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Castling
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For the Australian politician, see William Castling.
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Initial position of kings and rooks. Kings may be moved to the indicated squares.
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White has castled kingside (0-0) and Black has castled queenside (0-0-0).
Castling is a move in the game of chess involving a player's king and either of the player's original rooks. It is the only move in chess in which a player moves two pieces in the same move, and it is the only move aside from the knight's move where a piece can be said to "jump over" another.[1]
Castling consists of moving the king two squares towards a rook on the player's first rank, then moving the rook to the square over which the king crossed.[2] Castling may only be done if the king has never moved, the rook involved has never moved, the squares between the king and the rook involved are unoccupied, the king is not in check, and the king does not cross over or end on a square in which it would be in check. Castling is one of the rules of chess and is technically a king move (Hooper & Whyld 1992:71).
The notation for castling, in both the descriptive and the algebraic systems, is 0-0 with the kingside rook and 0-0-0 with the queenside rook; in PGN, O-O and O-O-O are used instead. Castling on the kingside is sometimes called castling short and castling on the queenside is called castling long – the difference based on whether the rook moves a short distance (two squares) or a long distance (three squares) (Hooper & Whyld 1992).
Castling was added to European chess in the 14th or 15th century and did not develop into its present form until the 17th century. The Asian versions of chess do not have such a move.
Contents
[hide]
1 Requirements
2 Strategy
3 Tournament rules
4 Chess variants and problems
5 Notable examples
5.1 Averbakh game
5.2 Edward Lasker game
5.3 Prins versus Day
5.4 Feuer versus O'Kelly
6 History
7 Nomenclature
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
11 External links

This article uses algebraic notation to describe chess moves.
Requirements[edit]
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Black cannot castle on either side because he is in check from the white queen.
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White to move cannot castle kingside because the black queen controls g1. White can castle queenside, even though the a1-rook is under attack. If the black queen were on g4 instead, white would not be able to castle on either side since to castle queenside, it would have to move through a square attacked by an enemy piece.
Castling is permissible if and only if all of the following conditions hold (Schiller 2003:19):
The king and the chosen rook are on the player's first rank.[3]
Neither the king nor the chosen rook has previously moved.
There are no pieces between the king and the chosen rook.
The king is not currently in check.
The king does not pass through a square that is attacked by an enemy piece.[4]
The king does not end up in check. (True of any legal move.)
Conditions 4 through 6 can be summarized with the more memorable phrase: One may not castle out of, through, or into check.
It is a common misperception that the requirements for castling are even more stringent than the above.[5] To clarify:
The chosen rook may be under attack.
The rook may move through an attacked square, provided the king does not. The only such square is the one adjacent to the rook, when castling queenside.
The king may have been in check earlier in the game (provided the king did not move when resolving the check).
In handicap games where odds of a rook are given, the player giving odds may still castle with the absent rook, moving only the king.[6]
Strategy[edit]
See also: Chess opening
Castling is an important goal in the opening, because it serves two valuable purposes: it moves the king into a safer position away from the center of the board, and it moves the rook to a more active position in the center of the board (it is even possible to checkmate with castling).
The choice as to which side to castle often hinges on an assessment of the trade-off between king safety and activity of the rook. Kingside castling is generally slightly safer, because the king ends up closer to the edge of the board and all the pawns on the castled side are defended by the king. In queenside castling, the king is placed closer to the center and the pawn on the a-file is undefended; the king is thus often moved to the b-file to defend the a-pawn and to move the king away from the center of the board. In addition, queenside castling requires moving the queen; therefore, it may take slightly longer to achieve than kingside castling. On the other hand, queenside castling places the rook more efficiently – on the central d-file. It is often immediately active, whereas with kingside castling a tempo may be required to move the rook to a more efficient square.
It is common for both players to castle kingside, and rare for both players to castle queenside. If one player castles kingside and the other queenside, it is called opposite (or opposite-side) castling. Castling on opposite sides usually results in a fierce fight as both players' pawns are free to advance to attack the opposing king's castled position without exposing the player's own castled king. An example is the Yugoslav Attack, in the Dragon Variation of the Sicilian Defence.
If the king is forced to move before it has the opportunity to castle, the player may still wish to maneuver the king towards the edge of the board and the corresponding rook towards the center. When a player takes three or four moves to accomplish what castling would have accomplished in one move, it is sometimes called artificial castling, or castling by hand.
Tournament rules[edit]
See also: Rules of chess and Touch-move rule
Under the strict touch-move rules enforced in most tournaments, castling is considered a king move. But under current US Chess Federation rules, a player who intends to castle and touches the rook first would suffer no penalty, and would be permitted to perform castling, provided castling is legal in the position. Still, the correct way to castle is to first move the king. As usual, the player's mind may change between all legal destination squares for the king until it is released. When the two-square king move is completed, however, the player has formally chosen to castle (if it is legal), and the rook must be moved accordingly. A player who performs a forbidden castling must return the king and the rook to their original places and then move the king, if there is another legal king move, including castling on the other side. If there is no legal king move, the touch-move rule does not apply to the rook (Just & Burg 2003:13–14,17–18,23).
It is also required by the official rules that the entire move be completed using only a single hand. Neither of these rules is commonly enforced in casual play, nor commonly known by non-competitive players (Just & Burg 2003:13–14,17–18,23).
The right to castle must be the same in all three positions for a valid draw claim under the threefold repetition rule.
Chess variants and problems[edit]
Some chess variants, for example Chess960, have modified castling rules to handle modified starting positions. Castling can also be adapted to large chess variants, like Capablanca Chess, which is played on a 10×8 board. In shogi, the term castle refers to a different concept of building a multi-piece defensive structure that defends the king.
In chess problems, castling is assumed to be allowed if it appears possible, unless it can be proved by retrograde analysis that either the king or chosen rook has previously moved.
Notable examples[edit]
Viktor Korchnoi, in his 1974 Candidates final match with Anatoly Karpov, famously asked the arbiter if castling was legal when the castling rook was under attack.[7] The arbiter answered in the affirmative, Korchnoi executed the move, and Karpov resigned shortly after.[8]
Three castlings occurred in the game between Wolfgang Heidenfeld and Nick Kerins, in Dublin in 1973. Of course, the third one (the second one by White) was illegal. The game is as follows:[9]
1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.Be3 Nf6 4.e5 Nfd7 5.f4 c5 6.c3 Nc6 7.Nf3 Qb6 8.Qd2 c4 9.Be2 Na5 10.0-0 f5 11.Ng5 Be7 12.g4 Bxg5 13.fxg5 Nf8 14.gxf5 exf5 15.Bf3 Be6 16.Qg2 0-0-0 17.Na3 Ng6 18.Qd2 f4 19.Bf2 Bh3 20.Rfb1 Bf5 21.Nc2 h6 22.gxh6 Rxh6 23.Nb4 Qe6 24.Qe2 Ne7 25.b3 Qg6+ 26.Kf1 Bxb1 27.bxc4 dxc4 28.Qb2 Bd3+ 29.Ke1 Be4 30.Qe2 Bxf3 31.Qxf3 Rxh2 32.d5 Qf5 33.0-0-0 Rh3 34.Qe2 Rxc3+ 35.Kb2 Rh3 36.d6 Nec6 37.Nxc6 Nxc6 38.e6 Qe5+ 39.Qxe5 Nxe5 40.d7+ Nxd7 0–1
Tim Krabbé composed a joke chess problem containing vertical castling (king on e1, underpromoted rook on e8). The loophole in the definition of castling upon which this problem was based was removed by the new requirement that the castling rook must occupy the same rank as the king.
Averbakh game[edit]
Averbakh vs. Purdy, 1960
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Black to move, castled queenside, with the rook going over the attacked square b8.
