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Time in the United States
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Time in the United States, by law, is divided into nine standard time zones covering the states and its possessions, with most of the United States observing daylight saving time (DST) for approximately the spring, summer, and fall months. The time zone boundaries and DST observance are regulated by the Department of Transportation. Official and highly precise timekeeping services (clocks) are provided by two federal agencies: the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) (an agency of the Department of Commerce); and its military counterpart, the United States Naval Observatory (USNO). The clocks run by these services are kept synchronized with each other as well as with those of other international timekeeping organizations.
It is the combination of the time zone and daylight saving rules, along with the timekeeping services, which determines the legal civil time for any U.S. location at any moment.
Map of U.S. time zones between April 2, 2006, and March 11, 2007. The current situation is different only in that several Indiana counties are now in the eastern time zone instead of the central time zone.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 From GMT to UTC
2 United States time zones
2.1 Standard time and daylight saving time
2.2 Zones used in the contiguous U.S.
2.3 Zones used in states beyond the contiguous U.S.
2.4 Zones outside the states
2.5 Minor Outlying Islands
2.6 Antarctic research stations
3 Boundaries between the zones
3.1 Eastern/Central boundary
3.2 Central/Mountain boundary
3.3 Mountain/Pacific boundary
4 Daylight saving time
5 Time representation
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
Prior to the adoption of four standard time zones for the continental United States, many towns and cities set clocks based on sunsets and sunrises at their locations and by observing the Sun's zenith at noon (mean solar time). Dawn and dusk occur at different times but time differences between distant locations were barely noticeable prior to the 19th century because of long travel times and the lack of long-distance instant communications prior to the development of the telegraph.
The use of local solar time became increasingly awkward as railways and telecommunications improved.[1] American railroads maintained many different time zones during the late 1800s. Each train station set its own clock making it difficult to coordinate train schedules and confusing passengers. Time calculation became a serious problem for people travelling by train (sometimes hundreds of miles in a day), according to the Library of Congress. Every city in the United States used a different time standard so there were more than 300 local sun times to choose from. Time zones were therefore a compromise, relaxing the complex geographic dependence while still allowing local time to be approximate with mean solar time. Railroad managers tried to address the problem by establishing 100 railroad time zones, but this was only a partial solution to the problem.[1]
Operators of the new railroad lines needed a new time plan that would offer a uniform train schedule for departures and arrivals. Four standard time zones for the continental United States were introduced at noon on November 18, 1883, when the telegraph lines transmitted time signals to all major cities.[2]
In October 1884, the International Meridian Conference at Washington DC adopted a proposal which stated that the prime meridian for longitude and timekeeping should be one that passes through the centre of the transit instrument at the Greenwich Observatory in the United Kingdom (UK). The conference therefore established the Greenwich Meridian as the prime meridian and Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) as the world's time standard. The US time-zone system grew from this, in which all zones referred back to GMT on the prime meridian.[1]
From GMT to UTC[edit]
GMT was superseded as the international civil time standard by Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) in 1960, when the International Radio Consultative Committee formalized the concept of Coordinated Universal Time, abbreviated as UTC. It is, within about 1 second, mean solar time at 0°.[3] It does not observe daylight saving time. It is one of several closely related successors to Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). For most purposes, UTC is considered interchangeable with GMT, but GMT is no longer precisely defined by the scientific community.
United States time zones[edit]
Standard time zones in the United States are currently defined at the federal level by law 15 USC §260.[4] The federal law also establishes the transition dates and times at which daylight saving time occurs, if observed. It is ultimately the authority of the Secretary of Transportation, in coordination with the states, to determine which regions will observe which of the standard time zones and if they will observe daylight saving time.[5] As of August 9, 2007, the standard time zones are defined in terms of hourly offsets from UTC.[6] Prior to this they were based upon the mean solar time at several meridians 15° apart west of Greenwich (GMT).
Only the full-time zone names listed below are official; abbreviations are by common use conventions, and duplicated elsewhere in the world for different time zones.
The United States uses nine standard time zones. As defined by US law[7] they are:
The Atlantic standard time zone
The Eastern standard time zone
The Central standard time zone
The Mountain standard time zone
The Pacific standard time zone
The Alaska standard time zone
The Hawaii–Aleutian standard time zone
The Samoa standard time zone
The Chamorro standard time zone
View the standard time zone boundaries here.
