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Congressional Record
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A page from the February 12, 1999, edition of the Congressional Record, published during the impeachment trial of former President Bill Clinton. Formal citation: 1999 Congressional Record, Vol. 145, Page S1457 .
A page from the June 14 to June 28, 1935, Congressional Record.
The Congressional Record is the official record of the proceedings and debates of the United States Congress, published by the United States Government Publishing Office and issued when Congress is in session. Indexes are issued approximately every two weeks. At the end of a session of Congress, the daily editions are compiled in bound volumes constituting the permanent edition. Statutory authorization for the Congressional Record is found in Chapter 9 of Title 44 of the United States Code.
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 History
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Overview[edit]
The Congressional Record consists of four sections: the House section, the Senate section, the Extensions of Remarks, and, since the 1940s, the Daily Digest. At the back of each daily issue is the Daily Digest, which summarizes the day's floor and committee activities and serves as a table of contents for each issue. The House and Senate sections contain proceedings for the separate chambers of Congress.
A section of the Congressional Record titled Extensions of Remarks contains speeches, tributes and other extraneous words that were not uttered during open proceedings of the full Senate or of the full House of Representatives. Witnesses in committee hearings are often asked to submit their complete testimony "for the record" and only deliver a summary of it in person. The full statement will then appear in a printed volume of the hearing identified as "Statements for the Record". In years past, this particular section of the Congressional Record was called the "Appendix".[1] While members of either body may insert material into Extensions of Remarks, Senators rarely do so. The overwhelming majority of what is found there is entered at the request of Members of the House of Representatives. From a legal standpoint, most materials in the Congressional Record are classified as secondary authority, as part of a statute's legislative history.[citation needed]
By custom and rules of each house, members also frequently "revise and extend" their remarks made on the floor before the debates are published in the Congressional Record. Therefore, for many years, speeches that were not delivered in Congress appeared in the Congressional Record, including in the sections purporting to be verbatim reports of debates.[2] In recent years, however, these revised remarks have been preceded by a "bullet" symbol or, more recently and currently, printed in a typeface discernibly different from that used to report words spoken by members.
The Congressional Record is publicly available for records before 1875 via the Library of Congress' American Memory Century of Lawmaking website[3] and since 1989 via Congress.gov (which replaced the THOMAS database in 2016).[4] For the time period in between, the records are not freely available online, but are commonly found in large library systems or college libraries.[5]
History[edit]
The Constitution, in Article I, Section 5, requires Congress to keep a journal of its proceedings, although the House and Senate Journals are separate publications from the Congressional Record, and include only a bare record of actions and votes, rather than verbatim texts of the debates.
The Congressional Record was first published in 1873. Prior to this, proceedings, roll calls, debates, and other records were recorded in The Debates and Proceedings in the Congress of the United States (1789–1824), the Register of Debates in Congress (1824–1837), or the Congressional Globe (1833–1873). A digital collection of these historical volumes is now available online via the Library of Congress.[3]
See also[edit]
Hansard, British parliamentary record
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Congressional Glossary". The Center on Congress Indiana University Bloomington. Retrieved July 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ Jenks, Paul; Hall, Will & Peake, Dan (December 15, 2005). "On the Floor, In Congress". CongressLine. GalleryWatch.com. Archived from the original on July 21, 2015. Retrieved July 17, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation". Library of Congress. May 1, 2003. Retrieved July 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "About the Congressional Record". Library of Congress. Retrieved July 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ "How to...find the Congressional Record". United States Senate. Retrieved July 17, 2015.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Congressional Record
Congressional Record via GPO's Federal Digital System (FDsys) from 1994 to present
Search Congressional Record from 1995 to present
Overview of the Congressional Record and Its Predecessor Publications: A Research Guide
Sessions of Congress and Corresponding Debate Record Volume Numbers
Find Congressional Record in a Depository Library
Sources for the Congressional Record: Free and Commercial for people with access to libraries
U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774-1875, containing the Annals of Congress, Register of Debates, Congressional Globe, and Congressional Record, hosted by the Library of Congress
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Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer
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This article is about the fictional character. For the song, see Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (song). For other uses, see Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (disambiguation).
Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer
Cover of one of the books of the Robert L. May story by Maxton Publishers, Inc.
First appearance
1939
Created by
Robert L. May
Voiced by
Billie Mae Richards (TV series, 1964–2010)
Kathleen Barr (movie)
Information
Nickname(s)
Rudolph in Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: The Movie: Red, Rudy, Rudy the Red nosed Reject, Neon-nose.
Species
Reindeer
Gender
Male
Title
The Red Nosed Reindeer
Family
Donner (father in 1964 film)
Mrs. Donner (mother in 1964 film)
Blitzen (father in 1998 film)
Mitzi (mother in 1998 film)
Rusty (brother in Holidaze: The Christmas That Almost Didn't Happen)
Arrow (cousin in 1998 film)
Comet, Cupid and Dasher (uncles in 1998 film)
Leroy, the Redneck Reindeer (cousin from the Joe Diffie song of the same name, on the album, Mr. Christmas)
Spouse(s)
Clarice (in 1964 film and 2001 film)/Zoey in Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: The Movie
Children
Robbie (son in the Robbie the Reindeer films)
Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer, popularly known as "Santa's ninth reindeer", is a fabled reindeer created by Robert Lewis May. Rudolph is usually depicted as the lead reindeer pulling Santa's sleigh on Christmas Eve, though he is a young buck who has only adolescent antlers and a glowing red nose. Though he receives scrutiny for it, the luminosity of his nose is so great that it illuminates the team's path through harsh winter weather.
