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Vegemite
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Vegemite
Vegemite on toast
Type
Spread, food brand
Inventor
Cyril P. Callister
Inception
1923
Manufacturer
Bega Cheese
Website
http://www.vegemite.com.au/
Vegemite (/ˈvɛdʒɪmaɪt/ VEJ-i-myte)[1][2] is a thick, black Australian food spread made from leftover brewers' yeast extract with various vegetable and spice additives. It was developed by Cyril Percy Callister in Melbourne, Victoria in 1922. The Vegemite brand was owned by Mondelez International (formerly Kraft Foods Inc.)[3] until January 2017, when it was acquired by the Australian Bega Cheese group in a $460 million agreement for full Australian ownership after Bega would buy most of Mondelez International's Australia and New Zealand grocery and cheese business.[4]
A spread for sandwiches, toast, crumpets and cracker biscuits as well as a filling for pastries, Vegemite is similar to British Marmite, New Zealand Marmite, Australian Promite, MightyMite, AussieMite, OzEmite, German Vitam-R, and Swiss Cenovis.
Vegemite is salty, slightly bitter, malty, and rich in glutamates – giving it an umami flavour similar to beef bouillon.
Contents
1 History
2 Consumption
2.1 Kosher and halal certification
3 Nutritional information
4 Advertising and branding
5 Variations
5.1 Vegemite Singles
5.2 Vegemite Cheesybite
5.3 My First Vegemite
5.4 Chocolate and Vegemite
5.5 Vegemite Blend 17
5.6 Other products
6 Bans and rumours of bans
7 In popular culture
8 See also
9 Further reading
10 References
11 External links
History[edit]
In 1919, following the disruption of British Marmite imports after World War I and prior to the introduction of Vegemite, Callister's employer, the Australian company Fred Walker & Co., gave him the task of developing a spread from the used yeast being dumped by breweries. Callister had been hired by the chairman Fred Walker.[5] Vegemite was registered as a trademark in Australia that same year. Callister used autolysis to break down the yeast cells from waste obtained from the Carlton & United brewery. Concentrating the clear liquid extract and blending with salt, celery and onion extracts[6] formed a sticky black paste.
Fred Walker's company first created and sold Vegemite in 1922.
Following a nationwide competition with a prize of £50 (2010: $3,527) to find a name for the new spread, the name "Vegemite" was selected out of a hat by Fred Walker's daughter, Sheilah. The winners, local sisters Hilda and Laurel Armstrong (aged 18 and 20 at the time) of Albert Park, Victoria entered the winning name and were known as "The Vegemite Girls" for the rest of their long lives.[7] Vegemite first appeared on the market in 1923 with advertising emphasising the value of Vegemite to children's health but failed to sell very well.[8] Faced with growing competition from Marmite, from 1928 to 1935 the product was renamed as "Parwill" to make use of the advertising slogan "Marmite but Parwill", a convoluted pun on the new name and that of its competitor; "If Ma [mother] might... then Pa [father] will." This attempt to expand market share was unsuccessful and the name was changed back to Vegemite, but did not recover lost market share.[3]
In 1925, Walker had established the Kraft Walker Cheese Co. as a joint venture company with J.L. Kraft & Bros to market processed cheese and, following the failure of Parwill, in 1935 he used the success of Kraft Walker Cheese to promote Vegemite. In a two-year campaign to promote sales, Vegemite was given away free with Kraft Walker cheese products (with a coupon redemption) and this was followed by poetry competitions with imported American Pontiac cars being offered as prizes.[9] Sales responded and in 1939 Vegemite was officially endorsed by the British Medical Association as a rich source of B vitamins. Rationed in Australia during World War II, Vegemite was included in Australian Army rations and by the late 1940s was used in nine out of ten Australian homes.[10]
In April 1984, a 115-gram jar of vegemite became the first product in Australia to be electronically scanned at a checkout.[3][8]
Vegemite is produced in Australia at Bega Cheese's (formerly Mondelez's) Port Melbourne manufacturing facility,[4] which produces more than 22 million jars per year. Virtually unchanged from Callister's original recipe, Vegemite now far outsells Marmite and other similar spreads in Australia. The billionth jar of Vegemite was produced in October 2008.[11]
Vegemite was also produced in New Zealand for over 50 years, but as of August 2006 New Zealand production had ceased.[12][13][14][15][16]
Consumption[edit]
A common way of eating Vegemite is on toasted bread with a layer of butter or margarine. Only a small amount of Vegemite is required due to its strong flavour. A Vegemite sandwich may consist of two slices of buttered bread, Vegemite, and cheese, but other ingredients such as lettuce, avocado and tomato can be added as well.[17]
Vegemite can be used as a filling for pastries, such as the cheesymite scroll, or it may even be used in more exotic dishes.
The official Vegemite website contains several recipes using Vegemite in foods such as pasta, burgers,[18] pizzas,[19] casseroles[20] and ice cream.[21]
Kosher and halal certification[edit]
Limited quantities of kosher Vegemite were first produced in the 1980s;[22] a 2004 decision to cease certification was reversed after a backlash from Jewish consumers.[23] Around 2009, Kraft contracted with the Kashrut Authority in New South Wales for their kashrut supervision services, and by 2010, all jars and tubes of ordinary Vegemite were labelled with the authority's stamp.[24] In 2010, Vegemite also received halal certification.[23]
Nutritional information[edit]
Vegemite is one of the richest sources of B vitamins, specifically thiamine, riboflavin, niacin and folate (B1, B2, B3 & B9, respectively). Unlike Marmite and some other yeast extracts, the base version contains no vitamin B12 although both B6 and vitamin B12 are added to the low-salt formulation.[25]
The main ingredient of Vegemite is yeast extract, which contains a high concentration of glutamic acid, the source of Vegemite's rich umami flavour. Vegemite does not contain any fat, added sugar or animal content. It contains gluten (a composite of storage proteins).[26]
Vegemite contains 3.45% sodium, which equates to a salt content of approximately 8.6%.[27][28] Australia only defines low salt foods, but by UK standards Vegemite is classified as a high salt content food.[29]
The low-salt version of Vegemite with a distinctive pale orange lid was introduced to the Australian domestic market in September 2014,[25] offering a 25% reduction in sodium content. The low-salt version is also fortified with vitamins B6 and vitamin B12.
Vegemite contains 2.3% potassium.[30]
Advertising and branding[edit]
Originally promoted as a healthy food for children, during World War II advertising emphasised its medicinal value:
Vegemite fights with the men up north! If you are one of those who don't need Vegemite medicinally, then thousands of invalids are asking you to deny yourself of it for the time being.[31]
At the same time, "Sister MacDonald" insisted that Vegemite was essential for "infant welfare" in magazines. Later advertisements began to promote the importance of the B complex vitamins to health.