Standard time and daylight saving time[edit]
Time Zone
Standard Time
Daylight Time
States in Zone
Hawaii–Aleutian Time Zone HAST (UTC−10:00) HADT (UTC−09:00) Alaska, Hawaii (no DST)
Alaska Time Zone AKST (UTC−09:00) AKDT (UTC−08:00) Alaska
Pacific Time Zone PST (UTC−08:00) PDT (UTC−07:00) California, Washington, Oregon, Nevada, Idaho
Mountain Time Zone MST (UTC−07:00) MDT (UTC−06:00) Arizona (no DST outside of Navajo Nation), Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oregon, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Wyoming
Central Time Zone CST (UTC−06:00) CDT (UTC−05:00) Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Wisconsin
Eastern Time Zone EST (UTC−05:00) EDT (UTC−04:00) Connecticut, Florida, District of Columbia, Delaware, Georgia, Indiana, Kentucky, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Vermont, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia
Zones used in the contiguous U.S.[edit]
From east to west, the times zones of the contiguous United States are:
The Eastern standard time zone: (Zone R), which comprises roughly the states on the Atlantic coast and the eastern two thirds of the Ohio Valley.
The Central standard time zone: (Zone S), which comprises roughly the Gulf Coast, Mississippi Valley, and Great Plains.
The Mountain standard time zone: (Zone T), which comprises roughly the states that include the Rocky Mountains.
The Pacific standard time zone: (Zone U), which comprises roughly the states on the Pacific coast, plus Nevada and the Idaho panhandle.
Zones used in states beyond the contiguous U.S.[edit]
The Alaska standard time zone: (AKST; UTC−09:00; Zone V), which comprises most of the state of Alaska.
The Hawaii-Aleutian standard time zone: (or unofficially Hawaii Standard Time: HST) (HAST; UTC−10:00; zone W), which includes Hawaii and most of the length of the Aleutian Islands chain (west of 169°30′W).
Zones outside the states[edit]
The Atlantic standard time zone: (AST; UTC−04:00; Zone Q), which comprises Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands.
The Samoa standard time zone (SST; UTC−11:00; Zone X), which comprises American Samoa.
The Chamorro standard time zone: (ChST; UTC+10:00; Zone K), which comprises Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands.
Minor Outlying Islands[edit]
Some United States Minor Outlying Islands are outside the time zones defined by 15 U.S.C. §260 and exist in waters defined by Nautical time. In practice, military crews may simply use Zulu time (UTC±00:00) when on these islands. Baker Island and Howland Island are in UTC−12, while Wake Island is in UTC+12:00. Because they exist on opposite sides of the International Date Line, it can, for example, be noon Thursday on Baker and Howland islands while simultaneously being noon Friday on Wake Island. Other outlying islands include Jarvis Island, Midway Atoll, Palmyra Atoll, and Kingman Reef (UTC−11:00); Johnston Atoll (UTC−10:00); and Navassa Island, Bajo Nuevo Bank, and Serranilla Bank (UTC−05:00).
Antarctic research stations[edit]
See also: Time in Antarctica
In Antarctica, the US research facility Palmer Station is in UTC−03:00, while McMurdo Station and Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station use UTC+12:00 in order to coordinate with their main supply base in New Zealand.
Boundaries between the zones[edit]
(Described from north to south along each boundary.)
Eastern/Central boundary[edit]
Marker showing the border of Wayne County, Kentucky, and the Eastern Time Zone
Time in Indiana: red areas belong to the Central Time Zone.
roughly follows the border between Wisconsin (to the south and west) and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan (to the north and east); the Upper Peninsula counties that border Wisconsin (namely Gogebic, Iron, Dickinson, and Menominee counties) observe CT, all other counties in the U.P. observe ET
follows Lake Michigan
divides a small portion of Northwestern Indiana near Chicago from the rest of the state
follows the border between Illinois (west) and Indiana (east)
divides a small portion of Southwestern Indiana from the rest of the state
divides Kentucky in half roughly along a line that is west of Louisville, Kentucky running from northwest to southeast.
divides the region legally defined as East Tennessee, except for four counties adjoining Middle Tennessee, from the rest of Tennessee.
follows the border between Alabama (west) and Georgia (east)
divides the Florida Panhandle along the Apalachicola River and Intracoastal Waterway just west of Tallahassee, Florida.
