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Graduated driver licensing
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Graduated driver licensing systems (GDLS) are designed to provide new drivers of motor vehicles with driving experience and skills gradually over time in low-risk environments. There are typically three steps or stages through which new drivers pass. They begin by acquiring a learner's permit, progress to a restricted, probationary or provisional license, followed by receipt of a full driver's license.[1]
Graduated drivers' licensing generally restricts nighttime, expressway, and unsupervised driving during initial stages, but lifts these restrictions with time and further testing of the individual, eventually concluding with the individual attaining a full driver's license.
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 Africa
2.1 South Africa
3 North America
3.1 United States
3.1.1 Alabama
3.2 Canada
3.2.1 Alberta
3.2.2 British Columbia
3.2.3 Ontario
4 Asia
4.1 Hong Kong
5 Europe
5.1 United Kingdom
6 Oceania
6.1 Australia
6.2 New Zealand
7 Graduated licensing and insurance
8 References
Overview[edit]
Acquiring a learner’s permit typically requires a minimum age and passing vision and knowledge (written) tests. These tests usually assess the participant's knowledge of road signs and how to deal with hypothetical situations (e.g. junctions) while on the road. Parental or guardian permission may be required if below a specified age. Those who hold a learner’s permit must generally drive under the supervision of a licensed driver that is aged 21 or above, not be affected by alcohol or other drugs, and there may be restrictions imposed on maximum speed that a learner driver can drive, the types of road that can be driven, and even on the use of mobile phones (cell phones). There may also be limits imposed on the number of passengers in the vehicle, and learner drivers may be required to be free of moving violations and at-fault accidents or crashes for a minimum period of time before moving to the next stage. In many jurisdictions a learner driver is required to display an L sign clearly on the vehicle to indicate to other road users that training and supervised driving is being undertaken. Learner drivers may also be required to complete a logbook of their driving experience, which must be certified or countersigned by a supervising driver or driver trainer.[2]
The transition for a learner license to an intermediate, provisional or probationary license typically requires a minimum age and usually requires the learner driver to pass an on-road driving test, although in some jurisdictions there may be alternative licensing paths offered involving a continuous process of competency based training and assessment under the guidance and instruction of an accredited driver trainer.
Those who receive an intermediate, provisional or probationary license may drive without supervision, although driving at certain times (typically after midnight until around sunrise) and driving with passengers in the vehicle may require the presence of a supervising driver who is fully licensed. Drivers typically must remain free of moving violations and at-fault accidents for a specified period of time. In some places, drivers with these licenses must have no alcohol or other drugs in their blood while they are driving, and may be restricted to certain maximum speeds and from using mobile phones. In some jurisdictions, an intermediate, provisional or probationary driver is required to display a P sign on the outside of the vehicle to indicate to other road users and police of their license status (and hence of restrictions that may apply).
Receipt of a full drivers license typically requires a specific minimum age, a minimum time period of driving experience, and may require the passing of a final road test of driving skills or the passing of a hazard perception test.
The first graduated driver licensing systems involving a learner licensing phase, an intermediate, provisional or probationary licensing phase, and full licensing were developed in Australia in the 1960s,[citation needed] but the advocacy of graduated driver licensing in North America is associated with Professor Patricia Waller, of the University of North Carolina Injury Prevention Research Center and later the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, commencing in the 1970s[citation needed].
North American graduated driver licensing systems emerged in the late 1980s and 1990s (and were heavily influenced by a revamped graduated licensing system introduced in New Zealand in the 1980s, itself based on Waller's writings)[citation needed], and have now been adopted in almost all US and Canadian jurisdictions. These systems place particular emphases on passenger restrictions and night time driving curfews for young drivers.
In contrast, the approach of European graduated driver licensing systems places much greater emphasis on the training experiences of learner drivers prior to solo driving, with a lesser focus on license restrictions at the intermediate, provisional or probationary licensing phase.[citation needed] Young drivers in European graduated driver licensing systems are typically older, as minimum licensing ages are older than most other countries. As well, most learner driver experience is obtained through professional driving instructors rather than through ad hoc supervision.[citation needed]
The Australian approaches to graduated driver licensing reflect and extend the thinking underpinning the North American and European approaches[citation needed], combining restrictions on young drivers with intensive training requirements but also adding significant enforcement (zero tolerance with regard to speeding, driving while impaired by alcohol or other drugs, and the use of mobile telephones by young drivers) and penalty components (particularly the suspension of a drivers license for offenses, the impounding of motor vehicles, and opportunities to attend traffic offender intervention programs as part of the penalty process).[citation needed] As in Europe, minimum licensing ages in Australian graduated driver licensing systems are older than in the North American graduated driver licensing systems, and most learner drivers in Australia also receive driver training from professional driving instructors as well as practice under informal driving supervision[citation needed]. Critical features of the Australian graduated driver licensing systems are the mandatory display of L and P plates on the front and back of vehicles driven by learner drivers and provisionally licensed drivers, and the compulsory carriage of a drivers license which facilitates police identification of young drivers and their vehicles.[citation needed]
Africa[edit]
South Africa[edit]
Main article: Driving licence in South Africa
In South Africa, a time-based graduated licensing system is used. To attain a full driving license, an individual must first attain a 'Learner's license'. The individual must be 16 to obtain a motor cycle learner's licence; 17 years old to be able to attain a learner's license to operate a 'light motor vehicle', and 18 years old to be able to attain a learner's license to operate a heavy duty motor vehicle. Once the learner's license is issued, the individual has two years to attain their full license. The K53 system is the correct standard. The K53 manuals may be located on the Arrive Alive website. It is recommended that learner drivers secure the assistance of a qualified, professional driving instructor.