Vegemite's rise to popularity was helped by the marketing campaigns written by J. Walter Thompson advertising that began in 1954, using groups of smiling, healthy children singing a catchy jingle titled "We're happy little Vegemites".[32]
We're happy little Vegemites
As bright as bright can be.
We all enjoy our Vegemite
For breakfast, lunch, and tea.
Our mummies say we're growing stronger
Every single week,
Because we love our Vegemite
We all adore our Vegemite
It puts a rose in every cheek.
First aired on radio in 1954, the jingle was transferred to television in 1956. This advertising campaign continued until the late 1960s but, as it was targeted to children, it was discontinued in favour of ads promoting the product to all ages. In the late 1980s the original black and white television commercial was remastered, partially colourised and reintroduced. This commercial was to be broadcast periodically from 1991 to 2010.[3] The two young twin girls who sang this advertising jingle were known as the "Vegemite Twins".
In March 2007, Kraft announced that they were trying to trace the eight original children from the campaign to celebrate the advertisement's fiftieth anniversary and to take part in a new campaign.[33] The 1956 commercial was to be remade with the original children, now grown, to forge a link between "the new generation and the old ad". The media took up the search on Kraft's behalf with all eight children identified in eight days and resulted in many TV specials and interviews in the Australian national media. The 50-year reunion campaign won the Arts, Entertainment & Media Campaign of the Year award at the November 2007 Asia Pacific PR Awards.[34]
Different Vegemite jars – National Museum of Australia
Originally introduced in 57 g (2 oz) milk glass jars and in sizes up to a 2.7 kg (6 lb) tin, from 1956 Vegemite was sold in clear glass jars.
Variations[edit]
Vegemite Singles[edit]
During the 1990s, Kraft released a product in Australia known as Vegemite Singles. It combined two of Kraft's major products, Kraft Singles and Vegemite, into one, thus creating Vegemite-flavoured cheese. This extension of the Vegemite product line was an attempt by Kraft to capitalise on the enormous popularity of Vegemite and cheese sandwiches (made by placing a slice of cheese into a Vegemite sandwich). Vegemite Singles were later taken off the market.
Vegemite Cheesybite[edit]
The newer Cheesybite beside the original Vegemite.
On 13 June 2009, Kraft released a new version of Vegemite. The formula combines Vegemite and Kraft cream cheese, spreads more easily and has a considerably less salty and milder taste than the original. To coincide with the release of the new recipe, Kraft ran a competition to give the new flavour a name.[35] The new name was announced during the broadcast of the 2009 AFL Grand Final as iSnack 2.0. The name was chosen by a panel of marketing and communication experts to appeal to a younger market, capitalising on the popularity of Apple's iPod and iPhone.[36][37] The choice immediately drew universal criticism and ridicule within Australia. Within days, opinion columns and social networking sites were flooded with derision and vitriol,[38] and after only four days, Kraft released plans to abandon the iSnack name, admitting that it may have been a mistake.[39] Two days later, Kraft opened a new poll on its website, and the final name was announced on 7 October 2009 as "Vegemite Cheesybite", with Kraft claiming that the name had received 36% of the 30,357 votes that were cast for a name option, or approximately 10,900 votes.[40] It was noted that the popular suggestion "Cheesymite", long associated with the popular Cheesymite scroll, was already trademarked by other organisations.[41]
My First Vegemite[edit]
In 2011, Kraft Foods Australia launched "My First Vegemite", a special formulation of original Vegemite for children aged older than one year. According to Kraft, the new formula has a "milder taste" and "additional health benefits including iron, B6 and B12 vitamins as well as 50% less sodium", and was designed in response to consumer demand for foods with lower sugar and salt content plus additional health benefits. Immediate reaction and media reports regarding the new formula were largely positive, but Kraft Foods Australia discontinued the "My First Vegemite" product line in 2012 due to poor sales performance.
Chocolate and Vegemite[edit]
In April 2015, Cadbury announced that it was to release a Vegemite-flavoured block of chocolate on 1 June. The chocolate block is Cadbury's Caramello block updated by mixing vegemite with the chocolate. Critics described the taste as similar to salted caramel with a pleasant umami aftertaste. Criticism varied from "love it" to tasting like a "caramel and turkish delight filling with a lot of salt" to "needs more salt" with several tasters commenting that they thought the aftertaste was unpleasant.[42][43]
Vegemite Blend 17[edit]
In 2017, a premium variety, Vegemite Blend 17, was released for a limited time. It promised a "richer bolder taste" but at double the price of the standard product.[44]
Other products[edit]
Other commercial products with Vegemite flavour include Smith's Crisps,[45] In a Biskit,[46] bagel crisps,[47] sausages[48] and meat pies.[49]
Bans and rumours of bans[edit]
In October 2006, an Australian news company reported that Vegemite had been banned in the United States, and that the United States Customs Service had gone so far as to search Australians entering the country for Vegemite because it naturally contains folate, a B vitamin approved as an additive in the United States for just a few foods, including breakfast cereals.[50][51][52] The story appears to have originated as an anecdote by a traveller who claimed to have been searched by U.S. Customs[citation needed] and a spokesperson for Kraft made a misinformed comment to reporters.[citation needed] The U.S. Food and Drug Administration later stated that there were no plans to subject Vegemite to an import ban, or withdraw it from supermarket shelves. The United States Customs and Border Protection tried to dispel the rumour, stating on its website that "there is no known prohibition on the importation of Vegemite" and "there is no official policy within CBP targeting Vegemite for interception".[53] The story of the "ban" later took on the status of urban legend.[54] While Vegemite has never been popular in the US, it can still be purchased at supermarkets that stock imported food items.[55]
Following newspaper reports in May 2011 that Vegemite and Marmite had been banned and were being removed from shelves in Denmark, outraged fans set up several Facebook groups. In response, Denmark's Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Fisheries stated that neither spread had been banned but that the respective companies had not applied for licences to market their products in Denmark. In 2004 Denmark had passed legislation prohibiting the sale of food products fortified with vitamins as a danger to health.[56]
Vegemite is banned from Victorian prisons, with the bans beginning to come into effect from the 1990s, to prevent inmates from brewing alcohol using the paste's high yeast content, despite the fact that Vegemite contains no live yeast.[57] Similar bans were proposed in 2015 for a number of dry communities in outback Australia,[58] but were not enacted.[59]
In popular culture[edit]
This section appears to contain trivial, minor, or unrelated references to popular culture. Please reorganize this content to explain the subject's impact on popular culture, using references to reliable sources, rather than simply listing appearances. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2017)
The Australian rock band Men at Work refer to a "Vegemite sandwich" in the second verse of their 1981 hit song "Down Under", from their debut album Business as Usual.[60] Vegemite was mentioned in the original version of John Williamson's song "True Blue".[61] He removed the reference in a later version of the song[62] because Vegemite was not Australian-owned.[63] According to Williamson's web site, it was "carelessly sold off ('like sponge cake') to the multi-national Kraft".[61] Two song titles from Amanda Palmer's 2011 album Amanda Palmer Goes Down Under reference the product: "We're Happy Little Vegemites" and "Vegemite (The Black Death)".[64] Australian rock band King Gizzard & the Lizard Wizard have a song named "Vegemite" in their album Oddments.
