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Reining
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This article is about the sport. For the equipment used to guide and direct a horse, see reins.
Reining
A competitor performing the sliding stop, one of the signature moves of a reining horse
Highest governing body
International Federation for Equestrian Sports (FEI)
First played
United States
Characteristics
Contact
no
Team members
individual and team at international levels
Mixed gender
yes
Type
indoor or outdoor
Equipment
horse, western saddle and related horse tack
Venue
Arena indoor or outdoor with dirt or similar footing suitable for the horse
Presence
Country or region
Worldwide
Reining is a western riding competition for horses where the riders guide the horses through a precise pattern of circles, spins, and stops. All work is done at the lope (a slow, relaxed version of the horse gait more commonly known worldwide as the canter), or the gallop (the fastest of the horse gaits). Originating from working cattle, reining is often described as a Western form of dressage riding, as it requires the horse to be responsive and in tune with its rider, whose aids should not be easily seen, and judges the horse on its ability to perform a set pattern of movements. The horse should be willingly guided or controlled with little or no apparent resistance and dictated to completely. A horse that pins his ears, conveying a threat to his rider, refuses to go forward, runs sideways, bounces his rear, wrings his tail in irritation or displays an overall poor attitude is not being guided willingly, and is judged accordingly.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Origins
2 Movements
3 Scoring
4 The horse
5 Equipment and attire
6 Bit and Hackamore rules
7 Reining competition
7.1 National
7.2 International
7.3 Freestyle
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Origins[edit]
Throughout the history of the Americas, dating back to the earliest Spanish settlers in what today is Mexico and the Southwestern United States, including Texas and California, ranchers needed to manage cattle from horseback. Cattle were moved, branded, doctored, sorted, and herded, often on open range without the benefit of fences, barns or other means of holding the animals. A good cowboy needed a quick and nimble horse, one that could change directions quickly, stop "on a dime," and sprint after an errant cow. The horse needed to be controlled mostly by legs and weight, ridden with only one hand and a light touch on the reins, so that the cowboy's attention could also be on tasks that could include handling a lariat (to rope cattle), opening a gate, or simply waving a hand, hat or rope to move along a reluctant herd animal. Informal demonstrations of these ideal characteristics amongst ranch cowboys and vaqueros evolved into the sport of reining, as well as the related events of cutting and working cow horse as well as several other horse show classes.
Other nations with traditions of herding livestock on vast areas, such as Australia and Argentina, developed similar traditions that have blended into the sport as it has expanded worldwide.
Movements[edit]
Circles are performed at speed
The reining pattern includes an average of eight to twelve movements which must be executed by the horse. Patterns require the following movements:
Circles: the horse must perform large, fast circles at a near-gallop and smaller, slow circles at a lope. They should be perfectly round, with the rider dictating the pace of the horse. There should be an easily seen change of speed as the rider transitions from the large, fast to the small, slow circles. Most circles incorporate changes of direction that require a flying change of lead.
Flying lead change: the horse changes its leading front and hind legs at the lope mid-stride, during the suspension phase of the gait. The horse should not break gait nor change speed. It can be used for as turning and direction. While completing a change at speed can improve one's score, precision is the most important factor in judging: A horse taking more than one stride to complete the change, or a horse that changes early, late, or that changes only the front feet and not the hind feet will be penalized.
Rundown: the horse gallops or "runs" along the long side of the arena, at least 20 feet (6 m) from the fence or rail. A rundown is a required movement prior to a sliding stop and a rollback to the designated direction (either towards the judge or towards the nearest wall depending on the pattern).
Sliding Stop: the horse accelerates to a gallop and then suddenly comes to a complete halt, planting its hind feet in the footing and allowing its hind feet to slide several feet, while continuing to let its front feet "walk" forward. The back should be raised upward and hindquarters come well underneath. A particularly powerful stop may, depending on arena conditions, produce flying dirt and a cloud of dust. The movement should finish in a straight line, and the horse's position should not change. This movement is a crowd favorite, along with spins (see below).
The spin is one of the most difficult and crowd-pleasing maneuvers.
Back or Backup: the horse backs up quickly for at least 10 feet (3 m). The horse must back in a perfectly straight line, stop when asked and hesitate a moment before the next movement. It is judged on how quick, smooth and straight the line is.
Rollback: the horse immediately, without hesitation, performs a 180-degree turn after halting from a sliding stop, and immediately goes forward again into a lope. The horse must turn on its hindquarters, bringing its hocks well under, and the motion should be continuous with no hesitation.
Spins or Turnarounds: beginning from a standstill, the horse spins 360 degrees or more (up to four and one-quarter full turns) in place around its stationary inside hind leg. The hind pivot foot remains in essentially the same location throughout the spin, though the horse will pick it up and put it down as it turns. Spins are judged on correctness, smoothness, and cadence. Speed adds to the difficulty and will improve the score of a correctly done spin. A pattern requires at least one set of spins in each direction. Horses must stop the spin in the designated place or be penalized for over or under spinning. The term Pivot is sometimes used to describe a turn on the hindquarters of up to 360 degrees where the horse has to keep a rear pivot foot stationary. In 4-H competition, pivots of 90, 180, or 360 degrees are sometimes used in pattern classes to introduce youth riders to reining concepts.
Pause or Hesitate: the horse is asked to stand still for a few seconds to "settle" between certain movements in the reining pattern, particularly after spins. Pauses are not judged as a movement per se, but a horse that is ill-mannered or behaves with impatience when asked to wait will be penalized.
Scoring[edit]
A proper sliding stop requires a horse to keep its head down, back rounded, hindquarters well underneath the body, and to "walk" with the front legs as the hind legs slide.
Scoring is on the basis of zero (0) to infinity, and 70 is an average score for a horse that made no errors but also did not perform maneuvers with a higher level of difficulty.[2] Points for each maneuver are added or subtracted by 1/2, 1, and 1-1/2 point increments for each of the 7 to 8 maneuvers in the designated pattern as follows:
-1 ½ for an extremely poor execution
-1 for very poor
- ½ for poor
0 for correct with no degree of difficulty
+1/2 for good execution
+1 for very good
+ 1 ½ for excellent
Each part of the pattern is judged on precision, smoothness, and finesse. The "degree of difficulty" for each maneuver, typically related to speed and agility, is also assessed. Increased speed increases the difficulty of most movements and the potential for a high score. For example, a perfectly executed fast spin will score higher than an equally perfectly executed slow one.[2] A score below 70 reflects deductions for poorly performed movements or penalties, a score above 70 reflects that some or all movements were above average.
In addition to the scores for each maneuver, a large variety of penalties may be assessed for specific infractions. Penalties may range from a half-point (1/2) to five (5) points for each infraction, and in some cases a significant error may result in a zero score (0) for the run. Certain misbehaviors may incur penalty points beyond a poor score for a given maneuver. Significant errors, such as going off pattern or using illegal equipment, will result in a "zero score". Under NRHA rules, horses with a zero score cannot earn a placing or advance in a multi-go event, though they may be eligible for a payout if there is a small number of horses in the entire competition.[2] Some sanctioning organizations other than NRHA may allow a horse in a small class to earn an award for last place. Major mistakes, such as failure to present the horse for an equipment check, a rider with illegal equipment or one who abuses the animal in specified ways, result in a "no score," which prevents the horse from earning any award or payout,[2] even if it is the only horse in the class.