There are three different categories of learner licenses:[citation needed]
Code 1: motorcycles with an engine capacity below 125cc
Code 2: motor vehicles (except motorcycles) with gross vehicle mass of 3 500 kilograms or less
Code 3: all vehicles (except motorcycles) with a gross vehicle mass exceeding 3500 kg, you will need to be 18 years of age or older
North America[edit]
United States[edit]
In the United States, transportation laws are the responsibility of the state governments. The federal government does, however, try to encourage graduated driver licensing through its National Priority Safety Programs fund. The National Transportation Safety Board reported in 2017 that zero dollars were expended on graduated driver licensing through this fund in 2016 (compared to more than $230 million for impaired driving campaigns).[3]
In 2011, the Safe Teen and Novice Driver Uniform Protection (STANDUP) Act (S. 528, H.R. 1515) was introduced in the US Senate on March 9 by Senator Kirsten Gillibrand (D-NY) and in the US House of Representatives on April 14 by Representatives Tim Bishop (D-NY) and Randy Hultgren (R-IL). This legislation would establish minimum federal requirements for state graduated licensing laws.[4]
Alabama[edit]
The State of Alabama uses an age-based graduated licensing system. A new driver over the age of 18 does not need to go through the graduated licensing process; they receive their full license after fulfilling requirements (tests and fees). A 15-year-old licensee must be accompanied by a licensed driver of 21 years of age or older. A 16-year-old licensee may be able to drive unsupervised with permission. However, between 12 am and 6 am, 16-year-olds need supervision unless performing necessary activities. Other states follow similar types of restrictions.[5]
Canada[edit]
In Canada, each province is responsible for the transportation laws. Most provinces not listed have a system that resembles one of the following graduated licensing programs.
Alberta[edit]
In Alberta, the GDL program is first employed when an individual acquires at Class 7 Learner's License and lasts a minimum of 3 years if the individual obtains their class 7 when 15 instead of 14 and earns a class 5 non-GDL license at the age of 18. The point of the GDL program is to impose certain restrictions on new drivers and to have them earn enough road experience before becoming fully licensed.
British Columbia[edit]
The Graduated Licensing Program (GLP) was introduced in British Columbia in 1998 and is based on driving experience. A driver who is at least 16 years old and has never driven before must first take a knowledge test and vision screening test to attain their Class 7L (Learners) permit. Upon achieving this, they must be supervised by a full licensed driver of at least 25 years of age when driving. After a minimum of one year, they can take a practical driver's exam (road test). Upon succeeding the driver's exam, they receive their Class 7 N (Novice) licence, which allows them to drive alone, but with several restrictions. After a minimum of two years of safe driving, they may take another practical driver’s exam (Class 5 road test), and upon passing, they become a full licensed Class 5 driver. No more Graduated Licensing restrictions, tests or "L & N" signs!
Novice drivers may even be able to take their Class 5 road test after only 18 months, if they’ve taken an ICBC approved (GLP) driver training course during the L stage and have met all other requirements (no at-fault accidents, tickets or driving prohibitions). By successfully completing this ICBC approved driving course, drivers are also eligible to receive two High School credits.
Drivers who have had experience driving outside the province must take the knowledge test and get their learner's permit, but they are allowed to upgrade their status to Novice after a minimum of one day. However, they must similarly wait a period of two years before attempting to gain their full licence. This can apply even if the applicant currently holds an unrestricted licence from another jurisdiction.
Ontario[edit]
In Ontario, the graduated licensing system is a time-based process. Once an individual turns 16, he/she is eligible to acquire a class G1 licence, which is the beginning stage. This is done by passing both a knowledge test as well as a vision test. The G1 licence is required by law to be held for 12 months unless he/she takes an approved Driver's Education course, by which the waiting time is dropped to 8 months. A holder of a G1 licence may drive only with a G level driver who has 4 years' experience, including time as a G2 driver and with a BAC of under .05 (the passenger driver). At the end of that period, he/she can take a G1 exit test which tests basic driving skills. Passing this grants him/her a G2 licence which enables him/her to drive alone with a limited number of passengers in the vehicle unless certain requirements are met. G2 licences are kept for 12 months and then he/she can take the G2 exit test, which tests highway driving as well as city driving skills. Passing this grants the Class G licence which is a full license. This can apply even if the applicant currently holds an unrestricted licence from another jurisdiction.
