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Zulu Kingdom
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This article is about the former kingdom in Southern Africa. For other and related uses, see Zululand.
Kingdom of Zululand
Protectorate of the United Kingdom (1887–1897)
1816–1897
Flag
Location of the Zulu Kingdom, c. 1890 (red)
(borders in flux)
Capital kwaBulawayo; umGungundlovu; Ulundi
Languages Zulu
Religion Zulu religion
Government Monarchy
King
• 1816–1828 Shaka kaSenzangakhona
• 1828–1840 Dingane kaSenzangakhona
• 1840–1856 Mpande kaSenzangakhona
• 1856–1884 Cetshwayo kaMpande
• 1884–1887 Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo
• 1887–1897 Victoria
History
• Death of Dingiswayo 1818
• Accession of Shaka 1816
• Battle of Gqokli Hill 1818
• Battle of Mhlatuze River 1820
• Battle of Blood River 1838
• Anglo-Zulu War 1879
• Annexation (British) 1887
• to Natal 1897
Area
• 1828 29,785 km2 (11,500 sq mi)
Population
• 1828 est. 250,000
Density 8/km2 (22/sq mi)
Currency Cattle
Preceded by Succeeded by
Mtetwa Paramountcy
Natalia Republic
Nieuwe Republiek
Colony of Natal
The Kingdom of Zulu, sometimes referred to as the Zulu Empire or the Kingdom of Zululand, was a monarchy in Southern Africa that extended along the coast of the Indian Ocean from the Tugela River in the south to Pongola River in the north.
The kingdom grew to dominate much of what is today KwaZulu-Natal and Southern Africa,[1][2] but when it came into conflict with the British Empire in the 1870s during the Anglo-Zulu War, it was defeated despite an early Zulu victory in the war. The area was subsequently absorbed into the Colony of Natal and later became part of the Union of South Africa.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 The rise of the Zulu Kingdom under Shaka
1.2 Dingane's reign
1.2.1 Clashes with Voortrekkers
1.3 Mpande's reign
1.4 Cetshwayo's reign
1.4.1 Anglo-Zulu War
1.4.2 Division and the death of Cetshwayo
1.5 Dinuzulu's reign and exile
2 Recent history
2.1 KwaZulu Bantustan
2.2 Modern Zululand
3 See also
4 References
5 Further reading
6 External links
History[edit]
The rise of the Zulu Kingdom under Shaka[edit]
Main article: Shaka
Further information: Zulu royal family
Shaka Zulu was the illegitimate son of Senzangakona, King of the Zulus. He was born c. 1787. He and his mother, Nandi, were exiled by Senzangakona, and found refuge with the Mthethwa. Shaka fought as a warrior under Jobe, and then under Jobe's successor, Dingiswayo, leader of the Mthethwa Paramountcy. When Senzangakona died, Dingiswayo helped Shaka become chief of the Zulu Kingdom. After Dingiswayo's death at the hands of Zwide, king of the Ndwandwe, around 1818, Shaka assumed leadership of the entire Mthethwa alliance.
Shaka initiated many military, social, cultural and political reforms, forming a well-organized and centralised Zulu state. The most important reforms involved the transformation of the army, through the innovative tactics and weapons he conceived, and a showdown with the spiritual leadership, witchdoctors, effectively ensuring the subservience of the "Zulu church" to the state.
King Shaka
Drawing (c.1824)
Another important reform integrated defeated clans into the Zulu, on a basis of full equality, with promotions in the army and civil service becoming a matter of merit rather than due to circumstances of birth.
The alliance under his leadership survived Zwide's first assault at the Battle of Gqokli Hill (1818). Within two years, Shaka had defeated Zwide at the Battle of Mhlatuze River (1820) and broken up the Ndwandwe alliance, some of whom in turn began a murderous campaign against other Nguni tribes and clans, setting in motion what became known as Defecane or Mfecane, a mass-migration of tribes fleeing the remnants of the Ndwandwe fleeing the Zulu. The death toll has never been satisfactorily determined, but the whole region became nearly depopulated. Normal estimates for the death toll during this period range from 1 million to 2 million people. These numbers are however controversial.[3][4][5][6] By 1825, Shaka had conquered an empire covering an area of around 11,500 square miles (30,000 km2).
An offshoot of the Zulu, the amaNdebele, better known to history as the Matabele created an even larger empire under their king Mzilikazi, including large parts of the highveld and modern-day Zimbabwe.
Dingane's reign[edit]
Map illustrating the rise of the Zulu Empire under Shaka (1816–1828) in present-day South Africa. The rise of the Zulu Empire forced other chiefdoms and clans to flee across a wide area of southern Africa. Clans fleeing the Zulu war zone included the Soshangane, Zwangendaba, Ndebele, Hlubi, Ngwane, and the Mfengu. A number of clans were caught between the Zulu Empire and advancing Voortrekkers and British Empire such as the Xhosa .
Shaka was succeeded by Dingane, his half-brother, who conspired with Mhlangana, another half-brother, and Mbopa, an InDuna, to murder him in 1828. Following this assassination, Dingane murdered Mhlangana, and took over the throne. One of his first royal acts was to execute all of his royal kin. In the years that followed, he also executed many past supporters of Shaka in order to secure his position. One exception to these purges was Mpande, another half-brother, who was considered too weak to be a threat at the time.[7]
