text:
Desertification
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Not to be confused with Decertification.
Global desertification vulnerability map
Lake Chad in a 2001 satellite image, with the actual lake in blue. The lake has shrunk by 94% since the 1960s.[1]
Desertification is a type of land degradation in which a relatively dry area of land becomes increasingly arid, typically losing its bodies of water as well as vegetation and wildlife .[2] It is caused by a variety of factors, such as through climate change (particularly the current global warming)[3] and through the overexploitation of soil through human activity.[4] When deserts appear automatically over the natural course of a planet's life cycle, then it can be called a natural phenomenon; however, when deserts emerge due to the rampant and unchecked depletion of nutrients in soil that are essential for it to remain arable, then a virtual "soil death" can be spoken of,[5] which traces its cause back to human overexploitation. Desertification is a significant global ecological and environmental problem.[6]
Contents
1 Definitions
2 History
3 Areas affected
4 Vegetation patterning
5 Causes
6 Poverty
7 Countermeasures and prevention
7.1 Managed grazing
8 See also
9 References
10 Bibliography
11 External links
Definitions[edit]
Considerable controversy exists over the proper definition of the term "desertification" for which Helmut Geist (2005) has identified more than 100 formal definitions. The most widely accepted[2] of these is that of the Princeton University Dictionary which defines it as "the process of fertile land transforming into desert typically as a result of deforestation, drought or improper/inappropriate agriculture".[7]
Desertification has been neatly defined in the text of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) as "land degradation in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid regions resulting from various factors, including climatic variations and human activities."[8]
Another major contribution to the controversy comes from the sub-grouping of types of desertification. Spanning from the very vague yet shortsighted view as the "man-made-desert" to the more broad yet less focused type as the "Non-pattern-Desert"[9]
The earliest known discussion of the topic arose soon after the French colonization of West Africa, when the Comité d'Etudes commissioned a study on desséchement progressif to explore the prehistoric expansion of the Sahara Desert.[10]
History[edit]
The world's most noted deserts have been formed by natural processes interacting over long intervals of time. During most of these times, deserts have grown and shrunk independent of human activities. Paleodeserts are large sand seas now inactive because they are stabilized by vegetation, some extending beyond the present margins of core deserts, such as the Sahara, the largest hot desert.[11]
Desertification has played a significant role in human history, contributing to the collapse of several large empires, such as Carthage, Greece, and the Roman Empire, as well as causing displacement of local populations.[6][12][13][14][15] Historical evidence shows that the serious and extensive land deterioration occurring several centuries ago in arid regions had three epicenters: the Mediterranean, the Mesopotamian Valley, and the Loess Plateau of China, where population was dense.[12][16]
Areas affected[edit]
Sun, Moon, and large telescopes above the desert[17]
Drylands occupy approximately 40–41% of Earth’s land area[18][19] and are home to more than 2 billion people.[19] It has been estimated that some 10–20% of drylands are already degraded, the total area affected by desertification being between 6 and 12 million square kilometres, that about 1–6% of the inhabitants of drylands live in desertified areas, and that a billion people are under threat from further desertification.[20][21]
As of 1998, the then-current degree of southward expansion of the Sahara was not well known, due to a lack of recent, measurable expansion of the desert into the Sahel at the time.[22]
The impact of global warming and human activities are presented in the Sahel. In this area, the level of desertification is very high compared to other areas in the world. All areas situated in the eastern part of Africa (i.e. in the Sahel region) are characterized by a dry climate, hot temperatures, and low rainfall (300–750 mm rainfall per year). So, droughts are the rule in the Sahel region.[23] Some studies have shown that Africa has lost approximately 650,000 km² of its productive agricultural land over the past 50 years. The propagation of desertification in this area is considerable.[24]
Some statistics have shown that since 1900 the Sahara has expanded by 250 km to the south over a stretch of land from west to east 6,000 km long.[25][26][27] The survey, done by the research institute for development, had demonstrated that this means dryness is spreading fast in the Sahelian countries. 70% of the arid area has deteriorated and water resources have disappeared, leading to soil degradation. The loss of topsoil means that plants cannot take root firmly and can be uprooted by torrential water or strong winds.[24][28]
The United Nations Convention (UNC) says that about six million Sahelian citizens would have to give up the desertified zones of sub-Saharan Africa for North Africa and Europe between 1997 and 2020.[24][28]
Another major area that is being impacted by desertification is the Gobi Desert. Currently, the Gobi desert is the fastest moving desert on Earth; according to some researchers, the Gobi Desert swallows up over 1,300 square miles (3,370 km²) of land annually. This has destroyed many villages in its path. Currently, photos show that the Gobi Desert has expanded to the point the entire nation of Croatia could fit inside its area.[29] This is causing a major problem for the people of China. They will soon have to deal with the desert as it creeps closer. Although the Gobi Desert itself is still a distance away from Beijing, reports from field studies state there are large sand dunes forming only 70 km (43.5 mi) outside the city.[30]
Vegetation patterning[edit]
As the desertification takes place, the landscape may progress through different stages and continuously transform in appearance. On gradually sloped terrain, desertification can create increasingly larger empty spaces over a large strip of land, a phenomenon known as "Brousse tigrée". A mathematical model of this phenomenon proposed by C. Klausmeier attributes this patterning to dynamics in plant-water interaction.[31] One outcome of this observation suggests an optimal planting strategy for agriculture in arid environments.[32]
Causes[edit]
Preventing man-made overgrazing
Goats inside of a pen in Norte Chico, Chile. Overgrazing of drylands by poorly managed traditional herding is one of the primary causes of desertification.
Wildebeest in Masai Mara during the Great Migration. Overgrazing is not caused by nomadic grazers in huge populations of travel herds,[33][34] nor by holistic planned grazing.[35]
The immediate cause is the loss of most vegetation. This is driven by a number of factors, alone or in combination, such as drought, climatic shifts, tillage for agriculture, overgrazing and deforestation for fuel or construction materials. Vegetation plays a major role in determining the biological composition of the soil. Studies have shown that, in many environments, the rate of erosion and runoff decreases exponentially with increased vegetation cover.[36] Unprotected, dry soil surfaces blow away with the wind or are washed away by flash floods, leaving infertile lower soil layers that bake in the sun and become an unproductive hardpan.
Many scientists think that one of the most common causes is Overgrazing: when to much vegetation is eaten by cattle. Controversially, Allan Savory has claimed that the controlled movement of herds of livestock, mimicking herds of grazing wildlife, can reverse desertification.[37][38][39][40][41]
A shepherd guiding his sheep through the high desert outside Marrakech, Morocco
Scientists agree, that there is a natural cause for the existence of desert in the place where is now the Sahara desert: a natural climate cycle cause a lack of water in this area from time to time. There is a suggestion that the last time that the Sahara was converted from savanna to desert it was partially due to overgrazing by the cattle of the local population.[42]
One of the causes of desertification in the 20-21 centuries is probably climate change[3]
Poverty[edit]
At least 90% of the inhabitants of drylands live in developing countries, where they also suffer from poor economic and social conditions.[20] This situation is exacerbated by land degradation because of the reduction in productivity, the precariousness of living conditions and the difficulty of access to resources and opportunities.[43]
A downward spiral is created in many underdeveloped countries by overgrazing, land exhaustion and overdrafting of groundwater in many of the marginally productive world regions due to overpopulation pressures to exploit marginal drylands for farming. Decision-makers are understandably averse to invest in arid zones with low potential. This absence of investment contributes to the marginalisation of these zones. When unfavourable agro-climatic conditions are combined with an absence of infrastructure and access to markets, as well as poorly adapted production techniques and an underfed and undereducated population, most such zones are excluded from development.[44]
Desertification often causes rural lands to become unable to support the same sized populations that previously lived there. This results in mass migrations out of rural areas and into urban areas, particularly in Africa. These migrations into the cities often cause large numbers of unemployed people, who end up living in slums.[45][46]
Agriculture is a main source of income for many desert communities. The increase in desertification in theses regions has degraded the land enough where people can no longer productively farm and make a profit. This has negatively impacted the economy and increased poverty rates.[47]
Countermeasures and prevention[edit]
Anti-sand shields in north Sahara, Tunisia
Jojoba plantations, such as those shown, have played a role in combating edge effects of desertification in the Thar Desert, India.[48]
Techniques and countermeasures exist for mitigating or reversing the effects of desertification, and some possess varying levels of difficulty. For some, there are numerous barriers to their implementation. Yet for others, the solution simply requires the exercise of human reason.
One less difficult solution that has been proposed,[49] however controversial it may be, is to bring about a cap on the population growth, and in fact to turn this into a population decay, so that each year there will gradually exist fewer and fewer humans who require the land to be depleted even further in order to grow their food.
One proposed barrier is that the costs of adopting sustainable agricultural practices sometimes exceed the benefits for individual farmers, even while they are socially and environmentally beneficial.[50] Another issue is a lack of political will, and lack of funding to support land reclamation and anti-desertification programs.[51]
Desertification is recognized as a major threat to biodiversity. Some countries have developed Biodiversity Action Plans to counter its effects, particularly in relation to the protection of endangered flora and fauna.[52][53]