The horse[edit]
Reining may be performed by any horse, but the Stock horse breeds, particularly the American Quarter Horse, dominate the field. The reining horse must be agile, quick, and very responsive to the rider's commands. Powerful hindquarters are required to hold position in a sliding stop or a rollback, excellent coordination is required for proper spins and flying lead changes. Correct leg conformation is essential, as the limbs and joints are often under considerable stress in competition. The horse must also have an excellent temperament to perform with both speed and precision.
Equipment and attire[edit]
Riders must use a western saddle. Spurs are allowed, but whips are not. Bridles are western-styled, without a noseband or cavesson. The bosal style hackamore is also allowed on "junior" horses. There are very strict rules about what types of bits and bosals are legal.
For protection, horses usually wear splint boots on the cannons of their lower front legs as well as skid boots on their hind fetlocks. Bell boots, which wrap around the pastern and protect the hoof and coronary band, are also usually seen, sometimes only on the front feet, other times on all four feet. Polo wraps are also another form of protection that is used, this helps give support to the tendons and ligaments, and prevents bruising and irritation. These can be used on all four legs but if wrapped improperly can cause damage.
Reining horses are usually fitted with special horseshoes on the hind feet called slide plates. Slide plates have wider bar steel and are smoother than regular horseshoes, with even the nail heads filed to be flush with the shoe. When the horse plants its hind feet for a sliding stop, the shoes allow the hind legs to slide along the ground with less resistance. Slide plates often have long trailers to help the horse's hind legs slide in a straight path as well as a rolled toe so that the front of the hoof does not accidentally catch the ground.
Riders must wear a long-sleeved shirt, jeans, and cowboy boots. In most competitions, they also wear chaps. Gloves are optional. There has historically been less difference between men's and women's attire in reining than in most western events, though women's clothing is more influenced by fashion trends from Western pleasure competition, and thus women sometimes wear brighter colors, and are more apt to add a decorated jacket or vest, though usually not as flashy as in other horse show events. Wearing a certified equestrian helmet is permitted by some organizations,[3][4][5] though not commonly used.[6]
Bit and Hackamore rules[edit]
Horses in most types of reining competition are required to perform in a curb bit. In most cases, riders with a horse in a curb must give all rein commands with only one hand.[7][8][9]
Riders may use both hands when a horse is ridden with a snaffle bit or a bosal hackamore. However, snaffles and hackamores ridden with both hands are usually limited only to special classes for horses between the ages of three and five years old. Most of the time, with the exception of "freestyle" classes, snaffle bit and hackamore horses do not compete directly against curb bit horses, though specific details vary depending on the particular sanctioning organization.[7][10][11] In the last thirty years, the snaffle bit is the more common headgear used on younger horses, but in the past, the hackamore was more common. Some local or regional competitions offer a non-sanctioned "novice horse" division where horses of any age who have limited experience as reining horses can be ridden two-handed in a snaffle.
Sometimes reining classes at breed shows are split into "junior horse" and "senior horse" divisions. Depending on the breed, Junior horses are either 3, 4 or 5 years old, and allowed to show in a snaffle or bosal. Senior horses who age out of the junior horse divisions at age six must be shown in a curb.[7][9] The rules have changed over the years to reduce the stress on young horses. Junior horse divisions at one time were limited to horses that were only 3 and, sometimes, 4 years old. Expansion to age five parallels the standards set by the FEI and in endurance competitions, recognizing that the physical and mental development of most young horses is not considered complete until that time. Further, though many western stock horse breeds are started under saddle at the age of two, they generally are not physically or mentally ready to be entered into any type of reining competition at that age and in some cases are prohibited from entering any performance class until at least 2-1/2 years old.[12] Both the NRHA and many breed associations offer snaffle bit futurities, usually for three-year-old horses, which pay very large purses.
Reining competition[edit]
Reining as a sport was first recognized by the American Quarter Horse Association (AQHA) in 1949, and later by the United States Equestrian Federation (USEF) in its western division and within a number of its breed divisions. The National Reining Horse Association (NRHA) was formed in 1966 in the United States, and developed a worldwide membership as well as standardized rules and patterns that significantly influenced other organizations, including the AQHA and USEF. The sport of reining became an FEI-recognized discipline in 2000, and FEI-sanctioned reining competitions are held across the world, including at the World Equestrian Games. In 2011, USA Reining was established to serve as the reining sport affiliate for the USEF and FEI competition structure in the United States.
Individual divisions at a reining competition vary with the sanctioning organization. However, standard classes include those limited to junior or senior horses, to horses of a specific age (such as three-year-olds), classes for professional, "non-pro," or amateur riders (those who do not work with horses for pay), youth riders of various ages, adult riders over age 40 or 50, as well as open events for all competitors. Classes may also be limited by the experience level of the horse or the rider.
National[edit]
In individual nations where reining competitions are held, national organizations usually oversee the sport. Reining classes can be held at a stand-alone competition just for reiners, or as one category within many different classes offered at a horse show. For example, in the United States, the National Reining Horse Association (NRHA) creates patterns and develops judging standards, sanctioning events open to all breeds. However, the United States Equestrian Federation (USEF) and its reining discipline affiliate, USA Reining, are the national organizations overseeing FEI and high performance competition in the USA, but also work with the NRHA in non-FEI open reining competition sanctioned by the USEF,[13] and in individual horse breed show reining competition governed by the USEF, such as Morgans or Arabians.[14][15] Breed organizations that sanction their own shows, including those for Quarter Horses (AQHA), Appaloosas (ApHC),[16] and American Paint Horses (APHA) also cooperate with the NRHA.
International[edit]
International competitions are regulated by the International Federation for Equestrian Sports (FEI). Reining is growing in popularity around the world, including Europe and Australia. It was added as a part of the World Equestrian Games, beginning in 2002.
Freestyle[edit]
A competitor in Freestyle reining, dressed as Miss Piggy
Freestyle reining allows a horse and rider team to incorporate reining movements into a three and one-half minute musical routine, akin to the KUR Freestyle competition in Dressage, but with elements that resemble the freestyle events in human competitions such as figure skating. Under NRHA rules, costumes are allowed, though not required; riders may ride with one, two or even no hands on any type of NRHA approved bit; props, within certain limits, are allowed; and the show management may allow special arena lighting. Freestyle reining competitions have no specific rules as to saddle, though humane equipment is required. Allowing "no hands" means that some competitors may perform without a bridle, which increases the difficulty of the movements. The rider must include a specified number of spins, stops and flying lead changes in a performance. Rollbacks, rein backs and dressage type maneuvers such as the half-pass may be added and scored. Competitors are judged on technical merit and artistic impression. At some competitions, an applause meter is added and may contribute to the artistic impression portion of the score.[17]
See also[edit]
Horse
Campdrafting
Cutting (sport)
Cowboy
Ranch
Ranch sorting
Team penning
Western riding
Working cow horse
International Federation for Equestrian Sports (FEI)
United States Equestrian Federation (USEF)
American Quarter Horse Association (AQHA)
National Reining Horse Association
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Kinsey, Mike; Jennifer Denison (2008). Backcountry Basics. Colorado Springs, CO: Western Horseman. p. 8. ISBN 0-911647-84-8.
