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List of home video game consoles
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Part of a series on the
History of video games
General[show]
Early history of video games
Early mainframe games
Golden age of arcade video games
Video game crash of 1983
Consoles[show]
1st generation (1972–1980)
2nd generation (1976–1992)
3rd generation (1983–2003)
4th generation (1987–2004)
5th generation (1993–2005)
6th generation (1998–2013)
7th generation (2005–2017)
8th generation (2012–)
Genres[show]
History of Eastern role-playing video games
History of Western role-playing video games
History of online games
History of massively multiplayer online games
Lists[show]
List of video games in development
Timeline of arcade video game history
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This is a list of home video game consoles in chronological order, which includes the very first home video game consoles ever created, such as first generation Pong consoles, from the first ever cartridge console Odyssey, ranging from the major video game companies such as Magnavox, Atari, Nintendo, Sega, NEC, 3DO, SNK, Sony, Microsoft to secondary market consoles.
The list is divided into eras which are named based on the dominant console type of the era, though not all consoles of those eras are of the same type. Some eras are referred to based on how many bits a major console could process. The "128-bit era" (sixth generation) was the final era in which this practice was widespread.[citation needed]
This list does not include other types of video game consoles such as handheld game consoles, which are usually of lower computational power than home consoles due to their smaller size, microconsoles, which are usually low-cost Android-based devices that rely on downloading, or dedicated consoles which have games built in and do not use any form of physical media. Consoles have been redesigned from time to time to improve their market appeal. Redesigned models are not listed on their own.
Contents
[hide]
1 List of release date in order
1.1 First generation (1972–1980)
1.2 Second generation (1976–1992)
1.3 Third generation (1983–2003)
1.4 Fourth generation (1987–2004)
1.5 Fifth generation (1993–2005)
1.6 Sixth generation (1998–2013)
1.7 Seventh generation (2005–2017)
1.8 Eighth generation (2012–present)
2 See also
3 References
List of release date in order
First generation (1972–1980)
Main article: History of video game consoles (first generation)
Magnavox Odyssey, released in 1972, was the first home video game console.
Ping-O-Tronic (1974)
Fairchild Channel F (1976)
Color TV-Game (1977)
Name
Release date
Manufacturer
Magnavox Odyssey September 1972 Magnavox
Ping-O-Tronic 1974 Zanussi
Atari PONG 1975 Atari
PC-50X Family 1975 General Instrument
Tele-Spiel 1975 Philips
Video 2000 1975 Interton
Fairchild Channel F 1976 Fairchild
Coleco Telstar Arcade 1977 Coleco
Color TV-Game 1977 Nintendo
Consoles of the early 1970s, such as the Pong consoles and the Magnavox Odyssey, were often inaccurately called "analog", but were actually discrete logic circuits.[1]
Second generation (1976–1992)
Main article: History of video game consoles (second generation)
Fairchild Channel F II (1979)
RCA Studio II (1977)
Atari 2600 (1977)
Bally Astrocade (1977)
VC 4000 (1978)
Magnavox Odyssey 2 (1978)
Intellivision (1980)
VTech CreatiVision (1981)
Epoch Cassette Vision (1981)
Arcadia 2001 (1982)
Atari 5200 (1982)
ColecoVision (1982)
Vectrex (1982)
Name
Release date
Manufacturer
APF-MP1000 1978 APF
RCA Studio II 1977 RCA
Atari 2600 September 11, 1977 Atari Inc.
Bally Astrocade 1977 Midway
VC 4000 1978 Interton
Magnavox Odyssey² 1978 Magnavox/Philips
Channel F II 1979 Fairchild
APF Imagination Machine 1979 APF
Bandai Super Vision 8000 1979 Bandai
Intellivision 1980 Mattel
PlayCable 1981 Mattel
VTech CreatiVision 1981 VTech
Epoch Cassette Vision 1981 Epoch
Arcadia 2001/Leisure Vision 1982 Emerson Radio
Atari 5200 November 1982 Atari Inc.
ColecoVision 1982 Coleco
Entex Adventure Vision 1982 Entex
Vectrex 1982 GCE/Milton Bradley Company
Third generation (1983–2003)
Main article: History of video game consoles (third generation)
Nintendo Entertainment System (1983)
Sega Master System (1985)
Atari 7800 (1984)
Super Cassette Vision (1984)
PV-1000 (1983)
Action Max (1987)
Name
Release date
Manufacturer
Units sold
CPU
PV-1000 1983 Casio Z80A clocked at 3.579 MHz
Videopac G7400 1983 Philips
Commodore 64 Games System 1990 Commodore
Amstrad GX4000 1990 Amstrad 15,000 Zilog Z80 @ 4 MHz
Atari 7800 May 1986 Atari Corporation 8 million Atari SALLY 6502 ("6502C") clocked at 1.19-1.79 MHz,
Atari XEGS 1987 Atari Corporation 2 million MOS Technology 6502C
Sega SG-1000 July 15, 1983 Sega 2 million Zilog Z80 @ 3.58 MHz
Sega Master System October 20, 1985 Sega , Tec Toy 13 million Zilog Z80 @ 4 MHz
NES/Family Computer (Famicom) July 15, 1983 Nintendo 61.91 million Ricoh 2A03 8-bit processor (MOS Technology 6502 core)
Family Computer Disk System[2] 1986 Nintendo 4.44 million Ricoh 2A03 8-bit processor (MOS Technology 6502 core)
My Vision 1983 Nichibutsu
Super Cassette Vision 1984 Epoch
Zemmix 1985 Daewoo Electronics
Bridge Companion 1985 BBC/Heber
See also: Nintendo Entertainment System hardware clone
Fourth generation (1987–2004)
Main article: History of video game consoles (fourth generation)
TurboGrafx-16 (1987)
Sega Genesis (1988)
Neo-Geo (1990)
Super Nintendo Entertainment System (1990)
Turbo Duo (1991)
CD-i (1991)
Sega 32X (1994)
Name
Release date
Manufacturer
Units sold
CPU
PC Engine/TurboGrafx-16 1987 NEC 10 million Hudson Soft HuC6280
PC Engine2/SuperGrafx 1989 NEC Hudson Soft HuC6280
Sega Genesis/Mega Drive October 29, 1988 Sega 30.75 million Motorola 68000 @ 7.6 MHz
Zilog Z80 @ 3.58 MHz
Sega CD/Mega CD 1992 (North America) Sega 2.24 million Motorola 68000 @ 12.5 MHz
Sega 32X 1994 Sega 665,000 2 × SH-2 32-bit RISC @ 23 MHz
Konix Multisystem Cancelled Konix N/A
Neo-Geo April 26, 1990 SNK >750,000 Motorola 68000 @ 12 MHz, Zilog Z80A @ 4 MHz
Super NES/Super Famicom November 21, 1990 Nintendo 49.10 million Ricoh 5A22 @ 3.58 MHz
SNES-CD Cancelled Nintendo N/A
Satellaview 1993 Nintendo
Atari Panther Cancelled Atari Corporation N/A
Commodore CDTV March, 1991 Commodore Motorola 68000 @ 7 MHz
Turbo Duo/PC Engine Duo September 21, 1991 NEC >500,000 Hudson Soft HuC6280
CD-i December 3, 1991 Philips >1.5 million Philips SCC68070 @ 15.5 MHz
Memorex VIS 1992 Memorex/Tandy Corp <15,000
Sega Pico 1994 Sega/Majesco Entertainment
Super A'Can 1995 Funtech
Fifth generation (1993–2005)
Main article: History of video game consoles (fifth generation)
Pioneer LaserActive (1993)
FM Towns Marty (1993)
Atari Jaguar (1993)
Neo-Geo CD (1994)
PlayStation (1994)
Sega Saturn (1994)
3DO Interactive Multiplayer (1993)
Nintendo 64 (1996)
Amiga CD32 (1993)
PC-FX (1994)
Apple Bandai Pippin (1995)
Name
Release date
Manufacturer
Units sold
CPU
Pioneer LaserActive 1993 Pioneer Corporation
FM Towns Marty 1993 Fujitsu AMD 386SX at 16 MHz
Apple Bandai Pippin 1995 Bandai /Apple Inc. 42,000 PowerPC 603 RISC (66 MHz)
PC-FX 1994 NEC >400,000 NEC V810
Neo-Geo CD 1994 SNK
Atari Jaguar November 23, 1993 Atari Corporation <1 million
Atari Jaguar CD 1995 Atari Corporation
PlayStation December 3, 1994 Sony 102.49 million R3000 @ 33.8688 MHz
Sega Saturn November 22, 1994 Sega 9.26 million 2× Hitachi SH-2 @ 28.6 MHz
3DO Interactive Multiplayer 1993 Panasonic/Sanyo /GoldStar 2 million 32-bit RISC CPU ARM60 based on ARM architecture @ 12.5 MHz
Amiga CD32 1993 Commodore >100,000 Motorola 68EC020@ 14.18 MHz (PAL)14.32 MHz (NTSC)
Casio Loopy 1995 Casio 32-bit RISC SH-1 (SH7021)
Playdia 1994 Bandai
CPS Changer 1994 Capcom Motorola 68000 (@ 10 MHz)
Nintendo 64 June 23, 1996 Nintendo 32.93 million 64-bit NEC VR4300 @ 93.75 MHz
Nintendo 64DD 1999 Nintendo
Sixth generation (1998–2013)
Main article: History of video game consoles (sixth generation)
Dreamcast (1998 in Japan, 1999 in other areas)
PlayStation 2 (2000)
GameCube (2001)
Xbox (2001)
Name
Release date
Manufacturer
Units sold
CPU
Dreamcast 1998 Sega 9.13 million Hitachi SH-4 32-bit RISC clocked at 200 MHz
Nuon 2000 VM Labs >25 thousand
PlayStation 2 2000 Sony 155 million Emotion Engine clocked at 294.912 MHz (launch), 299 MHz (newer models), with 128-bit SIMD capabilities
L600 Cancelled Indrema N/A