Clashes with Voortrekkers[edit]
Military innovations such as the assegai, the age-grade regimental system and encirclement tactics helped make the Zulu one of the most powerful nations in southern and south-eastern Africa.
Before encountering the British, the Zulus were first confronted with the Boers. In an attempt to form their own state as a protection against the British, the Boers began moving across the Orange River northwards. While travelling they first collided with the Ndebele kingdom, and then with Dingane's Zulu kingdom.[8]
In October 1837, the Voortrekker leader Piet Retief visited Dingane at his royal kraal to negotiate a land deal for the voortrekkers. In November, about 1,000 Voortrekker wagons began descending the Drakensberg mountains from the Orange Free State into what is now KwaZulu-Natal.
Dingane asked that Retief and his party retrieve some cattle stolen from him by a local chief as part of the treaty for land for the Boers. This Retief and his men did, returning on 3 February 1838. The next day, a treaty was signed, wherein Dingane ceded all the land south of the Tugela River to the Mzimvubu River to the Voortrekkers. Celebrations followed. On 6 February, at the end of the celebrations, Retief's party were invited to a dance, and asked to leave their weapons behind. At the peak of the dance, Dingane leapt to his feet and yelled "Bambani abathakathi!" (isiZulu for "Seize the wizards"). Retief and his men were overpowered, taken to the nearby hill kwaMatiwane, and executed. Some believe that they were killed for withholding some of the cattle they recovered, but it is likely that the deal was a plot to overpower the Voortrekkers. Dingane's army then attacked and massacred a group of 250 Voortrekker men, women and children camped nearby. The site of this massacre is today called Weenen, (Afrikaans for "to weep").
The remaining Voortrekkers elected a new leader, Andries Pretorius, and he led an attack. The Zulu forces and Dingane suffered a crushing defeat at the Battle of Blood River on 16 December 1838, when 15 000 Zulu impis (warriors) attacked a group of 470 Voortrekker settlers led by Pretorius.
Mpande's reign[edit]
King Mpande
(Artist: George French Angas)
Following his defeat, Dingane burned his royal household and fled north. Mpande, the half-brother who had been spared from Dingane's purges, defected with 17,000 followers, and, together with Pretorius and the Voortrekkers, went to war with Dingane. Dingane was assassinated near the modern Swaziland border. Mpande then took over rulership of the Zulu nation.
Following the campaign against Dingane, in 1839 the Voortrekkers, under Pretorius, formed the Boer republic of Natalia, south of the Tugela, and west of the British settlement of Port Natal (now Durban). Mpande and Pretorius maintained peaceful relations. However, in 1842, war broke out between the British and the Boers, resulting in the British annexation of Natalia. Mpande shifted his allegiance to the British, and remained on good terms with them.
In 1843, Mpande ordered a purge of perceived dissidents within his kingdom. This resulted in numerous deaths, and the fleeing of thousands of refugees into neighbouring areas (including the British-controlled Natal). Many of these refugees fled with cattle. Mpande began raiding the surrounding areas, culminating in the invasion of Swaziland in 1852. However, the British pressured him into withdrawing, which he did shortly.[7]
Cetshwayo's reign[edit]
King Cetshwayo
Photograph (c. 1875)
At this time, a battle for the succession broke out between two of Mpande's sons, Cetshwayo and Mbuyazi. This culminated in 1856 with the Battle of Ndondakusuka, which left Mbuyazi dead. Cetshwayo then set about usurping his father's authority. When Mpande died of old age in 1872, Cetshwayo took over as ruler.
Anglo-Zulu War[edit]
Main article: Anglo-Zulu War
Battle of Isandlwana, 1879
On 11 December 1878, with the intent of instigating a war with the Zulu, Sir Henry Bartle Frere, on his own initiative and without the approval of the British government, presented an ultimatum to the Zulu king Cetshwayo in terms with which he could not possibly comply.[9] British forces crossed the Tugela river at the end of December 1878. Initially, the British suffered a heavy defeat at the Battle of Isandlwana on 22 January 1879 where the Zulu army killed more than 1,000 British soldiers in a single day. The Zulu deployment at Isandhlwana showed the well-organized tactical system that had made the Zulu kingdom successful for many decades. This constituted the worst defeat the British army had ever suffered at the hands of a native African fighting force. The defeat prompted a redirection of the war effort, and the British, though outnumbered, began winning victories, culminating in the Siege of Ulundi, the Zulus' capital city, and the subsequent defeat of the Zulu Kingdom.
