you need to know". ADT Breathalysers Blog. Stomach – if you have just eaten, the food in your stomach will help absorb some of the alcohol, which means your BAC will rise slower.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Absorption Rate Factors". BHS.UMN.edu. Archived from the original on 18 January 2013. When food is ingested, the pyloric valve at the bottom of the stomach will close in order to hold food in the stomach for digestion and thus keep the alcohol from reaching the small intestine. The larger the meal and closer in time to drinking, the lower the peak of alcohol concentration; some studies indicate up to a 20% reduction in peak blood alcohol level.
Stress causes the stomach to empty directly into the small intestine, where alcohol is absorbed even faster.
Liquor mixed with soda or other bubbly drinks speeds up the passage of alcohol from the stomach to the small intestine, which increases the speed of absorption.
Jump up ^ Roberts, C.; Robinson, S.P. (2007). "Alcohol concentration and carbonation of drinks: The effect on blood alcohol levels". Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine. 14 (7): 398–405. PMID 17720590. doi:10.1016/j.jflm.2006.12.010.
Jump up ^ Holt S (1 February 1981). "Observations on the relation between alcohol absorption and the rate of gastric emptying". Can Med Assoc J. 124: 267–77, 297. PMC 1705129  . PMID 7459787.
Jump up ^ LEIKOLA A. "Influence of stress on alcohol intoxication in rats.". Q J Stud Alcohol. 23: 369–75. PMID 13929435.
Jump up ^ Montgomery, Mark R.; Reasor, Mark J. (1992). "Retrograde extrapolation of blood alcohol data: An applied approach". Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. 36 (4): 281–92. PMID 1507264. doi:10.1080/15287399209531639.
Jump up ^ [http://www.eostroleka.pl/smiertelny-rekord-kierowca-z-powiatu-ostroleckiego-mial-22-promile-alkoholu-zginal-w-wypadku-zdjecia,art31892.html%5B%5D "Strona nie zosta�a znaleziona - B��d 404"]. www.eostroleka.pl. Retrieved 2017-04-13. replacement character in |title= at position 17 (help)
Jump up ^ Drunkest driver in SA arrested Sowetan
Jump up ^ Johnson, R (1982). "Survival After a Serum Ethanol Concentration of 11/2%". The Lancet. 320 (8312): 1394. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(82)91285-5.
Jump up ^ Labianca, Dominick A. (2002). "Conversion of Serum-Alcohol Concentrations to Corresponding Blood-Alcohol Concentrations". Journal of Chemical Education. 79 (7): 803. Bibcode:2002JChEd..79..803L. doi:10.1021/ed079p803.
Jump up ^ O'Neill, Shane; Tipton, KF; Prichard, JS; Quinlan, A (1984). "Survival After High Blood Alcohol Levels: Association with First-Order Elimination Kinetics". Archives of Internal Medicine. 144 (3): 641–2. PMID 6703836. doi:10.1001/archinte.1984.00350150255052.
Jump up ^ "Śmiertelny rekord: Kierowca z powiatu ostrołęckiego miał 22 promile alkoholu! Zginął w wypadku [ZDJĘCIA]". eOstroleka.pl – Twoje Wirtualne Miasto. 24 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-08-11. Retrieved 2013-08-08.
Jump up ^ "Informacje".
Jump up ^ Wu, Yen-Liang; Guo, How-Ran; Lin, Hung-Jung (2005). "Fatal alcohol immersion during the SARS epidemic in Taiwan". Forensic Science International. 149 (2–3): 287. PMID 15749375. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.06.014.
Jump up ^ Jones, AW (1999). "The Drunkest Drinking Driver in Sweden: Blood Alcohol Concentration 0.545% w/v". Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs. 60 (3): 400–6. PMID 10371269. Archived from the original on 2013-04-11.
Jump up ^ [4] Sowetan
Bibliography[edit]
Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh. Science and Technology Department. The Handy Science Answer Book. Pittsburgh: The Carnegie Library, 1997. ISBN 978-0-7876-1013-5.
