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Paramount Network
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This article is about the current U.S. cable channel. For other Paramount Pictures branded television networks, see Paramount Network (disambiguation) and Paramount Channel.
Paramount Network
Launched
March 7, 1983; 35 years ago (1983-03-07)
Owned by
Viacom Media Networks
(Viacom)
Picture format
480i SDTV
1080i HDTV
Language
English
Headquarters
Los Angeles, California, United States
Formerly called
The Nashville Network (1983–2000)
The National Network (2000–01)
The New TNN (2001–03)
Spike TV (2003–06)
Spike (2006–18)
Sister channel(s)
MTV
MTV2
VH1
Nickelodeon/Nick at Nite
CMT
Comedy Central
TV Land
Website
www.paramountnetwork.com
Availability
Satellite
DirecTV
241 SD/HD
1241 VOD
Dish Network
241 SD/HD
Bell TV (Canada)
628 SD
Shaw Direct (Canada)
584 / 268
G-18
North America
4040 V / 29270 / 3/4
VCT 766 / Channel 170 (Canada)
(Transponder 17)
AMC-11
North America
4060 H / 29270 / 3/4
VCT 182 / Channel 530 (East)/930 (West)
(Transponder 18)
Cable
Verizon FiOS
554 HD
54 SD
Rogers Cable (Canada)
279
Seaside Communications (Canada)
15
Spectrum (St. Louis area)
71
IPTV
AT&T U-verse
1145 HD
145 SD
Optik TV (Canada)
390 HD
9390 SD
VMedia (Canada)
279 SD
Execulink Telecom (Canada)
165 SD
Streaming media
Sling TV
Internet Protocol television
Philo
Internet Protocol television
DirecTV Now
Internet Protocol television
Paramount Network is an American general entertainment cable and satellite channel owned by the Viacom Media Networks division of Viacom and their programs are distributed by CBS Television Distribution.
The channel was originally founded by a partnership between WSM, Inc. and Group W as The Nashville Network (TNN) and began broadcasting March 7, 1983.[1][2] It initially featured programming catering towards the culture of the Southern United States, including country music, variety shows, outdoors programming, and motor racing coverage (such as NASCAR). TNN was purchased by the Gaylord Entertainment Company in 1983.[3] After Gaylord bought CMT in 1991, TNN's music programming was shifted to CMT, leaving TNN to focus on entertainment and lifestyle programming. In 1995, TNN and CMT were acquired by Westinghouse/CBS, which was in turn acquired by Viacom in 1999.
Under Viacom ownership, TNN began phasing out its existing programming in favor of more off-network series, films, and sports entertainment programming. It was renamed The National Network in September 2000, coinciding with the premiere of WWF Raw on the channel. At this point, Viacom described TNN as being a general entertainment service, albeit one appealing to Middle America. In August 2003, TNN relaunched as Spike TV, which targeted a young adult male audience. In June 2006, Spike re-branded with a more explicit focus on the action genre. In 2010, Spike re-branded with a wider demographic reach and an increased focus on reality series. In 2015, the network re-branded again to emphasize gender-balanced series such as Lip Sync Battle and a return to original scripted programming.
On January 18, 2018, Spike re-branded as Paramount Network, aiming to align it with the Paramount Pictures film studio (which previously lent its name to the now-defunct broadcast television network UPN). The network has been positioned by Viacom as a general "flagship" outlet for original scripted series, competing with other "premium" basic cable networks such as AMC and FX. As of February 2015 (when it was still known as Spike), approximately 93.4 million households in the United States (80% of those with television) receive Paramount Network.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 The Nashville Network (1983–2000)
1.2 The National Network, the New TNN and WWE (2000–2003)
1.3 Spike TV (2003–2018)
1.3.1 Spike programming, 2003–2006
1.3.1.1 Star Trek
1.3.2 "Get More Action"
1.3.3 "Get Real"
1.3.4 "The Ones to Watch"
1.4 Paramount Network (2018–present)
2 Programming
3 Website
4 International availability
4.1 Canada
4.2 United Kingdom
4.3 The Netherlands & Flanders
4.4 Other countries
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
The Nashville Network (1983–2000)[edit]
Main article: The Nashville Network
The Nashville Network first launched on March 7, 1983; it was dedicated to the culture and lifestyle of country music and the U.S. South. It originally operated as a joint venture of WSM, Inc., a subsidiary of National Life and Accident Insurance Company) and Group W Satellite Communications. TNN operated from the now-defunct Opryland USA theme park near Nashville, Tennessee. Country Music Television (CMT), founded by Glenn D. Daniels, beat TNN's launch by two days, robbing them of the claim of the "first country music cable television network." TNN's flagship shows included Nashville Now, The Statler Brothers Show, American Sports Cavalcade and Grand Ole Opry Live. Nashville Now and the Grand Ole Opry were broadcast live from Opryland USA.[5][6]
The Gaylord Entertainment Company purchased TNN and the Opryland properties in the latter half of 1987. Much of TNN's programming (except for its sports) during the Gaylord era was originally produced by Opryland Productions, also owned by Gaylord Entertainment.[7] From 1983 to 1992, all of TNN's auto racing and motor sports coverage was produced by Diamond P Sports. Starting in 1993, TNN started having its NASCAR coverage produced by World Sports Enterprises, and the American Speed Association coverage produced by Group 5 Sports, while Diamond P continued to produce most of the rest of the racing coverage. Programming included variety shows, talk shows, game shows, outdoor shows (such as hunting and fishing), and lifestyle shows; all centered in some way around country music or the country style of living.[8]
Some of TNN's popular on-air talent included local Nashville media personalities Ralph Emery,[9] Dan Miller, Charlie Chase and Lorianne Crook, as well as established stars such as country music singer Bill Anderson and actresses Florence Henderson and Dinah Shore. By 1995, TNN was acquired by Westinghouse Electric Corporation, which had recently acquired CBS around that time; two years later, Westinghouse bought CMT, TNN's chief competitor. In 1998, the channel dropped its "The Nashville Network" moniker and shortened its official name to TNN. Ownership shifted to Viacom in the late 1990s after its acquisition of CBS Corporation, Westinghouse's successor.[5]
The National Network, the New TNN and WWE (2000–2003)[edit]
In 1999, TNN began to change its programming to appeal to a wider demographic; capitalizing on the success of RollerJam, a roller derby-inspired series that had attracted a large number of younger viewers, TNN reached a three-year deal to broadcast a new Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) program, which would air as a companion to RollerJam on Friday nights beginning in late-August 1999. Under the contract, ECW also agreed to revenue sharing with TNN for all of the promotion's events (including live shows and pay-per-views) and merchandising. TNN combined these two programs into a Friday-night programming block, which also featured Motor Madness and Championship Bull Riding; a TNN executive acknowledged that "extreme sports" programming had become a major draw to the network, and that bull riding appealed to this expanded audience because he saw it as "the original extreme sport".[10][11][12][13]