Rudolph first appeared in a 1939 booklet written by Robert L. May and published by Montgomery Ward, the department store.[1][2][3]
The story is owned by The Rudolph Company, LP and has been adapted in numerous forms including a popular song, the iconic 1964 television special and sequels, and a feature film and sequel. Character Arts, LLC manages the licensing for the Rudolph Company, LP. In many countries, Rudolph has become a figure of Christmas folklore. 2014 marked the 75th anniversary of the character[4] and the 50th anniversary of the television special.[5] A series of postage stamps featuring Rudolph was issued by the United States Postal Service on November 6, 2014.[6][7]
Contents
[hide]
1 Publication history
2 The story
3 In media
3.1 Theatrical cartoon short (1948)
3.2 Song (1949)
3.3 Comic books (beginning in 1950)
3.4 Children's book (1958)
3.5 Stop-motion animation television special (1964) and sequels (1976–79)
3.6 Animated feature-length films
3.7 Other
4 Homages in media
4.1 Film
4.2 Games
4.3 Music
4.4 Television and webisodes
5 Relatives in different adaptations
5.1 Parents
5.2 Offspring
5.3 Siblings
5.4 Aunts, uncles, and cousins
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Publication history[edit]
Robert L. May created Rudolph in 1939 as an assignment for Chicago-based Montgomery Ward. The retailer had been buying and giving away coloring books for Christmas every year and it was decided that creating their own book would save money. May considered naming the reindeer "Rollo" or "Reginald" before deciding upon using the name "Rudolph."[8] In its first year of publication, Montgomery Ward distributed 2.4 million copies of Rudolph's story.[9] The story is written as a poem in anapestic tetrameter, the same meter as "A Visit from St. Nicholas" (also known as "'Twas the Night Before Christmas").[citation needed] Publication and reprint rights for the book Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer are controlled by Pearson PLC.[citation needed]
While May was pondering how best to craft a Christmas story about a reindeer, while staring out his office window in downtown Chicago, a thick fog from Lake Michigan blocked his view—giving him a flash of inspiration. "Suddenly I had it!" he recalled. "A nose! A bright red nose that would shine through fog like a spotlight."[10]
The cultural significance of a red nose has changed since the story's publication. In 1930's popular culture, a bright red nose was closely associated with chronic alcoholism and drunkards, so the story idea was initially rejected. May asked his illustrator friend at Montgomery Ward, Denver Gillen, to draw "cute reindeer", using zoo deer as models. The alert, bouncy character Gillen developed convinced management to support the idea.[11]
Maxton Books published the first mass-market edition of Rudolph in 1947[citation needed] and a sequel, Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer Shines Again, in 1954.[citation needed] In 1992, Applewood Books published Rudolph's Second Christmas, an unpublished sequel that Robert May wrote in 1947.[citation needed] In 2003, Penguin Books issued a reprint version of the original Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer with new artwork by Lisa Papp.[citation needed] Penguin also reprinted May's sequels, Rudolph Shines Again and Rudolph's Second Christmas (now retitled Rudolph to the Rescue).[12]
The story[edit]
The story chronicles the experiences of Rudolph, a youthful reindeer buck (male) who possesses an unusual luminous red nose. Mocked and excluded by his peers because of this trait, Rudolph proves himself one Christmas Eve with poor visibility due to inclement weather after Santa Claus catches sight of Rudolph's nose and asks Rudolph to lead his sleigh for the evening. Rudolph agrees, and is finally favored by his fellow reindeer for his heroism and accomplishment.
In media[edit]
Theatrical cartoon short (1948)[edit]
Main article: Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (1948 film)
Rudolph made his first screen appearance in 1948, in a cartoon short produced by Max Fleischer for the Jam Handy Corporation that was more faithful to May's original story than Marks' song, which had not yet been written.[13] It was reissued in 1951 with the song added.[13]
Song (1949)[edit]
Main article: Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (song)
May's brother-in-law, Johnny Marks, adapted the story of Rudolph into a song. Gene Autry's recording of the song hit No. 1 on the Billboard pop singles chart the week of Christmas 1949. Autry's recording sold 2.5 million copies the first year, eventually selling a total of 25 million, and it remained the second best-selling record of all time until the 1980s.[14]
Comic books (beginning in 1950)[edit]
DC Comics, then known as National Periodical Publications, published a series of 13 annuals titled Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer from 1950 to 1962.[15][16] Rube Grossman drew most of the 1950s stories.[17]
In 1972, DC Comics published a 14th edition in an extra-large format. Subsequently, they published six more in that format: Limited Collectors' Edition C-24, C-33, C-42, C-50[18] and All-New Collectors' Edition C-53, C-60.[19]
Additionally, one digest format edition was published as The Best of DC #4 (March–April 1980).[20] The 1970s Rudolph stories were written and drawn by Sheldon Mayer.[21][22]
Children's book (1958)[edit]
In 1958, Little Golden Books published an illustrated storybook, adapted by Barbara Shook Hazen and illustrated by Richard Scarry. The book, similar in story to the Max Fleischer cartoon short, is no longer in print,[citation needed] but a revised Little Golden Books version of the storybook was reissued in 1972.
Stop-motion animation television special (1964) and sequels (1976–79)[edit]
Main article: Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (TV special)
Young Rudolph (right) and Hermey the Elf as seen in the 1964 TV special.
Perhaps the most well-known version of all the Rudolph adaptations is the Rankin/Bass Productions version of 1964.[citation needed] Filmed in Japan, with all sound recordings done in Toronto, Canada, the show premièred on NBC. As the producers of the special only had the song as source material and did not have a copy of the original book, they interpolated an original story around the central narrative of the song, one that differed from the book. This re-telling chronicles Rudolph's social rejection among his peers and his decision to run away from home. Rudolph is accompanied by a similarly outcast elf named Hermey, who skipped elf practice to become a dentist, along with a loud, boisterous, eager prospector named Yukon Cornelius who was in search of wealth. Additional original characters include Rudolph's love interest, Clarice; the antagonistic "Abominable Snow Monster"; and, as narrator, the living Sam the Snowman, voiced by Burl Ives.