Mem Fox in 1983 wrote the children's book Possum Magic. The story involves an invisible possum who needs to eat Australian foods in order to become visible again. Among these foods is a Vegemite sandwich.
U.S. President Barack Obama, in response to a question in March 2011 during a joint visit with Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard to a high school in Virginia, gave his impression of Vegemite by stating "It's horrible". Following a description by Gillard, he said: "So, it's like a quasi-vegetable by-product paste that you smear on your toast for breakfast – sounds good, doesn't it?"[65]
During a rain delay in the 2012 Quicken Loans 400 at Michigan International Speedway, Australian race car driver and pole sitter Marcos Ambrose gave Vegemite sandwiches to the NASCAR on TNT commentary team. After taking his first bite, Kyle Petty commented: "He may be the fastest man on the racetrack. I may be the fastest man on TV headed for the bathroom." Larry McReynolds followed it up by saying: "Oh, my God. Are you sure this is edible? God! I need Sani-Flush or somethin'."[66]
In a 2013 episode of his show, Steve Harvey was offered a jar of Vegemite by an Australian audience member. After tasting a small amount of it, he stated: "Vegemite sounds like a pesticide. That's about damn near what it tastes like."[67]
Hugh Jackman demonstrated how to correctly spread Vegemite on the U.S. talk show The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon.[68]
Terry Pratchett's Discworld book The Last Continent features a description of Vegemite, going further to illustrate its appeal to the local population.
See also[edit]
Australia portal
Food portal
Guinness Yeast Extract (yeast extract)
Bonox, Bovril (beef extracts)
List of spreads
Oxo (beef and yeast extract)
Shelf stable food
Further reading[edit]
Jamie Callister with Rod Howard (2011, 2012) The man who invented Vegemite: The true story behind an Australian icon Millers Point, N.S.W.: Pier 9.ISBN 9781742668567
References[edit]
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External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vegemite.
Official website
Happy Little Vegemites at Australian Screen Online
BBC News article: 'The slow spread of Vegemite'
AussieMite official website
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Basic metabolic panel
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Basic metabolic panel
Medical diagnostics
MedlinePlus
003462
LOINC
24320-4, 24321-2, 51990-0
[edit on Wikidata]
A basic metabolic panel (BMP) is a blood test consisting of a set of seven or eight biochemical tests and is one of the most common lab tests ordered by health care providers. Outside the United States, blood tests made up of the majority of the same biochemical tests are called urea and electrolytes (U&E or "Us and Es"), or urea, electrolytes, creatinine (UEC or EUC or CUE), and are often referred to as 'kidney function tests' as they also include a calculated estimated glomerular filtration rate. The BMP provides key information regarding fluid and electrolyte status, kidney function, blood sugar levels, and response to various medications and other medical therapies. It is frequently employed as a screening tool during a physical exam.
The basic metabolic panel is a simpler version of the comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP), which includes tests for liver function.
Contents
[hide]
1 Components
2 Reporting
3 See also
4 References
Components[edit]
The version with seven tests is often referred to by medical professionals in USA as the "CHEM-7", or "SMA-7" (Sequential Multiple Analysis-7).[1] Because it is such a common test, this term is commonly sprinkled into the scripts of popular American TV medical dramas, increasing public exposure to the term.
The seven parts of a CHEM-7 are tests for:
Four electrolytes:
sodium (Na+) [2]
potassium (K+) [3]
chloride (Cl−) [4]
bicarbonate (HCO3−) or CO2 [5]
blood urea nitrogen (BUN) [6]
creatinine [7]
glucose [8]
These levels, taken as a set, can be rapidly performed to indicate several common acute conditions requiring immediate specific medical treatment, such as dehydration/hypovolemia, water intoxication (which can present with similar symptoms as dehydration but requires the opposite treatment), diabetic shock (either ketoacidosis, hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia), congestive heart failure, renal failure or liver failure, various substance overdoses or adverse reactions, and others. A Chem-7 is thus a vital tool when attempting to stabilize a patient.
Calcium (Ca2+) is often considered part of the BMP,[9][10] though, by definition, it is not part of the CHEM-7. A basic metabolic panel including calcium is sometimes colloquially referred to as a "CHEM-8". Calcium, as a alkaline earth metal, is also an electrolyte, but abnormalities are more commonly associated with malnutrition, osteoporosis, or malignancy, especially of the thyroid.
In countries that do not use the CHEM-7 panel, a UEC typically does not include chloride or bicarbonate as standard components, but will often include an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and in some laboratories glucose is also not included but is available as a separate test.
Reporting[edit]
Pathophysiology sample values
BMP/ELECTROLYTES:
Na+ = 140 Cl− = 100 BUN = 20 /
Glu = 150
K+ = 4 CO2 = 22 PCr = 1.0 \
ARTERIAL BLOOD GAS:
HCO3− = 24 paCO2 = 40 paO2 = 95 pH = 7.40
ALVEOLAR GAS:
pACO2 = 36 pAO2 = 105 A-a g = 10
OTHER:
Ca = 9.5 Mg2+ = 2.0 PO4 = 1
CK = 55 BE = −0.36 AG = 16
SERUM OSMOLARITY/RENAL:
PMO = 300 PCO = 295 POG = 5 BUN:Cr = 20
URINALYSIS:
UNa+ = 80 UCl− = 100 UAG = 5 FENa = 0.95
UK+ = 25 USG = 1.01 UCr = 60 UO = 800
PROTEIN/GI/LIVER FUNCTION TESTS:
LDH = 100 TP = 7.6 AST = 25 TBIL = 0.7
ALP = 71 Alb = 4.0 ALT = 40 BC = 0.5
AST/ALT = 0.6 BU = 0.2
AF alb = 3.0 SAAG = 1.0 SOG = 60
CSF:
CSF alb = 30 CSF glu = 60 CSF/S alb = 7.5 CSF/S glu = 0.4
The results of a basic metabolic panel are traditionally represented in a standard grid:
Na+ Cl− BUN
K+ HCO3 creatinine
Glucose (and sometimes calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus) are listed to the right of this grid, but there is greater variation in how these values are reported.