^ Jump up to: a b c d NRHA rules for judging
Jump up ^ 2011 Rules of Equine Canada, "Section K - Reining", pg 6, Equine Canada, retrieved September 5, 2011
Jump up ^ Reglamento Para Rienda, pg 36, Fedaración Ecuestre Mexicana, retrieved September 5, 2011
Jump up ^ 2011 USEF Rule Book, "Reining Horse Division" Rule RN 101 retrieved September 5, 2011
Jump up ^ Ferguson v Ulmer, California Court of Appeals, 2003 WL 22512042, November 6, 2003, retrieved September 5, 2011
^ Jump up to: a b c 2011 AQHA handbook, rule 443.
Jump up ^ 2007 NRHA handbook, p. 68
^ Jump up to: a b 2007 USEF Rulebook, Western division.
Jump up ^ 2007 NRHA handbook, p. 33.
Jump up ^ 2007 USEF Rulebook, Western division. Allows very small classes to be combined, with some restrictions.
Jump up ^ 2011 AQHA handbook, rule 450.
Jump up ^ 2011 USEF Rule Book, "Reining Horse Division" Rule RN 101 retrieved September 5, 2011
Jump up ^ 2011 USEF Rule Book, "Arabian Horse Division" Rule AR 199 retrieved September 5, 2011
Jump up ^ 2011 USEF Rule Book, "Morgan Horse Division" Rule MO 176 retrieved September 5, 2011
Jump up ^ 2010 Appaloosa Horse Club Rule Book, rule 502
Jump up ^ Freestyle reining rules.
Strickland, Charlene. Competing in Western Shows & Events. Storey Books, div. Storey Communications, 1998, pp. 61–71. ISBN 1-58017-031-5
External links[edit]
Fédération Équestre Internationale (FEI)/International Federation for Equestrian Sports
National Reined Cow Horse Association (NRCHA)
National Reining Horse Association (NRHA)
United States Equestrian Federation (USEF)
USA Reining (USA Reining)
British Reining Online
EURO Rein
Reining Australia
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Super Bowl XXXVII
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Super Bowl XXXVII
Oakland Raiders (1)
(AFC)
(11–5)
Tampa Bay Buccaneers (2)
(NFC)
(12–4)
21 48
Head coach:
Bill Callahan
Head coach:
Jon Gruden
1
2
3
4
Total
OAK 3 0 6 12 21
TB 3 17 14 14 48
Date
January 26, 2003 (2003-01-26)
Stadium
Qualcomm Stadium, San Diego, California
MVP
Dexter Jackson, safety
Favorite
Raiders by 4[1][2]
Referee
Bill Carollo
Attendance
67,603[3]
Future Hall of Famers
Raiders: Al Davis (owner/general manager), Tim Brown, Jerry Rice, Rod Woodson
Buccaneers: Derrick Brooks, Warren Sapp
Ceremonies
National anthem
Dixie Chicks
Coin toss
1972 Miami Dolphins: Don Shula, Bob Griese, Larry Csonka, Larry Little, Jim Langer, Nick Buoniconti, Paul Warfield
Halftime show
Shania Twain, No Doubt, and Sting
TV in the United States
Network
ABC
Announcers
Al Michaels, John Madden, Melissa Stark and Lynn Swann
Nielsen ratings
40.7
(est. 88.6 million viewers)[4]
Market share
61
Cost of 30-second commercial
$2.1 million
← XXXVI
Super Bowl
XXXVIII →
Super Bowl XXXVII was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Oakland Raiders and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Tampa Bay Buccaneers to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2002 season. The Buccaneers defeated the Raiders by the score of 48–21, tied with Super Bowl XXXV for the seventh largest Super Bowl margin of victory, and winning their first ever Super Bowl.[5] The game, played on January 26, 2003 at Qualcomm Stadium in San Diego, California, was the sixth Super Bowl to be held a week after the conference championship games (XVII, XXV, XXVIII, XXXIV, and XXXVI). It was also the last Super Bowl played in the month of January.
This was the first Super Bowl in which the league's number one-ranked offense (Raiders) faced the league's number one-ranked defense (Buccaneers). The game sometimes is referred to as the "Gruden Bowl", because the primary storyline surrounding the game revolved around Jon Gruden. Gruden was the Raiders' head coach from 1998 to 2001, and then became the Buccaneers coach in 2002. Tampa Bay, "Gruden's new team", made their first Super Bowl appearance in team history after posting a 12–4 regular season record. Oakland, "Gruden's old team", advanced to their fifth Super Bowl after an 11–5 regular season. Super Bowl XXXVII is also referred to as the "Pirate Bowl", due to both teams' pirate-themed names.[6]
The Raiders came into the game as four-point favorites. However, the Tampa Bay defense dominated the contest. Oakland quarterback Rich Gannon threw a Super Bowl record five interceptions, three of which were returned for touchdowns. The Buccaneers also sacked Gannon five times, and scored 34 consecutive points to build a 34–3 lead late in the third quarter. Tampa Bay safety Dexter Jackson, who had two of those interceptions and returned them for 34 yards, was named Super Bowl MVP. Jackson became only the second safety and third defensive back named Super Bowl MVP.
Contents
1 Background
1.1 Jon Gruden helps rebuild the Raiders
1.2 Gruden is "traded" to the Buccaneers
1.3 The Raiders win without Gruden
1.4 Playoffs
1.5 Super Bowl pregame news
2 Broadcasting
3 Entertainment
3.1 Pregame ceremonies
3.2 Halftime show
3.3 Post-game ceremonies
4 Game summary
4.1 First Quarter
4.2 Second Quarter
4.3 Third Quarter
4.4 Fourth Quarter
4.5 Box score
4.6 Statistical overview
5 Final statistics
5.1 Statistical comparison
5.2 Individual leaders
6 Starting lineups
7 Post-game riots
8 Aftermath
9 Officials
10 Notes and references
11 External links
Background[edit]
Super Bowl XXXVII was originally awarded to San Francisco on October 15, 1997 by the NFL owners at a league meeting in Washington, D.C.[7] The 49ers had recently announced plans for a new stadium, and were awarded the Super Bowl contingent on its completion. However, the stadium plans had stalled by the fall of 1998 and the NFL reopened the bidding for the game. San Diego, which had lost out on Super Bowl XXXVI,[8] announced its interest. The city was awarded the game during the May 26, 1999 meeting at Atlanta. Miami was the only other city in consideration.[9] It was the last Super Bowl played in California until Super Bowl 50 at Levi's Stadium in Santa Clara. It was the also the final Super Bowl at Qualcomm Stadium before the Chargers relocated to Los Angeles in 2017.
Later in 2003, California would host the Stanley Cup Finals with the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim hosting games 3, 4, and 6, making it only the second time that the same state hosted both the Super Bowl and the Stanley Cup Finals in the same year,[10] following California itself ten years earlier, when the Los Angeles Kings went to the Finals four months after Pasadena hosted Super Bowl XXVII. It was then succeeded by itself again in 2016 when Super Bowl 50 took place in San Francisco and the San Jose Sharks made the Stanley Cup Finals.