In this game[10] between Yuri Averbakh and Cecil Purdy, Black castled queenside. Averbakh pointed out that the rook passed over a square controlled by White and thought it was illegal. Purdy proved that the castling was legal since this applies only to the king, to which Averbakh replied "Only the king? Not the rook?" (Evans 1970:38–39), (Lombardy & Daniels 1975:188).
Edward Lasker game[edit]
Ed. Lasker vs. Thomas, 1912
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Position after 17...Kg1
In this game between Edward Lasker and Sir George Thomas (London 1912),[11] Black had just played 17...Kg1. White might have checkmated by 18.0-0-0# but instead played 18.Kd2#.[12] (See Edward Lasker's notable games.)
Prins versus Day[edit]
Prins vs. Day, 1968
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Position before 31...0-0-0#
This game between Lodewijk Prins and Lawrence Day had ended earlier, but if Prins had played on he would not have been able to avoid this position. Black now checkmates by castling: 31...0-0-0#.[13] (See Lawrence Day's notable chess games.)
Feuer versus O'Kelly[edit]
Feuer vs. O'Kelly, 1934
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Position after 12...Kxd8
In the game Feuer–O'Kelly, Belgian Championship 1934, Feuer perpetrated what later became known as a famous opening trap against O'Kelly when he castled queenside with check, simultaneously attacking and winning O'Kelly's rook on b2, which had captured Feuer's pawn on that square.
History[edit]
Castling has its roots in the "king's leap". There were two forms of the leap: (1) the king would move once like a knight, and (2) the king would move two squares on his first move. The knight-move might be used early in the game to get the king to safety or later in the game to escape a threat. This second form was played in Europe as early as the 13th century. In North Africa, the king was moved to a safe square by a two-step procedure: (1) the king moved to the second rank and (2) the rook moved to the king's original square and the king moved to the rook's original square (Davidson 1981:48).
Before the bishop and queen acquired their current moves in the 16th century they were weak pieces and the king was relatively safe in the middle of the board. When the bishop and queen got their current moves they became very powerful and the king was no longer safe on its original square, since it can be attacked from a distance and from both sides. Castling was added to allow the king to get to a safer location and to allow rooks to get into the game earlier (Davidson 1981:16).
The rule of castling has varied by location and time. In medieval England, Spain, and France, the white king was allowed to jump to c1, c2, d3, e3, f3, or g1,[14] if no capture was made, the king was not in check, and did not move over check. (The black king might move similarly.) In Lombardy, the white king might jump an additional square to b1 or h1 or to a2 (and equivalent squares for the black king). Later in Germany and Italy, the king move was combined with a pawn move.
In Rome from the early 17th century until the late 19th century, the rook might be placed on any square up to and including the king's square, and the king might be moved to any square on the other side of the rook. This was called "free castling".
In the Göttingen manuscript (c. 1500) and a game published by Luis Ramírez de Lucena in 1498, castling consisted of two moves: first the rook and then the king.
The current version of castling was established in France in 1620 and England in 1640 (Sunnucks 1970:66).
In the 1811 edition of his chess treatise, Johann Allgaier introduced the 0-0 notation. He differentiated between "0-0r" (r=right) and "0-0l" (l=left). The 0-0-0 notation for queenside castling was added in 1837 by Aaron Alexandre.[15] The practice was then accepted in the first edition (1843) of the Handbuch des Schachspiels.
Nomenclature[edit]
In most European languages, castling is known by a derivative from the same root as the English word "rook" (e.g. rochieren, rochada, enroque), while the local adjectives meaning "long" and "short" (or "big" and "small") are used in those countries to refer to queenside and kingside castling, respectively.
See also[edit]
Outline of chess: Rules of chess
Artificial castling
Chess notation
Algebraic chess notation
Descriptive chess notation
Rules of chess
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Pandolfini, Bruce (1992), Pandolfini's Chess Complete: The Most Comprehensive Guide to the Game, from History to Strategy, Simon & Schuster, ISBN 9780671701864, retrieved 13 January 2014
Jump up ^ "Laws of Chess". FIDE. (Castling is in rule 3.8)
Jump up ^ Without this additional restriction, which was added to the FIDE rules in 1972, it would be possible to promote a pawn on the e file to a rook and then castle vertically across the board (as long as the other conditions are met). This way of castling was "discovered" by Max Pam and used by Tim Krabbé in a chess puzzle before the rules were amended to disallow it. See Chess Curiosities by Krabbé, see also de:Pam-Krabbé-Rochade for the diagrams online.
Jump up ^ "Laws of Chess: For competitions starting before 1 July 2014". World Chess Federation.
Jump up ^ See e.g. http://www.chessvariants.org/d.chess/castlefaq.html
Jump up ^ Abrahams, Gerald (1948), Chess, Teach Yourself Books, English Universities Press, p. 59
Jump up ^ Korchnoi vs. Karpov
Jump up ^ Larry Evans (16 July 1995). "Castling Confuses Even Grandmasters". Sun Sentinel.
Jump up ^ "Chess Records". Tim Krabbé. (click on: "Greatest number of castlings")
Jump up ^ Averbakh vs. Purdy
Jump up ^ Ed. Lasker vs. Thomas, London 1912
Jump up ^ Edward Lasker, Chess for Fun and Chess for Blood, Dover Publications, 1962, p. 120.
Jump up ^ Prins vs. Day
Jump up ^ c1, c2, c3, d3, e3, f3, ga, g2, or g3, according to H. J. R. Murray
Jump up ^ Stefan Bücker: "Was bedeutet 0-0?" (What does 0-0 mean?), in: Kaissiber, No. 18, 2002, p.70–71
References[edit]
Davidson, Henry (1981) [1949], A Short History of Chess, McKay, ISBN 978-0-679-14550-9
Evans, Larry (1970), Chess Catechism, Simon and Schuster, ISBN 0-671-20491-2
Hooper, David; Whyld, Kenneth (1992), "castling", The Oxford Companion to Chess (2nd ed.), Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-280049-3
Just, Tim; Burg, Daniel B. (2003), U.S. Chess Federation's Official Rules of Chess (5th ed.), McKay, ISBN 0-8129-3559-4
Lombardy, William; Daniels, David (1975), Chess Panorama, Chilton, ISBN 0-8019-6078-9
Murray, H. J. R. (2012) [1913], A History of Chess, Skyhorse, ISBN 978-1-62087-062-4
Schiller, Eric (2003), Official Rules of Chess (2nd ed.), Cardoza Publishing, ISBN 978-1-58042-092-1
Sunnucks, Anne (1970), "castling", The Encyclopaedia of Chess, St. Martins Press, ISBN 978-0-7091-4697-1
External links[edit]
"Mate by Castling" Game Collection at chessgames.com
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Fixation (histology)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the cellular preservation method. For the physical immobilization device, see external fixation.
In the fields of histology, pathology, and cell biology, fixation is a critical step in the preparation of histological sections by which biological tissues are preserved from decay, thereby preventing autolysis or putrefaction. The structure of a tissue is determined by the shapes and sizes of macromolecules in and around cells. The principal macromolecules inside a cell are proteins and nucleic acids. Fixation terminates any ongoing biochemical reactions, and may also increase the mechanical strength or stability of the treated tissues. The broad objective of tissue fixation is to preserve cells and tissue components and to do this in such a way as to allow for the preparation of thin, stained sections.