There are a few other graduated licensing systems in Ontario, including motorcycles (M1, M2, M) and since 2005, mopeds (for a non-class M license holder) (LM1, LM2).
Asia[edit]
Hong Kong[edit]
Hong Kong uses a graduated licensing system regardless of the driver's age. A new license of private cars(No.1), mini vans(No.2) and motorcycles(No.3) uses provisional license system called Probationary Driving Licence. While the others have extra requirements upon licensing.
However, drivers already having No.2 licenses for at least 3 years, with no less than two years of non-provisional driving license may be exempted from the probation or No.1 license (but not vice versa).
Driver on probation must comply with a 12-month minimum restricted period. They must comply the following rule while driving on the respected vehicles
Placing a proper white plate with red letter "P" in front and rear of the vehicle
The speed limit is 70 km/h or the road's speed limit, lower if applicable
Cannot drive on the overtaking lane on highways
Cannot carry passengers (for motorcyclists only)
Probation period will be extended for 6 months if mild driving regulations are violated, and the probation license voided for severe violation or 2 mild violation. This rule also applies while driving on vehicles not on probation.
For the licenses other than 1,2,3, the applicant must comply all of the requirements below upon application, which are:
Over the age of 21
Is a Hong Kong permanent resident, or not subjected to any condition of stay
Have been driven in Hong Kong or recognized area for 3 years for cars or mini vans, and should have no less than 2 years for non-provisional driving license
Have no designated traffic offence record for past 5 years
Are fulfilled with other extra requirements, if any.
Europe[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2013)
United Kingdom[edit]
In the United Kingdom, one may apply for a provisional driver's licence from the age of 15 years 9 months, provided one is a legal resident of Great Britain. There is no requirement to sit a theory test before applying for a licence. Residents in Northern Ireland must apply through a separate system. Those holding a provisional driver's licence are permitted to learn to drive a car from age 17, and 16 for a moped or light quad bike.[6]
Holders of a provisional licence must be supervised by someone who is over 21 and has held their licence for over 3 years. When a provisional licence holder is driving a car, they must display a red 'L' plate on the front and back of the car (or a 'D' plate in Wales). They may not drive on motorways.[7]
To progress to holding a full licence, a driver must pass a multiple choice theory test on the Highway Code and a video Hazard Perception Test.[8] Once they have passed these tests, the driver must take and pass a practical test.[9] There is no minimum hours requirement for learning to drive, nor a minimum time to hold a licence. Once a learner has passed their driving test, there is currently no probationary period.[7]
An optional scheme called Pass Plus is available in the UK for new drivers which is aimed at improving general driving skills. This requires driving in a range of conditions and on a variety of roads. It is not a legal requirement, but it can reduce insurance premiums for new drivers.[10]
Oceania[edit]
Australia[edit]
Main article: Driving licence in Australia
Graduated Driver Licensing (GDL) first commenced in Australia in the mid-1960s with New South Wales introducing provisional licences on 4 January 1966. Learner licences had been in use since 1952. The provisional phase was for 12 months and had 40 mph speed restriction. Today in all Australian states, newly licensed drivers are required by law to display P-plates for varying lengths of time. The P is usually a red or green letter on a white background or a white letter on a red or green background (Victoria & Western Australia only). In New South Wales and Victoria there are two classes of provisional licence, red P-plates are for the first year after passing the Learner test and then after passing a computerised test, they are green for two to three years. Western Australia requires six months of red P-plates, where provisional drivers are under a 12 am – 5 am curfew, and one and a half years of green P-plates.
On 1 July 2000, New South Wales introduced a three-stage Graduated Licensing Scheme (GLS).
Stage one is a learner licence with the requirement to complete 50 hours of supervised driving (increased to 120 hours 1 July 2007). Stage two is a one-year P1 probationary licence (with red P plates). Stage three is a three-year P2 probationary licence (with green P plates).
On 1 July 2010, Victoria introduced the Graduated Licensing Systems (GLS).
Stage one is a one-year P1 probationary licence (with red P plates). Stage two is a three-year P2 probationary licence (with green P plates). P1 drivers are prohibited from using a mobile phone of any kind. P1 drivers are banned from towing, except for work or when supervised. P1 drivers can carry no more than one passenger aged between 16 years of age and less than 22 years, unless the passengers are immediate family members. A good driving record will be necessary to progress to the next licence stage.
As of July 2007, newly issued Queensland drivers licences have new restrictions for those under 25. Learners must first log 100 hours of driving experience (of which 10 must be undertaken at night) before taking their practical driving examination. Learners can boost this experience by taking professional lessons which count for 3 times the hours, for up to 10 hours (or 30 logbook hours.) After a period of one year, provisional drivers must then pass a hazard-perception test to move from red to green P-Plates where previously only a 3-year duration was required. New restrictions also prevent any under-25, Queensland provisional licence-holder from carrying more than one passenger under the age of 21, who is not an immediate family member, between the hours of 11 pm and 5 am.
New Zealand[edit]
Main article: Driving licence in New Zealand
New Zealand has had a graduated driver licence system since 1987. The process of obtaining a full light vehicle driver licence in New Zealand is:[11]
Theory test at a minimum age of 16.