GameCube 2001 Nintendo 21.74 million IBM PowerPC Gekko @ 486 MHz
iQue Player 2003 Nintendo >0.1 million R-4300 64Bit CPU, 93.75 MHz
Panasonic M2 Cancelled Panasonic N/A
Xbox 2001 Microsoft 24 million Custom 733 MHz Intel Pentium III "Coppermine-based" processor
Seventh generation (2005–2017)
Main article: History of video game consoles (seventh generation)
Xbox 360 (2005)
PlayStation 3 (2006)
Wii (2006)
Name
Release date
Manufacturer
Units sold
CPU
Phantom Cancelled Phantom N/A
Game Wave 2005 ZAPiT 70 thousand (as of 2008)[3]
Xbox 360 2005 Microsoft 83.7 million (as of March 31, 2014)[4][5][6][7] 3.2 GHz PowerPC Tri-Core Xenon
HyperScan 2006 Mattel
Wii 2006 Nintendo 101.63 million (as of December 31, 2016)[8] IBM PowerPC "Broadway"
PlayStation 3 2006 Sony 80 million[9] 3.2 GHz Cell Broadband Engine with 1 PPE & 7 SPEs
Eighth generation (2012–present)
Main article: History of video game consoles (eighth generation)
Wii U (2012)
PlayStation 4 (2013)
Xbox One (2013)
Name
Release date
Manufacturer
Units sold
CPU
Wii U 2012 Nintendo 13.56 million (as of December 31, 2016)[10] 1.24 GHz Tri-Core IBM PowerPC "Espresso"
PlayStation 4 2013 Sony 50 million (as of December 6, 2016)[11] Semi-custom 8-core AMD x86-64 Jaguar 1.6 GHz CPU (integrated into APU)
Xbox One 2013 Microsoft >10 million (as of December 31, 2013[update])[a] Custom 1.75 GHz AMD 8-core APU (2 quad-core Jaguar modules)
The Nintendo Switch (code name NX) was released during this period, on March 3, 2017, but has been referred to as a hybrid video game console combining features of home and handheld systems.
See also
List of best-selling game consoles
List of video game console emulators
List of video game consoles
List of dedicated consoles
List of handheld game consoles
List of microconsoles
List of video games
References
Jump up ^ Bub, Andrew (June 7, 2005). "The Original GamerDad: Ralph Baer". gamerdad.com. Archived from the original on December 7, 2008. Retrieved February 23, 2010.
Jump up ^ Add-on to Famicom - Japan only.
Jump up ^ "VP Final - MP4". December 20, 2008. Retrieved August 14, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Earnings Release FY13 Q4". Microsoft. Retrieved May 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Earnings Release FY14 Q1". Microsoft. Retrieved May 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Earnings Release FY14 Q2". Microsoft. Retrieved May 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Earnings Release FY14 Q3". Microsoft. Retrieved May 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ "IR Information: Sales Data - Hardware and Software Sales Units". Nintendo Co., Ltd. December 31, 2016. Retrieved January 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ "PlayStation 3 Sales Reach 80 Million Units Worldwide". Sony Computer Entertainment. Retrieved November 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ "IR Information: Sales Data - Hardware and Software Sales Units". Nintendo Co., Ltd. Retrieved February 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Sony PS4 sales top 50 million". CNET. Retrieved January 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Earnings Release FY14 Q3". Microsoft. April 24, 2014. Retrieved April 24, 2014. Microsoft sold in 2.0 million Xbox console units, including 1.2 million Xbox One consoles.
Jump up ^ "Earnings Release FY14 Q4". Microsoft. July 22, 2014. Retrieved August 13, 2014. We sold in 1.1 million consoles in the fourth quarter, as we drew down channel inventory, compared to 1.0 million consoles during the prior year.
Jump up ^ Futter, Mike (October 22, 2015). "[Update] Microsoft Will Focus Primarily On Xbox Live Usership, Not Console Shipments". Game Informer. Retrieved October 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Microsoft Annual Meeting of Shareholders". Microsoft. December 3, 2014. Retrieved January 31, 2015. Finally, our gaming business is thriving with the Xbox One hitting 10 million units sold. I am thrilled to welcome Mojang and Minecraft community to Microsoft.
Jump up ^ Souppouris, Aaron (December 7, 2016). "Sony has sold 50 million PlayStation 4s". Engadget. Retrieved December 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Starting with Microsoft's fiscal quarter ending June 2014 (Q4), the company stopped divulging individual platform sales in their fiscal reports.[12][13] Microsoft stated it will shift focus to the amount of active users on Xbox Live starting in late 2015.[14] Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella unveiled at a December 3, 2014 shareholder presentation that 10 million units were sold.[15] Third-party estimates suggest sales reached approximately 25-30 million worldwide by late 2016.[16]
[show]
v
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Home video game consoles
Atari
Atari 2600
Atari 5200
Atari 7800
Atari XEGS
Atari Jaguar
Ataribox
Bandai
Super Vision 8000
Arcadia
RX-78
Playdia
Apple Bandai Pippin
Casio
PV-1000
Casio Loopy
Commodore
Commodore 64 Games System
Commodore CDTV
Amiga CD32
Mattel
Intellivision
HyperScan
Microsoft
Xbox
Xbox 360
Xbox One
NEC
TurboGrafx-16
PC-FX
Nintendo
NES
SNES
N64
GameCube
Wii
Wii U
Switch
Philips
Magnavox Odyssey
Odyssey²
Videopac + G7400
Philips CD-i
Sega
SG-1000
Master System
Sega Genesis
Sega Saturn
Dreamcast
SNK
Neo Geo
Neo Geo CD
Sony
PlayStation
PlayStation 2
PSX
PlayStation 3
PlayStation 4
VTech
VTech CreatiVision
Socrates
V.Smile
V.Flash
Others
1970s
APF-MP1000
Bally Astrocade
Fairchild Channel F
RCA Studio II
Interton VC 4000/1292 Advanced Programmable Video System
1980s
Action Max
Arcadia 2001
ColecoVision
Epoch Cassette Vision
Super Cassette Vision
RDI Halcyon
Vectrex
1990s
3DO Interactive Multiplayer
Amstrad GX4000
CPS Changer
FM Towns Marty
LaserActive
Super A'Can
2000s
DISCover
EVO Smart Console
Game Wave
Nuon
XaviXPORT
Zeebo
List
[show]
v
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e
Video game consoles
Types
Home video game console
list
Handheld game console
list
Microconsole
list
Dedicated console
list
Generations
First (1972–80)
Second (1976–92)
Third (1983–2003)
Fourth (1987–2004)
Fifth (1993–2005)
Sixth (1998–2013)
Seventh (2005–17)
Eighth (2012–)
Emulator
Game
History
List
Manufacturer
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_home_video_game_consoles&oldid=815762433"
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text:
Lists of earthquakes
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Earthquakes (M8.0+) since 1900 through 2017 10/08
M8.0+ total of 93 EQs. 82 of them had happened in Ring of Fire.
not plotted; M7.0-7.9, 1258 EQs、M6.0-6.9, 9713 EQs[1]
The following is a list of earthquake lists, and of top earthquakes by magnitude and fatalities.
Contents
[hide]
1 Lists by period
2 Lists by country
3 Lists by region
4 Largest earthquakes by magnitude
5 Largest earthquakes by country
6 Costliest earthquakes
7 Deadliest earthquakes
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Lists by period[edit]
Before 1901
1901–2000
2001–present
Lists by country[edit]
Afghanistan
Algeria
Argentina
Mendoza Province
Armenia
Australia
Azerbaijan
Azores
Bulgaria
Canada
Chile
China
Sichuan Province
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba
Cyprus
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Fiji
Georgia (country)
Germany
Greece
Guam
Guatemala
Haiti
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Iran
Italy
Japan
Mexico
Nepal
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Pakistan
Panama
Papua New Guinea
Peru
Philippines
Romania
Vrancea County
Russia
Samoa
Saudi Arabia
South Africa
South Korea
Spain
Tajikistan
Taiwan
Tonga
Turkey
United Kingdom
United States
Alaska
California
Hawaii
Illinois
Oklahoma
South Carolina
Washington
Vanuatu
Venezuela
Yemen
Lists by region[edit]
Caribbean
Levant
South Asia
Largest earthquakes by magnitude[edit]
A pie chart comparing the seismic moment release of the three largest earthquakes for the hundred-year period from 1906 to 2005 with that for all earthquakes of magnitudes <6, 6 to 7, 7 to 8 and >8 for the same period
Earthquakes of magnitude 8.0 and greater since 1900. The apparent 3D volumes of the bubbles are linearly proportional to their respective fatalities.[2] The colour indicates the continent, and the legend counts the number of quakes for each. Notice the absence of Africa.