Reforestation gets at one of the root causes of desertification and is not just a treatment of the symptoms. Environmental organizations[54] work in places where deforestation and desertification are contributing to extreme poverty. There they focus primarily on educating the local population about the dangers of deforestation and sometimes employ them to grow seedlings, which they transfer to severely deforested areas during the rainy season.[55] The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations launched the FAO Drylands Restoration Initiative in 2012 to draw together knowledge and experience on dryland restoration.[56] In 2015, FAO published global guidelines for the restoration of degraded forests and landscapes in drylands, in collaboration with the Turkish Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs and the Turkish Cooperation and Coordination Agency.[57]
Currently, one of the major methods that has been finding success in this battle with desertification.[according to whom?] This is known as the Green Wall of China. This wall is a much larger scaled version of what American farmers did in the 1930s to stop the great Midwest dust bowl. This plan was proposed in the late 1970s, and has become a major ecological engineering project that is not predicted to end until the year 2055. According to Chinese reports, there have been nearly 66,000,000,000 trees planted in China's great green wall.[58] Due to the success that China has been finding in stopping the spread of desertification, plans are currently be made in Africa to start a "wall" along the borders of the Sahara desert as well.[citation needed]
Techniques focus on two aspects: provisioning of water, and fixation and hyper-fertilizing soil.
Fixating the soil is often done through the use of shelter belts, woodlots and windbreaks. Windbreaks are made from trees and bushes and are used to reduce soil erosion and evapotranspiration. They were widely encouraged by development agencies from the middle of the 1980s in the Sahel area of Africa.
Some soils (for example, clay), due to lack of water can become consolidated rather than porous (as in the case of sandy soils). Some techniques as zaï or tillage are then used to still allow the planting of crops.[59]
Another technique that is useful is contour trenching. This involves the digging of 150 m long, 1 m deep trenches in the soil. The trenches are made parallel to the height lines of the landscape, preventing the water from flowing within the trenches and causing erosion. Stone walls are placed around the trenches to prevent the trenches from closing up again. The method was invented by Peter Westerveld.[60]
Enriching of the soil and restoration of its fertility is often done by plants. Of these, leguminous plants which extract nitrogen from the air and fix it in the soil, and food crops/trees as grains, barley, beans and dates are the most important. Sand fences can also be used to control drifting of soil and sand erosion.[61]
Some research centra (such as Bel-Air Research Center IRD/ISRA/UCAD) are also experimenting with the inoculation of tree species with mycorrhiza in arid zones. The mycorrhiza are basically fungi attaching themselves to the roots of the plants. They hereby create a symbiotic relation with the trees, increasing the surface area of the tree's roots greatly (allowing the tree to gather much more nutrients from the soil).[62]
As there are many different types of deserts, there are also different types of desert reclamation methodologies. An example for this is the salt-flats in the Rub' al Khali desert in Saudi-Arabia. These salt-flats are one of the most promising desert areas for seawater agriculture and could be revitalized without the use of freshwater or much energy.[63]
Farmer-managed natural regeneration (FMNR) is another technique that has produced successful results for desert reclamation. Since 1980, this method to reforest degraded landscape has been applied with some success in Niger. This simple and low-cost method has enabled farmers to regenerate some 30,000 square kilometers in Niger. The process involves enabling native sprouting tree growth through selective pruning of shrub shoots. The residue from pruned trees can be used to provide mulching for fields thus increasing soil water retention and reducing evaporation. Additionally, properly spaced and pruned trees can increase crop yields. The Humbo Assisted Regeneration Project which uses FMNR techniques in Ethiopia has received money from The World Bank’s BioCarbon Fund, which supports projects that sequester or conserve carbon in forests or agricultural ecosystems.[64]
It is argued that managed grazing methods are able to restore grasslands.[65]
Managed grazing[edit]
Restoring grasslands store CO2 from the air into plant material. Grazing livestock, usually not left to wander, would eat the grass and would minimize any grass growth while grass left alone would eventually grow to cover its own growing buds, preventing them from photosynthesizing and killing the plant.[66] A method proposed to restore grasslands uses fences with many small paddocks and moving herds from one paddock to another after a day or two in order to mimic natural grazers and allowing the grass to grow optimally.[66][67][68] It is estimated that increasing the carbon content of the soils in the world’s 3.5 billion hectares of agricultural grassland would offset nearly 12 years of CO2 emissions.[66] Allan Savory, as part of holistic management, claims that while large herds are often blamed for desertification, prehistoric lands used to support large or larger herds and areas where herds were removed in the United States are still desertifying.[65]
See also[edit]
Wind erosion outside Leuchars
Aridification
Deforestation
Soil retrogression and degradation
Water crisis
Mitigation:
Desert greening
Ecological engineering
Oasification
Environment portal
Ecology portal
Earth sciences portal
Biology portal
Global warming portal
Sustainable development portal
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Mayell, Hillary (April 26, 2001). "Shrinking African Lake Offers Lesson on Finite Resources". National Geographic News. Retrieved 20 June 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Geist (2005), p. 2
^ Jump up to: a b Zeng, Ning; Yoon, Jinho (1 September 2009). "Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming". Geophysical Research Letters. 36 (17): L17401. Bibcode:2009GeoRL..3617401Z. doi:10.1029/2009GL039699. ISSN 1944-8007.
Jump up ^ "Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification". Retrieved 21 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Desert Will Win". FIGU-Landesgruppe Canada. Retrieved 2017-01-02.
^ Jump up to: a b Geist (2005), p. 4
Jump up ^ "define:desertification – Google Search". Retrieved 21 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Part I". Retrieved 21 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Helmut J. Geist, and Eric F. Lambin. "Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertifcation." BioScience 54.9 (2004): 817 . Web.
Jump up ^ Mortimore, Michael (1989). Adapting to drought: farmers, famines, and desertification in west Africa. Cambridge University Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-521-32312-3.
Jump up ^ United States Geological Survey, "Desertification", 1997
^ Jump up to: a b LOWDERMILK, W C. "CONQUEST OF THE LAND THROUGH SEVEN THOUSAND YEARS" (PDF). Soil Conservation Service. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 9 April 2014.
Jump up ^ Whitford, Walter G. (2002). Ecology of desert systems. Academic Press. p. 277. ISBN 978-0-12-747261-4.
Jump up ^ Bogumil Terminski (2011), Towards Recognition and Protection of Forced Environmental Migrants in the Public International Law: Refugee or IDPs Umbrella, Policy Studies Organization (PSO), Washington.
Jump up ^ Geist, Helmut. "The causes and progression of desertification". Antony Rowe Ltd. Ashgate publishing limited. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Dregne, H.E. "Desertification of Arid Lands". Columbia University. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Sun, Moon and Telescopes above the Desert". ESO Picture of the Week. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Bauer (2007), p. 78
^ Jump up to: a b Johnson et al (2006), p. 1
^ Jump up to: a b "UNCCD – Error 404 – Page Not Found" (PDF). Retrieved 21 June 2016.
Jump up ^ World Bank (2009). Gender in agriculture sourcebook. World Bank Publications. p. 454. ISBN 978-0-8213-7587-7.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ Riebeek, Holli (2007-01-03). "Defining Desertification : Feature Articles". earthobservatory.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2016-11-30.
^ Jump up to: a b c "La progression du désert du Sahara augmente chaque année ?". Savezvousque.fr. Retrieved 2016-11-30.
Jump up ^ Hecke, Geoffrey Van (2012). Humanum 3, le secret d'Épidaure: suivi de Amazone City. Mon Petit Éditeur. p. 192. ISBN 978-2-7483-9214-2. D'après Monique Mainguet, depuis 1900, le Sahara a progressé vers le sud de 250 kilomètres et ce sur un front qui en fait plus de 6000 km.
Jump up ^ Christian Bouquet (December 2017). "Le Sahara entre ses deux rives. Éléments de délimitation par la géohistoire d'un espace de contraintes". Géoconfluences. Mais il aurait progressé de 250 km vers le sud depuis 1900 (Mainguet, 2003), et dépasserait donc 9 millions de km² soit 30 % de la superficie totale du continent africain.
Jump up ^ Mainguet, Monique (2003). Les pays secs: environnement et développement. Ellipses.
^ Jump up to: a b "United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification: Issues and Challenges". E-International Relations. Retrieved 2016-11-30.
Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/10/24/world/asia/living-in-chinas-expanding-deserts.html?_r=0
Jump up ^ http://www.geo.utexas.edu/courses/371c/project/2009/Welker_Desertification.pdf
Jump up ^ Klausmeier, Christopher (1999). "Regular and irregular patterns in semiarid vegetation". Science. 284 (5421): 1826–1828. doi:10.1126/science.284.5421.1826.
Jump up ^ (www.dw.com), Deutsche Welle. "Grid of straw squares turns Chinese sand to soil – Environment – DW.COM – 23.06.2011". Retrieved 21 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Laduke, Winona (1999). All Our Relations: Native Struggles for Land and Life (PDF). Cambridge, MA: South End Press. p. 146. ISBN 0896085996. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 30 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Duval, Clay. "Bison Conservation: Saving an Ecologically and Culturally Keystone Species" (PDF). Duke University. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 8, 2012. Retrieved April 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Holistic Land Management: Key to Global Stability" by Terry Waghorn. Forbes. 20 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Geeson, Nichola et al. (2002). Mediterranean desertification: a mosaic of processes and responses. John Wiley & Sons. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-470-84448-9. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Savory, Allan. "Allan Savory: How to green the world's deserts and reverse climate change".
Jump up ^ Savory, Allan. "Holistic resource management: a conceptual framework for ecologically sound economic modelling" (PDF). Ecological Economics. Elsevier Science Publishers. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 May 2013. Retrieved 10 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Butterfield, Jody (2006). Holistic Management Handbook: Healthy Land, Healthy Profits, Second Edition. Island Press. ISBN 1559638850.
Jump up ^ Savory, Allan. "Response to request for information on the "science" and "methodology" underpinning Holistic Management and holistic planned grazing" (PDF). Savory Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 May 2013. Retrieved 10 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Drury, Steve. "Large-animal extinction in Australia linked to human hunters". Earth-Pages. Retrieved 9 June 2014.