Perham, Nick; Moore, Simon C.; Shepherd, Jonathan; Cusens, Bryany (2007). "Identifying drunkenness in the night-time economy". Addiction. 102 (3): 377–80. PMID 17298644. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01699.x.
Taylor, L., and S. Oberman. Drunk Driving Defense, 6th edition. New York: Aspen Law and Business, 2006. ISBN 978-0-7355-5429-0.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Blood alcohol content statistics.
Blood Alcohol Concentration BAC Limits
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Corrie ten Boom
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Corrie ten Boom
Corrie ten Boom – Righteous Among the Nations
Born
Cornelia Arnolda Johanna ten Boom
15 April 1892
Haarlem, Netherlands
Died
15 April 1983(1983-04-15) (aged 91)
Placentia, California, United States
Occupation
Writer, watchmaker
Known for
Author of The Hiding Place, Righteous Among the Nations
Parent(s)
Casper ten Boom, Cornelia Johanna Arnolda ten Boom-Luitingh
Website
ten Boom Museum
Cornelia Arnolda Johanna "Corrie" ten Boom (15 April 1892 – 15 April 1983) was a Dutch watchmaker and Christian who, along with her father and other family members, helped many Jews escape the Nazi Holocaust during World War II by hiding them in her closet. She was imprisoned for her actions. Her most famous book, The Hiding Place, is a biography that recounts the story of her family's efforts.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 World War II
2.1 Arrest, detention, and release
3 Life after the war
4 Honors
5 Further reading
6 References
7 External links
Early life[edit]
Corrie ten Boom was born on April 15, 1892 to a working class family in Haarlem, Netherlands, near Amsterdam. Named after her mother but known as "Corrie" all her life, she was the youngest child of Casper ten Boom, a jeweler and watchmaker.[1] Her father was fascinated by the craft of watchmaking and often became so engrossed in his own work that he forgot to charge customers for the services.[2]
Corrie trained to be a watchmaker herself and in 1922 became the first woman licensed as a watchmaker in Holland. Over the next decade, in addition to working in her father's shop, she established a youth club for teenage girls, which provided religious instruction as well as classes in the performing arts, sewing and handicrafts.[1] She and her family were Calvinists in the Dutch Reformed Church, and their faith inspired them to serve their society, offering shelter, food, and money to those in need.[1]
World War II[edit]
In May 1940, the Nazis invaded the Netherlands. Among their restrictions was banning the youth club.[3][page needed] In May 1942, a well-dressed woman came to the ten Booms' with a suitcase in hand and told them that she was a Jew, her husband had been arrested several months before, her son had gone into hiding, and Occupation authorities had recently visited her, so she was afraid to go back. She had heard that the ten Booms had helped their Jewish neighbors, the Weils, and asked if they might help her too. Casper ten Boom, Corrie's father, readily agreed that she could stay with them, despite the police headquarters being only half a block away.[4] A devoted reader of the Old Testament, he believed that the Jews were the 'chosen people', and he told the woman, "In this household, God's people are always welcome."[5] The family then became very active in the Dutch underground hiding refugees; they honored the Jewish Sabbath.[6] The family never sought to convert any of the Jews who stayed with them.[7]
Thus the ten Booms began "The Hiding Place", or "De Schuilplaats", as it was known in Dutch (also known as "de Béjé", pronounced in Dutch as 'bayay', an abbreviation of their street address, the Barteljorisstraat). Corrie and her sister Betsie opened their home to refugees — both Jews and others who were members of the resistance movement — being sought by the Gestapo and its Dutch counterpart. They had plenty of room, although wartime shortages meant that food was scarce. Every non-Jewish Dutch person had received a ration card, the requirement for obtaining weekly food coupons. Through her charitable work, Ten Boom knew many people in Haarlem and remembered a couple who had a disabled daughter. The father was a civil servant who by then was in charge of the local ration-card office.[4] She went to his house one evening, and when he asked how many ration cards she needed, "I opened my mouth to say, 'Five,'" ten Boom wrote in The Hiding Place. "But the number that unexpectedly and astonishingly came out instead was: 'One hundred.'"[8] He gave them to her and she provided cards to every Jew she met.