Contents
[hide]
1 Purposes
2 Process
3 Types
4 Chemical fixation
5 Types of chemical fixatives
5.1 Crosslinking fixatives - aldehydes
5.2 Precipitating fixatives - alcohols
5.3 Oxidizing agents
5.4 Mercurials
5.5 Picrates
5.6 HOPE fixative
6 Frozen sections
6.1 Advantages
6.2 Disadvantages
7 Target and chemical fixative do's and don'ts
8 Factors affecting fixation
8.1 Acidity or basicity
8.2 Osmolarity
8.3 Size of the specimen
8.4 Volume of the fixative
8.5 Temperature
8.6 Duration
8.7 Time from removal to fixation
9 External links
10 References
Purposes[edit]
In performing their protective role, fixatives denature proteins by coagulation, by forming additive compounds, or by a combination of coagulation and additive processes. A compound that adds chemically to macromolecules stabilizes structure most effectively if it is able to combine with parts of two different macromolecules, an effect known as cross-linking. Fixation of tissue is done for several reasons. One reason is to kill the tissue so that postmortem decay (autolysis and putrefaction) is prevented.[1] Fixation preserves a sample of biological material (tissue or cells) as close to its natural state as possible in the process of preparing tissue for examination. To achieve this, several conditions usually must be met.
First, a fixative usually acts to disable intrinsic biomolecules—particularly proteolytic enzymes—which otherwise digest or damage the sample.
Second, a fixative typically protects a sample from extrinsic damage. Fixatives are toxic to most common microorganisms (bacteria in particular) that might exist in a tissue sample or which might otherwise colonize the fixed tissue. In addition, many fixatives chemically alter the fixed material to make it less palatable (either indigestible or toxic) to opportunistic microorganisms.
Finally, fixatives often alter the cells or tissues on a molecular level to increase their mechanical strength or stability. This increased strength and rigidity can help preserve the morphology (shape and structure) of the sample as it is processed for further analysis.
Even the most careful fixation does alter the sample and introduce artifacts that can interfere with interpretation of cellular ultrastructure. A prominent example is the bacterial mesosome, which was thought to be an organelle in gram-positive bacteria in the 1970s, but was later shown by new techniques developed for electron microscopy to be simply an artifact of chemical fixation.[2][3] Standardization of fixation and other tissue processing procedures takes this introduction of artifacts into account, by establishing what procedures introduce which kinds of artifacts. Researchers who know what types of artifacts to expect with each tissue type and processing technique can accurately interpret sections with artifacts, or choose techniques that minimize artifacts in areas of interest.
Process[edit]
Fixation is usually the first stage in a multistep process to prepare a sample of biological material for microscopy or other analysis. Therefore, the choice of fixative and fixation protocol may depend on the additional processing steps and final analyses that are planned. For example, immunohistochemistry uses antibodies that bind to a specific protein target. Prolonged fixation can chemically mask these targets and prevent antibody binding. In these cases, a 'quick fix' method using cold formalin for around 24 hours is typically used. Methanol (100%) can also be used for quick fixation, and that time can vary depending on the biological material. For example, MDA-MB 231 human breast cancer cells can be fixed for only 3 minutes with cold methanol (-20 °C). For enzyme localization studies, the tissues should either be pre-fixed lightly only, or post-fixed after the enzyme activity product has formed.
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2008)
Types[edit]
There are generally three types of fixation processes depending on the initial specimen:
Heat fixation: After a smear has dried at room temperature, the slide is gripped by tongs or a clothespin and passed through the flame of a Bunsen burner several times to heat-kill and adhere the organism to the slide. Routinely used with bacteria and archaea. Heat fixation generally preserves overall morphology but not internal structures. Heat denatures the proteolytic enzyme and prevents autolysis. Heat fixation cannot be used in the capsular stain method as heat fixation will shrink or destroy the capsule (glycocalyx) and cannot be seen in stains.
Immersion: The sample of tissue is immersed in fixative solution of volume at a minimum of 20 times greater than the volume of the tissue to be fixed. The fixative must diffuse through the tissue to fix, so tissue size and density, as well as type of fixative must be considered. This is a common technique for cellular applications. Using a larger sample means it takes longer for the fixative to reach the deeper tissue.
Perfusion: Fixation via blood flow. The fixative is injected into the heart with the injection volume matching cardiac output. The fixative spreads through the entire body, and the tissue doesn't die until it is fixed. This has the advantage of preserving perfect morphology, but the disadvantages are that the subject dies and the cost of the volume of fixative needed for larger organisms is high.
Chemical fixation[edit]
In both immersion and perfusion fixation processes, chemical fixatives are used to preserve structures in a state (both chemically and structurally) as close to living tissue as possible. This requires a chemical fixative.
Types of chemical fixatives[edit]
Crosslinking fixatives - aldehydes[edit]
Crosslinking fixatives act by creating covalent chemical bonds between proteins in tissue. This anchors soluble proteins to the cytoskeleton, and lends additional rigidity to the tissue.
By far the most commonly used fixative in histology is formaldehyde. It is usually used as a 10% neutral buffered formalin (NBF), that is approx. 3.7%-4.0% formaldehyde in phosphate-buffered saline. Because formaldehyde is a gas at room temperature, formalin-formaldehyde gas dissolved in water (~37% w/v) is used when making the former fixative. Paraformaldehyde is a polymerized form of formaldehyde, usually obtained as a fine white powder, which depolymerises back to formalin when heated. Formaldehyde fixes tissue by cross-linking the proteins, primarily the residues of the basic amino acid lysine. Its effects are reversible by excess water and it avoids formalin pigmentation. Other benefits include: Long term storage and good tissue penetration. It is particularly good for immunohistochemistry techniques. Also the formaldehyde vapor can be used as a fixative for cell smears.
Another popular aldehyde for fixation is glutaraldehyde. It operates in a similar way to formaldehyde by causing deformation of the alpha-helix structures in proteins. However glutaraldehyde is a larger molecule, and so its rate of diffusion across membranes is slower than formaldehyde. Consequently, glutaraldehyde fixation on thicker tissue samples may be hampered, but this problem can be overcome by reducing the size of the tissue sample. One of the advantages of glutaraldehyde fixation is that it may offer a more rigid or tightly linked fixed product—its greater length and two aldehyde groups allow it to 'bridge' and link more distant pairs of protein molecules. It causes rapid and irreversible changes, fixes quickly, is well suited for electron microscopy, fixes well at 4 oC, and gives best overall cytoplasmic and nuclear detail. However it is not ideal for immunohistochemistry staining.
Some fixation protocols call for a combination of formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde so that their respective strengths complement one another.
These crosslinking fixatives–especially formaldehyde–tend to preserve the secondary structure of proteins and may protect significant amounts of tertiary structure as well.
Precipitating fixatives - alcohols[edit]
Precipitating (or denaturing) fixatives act by reducing the solubility of protein molecules and (often) by disrupting the hydrophobic interactions that give many proteins their tertiary structure. The precipitation and aggregation of proteins is a very different process from the crosslinking that occurs with the aldehyde fixatives.
The most common precipitating fixatives are ethanol and methanol. They are commonly used to fix frozen sections and smears. Acetone is also used and has been shown to produce better histological preservation than frozen sections when employed in the Acetone Methylbenzoate Xylene (AMEX) technique.
The protein denaturants - methanol, ethanol and acetone - are rarely used alone for fixing blocks unless studying nucleic acids.
Acetic acid is a denaturant that is sometimes used in combination with the other precipitating fixatives, such as Davidson's AFA.[4] The alcohols, by themselves, are known to cause considerable shrinkage and hardening of tissue during fixation while acetic acid alone is associated with tissue swelling; combining the two may result in better preservation of tissue morphology.
Oxidizing agents[edit]
The oxidizing fixatives can react with various side chains of proteins and other biomolecules, allowing formation of crosslinks that stabilize tissue structure. However they cause extensive denaturation despite preserving fine cell structure and are used mainly as secondary fixatives.
Osmium tetroxide is often used as a secondary fixative when samples are prepared for electron microscopy. (It is not used for light microscopy as it penetrates thick sections of tissue very poorly.)
Potassium dichromate, chromic acid, and potassium permanganate all find use in certain specific histological preparations.