Jump up ^ K. Wright, David; Rull, Valenti; Roberts, Richard; Marchant, Rob; Gil-Romera, Graciela (26 January 2017). "Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period". Frontiers of Earth Science (Quaternary Science, Geomorfology and Paleoenvironment). doi:10.3389/feart.2017.00004. Retrieved 22 July 2018.
Jump up ^ Dobie, Ph. 2001. “Poverty and the drylands”, in Global Drylands Imperative, Challenge paper, Undp, Nairobi (Kenya) 16 p.
Jump up ^ Cornet A., 2002. Desertification and its relationship to the environment and development: a problem that affects us all. In: Ministère des Affaires étrangères/adpf, Johannesburg. World Summit on Sustainable Development. 2002. What is at stake? The contribution of scientists to the debate: 91–125.. Archived 2009-08-09 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Pasternak, Dov & Schlissel, Arnold (2001). Combating desertification with plants. Springer. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-306-46632-8. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Briassoulis, Helen (2005). Policy integration for complex environmental problems: the example of Mediterranean desertification. Ashgate Publishing. p. 161. ISBN 978-0-7546-4243-5.
Jump up ^ Stringer, Lindsay C.; Dyer, Jen C.; Reed, Mark S.; Dougill, Andrew J.; Twyman, Chasca; Mkwambisi, David. "Adaptations to climate change, drought and desertification: local insights to enhance policy in southern Africa". Environmental Science & Policy. 12 (7): 748–765. doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2009.04.002.
Jump up ^ Pasternak, D.; Schlissel, Arnold. Combating Desertification with Plants. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 38. ISBN 9781461513278.
Jump up ^ "The Future Of Mankind – A Billy Meier Wiki – Overpopulation Crusade". www.futureofmankind.co.uk. Retrieved 2016-11-20.
Jump up ^ Drost, Daniel; Long, Gilbert; Wilson, David; Miller, Bruce; Campbell, William (1 December 1996). "Barriers to Adopting Sustainable Agricultural Practices". Journal of Extension.
Jump up ^ Briassoulis, Helen (2005). Policy integration for complex environmental problems: the example of Mediterranean desertification. Ashgate Publishing. p. 237. ISBN 978-0-7546-4243-5.
Jump up ^ Techniques for Desert Reclamation by Andrew S. Goudie
Jump up ^ Desert reclamation projects Archived 2009-01-03 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ For example, Eden Reforestation Projects website, on Vimeo, on Eden Reforestation Projects on YouTube.
Jump up ^ This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Government document "http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/".
Jump up ^ "Drylands Restoration Initiative". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved 14 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Global guidelines for the restoration of degraded forests and landscapes in drylands (PDF). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. June 2015. ISBN 978-92-5-108912-5.
Jump up ^ http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/04/china-great-green-wall-gobi-tengger-desertification/
Jump up ^ "Our Good Earth – National Geographic Magazine". Retrieved 21 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Home – Justdiggit". Retrieved 21 June 2016.
Jump up ^ List of plants to halt desertification; some of which may be soil-fixating Archived 2011-02-01 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Département Biologie Végétale – Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie IRD-ISRA-UCAD". Retrieved 21 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Rethinking landscapes, Nicol-André Berdellé July 2011 H2O magazine
Jump up ^ "Sprouting Trees From the Underground Forest — A Simple Way to Fight Desertification and Climate Change – Water Matters – State of the Planet". Blogs.ei.columbia.edu. 2011-10-18. Retrieved 2012-08-11.
^ Jump up to: a b "How cows could repair the world". nationalgeographic.com. March 6, 2013. Retrieved May 5, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c "How fences could save the planet". newstatesman.com. January 13, 2011. Retrieved May 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Restoring soil carbon can reverse global warming, desertification and biodiversity". mongabay.com. February 21, 2008. Archived from the original on June 25, 2013. Retrieved May 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ Abend, Lisa (January 25, 2010). "How eating grass-fed beef could help fight climate change". time.com. Retrieved May 11, 2013.
Bibliography[edit]
Arnalds, Ólafur; Archer, Steve (2000). Rangeland Desertification. Springer. ISBN 978-0-7923-6071-1.
Barbault R., Cornet A., Jouzel J., Mégie G., Sachs I., Weber J. (2002). Johannesburg. World Summit on Sustainable Development. 2002. What is at stake? The contribution of scientists to the debate. Ministère des Affaires étrangères/adpf.
Bauer, Steffan (2007). "Desertification". In Thai, Khi V. et al. Handbook of globalization and the environment. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-57444-553-4. CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link)
Batterbury, S.P.J. & A.Warren (2001) Desertification. in N. Smelser & P. Baltes (eds.) International Encyclopædia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences. Elsevier Press. pp. 3526–3529
Geist, Helmut (2005). The causes and progression of desertification. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7546-4323-4.
Hartman, Ingrid (2008). "Desertification". In Philander, S. George. Encyclopedia of global warming and climate change, Volume 1. SAGE. ISBN 978-1-4129-5878-3. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Hinman, C. Wiley & Hinman, Jack W. (1992). The plight and promise of arid land agriculture. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-06612-9. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Holtz, Uwe (2007). Implementing the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification from a parliamentary point of view – Critical assessment and challenges ahead. Online at [2]
Holtz, Uwe (2013). Role of parliamentarians in the implementation process of the UN Convention to Combat Desertification. A guide to Parliamentary Action, ed. Secretariat of the UNCCD, Bonn ISBN 978-92-95043-69-5. Online at [3]
Johnson, Pierre Marc et al., eds. (2006). Governing global desertification: linking environmental degradation, poverty and participation. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7546-4359-3. CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link)
Lucke, Bernhard (2007): Demise of the Decapolis. Past and Present Desertification in the Context of Soil Development, Land Use, and Climate. Online at [4]
Mensah, Joseph (2006). "Desertification". In Leonard, Thomas M. Encyclopedia of the developing world, Volume 1. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-97662-6.
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) Desertification Synthesis Report
Moseley, W.G. and E. Jerme 2010. “Desertification.” In: Warf, B. (ed). Encyclopedia of Geography. Sage Publications. Volume 2, pp. 715–719.
Oliver, John E., ed. (2005). "Desertification". Encyclopedia of world climatology. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4020-3264-6.
Parrillo, Vincent N., ed. (2008). "Desertification". Encyclopedia of social problems, Volume 2. SAGE. ISBN 978-1-4129-4165-5.
Reynolds, James F., and D. Mark Stafford Smith (ed.) (2002) Global Desertification – Do Humans Cause Deserts? Dahlem Workshop Report 88, Berlin: Dahlem University Press
Stelt, Sjors van der (2012) Rise and Fall of Periodic Patterns for a Generalized Klausmeier-Gray-Scott Model, PhD Thesis University of Amsterdam
UNCCD (1994) United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
The End of Eden a 90-minute documentary by South African filmmaker Rick Lomba in 1984 on African desertification
Attribution
This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Government document "http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/".
External links[edit]
Beyerlin, Ulrich. Desertification, Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law
Bell, Trudy; Phillips, Tony (December 6, 2002). "City-swallowing Sand Dunes". NASA. Archived from the original on June 19, 2006. Retrieved 2006-04-28.
Desert Research Institute in Nevada, United States
Environmental Issues – Desertification in Africa, The Environmental Blog
Eden Foundation article on desertification
FAO Information Portal – Properties and Management of Drylands
UNEP (2006): Global Deserts Outlook
UNEP Programme on Success Stories in Land Degradation/ Desertification Control
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification – Secretariat
Procedural history and related documents on the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Dersertification, Particularly in Africa in the Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
A guide for desert and dryland restoration by David A. Bainbridge
French Scientific Committee on Desertification (CSFD)
Olive Trees May Be The Answer To Desertification
The End of Eden on Youtube
News
Fighting Desertification Through Conservation Report on a project to stop the advance of the Sahara in Algeria – IPS, 27 February 2007
hide
v
t
e
Deforestation and desertification
Deforestation
Assarting
Deforestation
Deforestation and climate change
Deforestation by region
Deforestation during the Roman period
Illegal logging
Mountaintop removal
Slash-and-burn
Slash-and-char
Desertification
Aridification
Desertification
Moisture recycling
Soil retrogression and degradation
Water scarcity
Mitigation
Afforestation
Arid Lands Information Network
Biochar
Conservation grazing
Desert greening
Ecoforestry
Ecological engineering
Farmer-managed regeneration
Flexible Mechanisms
Great Green Wall (Africa)
Managed intensive rotational grazing
Oasification
Reforestation
Three-North Shelter Forest (China)
Related articles
Allan Savory
Biodiversity
Economic impact analysis
Environmental philosophy
Extinction
Intact forest landscape
International Year of Forests
Land surface effects on climate
Land use, land-use change and forestry
Natural landscape
Neolithic
Richard St. Barbe Baker
Satoyama
Terraforming
Terra preta
Wilderness
World Forestry Congress
Authority control
NDL: 00576839
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desertification&oldid=855642698"
Categories:
Desertification
Environmental soil science
Human overpopulation
Paleoclimatology
Hidden categories:
CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter
Webarchive template wayback links
Wikipedia articles incorporating text from public domain works of the United States Government
All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases
Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from April 2018
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018
CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter
Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Azərbaycanca
Bân-lâm-gú
Беларуская
Български
Bosanski
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Gaeilge
Galego
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
Қазақша
Kiswahili
Kreyòl ayisyen
Latina
Latviešu
Lietuvių
മലയാളം
Bahasa Melayu
Монгол
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Occitan
Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Scots
සිංහල
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
தமிழ்
తెలుగు
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
粵語
中文
53 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 19 August 2018, at 20:26 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: href class title