The refugee work done at the Beje by ten Boom and her sister became known by the Dutch Resistance. The Resistance sent an architect to the ten Boom home to build a secret room adjacent to ten Boom's room for the Jews in hiding, as well as an alert buzzer to warn the refugees to get into the room as quickly as possible.[7]
Arrest, detention, and release[edit]
On February 28, 1944, a Dutch informant named Jan Vogel told the Nazis about the ten Booms' work; at around 12:30 P.M. the Nazis arrested the entire ten Boom family. They were sent to Scheveningen prison when Resistance materials and extra ration cards were found at the home.[9] Nollie and Willem were released immediately along with Corrie's nephew Peter; Casper died 10 days later. The six people hidden by the ten Booms, among them both Jews and resistance workers, remained undiscovered: Corrie ten Boom received a letter one day in prison reading "All the watches in your cabinet are safe," meaning the refugees had managed to escape and were safe.[9] Four days after the raid, resistance workers transferred them to other locations. Altogether, the Gestapo arrested some 30 people in the ten Boom family home that day.[10]
Ten Boom was initially held in solitary confinement. After three months, she was taken to her first hearing. On trial, ten Boom spoke about her work with the mentally disabled; the Nazi lieutenant scoffed, as the Nazis had been killing mentally disabled individuals for years based on their eugenics ideologies.[11] Ten Boom defended her work, saying that in the eyes of God, a mentally disabled person might be more valuable "than a watchmaker. Or a lieutenant."[11]
Corrie and Betsie were sent from Scheveningen to Herzogenbusch, a political concentration camp (also known as Kamp Vught), and finally to the Ravensbrück concentration camp, a women's labor camp in Germany. There they held worship services, after the hard days at work, using a Bible that they had managed to sneak in.[11] While at Ravensbruck, Betsie ten Boom began to discuss plans with her sister after the war for a place of healing. Betsie's health continued to deteriorate and she died on December 16, 1944 at the age of 59.[12] Before she died, she told Corrie, "There is no pit so deep that He [God] is not deeper still." Fifteen days later, Corrie was released. Afterwards, she was told that her release was due to a clerical error and that a week later, all the women in her age group were sent to the gas chambers.[13]
Corrie ten Boom returned home in the midst of the "hunger winter." She opened her doors still to the mentally disabled who were in hiding for fear of execution.[14]
Life after the war[edit]
After the war, ten Boom returned to The Netherlands to set up a rehabilitation center in Bloemendaal. The refugee houses consisted of concentration-camp survivors and sheltered the jobless Dutch who previously collaborated with Germans during the Occupation exclusively until 1950, when it accepted anyone in need of care. She returned to Germany in 1946, and met with and forgave two Germans who had been employed at Ravensbruck, one of whom was particularly cruel to Betsie.[14] Ten Boom went on to travel the world as a public speaker, appearing in more than 60 countries. She wrote many books during this time.[15]
Corrie Ten Boom told the story of her family members and their World War II work in her best-selling book, The Hiding Place (1971), which was made into a 1975 World Wide Pictures film, The Hiding Place, starring Jeannette Clift as Corrie and Julie Harris as Betsie. In 1977, 85-year-old Corrie emigrated to Placentia, California. In 1978, she suffered two strokes, the first rendering her unable to speak, and the second resulting in paralysis. She died on her 91st birthday, 15 April 1983, after a third stroke.
A sequel film, Return to the Hiding Place (War of Resistance), was released in 2011 in the United Kingdom, with its United States release in 2013, based on Hans Poley's book, which painted a wider picture of the circle of which she was a part.
Honors[edit]
Israel honored ten Boom by naming her Righteous Among the Nations.
Ten Boom was knighted by the Queen of the Netherlands in recognition of her work during the war.
The Ten Boom Museum in Haarlem is dedicated to her and her family for their work.
The King's College in New York City named a new women's house in her honor.