In the 1964 stop-motion movie, Rudolph is born to Donner the Reindeer and Donner's wife. He is discovered by Santa to have a shiny, glowing red nose. Donner, regardless of Rudolph's defect, trains him to be a normal reindeer with skills such as gathering food and hiding from the "Abominable Snow Monster", a giant, furry white beast. To hide Rudolph's nose, Donner puts dirt on it to cover it with a black coating. This causes Rudolph to talk in a funny accent, as told by the Rudolph's peers. A short time later, Rudolph joins his peers at the Reindeer Games, where he meets Fireball, who is initially friendly and has a shock of strawberry blond hair on his head, and Clarice, a female spectator who takes a liking to Rudolph. Clarice's flirtation inspires Rudolph to perform better than all of his peers at flying, but in his excitement he knocks the black cover off his nose, revealing a red glow that causes Fireball and the others to turn against him; this distraction, in turn, prompts the coach (Comet) to ban Rudolph from the Reindeer Games. Clarice remains loyal to him, only to be ordered by her father not to shame the family by associating with "a red-nosed reindeer."
Rudolph soon runs into Hermey, an elf who was forced out of his job at the North Pole's toy factory; Hermey showed a total lack of interest in the toymaking and singing aspects of being an elf and instead wanted to pursue dentistry. They come to the conclusion that they're both misfits and decide to run away together. On their aimless journey, they run into Yukon Cornelius, the self-described "greatest prospector of the North" who nevertheless seems to never find any silver or gold, and attempt to stay away from the Bumble, a huge abominable snow monster. Their journey leads them to the Island of Misfit Toys, where sentient but unorthodox toys go when they are abandoned by their owners. King Moonracer, the winged lion that lords over the Island, refuses to let them stay there permanently, instead telling the trio to return home and tell Santa Claus of the toys' plight, in exchange for one night's stay on the island. Rudolph refuses the offer and, fearing for his friends' life, runs off alone.
A now older Rudolph, still unable to find a place in the world, returns home to the North Pole, only to find that his family and Clarice had left to look for him and are now about to be eaten by the Bumble. With the help of Hermey and Yukon (who arrived separately), they lure the Bumble away and pacify him by knocking him unconscious and allowing Hermey (with dental skills he has acquired by reading books) to remove his sharp teeth. Everyone eventually returns to Santa's workshop, where a dismayed Santa Claus breaks the bad news that the weather is too bad to take the sleigh out and that Christmas would be canceled. Santa changes his mind when he notices Rudolph's red nose and asks Rudolph to lead the sleigh team, which he happily accepts.
After the story's initial broadcast, its closing credits were revised. Images of wrapped presents being dropped from Santa's sleigh were replaced by a scene in which Santa stops to pick up the Misfit Toys and delivers them to the homes of children below, where they were found by children who loved them. The changes were prompted by viewer feedback pleading for a happy ending for each toy. The special now airs annually on CBS, rather than NBC, and is hailed as a classic by many. The special's original assortment of characters have acquired iconic status, and an uncertainty surrounding an error in the special's copyright has allowed the special to be widely parodied and imitated in the decades since its original airing.
The sequel Rudolph's Shiny New Year (premier air date December 10, 1976) continued the reindeer's journeys, and the series was made into a trilogy with the 1979 feature-length film Christmas in July, which integrated the Rudolph universe into that of Rankin/Bass's adaptation of Frosty the Snowman.
Animated feature-length films[edit]
Main article: Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: The Movie
Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: The Movie (1998) is an animated feature film. It received only a limited theatrical release before debuting on home video. Its inclusion of a villain, a love interest, a sidekick, and a strong protector are more derivative of the Rankin/Bass adaptation of the story than the original tale and song (the characters of Stormella, Zoey, Arrow, Slyly, and Leonard parallel the Rankin/Bass characters of the Bumble, Clarice, Fireball, Hermey, and Yukon, respectively). The movie amplifies the early backstory of Rudolph's harassment by his schoolmates (primarily his cousin Arrow) during his formative years.
Main article: Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer and the Island of Misfit Toys
GoodTimes Entertainment, the producers of Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: The Movie, brought back most of the same production team for a CGI animated sequel, Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer and the Island of Misfit Toys (2001). Unlike the previous film, the sequel featured the original characters from the Rankin/Bass special (as GoodTimes soon learned that Rankin/Bass had made a copyright error that made the characters unique to their special free to use).
Role
Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: The Movie
(1998)
Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer:
The Island of Misfit Toys
(2001)
Director
William R. Kowalchuk
Producer
Writer
Michael Aschner
Composer
Al Kasha and Michael Lloyd Bruce Roberts and Diana B
Editor
Tom Hok Lennie Nelson
Production Companies
GoodTimes Entertainment
Golden Books Family Entertainment
Tundra Productions
Distributor
Legacy Releasing GoodTimes Entertainment
Running Time
80 minutes 74 minutes
Release Date
October 6, 1998 October 30, 2001
Other[edit]
A live-action version of Rudolph (complete with glowing nose) along with Donner and Blitzen appears in the Doctor Who Christmas special, "Last Christmas" which was broadcast on BBC One on 25 December 2014.[23] In this special, Santa is able to park him like a car and turn off his nose.
Nathaniel Dominy, an anthropology professor at Dartmouth College (Robert L. May's alma mater), published a scholarly paper on Rudolph's red nose in the open access online journal Frontiers for Young Minds in 2015. In the paper, Dominy noted that reindeer eyes can perceive shorter wavelengths of light than humans, allowing them to see ultraviolet light; ultraviolet light, however, is much more easily scattered in fog, which would blind reindeer. Thus, Rudolph's red nose, emitting longer-wavelength red light, would penetrate the fog more easily. A summary of Dominy's findings was released in an Associated Press article on December 22.[24]
Homages in media[edit]
This article appears to contain trivial, minor, or unrelated references to popular culture. Please reorganize this content to explain the subject's impact on popular culture rather than simply listing appearances; add references to reliable sources if possible. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2017)
Film[edit]
In the film remake of Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000), The Grinch disguises his dog, Max, as Rudolph for his plan to disguise himself as Santa Claus and steal everything in each house in Whoville, to stop Christmas from coming. He also changes Rudolph's story saying, he hates Christmas and is gonna steal it. He then yells "Action!" through a megaphone. But Max takes off the fake red nose the Grinch had put on him.