Listed below are all known earthquakes measured or estimated to have a magnitude of 8.5 or above on the moment magnitude or Richter magnitude scale.
This list is biased towards recent years due to development and widespread deployment of seismometers. Also, records that were detailed enough to make magnitude estimates (est.) were not generally available before 1900.[3]
Rank
Date
Location
Event
Magnitude
1
000000001960-05-22-0000May 22, 1960 Valdivia, Chile 1960 Valdivia earthquake 9.4–9.6
2
000000001964-03-27-0000March 27, 1964 Prince William Sound, Alaska, United States 1964 Alaska earthquake 9.2
3
000000002004-12-26-0000December 26, 2004 Indian Ocean, Sumatra, Indonesia 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake 9.1–9.3
4
000000002011-03-11-0000March 11, 2011 Pacific Ocean, Tōhoku region, Japan 2011 Tōhoku earthquake 9.1[4]
5
000000001952-11-04-0000November 4, 1952 Kamchatka, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union 1952 Kamchatka earthquakes 9.0[5]
6
000000001868-08-13-0000August 13, 1868 Arica, Chile (then Peru) 1868 Arica earthquake 8.5–9.0 (est.)
7
000000001700-01-26-0000January 26, 1700 Pacific Ocean, USA and Canada (then claimed by the Spanish Empire and the British Empire) 1700 Cascadia earthquake 8.7–9.2 (est.)
8
000000000869-07-09-0000July 9, 869 Pacific Ocean, Tōhoku region, Japan 869 Sanriku earthquake 8.9 (est.)
9
000000001762-04-02-0000April 2, 1762 Chittagong, Bangladesh (then Kingdom of Mrauk U) 1762 Arakan earthquake 8.8 (est.)
10
000000001833-11-25-0000November 25, 1833 Sumatra, Indonesia (then part of the Dutch East Indies) 1833 Sumatra earthquake 8.8 (est.)
11
000000001906-01-31-0000January 31, 1906 Ecuador – Colombia 1906 Ecuador–Colombia earthquake 8.8[6]
12
000000002010-02-27-0000February 27, 2010 Offshore Maule, Chile 2010 Chile earthquake 8.8[6]
13
000000001950-08-15-0000August 15, 1950 Assam, India – Tibet, China 1950 Assam–Tibet earthquake 8.7
14
000000001707-10-28-0000October 28, 1707 Pacific Ocean, Shikoku region, Japan 1707 Hōei earthquake 8.7–9.3 (est.)
15
000000001730-07-08-0000July 8, 1730 Valparaiso, Chile (then part of the Spanish Empire) 1730 Valparaiso earthquake 8.7 (est.)[7]
16
000000001755-11-01-0000November 1, 1755 Atlantic Ocean, Lisbon, Portugal 1755 Lisbon earthquake 8.5–9.0
17
000000001965-02-04-0000February 4, 1965 Rat Islands, Alaska, United States 1965 Rat Islands earthquake 8.7
18
000000001746-10-28-0000October 28, 1746 Lima, Peru (then part of the Spanish Empire) 1746 Lima–Callao earthquake 8.6 (est.)
19
000000001787-03-28-0000March 28, 1787 Oaxaca, Mexico (then part of the Spanish Empire) 1787 Mexico earthquake 8.6 (est.)
20
000000001957-03-09-0000March 9, 1957 Andreanof Islands, Alaska, United States 1957 Andreanof Islands earthquake 8.6[6]
21
000000002005-03-28-0000March 28, 2005 Sumatra, Indonesia 2005 Nias–Simeulue earthquake 8.6[6]
22
000000002012-04-11-0000April 11, 2012 Indian Ocean, Sumatra, Indonesia 2012 Aceh earthquake 8.6
23
000000001575-12-16-0000December 16, 1575 Valdivia, Chile (then part of the Spanish Empire) 1575 Valdivia earthquake 8.5 (est.)
24
000000001604-11-24-0000November 24, 1604 Arica, Chile (then part of the Spanish Empire) 1604 Arica earthquake 8.5 (est.)
25
000000001647-05-13-0000May 13, 1647 Santiago, Chile (then part of the Spanish Empire) 1647 Santiago earthquake 8.5 (est.)
26
000000001751-05-24-0000May 24, 1751 Concepción, Chile (then part of the Spanish Empire) 1751 Concepción earthquake 8.5 (est.)
27
000000001822-11-19-0000November 19, 1822 Valparaíso, Chile 1822 Valparaíso earthquake 8.5 (est.)
28
000000001835-02-20-0000February 20, 1835 Concepción, Chile 1835 Concepción earthquake 8.5 (est.)
29
000000001861-02-16-0000February 16, 1861 Sumatra, Indonesia 1861 Sumatra earthquake 8.5
30
000000001877-05-09-0000May 9, 1877 Iquique, Chile (then Peru) 1877 Iquique earthquake 8.5 (est.)
31
000000001922-11-10-0000November 10, 1922 Atacama Region, Chile Catamarca Province, Argentina 1922 Vallenar earthquake 8.5[8]
32
000000001938-02-01-0000February 1, 1938 Banda Sea, Indonesia (then part of the Dutch East Indies) 1938 Banda Sea earthquake 8.5[6]
33
000000001963-10-13-0000October 13, 1963 Kuril Islands, Russia (USSR) 1963 Kuril Islands earthquake 8.5[6]
34
000000002007-09-12-0000September 12, 2007 Sumatra, Indonesia 2007 Sumatra earthquakes 8.5[6]
35
000000001687-10-20-0000October 20, 1687 Lima, Peru (then part of the Spanish Empire) 1687 Peru earthquake 8.5 (est.)
36
000000001737-10-17-0000October 17, 1737 Kamchatka, Russia 1737 Kamchatka earthquakes 8.5 (est.)
37
000000001361-08-03-0000August 3, 1361 Pacific Ocean, Shikoku region, Japan 1361 Shōhei earthquake 8.5 (est.)
38
000000001896-06-15-0000June 15, 1896 Pacific Ocean, Tōhoku region, Japan 1896 Sanriku earthquake 8.5 (est.)
Largest earthquakes by country[edit]
This list is a work in progress. Information is likely to be changed.
Please note, multiple countries could have the same earthquake listed, such as the 1906 Ecuador–Colombia earthquake being listed for both Ecuador and Colombia.
Unless otherwise noted, magnitudes are reported on the Moment magnitude scale (Mw).