Mercurials[edit]
Mercurials such as B-5 and Zenker's fixative have an unknown mechanism that increases staining brightness and give excellent nuclear detail. Despite being fast, mercurials penetrate poorly and produce tissue shrinkage. Their best application is for fixation of hematopoietic and reticuloendothelial tissues. Also note that since they contain mercury care must be taken with disposal.
Picrates[edit]
Picrates penetrate tissue well to react with histones and basic proteins to form crystalline picrates with amino acids and precipitate all proteins. It is a good fixative for connective tissue, preserves glycogen well, and extracts lipids to give superior results to formaldehyde in immunostaining of biogenic and polypeptide hormones However, it causes a loss of basophils unless the specimen is thoroughly washed following fixation.
HOPE fixative[edit]
Hepes-glutamic acid buffer-mediated organic solvent protection effect (HOPE) gives formalin-like morphology, excellent preservation of protein antigens for immunohistochemistry and enzyme histochemistry, good RNA and DNA yields and absence of crosslinking proteins.
Frozen sections[edit]
Small pieces of tissue (5×5×3mm) are placed in a cryoprotective embedding medium—OCT, TBS, or cryogel—then snap frozen in isopentane cooled by liquid nitrogen. Tissue is then sectioned in a freezing microtome or cryostat and sections are fixed in one of the following fixatives:
absolute acetone for 10–15 seconds
95% ethanol for 10–15 seconds
absolute acetone 10 seconds followed by 95% ethanol for 10 seconds.
Advantages[edit]
Better preservation of antigenicity
Minimal exposure to fixative
Not exposed to the organic solvents
Much faster than other forms of fixations
Disadvantages[edit]
Lack of morphological detail
Potential biohazard
Target and chemical fixative do's and don'ts[edit]
This section may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards. You can help. The discussion page may contain suggestions. (September 2013)
Target
Fixative of choice
Fixative to avoid
Proteins Neutral buffered formalin, paraformaldehyde Osmium tetroxide
Enzymes Frozen sections Chemical fixatives
Lipids Frozen sections*, glutaraldehyde/osmium tetroxide Alcoholic fixatives, neutral buffered formalin
Nucleic acids Alcoholic fixatives, HOPE Aldehyde fixatives
Mucopolysaccharides Frozen sections Chemical fixatives
Biogenic amines Bouin solution, neutral buffered formalin
Glycogen Alcoholic based fixatives Osmium tetroxide
Frozen sections preserve RNA and Lipids despite poor morphology. Compare to paraffin sections, synonymous to chemical fixatives in the table, which destroy RNA and affect some antigens BUT give good morphology.
~ A picrate
Factors affecting fixation[edit]
Acidity or basicity[edit]
Should be kept in the physiological range, between pH 4-9. The pH for the ultrastructure preservation should be buffered between 7.2 to 7.4
Osmolarity[edit]
Hypertonic solutions give rise to cell shrinkage.
Hypotonic solutions result in cell swelling and poor fixation.
10% neutral buffer formalin is 4% formaldehyde (1.33 osmolar) in PBS buffer (0.3 osmolar) sums to 1.63 osmolar. This is a very hypertonic solution yet it has worked well as a general tissue fixation condition for many years in pathology labs. The size of tissue can also affect the fixation process.
Size of the specimen[edit]
1–4 mm thickness [0.5 cm]
Volume of the fixative[edit]
At least 15-20 times greater than tissue volume
Temperature[edit]
Increasing the temperature increases speed of fixation. However, care is required to avoid cooking the specimen. Fixation is routinely carried out at room temperature.
Duration[edit]
As a general rule, 1 hour per millimetre of tissue paraformaldehyde (PFA) must penetrate. So if we have a three-dimensional tissue block, it is the shortest dimension that determines fixation time.
Time from removal to fixation[edit]
Fixation is a chemical process, and time must be allowed for the process to complete. Although "over fixation" can be detrimental, under-fixation has recently been appreciated as a significant problem and may be responsible for inappropriate results for some assays.
External links[edit]
Library resources about
Fixation (histology)
Resources in your library
Resources in other libraries
Fixing specimens for making permanent slides
Fixation strategies and formulations for immunohistochemical staining
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Carson, Freida L; Christa Hladik (2009). Histotechnology: A Self-Instructional Text (3 ed.). Hong Kong: American Society for Clinical Pathology Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-89189-581-7.
Jump up ^ Ryter A (1988). "Contribution of new cryomethods to a better knowledge of bacterial anatomy". Ann. Inst. Pasteur Microbiol. 139 (1): 33–44. doi:10.1016/0769-2609(88)90095-6. PMID 3289587.
Jump up ^ Friedrich, CL; D Moyles; TJ Beveridge; REW Hancock (2000). "Antibacterial Action of Structurally Diverse Cationic Peptides on Gram-Positive Bacteria". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 44 (8): 2086–2092. doi:10.1128/AAC.44.8.2086-2092.2000. PMC 90018  . PMID 10898680.
Jump up ^ http://microvet.arizona.edu/research/aquapath/davidson.htm Davidson's AFA formulation at University of Arizona, Department of Veterinary Science and Microbiology website (accessed, Feb. 22, 2013)
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He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the song by The Hollies. For other uses, see He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother (disambiguation).
"He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother"
Single by The Hollies
B-side
"'Cos You Like to Love Me"
Released
26 September 1969 (1969-09-26)[1]
Recorded
25 June and 7 August 1969
Abbey Road Studios[1]
Genre
Baroque pop
soft rock
Length
4:20[2]
Label
Parlophone
Epic
Songwriter(s)
Bob Russell and Bobby Scott
Producer(s)
Ron Richards
The Hollies singles chronology
"Sorry Suzanne"
(1969) "He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother"
(1969) "I Can't Tell the Bottom From the Top"
(1970)
"Sorry Suzanne"
(1969) "He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother"
(1969) "I Can't Tell the Bottom From the Top"
(1970)
"He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother" is a popular music ballad written by Bobby Scott and Bob Russell. Originally recorded by Kelly Gordon in 1969, the song became a worldwide hit for The Hollies later that year and again for Neil Diamond in 1970. It has been covered by many artists in subsequent years. The Hollies' and Rufus Wainwright's versions of the song were featured in the film Zoolander.
Contents
[hide]
1 Origin of the song
2 Origin of the title
3 Chart performance
3.1 Weekly charts
3.2 Year-end charts
4 Neil Diamond version
5 Bill Medley version
6 The Justice Collective version
6.1 Background
6.2 Personnel
6.3 Charts
6.3.1 Year-end charts
6.4 Other versions
7 References
8 External links
Origin of the song[edit]
Scott and Russell had been introduced to each other by Johnny Mercer, at a California nightclub. Although Russell was dying of lymphoma and the pair met in person only three times, they managed to collaborate on the song.
Origin of the title[edit]
In 1884, James Wells, Moderator of the United Free Church of Scotland, in his book The Parables of Jesus tells the story of a little girl carrying a big baby boy. Seeing her struggling, someone asked if she wasn't tired. With surprise she replied: "No, he's not heavy; he's my brother."[3]
In a 1918 publication by Ralph Waldo Trine titled The Higher Powers of Mind and Spirit, he relates the following anecdote: "Do you know that incident in connection with the little Scottish girl? She was trudging along, carrying as best she could a boy younger, but it seemed almost as big as she herself, when one remarked to her how heavy he must be for her to carry, when instantly came the reply: 'He's na heavy. He's mi brither.'"[4]
The first editor of Kiwanis magazine, Roe Fulkerson, published a column in September 1924 carrying the title "He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother", the first use of the phrase exactly as it is rendered in the song title.