In the film Fred Claus (2007), Rudolph is mentioned and briefly seen, although his red nose is not glowing. Fred (Vince Vaughn) is filling in for his injured brother Nick (Paul Giamatti) delivering the toys on Christmas Eve. While en route, he crashes the sleigh through a billboard advertisement for Pepsi Cola featuring Santa Claus and tells Rudolph to "shake it off". There are quick edits of Fred flying through the night making his deliveries. Willie the elf says, "Fred, I have a bad feeling about this", followed by a shot of the full moon. The sleigh zips by and turns to go head on into the camera. Here, you can see Rudolph leading the pack. In slow motion, you can clearly count nine reindeer.
Games[edit]
Rudolph is mentioned in the video game Army of Two (2008) during a tutorial video about the use of the game's Aggro feature.
In Guild Wars Nightfall (2006), player characters are accompanied by a reindeer named Rudy whose nose begins to glow red when coming into range of presents that the player is tasked to find in a holiday themed quest.
Music[edit]
Rudolph is mentioned in the Beach Boys' song "Little Saint Nick" (1963) in the following lyric: "Now haulin' through the snow at a frightening speed with a half a dozen deer with Rudy to lead."[25]
"Run Rudolph Run" (1958) is a Christmas song popularized by Chuck Berry and written by Johnny Marks and Marvin Brodie and published by St. Nicholas Music (ASCAP). The song was released as a single on Chess Records (label no. 1714) and has since been covered by numerous other artists, sometimes under the title "Run, Run, Rudolph". The song is a 12-bar blues and has a clear musical parallel to Chuck Berry's popular and recognizable song, "Johnny B. Goode" (1958);[citation needed] it is also melodically identical to Berry's "Little Queenie" (1959).[citation needed]
In Ray Stevens' novelty song "Santa Claus Is Watching You" (1962), Rudolph is replaced on Santa's team by "Clyde the Camel", a character from Steven's earlier hit, "Ahab the Arab". In the original version, aimed at children in a similar fashion to "Santa Claus Is Coming to Town", Rudolph was said to be recuperating from an injury sustained during "a twist contest"; a later version, warning a lover away from infidelity because Santa is watching, has Rudolph on a "stakeout at (the lover's) house".
Television and webisodes[edit]
In the Doctor Who promotional mini-webisode, "Songtaran Carols" (2012), the Sontaran warrior-nurse-detective, Strax, stated: "Rudolph the red-nosed reindeer, had a very shiny nose. It proved to be a tactical disadvantage, because it enabled me to punch him in the dark."
Rudolph along with Donner and Blitzen appear in the Doctor Who Christmas special, Last Christmas.
The anime and manga series One Piece has a main character called Tony Tony Chopper, a shapeshifter born on Christmas Eve, who was often discriminated against because of his blue nose. However his background and story is otherwise very different.
MadTV featured Rudolph in a parody of the 1964 Rankin-Bass special called Raging Rudolph. Rudolph is beaten up for his red nose, and decides to get revenge on Santa Claus with Hermie the Elf by hiring Yukon Cornelius (a hitman in the special) to kill and decapitate Santa. Rudolph then takes over the North Pole. A sequel to the skit, The Reinfather, shows Rudolph exacting revenge for his hitman's death in a nod to The Godfather.
Relatives in different adaptations[edit]
Main article: Santa Claus's reindeer § Additional reindeer
Parents[edit]
Robert L. May's original book does not name Rudolph's parents.
The animated specials produced by both Rankin/Bass and GoodTimes Entertainment have given Rudolph different sets of parents:
In Rankin/Bass's holiday special, he is Donner's son, and his mother is a tan doe who is called Mrs. Donner.
In GoodTimes' retelling, Rudolph's father is Blitzen, and his mother is named Mitzi.
Offspring[edit]
Three BBC animations carry on the legend by introducing Rudolph's son, Robbie the Reindeer. However, Rudolph is never directly mentioned by name (references are replaced by the first and second films' villain Blitzen interrupting with the phrase, "Don't say that name!", or something similar, presumably for copyright reasons.)
Siblings[edit]
Rudolph is also given a younger brother, Rusty Reindeer, in the American special, Holidaze: The Christmas That Almost Didn't Happen (2006). Unlike in the "Robbie the Reindeer" cartoons, Rudolph's name is mentioned in the film.
Michael Fry and T. Lewis have given Rudolph another brother in a series of Over the Hedge comic strips: an overweight, emotionally damaged reindeer named Ralph, the Infra-Red nosed Reindeer, who is referred to as Rudolph's older brother. Ralph's red nose is good for defrosting Santa's sleigh and warming up toast and waffles; he enviously complains about his brother Rudolph's publicity and his own anonymity.
Aunts, uncles, and cousins[edit]
Rudolph has a cousin, Leroy, in Joe Diffie's 1995 song, "Leroy the Redneck Reindeer" (1995), which tells the story of Leroy's joining the sleigh team to substitute for Rudolph, who was ill.
In GoodTimes' retelling, three of Santa's reindeer (Dasher, Comet, and Cupid) are his uncles, and Cupid's son Arrow is Rudolph's cousin and rival.
See also[edit]
Holidays portal
Santa Claus
Santa Claus's reindeer
Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer video game
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Mikkelson, Barbara; Mikkelson, David P. (December 19, 2010). "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer". Urban Legends Reference Pages. Snopes.com. Archived from the original on December 3, 2011. Retrieved December 2, 2011.
Jump up ^ Ramer, Holly; Talbot, Toby (photo) (December 23, 2011). "Scrapbook tells how Rudolph went down in history". Hanover, NH: Associated Press. Retrieved December 23, 2011.