In November 1999, TNN announced new programming and primetime theme blocks it planned to introduce in 2000, including a new, female-oriented Movie Monday, Action Wednesday, Friday Night Thrill Zone, Classic Country on Saturday nights, and TNN Outdoors on Sundays. The new schedule, along with new series such as the action drama 18 Wheels of Justice, collegiate bowling competition series Rockin' Bowl, reruns of the Western anthology Dead Man's Gun, and a new promotional campaign targeting younger viewers, were intended to introduce a broader audience to the network.[14] The ECW partnership was initially successful, with TNN reporting a 200% increase in young male viewership in the timeslot. Despite this, TNN gave ECW little promotion, choosing to focus more on promoting its other new programs, such as Rockin' Bowl and RollerJam.[10][11]
On September 25, 2000, TNN was folded into the MTV Networks division based in New York City, and was renamed The National Network. The rebranding coincided with major changes to the network's programming, including the network premiere of the World Wrestling Federation's flagship program RAW Is War, which moved to TNN from USA Network as part of a new contract with Viacom. As WWF programs were typically among USA Network's highest-rated programs, the move was considered a major coup for TNN. MTV Networks chairman Tom Freston described TNN as now being a general entertainment service, albeit one with a "sort of populist middle-America flavor" rather than "another network for New York or Los Angeles."[15][5][16]
Football also became more prominent on the network, as it began airing games of the original Arena Football League (AFL) with Eli Gold as an announcer. The National Network was also one of three networks to air games of the ill-fated XFL (along with NBC and UPN). As part of its contract, TNN had the rights to a late Sunday afternoon game each week except for the first week, when UPN aired the afternoon game instead. TNN aired the first opening-round game of the 2001 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship when organizers expanded the field to 65 teams; it was produced by CBS Sports with CBS announcers. The game coverage moved to ESPN in 2002.
In 2001, TNN added off-network sitcoms and dramas such as Diff'rent Strokes,[17] The Wonder Years,[18] The Rockford Files,[18] WKRP in Cincinnati,[18] Newhart, Hangin' With Mr. Cooper, Miami Vice[18] and Taxi.[18][19] It also became the first channel to air reruns of MADtv. These moves went unnoticed for the most part, due to TNN's lack of popularity. By this time, all country-western programming had been purged from the network; some of The Nashville Network's former programming was picked up by CMT, while other classic TNN shows were picked up by GAC, including eventually the Grand Ole Opry, which was pushed off to CMT and eventually removed by Viacom after they did not renew the agreement to carry the series .
As time went on, the words "The National Network" were downplayed in promotions. By late 2002, the channel was known as The New TNN and had picked up more male-oriented shows, such as Baywatch, Monster Jam, bull riding, Robot Wars and Star Trek: The Next Generation. This was done in an effort both to further distance itself from its former country music-based identity and to trumpet an increase in original programming.
Spike TV (2003–2018)[edit]
In April 2003, Viacom announced that TNN would be relaunched as Spike TV on June 16, 2003. Promoted with the slogan "The First Network for Men", Viacom aimed to target a young adult male demographic between the ages of 18-34—which they believed was being served insufficiently by other cable networks, and to further distance the network from the TNN name in order to suit its current programming direction. Spike's launch programming would include a slate of new adult animation series such as Gary the Rat, Ren & Stimpy "Adult Party Cartoon" (an adult-oriented revival of the former Nickelodeon series The Ren & Stimpy Show, led by its original creator John Kricfalusi), and Stripperella, as well as other new series such as Ride with Funkmaster Flex. Also planned were segments in collaboration with Men's Health, Stuff, and CBS Marketwatch. Recent acquisitions, such as CSI, WWE Raw, and Star Trek, would also remain part of the network's schedule.[20]
Three days before the planned launch date, film director Spike Lee won a New York Supreme Court injunction preventing Viacom from using the name "Spike TV". Lee claimed that because of his well-known popularity in Hollywood, viewers would therefore assume that he was associated with the new channel.[21] Lee stated in court papers that: "The media description of this change of name, as well as comments made to me and my wife, confirmed what was obvious—that Spike TV referred to Spike Lee."[22][20] Spike Jones Jr., son of comic musician Spike Jones, became a party of the lawsuit as part of Viacom's defense to protect the rights to his father's name.[23]
The suit was settled on July 8, 2003; in announcing the settlement, Lee admitted that he did not believe that the channel intentionally tried to trade on his name.[24] On July 28, 2003, it was announced that TNN would rebrand as Spike TV on August 11, 2003 — eight weeks later than initially scheduled. Its launch night programming featured two programs originally intended to air on June 16, including Party with Spike—a launch special filmed at the Playboy Mansion, and the premiere of Most Extreme Elimination Challenge—a comedic dub of the Japanese game show Takeshi's Castle.[25]
Spike programming, 2003–2006[edit]
Alongside its launch programs, Spike scored some major coups in terms of its programming, receiving syndication rights to several Star Trek series (which were produced by another Viacom branch, Paramount Television), as well as most of the James Bond series of movies. After Ren & Stimpy "Adult Party Cartoon" was canceled, the channel started airing classic episodes of the original Ren & Stimpy series under the title Ren & Stimpy: The Classics. The Klasky Csupo production Immigrants was originally slated to run on Spike TV's animation block,[26] but this never materialized and the series was turned into a film instead. Also unaired was the John Leguizamo animated production Zilch & Zero.[27][28]
In the fall of 2003, Spike TV aired The Joe Schmo Show, a parody of reality television shows like Survivor and Big Brother. Its finale led to the channel's highest ratings at the time, and a second season aired in the Summer of 2004. 2003 also saw the debut of the Video Game Awards, which would go on to become notorious for favoring the channel's own demographic at the expense of the larger gaming community. In November 2004, Spike TV purchased the cable/satellite syndication rights to CSI: Crime Scene Investigation for a record price of $1.9 million per episode. It joined the lineup on October 1, 2006.