Further reading[edit]
Backhouse, Halcyon C. (1992), Corrie ten Boom: Faith Triumphs, Heroes of The Faith, Alton: Hunt & Thorpe, ISBN 1-85608-007-2.
Baez, Kjersti Hoff; Bohl, Al (2008) [1989], Corrie ten Boom, Chronicles of Faith, Ulrichsville, Ohio: Barbour Pub, ISBN 1-59789-967-4.
Benge, Janet; Benge, Geoffrey ‘Geoff’ (1999), Corrie ten Boom: Keeper of the Angels' Den, Seattle, WA: YWAM Pub, ISBN 1-57658-136-5.
Briscoe, Jill (1991), Paint the Prisons Bright: Corrie ten Boom, Dallas: Word Pub, ISBN 0-8499-3308-0.
Brown, Joan Winmill (1979), Corrie, the Lives She's Touched, Old Tappan, N.J: F.H. Revell Co, ISBN 0-8007-1049-5.
Carlson, Carole C. (1983), Corrie ten Boom, Her Life, Her Faith: A Biography, Old Tappan, N.J: F.H. Revell Co, ISBN 0-8007-1293-5.
Couchman, Judith (1997), Corrie ten Boom: Anywhere He Leads Me.
Mainse, David (1976), The Corrie ten Boom Story: Turning Point.
McKenzie, Catherine (2006), Corrie ten Boom: Are All The Watches Safe.
Meloche, Renée; Pollard, Bryan (2002), Corrie ten Boom: Shining In The Darkness.
Metaxas, Eric (2015), Seven Women And The Secret To Their Greatness, Nashville, TN: Nelson Books.
Moore, Pamela Rosewell (1986), The Five Silent Years of Corrie ten Boom.
Moore, Pamela Rosewell (2004), Life Lessons From The Hiding Place: Discovering The Heart of Corrie ten Boom.
Poley, Hans (1993), Return to The Hiding Place.
Ray, Chaplain (1985), Corrie ten Boom Speaks To Prisoners.
Shaw, Sue (1996), Corrie ten Boom: Faith In Dark Places.
Smith, Emily S, A Visit To The Hiding Place: The Life Changing Experiences of Corrie ten Boom.
Stamps, Ellen de Kroon (1978), My Years with Corrie, Old Tappan, N.J: F.H. Revell Co.
Wallington, David (1981), The Secret Room: The Story of Corrie ten Boom, Exeter: Religious Education Press.
Watson, Jean (1994), Corrie ten Boom: The Watchmaker's Daughter.
Wellman, Samuel ‘Sam’ (1984), Corrie ten Boom: The Heroine of Haarlem.
Wellman, Samuel ‘Sam’ (2004), Corrie ten Boom: Heroes of The Faith.
White, Kathleen (1991), Corrie ten Boom.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Corrie ten Boom Biography, A&E Television Networks, LLC.
Jump up ^ Atwood, Kathryn J. Women Heroes of World War II. Chicago: Chicago Review Press. p. 117. ISBN 9781556529610.
Jump up ^ Boom, Corrie ten. The Hiding Place. Peabody Massachusetts Hendrickson Publishers, 2009
^ Jump up to: a b Atwood, Kathryn J. Women Heroes of World War II. Chicago: Chicago Review Press. p. 118. ISBN 9781556529610.
Jump up ^ Boom, Corrie ten. The Hiding Place. Peabody Massachusetts Hendrickson Publishers, 2009, p. 88
Jump up ^ "H2G2", DNA, The British Broadcasting Company .
^ Jump up to: a b Atwood, Kathryn J. Women Heroes of World War II. Chicago: Chicago Review Press. p. 119. ISBN 9781556529610.
Jump up ^ Boom, Corrie ten. The Hiding Place. Peabody Massachusetts Hendrickson Publishers, 2009, p. 92
^ Jump up to: a b Atwood, Kathryn J. Women Heroes of World War II. Chicago: Chicago Review Press. p. 120. ISBN 9781556529610.