Learner licence: 6 months
Practical test at a minimum age of 16 years 6 months
Restricted licence: 12 months (with advanced driving course) or 18 months (without advanced driving course)
Practical test at a minimum age of 17 years 6 months or 18 years, depending on whether the driver passes an advanced driving course.
Graduated licensing and insurance[edit]
The automobile insurance industry generally supports graduated licensing. However, some youth rights advocates have accused insurance companies of charging premiums to new and young drivers in GDL jurisdictions that are not substantially less than premiums in non-GDL jurisdictions, even though graduated licensing supposedly reduces the risk of accidents.
This issue is generally restricted to jurisdictions with private auto insurance. Most state-run automobile insurance schemes do not discriminate on account of age or driving experience.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Teen and Novice Drivers". GHSA. July 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Bates, Lyndel; Watson, Barry; King, Mark (2010). "Required hours of practice for learner drivers: A comparison between two Australian jurisdictions". Journal of Safety Research. 41: 93–97. doi:10.1016/j.jsr.2010.02.006.
Jump up ^ National Transportation Safety Board. 2017. Reducing Speeding-Related Crashes Involving Passenger Vehicles. Safety Study NTSB/SS-17/01. Washington, DC. (Table 9, p. 51)
Jump up ^ "The STANDUP Act ~ S. 528/H.R. 1515". SafeRoads4Teens. 2009. Archived from the original on 18 May 2013. Retrieved 1 May 2013.
Jump up ^ National Safety Council. (2017) The State of Safety - A State-by-State Report. Itasca, IL. p. 19. accessed at: http://www.nsc.org/NSCDocuments_Advocacy/State-of-Safety/State-Report.pdf
Jump up ^ "Apply for your first provisional driving licence". gov.uk. UK Government. Retrieved 2014-09-05.
^ Jump up to: a b "Driving before you've got your full licence". Gov.uk. UK Government. Retrieved 2014-09-05.
Jump up ^ "Theory test for cars and motorcycles". Gov.uk. UK Government. Retrieved 2014-09-05.
Jump up ^ "The car practical driving test". Gov.uk. UK Government. Retrieved 2014-09-05.
Jump up ^ "Pass Plus". Gov.uk. UK Government. Retrieved 2014-09-05.
Jump up ^ "Car licence requirements". Retrieved 1 September 2017.
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text:
Pulmonary valve
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Pulmonary valve
Anterior (frontal) view of the opened heart. White arrows indicate normal blood flow.
Heart seen from above.
Details
Identifiers
Latin
valva trunci pulmonalis
MeSH
D011664
TA
A12.1.02.010
FMA
7246
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
The pulmonary valve (sometimes referred to as the pulmonic valve) is the semilunar valve of the heart that lies between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery and has three cusps. Similar to the aortic valve, the pulmonary valve opens in ventricular systole, when the pressure in the right ventricle rises above the pressure in the pulmonary artery. At the end of ventricular systole, when the pressure in the right ventricle falls rapidly, the pressure in the pulmonary artery will close the pulmonary valve.
The closure of the pulmonary valve contributes the P2 component of the second heart sound (S2). The right heart is a low-pressure system, so the P2 component of the second heart sound is usually softer than the A2 component of the second heart sound. However, it is physiologically normal in some young people to hear both components separated during inhalation.
Contents
[hide]
1 Description
2 Additional images
3 See also
4 External links
Description[edit]
At the apex of the infundibulum, the pulmonary orifice is guarded by three semilunar cusps - two in front and one behind, with free edges projecting upward into the lumen of pulmonary trunk. The free edge of each cusp presents a fibrous nodule of semilunar cusp at the centre with two lateral thin portions, the lunule of semilunar cusp. Each cusp forms pocket like dilatation called pulmonary sinus at initial portion of pulmonary trunk
Additional images[edit]
Interior of right side of heart.
Front of thorax, showing surface relations of bones, lungs (purple), pleura (blue), and heart (red outline). Heart valves are labeled with "B", "T", "A", and "P".