On January 18, 2005, Spike TV premiered The Ultimate Fighter, a reality competition series focusing on the Ultimate Fighting Championship—a mixed martial arts promotion. The success of The Ultimate Fighter led the UFC to expand its programming on Spike to include other series, such as UFC Unleashed, UFC Primetime and UFC All Access. The Ultimate Fighter aired on Spike for 14 seasons, but ended its run on the network in 2011 with the announcement that Fox Sports had acquired the U.S. television rights to the UFC under a new, seven-year deal.[29][30]
In September 2005, all WWE (formerly the WWF) programming on Spike TV left the channel as a result of acrimonious contractual matters between the WWE and Viacom. WWE Raw moved back to its original cable home, NBC Universal's USA Network, while WWE Heat and WWE Velocity moved to WWE.com after the organization failed to secure a new television home for the shows in the United States.
On October 1, 2005, wrestling promotion Total Nonstop Action Wrestling began airing its weekly program TNA Impact! in the Saturday night time slot formerly occupied by WWE Velocity. It moved to Thursdays in April 2006, and expanded to two hours in October 2007. In 2010, TNA made a new deal with Spike TV which would move Impact to Monday nights starting on March 8, 2010, though Impact! was shifted back to Thursdays after the program suffered from decreased viewership in its Monday timeslot.[31] Later in the month, Spike TV debuted Game Head with Geoff Keighley, a weekly video game show, and later followed up with the short-lived Fresh Baked Videogames, making them both part of their "Slammin' Saturday Night" lineup.
Star Trek[edit]
Spike had devoted large chunks of its programming time to the Star Trek franchise in the past before the Viacom/CBS Corporation split on January 1, 2006 left the majority of the Star Trek intellectual property to CBS as a part of the former Paramount Television division and they decided to exercise licensing options away from their former Viacom brethren. It featured Star Trek: The Next Generation heavily before introducing Star Trek: Deep Space Nine in 2004 and Star Trek: Voyager in 2006. All of these introductions were accompanied by multi-day marathons at some point; the Next Generation marathon included appearances by celebrities such as Wil Wheaton, who played Wesley Crusher in the series. Deep Space Nine and Voyager had been relegated to late night hours before they disappeared from the channel's schedule, and The Next Generation had disappeared months before the syndication rights were bought by Syfy. The promotion of the Trek franchises earned Spike the colloquial title The Star Trek Channel during this period because as much as one third (eight hours) of programming blocks were devoted to the franchise.
A notable omission during the period was Star Trek: Enterprise, which the channel passed on (Syfy had proceeded to ease it into four-hour Monday night blocks). TV Land meanwhile had the rights to Star Trek: The Original Series, but Spike stated that there may not be enough episodes (only three seasons) to accommodate the kind of blocks it would like to air. Spike later replaced that block with re-runs of Disorderly Conduct: Video on Patrol and CSI: Crime Scene Investigation.
"Get More Action"[edit]
Spike TV's second logo, used in various forms from 2006 to 2015
In 2005, Viacom conducted research which found that Spike TV's new direction was alienating its target audience and advertisers. Word-of-mouth knowledge narrowly perceived Spike TV's programming as being predominantly "low-brow", violent, and reliant on sex appeal, rather than reflecting the wider variety of programming offered by the channel. These findings led Viacom to pursue rebranding Spike in an effort to clarify its focus. At its upfront presentations in 2006, the network unveiled a new logo as simply Spike, and the new slogan "Get More Action". The new branding launched alongside the premiere of Blade: The Series in June 2006. The goals of the new branding were to make Spike "authentic" and "unapologetically" masculine, while also emphasizing action as a core genre of programming for the network. Spike also attracted advertisers with product placement opportunities in promos such as "Men of Action" (which featured homages and parodies of "classic action moments") and the "CSI Guys", which tied into its new programming direction.[32]
On September 5, 2006, Spike premiered the documentary film Metal of Honor: The Ironworkers of 9/11 by filmmaker Rachel Maguire, which profiled the ironworkers' efforts in the attempts for rescue and recovery following the September 11 attacks at the World Trade Center site. The film proceeds through the ironworkers' dismantling of the fallen towers.[33] On October 10, 2006, Spike debuted the Scream Awards, the first awards show honoring horror, science fiction, fantasy and comic books. At the 2007 San Diego Comic-Con International, the Spike TV booth was awarding tickets to that year's awards ceremony to the winners of their "Scariest Costume" contest. In late 2006, Spike introduced the "Late Night Strip", a block that aired Thursdays and Fridays at 12:00 a.m. consisting of original series that are sometimes inappropriate for daytime television, with regular intermissions featuring women. Programming featured on the block included MXC, Wild World of Spike, The Dudesons and Game Head.
In October 2007, Kevin Kay was appointed network president after serving as executive vice president and general manager of the channel for the previous two years.[34] The post had been vacant since December 2006.[35] Throughout the summer of 2007, starting on Father's Day (June 17), the channel launched its first public service campaign, the "True Dads" national outreach campaign, with former New York Yankees player Don Mattingly as spokesperson. This focused on fathers who demonstrated active roles in their children's lives, through public service announcements on the channel featuring both celebrity and ordinary fathers and websites such as Spike's own "True Dads" site, among other things.