Jon Gruden helps rebuild the Raiders[edit]
After moving back to Oakland, California in 1995, the Raiders suffered sub-par seasons, including a 4–12 record in 1997. Under Gruden's leadership, the Raiders improved to 8–8 in both 1998 and 1999. The team was further boosted in 1999 with the signing of veteran quarterback Rich Gannon. With Gannon as quarterback, the team jumped to the fifth-best offense in the league.
The Raiders won the AFC West in 2000 with a 12–4 record and the best rushing offense in the league. However, they lost the AFC Championship Game to the eventual Super Bowl XXXV champion Baltimore Ravens, 16–3. After signing veteran Pro Bowl wide receiver Jerry Rice and defensive tackle Trace Armstrong, the team repeated as AFC West champions in 2001, but were eliminated in the AFC Divisional Game by the eventual Super Bowl XXXVI champion New England Patriots in what became known as the "Tuck Rule Game", in which a potential game-ending fumble recovery by the Raiders was overturned by instant replay.
Gruden is "traded" to the Buccaneers[edit]
Further information: 2002 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season
Raiders owner Al Davis was known to have the lowest salaries for coaches in the league, and Gruden was no exception. Instead of paying a high salary for Gruden, Davis opted to trade the rights for Gruden to the Buccaneers in exchange for four draft picks, in a deal similar to what Patriots owner Robert Kraft made with the New York Jets to get head coach Bill Belichick in 2000. The Buccaneers ended up giving two first-round picks, two second-round picks and $8 million to the Raiders to get Gruden. Tampa Bay was desperate to have someone rebuild their offense so it would complement their powerful defense in an attempt to win the Super Bowl.
For most of their history, the Buccaneers were regarded as losers, making the playoffs only three times in their first 20 seasons. But that changed when the team hired Tony Dungy as head coach in 1996. Dungy, along with his defensive coordinator Monte Kiffin, rebuilt the defense around a core group of players, such as defensive lineman Warren Sapp, linebacker Derrick Brooks, and defensive backs Ronde Barber and John Lynch. By 1997, Tampa Bay ranked 3rd in the league in total yards allowed, 2nd in 1998, and 3rd in 2000.
With one of the best defenses in the league, Dungy helped guide the Buccaneers to four playoff appearances in his six years as the team's head coach. But the team always had one of the worst offenses in the league, and this was a major factor in their playoff losses. Thus, Dungy was fired and replaced by Gruden.
Still, even Gruden had trouble getting the offense in sync during his first year as Tampa Bay's head coach. In 2002, the Buccaneers ranked 25th in the league in total yards gained (5,222). Quarterback Brad Johnson made the Pro Bowl, completing 281 out of 451 passes for 3,049 yards, 22 touchdowns, and only 6 interceptions. Running back Michael Pittman led the team in rushing with 718 yards and one touchdown, and caught 59 passes for 477 yards. Pro Bowl fullback Mike Alstott had 548 rushing yards and 5 touchdowns, and also had 35 receptions for 242 yards and 2 touchdowns. Wide receiver Keyshawn Johnson led the team with 76 receptions for 1,088 yards and 5 touchdowns, while wide receiver Keenan McCardell had 61 receptions for 670 yards and 6 touchdowns.
However, the Buccaneers' defense was still the strength of the team, leading the NFL in total defense (252.8 yards per game), pass defense (155.6 yards per game), points allowed (12.3 points per game), passing touchdowns allowed (10), interceptions (31), and opponent passer rating (48.4). Brooks, Lynch, Sapp, and defensive end Simeon Rice all had Pro Bowl years. Brooks led the team with 87 tackles and excelled at pass coverage, recording 5 interceptions, 218 return yards, and 2 touchdowns, plus 1 fumble return and 1 on a lateral from Sapp after a Sapp interception for a total of 4 touchdowns (an NFL record for a linebacker). The defense as a whole had nine total touchdowns during the regular season and playoffs. Rice led the team with 15.5 sacks. Sapp recorded 7.5 sacks and 2 interceptions. Cornerback Brian Kelly was also a big asset, leading the team with 8 interceptions.
The Raiders win without Gruden[edit]
Further information: 2002 Oakland Raiders season
Despite the loss of Gruden in 2002, the Raiders under their new coach Bill Callahan still managed to earn a share of the AFC's best record at 11–5. The offense led the league in total passing yards (4,689) and ranked second in total yards gained (6,451).
Gannon had a Pro Bowl season, completing 418 out of 618 passes for 4,689 yards, 26 touchdowns, and with 10 interceptions. His 418 completions and his 10 games with over 300 passing yards were both NFL records. He also ran 50 times for 156 yards and 3 touchdowns. Rice, who was already the NFL's all-time leader in nearly every receiving record after 17 seasons, had a Pro Bowl season for the 13th time in his career with 92 receptions for 1,211 yards and 7 touchdowns. Gannon's other weapons in passing game were 15-year veteran receiver Tim Brown (81 receptions for 930 yards and 2 touchdowns) and young receiver Jerry Porter (51 receptions for 688 yards and 9 touchdowns). Multi-talented running back Charlie Garner was the team's leading rusher with 962 yards and 7 touchdowns, while also leading all NFL running backs in receiving with 91 receptions for 941 yards and another 4 touchdowns. Running back Tyrone Wheatley was also a big contributor with 419 rushing yards and 71 receiving yards, while fullback Zack Crockett provided both of them with solid blocking and scored 8 touchdowns. Up front, their offensive line was led by 2 Pro Bowlers, guard Lincoln Kennedy and center Barret Robbins.
The Raiders' weakness was primarily on their defense, which ranked 25th in the league in passing yards allowed (3,787) and 12th in total yards (5,240). But veteran Pro Bowl safety Rod Woodson recorded 8 interceptions (which led the league) for 225 yards and 2 touchdowns. Up front, their line was anchored by defensive tackle Rod Coleman, who led the team with 11 sacks. Behind him, the team had a solid veteran linebacker, Bill Romanowski, who was playing in his 5th Super Bowl (after winning 2 championships with the San Francisco 49ers in Super Bowls XXIII and XXIV, and 2 while playing for the Denver Broncos in Super Bowls XXXII and XXXIII). Defensive back Tory James was also a big contributor with 4 interceptions.
Playoffs[edit]
Further information: 2002–03 NFL playoffs
The second-seeded Buccaneers defeated the fourth-seeded San Francisco 49ers, 31–6, and the top-seeded Philadelphia Eagles on the road, 27–10, in the playoffs, to make the Super Bowl for the first time in franchise history.[11] Meanwhile, the top-seeded Raiders were victorious against the fourth-seeded New York Jets, 30–10,[12] and the second-seeded Tennessee Titans, 41–24.[13] The Raiders won against the Titans through Gannon's pass-oriented offense.[13]
Super Bowl pregame news[edit]
The Raiders entered the game favored to win in their first Super Bowl in 19 years. They were also the first franchise to appear in the Super Bowl in four different decades (1960s, 1970s, 1980s, 2000s; the 1990s was the only decade that they didn't appear in the Super Bowl). However, much of the media hype surrounded the Gruden trade prior to the season. This forced league commissioner Paul Tagliabue to issue a statement that he might ban all future trades for coaches involving draft choices because it might compromise the draft.[14]
A distraction for the Raiders was that starting center Barret Robbins went missing for most of the week leading up to the Super Bowl, and ended up in a San Diego hospital the night before the game after suffering a manic episode.[15] Backup Adam Treu (a former Pro Bowl-er) replaced Robbins.
