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Conflict of laws
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Conflict of laws and
private international law
Preliminaries
Characterisation
Incidental question
Renvoi
Choice of law
Conflict of laws in the United States
Public policy doctrine
Hague Conference
Definitional elements
Jurisdiction
Procedure
Forum non conveniens
Lex causae
Lex fori
Forum shopping
Lis alibi pendens
Connecting factors
Domicile
Lex domicilii
Habitual residence
Nationality
Lex patriae
Lex loci arbitri
Lex loci rei sitae
Lex loci contractus
Lex loci delicti commissi
Lex loci actus
Lex loci solutionis
Lex loci protectionis
Proper law
Lex loci celebrationis
Choice of law clause
Dépeçage
Forum selection clause
Substantive legal areas
Status
Capacity
Contract
Tort
Marriage
Divorce
Property
Forced heirship
Hague Trust Convention
Enforcement
Enforcement of foreign judgments
Anti-suit injunctions
Revenue rule
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Conflict of laws concerns relations across different legal jurisdictions between natural persons, companies, corporations and other legal entities, their legal obligations and the appropriate forum and procedure for resolving disputes between them. Conflict of laws especially affects private international law,[1][2][3] but may also affect domestic legal disputes e.g. determination of which state law applies in the United States, or where a contract makes incompatible reference to more than one legal framework.
Contents
1 Choice of laws
2 Private international law on marriages and legal dissolution of marriages (divorce)
3 International child abduction
4 While traveling in a foreign country, you are subject to the laws of that country
5 Private international law on unmarried persons
6 Contracts
7 Harmonization of laws
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
11 External links
Choice of laws[edit]
Courts faced with a choice of law issue have a two-stage process:
the court will apply the law of the forum (lex fori) to all procedural matters (including the choice of law rules); and
it counts the factors that connect or link the legal issues to the laws of potentially relevant states and applies the laws that have the greatest connection, e.g. the law of nationality (lex patriae) or the law of habitual residence (lex domicilii). (See also 'European Harmonization Provisions': "The concept of habitual residence is the civil law equivalent of the common law test of lex domicilii".) The court will determine the plaintiffs' legal status and capacity. The court will determine the law of the state in which land is situated (lex situs) that will be applied to determine all questions of title. The law of the place where a transaction physically takes place or of the occurrence that gave rise to the litigation (lex loci actus) will often be the controlling law selected when the matter is substantive, but the proper law has become a more common choice.[4]
Private international law on marriages and legal dissolution of marriages (divorce)[edit]
Main article: Conflict of marriage laws
In divorce cases, when a court is attempting to distribute marital property, if the divorcing couple is local and the property is local, then the court applies its domestic law lex fori. The case becomes more complicated if foreign elements are thrown into the mix, such as when the place of marriage is different from the territory where divorce was filed; when the parties' nationalities and residences do not match; when there is property in a foreign jurisdiction; or when the parties have changed residence several times during the marriage.
Whereas commercial agreements or prenuptial agreements generally do not require legal formalities to be observed, when married couples enter a property agreement (agreement for the division of property at the termination of the marriage), stringent requirements are imposed, including notarization, witnesses, special acknowledgment forms. In some countries, these must be filed (or docketed) with a domestic court, and the terms must be "so ordered" by a judge. This is done in order to ensure that no undue influence or oppression has been exerted by one spouse against the other. Upon presenting a property agreement between spouses to a court of divorce, that court will generally assure itself of the following factors: signatures, legal formalities, intent, later intent, free will, lack of oppression, reasonableness and fairness, consideration, performance, reliance, later repudiation in writing or by conduct, and whichever other concepts of contractual bargaining apply in the context.
International child abduction[edit]
When there is a conflict of law between two different countries (example China, Japan, India and the United States), the law of the country in which the children are located must be followed.
For example, when an American father tried to take he children back to the United States from Japan in 2009 after an American court gave him custody of his children, he was arrested by Japanese police. After spending two weeks in jail he was allowed to return to the United States. If the Japanese mother of the same children were to return to the United States she would be arrested and face charges for taking her children to Japan.
It is a criminal offense under United States law for a Japanese mother to take her children from the United States to Japan. Under Japanese law it is a criminal offense for an American father to take take the same children from Japan back to the United States.[5][6][7][8]
Possession is nine-tenths of the law.[9]
See International child abduction Forum shopping#Child_custody
While traveling in a foreign country, you are subject to the laws of that country[edit]
While traveling in a foreign country, you are subject to the laws of that country. It is important for parents to understand that, although a left-behind parent in the United States may have custody or visitation rights pursuant to a U.S. custody order, that order may not be valid and enforceable in the country in which the child is located. For this reason, we strongly encourage you to speak to a local attorney if planning to remove a child from a foreign country without the consent of the other parent. Attempts to remove your child to the United States may:
Endanger your child and others;
Prejudice any future judicial efforts; and
Could result in your arrest and imprisonment.