In April 2008, Spike aired the commercial television premiere of Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith, and became the first basic cable channel in the U.S. to air all six Star Wars movies. Viacom bid against NBC Universal and Turner for the rights to the entire Star Wars film series, which was worth up to $80 million, despite channels owned by each of the companies having previously aired at least part of the original trilogy. The same year, the channel began to broadcast a reality show based on the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA).[36] On the weekend of April 5 and 6, 2008, the channel aired the first three Star Wars films against the simultaneous TNT broadcast of all three Lord of the Rings films. More viewers watched the Star Wars broadcasts on Spike than watched the Lord of the Rings broadcasts on TNT.[37] On April 7, 2008, the channel acquired cable syndication rights for the sitcom Married... with Children[38] (the series would be shuffled between various Viacom-owned networks in subsequent years, from Comedy Central to TV Land to Nick at Nite). Five new unscripted series were picked up for the channel's summer 2008 lineup.[39]
In the fall of 2009, Spike broadcast live Australian rugby league semifinal games from the National Rugby League and also showed the grand final, as David Niu tried to bring professional rugby league (National Rugby League USA) to the United States.[40][41] On June 1, 2010, Spike launched into the first crowd-sourced pilot episode contest with Scripped, a web-based screenwriting community.[42] In this contest, Spike tested its ability to discover new talent from untested channels.
"Get Real"[edit]
On March 30, 2011, with the series premiere of Coal (a new series from 1000 Ways to Die creator Thom Beers), Spike rebranded itself with a slightly recolored logo and a new slogan, "Get Real", emphasizing a major shift in its original programming from a mix of low-brow scripted and unscripted series aimed at young males towards reality series aimed at the broader 18–49 demographic.[43] On August 24, 2011, Spike launched a new series called Alternate History, illustrating what the world could be like if past events were slightly different. The premiere episode documented what would have happened if the Germans stopped the Allied invasion of France and took over the world. No other episodes have been featured.
In 2013, Bellator MMA made its network debut with the premiere of its eighth season;[44] the now Viacom-owned mixed martial arts promotion's events previously aired on sibling channel MTV2. Later that year, Spike was named the official broadcaster for the Electronic Entertainment Expo.[45] The previous year, Spike had shared coverage with G4.[46] In response to their growing audience, Spike underwent a brand refresh, giving the channel a "more cinematic" look. Spike Art Director Michael Sutton-Long, who led the rebrand, says the refresh "lets people know that Spike is a classy, entertainment-driven network. It’s not a full-on rebrand, but it moves the network in the direction of becoming bigger and broader and more cinematic.”[47][48]
At the end of the summer, Spike debuted the 26th season of Cops, having picked up the series from Fox.[49] In the fall, kickboxing promotion Glory made its network debut with Glory 11: Chicago.[50] This was not Spike's first time broadcasting a kickboxing event as, in 2012, they partnered with K-1 to broadcast several events on their website.[51] The end of the year saw the Video Game Awards revamped and become known as VGX.[52] The event was held on December 7, 2013 on Spike's website.
In 2014, TMZ reported that Spike would not renew TNA's contract.[53] Months after a move to Wednesday nights, it was later announced that Impact Wrestling would end its run on December 24, 2014 and move to Destination America in 2015.[54][55] Later that year, it was announced that Spike would drop their video game award show.[56] Geoff Keighley would go on to create his own award show in the form of The Game Awards. In January 2015, following a similar deal made by NBC, Spike announced they would air monthly fight cards by the Haymon Boxing-created "Premier Boxing Champions".[57][58][59]
"The Ones to Watch"[edit]
Spike logo 2015–2018
During its upfronts on March 3, 2015, Spike unveiled a new logo and tagline, "The Ones to Watch".[60] The re-branding aimed to make the network more inclusive to women, emphasizing a focus on "big talent, engaging shows and hits that get people talking" and further expansions into scripted series. Alongside the miniseries Tut and the announcement of an expanded episode order for the series Lip Sync Battle (a spin-off of a segment from Late Night with Jimmy Fallon), the network announced an output deal with Dwayne Johnson's $7 Bucks Productions for a series of specials, Emergency Broadcast, an original drama co-created by Max Brooks, and Sweat Inc., a fitness-oriented reality series hosted by Jillian Michaels.[61][62][63]
With 2.2 million viewers, the series premiere of Lip Sync Battle on April 2, 2015 was the highest-rated non-scripted premiere in network history.[64] Likewise, Tut averaged 2.2 million viewers in its three nights, for a combined 11.4 million viewers.[65]
Paramount Network (2018–present)[edit]
On February 9, 2017, Viacom announced that Spike would be re-branded as Paramount Network in 2018. This change is designed to give the network a closer association with the Paramount Pictures film studio, and is part of a restructuring plan by new Viacom CEO Bob Bakish to refocus the majority of its media business around six flagship brands, which includes Paramount, as well as BET, Comedy Central, Nickelodeon, Nick Jr., and MTV.[66][67][68] The rebranding occurred on January 18, 2018, and was marked by a live, Michael Jackson-themed Lip Sync Battle special from the Dolby Theatre.[69] New original series announced for the first half of 2018 included the miniseries Waco, Yellowstone, along with American Woman and Heathers—two comedies originally slated for TV Land. The Shannara Chronicles, which moved to Spike for season 2 from MTV, was not renewed by Paramount Network.[70][71][72][73]
Paramount Network is being positioned as a "premium" basic cable network, similar to competitors such as AMC and FX.[74] Network president Kevin Kay explained that Bakish wanted Viacom to have a "flagship" outlet for scripted programming, as opposed to making inefficient investments into them across individual channels. He added that Paramount Network's offerings would be distinguished from other "premium" basic cable networks by continuing to emphasize Middle America as a key viewer base. Even with its subsequent rebrandings, Paramount Network still had significant carriage strength and viewership in the Midwest and South due to its heritage as TNN. Kay argued that its initial slate of original dramas were not as "dark", citing the setting of Yellowstone as making it "brighter and a bit more blue sky than some of the things that are on premium cable TV now."[74] In regards to the programs moved to Paramount Network from TV Land, American Woman was moved to take advantage of its prominent leads Alicia Silverstone and Mena Suvari, while Heathers was moved because, in Kay's opinion, the show was not appropriate for TV Land's target audience.[74]
Paramount Network began a viral marketing campaign to promote its launch in December 2017. The campaign included a Times Square advertisement asking viewers to phone and email Paramount Network's chief marketing officer Niels Schuurmans to protest Spike's "firing", as well as a string of self-deprecating posts by the network's Twitter account about its history and programming (including that "My favorite number is 329 because it's the number of times Cops is on every night", "We had a show called The Joe Schmo Show. Apparently every decent show name was taken", and that "There's a reason all our early shows were CSI, UFC, TNA, MXC, UTI. No one around here knew how to read"). A network executive stated that the campaign was meant to represent a "public meltdown" by a fired employee. Spike additionally held a Facebook live streaming event on January 17, 2018 where users could vote on various ways a crew would deface a large model of the former Spike logo (culminating with its demolition).[75][76][77][78]
Programming[edit]
Main articles: List of programs broadcast by Spike and List of programs broadcast by Paramount Network
Paramount Network's current lineup consists of original series, feature films, and reruns of sitcoms like Friends and Two and a Half Men. Male-oriented programs constituted the majority of its schedule upon its original re-launch in 2003 but, since 2011, the network had shifted towards reality series, such as Bar Rescue and Ink Master, and with its 2015 rebrand, Spike had been airing more "gender-balanced" programming.[62][63]
The network also airs combat sporting events, including the Viacom-owned mixed martial arts promotion Bellator.[79] In the past, the network also carried Glory kickboxing, professional wrestling programs from TNA, WWE, and ECW, as well as boxing from Al Haymon's Premier Boxing Champions.