Broadcasting[edit]
The game was broadcast in the United States by ABC with Al Michaels handling the play-by-play duties and color commentator John Madden, who became the first person to announce Super Bowls on different networks in consecutive years, having called Super Bowl XXXVI on Fox and then moving to ABC after Pat Summerall retired.
The NFC improved to 6–0 on Super Bowls broadcast on ABC. Melissa Stark and Lynn Swann served as sideline reporters. Chris Berman from Disney-owned corporate sibling ESPN hosted all the events. Berman was joined by fellow ESPN analyst Steve Young, Baltimore Ravens head coach Brian Billick, and New York Giants defensive end Michael Strahan.
The Super Bowl was the first of three major professional sports championship series ABC broadcast in 2003, as they would also broadcast the Stanley Cup Finals and the NBA Finals. Both the Super Bowl and the Stanley Cup Finals were hosted by Berman (who co-hosted the Stanley Cup Finals with John Saunders) and took place in the state of California.[10] The state of California had representation in both finals series.[10] Gary Thorne, Bill Clement, and John Davidson mentioned all of these when they called the Stanley Cup Finals.[10]
Memorable television commercials that aired during the game included the "Terry Tate: Office Linebacker" Reebok ad and the Budweiser Zebra Referee. ADBOWL ranked FedEx's "Castaway" as the best commercial of the year.
NBC provided counter-programming against the halftime show, airing a live segment of "Weekend Update" from the comedy–variety show Saturday Night Live featuring Jimmy Fallon and Tina Fey.
Entertainment[edit]
Pregame ceremonies[edit]
Before the game, a show called "Santana and Friends" performed on the field. Carlos Santana was joined by Beyoncé and Michelle Branch and sang truncated versions of "Oye Como Va", "The Game of Love", and "Foo Foo." ABC also aired a pre-game parking lot performance featuring Bonnie Raitt, Goo Goo Dolls and Michael Bublé prior to the Santana and Friends segment.[16]
In a nod to what the New England Patriots did the previous year in Super Bowl XXXVI, both teams were introduced as a team, rather than individually by offensive and defensive starters, after highlights of their seasons were simulcast on the video boards in the stadium and on television. This has become a regular tradition starting with this Super Bowl.
Celine Dion then sang "God Bless America" which is sung for the only time in the Super Bowl, and later the Dixie Chicks sang the national anthem, "The Star-Spangled Banner". F/A-18 Super Hornets of the United States Navy performed a flyover.[17]
To honor the 30th anniversary of the 17–0 undefeated, perfect season of the 1972 Miami Dolphins, the following members of that team appeared during the coin toss ceremony: Don Shula, Bob Griese, Larry Csonka, Larry Little, Jim Langer, Nick Buoniconti, Paul Warfield.
Halftime show[edit]
Shania Twain, No Doubt, and Sting were featured during the halftime show, which was sponsored by AT&T Wireless. Twain sang her hits "Man! I Feel Like a Woman!" and "Up!".
No Doubt then sang their hit "Just a Girl" with lead singer Gwen Stefani ad-libbing lines like "I'm just a girl at the Super Bowl!" The show concluded with Sting performing "Message in a Bottle", with Stefani joining in midway through.[18]
Post-game ceremonies[edit]
Bon Jovi appeared as part of the post-game ceremonies, performing "It's My Life" prior to the Vince Lombardi Trophy presentation and "Everyday" afterwards (most of the latter performance was not shown on ABC because the network cut to commercials).
Game summary[edit]
First Quarter[edit]
The Raiders had a great chance to score a touchdown early in the game after cornerback Charles Woodson intercepted Buccaneers quarterback Brad Johnson's pass on the third play of the game and returned it 12 yards to the Tampa Bay 36-yard line. However, six plays later, Tampa Bay defensive end Simeon Rice sacked Raiders quarterback Rich Gannon on third down, forcing Oakland to settle for kicker Sebastian Janikowski's 40-yard field goal to give them a 3–0 lead.[19]
Buccaneers kick returner Aaron Stecker returned the ensuing kickoff 27 yards to the 29-yard line, then appeared to fumble the ball. Although the officials initially ruled that the ball was recovered by Oakland's Eric Johnson, the play was reviewed by instant replay and the fumble was overturned, and thus Tampa Bay retained possession. It showed that both of Stecker's knees were down and the ball didn't come loose until it hit the ground. Gruden and Stecker appeared upset at having to use a challenge so early in a game, when they both believed Stecker was clearly down.
On the first play of the drive, Brad Johnson completed an 11-yard pass to wide receiver Joe Jurevicius. Johnson's next 2 passes were incomplete, but he then completed a 23-yard pass to Jurevicius on third down to advance the ball to the Oakland 37-yard line. Running back Michael Pittman then rushed for a 23-yard gain to the 13-yard line. However, on the next 3 plays, the Raiders defense limited the Buccaneers to a pair of incompletions and a 1-yard run. Argentine kicker Martín Gramática then made a 31-yard field goal to tie the game, 3–3.
Second Quarter[edit]
Later in the half, a 17-yard punt return by Raiders defensive back Darrien Gordon gave Oakland the ball at their own 49-yard line. Gannon then threw an 8-yard pass to running back Charlie Garner to reach the Tampa Bay 43-yard line. However, on third down, Buccaneers safety Dexter Jackson intercepted Gannon's pass at the 40-yard line and returned it 9-yards to near midfield. Then nine plays after the turnover, Gramatica kicked his second field goal from 43 yards to give Tampa Bay a 6–3 lead.
Jackson intercepted another pass on the Raiders' next drive and returned it 25 yards to Oakland's 45-yard line, making Jackson the first player ever to record two interceptions in the first half of the Super Bowl. However, the Buccaneers were unable to take advantage of the turnover and were forced to punt. Fortunately for Tampa Bay, they got a big assist from their punter Tom Tupa, who managed to pin Oakland all the way back at their own 11-yard line with his punt. The Raiders could not move the ball either, losing 1 yard on 3 plays with their ensuing drive. Tampa Bay punt returner Karl Williams then returned Shane Lechler's punt 25 yards, giving the Buccaneers great field position at Oakland's 27-yard line. Aided with Pittman's gains of 6 and 19 yards, the Buccaneers scored their first touchdown on a 2-yard run from fullback Mike Alstott, increasing their lead to 13–3. Then with 3:45 left in the half, Tampa Bay drove 77 yards, assisted by a pair of catches by Alstott for 28 total yards. Johnson finished the drive with a 5-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Keenan McCardell to give the Buccaneers a 20–3 halftime lead.
Third Quarter[edit]
Tampa Bay continued to dominate the game for most of the third quarter. The Buccaneers forced the Raiders to punt on the opening drive of the second half. Next, Tampa Bay marched 89 yards on a 14-play drive that took 7:52 off the clock, and ended with Johnson's 8-yard touchdown pass to McCardell to increase their lead to 27–3. Then on the second play of Oakland's ensuing drive, Buccaneers defensive back Dwight Smith intercepted Gannon's pass and returned it 44 yards for a touchdown, making the score 34–3.[20]
After giving up 34 points, Oakland finally managed to drive 82 yards down the field and score on a 39-yard touchdown pass from Gannon to wide receiver Jerry Porter. Although he was initially ruled as being out of bounds when he caught the ball, it was determined that Porter had both feet in the end zone.[21] The two-point conversion failed, so the Raiders were still down 34–9.