Jump up ^ Holocaust Memorial - Corrie ten Boom, The Holocaust Memorial
^ Jump up to: a b c Atwood, Kathryn J. Women Heroes of World War II. Chicago: Chicago Review Press. p. 121. ISBN 9781556529610.
Jump up ^ Atwood, Kathryn J. Women Heroes of World War II. Chicago: Chicago Review Press. pp. 121–122. ISBN 9781556529610.
Jump up ^ Boom, Corrie ten. The Hiding Place. Peabody Massachusetts Hendrickson Publishers, 2009, p 240
^ Jump up to: a b Atwood, Kathryn J. Women Heroes of World War II. Chicago: Chicago Review Press. p. 122. ISBN 9781556529610.
Jump up ^ Lessard, William O. The Complete Book of Bananas. Place of Publication Not Identified: W.O. Lessard, 1992. Print.
External links[edit]
Corrie ten Boom museum .
Corrie ten Boom Papers, Billy Graham Center Archives, Wheaton College.
Corrie ten Boom – her activity to save Jews' lives during the Holocaust, at Yad Vashem website
Holocaust Rescuers Bibliography, Heart has reasons .
Corrie ten Boom at Find a Grave.
Corrie ten Boom, US: Holocaust Memorial Museum .
"Corrie ten Boom", History, Haarlem Shuffle
"Corrie ten Boom – a Dutch Savior", Saviors, Raoul Wallenberg .
The Hiding Place (DVD), Evangelical Bible : a remastered DVD including many of her testimonies.
Corrie ten Boom Live .
"Corrie ten Boom, Interfaith Hero", 2nd annual interfaith heroes month (24), Read The Spirit, Jan 2009, archived from the original on 2009-06-25 .
Hartley, Al, The Hiding Place (PDF), Carps place, Archived from the original on 2011-07-08 CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link) .
Burdick, Elizabeth, No Pit So Deep: the life and witness of Corrie ten Boom (play), Passion Players, archived from the original on 2013-09-21 .
[hide]
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BNE: XX5562001
BNF: cb127600048 (data)
GND: 118513389
ISNI: 0000 0001 0999 7802
LCCN: n79071041
NDL: 00458463
SELIBR: 335701
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corrie_ten_Boom&oldid=842950942"
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Alcohol measurements
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
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Alcohol measurements are units of measurement for determining amounts of beverage alcohol.
Contents
[hide]
1 Beer measures
2 Liquor measurements
3 Liquor bottles
4 Wine measurements
5 References
6 Further reading
7 External links
Beer measures[edit]
Full and half pint beer glasses
Name
US customary units
Imperial units
Metric units (approx.)
Notes
snorkel 2 US fl. oz. 59.15 milliliters (mL)
nip ⅓ imp. pint 189.42 mL Barley wine was usually bottled in nips[1]
small ½ US pint 236.59 mL
half ½ imp. pint 284.13 mL
large 1 US pint 473.18 mL
pint 1 imp. pint 568.26 mL
bomber 22 US fl. oz. 650.62 mL
flagon 1 US quart 946.35 mL
40 40 US fl. oz. 1.18 liters (L) Malt liquor is often bottled in "40's"
pitcher 60 US fl. oz. 1.8 L Can also be 32 or 48 US fl oz. Note that a 60 US fl oz pitcher is 4 US fl oz less than 4 US pints.