Country
Magnitude
Date
More information
Afghanistan 7000780000000000000♠7.8 000000001921-11-15-000015 November 1921 [9]
Albania 7000670000000000000♠6.7 000000001967-11-30-000030 November 1967 [10]
Algeria 7000710000000000000♠7.1 000000001980-10-10-000010 October 1980 1980 El Asnam earthquake
Antarctica 7000810000000000000♠8.1 000000001998-03-25-000025 March 1998 [11]
Armenia 7000680000000000000♠6.8 Ms 000000001988-12-07-00007 December 1988 1988 Armenian earthquake
Argentina 7000750000000000000♠7.5 000000001894-10-27-000027 October 1894 1894 San Juan earthquake
Australia 7000670000000000000♠6.7 000000001988-01-22-000022 January 1988 [12]
Austria 7000550000000000000♠5.5–6.0 000000001590-09-15-000015 September 1590 1590 Neulengbach earthquake
Azerbaijan 7000690000000000000♠6.9 000000001667-11-25-000025 November 1667 1667 Shamakhi earthquake
Bangladesh 7000880000000000000♠8.8 000000001762-04-02-00002 April 1762 1762 Arakan earthquake
Belgium 7000630000000000000♠6.3 000000001692-09-18-000018 September 1692 Epicentre: Verviers[13]
Bhutan 7000660000000000000♠6.6 000000001941-01-21-000021 January 1941 [14]
Bolivia 7000820009999999999♠8.2 000000001994-06-09-00009 June 1994 1994 Bolivia earthquake
Bosnia and Herzegovina 7000640000000000000♠6.4 000000001969-10-27-000027 October 1969 Banja Luka earthquake
Botswana 7000650000000000000♠6.5 000000002017-04-03-00003 April 2017 2017 Botswana earthquake
Brazil 7000760000000000000♠7.6 000000001963-11-09-00009 November 1963 [15]
British Indian Ocean Territory 7000600000000000000♠6.0 000000001952-04-29-000029 April 1952 [16]
Bulgaria 7000720000000000000♠7.2[17] 000000001904-04-04-00004 April 1904 see List of earthquakes in Bulgaria
Burundi 7000530000000000000♠5.3 000000001978-01-29-000029 January 1978 [18]
Canada 7000870000000099999♠8.7–9.2 000000001700-01-26-000026 January 1700 1700 Cascadia earthquake
Chile 7000940000000000000♠9.4–9.6 000000001960-05-22-000022 May 1960 1960 Valdivia earthquake
China 7000860000000000000♠8.6 000000001950-08-15-000015 August 1950 1950 Assam–Tibet earthquake
Cocos Islands 7000790000000000000♠7.9 000000002000-06-18-000018 June 2000 [19]
Colombia 7000880000000000000♠8.8 000000001906-01-31-000031 January 1906 1906 Ecuador–Colombia earthquake
Comoros 7000600000000000000♠6.0 000000001952-04-29-000029 April 1952 [20]
Costa Rica 7000770000000000000♠7.7 000000001991-04-22-000022 April 1991 1991 Limon earthquake
Croatia 7000630000000000000♠6.3 ML 000000001880-11-09-00009 November 1880 1880 Zagreb earthquake
Cuba 7000750000000000000♠7.5–7.9 Ms[21][22] 000000001900-06-21-000021 June 1900 List of earthquakes in Cuba[21]
Cyprus 7000700000000000000♠7.0 000000001222-05-11-000011 May 1222 1222 Cyprus earthquake
Czech Republic 7000480000000000000♠4.8 000000001985-12-23-000023 December 1985 [23]
Democratic Republic of the Congo 7000680000000000000♠6.8 000000002005-12-05-00005 December 2005 2005 Lake Tanganyika earthquake
Denmark 7000440000000000000♠4.4[24][25][26] 000000002010-02-19-000019 February 2010 Jutland
Djibouti 7000650000000000000♠6.5 000000001989-08-20-000020 August 1989 [27]
Dominican Republic 7000810000000000000♠8.1 Ms 000000001946-08-04-00004 August 1946 1946 Dominican Republic earthquake
Ecuador 7000880000000000000♠8.8 000000001906-01-31-000031 January 1906 1906 Ecuador–Colombia earthquake
Egypt 7000730000000000000♠7.3 000000001995-11-22-000022 November 1995 1995 Gulf of Aqaba earthquake
El Salvador 7000800000000000000♠8.0 000000001862-12-19-000019 December 1862 [28]
Eritrea 7000620000000000000♠6.2 000000001915-09-23-000023 September 1915 [29]
Estonia 7000470000000000000♠4.7 000000001976-10-25-000025 October 1976 1976 Osmussaare earthquake
Ethiopia 7000650000000000000♠6.5 000000001919-06-30-000030 June 1919 [30]
Finland 7000470000000000000♠4.7 000000001898-11-04-00004 November 1898 Tornio, 66.2°N, 25.0°E[31]
Fiji 7000780000000000000♠7.8 000000001919-01-01-00001 January 1919 [32]
France 7000620000000000000♠6.2 000000001909-06-11-000011 June 1909 1909 Provence earthquake
Gabon 7000620000000000000♠6.2 000000001974-09-23-000023 September 1974 [33]
Germany 7000610000000000000♠6.1 000000001756-02-18-000018 February 1756 1756 Düren earthquake
Georgia 7000700000000000000♠7.0 000000001991-04-29-000029 April 1991 1991 Racha earthquake
Ghana 7000640000000000000♠6.4 000000001939-06-22-000022 June 1939 [34]
Greece 7000850000000000000♠8.5+ 000000000365-07-21-000021 July 365 365 Crete earthquake
Guam 7000780000000000000♠7.8 000000001993-08-08-00008 August 1993 [35]
Guatemala 7000770000000000000♠7.7 000000001942-08-06-00006 August 1942 1942 Guatemala earthquake
Guyana 7000530000000000000♠5.3 000000001976-01-22-000022 January 1976 [36]
Guinea 7000630000000000000♠6.3 000000001983-12-22-000022 December 1983 [37]
Haiti 7000810000000000000♠8.1 Ms 000000001842-05-07-00007 May 1842 1842 Cap-Haïtien earthquake
Honduras 7000730000000000000♠7.3 000000002009-05-28-000028 May 2009 2009 Honduras earthquake
Hungary 7000630000000000000♠6.3 ML 000000001763-06-28-000028 June 1763 1763 Komárom earthquake
Iceland 7000690000000000000♠6.9 000000001963-03-28-000028 March 1963 [38]
India 7000860000000000000♠8.6 000000001950-08-15-000015 August 1950 1950 Assam–Tibet earthquake
Indonesia 7000910000000000000♠9.1–9.3 000000002004-12-26-000026 December 2004 2004 Boxing Day earthquake
Iran 7000790000000000000♠7.9 Ms 000000000856-12-22-000022 December 856 856 Damghan earthquake
Iraq 7000580000000000000♠5.8 000000001980-12-18-000018 December 1980 [39]
Israel 7000630000000000000♠6.3 000000001927-07-11-000011 July 1927 1927 Jericho earthquake
Italy 7000740000000000000♠7.4 000000001693-01-11-000011 January 1693 1693 Sicily earthquake
Japan 7000910000000000000♠9.1 000000002011-03-11-000011 March 2011 2011 Tōhoku earthquake
Jordan 7000630000000000000♠6.3 000000001927-07-11-000011 July 1927 1927 Jericho earthquake
Kazakhstan 7000770000000000000♠7.7 000000001911-01-03-00003 January 1911 1911 Kebin earthquake
Kenya 7000700000000000000♠7.0 000000001928-01-06-00006 January 1928 [40]
Kyrgyzstan 7000770000000000000♠7.7 000000001911-01-03-00003 January 1911 1911 Kebin earthquake
Laos 7000690000000000000♠6.9 000000001983-06-24-000024 June 1983 [41]
Lebanon 7000750000000000000♠7.5 000000000551-07-09-00009 July 551 551 Beirut earthquake
Libya 7000680000000000000♠6.8 000000001935-04-19-000019 April 1935 [42]
Macedonia 7000610000000000000♠6.1 000000001963-07-26-000026 July 1963 1963 Skopje earthquake
Madagascar 7000560000000099999♠5.6 000000001991-04-21-000021 April 1991 [43]
Malawi 7000620000000000000♠6.2 000000001989-03-10-000010 March 1989 [44]
Malaysia 7000620000000000000♠6.2 000000001976-07-26-000026 July 1976 1976 Sabah earthquake
Mauritius 7000670000000000000♠6.7 000000001976-07-26-000026 July 1976 [45]
Mayotte 7000600000000000000♠6.0 000000001952-04-29-000029 April 1952 [46]
Mexico 7000860000000000000♠8.6 000000001787-03-28-000028 March 1787 1787 Mexico earthquake
Micronesia 7000710000000000000♠7.1 000000001929-11-15-000015 November 1929 [47]
Mongolia 7000840000000000000♠8.4 000000001905-07-23-000023 July 1905 1905 Bolnai earthquake
Montenegro 7000690000000000000♠6.9 000000001979-04-15-000015 April 1979 1979 Montenegro earthquake
Morocco 7000630000000000000♠6.3 000000002004-02-24-000024 February 2004 2004 Al Hoceima earthquake
Mozambique 7000700000000000000♠7.0 000000002006-02-22-000022 February 2006 2006 Mozambique earthquake
Myanmar 7000800000000000000♠8.0 000000001946-09-12-000012 September 1946 [48]
Namibia 7000510000000099999♠5.1 000000002009-07-31-000031 July 2009 [49]
Nepal 7000820009999999999♠8.2 000000001505-06-06-00006 June 1505 1505 Lo Mustang earthquake
Netherlands 7000530000000000000♠5.3 000000001992-04-13-000013 April 1992 1992 Roermond earthquake
New Zealand 7000830000000000000♠8.3 000000001855-01-23-000023 January 1855 1855 Wairarapa earthquake
Nicaragua 7000770000000000000♠7.7 000000001992-09-02-00002 September 1992 1992 Nicaragua earthquake
North Korea 7000630000000000000♠6.3 000000001952-03-19-000019 March 1952 [50]
Northern Mariana Islands 7000770000000000000♠7.7 000000002016-07-29-000029 July 2016 [51]
Norway 7000620000000000000♠6.2 000000002008-02-21-000021 February 2008 2008 Svalbard earthquake (no)
Pakistan 7000810000000000000♠8.1 000000001945-11-28-000028 November 1945 1945 Balochistan earthquake
Palau 7000780000000000000♠7.8 000000001911-08-16-000016 August 1911 [52]
Panama 7000750000000000000♠7.5 000000001934-07-18-000018 July 1934 [53]
Papua New Guinea 7000800000000000000♠8.0 000000002000-11-16-000016 November 2000 2000 New Ireland earthquakes
Paraguay 7000650000000000000♠6.5 000000001989-02-28-000028 February 1989 [54]
Peru 7000860000000000000♠8.6 000000001746-10-28-000028 October 1746 1746 Lima–Callao earthquake