Fourth Quarter[edit]
The Raiders' touchdown seemed to fire up their defense, who forced the Buccaneers to a fourth down on their ensuing possession. Oakland linebacker Tim Johnson then blocked Tupa's punt, and linebacker Eric Johnson returned the ball 13 yards for a touchdown. Another two-point conversion for Oakland failed, but Tampa Bay's lead was cut to 34–15.[20]
Tampa Bay responded by moving the ball to the Oakland 9-yard line on their ensuing drive, featuring a 24-yard run by Pittman, but they came up empty after Tupa fumbled the snap on a field goal attempt. A few plays later, Gannon threw a 48-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Jerry Rice with 6:06 left in the game, cutting the Raiders deficit to 34–21. The two-point conversion failed when Jerry Porter caught the ball but landed out of bounds. Though there was contact with a defender, the officials deemed the contact incidental rather than a force-out, and therefore that part of the play was non-reviewable.[22]
In an attempt to prevent a Raiders comeback, the Buccaneers managed to run the clock down to 2:44 on their ensuing drive before being forced to punt. Then on third and 18 from the Oakland 29-yard line, Tampa Bay linebacker Derrick Brooks intercepted a pass from Gannon and returned it 44 yards for a touchdown, giving the Buccaneers a 41–21 lead with only 1:18 left, and leading Buccaneers radio announcer Gene Deckerhoff to make his famous call of "The dagger's in, we're gonna win the Super Bowl!".[20] A few plays later, with the Raiders now playing for pride, Dwight Smith intercepted a tipped pass and returned it 50 yards for a touchdown with only two seconds remaining. Gramatica kicked the extra point, and the Buccaneers were up 48–21.[22] Raiders defensive tackle Chris Cooper returned Gramatica's kickoff 6 yards before being tackled by Jack Golden, ending the game.[20] The Buccaneers won their first-ever Super Bowl with a 48-21 victory. Gannon said after the game that his performance was "nightmarish".[19]
Box score[edit]
Super Bowl XXXVII: Tampa Bay Buccaneers 48, Oakland Raiders 21
1
2
3
4
Total
Raiders (AFC) 3 0 6 12 21
Buccaneers (NFC) 3 17 14 14 48
at Qualcomm Stadium, San Diego, California
Date: January 26, 2003
Game time: 3:26 p.m. PST
Game weather: 81 °F (27 °C), sunny[23]
Super Bowl XXXVII Box Score
hideScoring summary
Quarter
Time
Drive
Team
Scoring information
Score
Plays
Yards
TOP
OAK
TB
1 10:40 7 14 2:55 OAK 40-yard field goal by Sebastian Janikowski 3 0
1 7:51 9 58 2:49 TB 31-yard field goal by Martín Gramática 3 3
2 11:16 9 26 3:53 TB 43-yard field goal by Martín Gramática 3 6
2 6:24 4 27 2:02 TB Mike Alstott 2-yard touchdown run, Martín Gramática kick good 3 13
2 0:30 10 77 3:15 TB Keenan McCardell 5-yard touchdown reception from Brad Johnson, Martín Gramática kick good 3 20
3 5:30 14 89 7:52 TB Keenan McCardell 8-yard touchdown reception from B. Johnson, Martín Gramática kick good 3 27
3 4:47 — — — TB Interception returned 44 yards for touchdown by Dwight Smith, Martín Gramática kick good 3 34
3 2:14 8 82 2:33 OAK Jerry Porter 39-yard touchdown reception from Rich Gannon, 2-point pass no good 9 34
4 14:16 — — — OAK Eric Johnson 13-yard punt block return for a touchdown, 2-point pass no good 15 34
4 6:06 8 78 2:56 OAK Jerry Rice 48-yard touchdown reception from Rich Gannon, 2-point pass no good 21 34
4 1:18 — — — TB Interception returned 44 yards for touchdown by Derrick Brooks, Martín Gramática kick good 21 41
4 0:02 — — — TB Interception returned 50 yards for touchdown by Dwight Smith, Martín Gramática kick good 21 48
"TOP" = time of possession. For other American football terms, see Glossary of American football.
21
48
Statistical overview[edit]
Tampa Bay dominated Oakland, outgaining them in total yards (365 to 269), rushing yards (150 to 19), first downs (24 to 11), offensive plays (76 to 60), and forced turnovers (5 to 1). As many sports fans and writers predicted, Gruden's prior knowledge of the Raiders was a major factor. The most damaging piece of evidence is NFL Films footage of Tampa Bay defensive back John Lynch telling his teammates during the game that almost all of the plays ran by Oakland's offense were plays that Gruden (who that week even played the part of "Rich Gannon" by playing QB with the scout-team offense) specifically told them to look out for.[24] Better still for the Buccaneers was that Oakland hadn't changed their audible-calling signals that Gruden himself had installed, thus tipping off plays repeatedly.
Johnson finished the game with 18 out of 34 completions for 215 yards and 2 touchdowns, with 1 interception, along with 10 rushing yards. Pittman was the top rusher of the game with 129 yards. Alstott was the game's second leading rusher with 15 yards and a touchdown, and had 5 receptions for 43 yards. Wide receiver Keyshawn Johnson was the Buccaneers' leading receiver with 6 catches for 69 yards. Smith recorded 2 interceptions, 94 return yards, and 2 touchdowns. He also added another 23 yards on a kickoff return.
Gannon finished the game 24 out of 44 for 272 yards and 2 touchdowns, but was intercepted a Super Bowl record 5 times. Garner was their leading rusher, but with only 10 yards, and caught 7 passes for 51 yards. Rice was the Raiders' leading receiver of the game with 5 catches for 77 yards and a touchdown. He became the first player to score touchdowns with two different teams in Super Bowls (Ricky Proehl and Muhsin Muhammad have since joined him). Wide receiver Marcus Knight returned 8 kickoffs for 143 yards.
Jerry Rice and Bill Romanowski joined Gene Upshaw as the only players to appear in Super Bowls in three different decades. Rice played in Super Bowls XXIII, XXIV, and XXIX. Romanowski played in Super Bowls XXIII, XXIV, XXXII, and XXXIII; the Raiders' loss prevented Romanowski from joining Charles Haley as the only NFL players at that time to earn 5 Super Bowl rings (Haley was also with the 49ers for Super Bowls XXIII and XXIV, and later earned rings when the Dallas Cowboys won Super Bowls XXVII, XXVIII, and XXX). The Raiders became the first team to appear in Super Bowls under four different head coaches. John Rauch coached them in Super Bowl II, John Madden (who himself called Super Bowl XXXVII on ABC), coached them in Super Bowl XI and Tom Flores coached them in Super Bowl XV and XVIII.
The teams combined for the most second half points in a Super Bowl with 46 (28 for Tampa Bay and 18 for Oakland) and the third most total points in a game with 69, tying Dallas and Buffalo who combined for 69 points in Super Bowl XXVII.