In the 1940s, the words, adapted as "He ain't heavy, Father, he's my brother", were taken as a slogan for Boys Town children's home by founder Father Edward Flanagan.[5]
Chart performance[edit]
The Hollies' recording, which featured Elton John on piano, was released in the UK on 1 September 1969 and on 1 December 1969 in the US. "He Ain't Heavy" reached No. 3 in the UK[6] and No. 7 in the US. The song, paired with rarity "Carrie", was re-released in late 1988 in the UK following its use in a television advertisement for Miller Lite beer. It reached the No. 1 spot in the UK chart for two weeks in September 1988.[7]
Neil Diamond's version of the song, recorded for his Tap Root Manuscript album, went to No. 20 on the Billboard "Hot 100 Singles" chart in late 1970.
The Osmonds covered the song on their 1970 album, Osmonds, as well as on the B-side of their chart-topper "One Bad Apple;" the song is a staple at their concerts.
Olivia Newton-John covered the song on her 1975 album "Clearly Love", and it was released as the B-side of the single "Let It Shine"/"He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother" in January 1976; the single went to number one on the US Easy Listening (adult contemporary) chart and number thirty on the Billboard Hot 100.
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1969–2013)
Peak
position
Australia (KMR)[8] 8
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[9] 16
Canadian Top Singles[10] 11
Canadian Adult Singles[11] 35
Germany (Official German Charts)[12] 9
Ireland (Irish Singles Chart)[13] 2
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[14] 15
New Zealand (Listener)[15] 7
Norway (VG-lista)[16] 7
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[17] 5
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[18] 1
US Billboard Hot 100[19] 7
US Cash Box Top 100[20] 8
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1970)
Rank
Australia [21][not in citation given] 54
Canada [22] 68
US Billboard Hot 100[23] 46
US Cash Box [24] 58
Neil Diamond version[edit]
The Neil Diamond version entered at #68 on the Hot 100 on 7 November 1970 [25] (UNI Records, 55264, length 4:09). The flip side was "Free Life".[26] The song appears on the Neil Diamond album Tap Root Manuscript, which was released November 1970.[25] The song was played by KGB-AM radio, San Diego, California, in late 1970, prior to the then-new Walk for Mankind, in dedication to those who would be walking for donations that day.
Bill Medley version[edit]
Bill Medley recorded a version for the soundtrack of the film Rambo III. It was released as a single in the UK and peaked at #25, being in the chart the same time as the Hollies' version in 1988.
The Justice Collective version[edit]
"He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother"
Single by The Justice Collective
Released
17 December 2012 (2012-12-17)
Format
CD single
digital download
7" single
Recorded
October–November 2012
Sleeper Studios, Metropolis Studios, Abbey Road Studios
(London)
Parr Street Studios, Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts
(Liverpool)
Genre
Pop rock
Length
4:33
Label
Metropolis (5065001566387)
Songwriter(s)
Bob Russell
Bobby Scott
Producer(s)
Guy Chambers
Richard Flack
Music video
"He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother" on YouTube
In 2012, a version of the song was recorded, and was released on 17 December 2012, by musicians and celebrities going under the name The Justice Collective, including Melanie C, Robbie Williams, Paul Heaton, Paloma Faith, Paul McCartney, Gerry Marsden, Kenny Dalglish, Alan Hansen, Rebecca Ferguson, Beverley Knight, and two original members of The Hollies, Bobby Elliott and Tony Hicks, for various charities associated with the Hillsborough disaster.[27]
The song went on to take the coveted Christmas number one position for 2012 on the UK Singles Chart,[28] beating The X Factor winner James Arthur, who was number one the previous week.
Background[edit]
After the News International phone hacking scandal, members of The Farm along with Pete Wylie and Mick Jones of The Clash performed at an anti-The Sun concert at the Liverpool Olympia in September 2011. Following this they formed The Justice Tonight Band and toured the United Kingdom and Europe for the next year in order to raise awareness of the Hillsborough Justice Campaign.[29]
Initially, the idea was to re-release the 2009 single "The Fields of Anfield Road" by The Liverpool Collective featuring The Kop Choir; however, this idea was rejected by Peter Hooton as only a relatively small number of people would buy it. Inspired by Everton's Hillsborough tribute on 17 September 2012, the song was played at Goodison Park prior to their match against Newcastle United. It was then decided that a re-recording of this song by various artists including The Justice Tonight Band would be released as the charity single.[29]
Keith Mullen of The Farm recruited Guy Chambers to produce the single and with Chambers offering free use of his Sleeper Studios to record the song. On 25 October 2012, Steve Rotheram, Guy Chambers and Kenny Dalglish announced plans of the single to be recorded by various artists such as Robbie Williams, Rebecca Ferguson, Paloma Faith, Beverley Knight, Melanie Chisholm, Holly Johnson, Mick Jones, Glen Campbell, Peter Hooton, Chris Sharrock, Glenn Tilbrook, Ren Harvieu, Dave McCabe, Paul Heaton, Hollie Cook, Jon McClure, John Power, Gerry Marsden, and two original members of The Hollies, Bobby Elliott and Tony Hicks.[29][30]
Personnel[edit]
Vocalists[31]
Andy Brown (Lawson)
Gerry Marsden (Gerry and the Pacemakers)
Paul Heaton (The Beautiful South)
Glenn Tilbrook (Squeeze)
John Power (Cast, The La's)
Robbie Williams (Take That)
Melanie C (Spice Girls)
Rebecca Ferguson
Holly Johnson (Frankie Goes to Hollywood)
Paloma Faith
Beverley Knight
Eliza Doolittle
Dave McCabe (The Zutons)
Peter Hooton (The Farm)
Ren Harvieu
Jon McClure (Reverend and The Makers)
Paul McCartney (The Beatles)
Shane MacGowan (The Pogues)
Bobby Elliott (The Hollies)
Tony Hicks (The Hollies)
Hollie Cook (The Slits)
LIPA Gospel Choir
Clay Crosse
Alan Hansen
Peter Reid
John Bishop
Kenny Dalglish
Neil Fitzmaurice
Musicians[31]
Chris Sharrock (Beady Eye) – drums
David Catlin-Birch (World Party) – bass
Paul McCartney – lead guitar
Mick Jones (The Clash) – electric guitar
Andrew "Davo" Davitt – acoustic guitar
Guy Chambers – piano
Elton John – piano
Will Pound – harmonica
Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra – strings
Richard Blake – trumpet/flugelhorn
Matthew Lewis – trombone/euphonium
Meredith Moore – French horn
Will Roberts – tuba
Production[31]
Guy Chambers – producer
Richard Flack – producer, engineer
Oliver Som – engineer
Liam Nolan – engineer
Chris Taylor – engineer
Jon Withnall – engineer
Tony Draper – engineer
Alec Brits – engineer
Charts[edit]
Chart (2012)
Peak
position
Ireland (IRMA)[32] 4
Norway (VG-lista)[33] 17
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[34] 2
Spain (Airplay Chart)[35] 33
UK Indie (Official Charts Company)[36] 1
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[37] 1
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2012)
Rank
UK Singles Chart[38]
49
Other versions[edit]
Another version by an unknown vocalist was used in the early 1990s by the New Zealand Police in a televised public service announcement.[39][40]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b The Hollies—Epic Anthology: From the Original Master Tapes Epic Records EGK 46161 liner notes
Jump up ^ Epic Records 5-10532 45 RPM
Jump up ^ The parables of Jesus. Books.google.com. 10 September 2010. Retrieved 18 January 2012.
Jump up ^ Trine, Ralph Waldo (1918). The Higher Powers of Mind and Spirit. Project Gutenberg.
Jump up ^ "ZipUSA: Boystown, Nebraska @ National Geographic Magazine". Ngm.nationalgeographic.com. Retrieved 30 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "UK Top 40 Chart Archive, British Singles and Album Charts". EveryHit.com. 16 March 2000. Retrieved 18 January 2012.