See also[edit]
Blood test
Reference ranges for common blood tests
References[edit]
Jump up ^ MedlinePlus Encyclopedia 003462
Jump up ^ MedlinePlus Encyclopedia 003481
Jump up ^ MedlinePlus Encyclopedia 003484
Jump up ^ MedlinePlus Encyclopedia 003485
Jump up ^ MedlinePlus Encyclopedia 003469
Jump up ^ MedlinePlus Encyclopedia 003474
Jump up ^ MedlinePlus Encyclopedia 003475
Jump up ^ MedlinePlus Encyclopedia 003482
Jump up ^ "BASIC METABOLIC PANEL, SERUM". Archived from the original on March 13, 2005. Retrieved 2007-08-26.
Jump up ^ "Basic Metabolic Panel-Topic Overview". Retrieved 2007-08-26.
[hide]
v
t
e
Common for blood tests (CPT 82000–84999)
Electrolytes
Sodium
Potassium
Chloride
Calcium
Renal function
Creatinine
Urea
BUN-to-creatinine ratio
Plasma osmolality
Serum osmolal gap
Acid-base
Anion gap
Arterial blood gas
Base excess
Bicarbonate
CO2 content
Iron tests
Ferritin
Serum iron
Transferrin saturation
Total iron-binding capacity
Transferrin
Transferrin receptor
Hormones
ACTH stimulation test
Thyroid function tests
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
Metabolism
Blood lipids
Cardiovascular
Cardiac marker
Troponin test
CPK-MB test
Lactate dehydrogenase
Myoglobin
Glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB
Liver function tests
Proteins
Human serum albumin
Serum total protein
ALP
transaminases
ALT
AST
AST/ALT ratio
Bilirubin
Unconjugated
Conjugated
Pancreas
Amylase
Lipase
Pancreatic lipase
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OK
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see OK (disambiguation), Okay (disambiguation) and Okey dokey (disambiguation).
An OK button on a remote control
"OK" (/oʊkeɪ/; also spelled "okay" or "ok") is an English word denoting approval, acceptance, agreement, assent, or acknowledgment. "OK" has frequently turned up as a loanword in many other languages. It has been described as the most frequently spoken or written word on the planet.[1]
As an adjective, "OK" principally means "adequate" or "acceptable" as a contrast to "bad" ("The boss approved this, so it is OK to send out"); it can also mean "mediocre" when used in contrast with "good" ("The french fries were great, but the burger was just OK"). It fulfills a similar role as an adverb ("Wow, you did OK for your first time skiing!"). As an interjection, it can denote compliance ("OK, I will do that"), or agreement ("OK, that is fine"). It can mean "assent" when it is used as a noun ("the boss gave his OK to the purchase") or, more colloquially, as a verb ("the boss OKed the purchase"). "OK", as an adjective, can express acknowledgment without approval.[2] As a versatile discourse marker or back-channeling item, it can also be used with appropriate voice tone to show doubt or to seek confirmation ("OK?" or "Is that OK?").[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Proposed etymologies
1.1 Boston abbreviation fad
1.2 Choctaw
1.3 West African
1.4 Alternative etymologies
2 Early history
3 Variations
4 Usage
4.1 International usage
5 Gesture
6 Computers
7 Notes
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Proposed etymologies[edit]
See also: List of proposed etymologies of OK
Numerous explanations for the origin of the expression have been suggested, but few have been discussed seriously by linguists. The following proposals have found mainstream recognition.
Boston abbreviation fad[edit]
The etymology that most reference works provide today is based on a survey of the word's early history in print: a series of six articles by Allen Walker Read,[4] in the journal American Speech in 1963 and 1964.[5][6][7][8][9][10][11] He tracked the spread and evolution of the word in American newspapers and other written documents, and later throughout the rest of the world. He also documented controversy surrounding OK and the history of its folk etymologies, both of which are intertwined with the history of the word itself. Read argues that, at the time of the expression's first appearance in print, a broader fad existed in the United States of "comical misspellings" and of forming and employing acronyms, themselves based on colloquial speech patterns:
The abbreviation fad began in Boston in the summer of 1838 … OFM, "our first men," and used expressions like NG, "no go," GT, "gone to Texas," and SP, "small potatoes." Many of the abbreviated expressions were exaggerated misspellings, a stock in trade of the humorists of the day. One predecessor of OK was OW, "oll wright."[12]
The general fad is speculated to have existed in spoken or informal written U.S. English for a decade or more before its appearance in newspapers. OK's original presentation as "all correct" was later varied with spellings such as "Oll Korrect" or even "Ole Kurreck".
The term appears to have achieved national prominence in 1840, when supporters of the Democratic political party claimed during the 1840 United States presidential election that it stood for "Old Kinderhook", a nickname for a Democratic presidential candidate, Martin Van Buren, a native of Kinderhook, New York, who was Andrew Jackson's protégé. "'Vote for OK' was snappier than using his Dutch name."[13] In response, Whig opponents attributed OK, in the sense of "Oll Korrect," to Andrew Jackson's bad spelling. The country-wide publicity surrounding the election appears to have been a critical event in OK's history, widely and suddenly popularizing it across the United States.
Read proposed an etymology of "OK" in "Old Kinderhook" in 1941.[14] The evidence presented in that article was somewhat sparse, and the connection to "Oll Korrect" not fully elucidated. Various challenges to the etymology were presented; e.g., Heflin's 1962 article.[15] However, Read's landmark 1963–1964 papers silenced most of the skepticism. Read's etymology gained immediate acceptance, and is now offered without reservation in most dictionaries.[16] Read himself was nevertheless open to evaluating alternative explanations:
Some believe that the Boston newspaper's reference to OK may not be the earliest. Some are attracted to the claim that it is of American-Indian origin. There is an Indian word, okeh, used as an affirmative reply to a question. Mr Read treated such doubting calmly. “Nothing is absolute,” he once wrote, “nothing is forever.”[17]
Choctaw[edit]
The folk singer Pete Seeger sang that "OK" was of Choctaw Indian origin,[18][19] as the dictionaries of the time tended to agree. Three major American reference works (Webster's, New Century, Funk & Wagnalls) cited the Choctaw etymology as the probable origin until as late as 1961.[18]
The earliest written evidence for the Choctaw word "okeh" is provided in work by the missionaries Cyrus Byington and Alfred Wright in 1825. These missionaries ended many sentences in their translation of the Bible with the particle "okeh", meaning "it is so". "Okeh" was given as an alternative spelling of "okay" in the 1913 Webster's.[20]
Byington's Dictionary of the Choctaw Language confirms the ubiquity of the "okeh" particle,[21] and his Grammar of the Choctaw Language notes the particle -keh is an "affirmative contradistinctive", with the "distinctive" o- prefix.[22]
Subsequent Choctaw spelling books de-emphasized the spellings lists in favor of straight prose, and they made use of the particle[,] but they too never included it in the word lists or discussed it directly. The presumption was that the use of particle "oke" or "hoke" was so common and self-evident as to preclude any need for explanation or discussion for either its Choctaw or non-Choctaw readership.[18]
The Choctaw language was one of the languages spoken at this time in the South-Eastern United States by a tribe with significant contact with African slaves.[23] The major language of trade in this area, Mobilian Jargon, was based on Choctaw-Chickasaw, two Muskogean-family languages. This language was used, in particular, for communication with the slave-owning[24][25] Cherokee (an Iroquoian-family language).[26][27] For the three decades prior to the Boston abbreviation fad, the Choctaw had been in extensive negotiation with the US government,[28] after having fought alongside them at the Battle of New Orleans.