Philippines 7000830000000000000♠8.3 000000001918-08-15-000015 August 1918 1918 Celebes Sea earthquake
Poland 7000580000000000000♠5.8 000000001983-08-06-00006 August 1983 near Głogów [55]
Portugal 7000850000000000000♠8.5–9.0 000000001755-11-01-00001 November 1755 1755 Lisbon earthquake
Puerto Rico 7000800000000000000♠8.0 000000001787-05-02-00002 May 1787 1787 Boricua earthquake
Réunion 7000530000000000000♠5.3 000000002007-04-06-00006 April 2007 [56]
Romania 7000790000000000000♠7.9 000000001802-10-26-000026 October 1802 1802 Vrancea earthquake
Rwanda 7000590000000000000♠5.9 000000002008-02-03-00003 February 2008 [57]
Russia 7000900000000000000♠9.0 000000001952-11-04-00004 November 1952 1952 Kamchatka earthquake
Samoa 7000850000000000000♠8.5 000000001917-06-26-000026 June 1917 1917 Samoa earthquake
Saudi Arabia 7000620000000000000♠6.2 000000001941-01-11-000011 January 1941 Jizan Region
Serbia 7000550000000000000♠5.5 000000001998-09-22-000022 September 1998 1998 Mionica earthquake
Slovenia 7000560000000099999♠5.6 000000001998-04-12-000012 April 1998 [58]
Solomon Islands 7000810000000000000♠8.1 000000002007-04-01-00001 April 2007 2007 Solomon Islands earthquake
Somalia 7000560000000099999♠5.6 000000001951-07-03-00003 July 1951 [59]
South Africa 7000630000000000000♠6.3 000000001969-09-29-000029 September 1969
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 7000810000000000000♠8.1 000000001929-06-27-000027 June 1929 [60]
South Korea 7000540000000000000♠5.4 000000002016-09-12-000012 September 2016 2016 Gyeongju earthquake
South Sudan 7000720000000000000♠7.2 000000001990-05-20-000020 May 1990 [61]
Spain 7000780000000000000♠7.8 000000001954-03-29-000029 March 1954 [62]
Sweden 7000480000000000000♠4.8 ML 000000001986-07-14-000014 July 1986 Skultorp, Västra Götaland[63]
Switzerland 7000650000000000000♠6.5 000000001356-10-18-000018 October 1356 1356 Basel earthquake
Syria 7000760000000000000♠7.6 000000001202-05-20-000020 May 1202 1202 Syria earthquake
Taiwan 7000760000000000000♠7.6 000000001999-09-21-000021 September 1999 1999 Jiji earthquake
Tajikistan 7000750000000000000♠7.5 000000001949-07-10-000010 July 1949 1949 Khait earthquake
Tanzania 7000730000000000000♠7.3 000000001910-12-13-000013 December 1910 [64]
Thailand 7000610000000000000♠6.1 000000002014-05-05-00005 May 2014 2014 Mae Lao earthquake
Tonga 7000810000000000000♠8.1 000000001919-04-30-000030 April 1919 [65]
Trinidad-and-Tobago 7000670000000000000♠6.7 000000001997-04-22-000022 April 1997 [66]
Tunisia 7000550000000000000♠5.5 000000001957-02-20-000020 February 1957 [67]
Turkey 7000780000000000000♠7.8 000000001939-12-27-000027 December 1939 1939 Erzincan earthquake
Turkmenistan 7000730000000000000♠7.3 000000001948-10-05-00005 October 1948 1948 Ashgabat earthquake
Uganda 7000650000000000000♠6.5 000000001952-06-30-000030 June 1952 [68]
Ukraine 7000670000000000000♠6.7 000000001927-09-11-000011 September 1927 1927 Crimean earthquakes
United Kingdom 7000610000000000000♠6.1 ML 000000001931-06-07-00007 June 1931 1931 Dogger Bank earthquake
United States 7000920000000099999♠9.2 000000001964-03-27-000027 March 1964 1964 Alaska earthquake
Uruguay 7000550000000000000♠5.5 000000001888-06-05-00005 June 1888 1888 Rio de la Plata earthquake
Uzbekistan 7000700000000000000♠7.0 000000001984-03-19-000019 March 1984 [69]
Vanuatu 7000810000000000000♠8.1 000000001920-09-20-000020 September 1920 [70]
Venezuela 7000760000000000000♠7.6 000000001900-10-29-000029 October 1900 [71]
Vietnam 7000670000000000000♠6.7 000000001935-06-01-00001 June 1935 [72]
Yemen 7000630000000000000♠6.3 000000001982-12-13-000013 December 1982 1982 North Yemen earthquake
Zambia 7000670000000000000♠6.7 000000001919-05-01-00001 May 1919 [73]
Costliest earthquakes[edit]
This is a list or major earthquakes by the dollar value of property (public and private) losses directly attributable to the earthquake. Rank values are assigned based on inflation-adjusted comparison of property damage in US dollars. Wherever possible, indirect and socioeconomic losses are excluded. Please note that damage estimates for particular earthquakes may vary through time as more data becomes available.
Rank
Event
Location
Magnitude
Property damage
1
2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami Japan 9.1[4] $235 billion[74][75]
2
1995 Great Hanshin earthquake Japan 6.9 $200 billion[76]
3
2008 Sichuan earthquake Sichuan, China 8.0 $86 billion[77]
4
1994 Northridge earthquake Los Angeles, United States 6.7 $13–44 billion
5
1980 Irpinia earthquake Italy 6.9[78] $15 billion[78]
6
1976 Tangshan earthquake Hebei, China 7.8 $10 billion[79]
7
2011 Christchurch earthquake South Island, New Zealand 6.3[80] $15–40 billion[81][82]
8
2004 Chūetsu earthquake Japan 6.8 $28 billion[78][83]
9
1999 İzmit earthquake Turkey 7.6 $20 billion[78]
10
2010 Chile earthquake Chile 8.8[84] $15–30 billion[84]
11
2012 Emilia earthquakes Italy 6.1[85] $15.8 billion[86]
12
1999 Jiji earthquake Taiwan 7.6 $10 billion
13
April 2015 Nepal earthquake Nepal 7.8 $10 billion to rebuild.[87]
14
1906 San Francisco earthquake San Francisco, United States 7.7 to 7.9 (est.)[85] $400 million[85]
15
1923 Great Kantō earthquake Tokyo, Japan 7.9 $600 million[78]
16
1989 Loma Prieta earthquake California, United States 6.9 $5.6–6 billion
Deadliest earthquakes[edit]
It has been suggested that this article be merged into List of natural disasters by death toll#52_deadliest_earthquakes. (Discuss) Proposed since August 2016.
Deadliest earthquakes[88]
Rank
Event
Date
Location
Fatalities
Magnitude
Notes
1
1556 Shaanxi earthquake 000000001556-01-23-0000January 23, 1556 Shaanxi, China 820,000–830,000 [89] 8.0 Estimated death toll in Shaanxi, China.
2
1976 Tangshan earthquake 000000001976-07-28-0000July 28, 1976 Hebei, China 242,769–700,000+ [90][91][92] 7.8
3
1920 Haiyuan earthquake 000000001920-12-16-0000December 16, 1920 Ningxia–Gansu, China 273,400[90][93] 7.8 Major fractures, landslides.
4
526 Antioch earthquake 000000000526-05-21-0000May 21, 526 Antioch, Turkey (then Byzantine Empire) 240,000[94] 7.0 [95] Procopius (II.14.6), sources based on John of Ephesus.
5
2004 Indian Ocean earthquake 000000002004-12-26-0000December 26, 2004 Indian Ocean, Sumatra, Indonesia 230,210+[96] 9.1–9.3 Deaths from earthquake and resulting tsunami.
6
1138 Aleppo earthquake 000000001138-10-11-0000October 11, 1138 Aleppo, Syria 230,000 Unknown The figure of 230,000 dead is based on a historical conflation of this earthquake with earthquakes in November 1137 on the Jazira plain and on September 30, 1139 in the Azerbaijani city of Ganja. The first mention of a 230,000 death toll was by Ibn Taghribirdi in the fifteenth century.[97]
7
2010 Haiti earthquake 000000002010-01-12-0000January 12, 2010 Haiti 100,000–316,000 7.0 Estimates vary from 316,000 (Haitian government) to 222,570 (UN OCHA estimate)[98] to 158,000 (Medicine, Conflict and Survival) to between 85,000 and 46,000 (report commissioned by USAID).[99][100]
8
1303 Hongdong earthquake September 25, 1303 Shanxi, China 200,000 [101] 8.0 Taiyuan and Pingyang were leveled.
9
856 Damghan earthquake 000000000856-12-22-0000December 22, 856 Damghan, Iran 200,000 7.9 Ms
10
893 Ardabil earthquake 000000000893-03-22-0000March 22, 893 Ardabil, Iran 150,000 Unknown Reports probably relate to the 893 Dvin earthquake, due to misreading of the Arabic word for Dvin, 'Dabil' as 'Ardabil'.[102] This is regarded as a 'fake earthquake'.[103]
11
533 Aleppo earthquake November 29, 533 Syria 130,000[104] Unknown
12
1908 Messina earthquake 000000001908-12-28-0000December 28, 1908 Messina, Italy 123,000[105] 7.1 The ground shook for 30 to 40 seconds around 5:20 am, and destruction occurred within a 300 km radius. 91% of structures in Messina were destroyed and ~70,000 residents died. Rescuers searched for weeks, and whole families were pulled out alive days later. A 40-foot (12 m) tsunami struck nearby coasts. Reggio Calabria on the Italian mainland also suffered heavy damage.
13
1948 Ashgabat earthquake 000000001948-10-06-0000October 6, 1948 Ashgabat, Turkmen SSR (modern-day Turkmenistan) 10,000–110,000 7.3 Ms
14
1923 Great Kantō earthquake 000000001923-09-01-0000September 1, 1923 Kantō region, Japan 105,385[106] 7.9 This earthquake with an epicenter beneath Izu Ōshima Island in Sagami Bay, shook the Kantō plain on the Japanese island of Honshū at 11:58 am. Shaking duration reported between 4 and 10 minutes, devastating Tokyo, Yokohama, Chiba, Kanagawa, and Shizuoka.[107] Shaking slid the 93-ton Great Buddha statue at Kamakura almost two feet forward.[108] Casualty estimates range from 100,000 to 142,800, the latter figure including ~40,000 missing later presumed dead.