growler 64 US fl. oz. 1.89 L
pin 4.5 imp. gal. 20.46 L
pony keg 7.75 US gal. 29.33 L Quarter US beer barrel
anker 10 US gal. 37.85 L
firkin 9 imp. gal. 40.91 L 2 pins
keg 15.5 US gal. 58.67 L Half US beer barrel
kilderkin 18 imp. gal. 81.83 L 2 firkins
US barrel 31 US gal.[2] 117.35 L 2 kegs
UK barrel 36 imp. gal. 163.66 L 2 kilderkins
hogshead 54 imp. gal. 245.49 L 6 firkins or 3 kilderkins
puncheon 72 imp. gal. 327.32 L 2 barrels
butt 108 imp. gal. 490.98 L 2 hogshead
tun 216 imp. gal. 981.96 L 3 puncheons or 2 butts
Liquor measurements[edit]
The following table lists common sizes for liquors and spirits.[3][4]
Name
US customary units
Imperial units
English units
Metric units (direct conversion)
Metric units (legal/convention)
Notes
Hint 1⁄128 tsp[5]
Drop 1⁄64 tsp[5]
Dash 1⁄8 tsp[5]
Bartender's Teaspoon (U.S.) or Splash[5] 1⁄8 fl oz[6]
Count 0.5 fl oz 14.8 mL 15 mL Using calibrated pour spouts that restrict flow to 0.5 fl oz/s
Bartender's Tablespoon (U.S.) 3⁄8 fl oz[6]
1⁄6 Gill (Imp.) 23.7 mL 25 mL Legal serving of spirits (Gin, rum, vodka and whisky) defined in 1963 Weights and Measures Act (1963-1984)
Shot (U.K.) 25 mL Legal serving of spirits (Gin, rum, vodka and whisky) in the U.K. since 1985.[7]
roquille (France) ~29.75 ml A measure of spirits[8] in the Ancien Régime of France (before 1795), being 1⁄32 of a French pinte (~952.1 ml).
Shot (U.K.) 35 mL Legal serving of spirits (Gin, rum, vodka and whisky) in the U.K. since 1985.
1⁄5 Gill (Scottish) Traditional Scottish spirits measure
1⁄4 Gill (Irish) Traditional Irish spirits measure
Pony (U.S.) 1.0 fl oz 30 mL Defined as 1⁄2 of a jigger.[9] Was used to measure a cordial.
Pony (Eng.) 3⁄4 fl oz (6 dram) May be derived from holding a "pennyworth" of beer.
Jigger (U.S.) 1.5 fl oz 45 mL Typical size after U.S. Prohibition, but varies
Short shot (U.S.) 1.5 fl oz 45 mL [10]:12
Jigger (Imp.) 1⁄8 Gill 35.52 mL Legal U.K. spirits measure from 1826 to 1984, for Gin, rum, vodka and whisky.
Jigger (Eng.) 1.5 fl oz (3 tablespoons, 2 pony)
Jigger (U.S.) 2.0 fl oz 60 mL Before U.S. Prohibition[10]
Hooker 2.5 fl oz 1 1⁄4 jigger[10]:12 (5 tablespoons)
Snit 3.0 fl oz 88.72 mL Two jiggers.
Gill (U.S.) 4.0 fl oz 118.294 mL 120 mL Pronounced "jill", historically equivalent to two jacks, half a cup, or a quarter pint.[11][12]
Gill (Imp.) 5.0 fl oz 142.065 mL Pronounced "jill", historically equivalent to two jacks, half a cup, or a quarter pint.[11][12] May also be an eighth of a pint in Scotland, or half a pint of beer in parts of England.[13]
Jack Historically equivalent to two jiggers or handfuls, or half a gill.[11][12] No longer in general use.
Liquor bottles[edit]
Name
US customary units
Imperial units
Metric units
Notes
Miniature 1.7 US fl oz 1.8 Imp fl oz 50 mL Typically served on airline flights. Also known as a "nip" in certain locales.
half pint 6.8 7.0 200 mL Called a naggin in Ireland.[14] Called a "dickie" in Canada.
shoulder 11.8 12.3 350 mL Common in Ireland; also called a "daddy naggin"[15]
pint 12.7 13.2 375 mL[16] Called a mickey in Canada.
European spirit bottle 23.7 1 pt 4.6 fl oz 700 mL Common worldwide outside the Americas.
fifth 25.6 1 pt 6.4 fl oz 750 mL Formerly 0.2 gal. or 25.6 oz., equivalent to 757 mL. Called a "two six" or "26er" in Canada; as in 26oz, also known as a "BOTII" in Kenya.