Arguments for a more Southern origin for the word note the tendency of English to adopt loan words in language contact situations, as well as the ubiquity of the "okeh" particle (similar particles exist in native language groups distinct from Iroquoian (Algonquian, Cree cf. "ekosi") and its usefulness in conversation (a verbal equivalent to nodding one's head) as the main reasons for its rapid spread among English speakers.
West African[edit]
A verifiable early written attestation of the particle 'kay' is from transcription by Smyth (1784) of a North Carolina slave not wanting to be flogged by a European visiting America:
Kay, massa, you just leave me, me sit here, great fish jump up into da canoe, here he be, massa, fine fish, massa; me den very grad; den me sit very still, until another great fish jump into de canoe;...
— [29]
A West African (Mande and/or Bantu) etymology has been argued in scholarly sources, tracing the word back to the Wolof and Bantu word waw-kay or the Mande (aka "Mandinke" or "Mandingo") phrase o ke.
David Dalby first made the claim that the particle "OK" could have African origins in the 1969 Hans Wolff Memorial Lecture. His argument was reprinted in various newspaper articles between 1969 and 1971.[30] This suggestion has also been mentioned more recently by Joseph Holloway, who argued in the 1993 book The African Heritage of American English (co-written with a retired missionary) that various West African languages have near-homophone discourse markers with meanings such as "yes indeed" or which serve as part of the back-channeling repertoire.[3][31] Though Frederic Cassidy challenged Dalby's claims, asserting that there is no documentary evidence that any of these African-language words had any causal link with its use in the American press,[citation needed] one can certainly wonder at the fact that this standard of written proof does not account for the illiteracy in which the West African speakers were kept during the period of slavery in question.
The West African hypothesis had not been accepted by 1981 by any etymologists,[30][32][33] but nevertheless has since appeared in scholarly sources published by linguists and non-linguists alike.[34]
Alternative etymologies[edit]
See also: List of proposed etymologies of OK
A large number of origins have been proposed. Some of them are thought to fall into the category of folk etymology and are proposed based merely on apparent similarity between OK and one or another phrase in a foreign language with a similar meaning and sound. Some examples are:
A corruption from the speech of the large number of descendants of Scottish and Ulster Scots (Scots-Irish) immigrants to North America, of the common Scots phrase och aye ("oh yes").[35]
A borrowing of the Greek phrase όλα καλά (óla kalá), meaning "all good".[36]
Early history[edit]
Allen Walker Read identifies the earliest known use of O.K. in print as 1839, in the edition of 23 March of the Boston Morning Post (an American newspaper). The announcement of a trip by the Anti-Bell-Ringing Society (a "frolicsome group" according to Read) received attention from the Boston papers. Charles Gordon Greene wrote about the event using the line that is widely regarded as the first instance of this strain of OK, complete with gloss:
The above is from the Providence Journal, the editor of which is a little too quick on the trigger, on this occasion. We said not a word about our deputation passing "through the city" of Providence.—We said our brethren were going to New York in the Richmond, and they did go, as per Post of Thursday. The "Chairman of the Committee on Charity Lecture Bells," is one of the deputation, and perhaps if he should return to Boston, via Providence, he of the Journal, and his train-band, would have his "contribution box," et ceteras, o.k.—all correct—and cause the corks to fly, like sparks, upward.
Read gives a number of subsequent appearances in print. Seven instances were accompanied with glosses that were variations on "all correct" such as "oll korrect" or "ole kurreck", but five appeared with no accompanying explanation, suggesting that the word was expected to be well known to readers and possibly in common colloquial use at the time.
Various claims of earlier usage have been made. For example, it was claimed that the phrase appeared in a 1790 court record from Sumner County, Tennessee, discovered in 1859 by a Tennessee historian named Albigence Waldo Putnam, in which Andrew Jackson apparently said "proved a bill of sale from Hugh McGary to Gasper Mansker, for an uncalled good, which was O.K.".[37] However, Read challenged such claims, and his assertions have been generally accepted. The great lawyer who successfully argued many Indian rights claims, however, supports the Jacksonian popularization of the term based on its Choctaw origin.[38]
David Dalby (see above) brought up some other earlier attested usages. One example from 1941 is the apparent notation "we arrived ok" in the hand-written diary of William Richardson going from Boston to New Orleans in 1815, about a month after the Battle of New Orleans.[39] Frederic Cassidy asserts that he personally tracked down this diary and notes that:
After many attempts to track down this diary, Read and I at last discovered that it is owned by the grandson of the original writer, Professor L. Richardson, Jr., of the Department of Classical Studies at Duke University. Through his courtesy we were able to examine this manuscript carefully, to make greatly enlarged photographs of it, and to become convinced (as is Richardson) that, whatever the marks in the manuscript are, they are not OK.
— [30]
Similarly, H. L. Mencken, who originally considered it "very clear that 'o. k.' is actually in the manuscript",[40] later recanted his endorsement of the expression, asserting that it was used no earlier than 1839. Mencken (following Read) described the diary entry as a misreading of the author's self-correction, and stated it was in reality the first two letters of the words a h[andsome] before noticing the phrase had been used in the previous line and changing his mind.[41]
Another example given by Dalby is a Jamaican planter's diary of 1816, which records a black slave saying "Oh ki, massa, doctor no need be fright, we no want to hurt him".[42] Cassidy asserts that this is a misreading of the source, which actually begins "Oh, ki, massa ...", where ki is a phrase by itself:
In all other examples of this interjection that I have found, it is simply ki (once spelled kie). As here, it expresses surprise, amusement, satisfaction, mild expostulation, and the like. It has nothing like the meaning of the adjective OK, which in the earliest recorded examples means 'all right, good,' though it later acquires other meanings, but even when used as an interjection does not express surprise, expostulation, or anything similar.