Central/Mountain boundary[edit]
divides the southwest portion of North Dakota from the rest of the state
divides South Dakota roughly in half
divides the western third of Nebraska from the rest of the state
divides a very small portion of extreme western Kansas bordering Colorado (Greeley, Hamilton, Sherman, and Wallace counties) from the rest of the state (three other counties which border Colorado—Cheyenne, Morton, and Stanton counties—observe CST)
follows the border between New Mexico (west) and Oklahoma (east)
follows the border between New Mexico (west) and Texas (east)
divides El Paso County, Hudspeth County, and a portion of northern Culberson County that includes eastern Guadalupe Mountains National Park from the rest of Texas
Mountain/Pacific boundary[edit]
follows the border between northern Idaho (to the west) and northwestern Montana (to the east)
turns west at 45°33.46′N 114°33.89′W / 45.55767°N 114.56483°W / 45.55767; -114.56483 (just south of Nez Perce Pass), and follows the Idaho County line to the Salmon River
follows the Salmon River west to the town of Riggins, where the Salmon River turns north. This puts almost all of northern Idaho in the Pacific time zone, except for the small loop described next.
turns north and follows the Salmon River to the Snake River at the Oregon border (at 45°51.3′N 116°47.5′W / 45.8550°N 116.7917°W / 45.8550; -116.7917). Interestingly, this loop to the north creates a curious situation where one can enter a more-westerly time zone by traveling east over one of the bridges across this portion of the Salmon River.
turns south and follows the Snake River between Oregon (west) and Idaho (east) to the northern border of Malheur County, Oregon
turns west and follows the northern border of Malheur County, Oregon to its western border, where it turns south
follows the western border of Malheur County to latitude 42.45° (42°27′ N), where it turns east, and returns to the Oregon/Idaho border
turns south and follows the border between Oregon (west) and Idaho (east)
turns east and follows the border between Idaho (north) and Nevada (south) along the 42nd parallel north to longitude 114.041726 W.
turns south and follows the border between Nevada (west) and Utah (east), except for following the west city limit line of West Wendover dividing it from the rest of Nevada, and putting it in the mountain time zone. Jackpot, Nevada, just south of the 42nd parallel and some 25 miles (40 km) west of the time zone south turn, also observes Mountain Time, on an unofficial basis.
follows the border between Nevada (west) and Arizona (east)
follows the border between California (west) and Arizona (east), as defined by the Colorado river, to the border between the U.S. and Mexico.
Daylight saving time[edit]
Main article: Daylight saving time in the United States
The Energy Policy Act of 2005 extended daylight saving time (DST) for an additional month beginning in 2007. The start of DST now occurs on the second Sunday in March and ends on the first Sunday in November.
Clocks will be set ahead one hour at 2 a.m. on the following start dates and set back one hour at 2 a.m. on these ending dates:
Year
Start date
Ending date
2006 April 2 October 29
2007 March 11 November 4
2008 March 9 November 2
2009 March 8 November 1
2010 March 14 November 7
2011 March 13 November 6
2012 March 11 November 4
2013 March 10 November 3
2014 March 9 November 2
2015 March 8 November 1
2016 March 13 November 6
2017 March 12 November 5
2018 March 11 November 4
2019 March 10 November 3
2020 March 8 November 1
In response to the Uniform Time Act of 1966, each state of the US has officially chosen to apply one of two rules over its entire territory:
Most use the standard time for their zone (or zones, where a state is divided between two zones), except for using daylight saving time during the summer months. Originally this ran from the last Sunday in April until the last Sunday in October. Two subsequent amendments, in 1986 and 2005, have shifted these days so that daylight saving time now runs from the second Sunday in March until the first Sunday in November.
Arizona time zones
Arizona and Hawaii use standard time throughout the year. However:
The Navajo Nation observes DST throughout its entire territory, including the portion that lies in Arizona. But the Hopi Nation, which is entirely surrounded by the Navajo Nation and is entirely in Arizona, does not observe DST. (See map inset right.)