Final statistics[edit]
Sources: NFL.com Super Bowl XXXVII, Super Bowl XXXVII Play Finder TB, Super Bowl XXXVII Play Finder Oak, Super Bowl XXXVII Play by Play
Statistical comparison[edit]
Oakland Raiders
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
First downs 11 24
First downs rushing 1 6
First downs passing 9 15
First downs penalty 1 3
Third down efficiency 7/16 6/15
Fourth down efficiency 0/0 0/1
Net yards rushing 19 150
Rushing attempts 11 42
Yards per rush 1.7 3.6
Passing – Completions-attempts 24/44 18/34
Times sacked-total yards 5–22 0-0
Interceptions thrown 5 1
Net yards passing 250 215
Total net yards 269 365
Punt returns-total yards 3–29 1–25
Kickoff returns-total yards 9–149 4–90
Interceptions-total return yards 1–12 5–172
Punts-average yardage 5–39.0 5–31.0
Fumbles-lost 1–0 1–0
Penalties-yards 7–51 5–41
Time of possession 22:46 37:14
Turnovers 5 1
Individual leaders[edit]
Raiders Passing
C/ATT1
Yds
TD
INT
Rating
Rich Gannon 24/44 272 2 5 48.9
Raiders Rushing
Car2
Yds
TD
LG3
Yds/Car
Charlie Garner 7 10 0 4 1.43
Zack Crockett 2 6 0 4 3.00
Rich Gannon 2 3 0 2 1.00
Raiders Receiving
Rec4
Yds
TD
LG3
Target5
Charlie Garner 7 51 0 9 11
Jerry Rice 5 77 1 48t 8
Doug Jolley 5 59 0 25 7
Jerry Porter 4 62 1 39t 9
Tim Brown 1 9 0 9 2
Jon Ritchie 1 7 0 7 1
Tyrone Wheatley 1 7 0 7 1
Marcus Knight 0 0 0 0 3
Buccaneers Passing
C/ATT1
Yds
TD
INT
Rating
Brad Johnson 18/34 215 2 1 79.9
Buccaneers Rushing
Car2
Yds
TD
LG3
Yds/Car
Michael Pittman 29 124 0 24 4.28
Mike Alstott 10 15 1 5 1.50
Brad Johnson 1 10 0 10 10.00
Aaron Stecker 1 1 0 1 1.00
Tom Tupa 1 0 0 0 0.00
Buccaneers Receiving
Rec4
Yds
TD
LG3
Target5
Keyshawn Johnson 6 69 0 18 11
Mike Alstott 5 43 0 16 8
Joe Jurevicius 4 78 0 33 4
Keenan McCardell 2 13 2 8t 3
Ken Dilger 1 12 0 12 3
Rickey Dudley 0 0 0 0 1
1Completions/attempts 2Carries 3Long gain 4Receptions 5Times targeted
Starting lineups[edit]
Source:[25]
Hall of Fame‡
Oakland
Position
Position
Tampa Bay
Offense
Tim Brown‡ WR Keyshawn Johnson
Barry Sims LT Roman Oben
Frank Middleton LG Kerry Jenkins
Adam Treu C Jeff Christy
Mo Collins RG Cosey Coleman
Lincoln Kennedy RT Kenyatta Walker
Doug Jolley TE Ken Dilger
Jerry Rice‡ WR Keenan McCardell
Rich Gannon QB Brad Johnson
Jerry Porter WR FB Mike Alstott
Charlie Garner RB Michael Pittman
Defense
DeLawrence Grant DE LE Greg Spires
Sam Adams DT Warren Sapp‡
John Parrella DT NT Chuck Darby
Regan Upshaw DE RE Simeon Rice
Bill Romanowski LLB SLB Dwight Smith
Napoleon Harris MLB Shelton Quarles
Eric Barton RLB WLB Derrick Brooks‡
Charles Woodson LCB Brian Kelly
Tory James RCB Ronde Barber
Anthony Dorsett SS John Lynch
Rod Woodson‡ FS Dexter Jackson
Post-game riots[edit]
In Oakland, after the Raiders' loss, riots broke out on the streets of East Oakland. Twelve cars were set on fire and four hundred police officers had to be sent to the streets.[26]
Aftermath[edit]
The Tampa Tribune published a book by several staff writers called Pewter Power, about the Buccaneers' winning season.
Both teams entered a period of decline after the Super Bowl. Neither made the playoffs the next season as Tampa Bay finished 7–9 and Oakland finished 4–12. Furthermore, Tampa Bay finished 5–11 in 2004, becoming the first Super Bowl winning team to follow up with consecutive losing seasons. To date, the Buccaneers have yet to win another postseason game, while the Raiders went 14 seasons without having a winning season and / or qualifying the playoffs, and have also not won a playoff game since.
Officials[edit]
Referee: Bill Carollo #63 second Super Bowl (XXXI as side judge)
Umpire: Ed Coukart #71 second Super Bowl (originally alternate for XXXII, but entered game when Jim Quirk was injured)
Head Linesman: Dale Williams #8 third Super Bowl (XX, XXVI)
Line Judge: Mark Steinkerchner #84 first Super Bowl
Side Judge: Rick Patterson #15 first Super Bowl
Field Judge: Tom Sifferman #118 first Super Bowl
Back Judge: Don Carey #126 first Super Bowl
Replay Official: Rex Stuart
Video Operator: Mike Wimmer
Notes and references[edit]
Jump up ^ DiNitto, Marcus (January 25, 2015). "Super Bowl Betting History – Underdogs on Recent Roll". Sporting News. Retrieved February 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Super Bowl History". Vegas Insider. Retrieved February 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Super Bowl XXXVII Box Score: Tampa Bay 48, Oakland 21". NFL.com. National Football League. January 27, 2003. Retrieved March 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Historical Super Bowl Nielsen TV Ratings, 1967–2009 – Ratings". TVbytheNumbers. Retrieved October 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ "mcubed.net : NFL : Super bowl scores sorted by margin of victory". mcubed.net. Retrieved February 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ Martzke, Rudy (January 27, 2003). "Gruden Bowl keeps fans glued to TVs". USA Today. USATODAY.com.
Jump up ^ White, Joseph (October 16, 1997). "2003 Super Bowl to San Francisco; Cleveland waits for team". Spartanburg Herald-Journal. p. 18. Retrieved January 24, 2017 – via Google News.
Jump up ^ "New Orleans to host 2002 Super Bowl". Daily News. October 29, 1998. p. 8. Retrieved January 24, 2017 – via Google News.
Jump up ^ "NFL – Owners Meeting". The Orlando Sentinel. May 27, 1999. p. 38. Retrieved January 24, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Jump up to: a b c d NHL on ABC: Game 7 of the 2003 Stanley Cup Finals (television). ABC Sports. June 9, 2003. Thorne, Clement, and J.D. talked about Berman's role in hosting both the Super Bowl and the Stanley Cup Finals on ABC in 2003 and about the role the state of California played during championship series during the Stanley Cup Finals, as Arrowhead Pond of Anaheim hosted the Stanley Cup Finals, and involved the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim (now Anaheim Ducks) taking on the New Jersey Devils.