— [30]
Variations[edit]
Whether this word is printed as OK, Ok, ok, okay, or O.K. is a matter normally resolved in the style manual for the publication involved. Dictionaries and style guides such as the Chicago Manual of Style and The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage provide no consensus.[43]
Variation
Where used/Origins
okeh Choctaw word for 'it is so' (see above). An alternative English spelling, no longer common,[44] although it remained in sporadic use well into the 20th century.[45][46][47] Also see Okeh Records.
hokay Used in English as an alternative.
kay or 'kay Notably used in Herman Wouk's The Caine Mutiny as a filler word by the maniacal Captain Queeg.[citation needed]
k or kk or oka Commonly used in instant messaging, or in SMS messages. Before the days of SMS, "K" was used as a Morse code prosign for "Go Ahead".
Okie dokie This slang term was popularized in the film "The Little Rascals" (Oki doki). The phrase can be extended further, e.g. "Okie dokie (aka) pokie / smokie / artichokie / karaoke / lokie," etc.[48][49]
ôkê Used in Vietnam; okey also used, but ok more commonly.[50]
okei Used in Norwegian, Icelandic, Finnish and Estonian (together with OK or ok)
okey Used in Catalan, Faroese, Russian, Spanish and Turkish, sounding similar to the English pronunciation OK.
okej Used in Swedish, Bosnian, Slovene, Serbian, Polish, Croatian, Macedonian and sometimes Latvian; ok also used, but less common.[51]
oké Used in Dutch and Hungarian. In Dutch, okee, ok and okay are also used, but are less common in the formal written language.[52]
ookoo Used in Finland. Pronounced the same way as "OK"; the spelling arises from the pronunciation of the individual letters in Finnish.[53]
oquei and ocá Nowadays, rarely used in Portuguese, but once a fad in Brazil. Pronounced as the English OK or following the names of the letters in Portuguese (oh-kah). In written Portuguese, still very much used as OK.
oukej Used in Czech and Slovak. Pronounced as the English OK. When written OK, it is pronounced [o:ka:]. Neither version recognized as official.
owkej Used in Maltese. Pronounced as the English "OK".
oukei Used in colloquial Afrikaans. Pronounced also as "OK".
O.K Used in Greek. The abbreviation is pronounced as the English OK.
A-OK A more technical-sounding variation popularized by NASA in 1961.[54]
M'kay Slang term popularized by South Park TV show. Pronounced also as "Mmmm K". This variation has connotations of sarcasm, such as condescending disagreement.
Okily Dokily! Catchphrase used by Ned Flanders in The Simpsons.
Usage[edit]
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In 1961, NASA popularized the variant "A-OK" during the launch of Alan Shepard's Mercury mission.[55]
International usage[edit]
In Brazil, Mexico and Peru, as well as in other Latin American countries, the word is pronounced just as it is in English and is used very frequently. Spanish speakers often spell the word "okey" to conform with the spelling rules of the language. In Brazil, it may be also pronounced as "ô-kei". In Portugal, it is used with its Portuguese pronunciation and sounds something like "ókâi" (similar to the English pronunciation but with the "ó" sounding like the "o" in "lost" or "top"), or even as ‘oh-kapa’, from the letters O (‘ó’) and K (‘capa’).
In Flanders and the Netherlands, "OK" has become part of the everyday Dutch language. It is pronounced the same way.
Arabic speakers also use the word (أوكي) widely, particularly in areas of former British presence like Egypt, Jordan, Israel/Palestine and Iraq, but also all over the Arab world due to the prevalence of American cinema and television. It is pronounced just as it is in English but is very rarely seen in Arabic newspapers and formal media.
In Hebrew, the word OK is common as an equivalent to the Hebrew word בסדר [b'seder] ('adequate', 'in order'). It is written as it sounds in English אוקיי.
It is used in Japan and Korea in a somewhat restricted sense, fairly equivalent to "all right". OK is often used in colloquial Japanese as a replacement for 大丈夫 (daijōbu "all right")　or いい (ii "good") and often followed by です (desu – the copula). A transliteration of the English word, written as オーケー (lit. "ōkē") or オッケー (lit. "okkē") is also often used in the same manner as the English, and is becoming more popular in recent years. In Korean, 오케이 (literally "okay") can be used colloquially in place of 네 (ne, "yes") when expressing approval or acknowledgment.
In Chinese, the term 好; hǎo; literally: "good"), can be modified to fit most of usages of OK. For example, 好了; hǎo le closely resembles the interjection usage of OK. The "了" indicates a change of state, in this case it indicates the achievement of consensus. Likewise, "OK" is commonly transformed into "OK了" (OK le) when communicating with foreigners or with fellow Cantonese speaking people in at least Hong Kong and possibly to an extent, other regions of China.[56] Other usages of OK such as "I am OK" can be translated as 我还好; wǒ hái hǎo. In Hong Kong, movies or dramas set in modern times use the term "ok" as part of the sprinkling of English included in otherwise Cantonese dialog. In Mandarin Chinese, it is also, somewhat humorously, used in the "spelling" of the word for karaoke, "卡拉OK", pronounced "kah-lah-oh-kei" (Mandarin does not natively have a syllable with the pronunciation "kei"). On the computer, OK is usually translated as "确定," which means "confirm" or "confirmed".
In Taiwan, "OK" is frequently used in various sentences, popular among but not limited to younger generations. This includes the aforementioned "OK了" (Okay le), "OK嗎" (Okay ma), meaning "Is it okay?" or "OK啦" (Okay la), a strong, persuading affirmative, as well as the somewhat tongue-in-cheek explicit yes/no construction "O不OK？" (O bù OK?), "Is it OK or not?"
In Russia, "OK" is used very frequently for any positive meaning. The word in Russian has many morphologies: "окей", "океюшки", "ок", "окейно", etc.
In France and Belgium, "OK" is used to communicate agreement, and is generally followed by a French phrase (e.g. OK, d'accord, "ok, chef") or another borrowing (e.g., OK, boss. ok, bye.). Rarely pronounced /ɔk/ these days, except by young children encountering dialog boxes for the first times.
In the Philippines "okay lang" is a common expression, literally meaning "just okay" or "just fine". Sometimes spelled as okey.
In Malay, it is frequently used with the emphatic suffix "lah": OK-lah.
In Vietnamese, it is spelled "Ô kê".
In India, it is often used after a sentence to mean "did you get it?", often not regarded politely, for example, "I want this job done, OK?" or at the end of a conversation (mostly on the phone) followed by "bye" as in "OK, bye."
In Indonesia, "OK" is also used as a slogan of national television station RCTI since the year 1994.
In Pakistan, "OK" has become a part of Urdu and Punjabi languages.
In Germany, "OK" is spelled as "o.k." or "O.K." or "okay". It may be pronounced as in English, but /ɔˈkeː/ or /oˈkeː/ are also common.[57] The meaning ranges from acknowledgement to describing something neither good nor bad, same as in US/UK usage.