Website[edit]
On October 15, 2005, Viacom acquired iFilm, which was initially launched in 1997. After acquiring the website for $49 million, it was eventually rebranded to Spike.com and provided hosting of user-uploaded videos, a strategy eventually abandoned to refocus the Spike.com as a general network site. The iFilm.com domain currently redirects to the Screen Junkies website.
YouTube was also launched in 2005, which later was issued a class action lawsuit from Viacom reported to be over $1 billion (it was settled in 2014 for undisclosed terms). During the era where they hosted user generated content, Spike.com's managers only approved videos pre-screened to meet their standards.[80] On January 18, 2018, Spike.com was sunset to redirect viewers to the rebrand of the channel, Paramount Network.com.
International availability[edit]
Viacom began to launch localized versions of Spike in 2015. It is currently unknown if the Paramount Network branding will be used internationally in the future.
Canada[edit]
In April 1984, while as TNN, the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) approved the channel for carriage by Canadian cable and satellite television providers.[81] Following its re-branding as Spike TV, the Canadian Association of Broadcasters filed a complaint with the CRTC on behalf of Canwest Global, demanding the channel be removed from Canadian television providers. The CAB felt that its new general entertainment format would directly compete with various Canadian-run specialty channels, arguing that there was overlap in its niche and its then-current schedule with Men TV, Space (Star Trek), sports channels (The Score broadcasts WWE programming), Discovery Health (interstitial segments focusing on men's health, although the network did not air any full-length programs on the topic), along with the inexplicable naming of Report on Business Television and CTV Travel for reasons unknown.[82]
In January 2005, the CRTC ruled that Spike could remain available in Canada. The commission felt that the CAB provided insufficient evidence that Spike was directly competing with these channels, as the genres in which there were overlap with Canadian services represented a minority of the network's overall schedule that would not impede domestic networks. The CRTC also argued that Men TV and Spike had dissimilar natures of service, with Men TV having a specific focus on lifestyle programming oriented towards men, and Spike being a general entertainment channel targeting a male audience.[82][82][83]
Due to programming rights issues, programs which the channel does not hold rights to air outside of the U.S. are replaced with alternate programs.
United Kingdom[edit]
Main article: 5Spike
On April 15, 2015, a British version of Spike was launched; owned by Viacom International Media Networks Europe, it is operated as a sister digital terrestrial television channel to Channel 5, which Viacom had acquired the previous year. Its launch lineup primarily featured Spike's original programs and reruns from its parent network, acquired U.S. drama imports (such as Breaking Bad, Justified, and The Walking Dead), along with Bellator MMA and the domestic MMA promotion BAMMA.[84]
The Netherlands & Flanders[edit]
Main article: Spike (Netherlands & Flanders)
On August 18, 2015, Viacom announced that a Dutch version of Spike would launch in the Netherlands and Flanders. The channel began as a timeshare on the Dutch Nickelodeon channel, airing from 9:00 p.m. to 2:30 a.m. daily.[85] On December 12, 2016, Spike launched in the Netherlands as a 24-hour channel on Ziggo. Spike and Nickelodeon will continue time-sharing on other platforms and in Flanders.[86][87]
Other countries[edit]
In July 2016, an Australian version of Spike launched on Fetch TV.[88][89][90][91] On December 1, 2016, a Hungarian version of the channel named RTL Spike was launched in partnership with RTL Group.[92] On October 22, 2017, an Italian version of Spike was launched in the country as a free-to-air channel, replacing Fine Living on Digital TV channel 49.[93]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Schwed, Mark (March 5, 1983). "Nashville Network -- Giant Commercial for Country Music". UPI. Retrieved March 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ UPI (March 11, 1983). "The Nashville Network Begins With Optimism". The New York Times. Retrieved March 18, 2018 – via Proquest. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ Berg, Eric N. (July 2, 1983). "Grand Ole Opry Finds a Buyer". The New York Times. Retrieved March 18, 2018 – via Proquest. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (February 22, 2015). "List of how many homes each cable network is in as of February 2015". TV by the Numbers. Zap2it. Retrieved March 14, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Goodbye Nashville Network". Country Standard Time. November 2000. Retrieved February 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Stengel, Richard (March 21, 1987). "Country Comes to Cable". Time.
Jump up ^ "The Nashville Network Begins With Optimism". New York Times. March 11, 1987. Retrieved February 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Banks, Jack (1996). Monopoly Television: MTV's Quest to Control the Music. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. p. 59. ISBN 0-8133-1821-1.
Jump up ^ "2015 CMA Awards - Country Music's Biggest Night". 2015 CMA Awards. Retrieved June 6, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Loverro, Thom (May 22, 2007). The Rise & Fall of ECW: Extreme Championship Wrestling. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9781416513124.
^ Jump up to: a b "Wrestling has choke-hold on cable fans". Advertising Age. Retrieved January 14, 2018.
Jump up ^ Katz, Richard (July 1, 1999). "TNN in the grips of Extreme wrestling". Variety. Retrieved January 14, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Extreme Sports". Newsday. Retrieved January 14, 2018.