Pulmonary valves
Pulmonary valves
See also[edit]
Heart valve
External links[edit]
Media related to Pulmonary valve at Wikimedia Commons
Anatomy figure: 20:07-00 at Human Anatomy Online, SUNY Downstate Medical Center
Adult Congenital Surgery: Pulmonary Valve Replacement
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(venae cavae, coronary sinus) → right atrium (atrial appendage, fossa ovalis, limbus of fossa ovalis, crista terminalis, valve of inferior vena cava, valve of coronary sinus) → tricuspid valve → right ventricle (infundibulum, moderator band/septomarginal trabecula, crista supraventricularis), → pulmonary valve → (pulmonary artery and pulmonary circulation)
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epicardium/visceral layer
fold of left vena cava
Blood supply
Circulatory system
Coronary circulation
Coronary arteries
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AP Poll
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Inaugural AP polls
Div I/FBS football
1936
Div I/FCS football
1978
Div I men's basketball
1948–49
Div I women's basketball
1976–77
Current AP polls
FBS football
2017 season
FCS football
2017 season
Div I men's basketball
2017–18 season
Div I women's basketball
2017–18 season
The Associated Press (AP Poll) provides weekly rankings of the top 25 NCAA teams in one of three Division I college sports: football, men's basketball and women's basketball. The rankings are compiled by polling 65 sportswriters and broadcasters from across the nation.[1] Each voter provides his own ranking of the top 25 teams, and the individual rankings are then combined to produce the national ranking by giving a team 25 points for a first place vote, 24 for a second place vote, and so on down to 1 point for a twenty-fifth place vote. Ballots of the voting members in the AP Poll are made public.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 College football
1.1 History
1.2 No. 1 vs. No. 2
1.3 AP Poll inclusion in the BCS
1.4 Final AP football polls
1.5 Other media football polls
2 College basketball
2.1 Men's basketball
2.2 Women's basketball
3 NFL football
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
College football[edit]
The football poll is released Sundays at 2pm Eastern time during the football season, unless ranked teams have not finished their games.
History[edit]
The AP college football poll has a long history. The news media began running their own polls of sports writers to determine who was, by popular opinion, the best football team in the country at the end of the season. One of the earliest such polls was the AP College Football Poll, first run in 1934.[3] In 1935, AP sports editor Alan J. Gould declared a three way tie for national champion in football between Minnesota, Princeton, and Southern Methodist. Minnesota fans protested, and a number of Gould's colleagues led by Charles "Cy" Sherman suggested he create a poll of sports editors instead of only using his own list, and the next year the poll was born.[4] It has run continuously from 1936.[5]
Due to the long-standing historical ties between individual college football conferences and high-paying bowl games like the Rose Bowl and Orange Bowl, the NCAA had not held a tournament or championship game to determine the champion of what is now the highest division, NCAA Division I, Football Bowl Subdivision (the Division I, Football Championship Subdivision and lower divisions do hold championship tournaments). As a result, the public and the media began to acknowledge the leading vote-getter in the final AP Poll as the national champion for that season.
While the AP Poll currently lists the Top 25 teams in the nation, from 1936 to 1961 the wire service only ranked 20 teams. From 1962 to 1967 only 10 teams were recognized. From 1968 to 1988, the AP again resumed its Top 20 before expanding to the current 25 teams in 1989.
The AP began conducting a preseason poll starting in 1950.[6][7]
At the end of the 1947 season the AP released an unofficial post-bowl poll which differed from the regular season final poll.[8] Until the 1968 college football season, the final AP poll of the season was released following the end of the regular season, with the lone exception of the 1965 season. In 1964, Alabama was named the national champion in the final AP Poll following the completion of the regular season, but lost in the Orange Bowl to Texas, leaving Arkansas as the only undefeated, untied team after the Razorbacks defeated Nebraska in the Cotton Bowl Classic. In 1965, the AP's decision to wait to crown its champion paid handsomely, as top-ranked Michigan State lost to UCLA in the Rose Bowl, number two Arkansas lost to LSU in the Cotton Bowl Classic, and fourth-ranked Alabama defeated third-ranked Nebraska in the Orange Bowl, vaulting the Crimson Tide to the top of the AP's final poll (Michigan State was named national champion in the final UPI Coaches Poll, which did not conduct a post-bowl poll).
Beginning in the 1968 season, the post bowl game poll became permanent and the AP championship reflected the bowl game results. The UPI did not follow suit with the coaches' poll until the 1974 season.
No. 1 vs. No. 2[edit]