Jump up ^ Kim, Wook (December 17, 2012). "Yule Laugh, Yule Cry: 10 Things You Didn't Know About Beloved Holiday Songs". Time. Archived from the original on December 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ Parrella, Andrew (December 18, 2014). "From The Archives: Rudolph Turns 75". New Hampshire Public Radio. Archived from the original on December 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer celebrates 50th anniversary". CBS News. December 9, 2014. Archived from the original on December 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Rudolph all red-nosed over stamp of approval". United States Postal Service. November 6, 2014. Archived from the original on December 24, 2014. Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer, the nation’s longest-running and highest-rated Christmas television special 'went down in history' to receive its stamp of approval today. The set of four Limited Edition Forever stamps depicting Rudolph, Hermey, Santa and Bumble were created from still television frames from the special which premiered 50 years ago in 1964.
Jump up ^ http://www.altogetherchristmas.com/traditions/rudolph.html
Jump up ^ "Old Fashioned Christmas". University Place/Wisconsin Historical Society. December 12, 2010. 0:28 minutes in. Wisconsin Public Television.
Jump up ^ Moreau, Jennifer (December 24, 2010). "Rudolph's Burnaby roots". Burnaby Now. p. A11.
Jump up ^ Powell, J. Mark. "The Jewish man who created a Christmas classic". Washington Examiner. Retrieved 2017-12-20.
Jump up ^ Chow, Wanda (December 2010). "How Rudolph the reindeer came to be". Burnaby Now: A3.
Jump up ^ https://www.abebooks.com/servlet/BookDetailsPL?bi=3289176038&tab=1&searchurl=
^ Jump up to: a b "Library of Congress Unveils Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer Restoration". Animation World Network. December 18, 2014. Retrieved December 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ Jackson, Kenneth T. Jackson; Markoe, Karen; Markoe, Arnie (1998). The Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives. Simon and Schuster. p. 28.
Jump up ^ Irvine, Alex (2010). "1950s". In Dolan, Hannah. DC Comics Year By Year A Visual Chronicle. London, United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-7566-6742-9. DC began an annual tradition of producing a Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer Christmas special. Following the success of the famous song (released in 1949), DC licensed the character and put Rudolph at the center of a series of lighthearted adventures...The Christmas Special would continue until 1962, and then return from 1972–1977.
Jump up ^ Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer at the Grand Comics Database and Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer Annual at the Grand Comics Database
Jump up ^ Markstein, Don. "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer". Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on December 4, 2011. Retrieved December 4, 2011.
Jump up ^ Limited Collectors' Edition #C-20, #C-24, #C-33, #C-42, and #C-50 at the Grand Comics Database
Jump up ^ All-New Collectors' Edition #C-53 and #C-60 at the Grand Comics Database
Jump up ^ "The Best of DC #4". Grand Comics Database. 1980.
Jump up ^ Markstein, Don (2006). "Sheldon Mayer". Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on December 3, 2011. Retrieved December 3, 2011. [Mayer] also worked on several tabloid-formatted comic books for DC in the mid-1970s, including the company's first use of Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer since the early 60s.
Jump up ^ Arnold, Mark (December 2012). "You Know Dasher and Dancer: Rudolph The Red-Nosed Reindeer". Back Issue!. TwoMorrows Publishing (61): 7–10.
Jump up ^ "Doctor Who". BBC. December 12, 2014. Archived from the original on December 21, 2014. Retrieved December 16, 2014. In the North Pole the Doctor and Clara are joined by a familiar figure… and his reindeer!
Jump up ^ Ramer, Holly (December 22, 2015). "Rudolph's shiny red nose may be tied to eyes that glow blue". Associated Press. Retrieved December 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ ""Little Saint Nick" Lyrics". Lyricsfreak.com. n.d. Archived from the original on December 10, 2014.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer.
Manuscript of the Montgomery Ward book
Official Licensor for Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer
Official CBS website for Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer
Rudolph The Red Nosed Reindeer (1948)
Rudolph The Red Nosed Reindeer (1948) Full Film (public domain footage)
Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer on IMDb
Rudolph The Red-Nosed Reindeer (Jam Handy) at The Big Cartoon DataBase
Rudolph The Red-Nosed Reindeer (Rankin/Bass) at The Big Cartoon DataBase
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Proclamation of the abolition of the monarchy
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Proclamation of the abolition of the monarchy, high-relief bronze by Léopold Morice, Monument of the Republic, Place de la République, Paris, 1883
During the French Revolution, the proclamation of the abolition of the monarchy (French: Proclamation de l'abolition de la royauté) was a proclamation by the National Convention of France announcing that it had abolished the French monarchy on 21 September 1792.
Contents
[hide]
1 Prelude
2 Proposition for abolition
3 End of an era
4 References
5 External links
Prelude[edit]
The Convention's députés were instructed to put an end to the crisis that had broken out since the prevented flight to Varennes of Louis XVI (June 1791) and the bloody capture of the Tuileries (10 August 1792). Their middle-class origin and their political activity meant that most of them bore no sympathy for the monarchy, and the victory at the battle of Valmy on 20 September (the revolution's first military success) occurred on the same day as their meeting, thus confirming their convictions.
Proposition for abolition[edit]
When the député for Paris, Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois, proposed abolition he met with little resistance; at most, Claude Basire, friend of Georges Jacques Danton, tried to temper the enthusiasm, recommending a discussion before any decision. However, abbé Henri Grégoire, constitutional bishop of Blois, replied strongly to any suggestion of discussion:
“ What need do we have of discussion when everyone is in agreement? Kings are as much monsters in the moral order as in the physical order. The Courts are a workshop for crime, the foyer for corruption and the den of tyrants. The history of kings is the martyrology of nations! ”
Jean-François Ducos supported him in affirming that any discussion would be useless "after the lights spread by 10 August". The summary argument served as a debate and the decision taken was unanimous, giving birth to the First French Republic.