Jump up ^ "TNN Overhauls Primetime Schedule". Multichannel News. Retrieved January 14, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Viacom Takes TNN National". Multichannel News. Retrieved January 14, 2018.
Jump up ^ Downey, Kevin (April 9, 2001). "The new TNN: T&A, trekking and sleuths". Media Life Magazine. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved August 31, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Diff'rent Strokes: Broadcast Stations". Retrieved June 6, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e TNN Shooting for Lineup that's 50% More Original. Broadcasting & Cable: January 22, 2001
Jump up ^ The new TNN: T&A, trekking and sleuths Archived September 30, 2007, at the Wayback Machine., Media Life Magazine, April 1, 2001
^ Jump up to: a b Romano, Allison (April 21, 2003). "TNN Hopes Mainly Men Will Watch "Spike TV"". Broadcasting & Cable. Archived from the original on October 16, 2007. Retrieved August 31, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Breaking..." Broadcasting & Cable. June 16, 2003. Archived from the original on October 16, 2007. Retrieved February 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Spike sues over channel name". BBC News. June 4, 2003. Retrieved May 23, 2010.
Jump up ^ Romano, Allison (June 30, 2003). "Another Spike Stakes His Case". Broadcasting & Cable. Archived from the original on October 12, 2008. Retrieved August 31, 2007.
Jump up ^ Romano, Allison (July 9, 2003). "TNN, Lee resolve Spike fight". Broadcasting & Cable. Archived from the original on October 16, 2007. Retrieved August 31, 2007.
Jump up ^ Romano, Allison (July 28, 2003). "Spike to Start, Finally, Aug. 11". Broadcasting & Cable. Archived from the original on October 16, 2007. Retrieved August 31, 2007.
Jump up ^ Ball, Ryan (July 19, 2004). "Spike TV Welcomes The Immigrants with Marathon". Animation Magazine. Retrieved February 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Keveney, Bill (June 26, 2003). "Toons with a lot more 'tude". USA Today. Retrieved February 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Spike TV Announces John Leguizamo's New Original Animated Project 'Zilch & Zero'". PR Newswire. May 6, 2003. Retrieved February 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Sherdog.com. "UFC, Fox Announce 7-Year Broadcast Deal". Sherdog. Retrieved January 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ Martin, Damon (August 18, 2011). "Spike TV Announces Partnership with the UFC Has Ended, TUF 14 Will Be the Last on the Network". MMAWeekly.com. Retrieved August 18, 2011.
Jump up ^ "TNA Wrestling Moves To Monday Nights Starting March 8, 2010". Total Nonstop Action Wrestling. February 16, 2010. Archived from the original on February 18, 2010. Retrieved February 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ "For Spike TV, It's a Man's World". Adweek. Retrieved January 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ Heffernan, Virginia (September 5, 2006). "Metal of Honor: Building on Ground Zero". The New York Times. Retrieved February 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ John Dempsey (October 10, 2007). "New Prexy For Spike TV". Daily Variety. p. 4.
Jump up ^ "Spike TV Names Kevin Kay President – TVWeek". Retrieved June 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ Weprin, Alex (January 10, 2008). "Spike TV Orders DEA Reality Show". Broadcasting & Cable. Retrieved February 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Ryan, Joal (April 8, 2008). "Star Wars vs. LOTR: And the Winner Is..." E! Online News. Retrieved April 8, 2008.
Jump up ^ Weprin, Alex (April 7, 2008). "Spike TV Acquires Married...With Children". Broadcasting & Cable. Retrieved April 8, 2008.
Jump up ^ Weprin, Alex (May 8, 2008). "Spike TV Picks Up Five Unscripted Series". Broadcasting & Cable. Retrieved May 8, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Spike TV Brings Rugby To America". Spike.com. September 2, 2009. Retrieved June 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ "New league hopes to popularize rugby in U.S." pressofAtlanticCity.com. Retrieved June 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Scripped.com Announces Script Competition With Spike TV". Marketwire. June 1, 2010. Retrieved June 21, 2010.
Jump up ^ Spike Rebrand. BIGSTAR. Retrieved May 15, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Viacom Purchases Bellator, Spike Will Air Starting 2013". Spike.com. Retrieved February 7, 2012.
Jump up ^ "SPIKE TV NAMED THE OFFICIAL AND EXCLUSIVE BROADCAST PARTNER OF E3 2013". Spike.com (Press release). June 3, 2013. Retrieved May 12, 2014.
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Jump up ^ "GLORY, Spike sign multi-year broadcasting deal". MMA Fighting. Retrieved April 8, 2014.
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Jump up ^ "Impact Wrestling Cancelled by Spike TV". TMZ. July 27, 2014. Retrieved August 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Major Pro-Wrestling Organization's Main Program Moves to Wednesdays". The Christian Post. August 18, 2014. Retrieved August 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Discovery's Destination America Adds TNA Impact Wrestling To Lineup". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved November 20, 2014.
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Jump up ^ "Spike Gets In The Ring With Premier Boxing Champions". Spike.com. January 22, 2015. Retrieved January 24, 2015.
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Jump up ^ "Juniper Jones Creates New On-Air Identity For Spike". CG News. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ "New Jillian Michaels show is part 'Shark Tank' part 'American Idol'". New York Business Journal. Retrieved October 12, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Spike TV Rebrands, Inks Deal With Dwayne Johnson". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved March 3, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Guy-Centric Spike Network Hopes Scripted Shows Like Tut Will Entice Female Viewers". Ad Week. Retrieved March 3, 2015.
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Jump up ^ ""Tut" Averages 2.2 Million Viewers – Largest Viewership in Timeslot in 8 Years". Retrieved July 31, 2015.
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Jump up ^ Lieberman, David (February 9, 2017). "Viacom CEO Supports Paramount And Non-Core Networks – But For How Long?". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved September 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "'Lip Sync Battle LIVE' announces first three celebrities for Michael Jackson celebration". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved January 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ "'Shannara Chronicles' Canceled as Paramount Network Passes on Season 3". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 17, 2018.