As of the completion of the 2015 season the number one ranked team has faced the number two ranked team 50 times since the inception of the AP Poll in 1936.[9] The number one team has a record of 28–20–2 against the number two team.[9]
No. 1 vs. No. 2 games
Light blue indicates bowl game
Season
No. 1
Result
No. 2
Site
Event
1943 Notre Dame 35–12 Michigan Michigan Stadium • Ann Arbor, MI 1943 Michigan–Notre Dame football rivalry game
1943 Notre Dame 14–13 Iowa Pre-Flight Notre Dame Stadium • Notre Dame, IN
1944 Army 23–7 Navy Baltimore Stadium • Baltimore, MD 1944 Army–Navy Game
1945 Army 48–0 Notre Dame Yankee Stadium • New York, NY 1945 Army–Notre Dame football rivalry game
1945 Army 32-13 Navy Philadelphia Municipal Stadium • Philadelphia, PA 1945 Army–Navy Game
1946 Army 0–0 Notre Dame Yankee Stadium • New York, NY 1946 Army vs. Notre Dame football game
1962 USC 42–37 Wisconsin Rose Bowl Stadium • Pasadena, CA 1963 Rose Bowl
1963 Oklahoma 7–28 Texas Cotton Bowl • Dallas, TX 1963 Red River Shootout game
1963 Texas 28–6 Navy Cotton Bowl • Dallas, TX 1964 Cotton Bowl Classic
1966 Notre Dame 10–10 Michigan State Spartan Stadium • East Lansing, MI 1966 Notre Dame vs. Michigan State football game
1968 Purdue 37–22 Notre Dame Notre Dame Stadium • Notre Dame, IN 1968 Shillelagh Trophy game
1968 Ohio State 27–16 USC Rose Bowl Stadium • Pasadena, CA 1969 Rose Bowl
1969 Texas 15–14 Arkansas Razorback Stadium • Fayetteville, AR 1969 Texas vs. Arkansas football game
1971 Nebraska 35–31 Oklahoma Oklahoma Memorial Stadium • Norman, OK 1971 Nebraska vs. Oklahoma football game
1971 Nebraska 38–6 Alabama Miami Orange Bowl • Miami, FL 1972 Orange Bowl
1978 Penn State 7–14 Alabama Louisiana Superdome • New Orleans, LA 1979 Sugar Bowl
1981 USC 28–24 Oklahoma Los Angeles Coliseum • Los Angeles
1982 Georgia 23–27 Penn State Louisiana Superdome • New Orleans, LA 1983 Sugar Bowl
1985 Iowa 12–10 Michigan Kinnick Stadium • Iowa City, IA
1986 Oklahoma 16–28 Miami Miami Orange Bowl • Miami, FL
1986 Miami 10–14 Penn State Sun Devil Stadium • Tempe, AZ 1987 Fiesta Bowl
1987 Nebraska 7–17 Oklahoma Memorial Stadium • Lincoln, NE 1987 Nebraska–Oklahoma football rivalry game
1987 Oklahoma 14–20 Miami Miami Orange Bowl • Miami, FL 1988 Orange Bowl
1988 Notre Dame 27–10 USC Los Angeles Coliseum • Los Angeles 1988 Jeweled Shillelagh game
1989 Notre Dame 24–19 Michigan Michigan Stadium • Ann Arbor, MI 1989 Michigan–Notre Dame football rivalry game
1991 Florida State 16–17 Miami Doak Campbell Stadium • Tallahassee, FL 1991 Miami vs. Florida State football game
1992 Miami 13–34 Alabama Louisiana Superdome • New Orleans, LA 1993 Sugar Bowl
1993 Florida State 24–31 Notre Dame Notre Dame Stadium • Notre Dame, IN 1993 Florida State vs. Notre Dame football game
1993 Florida State 18–16 Nebraska Miami Orange Bowl • Miami, FL 1994 Orange Bowl
1995 Nebraska 62–24 Florida Sun Devil Stadium • Tempe, AZ 1996 Fiesta Bowl
1996 Florida 21–24 Florida State Doak Campbell Stadium • Tallahassee, FL 1996 Florida–Florida State football rivalry game
1998 Tennessee 23–16 Florida State Sun Devil Stadium • Tempe, AZ 1999 Fiesta Bowl
1999 Florida State 46–29 Virginia Tech Louisiana Superdome • New Orleans, LA 2000 Sugar Bowl
2002 Miami 24–31 2OT Ohio State Sun Devil Stadium • Tempe, AZ 2003 Fiesta Bowl
2004 USC 55–19 Oklahoma Pro Player Stadium • Miami Gardens, FL 2005 Orange Bowl
2005 USC 38–41 Texas Rose Bowl Stadium • Pasadena, CA 2006 Rose Bowl
2006 Ohio State 24–7 Texas Darrell K Royal – Texas Memorial Stadium • Austin, TX
2006 Ohio State 42–39 Michigan Ohio Stadium • Columbus, OH 2006 Michigan vs. Ohio State football game
2006 Ohio State 14–41 Florida University of Phoenix Stadium • Glendale, AZ 2007 BCS National Championship Game
2007 Ohio State 24–38 LSU Louisiana Superdome • New Orleans, LA 2008 BCS National Championship Game
2008 Alabama 20–31 Florida Georgia Dome • Atlanta, GA 2008 SEC Championship Game
2008 Florida 24–14 Oklahoma Sun Life Stadium • Miami Gardens, FL 2009 BCS National Championship Game
2009 Florida 13–32 Alabama Georgia Dome • Atlanta, GA 2009 SEC Championship Game
2009 Alabama 37–21 Texas Rose Bowl Stadium • Pasadena, CA 2010 BCS National Championship Game
2010 Auburn 22–19 Oregon University of Phoenix Stadium • Glendale, AZ 2011 BCS National Championship Game
2011 LSU 9–6 OT Alabama Bryant–Denny Stadium • Tuscaloosa, AL 2011 LSU vs. Alabama football game
2011 LSU 0–21 Alabama Mercedes-Benz Superdome • New Orleans, LA 2012 BCS National Championship Game
2012 Notre Dame 14–42 Alabama Sun Life Stadium • Miami Gardens, FL 2013 BCS National Championship Game
2013 Florida State 34–31 Auburn Rose Bowl · Pasadena, CA 2014 BCS National Championship Game
2015 Clemson 40–45 Alabama University of Phoenix Stadium · Glendale, AZ 2016 College Football Playoff National Championship
AP Poll inclusion in the BCS[edit]
In 1997, the Bowl Championship Series (BCS) was developed to try to unify the poll results by picking two teams for a "real" national championship game. For the first several years the AP Poll factored in the determination of the BCS rankings, along with other factors including the Coaches Poll and computer-based polls. Because of a series of controversies surrounding the BCS, the AP demanded in December, 2004, that its poll no longer be used in the BCS rankings,[10] and so the 2004–2005 season was the last season that the AP Poll was used for this purpose.