Division and the death of Cetshwayo[edit]
Cetshwayo was captured a month after his defeat, and then exiled to Cape Town. The British passed rule of the Zulu kingdom onto 13 "kinglets", each with his own subkingdom. Conflict soon erupted between these subkingdoms, and in 1882, Cetshwayo was allowed to visit England. He had audiences with Queen Victoria and other famous personages before being allowed to return to Zululand to be reinstated as king.[7]
In 1883, Cetshwayo was put in place as king over a buffer reserve territory, much reduced from his original kingdom. Later that year, however, Cetshwayo was attacked at Ulundi by Zibhebhu, one of the 13 kinglets. Cetshwayo was wounded and fled. Cetshwayo died in February 1884, possibly poisoned. His son, Dinuzulu, then 15, inherited the throne.[7]
The academic Roberto Breschi notes that Zululand had a flag from 1884 to 1897 but this is pure conjecture as A.P. Burgers notes in his book.[10] It consisted of three horizontal bands in equal width of gold, green and red.
Dinuzulu's reign and exile[edit]
King Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo, Photograph (c. 1883)
Dinuzulu made a pact with the Boers of his own, promising them land in return for their aid. The Boers were led by Louis Botha. Dinuzulu and the Boers defeated Zibhebhu in 1884. They were granted about half of Zululand individually as farms, and formed the independent Republic of Vryheid. This alarmed the British who wanted to prevent the Boers access to a harbour. The British then annexed Zululand in 1887. Dinuzulu became involved in later conflicts with rivals. In 1906 Dinuzulu was accused of being behind the Bambatha Rebellion. He was arrested and put on trial by the British for "high treason and public violence". In 1909, he was sentenced to ten years' imprisonment on St Helena island. When the Union of South Africa was formed, Louis Botha became its first prime minister, and he arranged for his old ally Dinuzulu to return to South Africa and live in exile on a farm in the Transvaal, where he died in 1913.[7]
Dinuzulu's son Solomon kaDinuzulu was never recognised by South African authorities as the Zulu king, only as a local chief, but he was increasingly regarded as king by chiefs, by political intellectuals such as John Langalibalele Dube and by ordinary Zulu people. In 1923, Solomon founded the organisation Inkatha YaKwaZulu to promote his royal claims, which became moribund and then was revived in the 1970s by Mangosuthu Buthelezi, chief minister of the KwaZulu bantustan. In December 1951, Solomon's son Cyprian Bhekuzulu kaSolomon was officially recognised as the Paramount Chief of the Zulu people, but real power over ordinary Zulu people lay with South African government officials working through local chiefs who could be removed from office for failure to cooperate.[7]
Recent history[edit]
KwaZulu Bantustan[edit]
KwaZulu was a bantustan in South Africa, intended by the apartheid government as a semi-independent homeland for the Zulu people. The capital was moved from Nongoma to Ulundi in 1980.
It was led until its abolition in 1994 by Chief Mangosuthu Buthelezi of the Zulu royal family and head of the Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP). It was merged with the surrounding South African province of Natal to form the new province of KwaZulu-Natal.
The name kwaZulu translates roughly as Place of Zulus, or more formally Zululand.
Modern Zululand[edit]
Main articles: Zulu people and KwaZulu-Natal
The area is currently part of the Republic of South Africa as KwaZulu-Natal, one of the country's nine provinces, and a large portion of the territory is made up of wildlife reserves and a major contributing source of income is derived from tourism – the area is known for its beautiful savanna covered hills and stunning views. It is home to a WWF Black Rhinoceros reintroduction project known as "The Black Rhino Range Expansion Project" within the Zululand Rhino Reserve (ZRR). The ZRR is a 20,000 hectare reserve consisting of 15 individually owned farms that have lowered their fences in order to further conservation. The Zulu royal family still fulfils many important ceremonial duties.
See also[edit]
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References[edit]
This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (July 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Jump up ^ "South African History Online".
Jump up ^ "New History of South Africa".
Jump up ^ Walter, Eugene Victor (1969). Terror and Resistance: A Study of Political Violence, with Case Studies of Some Primitive African Communities.
Jump up ^ Charters, R. A. (Major, Royal Artillery) (1839). "Notices Of The Cape And Southern Africa, Since The Appointment, As Governor, Of Major-Gen. Sir Geo. Napier". United Service Journal and Naval and Military Magazine. London: Henry Colburn. 1839, Part III (September, October, November): 19–25, 171–179, 352–359, page 24. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th edition