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: class style

value: sup

values:
/wiki/Environmental_problems
mw-redirect
Environmental problems

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values:
/wiki/French_colonization
mw-redirect
French colonization

values:
/wiki/Land_exhaustion
mw-redirect
Land exhaustion

values: Edit section: Countermeasures and prevention

values:
/wiki/Biodiversity_Action_Plan
mw-redirect
Biodiversity Action Plan

values: The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (April 2018)

values: Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch

values:
noprint Inline-Template
margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Green_Wall_of_China
mw-redirect
Green Wall of China

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2018)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Phoenix_dactylifera
mw-redirect
Phoenix dactylifera

values:
/wiki/Holistic_management
mw-redirect
Holistic management

values:
/wiki/Water_crisis
mw-redirect
Water crisis

values: The Earth seen from Apollo 17 with transparent background.png

values:
noprint metadata navbox
navigation
Portals
font-weight:bold;padding:0.4em 2em

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1029/2009GL039699

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1944-8007

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1126/science.284.5421.1826

values: Category:CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.3389/feart.2017.00004

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2009.04.002

values:
nofollow
http://edenprojects.org/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
https://vimeo.com/edenprojects

values: Copyright status of work by the U.S. government

values:
/wiki/United_States_Government
mw-redirect
United States Government

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5036e.pdf

values:
nofollow
http://nagafoundation.org/
external text

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Category:CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter

values:
nofollow
http://www.dri.edu/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.unccd.int/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.desertrestore.org/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.csf-desertification.eu

values: Template talk:Deforestation and desertification

values:
/wiki/Mountaintop_removal
mw-redirect
Mountaintop removal

values:
/wiki/File:Manantenina_bushfire.jpg
image
Illegal slash and burn in Madagascar

values:
navbox-image
4
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

attrs: alt src width height style srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating text from public domain works of the United States Government

values: Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases

values: Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from April 2018

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values:
/wiki/Desertification
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan
display: none;

values: Апустыньванне – Belarusian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: Опустиняване – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Ερημοποίηση – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: بیابانی شدن – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: Անապատացում – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values: मरुस्थलीकरण – Hindi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: מדבור – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values: Шөлдену, шөлге айналу – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sw
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ht
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values: മരുഭൂമീകരണം – Malayalam

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uz
display: none;

values: ਮਾਰੂਥਲੀਕਰਨ – Punjabi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Опустынивание – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values: කාන්තාරීකරණය – Sinhala

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-si
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: பாலைவனமாதல் – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: ఎడారీకరణ – Telugu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-te
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Опустелювання – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Desertification rootpage-Desertification skin-vector action-view