The U.S. government cannot interfere with another country’s court or law enforcement system.
Private international law on unmarried persons[edit]
Unlike marriage which has an international recognised legal status, there are no international treaties on recognition of unmarried couple's legal status. If an unmarried couple change residence to different countries, then the local law on where the couple is last domiciled is applied to them. This covers legal status of the relationship, rights, obligations, and all worldwide movable and immovable property. To otherwise interpret the law would mean if the unmarried couple had assets in several different countries, they would then need separate legal cases in each country to resolve all their movable and immovable property.[citation needed]
In the absence of a valid and enforceable agreement for an unmarried couple, here’s how the conflict of law rules work:
Full Mutability Doctrine – property relations between the unmarried couples are governed by their latest domicile, whether acquired before, during or after the relationship.
Contracts[edit]
Many contracts and other forms of legally binding agreement include a jurisdiction or arbitration clause specifying the parties' choice of venue for any litigation (called a forum selection clause). In England and the EU, this is governed by the Rome I Regulation. Choice of law clauses may specify which laws the court or tribunal should apply to each aspect of the dispute. This matches the substantive policy of freedom of contract and will be determined by the law of the state where the choice of law clause confers its competence. Oxford Professor Adrian Briggs suggests that this is doctrinally problematic as it is emblematic of 'pulling oneself up by the bootstraps'.[10] Judges have accepted that the principle of party autonomy allows the parties to select the law most appropriate to their transaction. This judicial acceptance of subjective intent excludes the traditional reliance on objective connecting factors;[11] it also harms consumers as vendors often impose one-sided contractual terms selecting a venue far from the buyer's home or workplace. Contractual clauses relating to consumers, employees, and insurance beneficiaries are regulated under additional terms set out in Rome I, which may modify the contractual terms imposed by vendors.[12]
Harmonization of laws[edit]
To apply one national legal system as against another may never be an entirely satisfactory approach. The parties' interests may always be better protected by applying a law conceived with international realities in mind. The Hague Conference on Private International Law is a treaty organization that oversees conventions designed to develop a uniform system. The deliberations of the conference have recently been the subject of controversy over the extent of cross-border jurisdiction on electronic commerce and defamation issues. There is a general recognition that there is a need for an international law of contracts: for example, many nations have ratified the Vienna Convention on the International Sale of Goods, the Rome Convention on the Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations offers less specialized uniformity, and there is support for the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts, a private restatement, all of which represent continuing efforts to produce international standards as the internet and other technologies encourage ever more interstate commerce. But other branches of the law are less well served and the dominant trend remains the role of the forum law rather than a supranational system for conflict purposes. Even the EU, which has institutions capable of creating uniform rules with direct effect, has failed to produce a universal system for the common market. Nevertheless, the Treaty of Amsterdam does confer authority on the community's institutions to legislate by Council Regulation in this area with supranational effect. Article 177 would give the Court of Justice jurisdiction to interpret and apply their principles so, if the political will arises, uniformity may gradually emerge in letter. Whether the domestic courts of the Member States would be consistent in applying those letters is speculative.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
Law portal
A. V. Dicey
Conflict of interest
Dicey Morris & Collins, an English law textbook on the conflict of laws
List of Hague Conventions on Private International Law
Place of the Relevant Intermediary Approach
Microsoft Corp. v. Motorola Inc.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ [1] Archived 2013-10-14 at the Wayback Machine. Janet Forsyth, Careers Adviser, Careers Service, University of Edinburgh (made available by the University of Nottingham); International Opportunities in the Legal Field—a brief overview of options and links for further investigation; United Kingdom: Edinburgh, EH1, Scotland and Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, NG7, England, August 2006; pp. 1 & 2.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-13. Retrieved 2013-10-10. Janet Forsyth, Careers Adviser, Careers Service, University of Edinburgh (reproduced and re-edited by the Careers Service, University of Sheffield); Legal Brief (sponsored by DLA Piper): International opportunities in law; United Kingdom: Edinburgh, EH1, Scotland and Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S10, England, August 2006 (reproduced and re-edited, August 2012); p. 1.