Jump up ^ Hanson, Victor Davis (2001). Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power. New York: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 313. ISBN 978-0-307-42518-8.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Zulu Kingdom".
Jump up ^ Martin Meredith, Diamonds Gold and War, (New York: Public Affairs, 2007):5
Jump up ^ Knight, Ian (2004). Zulu War. Osprey. p. 11.
Jump up ^ Conjectural flag of Zululand (1884-1897) by Roberto Breschi taken from The South African Flag Book by A.P.Burgers
Further reading[edit]
Bryant, Alfred T. (1964). A History of the Zulu and Neighbouring Tribes. Cape Town: C. Struik. p. 157.
Morris, Donald R. (1965). The Washing of the Spears: the Rise of the Zulu Nation. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 655.
External links[edit]
Afropop Worldwide's public radio program on Zulu Music, "The Zulu Factor"
People of Africa, Zulu marriage explained
An article on Piet Retief, including his interactions with Dingane
History section of the official page for the Zululand region
Human Rights Watch report on KwaZulu, just before the 1994 elections – This includes detailed, well-referenced, sections on recent Zulu history.
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Coordinates: 28°17′51″S 31°25′18″E / 28.29750°S 31.42167°E / -28.29750; 31.42167
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text:
List of natural disasters in Haiti
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Throughout its history, Haiti has suffered cyclones, hurricanes, tropical storms, torrential rains, floods and earthquakes.
The hurricane season in Haiti lasts from June to the end of November.
The following is a non-exhaustive list of natural disasters which have struck Haiti.[1]
Disasters[edit]
Districts of
Map of Haiti
1564
Earthquake[2]
1684
Earthquake
1691
1751
3 June: Earthquake at Port-au-Prince and areas to the south. The city and towns were destroyed.[3] · .[4]
1816
18–19 November:[5] a cyclone caused considerable damage in the countryside of Ouest department and in the Gulf of Gonâve.
1842
7 May: Earthquake at Cap-Haïtien and throughout the north. The town of Cap-Haïtien was destroyed along with the towns of Port-de-Paix, Gonaïves, and Fort-Liberté, and many towns in the Dominican Republic were affected.
1887
23 September: Earthquake in the western region of Haiti.
1904
Earthquake in the north of the country. Port-de-Paix and Cap-Haïtien were severely affected.[6]
1909
12 November: cyclone in Ouest département. Around 150 victims were counted in plaine du Cul de Sac alone.
1915
12 August: cyclone on the southern peninsula, which devastated Jacmel and Jérémie.
1935
21 October: hurricane in Sud and Sud-Est départements. 2,000 people perished.
1946
Earthquake in the northeast Dominican Republic accompanied by a tsunami in the region of Nagua. Haiti was also affected.
1952
27 October: earthquake at Anse-à-Veau in Grand'Anse killed 6 and rendered thousands homeless.
1954
11–12 October: Hurricane Hazel affected every part of Haiti. At more than 249 km/h, the hurricane devastated the country, killing several thousand people.
1963
3 October: Hurricane Flora struck the Sud and Ouest départements, causing over 5,000 deaths.
14 November: flooding of the Grande Rivière du Nord killed almost 500 people.
1964
24 August: Hurricane Cleo hit the south coast, especially the Cayes-Jacmel region, causing 192 deaths.
1966
29 September: Hurricane Inez devastated, at more than 170 km/h, the Sud and Ouest départements
Earthquake
1976
6 January: 8.6 Earthquake at Port-au-Prince. The city was affected. USGS has not recorded the event. Before the earthquake in the area of the epicenter, light cones and bright round balls that were flying appeared in the night sky according to the testimonies.
20 May: Floods in the Cayes-Jacmel region. 20 people lost presumed dead, considerable property damage.
1980
5 August: Hurricane Allen, at more than 270 km/h, struck the south coast, especially the Cayes-Jacmel region, causing approximately 200 deaths.
Atlantic hurricane season
1984
10 June: floods at Port-de-Paix.
1986
1 June: Floods in the Cayes-Jacmel region. 20,000 hectares of land were flooded and several thousand homes damaged.
23 October: flooding at Ile de la Gonâve. 31 killed, 906 homeless, more than 380 houses destroyed or damaged.
1987
27 April: flooding at Port-de-Paix.
8 May: flooding at Thiotte in Sud-Est département and in the Delmas and Caradeux neighbourhoods of Port-au-Prince.
1988
27 January: flooding in the Nord-Ouest département.
20 June: flooding in L'Estère in the Artibonite département.
11 September: Hurricane Gilbert devastated the south coast, particularly the Anse-à-Veau, Camp-Perrin, Cavaillon, Cayes, Île à Vache, Jacmel, Jérémie, Kenscoff and Port-Salut regions.
8 October: flooding in the Plaine de Léogâne.
1989
23 February: flooding in Île de la Gonâve. 4,945 familles affected, 1,527 houses destroyed and 1640 damaged.
1994
12 and 13 November: Hurricane Gordon crossed Sud-Est département and the southern peninsula, causing flooding and approximately 2,000 deaths and disappearances.
1998
23 September: Hurricane Georges devastated the Sud-Est and Nord-Ouest départements, causing 147 deaths, 34 serious injuries, 40 disappearances, and 167,500 displaced.