text:
Up Where We Belong
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Up Where We Belong"
Single by Joe Cocker and Jennifer Warnes
from the album An Officer and a Gentleman
B-side
"Sweet Lil' Woman" (Cocker only)
Released
July 1982 (1982-07)
Format
45 rpm record
CD single
cassette single
Recorded
Los Angeles, 1982
Length
4:00 (single)
3:55 (album)
Label
Island
Composer(s)
Jack Nitzsche
Buffy Sainte-Marie
Lyricist(s)
Will Jennings
Producer(s)
Stewart Levine
Joe Cocker singles chronology
"Talking Back to the Night"
(1982) "Up Where We Belong"
(1982) "Threw It Away"
(1983)
Jennifer Warnes singles chronology
"Come to Me"
(1982) "Up Where We Belong"
(1982) "Nights Are Forever"
(1983)
"Up Where We Belong" is a song written by Jack Nitzsche, Buffy Sainte-Marie and Will Jennings that was recorded by Joe Cocker and Jennifer Warnes for the 1982 film An Officer and a Gentleman. It reached record stores in July of that year to coincide with the release of the film. The song is about the belief that love can withstand the struggles of a relationship and make it stronger.
There were many temporary setbacks in making the record. The budget for the film did not allow for a new song to be written and produced. The film's director didn't think Warnes had the kind of voice he wanted until she recommended that she sing a duet with Cocker, and the song's producer had to practically drag Cocker into the studio to get him to record it. When the studio executives heard the finished product, they hated it and tried getting another song made in time to promote the film.
"Up Where We Belong" reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 in the U.S. and topped the charts in several other countries. It also sold one million copies in the U.S. and was recognized by the Recording Industry Association of America as one of the Songs of the Century. Cocker and Warnes were awarded the Grammy for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals, and Nitzsche, Sainte-Marie, and Jennings won both the Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Composition and lyrics
3 Recording and aftermath
4 Reception
5 Awards and accolades
6 Live performances
7 Legacy
8 Credits and personnel
9 Chart performance
9.1 Weekly charts
9.2 Year-end charts
10 Certifications and sales
11 Notable cover versions and parodies
12 See also
13 References
14 Bibliography
15 External links
Background[edit]
On February 24, 1982, English rock and soul singer Joe Cocker performed "I'm So Glad I'm Standing Here Today" with the jazz group the Crusaders at the Grammy Awards.[1] Their collaboration on the song for a Crusaders album had earned a nomination that year in the category of Best Inspirational Performance.[2] Singer-songwriter Jennifer Warnes saw the show from home.[3] She had been a fan of Cocker's since her teens and at one time had a poster of him on her wall showing him performing at Woodstock,[4] so this was a special moment. "I was so moved, I was hollering out loud with joy, jumping up and down ... After a difficult battle with drugs and alcohol, Joe was in total command once again. I knew at that moment that I would sing with Joe."[5]
Director Taylor Hackford was not budgeted for a new song to be produced for An Officer and a Gentleman.
Meanwhile, plans were being made for An Officer and a Gentleman to be distributed by Paramount Pictures, and studio executive Frank Mancuso was "very adamant about designing some kind of music element that would help pre-sell the movie."[6] The film's director, Taylor Hackford, was also interested in producing an original title song to help market it, but there was no money in the film's budget for such a recording.[7] He forged ahead on the idea, anyway, working with Joel Sill, who was head of music at Paramount at the time, without anyone else at the studio knowing that they were doing so.[7] The director contacted his friend Gary George to consult with regarding the selection of a recording artist for the song.[7] George, the former head of publicity at Warner Bros. Records, had recently become a manager and suggested Warnes, who was a client of his.[7]
The original idea to sing with Joe was mine. – Jennifer Warnes[8]
"Up Where We Belong" - chorus
The part of the chorus with the lyric "Love, lift us up", which was what drew Joe Cocker to the song.
Problems playing this file? See media help.
Among the half dozen songs that Warnes had placed in the top half of the Billboard Hot 100 at that point was the number six hit "Right Time of the Night" from 1977.[9] Her soundtrack credits included the Oscar-nominated "One More Hour" from Ragtime and the Oscar-winning "It Goes Like It Goes" from Norma Rae,[8] which, like the Hackford film, also had a lead female character who worked in a factory. Hackford initially rejected the idea of Warnes singing a song for An Officer and a Gentleman "because he felt she had too sweet a sound,"[10] but Warnes met with Sill and discussed the possibility of doing so: "I suggested to Joel that I sing on that film in a duet with Joe Cocker."[8] Sill thought this was an interesting idea[8] but needed to convince Hackford of that. He said, "I discussed with Taylor, since the film centered really around Richard [Gere] and Debra [Winger] primarily, that maybe we should have a duet"[6] and that with Cocker and Warnes they would be "matching the characters to some degree. The dynamic between the two was the soft and the rough, that, to some degree, Debra Winger's character was very, very soft in the picture, even though she was in a rough environment. And Richard Gere's character, to some degree, was really a rough character until he was softened up by her."[6] Hackford "thought the duet could be very exciting"[10] and now had another friend in the music industry to ask for a favor: "I'd started in music, in public television, and I had done a show with Traffic years before. Chris Blackwell managed Traffic and had owned Island Records, and Joe Cocker was now recording for Island. I called Chris and said I want to do this, and he just, on the phone, said, 'OK, I'll make this happen.'"[11] What would initially convince Cocker to work on the project, however, was a small portion of the lyrics. He described it as "the 'Up' part, which is what made me realize it had hit potential. It was so unusual – that 'Love, lift us up ...'"[12]
Composition and lyrics[edit]
The last scene of the movie brought the story to a happy ending, and Hackford said, "I wanted to have a song at the end of this film that would cap that romantic spirit. Jack Nitzsche and Buffy Saint-Marie, his then-wife, had written the theme for this, and I wanted a song based on that theme."[11] Nitzsche wanted to have Sainte-Marie write the lyrics, but Sill explained why they rejected that idea. "She, kind of, was not in the genre that we were interested in, and I talked to Taylor about the lyricist I thought who would be great, who I'd worked with before."[6] That person, Will Jennings, was invited to the studio to view a rough cut of the film, which gave him inspiration for the structure and lyrics of what became "Up Where We Belong". "And all through the film I was hearing these bits and pieces of music, and at the end of it I had it in my head, you know, how there was a song. I heard a chorus here and a verse here and a bridge there, and so when I finished, Joel was there, and I said, 'Joel, just give me all the music from it,' all of Nitzsche's music, ' 'cause I got an idea.'"[13] When Jennings presented Hackford with his demo, the director said it was "a terrific song and really reflected—I mean, after all, it was based on the score of the film. The words fit the movie."[11]
According to Musicnotes.com by Alfred Music Publishing, "Up Where We Belong" is written in common time.[14] It is in the key of D major and sung in a vocal range from A3 to G5.[14] The lyrics "tell of the struggles of life and love and the obstacles in the way that we attempt to dodge."[8]
Recording and aftermath[edit]
I almost didn't want to record ["Up Where We Belong"]—the demo was dreadful! – Joe Cocker[12]
Sill described Stewart Levine as the "record producer who we felt would give us the right interpretation of the song, add some soulfulness to it and also make it a hit record at the same time,"[6] but Levine had reservations of his own: "I was living in a very rural part of upstate New York outside of Woodstock--kind of dropped out for a bit—and wasn't too keen on coming to California to make a record. But Will's involvement made me feel it was gonna be a good piece of work."[15] When Jennings played the demo over the phone for him, Levine responded that it was "great",[13] and Warnes was certain "Up Where We Belong" would be a hit.[8] Cocker, on the other hand, was a much tougher sell and, despite appreciating some of the lyrics, described the demo as "dreadful",[12] even though Jennings was the lyricist on "I'm So Glad I'm Standing Here Today" and his more recent single, "Talking Back to the Night".
"Up Where We Belong" – movie version
A part of the song taken from the version heard over the closing credits]
"Up Where We Belong" – single version
The same part of the song as heard on the hit record
Cocker wanted to make the recording by himself,[8] so Levine had Warnes record her vocals separately.[11] Cocker had taken a break from touring to fly to Los Angeles for the session, but when it came time to record he, as Hackford described it, "was terrified. He didn't even want to go into the studio. Stewart Levine had to go and talk him out of the hotel to get him there."[11] Cocker admitted, "I'd sat with the words in the afternoon but still hadn't remembered them, so we had to draw 'em up on big blocks of wood and stuff."[12] A recording was made where the two voices were spliced together,[11] but Warnes explained how persuasive their producer was in getting Cocker to agree to record the song alongside her: "Stewart Levine was gently insistent on the duet. Stewart understood that the contrast in our voices, the aural chemistry, would work. So Joe and I sang the song together. One or two takes, that was all."[8] Cocker came around to seeing a hit song once it was complete, saying, "I knew it was a number one. Other people were saying, 'Well ... perhaps', but I could just feel it."[16]