In the 2003 season the BCS system broke down when the final BCS standings ranked the University of Southern California (USC) at No. 3 while the two human polls in the system had ranked USC at No. 1. As a result, USC did not play in the BCS' designated national championship game. After defeating another highly ranked team, Michigan, in its final game, the AP Poll kept USC at No. 1 while the Coaches Poll was contractually obligated to select the winner of the BCS game, Louisiana State University (LSU), as the No. 1 team. The resulting split national title was the very problem that the BCS was created to solve, and has been widely considered an embarrassment.[11]
In 2004, a new controversy erupted at the end of the season when Auburn and Utah, who both finished the regular season 12–0, were left out of the BCS title game in favor of Oklahoma who also was 12–0 and had won decisively over Colorado in the Big 12 Championship game. USC went on to a win easily over Oklahoma in the Orange Bowl while Auburn and Utah both won their bowl games, leaving three undefeated teams at the end of the season. Also, in that same year, Texas made up late ground on California (Cal) in the BCS standings and as a result grabbed a high-payout, at-large spot in the Rose Bowl. Previous to that poll, Cal had been ranked ahead of Texas in both human polls and the BCS poll. Going into their final game, the Golden Bears were made aware that while margin of victory did not affect computer rankings, it did affect human polls and just eight voters changing their vote could affect the final standings.[12] Both teams won their game that week, but the Texas coach, Mack Brown, had made a public effort to lobby for his team to be moved higher in the ranking. When the human polls were released, Texas remained behind Cal, but it had closed the gap enough so that the BCS poll (which determines placement) placed Texas above Cal, angering both Cal and its conference, the Pac-10.[13] The final poll positions had been unchanged with Cal at No. 4 AP, No. 4 coaches, and No. 6 computers polls and Texas at No. 6 AP, No. 5 coaches, and No. 4 computer polls.[13] The AP Poll voters were caught in the middle because their vote changes were automatically made public, while the votes of the Coaches poll were kept confidential. Although there had been a more substantial shift in the votes of the Coaches Poll, the only clear targets for the ire of fanatical fans were the voters in the AP Poll. While officials from both Cal and the Pac-10 called for the coaches' votes to be made public, the overtures were turned down and did little to solve the problem of AP voters. Cal went on to lose to Texas Tech in the Holiday Bowl. Texas defeated Michigan in the Rose Bowl.
Many members of the press who voted in the AP Poll were upset by the controversy and, at the behest of its members, the AP asked that its poll no longer be used in the BCS rankings. The 2004 season was the last season that the AP Poll was used in the BCS rankings, it was replaced in the BCS equation by the newly created Harris Interactive College Football Poll.[14]
Final AP football polls[edit]
Main article: AP National Championship Trophy
Other media football polls[edit]
The AP Poll is not the only college football poll. The other major poll is the Coaches Poll, which has been sponsored by several organizations: the United Press (1950–1957), the United Press International (1958–1990), USA Today (1991–present), CNN (1991–1996), and ESPN (1997–2005). Having two major polls has led to numerous "split" national titles, where the two polls disagreed on the No. 1 team. This has occurred on eleven different occasions (1954, 1957, 1965, 1970, 1973, 1974, 1978, 1990, 1991, 1997, 2003).
College basketball[edit]
In Division I men's and women's college basketball, the AP Poll is largely just a tool to compare schools throughout the season and spark debate, as it has no bearing on postseason play. Generally, all top 25 teams in the poll are invited to the men's and women's NCAA basketball tournament, also known as March Madness. The poll is usually released every Monday and voters' ballots are made public.[15]
Men's basketball[edit]
For rankings from the most recent season, see 2017–18 NCAA Division I men's basketball rankings § AP Poll.
The AP began compiling a ranking of the top 20 college men's basketball teams during the 1948–1949 season. It has issued this poll continuously since the 1950–1951 season. As of January 2018, UCLA and Duke are tied for the most appearances atop the rankings at 134 times.[16]
Women's basketball[edit]
For rankings from the most recent season, see 2017–18 NCAA Division I women's basketball rankings § AP Poll.