2002
24–27 May: Flooding on the southern peninsula. The town of Camp Perrin and the settlements of L'Asile and Anse-à-Veau were worst affected by the tropical storms. 31 dead, 14 disappeared and more than 7,000 displaced in the dans le Sud département.[7]
2004
23–24 May: Torrential rains which pounded the south-east of Haiti during the night caused 1,232 deaths, 1,443 disappearances and 31,130 displaced persons.[8]Mapou[9][10] Belle-Anse with 432 dead, Bodary with 350 dead and Fonds-Verrettes with 237 victims, all located in Sud-Est département, were the places most badly hit.
The gravity of this situation led the interim government of Boniface and Latortue to declare Friday 28 May a day of national mourning.
10 September: Hurricane Ivan struck the southern peninsula and west coast, causing serious damage in several areas due to flooding.
18–19 September: Hurricane Jeanne crossed the western section of Haiti and the Artibonite, causing flooding which killed 1,870. In addition: 2,620 injured, 846 disappeared and 300,000 displaced. With more than 3,000 dead, Gonaïves was the most seriously affected city.[11]
Hurricane Dennis, 10 July 2005 at 16:15 UTC.
2005
6 and 7 July: Hurricane Dennis touched the south-east coast of Haiti, causing flooding in several towns in Sud (Bainet, Grand-Goâve, Les Cayes...) and leaving more than 500 homeless.
4 October: Floods in several parts of the country, including Pétion-Ville and Grand-Goâve in Ouest département, where the high water caused considerable loss of property. The government did not make a final accounting of this catastrophe.
17–18 October: Hurricane Wilma struck the west and south of Haiti.
23 October: Tropical Storm Alpha crossed the south peninsula, affecting the départements of Grand'Anse and Nippes.
25 October: Flooding caused by torrential rain hit many parts of the Nord-Ouest département, particularly the settlements of Port-de-Paix, Bassin-Bleu, Anse-à-Foleur and Saint-Louis du Nord.
2006
22 and 23 November: heavy rain caused flooding in Grand'Anse, Nippes and Nord-Ouest départements, causing damage to roadways including the collapse of a bridge across Ravine Sable at Trou-Bonbon.[12]
2007
17 March: floods caused by rain and storms hit a large part of Haiti for over a week. Six départements were particularly affected:
Grand'Anse: Jérémie, Abricots, Bonbon, Les Irois
Sud-Est : Jacmel
Ouest : Cité Soleil, Delmas, Port-au-Prince (Carrefour-Feuilles, Canapé Vert)
Nord-Ouest : Port-de-Paix, Saint-Louis du Nord, Anse-à-Foleur
Nord: Cap-Haïtien
Nord-Est : Ferrier, Ouanaminthe.
8–9 May: torrential rain, causing considerable damage in several regions of the country, in particular in the Nord, Nord-Est and Sud départements. The town of Ouanaminthe was particularly hard hit and the bridge between Ouanaminthe and Dajabón which links Haiti to the Dominican Republic was severely damaged.
Trajectory of Hurricane Hanna in 2008, prior to its extra-tropical transition
2008
16 August: Tropical Storm Fay crossed the entire country.[13]
26 August: Hurricane Gustav crosses the south peninsula, including the Sud and Grand'Anse départements, causing approximately 77 deaths and 8 disappearances, together with serious destruction of property. 15,000 families were affected by the storm, which destroyed 3,000 houses and damaged 11,458.
1 September: Hurricane Hanna ravaged the Artibonite and Nord-Est départements. Several towns were flooded, including Gonaïves.[14] One death was officially confirmed. In addition to Gonaïves, several towns in Jacmel, Nord-Est, Sud and Sud-Est were flooded..
6 September: Hurricane Ike, a category 4 hurricane, grazed the western coastline of Haiti, leading to heavy rain in Nord, Ouest and Nord-Ouest départements.
2009
20 October: heavy rain in the Haitian capital and its suburbs. Carrefour, in the southern suburbs, was completely flooded.
2010
12 January: the magnitude 7.0 2010 Haiti earthquake which occurred on 12 at 16:53, local time. The earthquake killed between 46,000 and 316,000 people. Its epicentre was at approximately 25 km from Port-au-Prince, the capital. A dozen secondary shocks of magnitudes ranging from 5.0 to 5.9 were registered during the hours which followed.
20 January: A second earthquake[15][16] of magnitude 6.1 occurred on 20 January 2010 at 06:03 local time. Its epicentre was at approximately 59 km west of Port-au-Prince, and at least 10 km beneath the surface.
20 October: A cholera epidemic hit outside of Port-au-Prince, killing at least 3,597 and sickening over 340,000.[17]
5 November: Hurricane Tomas hits and kills at least 10 Haitiens causing damage and worsening the cholera epidemic.
2016
3–4 October: Hurricane Matthew hits Haiti with catastrophic flooding of up to 40 inches and storm surge of up to 10 feet.[18] At least 580 people were killed and more than 35,000 left homeless by the storm.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Natural disasters of Haiti Archived 2001-12-25 at the Wayback Machine. (in French)
Jump up ^ Jules Trousset, Nouveau Dictionnaire encyclopédique universel illustré, 1886–1889, tome 3, p. 214