1.14 liter 38.5 2 pints 1.14 L Referred to as a "40" in Canada and a liter in the United States.
half gallon 59.2 3 pts 1.6 fl oz 1.75 L Also known as a "handle", due to most 1.75 L bottles having a handle. Called a "60" or "60-pounder" in Canada; as in 60oz.
Wine measurements[edit]
The following table contains various measurements that are commonly applied to wine.[17]
Name
US fluid ounces (approx.)
Metric units
No. of 750 mL bottles
Notes
Quarter bottle 6.3 187.5 mL ¼ Also known as a piccolo, pony, snipe or split
Chopine 8.5 250 mL ⅓ Bordeaux region
Half bottle 12.7 375 mL ½ Also known as a demi
Bottle 25.4 750 mL 1
Litre 33.8 1 L 1⅓ Popular size for Austrian wines
Magnum 50.7 1.5 L 2
Double Magnum 101.4 3 L 4 Bordeaux region
Jeroboam 101.4 3 L 4 Champagne region
Jeroboam 152.2 4.5 L 6 Bordeaux region
Rehoboam 152.2 4.5 L 6 Champagne and Burgundy regions
Imperial 202.9 6 L 8 Bordeaux region
Methuselah 202.9 6 L 8 Champagne and Burgundy regions
Salmanazar 304.3 9 L 12
Balthazar 405.8 12 L 16
Nebuchadnezzar 507.2 15 L 20
Melchior 608.7 18 L 24
References[edit]
Schott's Original Miscellany
Jump up ^ "Nipperkin". World Wide Words: Investigating the English language across the globe. Retrieved 11 September 2016.
Jump up ^ 27 CFR § 25.11.
Jump up ^ http://fooduniversity.com/foodu/food_c/reference/bottle_size_for_liquor.htm Liquor Bottle Size
Jump up ^ "Bartending/Glossary/Table of measures and conversions". Wikibooks. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d eliacopoulos, lew. "Dash, Pinch, and Smidgen and other Unusual Measurements". Festibrate: Your Holiday & Seasonal Guide for Food & Lifestyle. Retrieved 27 October 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Rowlett, Russ. "How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement". University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Gov.UK. "Weights and measures: the law". Official U.K. Government website. Retrieved 6 September 2016.
Jump up ^ Schwarz-Bart, Simone. "Schwarz-Bart: Pluie et Vent sur Télumée Miracle". Retrieved 2016-09-29.
Jump up ^ Kappeler, George J. (1895). Modern American Drinks: How to Mix and Serve All Kinds of Cups and Drinks. p. 19.
^ Jump up to: a b c Willett, Andrew (2016). Elemental Mixology. p. 8. Retrieved 2016-10-03.
^ Jump up to: a b c Klein, Herbert Arthur (1974). The Science of Measurement: A Historical Survey. New York: Dover Publications, Inc. p. 34. ISBN 0-486-25839-4. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Singer, Charles (November 29, 1952). "Nova et Vetera - Ancient Egyptian Medicine" (PDF). British Medical Journal. 2: 1201. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.4795.1201. PMC 2021913  . PMID 12997700.
Jump up ^ International Dictionary of Food and Cooking by Charles Gordon Sinclair, ISBN 1-57958-057-2, published by Taylor & Francis, 1998
Jump up ^ MacNamee, Garreth (12 February 2015). "Sneaky Naggin: Students downing dangerous levels of spirits after new drinking trend takes hold".
Jump up ^ "The naggin – An Acre of Pints". www.anacreofpints.com.
Jump up ^ Elizabeth E. Epstein; Barbara S. McCrady. Overcoming Alcohol Use Problems: A Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment Program. Oxford University Press. p. 7.
Jump up ^ http://sherlocks.com/wine-measurements-guide/ Wine Measurements Guide

Further reading[edit]
Mescher, Virginia. "When is a Cup Not a Cup?" (PDF). Ragged Soldier Sutlery and Vintage Volumes. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
External links[edit]
Conversion Calculator for Units of Volume
A Dictionary of Units of Measurement
Measurements
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