15
1290 Chihli earthquake 000000001290-09-27-0000September 27, 1290 Ningcheng, China 100,000[109] 6.8 Ms
16
2005 Kashmir earthquake 000000002005-10-08-0000October 8, 2005 Muzaffarabad, Pakistan 86,000–87,351 7.6 Mw Affecting an area (mostly rugged terrain) of about 30,000 km2 [11,600 sq mi], this earthquake damaged about 6,440 km [4,000 mi] of roads, and 50–70% of services, including power, water and sanitation. Approximately 400,153 houses, 6,298 schools and 796 health facilities were damaged or destroyed (UN 2006). Approximately 138,000 were seriously injured and 3.5 million people were displaced.
See also[edit]
Earthquakes portal
Disasters portal
List of deadly earthquakes since 1900
List of natural disasters by death toll#Earthquakes
Lists of earthquakes by year
References[edit]
Jump up ^ In USGS Earthquake Catalog, far fewer EQs of M6 class recorded in 1st half of 20th century.
Jump up ^ "Magnitude 8 and Greater Earthquakes Since 1900". usgs.gov. Archived from the original on April 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ Weeks, Linton (March 13, 2011). "The Recorded History Of Quakes Is A Long One". National Public Radio.
^ Jump up to: a b "M 9.1 – near the east coast of Honshu, Japan". Earthquake Hazards Program. USGS. 2016. Retrieved 21 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Historic Earthquakes – Kamchatka Archived August 25, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.." U.S. Geological Survey, October 26, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Magnitude 8 and Greater Earthquakes Since 1900 Archived May 10, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.." U.S. Geological Survey, March 7, 2010
Jump up ^ "Historic World Earthquakes." U.S. Geological Survey, November 23, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Historic Earthquakes – Chile-Argentina Border Archived November 13, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.." U.S. Geological Survey, October 26, 2009.
Jump up ^ "The Largest Earthquakes in Afghanistan". earthquaketrack.com. Retrieved 2017-04-03.
Jump up ^ "M 6.7 - Albania". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2017-07-06.
Jump up ^ "8.1 magnitude earthquake near Balleny Islands region : March 25, 1998 03:12". earthquaketrack.com. Retrieved 2017-07-06.
Jump up ^ "NT 1988 earthquake now rated Australia's biggest". ABC News. 2016-05-12. Retrieved 2017-04-03.
Jump up ^ Petermans, T.; Devleeschouwer, X.; Pouriel, F.; Rosset, P. (2006), "Mapping the local seismic hazard in the urban area of Brussels, Belgium (IAEG2006 Paper number 424)" (PDF), IAEG2006 — 10th IAEG International Congress : Nottingham, Geological Society of London
Jump up ^ "6.6 magnitude earthquake near Trashigang, Tashigang, Bhutan and Guwahati, Assam, India : January 21, 1941 12:41". earthquaketrack.com. Retrieved 2017-04-03.
Jump up ^ M7.6 – Peru-Brazil border region, USGS
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Jump up ^ The Kresna earthquake of 1904 in Bulgaria – Annals of Geophysics Journal (INGV), Vol 44, No 1, 2001
Jump up ^ "M 5.3 - Burundi". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2017-04-26.
Jump up ^ "M 7.9 - South Indian Ocean". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2017-07-12.
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^ Jump up to: a b The 1766 Santiago earthquake killed more people, but the 1900 earthquake had a higher intensity. "14 Significant Earthquakes where (Year <= 2016 and Year >= 1000) and Country = CUBA and Region Code = 90". NCEI Significant Earthquake search. National Centers for Environmental Information, United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on April 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ It was 7.9 Ms according to McCann and Pennington, with its exact epicenter undetermined. McCann, William R. & Pennington, Wayne D. (1990). "Seismicity, large earthquakes and the margin of the Caribbean Plate". In Dengo, Gabriel & Case, James E. The Caribbean region. The Geology of North America. Boulder, Colorado: Geological Society of America. pp. 291–306, page 300. ISBN 978-0-8137-5212-9.
Jump up ^ "4.8 magnitude earthquake near Skalná, Karlovarský, Czech Republic and Prague, Praha, Czech Republic : December 23, 1985 04:27". earthquaketrack.com. Retrieved 2017-05-20.
Jump up ^ "M4.4 – North Sea (4.4 magnitude earthquake 47 km from Thyborøn, Central Jutland, Denmark)". United States Geological Survey. 7 November 2014. Archived from the original on April 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ There was also a 4.4 Mw earthquake on 15 June 1985 in the Kattegat between Denmark and Sweden. "Denmark: Copenhagen: Saturday, June 15, 1985 Earthquake". Earthquake.Zone. ; "M4.4 – Sweden". United States Geological Survey.
Jump up ^ Earlier large earthquakes affecting Denmark occurred in Norway and Sweden. Voss, P. H.; Larsen, T. B.; Ottemöller, L.; Gregersen, S. (2009). "Earthquake in southern Sweden wakes up Denmark on 16 December 2008" (PDF). Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin. Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland. 17: 11.
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Jump up ^ "5.3 magnitude earthquake near Mabaruma, Barima-Waini, Guyana and Ciudad Guayana, Bolívar, Venezuela : January 22, 1976 12:06". earthquaketrack.com. Retrieved 2017-04-03.
Jump up ^ "6.3 magnitude earthquake near Gaoual, Boke, Guinea and Conakry, Guinea : December 22, 1983 04:11". earthquaketrack.com. Retrieved 2017-04-03.
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Jump up ^ "5.8 magnitude earthquake near Koysinceq, Arbīl, Iraq and Erbil, Arbīl, Iraq : December 18, 1980 12:34". earthquaketrack.com. Retrieved 2017-04-03.
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Jump up ^ "The Largest Earthquakes in Libya". earthquaketrack.com. Retrieved 2017-04-03.
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Jump up ^ "The Largest Earthquakes in Mauritius". earthquaketrack.com. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Largest Earthquakes in Mayotte". earthquaketrack.com. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "7.1 magnitude earthquake near Fais, Yap, Micronesia : November 15, 1929 18:50". earthquaketrack.com. Retrieved 2017-07-06.
Jump up ^ "M8.0 - Myanmar". United States Geological Survey. September 12, 1946. Retrieved January 12, 2017.
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Jump up ^ "M 6.3 - North Korea". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2017-04-26.
Jump up ^ "7.7 magnitude earthquake near Saipan, Northern Mariana Islands : July 29, 2016 21:18". earthquaketrack.com. Retrieved 2017-07-06.
Jump up ^ "7.8 magnitude earthquake near Melekeok Village, Melekeok, Palau : August 16, 1911 22:41". earthquaketrack.com. Retrieved 2017-07-06.
Jump up ^ "Panama earthquake".
Jump up ^ "6.5 magnitude earthquake near General Enrique Mosconi, Formosa, Argentina and Asunción, Paraguay : February 28, 1989 13:01". earthquaketrack.com. Retrieved 2017-04-03.
Jump up ^ 01:20:22 (UTC), 6 August 1983 "Earthquake Hazards Program: M5.8 – Poland". United States Geological Survey. 7 November 2014. Archived from the original on April 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Largest Earthquakes in Réunion". earthquaketrack.com. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Largest Earthquakes in Rwanda". earthquaketrack.com. Retrieved 2017-04-03.
Jump up ^ "5.6 magnitude earthquake near Kobarid, Slovenia and Zagreb - Centar, Grad Zagreb, Croatia : April 12, 1998 10:55". earthquaketrack.com. Retrieved 2017-04-03.
Jump up ^ "5.6 magnitude earthquake near Berbera, Woqooyi Galbeed, Somalia and Sanaa, Yemen : July 03, 1951 18:15". earthquaketrack.com. Retrieved 2017-04-04.
Jump up ^ "8.1 magnitude earthquake near Grytviken, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands : June 27, 1929 12:47". earthquaketrack.com. Retrieved 2017-07-06.
Jump up ^ Girdler, R. W.; McConnell, D. A. (1994-04-01). "The 1990 to 1991 Sudan earthquake sequence and the extent of the East african rift system". Science. 264 (5155): 67–70. doi:10.1126/science.264.5155.67. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17778134.
Jump up ^ "M 7.8 - Strait of Gibraltar". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2017-04-03.
Jump up ^ USGS. "M 4.8 – Sweden". United States Geological Survey.
Jump up ^ "The Largest Earthquakes in Tanzania". earthquaketrack.com. Retrieved 2017-04-03.
Jump up ^ "8.1 magnitude earthquake near Neiafu, Vava'u, Tonga : April 30, 1919 07:17". earthquaketrack.com. Retrieved 2017-04-03.
Jump up ^ "M 6.7 - Tobago region, Trinidad and Tobago". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2017-04-03.
Jump up ^ "M 5.5 - Tunisia". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2017-04-03.