Jump up ^ http://www.officialcharts.com/all-the-number-ones-singles-list/_/1988/
Jump up ^ "Forum - 1970 (ARIA Charts: Special Occasion Charts)". Australian-charts.com. Archived from the original on 2 June 2016. Retrieved 7 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – The Hollies – He Ain't Heavy - He's My Brother" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40.
Jump up ^ "RPM 100" (PHP). RPM. 13 (5). 21 March 1970. Retrieved 24 May 2011.
Jump up ^ "RPM Adult" (PHP). RPM. 12 (26). 14 February 1970. Retrieved 24 May 2011.
Jump up ^ "Musicline.de – Hollies, The Single-Chartverfolgung" (in German). Media Control Charts. PhonoNet GmbH.
Jump up ^ "The Irish Charts - All there is to know". Irish Recorded Music Association. Retrieved 12 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – The Hollies – He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother" (in Dutch). Single Top 100.
Jump up ^ Flavour of New Zealand, 19 December 1969
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – The Hollies – He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother". VG-lista.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Hollies, The – He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother". Swiss Singles Chart.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "The Hollies Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles, March 21, 1970
Jump up ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (doc)|format= requires |url= (help). Australian Chart Book, St Ives, N.S.W. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
Jump up ^ "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada". collectionscanada.gc.ca.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Hits of 1970/Top 100 Songs of 1970". Musicoutfitters.com. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Cash Box Year-End Charts: Top 100 Pop Singles, December 26, 1970
^ Jump up to: a b "I Am...I Said, A Fan of Neil Diamond". Iaisnd.com. Archived from the original on 24 January 2012. Retrieved 18 January 2012.
Jump up ^ "Neil Diamond – He Ain't Heavy ... He's My Brother (Vinyl) at Discogs". Discogs.com. Retrieved 18 January 2012.
Jump up ^ Michaels, Sean (23 November 2012). "Paul McCartney guests on Hillsborough charity single with Robbie Williams". Guardian UK. London. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
Jump up ^ "Hillsborough single is Christmas number one". Daily Telegraph UK. 23 November 2012. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Interview With Keith Mullin | Players | Interviews". Blue Kipper. 8 December 2012. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Gritt, Emma (24 December 2012). "The Justice Collective secure Christmas number one slot, outselling X Factor winner James Arthur by 45,000 copies". Daily Mail. London. Retrieved 30 March 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Listen To ….. & Order 'He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother' By The Justice Collective | great red north (LiverpoolFC.ca)". Greatrednorth.wordpress.com. 22 November 2012. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Chart Track: Week 51, 2012". Irish Singles Chart.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – The Justice Collective – He Aint Heavy, He's My Brother". VG-lista.
Jump up ^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "Promusicae (Week: December 26, 2012)" (PDF). Retrieved 26 December 2011. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "Official Independent Singles Chart Top 50". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Singles of 2012". BBC Radio 1. BBC Online. 31 December 2012. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
Jump up ^ YouTube - NZ police commercial circa 1991 - 'He ain't heavy, he's my brother'
Jump up ^ NZ Police Commercial 1990s (He ain't heavy...)
External links[edit]
Preceded by
"A Groovy Kind of Love" by Phil Collins UK Singles Chart number-one single
(The Hollies version)
18 September 1988 – 24 September 1988 Succeeded by
"Desire" by U2
Preceded by
"Impossible" by James Arthur UK Singles Chart number-one single
(The Justice Collective version)
23 December 2012 – 29 December 2012 Succeeded by
"Impossible" by James Arthur
[show]
v
t
e
The Hollies
Graham Nash
Allan Clarke
Eric Haydock
Bernie Calvert
Terry Sylvester
Bobby Elliott
Tony Hicks
Mikael Rickfors
Peter Howarth
Carl Wayne
Ian Parker
[hide]
v
t
e
The Hollies album discography
Studio albums
Stay with The Hollies
In The Hollies Style
Hollies
Would You Believe?
For Certain Because
Evolution
Butterfly
Hollies Sing Dylan
Hollies Sing Hollies
Confessions of the Mind
Distant Light
Romany
Hollies
Another Night
Write On
Russian Roulette
A Crazy Steal
Five Three One - Double Seven O Four
Buddy Holly
What Goes Around
Staying Power
Then Now Always
US albums
Here I Go Again
Hear! Here!
Beat Group!
Bus Stop
Stop! Stop! Stop!
Evolution
Dear Eloise/King Midas In Reverse
Words and Music By Bob Dylan
He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother
Moving Finger
Clarke, Hicks, Sylvester, Calvert, Elliott
Extended plays
The Hollies
Just One Look
Here I Go Again
We're Through
In the Hollies Style
I'm Alive
I Can't Let Go
Live albums
Hollies Live
Compilations
The Hollies' Greatest Hits (US)
Hollies' Greatest (UK)
Hollies' Greatest Hits (GER)
Hollies' Greatest Volume 2 (UK)
The Hollies' Greatest Hits (US)
The Very Best of the Hollies (US)
The History of the Hollies (UK)
20 Golden Greats (UK)
The Best of the Hollies E.P.'s (UK)
The Other Side of the Hollies (UK)
Hollies' Greatest (US version) (US)
All the Hits and More – The Definitive Collection (UK)
Rarities (UK)
The Air That I Breathe – The Very Best of the Hollies (UK)
30th Anniversary Collection 1963-1993
The Hollies at Abbey Road 1963 to 1966
The Hollies at Abbey Road 1966 to 1970
The Hollies at Abbey Road 1973 to 1989
Greatest Hits (UK)
A's B's & EP's
On a Carousel 1963-1974: The Ultimate Hollies
Midas Touch: The Very Best of The Hollies
Box Sets
The Long Road Home - The 40th Anniversary Collection
At Abbey Road 1963-1989
Clarke, Hicks & Nash Years: The Complete Hollies April 1963 – October 1968
[show]
v
t
e
The Hollies singles discography
UK and US
(All Labels)
1963
"Stay" / "Now's the Time"
1964
"Just One Look" / "Keep Off That Friend of Mine"
"Here I Go Again" / "Baby That's All" (UK) - "Lucille" (US)
"We're Through" / "Come On Back"
1965
"Yes I Will" / "Nobody"
"I'm Alive" / "You Know He Did"
"Look Through Any Window" / "So Lonely"
1966
"I Can't Let Go" / "Running Through the Night (UK) - "I've Got a Way of my Own" (US)
"Bus Stop" / "Don't Run and Hide"
"After the Fox (with Peter Sellers)" / "The Fox Trot (Gold, Gold, Who's Got the Gold)" (Burt Bacharach)
"Stop Stop Stop" / "It's You"
1967
"On a Carousel" / "All the World Is Love"
"Carrie Anne" / "Signs That Will Never Change"
"King Midas in Reverse" / "Everything Is Sunshine" (UK) - "Water on the Brain" (US)
1968
"Jennifer Eccles" / "Open Up Your Eyes" (UK) - "Try It" (US)
"Listen to Me" / "Do the Best You Can" (UK) - "Everything is Sunshine" (US)