Jump up ^ Wagmeister, Daniel; Holloway, Elizabeth (March 16, 2017). "TV Land's 'Heathers' Reboot and 'American Woman' Moving to Launch Paramount Network". Variety. Retrieved September 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (September 25, 2017). "Paramount Network Sets January Launch Date; Kicks Off with Live 'Lip Sync Battle'". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved September 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Littleton, Cynthia; Holloway, Daniel (February 8, 2017). "Viacom to Rebrand Spike TV as Paramount Network". Variety. Retrieved February 8, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Schneider, Michael (January 19, 2018). "Paramount Network Will Take On FX and AMC By Rooting Itself In Middle America". IndieWire. Retrieved January 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Spike TV's Twitter account goes 'rogue,' profanely mocking channel's shows". EW.com. Retrieved January 17, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Spike TV's Twitter Account Is Going Absolutely Bonkers Right Before the Channel Is Replaced by Paramount Network". Fortune. Retrieved January 17, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Spike TV Is Mad as Hell About Being Rebranded as Paramount Network". Retrieved January 17, 2018.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (January 17, 2018). "Spike TV Logo Gets Explosive Send-Off On Facebook". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved January 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Bellator MMA Adds Jay Glazer To Broadcast Team". MMAmania.com. Retrieved January 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ Bangeman, Eric. "Infringing videos on iFilm could cause problems for Viacom" Ars Technica. March 19, 2007
Jump up ^ "Nashville Network Approved by CRTC". Canadian Press. April 14, 1984. Retrieved March 3, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Broadcasting Public Notice CRTC 2005-9". CRTC. Retrieved March 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ "CRTC: Spike TV can stay in Canada". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved March 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Spike to Launch in U.K. with 'Breaking Bad', 'Walking Dead', 'Sons of Anarchy'". Variety. Retrieved April 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Dutch launch for Spike in October". broadbandtvnews. Retrieved August 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ Robert Briel (November 1, 2016). "Spike goes 24/7 exclusively on Ziggo". BroadbandTVNews.com. Retrieved November 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Verschuiving zender Nickelodeon". Ziggo.nl. Archived from the original on November 24, 2016. Retrieved November 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Spike channel to launch in Australia via Fetch TV".
Jump up ^ "New Fetch TV box adds Spike, Presto". June 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Spike TV To Launch In Australia - CraveOnline". June 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Spike to launch on Fetch TV - 1 July 2016 - Mediaweek". www.mediaweek.com.au.
Jump up ^ "Viacom's Spike to launch in Hungary". Broadband TV News. November 8, 2016. Retrieved December 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Spike si accenderà al numero 49 del digitale terrestre il 22 ottobre - HDblog.it". altadefinizione.hdblog.it.
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Life Is Killing Me
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Life is Killing Me
Studio album by Type O Negative
Released
June 17, 2003
Recorded
Systems Two, Brooklyn, New York
Genre
Gothic metal
Length
74:30
Label
Roadrunner
Producer
Josh Silver; Peter Steele
Type O Negative chronology
The Least Worst Of
(2000)The Least Worst Of2000 Life is Killing Me
(2003) The Best of Type O Negative
(2006)The Best of Type O Negative2006
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source
Rating
AllMusic [1]
Chronicles of Chaos (8/10)[2]
Drowned in Sound (6/10)[3]
Life is Killing Me is the sixth album by Type O Negative. The title was originally going to be The Dream is Dead (which is the name of the last track on the album), but it was supposedly changed because it suggested that the band may finally be ending.[citation needed]
Contents
[hide]
1 Album content
2 Release
3 Recording
4 Use in other media
5 Track listing
5.1 Bonus CD
6 Credits
7 Charts
8 References
Album content[edit]
There are no "soundscape" tracks on Life is Killing Me, but there is a brief instrumental track titled "Drunk in Paris" as well as a soundscape that, while being part of the track "I Don't Wanna Be Me" is musically different. There are two tracks on the album about Steele's parents. "Todd's Ship Gods (Above All Things)" is named after the shipyard his father worked in,[citation needed] while "Nettie" is named after his mother.[citation needed] The band covers the song "Angry Inch" from the off-Broadway musical Hedwig and the Angry Inch. The album also contains a cover of the interstitial music from television's The Munsters, titled "Thir13teen". Track 11 of the album is titled "IYDKMIGTHTKY (Gimme That)". The acronym stands for "If You Don't Kill Me I'm Going To Have To Kill You", which is the most repeated phrase in the song, other than "Gimme That".[4]
The song "How Could She?" makes a large number of pop-culture references, in particular, female television characters, including: Wilma Flintstone, Marcia Brady, Alice Kramden, Gladys Kravitz, Laverne and Shirley, Jeannie, Morticia Addams, Aunt Esther, Sweet Polly Purebred, Natasha, Mrs. MacGillicuddy, Ginger, Mary Anne, Mrs. Howell, Samantha Stephens, Lieutenant Uhura, Judy Jetson, Olive Oyl, Ethel Mertz, Edith Bunker, Marilyn Munster, Rhoda, Penny Robinson, Chrissy Snow, Catwoman, Creepella, Weezie Jefferson, Betty Rubble, Little Cindy Who, Penelope Pitstop, Lois Lane, Vanna White, Wonder Woman, Elly May, Maude and Witchiepoo.
The inside spine under the CD tray has the message "Type O Negative is a non-prophet organization".
Release[edit]
The album was leaked onto the Internet before release, upsetting keyboard player Josh Silver to the point that he released a message online complaining that the leak essentially took revenue from the band.[citation needed].
Recording[edit]
Peter Steele, the bass guitarist/vocalist, used a custom Fernandes Tremor 4-string bass for the recording of the album, an instrument which was built to his exact specifications under his sponsorship with the company. Although Fernandes granted his design wishes regarding the exclusive electronics and hardware, the unique color of green mixed specifically for Steele was, in his words after he received two of the three duplicate bass guitars made for him, "completely wrong" compared to the shade of "Vinland Green" he had asked for and had described to the builders.