Jump up ^ "The Largest Earthquakes in Uganda". earthquaketrack.com. Retrieved 2017-04-03.
Jump up ^ "M 7.0 - western Uzbekistan". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2017-05-20.
Jump up ^ "The Largest Earthquakes in Vanuatu". earthquaketrack.com. Retrieved 2017-04-03.
Jump up ^ "The Largest Earthquakes in Venezuela". earthquaketrack.com. Retrieved 2017-04-03.
Jump up ^ "6.7 magnitude earthquake near Dien Bien Phu, Tỉnh Ðiện Biên, Vietnam and Hanoi, Ha Nội, Vietnam : November 01, 1935 16:22". earthquaketrack.com. Retrieved 2017-04-03.
Jump up ^ "The Largest Earthquakes in Zambia". earthquaketrack.com. Retrieved 2017-04-03.
Jump up ^ Zhang, Bo. "Top 5 Most Expensive Natural Disasters in History". AccuWeather.com. News & Video. Archived from the original on April 12, 2011. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
Jump up ^ Victoria Kim (21 March 2011). "Japan damage could reach $235 billion, World Bank estimates". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on April 12, 2011. Retrieved 21 March 2011.
Jump up ^ Tierney, Kathleen (1997). Emergency response: lessons learned from the Kobe earthquake. University of Delaware Disaster Research Center.
Jump up ^ "Significant Earthquake". www.ngdc.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2015-10-25.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Significant Earthquake Database". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Tangshan | gemecd". gemecd.org. Retrieved 2015-10-24.
Jump up ^ "New Zealand Earthquake Report". GeoNet. Earthquake Commission and GNS Science. February 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Christchurch rebuild to cost $10b more". 3 News NZ. 28 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "Significant Earthquake". www.ngdc.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2015-10-25.
Jump up ^ Guha-Sapir, Debarati; Santos, Indhira; Borde, Alexandre (2013). The Economic Impacts of Natural Disasters. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 252. ISBN 978-0-19-984193-6.
^ Jump up to: a b "Events and Developments (P. 3, "Calendar of events 2010: February 27")" (PDF). Yearbook. UNEP. 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Where can I learn more about the 1906 Earthquake?". Berkeley Seismological Lab. December 11, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Significant Earthquakes Full Search, sort by $Millions Damage, Date". www.ngdc.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2015-10-08.
Jump up ^ Krishnan, Unni; Mehrotra, Kartikay (April 28, 2015). "Nepal Says Earthquake Rebuilding Cost to Exceed $10 Billion". Bloomberg News.
Jump up ^ "Earthquakes with 50,000 or More Deaths". Earthquake.usgs.gov. Archived from the original on September 1, 2009. Retrieved February 12, 2011.
Jump up ^ International Association of Engineering Geology International Congress. Proceedings. [1990] (1990). ISBN 90-6191-664-X.
^ Jump up to: a b "Death toll of 1920 China earthquake higher than previously estimated". xinhuanet.com.
Jump up ^ "Earthquakes with 50,000 or More Deaths". USGS. Archived from the original on June 5, 2013. Retrieved March 17, 2012.
Jump up ^ Theodore S. Glickman. [1993] (1993). Acts of God and Acts of Man. DIANE Publishing. ISBN 1-56806-371-7
Jump up ^ Utsu, T. "Search Page". Catalog of Damaging Earthquakes in the World (Through 2008). Retrieved June 3, 2010.
Jump up ^ Sbeinati, Mohamed Reda; Darawchech, Ryad; Mouty, Mikhail (June 2005). "The historical earthquakes of Syria: an analysis of large and moderate earthquakes from 1365 B.C. to 1900 A.D" (pdf). Annals of Geophysics. 48 (3): 347–435. Retrieved October 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ National Geophysical Data Center. "Comments for the Significant Earthquake". Retrieved September 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Myanmar is withholding true casualties figures, says Thai priest". AsiaNews.it. January 4, 2005. Archived from the original on October 9, 2006. Retrieved February 12, 2011. A missioner in Ranong, a town on the border between Thailand and Myanmar, says locals talk about 600 victims. Burmese political dissidents say the same.
Jump up ^ Ambraseys, Nicholas N., "The 12th century seismic paroxysm in the Middle East: a historical perspective" (PDF), Annals of Geophysics, Vol. 47, N. 2/3, April/June 2004, p. 743.
Jump up ^ Haiti Dominates Earthquake Fatalities in 2010 (January 11, 2011), U.S. Geological Survey.
Jump up ^ Maura R. O'Connor, [Two Years Later, Haitian Earthquake Death Toll in Dispute], Columbia Journalism Review (January 12, 2012).
Jump up ^ Report challenges Haiti earthquake death toll (June 1, 2011), BBC.
Jump up ^ "china virtual museums_quake". www.kepu.net.cn. Retrieved 2015-11-28.
Jump up ^ Ambraseys, N.N.; Melville, C.P. (2005). A History of Persian Earthquakes. Cambridge Earth Science. Cambridge University Press. p. 175. ISBN 978-0-521-02187-6.
Jump up ^ Gupta, H. (2011). Encyclopedia of Solid Earth Geophysics. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences (2 ed.). Springer. p. 566. ISBN 978-90-481-8701-0.
Jump up ^ Paula Dunbar. "Significant Earthquake". Ngdc.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2014-02-13.
Jump up ^ The world's worst natural disasters Calamities of the 20th and 21st centuries CBC News'.' Retrieved October 29, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Today in Earthquake History". usgs.gov.
Jump up ^ Hammer, Joshua. (2006). Yokohama Burning: the Deadly 1923 Earthquake and Fire that Helped Forge the Path to World War II, p. 278, citing Francis Hawks, (1856). Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan Performed in the Years 1852, 1853 and 1854 under the Command of Commodore M.C. Perry, United States Navy, Washington: A.O.P. Nicholson by order of Congress, 1856; originally published in Senate Executive Documents, No. 34 of 33rd Congress, 2nd Session.
Jump up ^ Great Buddha: blog
Jump up ^ NGDC. "Comments for the Significant Earthquake". Retrieved 29 October 2010.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Earthquakes.
Southern California Earthquake Center (SCEC)
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Database for the damage of world earthquake, ancient period (3000 BC) to year of 2006—Building Research Institute (Japan) (建築研究所)
Largest Earthquakes in the World Since 1900
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The Doctor (Star Trek: Voyager)
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The Doctor (EMH, Mark I)
Star Trek character
Portrayed by
Robert Picardo
Information
Species
Hologram
Affiliation
United Federation of Planets
Starfleet
Posting
Chief medical officer
USS Voyager
The Doctor, an Emergency Medical Hologram Mark I (or EMH for short), is a fictional character from the television series Star Trek: Voyager, played by actor Robert Picardo. The character also appeared in the now-closed Star Trek: The Experience amusement exhibition at the Las Vegas Hilton.
Contents
[hide]
1 Fictional character biography
1.1 Emergency Command Hologram
1.2 Backup copies
1.3 Name
2 Characteristics
3 Emergency Medical Hologram
3.1 Enterprise-E EMH
4 Casting
5 See also
6 Notes
7 External links
Fictional character biography[edit]
The Doctor began his service on the USS Voyager as the standard Emergency Medical Hologram built into almost every newer Starfleet ship's sickbay. The EMH is for use should the ship's doctor be incapacitated. In the series' first episode, Voyager's chief medical officer, along with his Vulcan nurse, was killed, necessitating extended use of the EMH. The EMH eventually developed his own personality, although he generally maintained his acerbic wit, and irritating "version one" bedside manner. As he was originally intended as a temporary medical backup system, not as a digital life form, Voyager's journey strains his programming to some limits. His cohorts were Kes and Tom Paris, both of whom functioned as nurses.
Attempting to develop a realistic personality, The Doctor not only manufactured a holographic family,[1] he had an increasing number of other "human" experiences. This resulted in The Doctor's program evolving to become more lifelike, with emotions and ambitions. He developed meaningful and complex relationships with many members of the ship's crew. The Doctor also developed talents as a playwright, artist, and photographer, and even became a connoisseur of opera.
A recurring theme was the ethical aspects of an artificial, yet apparently sentient, being. In "Latent Image" treating two patients with an equal chance of survival, with only enough time to treat one, The Doctor chose Harry Kim, a friend. The other patient, Ensign Jetal, died. The Doctor was overwhelmed with guilt, believing that his friendship influenced his choice. When the stress nearly led to his program breaking down, Captain Janeway had his memories of these events deleted. When The Doctor later discovered clues as to what had happened, Captain Janeway was convinced by him and others that he had a right to learn to come to grips with the guilt in the manner of any other sentient being rather than be treated merely as a defective piece of equipment.[2]
The Doctor submitted a holonovel titled Photons Be Free to a publisher on Earth, detailing the manner in which holograms were sometimes treated by Starfleet. His characters were closely based on Voyager's crew, but exaggerated to appear more intense and vicious, creating fears among the crew their reputations would be ruined. Tom Paris convinced The Doctor to make adjustments without sacrificing his theme. The Doctor lacked legal rights as Federation law did not classify him as a "sentient being". Thus he was forbidden to make any subsequent changes to the holonovel. Captain Janeway's efforts resulted in The Doctor being accorded the status of "artist", (though not a "person"). This permitted him to rewrite the novel. Four months later, it was known throughout the Alpha Quadrant as a very thought-provoking piece of work. Several other EMHs, now relegated to mining duty, experienced the novel.