1969
"Sorry Suzanne" / "Not That Way At All"
"He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother" / "Cos You Like to Love Me"
1970
"I Can't Tell the Bottom from the Top" / "Mad Professor Blyth"
"Gasoline Alley Bred" / "Dandelion Wine"
1971
"Hey Willy" / "Row the Boat Together"
1972
"The Baby" / "Oh Granny"
"Long Cool Woman in a Black Dress" / "Cable Car" (UK) - "Look What We've Got" (US)
"Magic Woman Touch" / "Indian Girl" (UK) - "Blue in the Morning" (US)
1973
"The Day That Curly Billy Shot Down Crazy Sam McGee" / "Born a Man"
1974
"The Air That I Breathe" / "No More Riders"
"I'm Down" / "Hello Lady Goodbye" (UK) - "Look Out Johnny (There's a Monkey on Your Back)" (US-1975)
"Sandy (4th July, Asbury Park)" / "Second Hand Hang-Ups"
1983
"Stop! In the Name of Love" / "Musical Pictures"
UK only
(Parlophone)
(Polydor)
(EMI)
1963
"(Ain't That) Just Like Me" / "Hey What's Wrong With Me"
"Searchin'" / "Whole World Over"
1965
"If I Needed Someone" / "I've Got a Way of My Own"
1974
"Son of a Rotten Gambler" / "Layin' to the Music"
1976
"Boulder to Birmingham" / "Crocodile Woman (She Bites)"
"Star" / "Love is the Thing"
"Daddy Don't Mind" / "C'Mon"
"Wiggle That Whotsit" / "Corrine"
1977
"Hello to Romance" / "48 Hour Parole"
"Amnesty" / "Crossfire"
1979
"Something to Live For" / "Song of the Sun"
1980
"Soldier's Song" / "Draggin' My Heels"
"Heartbeat" / "Take Your Time (new version)"
1981
"Holliedaze (A Medley)" / "Holliepops (A Medley)"
"Take My Love and Run" / "Driver"
1985
"Too Many Hearts Get Broken" / "You're All Woman"
1987
"This Is It" / "You Gave Me Strength"
"Reunion of the Heart" / "Too Many Hearts Get Broken"
1989
"Find Me a Family" / "No Rules"
1993
"The Woman I Love" / "Purple Rain (Live Version)"
2005
"Hope" / "Shine On Me"
US only
(Imperial)
(Epic)
(Atlantic)
1967
"Pay You Back With Interest" / "Whatcha Gonna Do 'Bout It"
"Just One Look" / "Running Through the Night"
"Dear Eloise" / "When Your Light's Turned On"
"If I Needed Someone" / "Yes I Will"
1968
"Do the Best You Can" / "Elevated Observations"
1971
"Survival of the Fittest" / "Man Without a Heart"
1972
"Long Dark Road" / "Indian Girl"
1973
"Jesus Was a Crossmaker" / "I Had a Dream"
"Slow Down" / "Won't We Feel Good"
1974
"Don't Let Me Down" / "Layin' to the Music"
1975
"Another Night" / "Time Machine Jive"
1976
"Write On" / "Crocodile Woman (She Bites)"
1977
"Draggin' My Heels" / "I Won't Move Over"
1978
"Writing on the Wall" / "Burn Out"
1983
"If the Lights Go Out" / "Someone Else's Eyes"
"Casualty" / "Someone Else's Eyes"
Italy only
(Parlophon)
1967
"Non Prego Per Me" / "Devi Avere Fiducia in Me"
"Kill Me Quick" / "We're Alive"
See also
Discography
Band members
[show]
v
t
e
Neil Diamond singles discography
Singles 1960s
1962
"You Are My Love at Last"
"I'm Afraid"
1963
"At Night"
1966
"Solitary Man"
"Cherry, Cherry"
"I Got the Feelin' (Oh No No)"
1967
"Girl, You'll Be a Woman Soon"
"Thank the Lord for the Night Time"
"Kentucky Woman"
"Some Day Baby"
1968
"New Orleans"
"Red Red Wine"
"Brooklyn Roads"
"Two-Bit Manchild"
"Shilo"
"Sunday Sun"
1969
"Brother Love's Travelling Salvation Show"
"Sweet Caroline"
"Holly Holy"
Singles 1970s
1970
"Shilo"
"Until It's Time for You to Go"
"Soolaimon"
"And The Grass Won't Pay No Mind"
"Solitary Man"
"Cracklin' Rosie"
"He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother"
"Do It"
1971
"I Am... I Said"
"Done Too Soon"
"I'm a Believer"
"Stones"
1972
"Song Sung Blue"
"Play Me"
"Walk on Water"
1973
"Cherry, Cherry"
"The Long Way Home"
"The Last Thing on My Mind"
"Be"
1974
"Skybird"
"Longfellow Serenade"
1975
"Morningside"
"I've Been This Way Before"
"The Last Picasso"
1976
"If You Know What I Mean"
"Don't Think... Feel"
"Beautiful Noise"
1977
"Stargazer"
"Lady-Oh"
"Desiree"
1978
"God Only Knows"
"Let Me Take You In My Arms Again"
"I'm Glad You're Here With Me Tonight"
"You Don't Bring Me Flowers"
"The Dancing Bumble Bee / Bumble Boogie"
1979
"Forever in Blue Jeans"
"Say Maybe"
"The American Popular Song"
"September Morn"
Singles 1980s
1980
"That Kind"
"The Good Lord Loves You"
"Dancing in the Street"
"Love on the Rocks"
1981
"Hello Again"
"America"
"Yesterday's Songs"
1982
"On the Way to the Sky"
"Be Mine Tonight"
"Rainy Day Song"
"Heartlight"
1983
"I'm Alive"
"Turn Around"
[show]
v
t
e
Paul Heaton
Albums
Fat Chance
The Cross Eyed Rambler
Acid Country
What Have We Become?
Wisdom, Laughter and Lines
Crooked Calypso
Related
The Housemartins
The Beautiful South
[show]
v
t
e
Robbie Williams singles
Life thru a Lens
"Old Before I Die"
"Lazy Days"
"South of the Border"
"Angels"
"Let Me Entertain You"
I've Been Expecting You
"Millennium"
"No Regrets"
"Strong"
"She's the One" / "It's Only Us"
"Win Some Lose Some"
Sing When You're Winning
"Rock DJ"
"Kids"
"Supreme"
"Let Love Be Your Energy"
"Eternity" / "The Road to Mandalay"
"Better Man"
Swing When You're Winning
"Somethin' Stupid"
"Mr. Bojangles/I Will Talk and Hollywood Will Listen"
Escapology
"Feel"
"Come Undone"
"Something Beautiful"
"Sexed Up"
Greatest Hits
"Radio"
"Misunderstood"
Intensive Care
"Tripping"
"Make Me Pure"
"Advertising Space"
"Sin Sin Sin"
Rudebox
"Rudebox"
"Lovelight"
"She's Madonna"
"Bongo Bong and Je ne t'aime plus"
Reality Killed the Video Star
"Bodies"
"You Know Me"
"Morning Sun"
In and Out of Consciousness
"Shame"
Take the Crown
"Candy"
"Different"
"Be a Boy"
Swings Both Ways
"Go Gentle"
"Dream a Little Dream"
"Shine My Shoes"
The Heavy Entertainment Show
"Party Like a Russian"
"Love My Life"
"Mixed Signals"
Other non-album singles
"Freedom"
"United"
"Close My Eyes"
Featured singles
"My Culture"
"Goin' Crazy"
"The Days"
[show]
v
t
e
Melanie C singles
Discography
Northern Star
"Goin' Down"
"Northern Star"
"Never Be the Same Again"
"I Turn to You"
"If That Were Me"
Reason
"Here It Comes Again"
"On the Horizon"
"Melt"
"Yeh Yeh Yeh"
Beautiful Intentions
"Next Best Superstar"
"Better Alone"
"First Day of My Life"
This Time
"The Moment You Believe"
"I Want Candy"
"Carolyna"
"This Time"
"Understand"
The Sea
"Rock Me"
"Think About It"
"Weak"
"Let There Be Love"
Stages
"I Know Him So Well"
Version of Me
"Anymore"
Featured singles
"When You're Gone"
"He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother"
"Let's Groove"
Other songs
"Follow Me
"Let's Love"
"I Don't Know How to Love Him"
"Numb"
[show]
v
t
e
Rebecca Ferguson
Discography
Studio albums
Heaven
Freedom
Lady Sings the Blues
Superwoman
Singles
"Nothing's Real but Love"
"Too Good to Lose"
"Glitter & Gold"
"Backtrack"
"Shoulder to Shoulder"
"Teach Me How to Be Loved"
"I Hope"
"Light On"
"All That I've Got"
"Bones"
[show]
v
t
e
Beverley Knight
Studio albums
The B-Funk
Prodigal Sista
Who I Am
Affirmation
Music City Soul
100%
Soul UK
Soulsville
Compilation albums
Voice – The Best of Beverley Knight
The Collection
100% – The Remixes
Soul UK – The Remixes
The Collection 1995–2007
Extended plays
Love Soul: Soul UK Live EP
Singles
"Flavour of the Old School"
"Down for the One"
"Moving On Up (on the Right Side)"
"Mutual Feeling"
"Cast All Your Cares"
"Made It Back"
"Rewind (Find a Way)"
"Greatest Day"
"Sista Sista"
"Get Up!"