This is the last album by the band to make use of programmed drums, which had been previously used on the October Rust and World Coming Down albums. Studio drums reappeared on 2007's Dead Again.[5]
Use in other media[edit]
Meridian Dawn the European death metal/melodic death metal band recorded a version of "I Don't Wanna Be Me" in tribute to Steele for their debut 2014 release The Mixtape EP.[6][7]
The opening two seconds of "I Don't Wanna be Me" (Kenny's feedback on guitar, while the drums start up) are heard as a frequent sample in Grand Theft Auto IV on the Liberty Rock Radio Station.
The song "I Don't Wanna be Me" is the entrance theme song for the Irish professional wrestler 'Manic' Kevin McDermott.
"(We Were) Electrocute" was featured on the soundtrack to the 2003 horror film, Freddy vs. Jason.
Track listing[edit]
All songs written by Peter Steele, except where noted.
No.
Title
Length
1. "Thir13teen" (Jack Marshall) 1:07
2. "I Don't Wanna be Me" 5:08
3. "Less than Zero (<0)" 5:25
4. "Todd's Ship Gods (Above All Things)" 4:10
5. "I Like Goils" 2:35
6. "...A Dish Best Served Coldly" 7:13
7. "How Could She?" 7:35
8. "Life is Killing Me" 6:35
9. "Nettie" 4:46
10. "(We Were) Electrocute" 6:38
11. "IYDKMIGTHTKY (Gimme That)" 6:20
12. "Angry Inch" (Stephen Trask) 3:39
13. "Anesthesia" 6:41
14. "Drunk in Paris" 1:27
15. "The Dream is Dead" 5:07
Bonus CD[edit]
In Europe, the album was released with a bonus CD. This bonus CD complements The Least Worst Of.
No.
Title
Length
1. "Out of the Fire (Kane's Theme)" (James A. Johnston) 3:24
2. "Christian Woman (Butt-Kissing Sell-Out Version)" 4:27
3. "Suspended in Dusk" 8:39
4. "Blood & Fire (Out of the Ashes Mix)" 4:36
5. "Black Sabbath" (Ozzy Osbourne, Tony Iommi, Geezer Butler, Bill Ward) 7:47
6. "Cinnamon Girl (Extended Depression Mix)" (Neil Young) 3:53
7. "Haunted (Per Version)" 11:47
Credits[edit]
Peter Steele – lead vocals, bass guitar, additional guitar and keyboards
Josh Silver – keyboards, effects, backing vocals
Kenny Hickey – guitars, backing vocals, co-lead vocals on "...A Dish Best Served Coldly", "How Could She?", and "Angry Inch"
Johnny Kelly – drums
Charts[edit]
Year
Chart
Position
2003 The Billboard 200 39
Finland's Official List 5[8]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.allmusic.com/album/r645521
Jump up ^ "CoC : Type O Negative - Life Is Killing Me : Review". www.chroniclesofchaos.com. Retrieved June 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Album Review: Type O Negative - Life Is Killing Me". Retrieved June 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Gail Worley. "Peter Steele". Ink 19. Retrieved February 28, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Type O Negative Remember Dimebag Darrell On 'Positive' New LP". Retrieved June 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Mixtape EP". The Age Of Metal. 2014-03-24.
Jump up ^ "Meridian Dawn/The Mixtape/2014 EP Review". 2014-03-20.
Jump up ^ "Finnish TOP40 chart: Type O Negative - Life Is Killing Me" (in Finnish).
[hide]
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Type O Negative
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"Pictures of Matchstick Men" (with Ozzy Osbourne)
"Everything Dies"
"Santana Medley"
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"September Sun"
Related articles
Discography
Vinnland flag
Carnivore
Danzig
Seventh Void
Fallout
Life of Agony
Pist.On
A Pale Horse Named Death
Roadrunner United
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Life_Is_Killing_Me&oldid=787813816"
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text:
Renal glucose reabsorption
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Renal glucose reabsorption is the part of kidney (renal) physiology that deals with the retrieval of filtered glucose, preventing it from disappearing from the body through the urine.
If glucose is not reabsorbed by the kidney, it appears in the urine, in a condition known as glucosuria. This is associated with diabetes mellitus.[1]
Firstly, the glucose in the proximal tubule is co-transported with sodium ions into the proximal convoluted tubule walls via the SGLT2 cotransporter. Some (typically smaller) amino acids are also transported in this way. Once in the tubule wall, the glucose and amino acids diffuse directly into the blood capillaries along a concentration gradient. This blood is flowing, so the gradient is maintained. Lastly, sodium/potassium ion active transport pumps remove sodium from the tubule wall and the sodium is put back into the blood. This maintains a sodium concentration gradient in the proximal tubule lining, so the first step continues to happen.
Gliflozins such as canagliflozin inhibit renal glucose reabsorption,[2] and are used in diabetes mellitus to lower blood glucose.
Overview table[edit]
Characteristics of glucose reabsorption
Characteristic
Proximal tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting duct system
S1
S2
S3
Reabsorption (%)
98[3]
Beyond the distal convoluted tubule: 2%[3]
Reabsorption (mmol/day)
Concentration
Apical transport proteins
SGLT2[3]
SGLT1[3]
Basolateral transport proteins
GLUT2[3]
GLUT1[3]
Other reabsorption features
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Sect. 7, Ch. 6: Characteristics of Proximal Glucose Reabsorption
Jump up ^ Balis, Dainius A; Tong, Cindy; Meininger, Gary (July 2014). "Effect of canagliflozin, a sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, on measurement of serum 1,5-anhydroglucitol". J Diabetes. 6 (4): 378–380. doi:10.1111/1753-0407.12116.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Walter F., PhD. Boron. Medical Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch. Elsevier/Saunders. ISBN 1-4160-2328-3. Page 793
[hide]
v
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Renal function
Secretion
clearance
Pharmacokinetics
Clearance of medications
Urine flow rate
Reabsorption
Solvent drag
sodium
chloride
urea
glucose
oligopeptides
protein
Renal function
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Renal clearance ratio
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Kt/V
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Extraction ratio)
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Hormones
Antidiuretic hormone
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(Interstitial fluid
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Winter's formula
Buffering
Bicarbonate buffer system
Respiratory compensation
Renal compensation
Other
Fractional sodium excretion
BUN-to-creatinine ratio
Tubuloglomerular feedback
Natriuresis
Urine
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renal_glucose_reabsorption&oldid=752012417"
Categories:
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