In Maldivian Okay is used in different ways, often used to agree with something, more often used while departing from a gathering "Okay Dahnee/Kendee."
In Singapore, "OK" is often used with suffix-es used in "Singlish" such as OK lor, OK lah, OK meh, OK leh... etc. which are used in different occasions.
Gesture[edit]
Main article: OK (gesture)
Okay sign
In the United States and much of Europe a related gesture is made by touching the index finger with the thumb (forming a rough circle) and raising of the remaining fingers.[58] It is not known whether the gesture is derived from the expression, or if the gesture appeared first. The gesture was popularized in America in 1836 as a symbol to support then Presidential candidate Martin Van Buren. This was because Van Buren's nickname, Old Kinderhook, derived from his hometown of Kinderhook, NY, had the initials O K.[58] Similar gestures have different meanings in other cultures, some offensive.[59][60]
Computers[edit]
A Facebook modal dialog box using the spelling Okay
OK is used to label buttons in modal dialog boxes such as error messages or print dialogs, indicating that the user must press the button to accept the contents of the dialog box and continue. When a modal dialog box contains only one button, it is almost always labeled "OK" by convention and default, usually rendered to the screen in upper case without punctuation: OK, rather than O.K., Okay, or Ok. The OK button can probably be traced to user interface research done for the Apple Lisa.[61] The inspiration was likely the -ok parameter in Unix.[62]
The Forth programming language prints ok when ready to accept input from the keyboard. This prompt is used on Sun, Apple, and other computers with the Forth-based Open Firmware (OpenBoot). The appearance of ok in inappropriate contexts is the subject of some humor.[63]
In HTTP, the HyperText Transfer Protocol, upon which the World Wide Web is based, a successful response from the server is defined as OK (with the numerical code 200 as specified in RFC 2616). The Session Initiation Protocol also defines a response, 200 OK, which conveys success for most requests (RFC 3261).
Some Linux distributions, including those based on Red Hat, display boot progress on successive lines on-screen, which include [ OK ].
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ South China Morning Post: "OK, 'most spoken word on the planet', marks its 175th anniversary"
Jump up ^ Beaver, David (20 February 2011). "Not OK.". languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Yngve, Victor. "On getting a word in edgewise," page 568. Papers from the Sixth Regional Meeting [of the] Chicago Linguistic Society, 1970.
Jump up ^ Bailey, Richard W. Allen Walker Read, American Scholar in Milestones in the History of English in America (PDF). American Dialect Society 86, Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2002.
Jump up ^ American Heritage Dictionary (good summary of the results of Read's six articles)
Jump up ^ Read, Allen W (1963). ""The first stage in the history of "O.K". American Speech. 38 (1): 5–27. JSTOR 453580.
Jump up ^ Read, Allen W (1963). ""The second stage in the history of "O.K". American Speech. 38 (2): 83–102. JSTOR 453285.
Jump up ^ Read, Allen W (1963). "Could Andrew Jackson spell?". American Speech. 38 (3): 188–195. JSTOR 454098.
Jump up ^ Read, Allen W (1964). ""The folklore of "O.K". American Speech. 39 (1): 5–25. JSTOR 453922.
Jump up ^ Read, Allen W (1964). ""Later stages in the history of "O.K". American Speech. 39 (2): 83–101. JSTOR 453111.
Jump up ^ Read, Allen W (1964). ""Successive revisions in the explanation of "O.K". American Speech. 39 (4): 243–267. JSTOR 454321.
Jump up ^ Adams 1985.
Jump up ^ The Economist 2002.
Jump up ^ Read 1941.
Jump up ^ Heflin 1962.
Jump up ^ Online edition of American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language [Houghton Mifflin]
Jump up ^ "Allen Read". The Economist. 24 October 2002. Retrieved 29 December 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Fay 2007.
Jump up ^ YouTube.
Jump up ^ "okeh". (n.d.) Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary. (1913). Retrieved 29 December 2014.
Jump up ^ Byington 1915.
Jump up ^ Byington, Cryus (1870). Grammar of the Choctaw Language. McCalla & Stavely. p. 14.
Jump up ^ Flickinger, Robert Elliot (1911). The Choctaw Freedmen and The Story of Oak Hill Industrial Academy. gutenberg.org.
Jump up ^ Tiya Miles, Ties that Bind: The Story of an Afro-Cherokee Family in Slavery and Freedom, University of California Press, 2005, pp. 170-173
Jump up ^ "SLAVERY", Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture, Oklahoma Historical Society, Retrieved 29 December 2014
Jump up ^ Badger 1971.
Jump up ^ Hopkins.
Jump up ^ DeRosier Jr, Arthur (1967). "Andrew Jackson and Negotiations for The Removal of the Choctaw Indians". The Historian. 29 (3): 343–362.
Jump up ^ Smyth 1784, pp. 1:118-21.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Cassidy 1981.
Jump up ^ Holloway & Vass 1993.
Jump up ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary".
Jump up ^ Lighter, Jonathon, (1994). The Random House Historical Dictionary of American Slang, 708.
Jump up ^ LINGUIST List 4.705. 14 September 1993.
Jump up ^ Read 1964.
Jump up ^ Weber 1942.
Jump up ^ George W. Stimpson. (1934) "Nuggets Of Knowledge"
Jump up ^ Felix S. Cohen, "Americanizing the White Man," The American Scholar vol. 21, no. 2 (Spring 1952): 177-191
Jump up ^ Heflin 1941, p. 90.
Jump up ^ Wait 1941.
Jump up ^ Mencken 1945, p. 275.
Jump up ^ David Dalby (Reader in West African Languages, SOAS, U of London). (1971) "The Etymology of O.K.," The Times, 14 January 1971
Jump up ^ "I'm OK, you're okay". Grammarphobia. 11 September 2008. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
Jump up ^ "Okeh as variant spelling of "okay"". Thefreedictionary.com. 28 June 1928. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
Jump up ^ Pearson, Drew. "Wallace Letter to Truman Led to White House Okeh of Speech". St. Petersburg Times, 18 September 1946, p. 6. Retrieved on 27 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Jennewein, Paul. "Okay is Okeh: Along the Cape Fear". Wilmington Morning Star (Wilmington, N.C.), 10 June 1977, p. 1-D. Retrieved on 27 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Halbrooks, Hap. "Arthur Davis' Hand Reported Okeh". Florence Times, 19 May 1955, p. 12. Retrieved on 27 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Word Wizard: Okie Dokie smokie
Jump up ^ "Okie Dokie Artichokie" (book)
Jump up ^ Luong, Ngoc MD. Personal interview by Nu Alpha Pi. 2010 April 13.