Hackford said that "the final version was absolute magic—or at least Joel and I thought so."[7] They now had to present this song that they weren't budgeted to make to the executives at Paramount. "When we played it for Michael Eisner and Don Simpson, they hated the record and said it would never be a hit."[7] Simpson even "bet Joel Sill a hundred bucks that it wouldn't be."[11] Hackford and Sill "called another prominent record executive, who said, 'Forget it. Jennifer Warnes has never had a hit song and Joe Cocker's a has-been.'"[17] Eisner and Simpson made Hackford "meet with various recording artist friends of theirs who tried to write songs, but their title songs didn't fit the movie."[7] Hackford said, "Finally, one of the famous artists who was involved looked at the movie and said, to his credit, 'Hey, I can write something, but it's not going to work as well as the song you've got.'"[17] Because they were running out of time before the film's release, Eisner and Simpson finally gave in, and "Up Where We Belong" made the final cut of the film[17] and was released as a single in July 1982.[18]
Reception[edit]
Some radio stations refused to play "Up Where We Belong", even going so far as to send their copies back to Island Records. Cocker said, "I remember going into their offices in New York. I walked in and I said, 'How's the single doing?' And this guy Mike Abrahams, who worked there, he said, 'This is how well it's doing'—and the office was piled with returns."[16] The single may have been recorded to promote the film, but, as Warnes pointed out, the success of the film, in a sense, was what sold the record: "The film was great, and one should never underestimate having a major film behind your song."[12]
Paramount President and CEO Michael Eisner hated "Up Where We Belong" and said it would never be a hit.
"Up Where We Belong" debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 in the issue dated August 21 of that year and enjoyed three weeks at number one during its 23 weeks there.[19] That same issue also marked its first appearance on the magazine's list of the 50 most popular Adult Contemporary songs in the U.S., where it stayed for 25 weeks, six of which were at its peak position at number three.[20] It also reached number seven on the UK Singles Chart in 1983[21] and received Silver certification from the British Phonographic Industry on February 1 of that year for reaching sales of 250,000 copies. [22] The Recording Industry Association of America awarded the song Platinum certification on January 17, 1989, for achieving sales of one million copies.[18]
Billboard reviewed the single at the time of its release in their July 31 issue. "This unlikely vocal pairing could prove less of a long shot than it sounds, given the recent gains made by other soundtrack associations. Add radio's ongoing affection for strong duets and a restrained performance by Cocker that matches him more sympathetically with Warnes's gentler style, and this track should find friends at A/C and mainstream pop stations."[23] Matthew Greenwald of AllMusic wrote, "A gospel-inspired piece of pop song craftsmanship, the song moves with an underlying grace and subtle beauty. Faith, virtue, and, yes, the power of love is at the lyrical core here, and [the songwriters] convey this with a literate and timeless style. Truly a modern-day pop standard."[24]
Awards and accolades[edit]
On January 29, 1983, Jennings, Nitzsche and Sainte-Marie won the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song.[25] Cocker and Warnes won the Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals on February 23 of that year.[26] Two months later, on April 11, the songwriters won the Academy Award for Best Original Song.[27] Their tune also won the BAFTA film award for Best Original Song in 1984.[28] On the Songs of the Century list compiled by the Recording Industry Association of America in 2001 the song comes in at number 323.[19] In 2004 it finished at number 75 on AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema, and in 2016 one of the duo's live renditions of the song came in at number 18 on Rolling Stone's list of the 20 Greatest Best Song Oscar Performances.[29]
Live performances[edit]
Singing with Joe was often risky and always thrilling – Jennifer Warnes[4]
Warnes described the agreement that she and Cocker had that "we toured the big wide world and never lip-synced once. That was our rule, no lip-syncing. Every performance was the real deal."[4] One of their earliest live appearances was on the November 20, 1982, episode of Solid Gold.[30] Saturday Night Live followed on February 5, 1983,[31] and their performance at the 25th Annual Grammy Awards came later that month, on February 23.[26] Backstage at the Grammys Warnes said about working with Cocker, "I was told it was the weirdest pairing ever,"[32] and regarding their April 11 appearance at the 55th Academy Awards,[33] she admitted, "Neither of us were comfortable in the Oscar world. Joe performing in a white tuxedo, me in pink taffeta—how absurd."[8]
In 2013 Cocker was honored in Berlin with a Goldene Kamera award,[34] and Warnes joined him to sing the song at the ceremony. The day after Cocker's death in 2014 Warnes wrote, "I realized yesterday that we will never sing our song again. That thought makes me feel sick. We met last year in Berlin to sing together. I didn't know that would be our last time."[4] Her visceral reaction to his death parallels the powerful chemistry they had in their many performances of the song, which she had summed up years earlier: "I always thought the pairing had a strong ring of truth to it. It was so unlikely, because Joe has this well-known, very raw, masculine energy. I was less well known and had this very vulnerable, quintessential female energy and we were very polarized, as men and women often are these days. But we met in the middle."[12]
Legacy[edit]
Joe Cocker strayed from his rock/blues roots in recording "Up Where We Belong".
The success of "Up Where We Belong" was not without its drawbacks for Cocker. He admitted that Island Records owner Chris Blackwell also hated the song and "didn't even want to release it."[12] They had put out Cocker's first project for the label, Sheffield Steel, in June 1982, just a month before the song needed to be on store shelves if it was to coincide with the opening of the film.[35] Cocker said, "The song was recorded within a matter of hours. Sheffield Steel – I spent a year on that. And the single eclipsed it overnight."[16] But even ignoring its success, there was still the fact that the duet wasn't what Blackwell had envisioned for Cocker's output with the label. The singer said, "It wasn't R&B, and after doing Sheffield Steel it sort of rubbed him up the wrong way."[36]
Stewart Levine produced Cocker's next LP, which was intended for Island, but, the singer revealed, as with the duet, Blackwell "hated it, so we had a gentlemen's agreement and packed up the deal at Island, and I went to Capitol."[37] The new label was "not enthusiastic either, feeling that the album had too many slow ballads."[37] Another producer was brought in to give the album a different tone, and the result was the 1984 release Civilized Man.[37] Peaking at number 133 on the Billboard 200, it was his lowest charting studio album in the U.S. at that point.[38]
Capitol had been responsible for rejuvenating the careers of Tina Turner and Heart in the mid-80s, so a push was on to do so for their new client with his next project, the 1986 album Cocker.[39] Capitol's vice president of a&r, Don Grierson, explained, "After Civilized Man came out, Joe, Michael Lang [Cocker's manager], and I spent a lot of time zeroing in on just what the heck Joe Cocker was really all about. And it's my firm belief that Joe is a rocker."[39] His feeling was that "Up Where We Belong" turned out to be a double-edged sword. "It helped Joe in one sense, but it was very, very detrimental to him in another. It gave him a hit record and brought his name back to the mass market again. However, because it was such a pop, middle-of-the-road record, it took away Joe's roots in the eyes of the public and certainly in the industry."[39]
Credits and personnel[edit]
Credits adapted from album liner notes for The Best of Joe Cocker.[40]
Joe Cocker – lead vocals
Jennifer Warnes – lead vocals
Stewart Levine – producer
Abraham Laboriel – bass
Leon "Ndugu" Chancler – drums
Louis Shelton – guitar
Bobby Lyle – keyboards
Robbie Buchanan – keyboards
Paulinho da Costa – percussion
Chart performance[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1982–83)
Peak
position
Australia (Kent Music Report) [41] 1
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[42] 14
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[43] 32
Canada (RPM)[44] 1
Canada Adult Contemporary (RPM)[45] 2
Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[46] 13
Germany (Offiziele Deutsche Charts)[47] 6
Ireland (IRMA)[48] 3
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[49] 3
Norway (VG-lista)[50] 3
Spain (AFYVE)[51] 2
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[52] 3
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[53] 7
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[54] 7
U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary[20] 3
U.S. Billboard Hot 100[19] 1
U.S. Cash Box Top 100[55] 1
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1982)