In 2005, Indiana passed legislation which took effect on April 2, 2006, that placed the entire state on daylight saving time (see Time in Indiana). Before then, Indiana officially used standard time year-round, with the following exceptions:
The portions of Indiana that were on Central Time observed daylight saving time.
Also, some Indiana counties near Cincinnati and Louisville were on Eastern Time, but did (unofficially) observe DST.
Time representation[edit]
Further information: Date and time notation in the United States and Speaking clock § United States
There exist more than one hundred clock towers in the United States; see Category:Clock towers in the United States.
See also[edit]
History of time in the United States
List of time zones by U.S. state
Daylight saving time in the United States
Lists of time zones
Effects of time on North American broadcasting
Date and time notation in the United States
East Coast bias
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Why Do We Have Time Zones?".
Jump up ^ What is Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/info/gmt.htm
Jump up ^ Bernard Guinot, "Solar time, legal time, time in use" Metrologica, August 2011 (volume 48, issue 4), pages 181–185.
Jump up ^ 15 USC §260.
Jump up ^ "15 U.S. Code Subchapter IX - STANDARD TIME".
Jump up ^ Pupblic Law 110–69 — America COMPETES Act (August 9, 2007). Sec. 3013)
Jump up ^ Standard Time Zone Boundaries 49CFR71
External links[edit]
Official website
U.S. Navy time zone page
North American Time Zone border data and images
CFR's Title 40 - Protection of Environment (also at wikisource:Code of Federal Regulations/Title 49/Subtitle A/Part 71)
Standard Time Law 15USC260-267 (also at wikisource:United States Code/Title 15/Chapter 6/Subchapter IX)
[hide]
v
t
e
Time in the Americas
North America
South America
Sovereign states
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Bolivia
Brazil
Canada
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Grenada
Guatemala
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Mexico
Nicaragua
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Suriname
Trinidad and Tobago
United States
Uruguay
Venezuela
Dependencies and
other territories
Anguilla
Aruba
Bermuda
Bonaire
British Virgin Islands
Cayman Islands
Curaçao
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French Guiana
Greenland
Guadeloupe
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Montserrat
Puerto Rico
Saint Barthélemy
Saint Martin
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Saba
Sint Eustatius
Sint Maarten
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
Turks and Caicos Islands
US Virgin Islands
[hide]
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Time in the United States
States
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Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
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Hawaii
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Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
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North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
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Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Federal district
Washington, D.C.
Insular areas
American Samoa
The Marianas
Guam
Northern Mariana Islands
Puerto Rico
U.S. Virgin Islands
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text:
Come a Little Bit Closer
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"Come a Little Bit Closer"
Single by Jay and the Americans
from the album Come a Little Bit Closer
B-side
"Goodbye Boys, Goodbye"
Released
1964
Recorded
1964
Genre
Rock
Length
2:49
Label
United Artists
Songwriter(s)
Tommy Boyce, Bobby Hart, Wes Farrell
Producer(s)
Artie Ripp
Jay and the Americans singles chronology
"Come Dance with Me"
(1963) "Come a Little Bit Closer"
(1964) "Let's Lock the Door (And Throw Away the Key)"
(1965)
"Come Dance with Me"
(1963) "Come a Little Bit Closer"
(1964) "Let's Lock the Door (And Throw Away the Key)"
(1965)
"Come a Little Bit Closer"
Single by Johnny Duncan and Janie Fricke
from the album Come a Little Bit Closer
B-side
"Loneliness (Can Break a Man's Heart)" (Duncan only)
Released
October 1977
Format
7"
Recorded
August 1977
Genre
Country
Label
Columbia
Songwriter(s)
Tommy Boyce, Bobby Hart, Wes Farrell
Producer(s)
Billy Sherrill and Larry Gatlin
Johnny Duncan singles chronology
"A Song in the Night"
(1977) A Song in the Night1977 "Come a Little Bit Closer"
(1977) Come a Little Bit Closer1977 "She Can Put Her Shoes Under My Bed (Anytime)"
(1978) She Can Put Her Shoes Under My Bed (Anytime)1978
Janie Fricke singles chronology
"What're You Doing Tonight"
(1977) What're You Doing Tonight1977 "Come a Little Bit Closer"
(1977) Come a Little Bit Closer1977 "Baby It's You"
(1978) Baby It's You1978
"Come a Little Bit Closer" is a song by the 1960s rock and roll band Jay and the Americans. It reached number 3 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1964, making it the band's highest charting single. It remains their most popular song, according to Last.fm song rankings.[1][2] It also peaked at number 4 on the Cashbox chart and at number 1 on RPM's singles chart. The single served as a comeback for the group, who had not had a hit in some time.[3]
It was written by songwriters Tommy Boyce and Bobby Hart, as well as Wes Farrell, and became Boyce and Hart's first top 10 hit.[4]
Jay and the Americans also recorded a Spanish version of the song, in which, due to a poor translation, the final punch line is totally missing.