Jump up ^ Briggs (2008). The Conflict of Laws. pp. 2–3.
Clarkson; Hill (2006). The Conflict of Laws. pp. 2–3.
Collins (2006). Dicey, Morris and Collins on The Conflict of Laws. p. 36 (paras. 1-087 et seq.).
Hay; Borchers; Symeonides (2010). Conflict of Laws. pp. 1–3.
McClean; Beevers (2009). The Conflict of Laws. pp. 4–5 (para. 1-006).
North; Fawcett (1999). Cheshire and North's Private International Law. pp. 13–14.
Rogerson (2013). Collier's Conflicts of Laws. pp. 3–4.
Symeonides (2008). American Private International Law. pp. 15–16 (para. 2).
Jump up ^ Dow Jones v Gutnick [2002] HCA 56
Jump up ^ {{Cite news |url=http://www.international-divorce.com/abducted-kids-japan.htm |title=JAPAN WON'T LET ABDUCTED KIDS GO
Jump up ^ {{Cite news |url=http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-japan-us-custody-battle-093009-2009sep30-story.html |title=American arrested in Japan for snatching own kids
Jump up ^ {{Cite news |url=http://www.international-divorce.com/us-dad-jailed-japan.htm |title=U.S. Dad Jailed in Japan
Jump up ^ {{Cite news |url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/news/lawmaker-u-s-needs-to-pressure-japan-to-comply-with-international-child-abduction-laws/ |title=Lawmaker: U.S. needs to pressure Japan to comply with international child abduction laws
Jump up ^ {{Cite news |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/community/2008/08/26/issues/coming-out-of-the-shadows/#.W39KjLgnbIU |title=Coming out of the shadowsv
Jump up ^ Adrian Briggs, The Conflict of laws, Clarendon Law Series third edition 2013
Jump up ^ Rome I Regulation Article 3(1), Also see Macmillan v Bishopsgate Investment Trust plc [1996] 1 WLR 387 per Staughton LJ 391-392; Golden Ocean Group v Salgocar Mining Ltd [2012] EWCA Civ 542
Jump up ^ Rome I Regulation, Article 5-Article 8
References[edit]
American Law Institute (ed.). Restatement of the Law, Second: Conflict of Laws. St. Paul.
Briggs, Adrian (2008). The Conflict of Laws (Second ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Born, Gary (2009). International Commercial Arbitration. Kluwer.
Calliess, Gralf-Peter (2010). The Rome Regulations: Commentary on the European Rules of the Conflict of Laws. Kluwer.
CILE Studies (Center for International Legal Education – University of Pittsburgh School of Law) Private Law, Private International Law, and Judicial cooperation in the EU-US Relationship
Clarkson, C.M.V.; Hill, Jonathan (2006). The Conflict of Laws (Third ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Collins, Lawrence; Harris, Jonathan, eds. (2017). Dicey Morris and Collins on The Conflict of Laws (Fifteenth ed.). London: Sweet & Maxwell.
Hay, Peter; Borchers, Patrick J.; Symeonides, Symeon C. (2010). Conflict of Laws (Fifth ed.). St. Paul, Minn.: West.
McClean, David; Beevers, Kisch (2009). The Conflict of Laws (Seventh ed.). London: Sweet & Maxwell.
North, Peter; Fawcett, J.J. (1999). Cheshire and North's Private International Law (13th ed.). London: Butterworths.
Reed, Alan (2003). Anglo-American Perspectives on Private International Law. Lewiston, N.Y.: E. Mellen Press.
Rogerson, Pippa (2013). Collier's Conflicts of Laws (Fourth ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Symeonides, Symeon C. (2008). American Private International Law. Wolters Kluwer.
External links[edit]
The European Institute for International Law and International Relations
CONFLICT OF LAWS .NET – News and Views in Private International Law
American Society of Comparative Law Official website
ASIL Guide to Electronic Resources for International Law
Hague Conference on Private International Law official website.
Max Planck Institute – for Comparative and International Private Law
British Institute of International and Comparative Law
International Chamber of Commerce
International Court of Arbitration
International Institute for the Unification of Private Law(UNIDROIT)
Private International Law, Research Guide, Peace Palace Library
United Nations Commission for International Trade Law
U.S. State Department Private International Law Database
Why the Hague Convention on jurisdiction threatens to strangle e-commerce and Internet free speech, by Chris Sprigman
EEC Rome convention 1980
International & Foreign Law Community
Republic of Argentina v NML Capital Ltd [2010] EWCA Civ 41, regarding a hedge fund's enforcement of claim against Argentina
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