Jump up ^ "Buccaneers get their first shot at the NFL treasure". Sydney Morning Herald. Associated Press. January 21, 2003. Retrieved August 27, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Gannon leads Raiders in rout of Jets". ESPN. Associated Press. January 12, 2003. Retrieved August 27, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Clayton, John. "Raiders pass their way to San Diego". ESPN. Archived from the original on March 21, 2008.
Jump up ^ Stroud, Rick (January 17, 2003). "NFL nixes draft picks for coaches". St. Petersburg Times. Retrieved August 27, 2012.
Jump up ^ Taylor, Phil. "When Barret Robbins disappeared before Super Bowl". SI.com. Retrieved 2016-11-30.
Jump up ^ "Highlights of ABC's pre- and postgame shows". ESPN. January 15, 2003. Retrieved August 27, 2012.
Jump up ^ Mitchell, Fred (January 27, 2003). "In their fashion, Bucs fans laugh". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved August 27, 2012.
Jump up ^ Vivinetto, Gina (January 27, 2003). "Super Bowl XXXVII: Superstars belt out favorites, or lip synch them". St. Petersburg Times.
^ Jump up to: a b George, Thomas (January 27, 2003). "Bucs steal the treasure". The New York Times. Retrieved August 27, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Tampa Bay Buccaneers 48 vs. Oakland Raiders 21". pro-football-reference. Retrieved August 27, 2012.
Jump up ^ Cunningham, Michael; Skolnick, Ethan J. (January 27, 2003). "Treu Gets The Call In Robbins' Absence". South Florida Sun-Sentinel. Retrieved August 27, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Bucs stop here — with a Super Bowl title". USA Today. January 26, 2003. Retrieved August 27, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Super Bowl Game-Time Temperatures". Pro Football Hall of Fame. Retrieved March 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ Pompei, Dan (January 27, 2003). "The best-laid plans: an inside look at how coach Jon Gruden and the Bucs prepared themselves to be Super Bowl champions". The Sporting News. Archived from the original on August 19, 2003.
Jump up ^ "Super Bowl XXXVII–National Football League Game Summary" (PDF). National Football League. January 26, 2003. Retrieved January 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ Martin, Glen; Asimov, Nanette; et al. (January 27, 2003). "Raider Rage: Oakland police no match for street mayhem". San Francisco Chronicle. p. A1. Archived from the original on February 10, 2003.
External links[edit]
Super Bowl XXXVII: NFL Full Game on YouTube
Super Bowl official website
Play-by-play on USAToday.com
2006 NFL Record and Fact Book. Time Inc. Home Entertainment. ISBN 1-933405-32-5.
The Sporting News: History of the Super Bowl (Last accessed December 4, 2005)
https://www.pro-football-reference.com – Large online database of NFL data and statistics
Super Bowl play-by-plays from USA Today (Last accessed September 28, 2005)
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54 Idris Price
55 Derrick Brooks
56 Ryan Nece
58 Jack Golden
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Ocean Star Offshore Drilling Rig & Museum
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Ocean Star Offshore Oil Rig & Museum, located in Galveston, Texas, is a museum dedicated to the offshore oil and gas industry. Located next to the Strand National Historic Landmark District, the museum is housed on a retired jack-up rig set up in the Galveston harbor.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Exhibits
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
History[edit]
The Ocean Star was built in 1969 in Beaumont, Texas by Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation (Hull Number 6845[1]) for the Ocean Drilling and Exploration Company (ODECO) fleet. She worked in the Gulf of Mexico throughout the Texas and Louisiana Gulf Coast and drilled approximately 200 wells during her active life. The museum, sponsored by the Offshore Energy Center (OEC), is a non-profit organization funded through private donations, admissions, and corporate donations. The OEC acquired the Ocean Star and spent 2 years converting her into the museum. The museum opened to the public on April 27, 1997.
Exhibits[edit]
Offshore Drilling: The Promise of Discovery takes visitors on a behind the scenes journey of the technical process of extracting oil and gas offshore. [2]
The Hall of Fame, located within the museum, recognizes those persons and technologies that took the industry to sea, such as engineering giant Brown & Root founders George and Herman Brown; Ralph Thomas McDermott, who founded the offshore drilling and platform construction company J. Ray McDermott; rig designer and drilling contractor Alden J. "Doc" Laborde; former president George H. W. Bush; and oil company tycoon Dean McGee.
The Pipe Deck houses exhibits and equipment too large to be stored inside the museum, such as a blowout preventer, drill pipe, and a cementing unit.
The Drill Floor is directly underneath the derrick and is where the work of drilling a hole is done.
See also[edit]
List of petroleum museums
References[edit]
Jump up ^ [1]Drilling Rigs Built in U.S. Shipyards
Jump up ^ [2]Offshore Drilling: Interactive display highlights technological breadth & complexity of offshore E&P industry
External links[edit]
Ocean Star Oil Rig & Museum website
Google map of site
[hide]
v
t
e
City of Galveston
Attractions
Ashton Villa
Balinese Room
Bishop's Palace
East End Historic District
Elissa (ship)
Fort Crockett
Galveston Island Historic Pleasure Pier
Galveston Island State Park
Galveston Pirate SC
Galveston Railroad Museum
Galveston Seawall
Galveston Island Trolley
Grand 1894 Opera House
Lone Star Flight Museum
Moody Gardens
Moody Plaza
Ocean Star Offshore Drilling Rig & Museum
Old Red
Rosenberg Library
St. Mary Cathedral Basilica
Schlitterbahn Galveston Island Waterpark
Seawolf Park
Strand Historic District
1861 United States Customs and Federal Court House
USS Cavalla
USS Stewart
Industries
American National Insurance Company
Galveston Railroad
Island Transit
Moody Foundation
Moody National Bank
Port of Galveston
Texas First Bank
Scholes International Airport at Galveston
History
First Battle of Galveston
Second Battle of Galveston
Battle of Galveston Harbor
The Beach Hotel
Fort Point Light
Galveston Railroad
Galveston Hurricane of 1900
Galveston Hurricane of 1915
Galveston Movement
Jewish history
Karankawa Indians
Free State of Galveston
Strand Historic District
1861 United States Customs and Federal Court House
Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fe Railway
Geography
Galveston Bay
Galveston Island
Gulf of Mexico
San Luis Pass
West Bay
Education
Galveston College
Galveston ISD
Ball HS
Central HS
O'Connell College Preparatory School
Texas A&M University at Galveston
University of Texas Medical Branch
Healthcare
& research
Galveston National Biocontainment Laboratory
John Sealy Hospital
Sealy & Smith Foundation
Shriners Hospital for Children
Transitional Learning Center
University of Texas Medical Branch
Media
Newspapers
The Daily News
Television
KLTJ (Daystar)
KTMD (Telemundo)
AM radio
KGBC
FM radio
KOVE
VHF radio
KHB40
Other
Galveston Causeway
List of museums in the Texas Gulf Coast
Canceled Bolivar Bridge proposal
Coordinates: 29°18′20″N 94°47′25″W / 29.3056°N 94.7904°W / 29.3056; -94.7904
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ocean_Star_Offshore_Drilling_Rig_%26_Museum&oldid=748633893"
Categories:
Museums in Galveston, Texas
Industry museums in Texas
Petroleum museums
Gas museums
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This page was last edited on 9 November 2016, at 09:34.
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