Rank
Canada (RPM) Top Singles[56] 23
U.S. Cash Box[57] 9
Chart (1983)
Rank
Australia (Kent Music Report)[58] 5
UK (Gallup)[59] 56
U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary[60] 45
U.S. Billboard Hot 100[61] 27
Certifications and sales[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Australia (ARIA)[62]
Gold 35,000^
Canada (Music Canada)[63]
Gold 5,000^
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[64]
Gold 25,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)[22]
Silver 250,000^
United States (RIAA)[65]
Platinum 1,000,000^
^shipments figures based on certification alone
Notable cover versions and parodies[edit]
BeBe & CeCe Winans had a Christian radio hit with "Up Where We Belong", albeit with slightly different lyrics, as indicated here.
Televangelist Tammy Faye Bakker suggested that Bebe & Cece Winans, two of the singers from The PTL Club, record "Up Where We Belong" after she heard the original duet in a record store, and Larnelle Harris helped Bebe make the lyrics more appealing to a Christian audience.[66] Their 1984 cover of the song from their album Lord Lift Us Up reached number 27 on the Christian Radio Hits chart[67] issued by SoundScan.[68] The duo rerecorded their gospel version in 1996 for their Greatest Hits album,[69] and their new version won the 1998 GMA Dove Award for Contemporary Gospel Song of the Year.[67]
The part of the score of An Officer and a Gentleman that Jennings used in writing the chorus for "Up Where We Belong" can be heard in the final scene of the film in which Gere picks Winger up in his arms and carries her out of the factory past clapping co-workers. The last shot of the film freezes on their exit as the score comes to a big orchestral finish, and the credits start to roll as Cocker and Warnes begin singing the song at the chorus. Although "Up Where We Belong" is heard separately from the final scene, it has often taken the place of the score in send-ups of the grand finale over the years. Films and television shows that have used some variation of the song in doing this include Bridget Jones's Baby,[70] The Cleveland Show,[71] Everybody Hates Chris,[72] Family Guy,[73][74][75] Friends,[76] The Goldbergs,[77] The Office,[78] Sabrina the Teenage Witch,[79] Scrubs,[80] The Simpsons,[81] and South Park.[82]
See also[edit]
List of RPM number-one singles of 1982
List of Hot 100 number-one singles of 1982 (U.S.)
List of number-one singles in Australia during the 1980s
References[edit]
Jump up ^ O'Neil 1999, p. 330.
Jump up ^ O'Neil 1999, p. 334.
Jump up ^ Leszczak 2016, p. 25.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Joe Cocker Tribute: Jennifer Warnes Shares Heartfelt Remembrance of 'Up Where We Belong' Duet Partner". Billboard. Retrieved September 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ Leszczak 2016, pp. 25-26.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Sill, Joel (2007). The Music of An Officer and a Gentleman (bonus feature from An Officer and a Gentleman, Special Collector's Edition) (DVD). Paramount.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Byrge 2016, p. 81.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Leszczak 2016, p. 26.
Jump up ^ Whitburn 2009, p. 1041.
^ Jump up to: a b Bronson 2003, p. 562.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Hackford, Taylor (2007). An Officer and a Gentleman, Special Collector's Edition (commentary track) (DVD). Paramount.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Bean 2003, p. 152.
^ Jump up to: a b Jennings, Will (2007). The Music of An Officer and a Gentleman (bonus feature from An Officer and a Gentleman, Special Collector's Edition) (DVD). Paramount.
^ Jump up to: a b "Up Where We Belong – Joe Cocker Digital Sheet Music (Digital Download)". MusicNotes.com. Alfred Music.
Jump up ^ Levine, Stewart (2007). The Music of An Officer and a Gentleman (bonus feature from An Officer and a Gentleman, Special Collector's Edition) (DVD). Paramount.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bean 2003, p. 153.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Hackford Keynotes Billboard Confab: Early Music-Film Ties Best". Billboard. December 6, 1986. p. 51.
^ Jump up to: a b White 1990, p. 50.
^ Jump up to: a b c Whitburn 2009, p. 1041.
^ Jump up to: a b Whitburn 2007, p. 178.
Jump up ^ Roberts 2006, p. 136.
^ Jump up to: a b "British single certifications – Joe Cocker/Jennifer Warnes – Up Where We Belong". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved April 16, 2017. Enter Up Where We Belong in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ "Billboard's Top Single Picks". Billboard. July 31, 1982. p. 51.
Jump up ^ "Up Where We Belong – Joe Cocker, Jennifer Warnes". AllMusic. Retrieved October 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ Sheward 1997, p. 159.
^ Jump up to: a b O'Neil 1999, pp. 346-347.
Jump up ^ Wiley 1996, p. 1140.
Jump up ^ British Film Institute 1985, p. 282.
Jump up ^ Portwood, Jerry; Ehrlich, David; Fear, David. "20 Greatest Best Song Oscar Performances". Rolling Stone. Retrieved October 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Show 11". Solid Gold. Season 3. Episode 11. November 20, 1982.
Jump up ^ "Sid Caesar/Joe Cocker/Jennifer Warnes". Saturday Night Live. Season 8. Episode 12. February 5, 1983.
Jump up ^ O'Neil 1999, p. 342.
Jump up ^ Wiley 1996, p. 623.
Jump up ^ "Joe Cocker, raspy-voiced British singer, dies at 70". Reuters. Retrieved October 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Bean 2003, p. 150.
Jump up ^ Bean 2003, p. 152-153.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bean 2003, p. 161.
Jump up ^ Whitburn 2010, p. 166.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Cocker Returns To Rock No Longer A Civilized Man". Billboard. May 17, 1986. p. 20.
Jump up ^ (1992) The Best of Joe Cocker by Joe Cocker [CD booklet]. Hollywood: Capitol Records CDP 077778124320.
Jump up ^ "Hits of the World". Billboard. April 2, 1983. p. 52.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Joe Cocker & Jennifer Warnes – Up Where We Belong" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved January 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Joe Cocker & Jennifer Warnes – Up Where We Belong" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved January 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Top Singles" (PHP). RPM. Vol. 37 no. 15. November 27, 1982. Retrieved February 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Contemporary Adult" (PHP). RPM. Vol. 37 no. 17. December 11, 1982. Retrieved February 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ Nyman 2005, p. 117.
Jump up ^ "Offiziele Deutsche Charts". GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved January 15, 2018. Type "Up Where We Belong" in the Suchen field and press Enter.
Jump up ^ "The Irish Charts - All there is to know". Irish Recorded Music Association. Retrieved January 16, 2018. Type "Up Where We Belong" in the Search by Song Title field and press Enter.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Joe Cocker & Jennifer Warnes – Up Where We Belong". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved January 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Joe Cocker & Jennifer Warnes – Up Where We Belong". VG-lista. Retrieved January 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ Salaverri, Fernando (September 2005). Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002 (1st ed.). Spain: Fundación Autor-SGAE. ISBN 84-8048-639-2.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Joe Cocker & Jennifer Warnes – Up Where We Belong". Singles Top 100. Retrieved January 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Joe Cocker & Jennifer Warnes – Up Where We Belong". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved January 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Joe Cocker: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company. Retrieved May 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Cash Box Top 100 Singles". Cashbox. November 6, 1982. p. 4.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Singles of 82" (PHP). RPM. Vol. 37 no. 19. December 25, 1982. p. 17. Retrieved February 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Singles". Cashbox. December 25, 1982. p. 72.
Jump up ^ Kent, David (1993). "Top 25 Singles of 1983". Australian Chart Book 1970–1992. p. 435. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
Jump up ^ Scaping, Peter, ed. (1984). "Top 100 singles: 1983". BPI Year Book 1984. British Phonographic Industry. pp. 42–43. ISBN 0-906154-04-9.
Jump up ^ "Top Adult Contemporary Singles". Billboard. December 24, 1982. p. TA-26.
Jump up ^ "Talent Almanac 1984: Top Pop Singles". Billboard. December 24, 1982. p. TA-18.
Jump up ^ "Joe Cocker & Jennifer Warnes Up Where We Belong ARIA Accredited Gold Record". Roots Vinyl Guide. Retrieved April 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Canadian single certifications – Joe Cocker – Up Where We Belong". Music Canada. Retrieved April 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Spanish certifications for 1979-1990" (PDF). PROMUSICAE. p. 917. Retrieved April 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – Joe Cocker & Jennifer Warnes – Up Where We Belong". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved April 16, 2017. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
Jump up ^ Carpenter 2005, p. 457.
^ Jump up to: a b Powell 2002, p. 1053.
Jump up ^ Powell 2002, p. 16.
Jump up ^ Greatest Hits (CD booklet). Bebe & Cece Winans. Brentwood, Tennessee: EMI Records/Sparrow Records. 1996. Back cover. 7243-8-37048-2-8 – via Discogs.
Jump up ^ Maguire, Sharon (Director) (2016). Bridget Jones's Baby (Motion picture). Universal Pictures.