Jump up ^ (in Swedish) Aftonbladet.se
Jump up ^ (in Dutch) Taaladvies.net
Jump up ^ Mäkinen, Panu. "Alphabet". Phonology. Panu Mäkinen. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
Jump up ^ Wolfe, Tom (1988). The Right Stuff (17th print ed.). Toronto: Bantam Books. p. 227. ISBN 9780553275568. Retrieved June 28, 2015 – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ "Calm Voice from Space". Time. Time Inc. March 2, 1962. Retrieved April 3, 2011. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ 3 min 37 s video, Youtube.com
Jump up ^ http://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/o__k_#block-duden-tiles-4
^ Jump up to: a b Armstrong, Nancy & Melissa Wagner. (2003) Field Guide to Gestures: How to Identify and Interpret Virtually Every Gesture Known to Man. Philadelphia: Quirk Books.
Jump up ^ Dangerous Body Language Abroad, by Matthew Link. Posted 26 July 2010 01:00 PM. Retrieved on 17 November 2012
Jump up ^ Body Language. Obscene, to be used with extreme moderation! Retrieved on 17 November 2012
Jump up ^ "Apple user interface designers pick ''OK''". Folklore.org. 17 July 1980. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
Jump up ^ search for "-ok command ;"
Jump up ^ "USENIX - LISA 99 - The C Days of Y2K". USENIX. 23 November 1999. Retrieved 21 February 2011.
References[edit]
Adams, Cecil (1 January 1985). "What does "OK" stand for?". The Straight Dope. Retrieved 11 September 2013.
Badger, Herbert Andrew (1971). "A Descriptive Grammar of Mississippi Choctaw". University of Southern Mississippi. OCLC 30845851.
Beath, Paul L. (October 1946). "'O.K.' in Radio Sign Language". American Speech. 21 (3): 235. JSTOR 486779.
Beaver, David (20 February 2011). "Not OK.". languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu. Retrieved 10 December 2014. * Byington, Cyrus (1915). A Dictionary of the Choctaw Language. U.S. Government Printing Office.
Cassidy, Frederic G. (Winter 1981). "OK—Is It African?". American Speech. 56 (4): 269–273. JSTOR 455123. doi:10.2307/455123.
Dalby, David (8 January 1971). "O.K., A.O.K and O KE; The Remarkable Career Of an Americanism That Began in Africa". The New York Times. p. 31. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
"Allen Read". The Economist. 24 October 2002. Retrieved 11 September 2013.
Eubanks, Ralph T. (October 1960). "The Basic Derivation of 'O.K.'". American Speech. 35 (3): 188–192. JSTOR 453884. doi:10.2307/453884.
Fay, Jim (14 July 2007). "The Choctaw Expression "Okeh" and the Americanism "Okay"". Illinois Prairie. Archived from the original on 24 December 2010. Retrieved 11 September 2013. CS1 maint: Unfit url (link)
Greco, Frank A.; Degges, Mary (Autumn–Winter 1975). "The Etymology of OK Again". American Speech. 50 (3/4): 333–335. JSTOR 3088024. doi:10.2307/3088024.
Heflin, Woodford A. (April 1941). "'O. K.', But What Do We Know about It?". American Speech. 16 (2): 87–95. JSTOR 487428. doi:10.2307/487428.
Heflin, Woodford A. (December 1962). "'O. K.' and Its Incorrect Etymology". American Speech. 37 (4): 243–248. JSTOR 453377. doi:10.2307/453377.
Hopkins, Nicolas A. The Native Languages of the Southeastern United States (PDF) (Report). Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
Holloway, Joseph E.; Vass, Winifred Kellersberger (1993). The African Heritage of American English. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0253328381.
Levin, Harry; Gray, Deborah (Autumn 1983). "The Lecturer's OK". American Speech. 58 (3): 195–200. JSTOR 455226. doi:10.2307/455226.
Matthews, Albert (December 1941). "A Note on 'O.K.'". American Speech. 16 (4): 256–259. JSTOR 486564. doi:10.2307/486564.
Mencken, H. L. (1936). The American Language (4 ed.). New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 206–207. ISBN 0394400755.
Mencken, H. L. (April 1942). "'O. K.,' 1840". American Speech. 17 (2): 126–127. JSTOR 486458. doi:10.2307/486458.
Mencken, H. L. (1945). The American Language: Supplement I. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0394400763.
Mencken, H. L. (1 October 1949), "The Life and Times of O.K.", The New Yorker, pp. 57–61
Merriam-Webster, Inc. (1989). Webster's Dictionary of English Usage. Philippines: Merriam-Webster, Inc. ISBN 0877790329.
McMillan, B. (April 1942). "'O.K.,' A Comment". American Speech. 17 (2): 127. JSTOR 486459.
Pound, Louise (December 1942). "Some Folk-Locutions". American Speech. 17 (4): 247–250. JSTOR 487190. doi:10.2307/487190.
Pound, Louise (October 1951). "Two Queries". American Speech. 26 (3): 223–224. JSTOR 453088. doi:10.2307/453088.
Pyles, Thomas (May 1952). "'Choctaw' Okeh Again: A Note". American Speech. 27 (2): 157–158. JSTOR 454369.
Read, Allen W. (19 July 1941), "The Evidence on O.K.", Saturday Review of Literature, pp. 3–4, 10–11
Read, Allen W. (February 1964). "The Folklore of "O.K."". American Speech. 39 (1): 5–25. JSTOR 453922. doi:10.2307/453922.
Rife, J. M. (October 1966). "The Early Spread of "O. K." to Greek Schools". American Speech. 41 (3): 238. JSTOR 454033.
Smyth, J. F. D. (1784). A Tour in the United States of America. G. Robinson.
Wait, William Bell (April 1941). "Richardson's 'O. K.' of 1815". American Speech. 16 (2): 136. JSTOR 487427. doi:10.2307/487427.
Walser, Richard (May 1965). "A Boston "O.K." Poem in 1840". American Speech. 40 (2): 120–126. JSTOR 453718. doi:10.2307/453718.
Weber, Robert (April 1942). "A Greek O.K.". American Speech. 17 (2): 127–128. JSTOR 486460.
Further reading[edit]
Metcalf, Allan. (2011). OK: The Improbable Story of America's Greatest Word. Oxford University Press, Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-537793-4
External links[edit]
Look up OK in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to OK.
Where did OKAY come from?
The Choctaw Expression Okeh and the Americanism Okay
Ok. Let's continue.
Most Recognized Word on the Planet: OK or O.K. or Okay
NPR: The Origin of OK (audio)
OK/OKAY- Exhibition at the Grey Art Gallery, Swiss Institute, New York University
FAQ: "OK"
BBC: How 'OK' took over the world. Retrieved 18 February 2011.
Authority control
GND: 4699958-9
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OK&oldid=802074444"
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View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
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Okay – German
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Okay – Italian
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Okay – Latin
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