The song is featured in the 2017 film Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2.[5]
Lyrics[edit]
The lyrics tell the story of a young woman who is romantically involved with a man named José, but seduces the narrator with flattering words until he is love-stricken. After they kiss José arrives and the narrator flees, only to hear in the distance as the young woman uses on José the exact same enticing words she told the narrator, suggesting she lures every suitor she meets with the exact same "script".
References[edit]
Jump up ^ AllMusic.com Retrieved February 4, 2012.
Jump up ^ Last.fm Retrieved February 4, 2012.
Jump up ^ Billboard, September 12, 1964
Jump up ^ SongFacts.com Retrieved February 4, 2012.
Jump up ^ Shepard, Jack (April 19, 2017). "Tracklist for Guardians of the Galaxy's Awesome Mixtape Vol. 2 revealed". The Independent. Retrieved August 27, 2017.
[show]
v
t
e
Jay and the Americans
Sandy Deanne
Howie Kane
Jay Reincke
Marty Sanders
Jay Traynor
Kenny Vance
Jay Black
Studio albums
She Cried
Come a Little Bit Closer
Blockbusters
Sunday and Me
Livin' Above Your Head
Try Some of This!
Sands of Time
Wax Museum
Capture the Moment
Singles
"She Cried"
"Come a Little Bit Closer"
"Let's Lock the Door (And Throw Away the Key)"
"Cara Mia"
"Some Enchanted Evening"
"Sunday and Me"
"Crying"
"No Other Love"
"This Magic Moment"
"Walkin' in the Rain"
"There Goes My Baby"
Cover songs
"Here, There and Everywhere"
"Hushabye"
"It's a Big Wide Wonderful World"
"Maria"
"Monday, Monday"
"Nature Boy"
"Since I Don't Have You"
"Solitary Man"
"The Sun Ain't Gonna Shine (Anymore)"
"(There's) Always Something There to Remind Me"
"Tonight"
Book
[show]
v
t
e
Johnny Duncan
Singles
"Here We Go Again"
"Thinkin' of a Rendezvous"
"It Couldn't Have Been Any Better"
"Come a Little Bit Closer" (with Janie Fricke)
"She Can Put Her Shoes Under My Bed (Anytime)"
"Slow Dancing"
[show]
v
t
e
Janie Fricke
Studio albums
It Ain't Easy
Black and White
Notable singles
"Come a Little Bit Closer" (with Johnny Duncan)
"Please Help Me I'm Falling (In Love with You)"
"I'll Love Away Your Troubles for Awhile"
"Down to My Last Broken Heart"
"Pride"
"I'll Need Someone to Hold Me (When I Cry)"
"Do Me with Love"
"Don't Worry 'bout Me Baby"
"It Ain't Easy Bein' Easy"
"You Don't Know Love"
"He's a Heartache (Looking for a Place to Happen)"
"Tell Me a Lie"
"Let's Stop Talkin' About It"
"If the Fall Don't Get You"
"Your Heart's Not in It"
"The First Word in Memory Is Me"
"She's Single Again"
"Somebody Else's Fire"
"Easy to Please"
"Always Have, Always Will"
"When a Woman Cries"
Guest singles
"On My Knees" (with Charlie Rich)
"A Place to Fall Apart" (with Merle Haggard)
Related articles
Discography
Columbia Records
Larry Gatlin
Tommy Hunter
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Come_a_Little_Bit_Closer&oldid=801477834"
Categories:
1964 singles
Jay and the Americans songs
RPM Top Singles number-one singles
Songs written by Bobby Hart
Songs written by Tommy Boyce
1964 songs
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United Artists Records singles
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Johnny Duncan (country singer) songs
Janie Fricke songs
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