End of an era[edit]
In the wake of the proclamation, efforts grew to eliminate the vestiges of the ancien regime.[1] As the date of the Republic's first anniversary approached, the Convention passed a set of laws replacing many familiar ancien systems of order and measurement, including the old Christian calendar.[2] This dramatic change was powerful encouragement to the growing wave of anticlericalism which sought a dechristianisation of France.[1] The new French Republican Calendar discarded all Christian reference points and calculated time from the Republic's first full day after the monarchy, 22 September 1792, the first day of Year One.[2]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Doyle, William (1990). The Oxford History of the French Revolution (2 ed.). Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. p. 206. ISBN 9780199252985.
^ Jump up to: a b Doyle, p. 194.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
:fr:Procès-verbal de la proclamation de l’abolition de la royauté
(in French) L'abolition de la royauté Source : "Journal officiel de la Convention Nationale", 1792–1793.
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text:
The Final Countdown (film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Final Countdown
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Don Taylor
Produced by
Peter Vincent Douglas
Written by
Thomas Hunter
Peter Powell
David Ambrose
Gerry Davis
Starring
Kirk Douglas
Martin Sheen
Katharine Ross
James Farentino
Ron O'Neal
Charles Durning
Music by
John Scott
Cinematography
Victor J. Kemper
Edited by
Robert K. Lambert
Production
company
Optical House Inc.
Distributed by
United Artists
Release date
August 1, 1980 (1980-08-01)
Running time
103 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$12 million
Box office
$16,647,800
The Final Countdown is a 1980 alternate history science fiction film about a modern aircraft carrier that travels through time to the day before the 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor. Produced by Peter Vincent Douglas and directed by Don Taylor, the film stars Kirk Douglas, Martin Sheen, James Farentino, Katharine Ross and Charles Durning. This was Taylor's final film.
Produced with the full cooperation of the United States Navy, set and filmed on board the real-life USS Nimitz supercarrier, The Final Countdown was a moderate success at the box office.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Aircraft appearing in the production
4 Reception
5 Awards
6 Release
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
10 Sources
11 External links
Plot[edit]
In 1980, USS Nimitz takes on a civilian observer Warren Lasky (Martin Sheen), on the orders of his reclusive employer, Mr. Tideman, whose company designed and built the ship, as it departs Pearl Harbor for training in the Pacific.
Once at sea, Nimitz encounters a strange storm-like vortex, which disappears after the ship passes through it. Initially unsure of what has happened, and having lost radio contact with Pacific Fleet Command, Captain Matthew Yelland (Kirk Douglas) orders General Quarters and, fearing the possibility of a nuclear strike on Hawaii, launches an RF-8 Crusader reconnaissance aircraft, which returns with photographs of the intact 1941 U.S. Pacific battleship fleet at Pearl Harbor.[Note 1]
When a surface contact is spotted on the radar, Captain Yelland launches the ready alert, two Grumman F-14 Tomcat fighter jets, to intercept. The patrol eventually witness a civilian yacht being attacked and destroyed by two Japanese Mitsubishi A6M “Zero” fighters, killing three of the crewmembers. Nimitz rescues the yacht’s remaining survivors: the fictional US Senator Samuel Chapman (Charles Durning), his secretary Laurel Scott (Katharine Ross), her dog, Charlie and one of the Zero pilots. The CAG (Commander, Air Group) of Nimitz, Commander Owens (James Farentino), an amateur historian, recognizes Samuel Chapman as a politician who could have been Franklin D. Roosevelt's running mate (and his potential successor) during his final re-election bid except for the fact that he disappeared shortly before the fateful attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941.
After a Grumman E-2 Hawkeye discovers the Japanese fleet poised to attack Pearl Harbor, Nimitz crew eventually realize that they have been transported back in time to December 6, one day before the attack. Captain Yelland has to decide whether to destroy the Japanese fleet and alter the course of history, or to stand by and allow history to proceed as "normal". The civilians and the Zero pilot are kept isolated, but while being questioned, the Japanese pilot grabs a weapon, kills his guards and holds the other survivors, the CAG, and Lasky as hostages, threatening to kill them unless he is given access to a radio so he can warn his commanding officers about Nimitz, which is far more powerful than anything in the Japanese fleet. The Japanese pilot is eventually overcome and Laurel and Commander Owens become attracted to each other.
The senator is outraged to learn that Captain Yelland knows of the impending Japanese attack but has not told anyone else and demands to be taken to Pearl Harbor to warn naval authorities there—but Yelland instead orders Owens to drop the civilians and sufficient supplies for them off via helicopter on an isolated Hawaiian island, assuming they will eventually be rescued. When they arrive, Chapman realizes he has been tricked and tries to hijack the chopper and force the pilot to fly to Pearl Harbor, but instead causes an explosion that destroys the craft, stranding Laurel and Owens on the island. Nimitz launches a massive strike force against the incoming Japanese forces, but before they can reach the enemy armada, the time storm returns. After a futile attempt to outrun the storm, Yelland recalls the strike force, and the ship and the aircraft return to 1980 safely. Upon the return of Nimitz to Pearl Harbor, the Pacific Fleet admirals board the ship to investigate Nimitz's bizarre disappearance. Meanwhile, Lasky and Laurel’s dog Charlie, upon leaving the ship, finally encounter the mysterious "Mr. Tideman" face-to-face, who is revealed to be a much older Commander Owens, along with his wife, Laurel.
Cast[edit]
Kirk Douglas as Capt. Matthew Yelland (4th from left).