Robert Picardo: "Please state the nature of the medical emergency."
The Doctor's standard greeting was "Please state the nature of the medical emergency" when activated, though later modified to say whatever he chose. He was later given the ability to activate and deactivate himself.[3]
The Doctor later acquired a mobile holographic emitter from the 29th century.[4] Although he had previously been confined to Sickbay or the Holodeck, the mobile emitter allowed The Doctor to move about freely, making him ideal for missions where the environment would be harmful or otherwise fatal to the crew. In one notable incident, when an away team was trapped on a radioactive planet, The Doctor was able to infiltrate the people and almost single-handedly rescue the team because, as he pointed out, being a hologram renders him immune to the radiation, stating that "being a hologram does have its advantages."
The Doctor's programming evolved to the point where he fell in love with Seven of Nine, though she did not reciprocate. In an alternate future episode, "Endgame", The Doctor finally adopts a name (see below) and marries a human female named Lana.
In the final episode of Star Trek: Voyager, a future version of Janeway also informs him of his later invention of a device known as a 'synaptic transceiver', something that fascinates The Doctor; he's cut off by the 'present' Janeway, who is abiding by the Temporal Prime Directive, before he can learn more.
Emergency Command Hologram[edit]
The "Emergency Command Hologram", aka "ECH", is first coined by The Doctor in the episode "Tinker, Tenor, Doctor, Spy", in which he creates a program which allows him to daydream.
In these grandiose daydreams, The Doctor adds routines which allow him to take command of Voyager in the event of the command crew being disabled.
A dramatic morph transformation occurs changing his uniform from medical blue to command red, his rank pips subsequently appearing. The daydreams are picked up by a Hierarchy vessel in a nearby nebula and believed to be real events.
Once the crew discover that The Doctor is daydreaming they use the holodeck to view his dreams, including the one expressing his desire to be an Emergency Command Hologram. Captain Janeway promises to consider his proposal.
The Doctor soon gets the opportunity to live out his daydreams as, with the assistance of the crew, he pretends to be in charge to neutralize a war fleet.
The ECH made its debut the following season in "Workforce", in which after an incident with a subspace mine that releases a great amount of tetryon radiation, the crew is forced to abandon ship. To keep the ship moving The Doctor takes over the command functions.
In the episode "Renaissance Man", against the wishes of the crew, The Doctor uses his ECH program to eject the warp core.
Backup copies[edit]
The Doctor's program required a custom-built photonic processor, and Starfleet outfitted Voyager with only two. This hardware itself also could not be replicated, hence the Doctor could not be easily backed up, restored, or copied.
Voyager's computers could not help run his photonic program, and could not contain a usable backup of its image. The Doctor's entire program used 50 million gigaquads - episodes "Lifesigns" and "The Swarm" mention these limitations. The episode "Living Witness" depicts a future Delta Quadrant civilization building a museum around Voyager artifacts, including its redundant EMH photonic processor.
Name[edit]
A recurring theme in the Doctor’s life was his lack of a proper name. Starfleet did not assign a name and initially the Doctor maintained that he did not want one. In season 1 episode 6, “Eye of the Needle,” the Doctor requests a name immediately before credits roll. Later, he adopted such names as 'Schweitzer'[5] (after Albert Schweitzer), ‘Shmullus’[6] (by Vidiian patient Dr. Denara Pel), ‘Van Gogh,’ ‘Kenneth,”[1] ‘Jones’ and several others. His friends suggest the famous historical Earth doctors "Galen" and "Spock." The captioned dialog of early episodes, and early promotional material for the series premiere, referred to him as ‘Dr. Zimmerman,’ after his creator Lewis Zimmerman. In the series finale, an alternate future timeline is shown where he has chosen the name Joe after his new wife’s grandfather (and having Tom Paris jest, "It took you 33 years to come up with 'Joe'?" in response).[7]
Characteristics[edit]
Before the arrival of the mobile emitter, The Doctor's holo-program was confined to Sickbay, holodecks, and other areas equipped with holographic systems.[4]
Depending on the availability of suitable holographic patterns and the capacity of his pattern buffers, The Doctor can alter his appearance.[8]
The Doctor is also able to download his program and personality subroutines into a humanoid with Borg implants, indirectly 'possessing' that individual and gaining control over its 'host' body. Such is the case when he was forced to hide within the body of Seven of Nine.[9]
Emergency Medical Hologram[edit]
The EMH is a holographic computer program designed to treat patients during emergency situations, or when the regular medical staff is unavailable or incapacitated. EMHs are a standard feature onboard all Starfleet ships, but they are there only to supplement the living medical crew, not replace it. Programmed with all current Starfleet medical knowledge, The Doctor and all Mark I programs are equipped with the knowledge and mannerisms of historic Federation doctors, as well as the physical appearance of their programmer Dr. Lewis Zimmerman. Zimmerman, along with the EMH, appeared in the Star Trek: Deep Space Nine episode Doctor Bashir, I Presume?, in which the former was in the process of trying to upgrade Starfleet's EMH programs to LMH, i.e. Long-term Medical Hologram, status.
There has been only one update to the Mark I seen on screen, the Mark II played by Andy Dick in the episode "Message in a Bottle", which supposedly had a "better" bedside manner than the Mark I, as well as possibly some updated medical information. However, later episodes mention that further versions of the EMH exist.
Enterprise-E EMH[edit]
Picardo had a minor role in the movie Star Trek: First Contact, where he played the emergency medical hologram of the USS Enterprise-E. Doctor Beverly Crusher activates him, albeit reluctantly, as a means of distracting the Borg while she and other crew members escape from the besieged sickbay. He replies, "I'm a doctor, not a doorstop", an homage to Doctor McCoy's catchphrase line "I'm a doctor, not a ..." (The Doctor also made this reference several other times, on Voyager.) Nevertheless, when the Borg do break in, he does attempt to distract them by noting that Borg implants can cause skin irritation and offering to prescribe an analgesic cream. Although the Borg would be unable to harm or assimilate him, he still appears intimidated as they advance upon him.
His reference to an analgesic cream in this scene was reprised in the PC video game Star Trek Voyager: Elite Force.
Casting[edit]
Picardo initially auditioned for Neelix. Despite Ethan Phillips getting the part, Picardo was asked by the producers to come back and audition for The Doctor — something that shocked him, because usually actors would be passed over completely.[10] During his audition for the role of The Doctor, Picardo was asked only to say, "Somebody forgot to terminate my program." However, he then ad libbed, "I'm a doctor, not a nightlight!" (Picardo was initially afraid that he may have ruined his chances—ad libbing, he explained, was something that one just "did not do" in an audition.)
See also[edit]
Star Trek portal
Fictional characters portal
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Writers: Harry 'Doc' Kloor and Jeri Taylor; Director: Anson Williams (April 23, 1997). "Real Life". Star Trek: Voyager. Season 3. Episode 22. UPN.
Jump up ^ Writers: Eileen Connors and Joe Menosky; Director: Mike Vejar (January 20, 1999). "Latent Image". Star Trek: Voyager. Season 5. Episode 11. UPN.
Jump up ^ Writers: Jack Klein, Karen Klein, and Kenneth Biller; Director: Kim Friedman (May 15, 1995). "Jetrel". Star Trek: Voyager. Season 1. Episode 15. UPN.
^ Jump up to: a b Writers: Brannon Braga and Joe Menosky, Director: David Livingston (November 6, 1996). "Future's End, Part I". Star Trek: Voyager. Season 3. Episode 8. UPN.
Jump up ^ Writers: Naren Shankar; Director: Les Landau (April 12, 1995). "Heroes and Demons". Star Trek: Voyager. Season 1. Episode 12. UPN.
Jump up ^ Writers: Kenneth Biller; Director: Cliff Bole (February 6, 1996). "Lifesigns". Star Trek: Voyager. Season 2. Episode 19. UPN.
Jump up ^ Writers: Kenneth Biller, Robert Doherty, Rick Berman, Brannon Braga; Director: Allan Kroeker (May 23, 2001). "Endgame, Part I". Star Trek: Voyager. Season 7. Episode 25. UPN.
Jump up ^ Writers: Mike Sussman and Phyllis Strong; Director: Mike Vejar (May 16, 2001). "Renaissance Man". Star Trek: Voyager. Season 7. Episode 24. UPN.
Jump up ^ Writers: Eric Morris, Mike Sussman, Michael Taylor and Phyllis Strong; Director: Robert Duncan McNeill (November 11, 2000). "Body and Soul". Star Trek: Voyager. Season 7. Episode 7. UPN.
Jump up ^ "Robert Picardo ("The Doctor" - VOY)". Star Trek Official Site. StarTrek.com. May 6, 2002. Archived from the original on July 9, 2010. When I didn't get the part, the producers shocked me by asking me to reconsider The Doctor. Usually in TV, when you have tested for one role, they simply throw you into the ash can and move on to another actor. External link in |work= (help)
External links[edit]
The Doctor at Memory Alpha (a Star Trek wiki)
Official biography at StarTrek.com
Emergency Command Hologram at Memory Alpha (a Star Trek wiki)
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