The women's basketball poll began during the 1976–1977 season, and was initially compiled by Mel Greenberg and published by The Philadelphia Inquirer. At first, it was a poll of coaches conducted via telephone, where coaches identified top teams and a list of the Top 20 team was produced. The initial list of coaches did not include Pat Summitt, who asked to join the group, not to improve her rankings, but because of the lack of media coverage, Summitt believed it would be a good way to stay on top of who the top teams were outside of her own schedule.[17] The contributors continued to be coaches until 1994, when the AP took over administration of the poll from Greenberg, and switched to a panel of writers.[18] In 1994, Tennessee started out as No. 1 in the polls with Connecticut at No. 4. After losses by the No. 2 and No. 3 teams, Tennessee and Connecticut were ranked No. 1 and No. 2, headed into a showdown, scheduled as a special event on Martin Luther King day, the only women's basketball game scheduled on that day. Because of the unusual circumstances, the decision was made to hold off the AP voting for one day, to ensure it would be after the game. Connecticut won the game, and moved into first place in the AP poll, published on Tuesday for the only time. (Connecticut went on to complete an undefeated season.)[19] Over the history of the poll, over 255 coaches have had a team represented in polls.[20]
NFL football[edit]
Beginning in 2012, the AP began issuing a weekly pro football ranking, the AP Pro32 rankings.[21]
See also[edit]
College football portal
2016 NCAA Division I FBS football rankings
Bowl Championship Series
Coaches' Poll
College football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS
Dickinson System
Game of the Century (college football)
Grantland Rice Award
Harris Interactive College Football Poll
List of college football teams by weekly appearances atop AP Poll
List of NCAA college football rankings
Mythical national championship
NAIA Coach's Poll
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Associated Press voters 2013 retrieved 2 January 2014 Archived 15 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "AP College Poll Voters [Football]". Associated Press. Archived from the original on February 25, 2009.
Jump up ^ "November 15, 1934 AP Football Poll". College Poll Archive – Historical College Football and Basketball Polls and Rankings. 1934-11-15. Archived from the original on November 10, 2014. Retrieved 2014-06-09.
Jump up ^ Halberstam, David. Breaking news: how the Associated Press has covered war, peace, and everything else. Princeton Architectural Press, 2007. p150-151
Jump up ^ "1936 Final Football Polls". College Poll Archive – Historical College Football and Basketball Polls and Rankings. Archived from the original on October 13, 2014. Retrieved 2014-06-09.
Jump up ^ Ellis, Zac (2013-08-17). "AP Poll: Alabama, Ohio State headline first preseason rankings". Campus Union - SI.com. Retrieved 2014-06-09.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ The official final AP poll, taken before the bowls, had Notre Dame No. 1 (107 first place votes) and Michigan No. 2 (25 first place votes). Michigan won the Rose Bowl 49–0 over USC while Notre Dame did not play in a bowl game. Detroit Free Press sports editor Lyall Smith arranged a post-bowl AP poll with only Michigan or Notre Dame as choices. Michigan won that poll 266–119. Kyrk, John. Natural Enemies. pp. 142–7. ISBN 1-58979-090-1.
^ Jump up to: a b AP No. 1 vs. No. 2 games. Associated Press, August 13, 2008
Jump up ^ AP Removes Its Poll From BCS, ncaasports.com, Dec. 22, 2004, Accessed June 6, 2006.
Jump up ^ Tim Layden, Embarrassing moments in College Football (#10), SportsIllustrated.com, Aug. 2, 2006 , Accessed Aug. 2, 2006.
Jump up ^ Kelly Whiteside = California bears burden of making point that it's BCS-worthy. USA TODAY, November 29, 2004
^ Jump up to: a b * "2004 BCS Standings, BCS Rankings" (PDF). The National Football Foundation and College Hall of Fame, Inc. Retrieved 2007-12-14.
Jump up ^ BCS Replaces AP Poll, ncaasports.com, July 12, 2005, Accessed June 6, 2006.
Jump up ^ "AP College Poll Voters [Men's Basketball]". College Poll Tracker.
Jump up ^ http://collegepollarchive.com/mbasketball/ap/app_total.cfm?sort=num1app&from=1949&to=#.WmS4BainHIU
Jump up ^ Greenberg, Mel. ""The stare" may have been Summitt's trademark, but it did not define her true personality". FullCourt.com. Retrieved 8 Nov 2012.
Jump up ^ "Mel Greenberg Class of 2004/2005 – Sports Writer". Philadelphia Jewish Sports Hall of Fame. Retrieved 1 Oct 2017.
Jump up ^ Mel Greenberg, Mel. "Guru's College Special: How A Previous NHL Lockout Enhanced WBB To UConn's Benefit". Womhoops Guru. Retrieved 8 Nov 2012.
Jump up ^ Greenberg, Mel. "Guru's College Report: Associated Press Preseason Poll Trivia". Womhoops Guru. Retrieved 8 Nov 2012.
Jump up ^ Wilner, Barry (31 July 2012). "Packers top first-ever AP Pro32 rankings". The Washington Times. Retrieved 31 July 2012.
External links[edit]
The Associated Press Top 25 College Football Poll at The Associated Press
The Associated Press Top 25 Men's College Basketball Poll at The Associated Press
Index AP Ballot Information by Voter and Team for Football/Men's Basketball
AP Football Poll voters
AP Men's Basketball Poll voters
Archive of all AP weekly polls for football and men's/women's basketball
List of all Final AP football Poll results and champions

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Rose Bowl Stadium

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Spartan Stadium (East Lansing)

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