Jump up ^ In 1770, the historian Moreau de Saint-Méry reported that "la ville entière fut renversée" ("the entire city was turned upside down")
Jump up ^ Moreau de Saint-Méry, Description topographique, physique, civile, politique et historique de la partie française de l'Ile Saint Domingue, quoted in Claude Prepetit, "Tremblements de terre en Haïti, mythe ou réalité ?", Le Matin, Issue 33082, 9 October 2008
Jump up ^ Madiou, Thomas. Histoire d'Haïti. Tome V: 1811–1818; p. 368
Jump up ^ Séisme en Haïti, la bonne carte tectonique
Jump up ^ According to the Haitian Office of Civil Protection, quoted by Haiti-Press Network on 5 June 2002
Jump up ^ According to a report dated 8 June 2004 by Haitian Civil Protection
Jump up ^ Le cri de Mapou
Jump up ^ Haïti - Pays en crise
Jump up ^ Sources: Civil Protection, 4 October 2004
Jump up ^ Inondations en Haïti 25 novembre 2006
Jump up ^ Course of Tropical Storm Fay, 2008 Archived 2011-07-21 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "La ville est inondée et en certains endroits l'eau atteint deux mètres... De nombreux habitants sont réfugiés sur les toits des maisons depuis hier soir pour fuir la montée des eaux". ("The town is flooded and at certain points the water is up to two metres ... Numerous residents have taken refuge on house roofs since yesterday evening, in flight from the rising waters"), Alta Jean-Baptiste, Director of Civil Protection.
Jump up ^ Un nouveau séisme de magnitude 6 frappe Haïti
Jump up ^ Haïti : nouveau séisme de magnitude 6,1
Jump up ^ "Haiti cholera outbreak prompts fresh UN aid plea". BBC News. 12 November 2010. Retrieved 12 November 2010.
Jump up ^ "Hurricane Matthew advisory 22". National Hurricane Center. 3 October 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
External links[edit]
National Hurricane Center (US)
[hide]
v
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e
Years in Haiti (1804-present)
19th century
1800s
1810s
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1830s
1840s
1850s
1860s
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1880s
1890s
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List of All England Men's Singles champions
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Below is the list of the winners at the All England Open Badminton Championships. Between 1915-1919 the All England was cancelled because of World War I. Between 1940-1946 the All England was cancelled because of World War II.
Year
Champion
Runner-up
Score
1900 Sydney Howard Smith D. Oakes
1901 H. W. Davies Ralph George Watling
1902 Ralph Watling E. Young
1903 Ralph Watling Henry Norman Marrett
1904 Henry Norman Marrett George Alan Thomas
1905 Henry Norman Marrett Ralph George Watling 15-6, 15-2
1906 Norman Wood Henry Norman Marrett 15-8, 18-13
1907 Norman Wood Frank Chesterton
1908 Henry Norman Marrett Arthur M. Cave 12-15, 18-14, 15-9
1909 Frank Chesterton Henry Norman Marrett 15-8, 8-15, 15-10
1910 Frank Chesterton Henry Norman Marrett 15-4, 15-10
1911 Guy A. Sautter J. H. Colin Prior 15-6, 15-11
1912 Frank Chesterton Guy A. Sautter 15-10, 15-13
1913 Guy A. Sautter Frank Chesterton 15-7, 15-8
1914 Guy A. Sautter Frank Chesterton 15-4, 15-10
1915
1919 No competition
1920 George Alan Thomas W. M. Swinden 15-9, 14-17, 15-5
1921 George Alan Thomas Frank Hodge 15-7, 8-15, 15-3
1922 George Alan Thomas Frank Hodge 15-14, 15-5
1923 George Alan Thomas Herbert Uber 15-10, 15-10
1924 Gordon 'Curly' Mack George Alan Thomas 17-15, 9-15, 15–6
1925 Frank Devlin Frank Hodge 11-15, 15-7, 18-15
1926 Frank Devlin Albert Harbot 7-15, 15-5, 15-6
1927 Frank Devlin Albert Harbot 15-3, 15-7
1928 Frank Devlin Albert Harbot 15-10, 15-6
1929 Frank Devlin Donald C. Hume 15-4, 15-1
1930 Donald C. Hume Alan Titherley 15-12, 15-12
1931 Frank Devlin T. P. Dick 3-15, 15-10, 15-3
1932 Ralph C.F. Nichols Raymond White 5-15, 15-11, 18–16
1933 Raymond White Donald C. Hume
1934 Ralph C.F. Nichols T. P. Dick 15-11, 15-8
1935 Raymond White Ralph C. F. Nichols 15-10, 15-7
1936 Ralph C.F. Nichols Raymond White 18–16, 17–18, 15–10
1937 Ralph C.F. Nichols T. P. Dick 15-8, 15-7
1938 Ralph C.F. Nichols Jesper Bie 15-4, 15-5
1939 Tage Madsen Ralph C. F. Nichols 10–15, 18–13, 15–7
1940
1946 No competition
1947 Conny Jepsen Prakash Nath 15-7, 15-11
1948 Jørn Skaarup Poul Holm 15–3, 15–13
1949 Dave G. Freeman Ooi Teik Hock 15–1, 15–6
1950 Wong Peng Soon Poul Holm 15–7, 15–10
1951 Wong Peng Soon Ong Poh Lim 15–18, 18–14, 15–7
1952 Wong Peng Soon Eddy B. Choong 15–11, 18–13
1953 Eddy B. Choong Heah Hock Aun 15–4, 15–4
1954 Eddy B. Choong Donald Smythe 15–5, 15–6
1955 Wong Peng Soon Eddy B. Choong 15–7, 14–17, 15–10
1956 Eddy B. Choong Finn Kobberø 11–15, 15–3, 15–11
1957 Eddy B. Choong Erland Kops 15–9, 15–3
1958 Erland Kops Finn Kobberø 15–10, 8–15, 15–8
1959 Tan Joe Hok Ferry Sonneville 15–8, 10–15, 15–3
1960 Erland Kops Charoen Wattanasin 15–11, 11–15, 15–6
1961 Erland Kops Finn Kobberø 15–10, 15–6
1962 Erland Kops Charoen Wattanasin 15–10, 15–5
1963 Erland Kops Channarong Ratanaseangsuang 15–7, 15–7
1964 Knud Aage Nielsen Henning Borch 8–15, 17–14, 15–4