As appearing in The Final Countdown (main roles and screen credits identified):[2]
Kirk Douglas as Capt. Matthew Yelland, Commanding Officer, USS Nimitz
Martin Sheen as Warren Lasky
Katharine Ross as Laurel Scott
James Farentino as Cmdr. Richard T. "Dick" Owens, Commander of Carrier Air Wing 8 / Richard Tideman, head of Tideman Industries
Ron O'Neal as Cmdr. Dan Thurman, Executive Officer, USS Nimitz
Charles Durning as Senator Samuel S. Chapman
Victor Mohica as Black Cloud, USS Nimitz weather officer
James Coleman (credited as James C. Lawrence) as Lt. Perry
Soon-Tek Oh (credited as Soon-Teck Oh) as IJN pilot Shimura
Joe Lowry as Cmdr. Damon
Alvin Ing as Lt. Kajima
Mark Thomas as Marine Cpl. Kullman
Harold Bergman as Bellman
Dan Fitzgerald as Navy doctor
Lloyd Kaufman as Lt. Cmdr. Kaufman
Production[edit]
Filming on the flight deck of the Nimitz.
Kirk Douglas's son, Peter, as producer, was the driving force behind The Final Countdown.[3] With a limited budget but with a promising script, he was able to attract interest from the U.S. Navy. After seeing a script, officials from the Department of Defense offered full cooperation, but insisted that for safety and to maintain operational readiness, the film schedules would be dependent on the "on location" naval consultant, William Micklos.[4] Principal photography took place at Naval Air Station Key West, Naval Station Norfolk, and off the Florida Keys, over a set of two five-week periods in 1979. Scenes at Pearl Harbor consisted of mainly stock footage with most of The Final Countdown exteriors shot on Nimitz while at sea, and at drydock for interiors. During operations, an emergency landing took place with the production crew allowed to film the recovery of the aircraft on Nimitz; the sequence appeared in the final film.[5]
Many of the crew members of Nimitz were used as extras, a few with speaking parts; a total of 48 of the crew appear as "actors" in the final credits.[6] The difficulties in filming a modern jet fighter were soon apparent when the first setup to record a F-14 takeoff at Naval Station Norfolk, Virginia, resulted in both camera and operator being pitched down a runway.[7][Note 2]
Dissension in the production crew led to major changes during location shooting, leading to a number of the crew being fired and replaced.[Note 3] Taylor's direction was considered workmanlike as he had a reputation for bringing projects in on time and on budget, but suggestions from the U.S. naval aviators were ultimately incorporated into the shooting schedules with the "B" crew placed in charge of all the aerial sequences that became the primary focus of the film.[5]
In order to film the aerial sequences, Panavision cameras were mounted on naval aircraft while camera-equipped aircraft and helicopters were also employed by the studio, including a Bell 206 Jet Ranger helicopter, Learjet 35, and a B-25 bomber converted into a camera platform, and leased from Tallmantz Aviation. Three Mitsubishi A6M Zero replicas, originally built for the film Tora! Tora! Tora! (1970), were flown by pilots from the Confederate Air Force, now called the Commemorative Air Force.[9] Two of the replicas were featured in a dogfight with F-14 Tomcats; a dissimilar engagement that was the first time that "the match-up of fighters with totally different speeds, totally different environments and weaponry had ever been done in film".[10]
In one scene where an F-14 "thumps" a Zero by flying under and streaking upward in front of the slower aircraft, the resultant "jet blast" of turbulent air was so intense that the control columns of both of the Zeros in the scene were violently wrenched out of the pilots' hands and caused both aircraft to momentarily tumble out of control.[Note 4] The lead pilot's headset, along with his watch were ripped off and out of the open canopy of his Zero, resulting in a few anxious moments as the F-14 pilots were unable to establish contact.[10] During the engagement when a Zero fires on an F-14, in order to get on the "six" of the low and slow Zero, the jet fighter did a low pull up that ended just 100 feet (30 m) above the ocean in a screaming recovery.[10][Note 5]
During the climactic attack on Pearl Harbor, scenes reproduced in monochrome from Tora! Tora! Tora! featured Aichi D3A Val dive bombers, Mitsubishi A6M Zero fighters and Nakajima B5N Kate torpedo bombers.[11][Note 6]
Aircraft appearing in the production[edit]
Tomcats from VF-84 with a T-6 converted to resemble a Zero.
Aichi Val replica
Douglas EA-3B Skywarrior
Grumman F-14 Tomcat
Grumman E-2 Hawkeye
Grumman A-6 Intruder
Lockheed S-3 Viking
LTV A-7 Corsair II
McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II (briefly)
North American RA-5C Vigilante (briefly)
North American T-6 Texan modified to resemble Mitsubishi A6M Zero
North American T-6 Texan modified to resemble Nakajima Kate
Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King
Vought RF-8G Crusader
Reception[edit]
The Final Countdown was promoted as a summer blockbuster and received mixed reviews from critics. Vincent Canby of The New York Times considered it more of an interesting, behind-the-scenes tour of Nimitz. "We see planes landing and taking off with beautiful precision and, just to let us know that things don't always run smoothly on Nimitz, we also see one plane, which has lost its landing hook, landing safely anyway because of the ship's emergency gear."[14][Note 7] Roger Ebert commented that "logic doesn't matter in a Star Wars(-like) movie". He went on to clarify: "Unfortunately, the movie makes such a mess of it that the biggest element of interest is the aircraft carrier itself."[15] Later reviews concentrated on the intriguing aspect of the time travel story, again stressing the military hardware was the real star.[16][17] The U.S. Navy sponsored the film premiere and exploited the film as a recruiting tool to the extent that The Final Countdown poster appeared in U.S. Navy recruiting offices shortly after the film's release.[14] Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert selected the film as one of their "dogs of the year" in a 1980 episode of Sneak Previews.[18]
Awards[edit]
Nominee Best Science Fiction Film of Year—Saturn Award (Peter Vincent Douglas)
Nominee Best Actor—Saturn Award (Kirk Douglas)