"Shoulda Woulda Coulda"
"Gold"
"Shape Of You (Reshaped)"
"Come As You Are"
"Not Too Late for Love"
"Keep This Fire Burning"
"Piece of My Heart"
"No Man's Land"
"After You"
"The Queen of Starting Over"
"Every Step"
"Beautiful Night"
"In Your Shoes"
"Soul Survivor"
"Mama Used to Say"
"Cuddly Toy"
"One More Try"
"Round and Around"
"He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother"
"Middle of Love"
"Private Number"
"I Can't Stand the Rain"
Studio albums with Leading Ladies
Songs from the Stage
Singles with Leading Ladies
One Night Only
I'm Every Woman / Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas
Related articles
Discography
Who I Am Tour
Affirmation Tour
Voice - The Best of Tour
Ultimate Tour 2006
Music City Soul Tour
100% Tour
Soul UK Tour
Soulsville Tour
I Love Soulsville Tour
[show]
v
t
e
Paloma Faith
Discography
Studio albums
Do You Want the Truth or Something Beautiful?
Fall to Grace
A Perfect Contradiction
The Architect
Singles
"Stone Cold Sober"
"New York"
"Do You Want the Truth or Something Beautiful?"
"Upside Down"
"Smoke & Mirrors"
"Picking Up the Pieces"
"30 Minute Love Affair"
"Never Tear Us Apart"
"Just Be"
"Can't Rely on You"
"Only Love Can Hurt Like This"
"Trouble with My Baby"
"Ready for the Good Life"
"Crybaby"
Featured singles
"Keep Moving"
"Hard Times"
"He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother"
"Changing"
Concert tours
Do You Want the Truth or Something Beautiful Tour
Paloma Faith Autumn Tour 2014
[show]
v
t
e
Eliza Doolittle
Studio albums
Eliza Doolittle (2010)
In Your Hands (2013)
Extended plays
Eliza Doolittle (2009)
Singles
"Skinny Genes
"Pack Up"
"Rollerblades"
"Mr Medicine"
"Big When I Was Little"
"Let It Rain"
Featured singles
"I Put a Spell on You"
"He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother"
"You & Me"
Concert tours
Do You Want the Truth or Something Beautiful Tour (Supporting)
Related articles
Paloma Faith
Lloyd Wade
Bashy
Parlophone
[show]
v
t
e
Paul McCartney singles discography
1970s
1971
"Another Day" / "Oh Woman, Oh Why" (with Linda McCartney)
"Uncle Albert/Admiral Halsey" / "Too Many People" (with Linda McCartney)
"The Back Seat of My Car" / "Heart of the Country" (with Linda McCartney)
"Eat at Home" / "Smile Away" (with Linda McCartney)
1979
"Wonderful Christmastime"
1980s
1980
"Coming Up"
"Waterfalls"
"Temporary Secretary"
1982
"Ebony and Ivory" (with Stevie Wonder)
"Take It Away"
"Tug of War"
"The Girl Is Mine" (with Michael Jackson)
1983
"Say Say Say" (with Michael Jackson)
"Pipes of Peace"
1984
"No More Lonely Nights"
"We All Stand Together"
1985
"Spies Like Us"
1986
"Press"
"Pretty Little Head"
"Stranglehold"
"Only Love Remains"
1987
"Once Upon a Long Ago"
1989
"Ferry Cross the Mersey"
"My Brave Face" / "Flying to My Home"
"This One"
"Où est le Soleil?"
"Figure of Eight"
"Distractions" (promo)
1990s
1990
"Put It There" / "Mama's Little Girl"
"Birthday" (live) / "Good Day Sunshine" (live)
"All My Trials" (live) / "C Moon" (live)
"We Got Married" (promo)
1991
"The World You're Coming Into" / "Tres Conejos"
"Save the Child" / "The Drinking Song"
1992
"Hope of Deliverance"
1993
"C'Mon People"
"Off the Ground"
"Biker Like an Icon" / "Things We Said Today"
"Transpiritual Stomp" (The Fireman)
1995
"A Leaf" (with Anya Alexeyev)
"Come Together" (The Smokin' Mojo Filters)
1997
"Young Boy"
"The World Tonight"
"Beautiful Night"
1998
Rushes (The Fireman)
1999
Fluid (Nitin Sawhney Remixes) (The Fireman)
"No Other Baby" / "Brown Eyed Handsome Man"
"Vo!ce" (with Heather Mills)
"Run Devil Run" (promo)
2000s
2000
"Free Now" (promo)
2001
"From a Lover to a Friend"
"Freedom" / "From a Lover to a Friend"
"I'm Partial to Your Abracadabra" (promo)
2002
"Your Loving Flame" (promo)
"Lonely Road" (promo)
"Hello Goodbye" (promo)
2004
"Tropic Island Hum" / "We All Stand Together"
2005
"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" (with U2)
"Fine Line"
"Jenny Wren"
"Really Love You" (Twin Freaks)
2006
"This Never Happened Before" (promo)
2007
"Dance Tonight" / "Nod Your Head"
"Ever Present Past"
2008
"Heal the Pain" (with George Michael)
"Sing the Changes" (The Fireman)
2009
"Dance Til We're High" (The Fireman)
"My Soul" (with Nitin Sawhney)
"Meat Free Monday"
"Walk with You" (with Ringo Starr)
2010s
2010
"(I Want to) Come Home"
2011
"My Valentine"
2012
"Only Our Hearts"
Christmas Kisses: "The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire)" / "Wonderful Christmastime"
"He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother" (The Justice Collective)
"Get Yourself Another Fool" (promo)
2013
"Out of Sight" (The Bloody Beetroots feat. McCartney & Youth)
"New"
"Queenie Eye"
2014
"Save Us"
"Appreciate"
"Early Days"
"Hope for the Future"
"Only One" (with Kanye West)
2015
"FourFiveSeconds" (with Rihanna & Kanye West)
"All Day" (with Kanye West)
Book
Category
[show]
v
t
e
UK Christmas number-one singles in the 2010s
"When We Collide" (Matt Cardle, 2010)
"Wherever You Are" (Military Wives with Gareth Malone, 2011)
"He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother" (The Justice Collective, 2012)
"Skyscraper" (Sam Bailey, 2013)
"Something I Need" (Ben Haenow, 2014)
"A Bridge over You" (NHS Choir, 2015)
"Rockabye" (Clean Bandit featuring Sean Paul and Anne-Marie, 2016)
"Perfect" (Ed Sheeran, 2017)
Complete list
1950s
1960s
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
[show]
v
t
e
UK Christmas number-one single downloads in the 2010s
"When We Collide" (Matt Cardle, 2010)
"Wherever You Are" (Military Wives with Gareth Malone, 2011)
"He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother" (The Justice Collective, 2012)
"Skyscraper" (Sam Bailey, 2013)
"Something I Need" (Ben Haenow, 2014)
"A Bridge over You" (NHS Choir, 2015)
2000s
2010s
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=He_Ain%27t_Heavy,_He%27s_My_Brother&oldid=843031809"
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