1965 Erland Kops Tan Aik Huang 15–13, 15–12
1966 Tan Aik Huang Masao Akiyama 15–7, 15–4
1967 Erland Kops Tan Aik Huang 15–12, 15–10
1968 Rudy Hartono Tan Aik Huang 15–12, 15–9
1969 Rudy Hartono Darmadi 15–1, 15–3
1970 Rudy Hartono Svend Pri 15-7, 15-1
1971 Rudy Hartono Muljadi 15-1, 15-5
1972 Rudy Hartono Svend Pri 15-9, 15-4
1973 Rudy Hartono Christian Hadinata 15–4, 15–2
1974 Rudy Hartono Punch Gunalan 8–15, 15–9, 15–10
1975 Svend Pri Rudy Hartono 15–11, 17–14
1976 Rudy Hartono Liem Swie King 15-7, 15-6
1977 Flemming Delfs Liem Swie King 15-18, 15-11, 15-8
1978 Liem Swie King Rudy Hartono 15-10, 15-3
1979 Liem Swie King Flemming Delfs 15-7, 15-8
1980 Prakash Padukone Liem Swie King 15-3, 15-10
1981 Liem Swie King Prakash Padukone 11-15, 15-4, 15-6
1982 Morten Frost Luan Jin 11-15, 15-2, 15-7
1983 Luan Jin Morten Frost 15-2, 13-15, 15-4
1984 Morten Frost Liem Swie King 9-15, 15-10, 15-10
1985 Zhao Jianhua Morten Frost 6-15, 15-10, 18-15
1986 Morten Frost Misbun Sidek 15-2, 15-8
1987 Morten Frost Icuk Sugiarto 15-10, 15-0
1988 Ib Frederiksen Morten Frost 8-15, 15-7, 15-10
1989 Yang Yang Morten Frost 15-6, 15-7
1990 Zhao Jianhua Joko Suprianto 15-4, 15-1
1991 Ardy Wiranata Foo Kok Keong 15-12, 15-10
1992 Liu Jun Zhao Jianhua 15-13, 15-13
1993 Heryanto Arbi Joko Suprianto 15-7, 4-15, 15-11
1994 Heryanto Arbi Ardy Wiranata 15-12, 17-14
1995 Poul-Erik Høyer Larsen Heryanto Arbi 17-16, 15-6
1996 Poul-Erik Høyer Larsen Rashid Sidek 15-7, 15-6
1997 Dong Jiong Sun Jun 15-9, 15-5
1998 Sun Jun Ong Ewe Hock 15-1, 15-7
1999 Peter Gade Taufik Hidayat 15-11, 7-15, 15-10
2000 Xia Xuanze Taufik Hidayat 15-6, 15-13
2001 Pullela Gopichand Chen Hong 15-12, 15-6
2002 Chen Hong Budi Santoso 7-4, 7-5, 7-1
2003 Muhammad Hafiz Hashim Chen Hong 17-14, 15-10
2004 Lin Dan Peter Gade 9-15, 15-5, 15-8
2005 Chen Hong Lin Dan 8-15, 15-5, 15-2
2006 Lin Dan Lee Hyun-il 15-7, 15-7
2007 Lin Dan Chen Yu 21-13, 21-12
2008 Chen Jin Lin Dan 22-20, 25-23
2009 Lin Dan Lee Chong Wei 21-19, 21-12
2010 Lee Chong Wei Kenichi Tago 21-19, 21-19
2011 Lee Chong Wei Lin Dan 21-17, 21-17
2012 Lin Dan Lee Chong Wei 21-19, 6-2
2013 Chen Long Lee Chong Wei 21-17, 21-18
2014 Lee Chong Wei Chen Long 21-13, 21-18
2015 Chen Long Jan O Jorgensen 15–21, 21–17, 21–15
2016 Lin Dan Tian Houwei 21-9, 21-10
2017 Lee Chong Wei Shi Yuqi 21-12, 21-10
2018 Shi Yuqi Lin Dan 21-19, 16-21, 21-9
Contents
1 Number of titles by country
2 List of badminton players with most titles
3 Trivia
4 References
Number of titles by country[edit]
Rank
Country
No. of Titles
First title
Last title
First champion
Last champion
1 England 27 1900 1938 Sydney Howard Smith Ralph C.F. Nichols
2 Denmark
China 20 1939
1983 1999
2018 Tage Madsen
Luan Jin Peter Gade
Shi Yuqi
4 Indonesia 15 1959 1994 Tan Joe Hok Heryanto Arbi
5 Malaysia 14 1950 2017 Wong Peng Soon Lee Chong Wei
6 Ireland 7 1924 1931 Gordon 'Curly' Mack Frank Devlin
7 India 2 1980 2001 Prakash Padukone Pullela Gopichand
8 Sweden
United States 1 1947
1949 1947
1949 Conny Jepsen
Dave G. Freeman Conny Jepsen
Dave G. Freeman
List of badminton players with most titles[edit]
Bold indicates active players.
Rank
Name
Country
No. of Titles
First title
Last title
1 Rudy Hartono Indonesia 8 1968 1976
2 Erland Kops Denmark 7 1958 1967
3 Frank Devlin
Lin Dan Ireland
China 6 1925
2004 1931
2016
5 Ralph C.F. Nichols England 5 1932 1938
6 George Alan Thomas
Wong Peng Soon
Eddy B. Choong
Morten Frost
Lee Chong Wei England
Malaysia
Malaysia
Denmark
Malaysia 4 1920
1950
1953
1982
2010 1923
1955
1957
1987
2017
11 Henry Norman Marrett
Frank Chesterton
Guy A. Sautter
Liem Swie King England
England
England
Indonesia 3 1904
1909
1911
1978 1908
1912
1914
1981
15 Ralph Watling
Norman Wood
Raymond White
Zhao Jianhua
Heryanto Arbi
Poul-Erik Høyer Larsen
Chen Hong
Chen Long England
England
England
China
Indonesia
Denmark
China
China 2 1902
1906
1933
1985
1993
1995
2002
2013 1903
1907
1935
1990
1994
1996
2005
2015
Trivia[edit]
In 1913 & 1914 Guy Sautter competed under the alias of U.N.Lappin and in 1920 George Thomas played under the alias of George Allen.
Between 2003 & 2018 either or both Lin Dan and Lee Chong Wei have contested the final with the exception of the final in 2015, which saw Lin eliminated in the semi-finals and Lee unable to compete due to a doping ban.[1][2]
References[edit]
All England Champions 1899-2007
BadmintonEngland.co.uk
badmintoneurope.com
Pat Davis: The Encyclopaedia of Badminton. Robert Hale, London, 1987, ISBN 0-7090-2796-6
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Men's Singles – Women's Singles – Men's Doubles – Women's Doubles – Mixed Doubles
Jump up ^ "Lin loses for 1st time to Chen in All-England Open semis". China Daily. 8 March 2015. Retrieved 28 October 2018.
Jump up ^ "Badminton player Lee Chong Wei given backdated eight-month doping ban". The Guardian. 27 April 2015. Retrieved 28 October 2018.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_All_England_Men%27s_Singles_champions&oldid=866110160"
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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Eddy B. Choong