Winner Golden Screen Award (German box office award)
Release[edit]
The Final Countdown was released to theaters in the United States on August 1, 1980.[19] A novelization by Martin Caidin, based on the screenplay was released in the same month.[20] Although preceded by a video release, on March 30, 2004, The Final Countdown was released by Blue Underground on a two-DVD set (both full screen DVD, a widescreen DVD) and a special two-disc limited edition set that comes with a hologram cover.[3] Each edition was accompanied by special featurettes including a "behind-the-scenes" documentary as well as accessing overlaid commentary by the producer and other studio principals.[21] On November 4, 2008, a high-definition Blu-ray 2-disc set was also released, but did not include some of the earlier extra background material.[22]
See also[edit]
Axis of Time trilogy
Forever Young – time travel genre through Cryostasis (clathrate hydrates)
G.I. Samurai
Operation Rainbow – aka the Philadelphia Experiment, which inspired the film of the latter name
Portals in fiction
Somewhere in Time
The Philadelphia Experiment – the reverse story (World War II-era Navy personnel transported through time to the 1980s)
Time After Time
Zipang
Film portal
Speculative fiction/Science fiction portal
Time portal
History portal
World War II portal
United States portal
Japan portal
Nautical portal
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ During December 1941, the U.S. Navy Pacific fleet was based in Pearl Harbor and consisted mainly of battleships moored at harbor, as two aircraft carriers normally at Pearl Harbor, were at sea.[1]
Jump up ^ The first attempt to film a takeoff on the USS Nimitz resulted in a repeat of the earlier incident as the camera and operator were pitched off the deck, caught in a restraining net below decks.[7]
Jump up ^ Kaufman as unit production manager was upset that unnecessary costs and unreasonable demands were hampering progress.[5] After problems experienced on The Final Countdown, Kaufman set out as independent producer, head of the Troma Entertainment film studio.[8]
Jump up ^ At the conclusion of the dogfight scene, by sheer chance, the two Zeros spun away from each other, avoiding a midair collision.[10]
Jump up ^ In the final edit, the sound of the F-14 was actually punctuated by the scream of the pilot's wife when she saw the daily rushes, interspersed by the sound editor into the high-pitched afterburner whine. This scene has now become part of the urban legend of the film, described as a pilot's "death plunge".[10]
Jump up ^ Several later films and TV series relating to World War II in the Pacific have used footage from Tora! Tora! Tora! due to the film's "almost perfect documentary accuracy". These productions include Midway, Pearl (TV mini-series 1978), From Here to Eternity (TV mini-series 1979), Magnum P. I. episode "Lest We Forget" aired February 12, 1981 and Australia (2008).[12][13]
Jump up ^ When the production crew learned that an emergency landing was imminent, they quickly set up for photography; the A-7 aircraft was safely recovered.[10]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Toland 1991, p. 5.
Jump up ^ "Credits: 'The Final Countdown' (1980)". IMDb. Retrieved: May 7, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Kjolseth, Pablo. "Home Video Reviews: The Final Countdown". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved: September 7, 2012.
Jump up ^ Suid 2002, pp. 421–423.
^ Jump up to: a b c Gregory, David. Interview with Lloyd Kaufman (documentary featurette that accompanies 'The Final Countdown' DVD). Blue Underground, 2004.
Jump up ^ "The Final Countdown DVD (End credits)". Blue Underground, 2004.
^ Jump up to: a b Gregory, David. "The Final Countdown DVD (overlaid commentary)". Blue Underground, 2004.
Jump up ^ Kaufman et al. 2003, p. 62.
Jump up ^ Cooper, Gregory. "Zero Pilot Journal". CAF Dispatch, 1979.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Gregory, David. "Starring the Jolly Rogers"—Interviews with the Jolly Rogers F-14 Fighter Squadron (documentary featurette that accompanies 'The Final Countdown' DVD). Blue Underground, 2004.
Jump up ^ Muir, John Kenneth. "Cult movie review: The Final Countdown (1980)". John Kenneth Muir's Reflections on Film/TV, August 28, 2008. Retrieved: May 18, 2012.
Jump up ^ Dolan 1985, p. 87.
Jump up ^ Frietas 2011, p. 333.
^ Jump up to: a b Canby, Vincent. " 'The Final Countdown' (1980) - Carrier Nimitz stars in 'Countdown'". The New York Times, August 1, 1980.
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger. "The Final Countdown". Chicago Sun Times, August 5, 1980. Retrieved: May 7, 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Final Countdown (1980, USA)". Black Hole Reviews, April 2, 2009. Retrieved: May 7, 2012.
Jump up ^ Carrazzoa, Vince. "The Final Countdown (1980)". DVDnet. Retrieved: May 7, 2012.
Jump up ^ http://clip-bucket.com/arslan-hassan, Modified by Richi from Juapo2Services & Developer by Arslan Hassan -. "Siskel & Ebert org - Worst of 1980".
Jump up ^ The Final Countdown on IMDb
Jump up ^ Caidin 1980, p. versa.
Jump up ^ The Final Countdown DVD. Blue Underground.
Jump up ^ The Final Countdown Blu-ray. Blue Underground. Retrieved: September 3, 2012.
Sources[edit]
Caidin, Martin. The Final Countdown. New York: Bantam, 1980. ISBN 0-553-12155-3.
Dolan, Edward F. Jr. Hollywood Goes to War. London: Bison Books, 1985. ISBN 0-86124-229-7.
Frietas, Gary A. War Movies: The Belle & Blade Guide to Classic War Videos. Bandon, Oregon: Robert D. Reed Publishers, 2011. ISBN 978-1-931741-38-5.
Kaufman, Lloyd, Trent Haaga and Adam Jahnke. Make Your Own Damn Movie!: Secrets of a Renegade Director. Los Angeles: L.A. Weekly Books, 2003. ISBN 978-0-312288-648.
Suid, Lawrence H. Guts & Glory: The Making of the American Military Image in Film. Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky, 2002. ISBN 978-0-8131-9018-1.
Toland, John. Infamy: Pearl Harbor and its Aftermath. New York: Berkley, 1991. ISBN 978-0-42509-040-4.
External links[edit]
The Final Countdown on IMDb
The Final Countdown at the TCM Movie Database
The Final Countdown at AllMovie
The Final Countdown at Rotten Tomatoes
The Final Countdown at Box Office Mojo
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