values: 1953 All England Badminton Championships

values: 1954 All England Badminton Championships

values: 1955 All England Badminton Championships

values: 1956 All England Badminton Championships

values: 1957 All England Badminton Championships

values: 1958 All England Badminton Championships

values: 1959 All England Badminton Championships

values: 1960 All England Badminton Championships

values: 1961 All England Badminton Championships

values: 1962 All England Badminton Championships

values: 1963 All England Badminton Championships

values: 1964 All England Open Badminton Championships

values: 1965 All England Open Badminton Championships

values: 1966 All England Badminton Championships

values: 1967 All England Badminton Championships

values: 1968 All England Badminton Championships

values: 1969 All England Badminton Championships

values: 1970 All England Badminton Championships

values: 1971 All England Badminton Championships

values: 1972 All England Badminton Championships

values: 1973 All England Badminton Championships

values: 1974 All England Badminton Championships

values: 1975 All England Badminton Championships

values: 1976 All England Open Badminton Championships

values: 1977 All England Open Badminton Championships

values: 1978 All England Open Badminton Championships

values: 1979 All England Open Badminton Championships

values: 1980 All England Open Badminton Championships

values: 1981 All England Open Badminton Championships

values: 1982 All England Open Badminton Championships

values: 1983 All England Open Badminton Championships

values: 1984 All England Open Badminton Championships

values: 1985 All England Open Badminton Championships

values: 1986 All England Open Badminton Championships

values: 1987 All England Open Badminton Championships

values: 1988 All England Open Badminton Championships

values: 1989 All England Open Badminton Championships

values: 1990 All England Open Badminton Championships

values: 1991 All England Open Badminton Championships

values: 1992 All England Open Badminton Championships

values: 1993 All England Open Badminton Championships

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/wiki/Heryanto_Arbi
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Heryanto Arbi

values: 1994 All England Open Badminton Championships

values: 1995 All England Open Badminton Championships

values: 1996 All England Open Badminton Championships

values: 1997 All England Open Badminton Championships

values: 1998 All England Open Badminton Championships

values: 1999 All England Open Badminton Championships

values: 2000 All England Open Badminton Championships

values: 2001 All England Open Badminton Championships

values: 2002 All England Open Badminton Championships

values: 2003 All England Open Badminton Championships

values: 2004 All England Open Badminton Championships

values: 2005 All England Open Badminton Championships

values: 2006 All England Open Badminton Championships

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/wiki/Jan_O_Jorgensen
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Jan O Jorgensen

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values: Edit section: Number of titles by country

values: Edit section: List of badminton players with most titles

values: 1899 All England Badminton Championships

values: List of All England Women's Singles champions

values: List of All England Men's Doubles champions

values: List of All England Women's Doubles champions

values: List of All England Mixed Doubles champions

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values: All England-vindere (herresingle) – Danish

values: Palmarès du simple hommes à l'Open d'Angleterre de badminton – French

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