Jump up ^ "Buried Pleasure". The Cleveland Show. Season 1. Episode 13. February 14, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Everybody Hates Food Stamps". Everybody Hates Chris. Season 1. Episode 9. November 17, 2005.
Jump up ^ "Emission Impossible". Family Guy. Season 3. Episode 11. November 8, 2001.
Jump up ^ "Chris Cross". Family Guy. Season 11. Episode 13. February 17, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Herpe the Love Sore". Family Guy. Season 12. Episode 16. April 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The One with the Chicken Pox". Friends. Season 2. Episode 23. May 9, 1996.
Jump up ^ "Jackie Likes Star Trek". The Goldbergs. Season 5. Episode 5. October 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Return". The Office. Season 3. Episode 14. January 18, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Love Means Having to Say You're Sorry". Sabrina the Teenage Witch. Season 4. Episode 9. November 19, 1999.
Jump up ^ "His Story IV". Scrubs. Season 6. Episode 7. February 1, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Life on the Fast Lane". The Simpsons. Season 1. Episode 9. March 18, 1990.
Jump up ^ "Erection Day". South Park. Season 9. Episode 7. April 20, 2005.
Bibliography[edit]
Bean, J. P. (2003), Joe Cocker: The Authorised Biography, Virgin Books, ISBN 1852270438
British Film Institute (1985), Ellis, Mundy, ed., BFI Film and Television Yearbook 85, Concert Publications, ISBN 0851701833
Bronson, Fred (2003), The Billboard Book of Number One Hits, Billboard Books, ISBN 9780823076772
Byrge, Duane (2016), Behind the Scenes with Hollywood Producers: Interviews with 14 Top Film Creators, McFarland, ISBN 9780786472116
Carpenter, Bil (2005), Uncloudy Days: The Gospel Music Encyclopedia, Hal Leonard, ISBN 9780879308414
Leszczak, Bob (2016), Dynamic Duets: The Best Pop Collaborations from 1955 to 1999, Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 9781442271494
Nyman, Jake (2005), Suomi soi 4: Suuri suomalainen listakirja (in Finnish) (1st ed.), Tammi, ISBN 951-31-2503-3
O'Neil, Thomas (1999), The Grammys, Perigree Books, ISBN 0-399-52477-0
Powell, Mark Allan (2002), Encyclopedia of Contemporary Christian Music, Hendrickson Publishers, ISBN 1565636791
Roberts, David (2006), British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.), Guinness World Records, ISBN 1-904994-10-5
Sheward, David (1997), The Big Book of Show Business Awards, Billboard Books, ISBN 0-8230-7630-X
Whitburn, Joel (2007), Joel Whitburn Presents Billboard Top Adult Songs, 1961–2006, Record Research, ISBN 0898201691
Whitburn, Joel (2009), Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles, 1955–2008, Record Research, ISBN 0898201802
White, Adam (1990), The Billboard Book of Gold & Platinum Records, Billboard Publications, ISBN 0823075478
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
[show]
v
t
e
Joe Cocker
Studio albums
With a Little Help from My Friends
Joe Cocker!
Joe Cocker
I Can Stand a Little Rain
Jamaica Say You Will
Stingray
Luxury You Can Afford
Sheffield Steel
Civilized Man
Cocker
Unchain My Heart
One Night of Sin
Night Calls
Have a Little Faith
Organic
Across from Midnight
No Ordinary World
Respect Yourself
Heart & Soul
Hymn for My Soul
Hard Knocks
Fire It Up
Live albums
Mad Dogs & Englishmen
Live in L.A.
Space Captain
Live in New York
Joe Cocker Live
On Air
Standing Here - Live in Colorado
The Complete Fillmore East Concerts
Live at Woodstock
Fire It Up: Live (2013)
Compilations
Cocker Happy
Joe Cocker's Greatest Hits
The Best of Joe Cocker (1983)
Joe Cocker Classics Volume 4
The Legend
The Best of Joe Cocker (1992)
The Long Voyage Home
Greatest Hits
The Anthology
Greatest Love Songs
The Ultimate Collection 1968-2003
Ultimate Collection
Gold
Icon
Related articles
Discography
The Wonder Years (TV series)
[show]
v
t
e
Jennifer Warnes
Studio albums
Jennifer
Jennifer Warnes
Shot Through the Heart
Famous Blue Raincoat
The Hunter
The Well
Singles
"Easy to Be Hard"
"Right Time of the Night"
"Don't Make Me Over"
"It Goes Like It Goes"
"Up Where We Belong"
"All the Right Moves"
"First We Take Manhattan"
"(I've Had) The Time of My Life"
Compilations
Best of Jennifer Warnes
Love Lifts Us Up: A Collection 1968-83
[show]
v
t
e
Academy Award for Best Original Song
1934–1940
"The Continental"
Music: Con Conrad
Lyrics: Herb Magidson (1934)
"Lullaby of Broadway"
Music: Harry Warren
Lyrics: Al Dubin (1935)
"The Way You Look Tonight"
Music: Jerome Kern
Lyrics: Dorothy Fields (1936)
"Sweet Leilani"
Music and lyrics: Harry Owens (1937)
"Thanks for the Memory"
Music: Ralph Rainger
Lyrics: Leo Robin (1938)
"Over the Rainbow"
Music: Harold Arlen
Lyrics: E. Y. Harburg (1939)
"When You Wish Upon a Star"
Music: Leigh Harline
Lyrics: Ned Washington (1940)
1941–1950
"The Last Time I Saw Paris"
Music: Jerome Kern
Lyrics: Oscar Hammerstein II (1941)
"White Christmas"
Music and lyrics: Irving Berlin (1942)
"You'll Never Know"
Music: Harry Warren
Lyrics: Mack Gordon (1943)
"Swinging on a Star"
Music: Jimmy Van Heusen
Lyrics: Johnny Burke (1944)
"It Might as Well Be Spring"
Music: Richard Rodgers
Lyrics: Oscar Hammerstein II (1945)
"On the Atchison, Topeka and the Santa Fe"
Music: Harry Warren
Lyrics: Johnny Mercer (1946)
"Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah"
Music: Allie Wrubel
Lyrics: Ray Gilbert (1947)
"Buttons and Bows"
Music: Jay Livingston
Lyrics: Ray Evans (1948)
"Baby, It's Cold Outside"
Music and lyrics: Frank Loesser (1949)
"Mona Lisa"
Music and lyrics: Ray Evans and Jay Livingston (1950)
1951–1960
"In the Cool, Cool, Cool of the Evening"
Music: Hoagy Carmichael
Lyrics: Johnny Mercer (1951)
"High Noon (Do Not Forsake Me, Oh My Darlin')"
Music: Dimitri Tiomkin
Lyrics: Ned Washington (1952)
"Secret Love"
Music: Sammy Fain
Lyrics: Paul Francis Webster (1953)
"Three Coins in the Fountain"
Music: Jule Styne
Lyrics: Sammy Cahn (1954)
"Love Is a Many Splendored Thing"
Music: Sammy Fain
Lyrics: Paul Francis Webster (1955)
"Que Sera, Sera (Whatever Will Be, Will Be)"
Music and lyrics: Jay Livingston and Ray Evans (1956)
"All the Way"
Music: Jimmy Van Heusen
Lyrics: Sammy Cahn (1957)
"Gigi"
Music: Frederick Loewe
Lyrics: Alan Jay Lerner (1958)
"High Hopes"
Music: Jimmy Van Heusen
Lyrics: Sammy Cahn (1959)
"Never on Sunday"
Music and lyrics: Manos Hatzidakis (1960)
1961–1970
"Moon River"
Music: Henry Mancini
Lyrics: Johnny Mercer (1961)
"Days of Wine and Roses"
Music: Henry Mancini
Lyrics: Johnny Mercer (1962)
"Call Me Irresponsible"
Music: Jimmy Van Heusen
Lyrics: Sammy Cahn (1963)
"Chim Chim Cher-ee"
Music and lyrics: Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman (1964)
"The Shadow of Your Smile"
Music: Johnny Mandel
Lyrics: Paul Francis Webster (1965)
"Born Free"
Music: John Barry
Lyrics: Don Black (1966)
"Talk to the Animals"
Music and lyrics: Leslie Bricusse (1967)
"The Windmills of Your Mind"
Music: Michel Legrand
Lyrics: Alan and Marilyn Bergman (1968)
"Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head"
Music: Burt Bacharach
Lyrics: Hal David (1969)
"For All We Know"
Music: Fred Karlin
Lyrics: Robb Royer and Jimmy Griffin (1970)
1971–1980
"Theme from Shaft"
Music and lyrics: Isaac Hayes (1971)
"The Morning After"
Music and lyrics: Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn (1972)
"The Way We Were"
Music: Marvin Hamlisch
Lyrics: Alan and Marilyn Bergman (1973)
"We May Never Love Like This Again"
Music and lyrics: Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn (1974)
"I'm Easy"
Music and lyrics: Keith Carradine (1975)
"Evergreen (Love Theme from A Star Is Born)"
Music: Barbra Streisand
Lyrics: Paul Williams (1976)
"You Light Up My Life"
Music and lyrics: Joseph Brooks (1977)
"Last Dance"
Music and lyrics: Paul Jabara (1978)
"It Goes Like It Goes"
Music: David Shire
Lyrics: Norman Gimbel (1979)
"Fame"
Music: Michael Gore
Lyrics: Dean Pitchford (1980)
1981–1990
"Arthur's Theme (Best That You Can Do)"
Music and lyrics: Burt Bacharach, Carole Bayer Sager, Christopher Cross and Peter Allen (1981)
"Up Where We Belong"
Music: Jack Nitzsche and Buffy Sainte-Marie
Lyrics: Will Jennings (1982)
"Flashdance... What a Feeling"
Music: Giorgio Moroder
Lyrics: Keith Forsey and Irene Cara (1983)
"I Just Called to Say I Love You"
Music and lyrics: Stevie Wonder (1984)
"Say You, Say Me"
Music and lyrics: Lionel Richie (1985)
"Take My Breath Away"
Music: Giorgio Moroder
Lyrics: Tom Whitlock (1986)
"(I've Had) The Time of My Life"
Music: Franke Previte, John DeNicola and Donald Markowitz
Lyrics: Franke Previte (1987)
"Let the River Run"
Music and lyrics: Carly Simon (1988)
"Under the Sea"
Music: Alan Menken
Lyrics: Howard Ashman (1989)
"Sooner or Later (I Always Get My Man)"
Music and lyrics: Stephen Sondheim (1990)
1991–2000
"Beauty and the Beast"
Music: Alan Menken
Lyrics: Howard Ashman (1991)
"A Whole New World"
Music: Alan Menken
Lyrics: Tim Rice (1992)
"Streets of Philadelphia"
Music and lyrics: Bruce Springsteen (1993)
"Can You Feel the Love Tonight"
Music: Elton John
Lyrics: Tim Rice (1994)
"Colors of the Wind"
Music: Alan Menken
Lyrics: Stephen Schwartz (1995)
"You Must Love Me"
Music: Andrew Lloyd Webber
Lyrics: Tim Rice (1996)
"My Heart Will Go On"
Music: James Horner
Lyrics: Will Jennings (1997)
"When You Believe"
Music and lyrics: Stephen Schwartz (1998)
"You'll Be in My Heart"
Music and lyrics: Phil Collins (1999)
"Things Have Changed"
Music and lyrics: Bob Dylan (2000)
2001–2010
"If I Didn't Have You (Disney song)"
Music and lyrics: Randy Newman (2001)
"Lose Yourself"
Music: Eminem, Jeff Bass and Luis Resto
Lyrics: Eminem (2002)
"Into the West"
Music and lyrics: Fran Walsh, Howard Shore and Annie Lennox (2003)
"Al otro lado del río"
Music and lyrics: Jorge Drexler (2004)
"It's Hard out Here for a Pimp"
Music and lyrics: Juicy J, Frayser Boy and DJ Paul (2005)
"I Need to Wake Up"
Music and lyrics: Melissa Etheridge (2006)
"Falling Slowly"
Music and lyrics: Glen Hansard and Markéta Irglová (2007)
"Jai Ho"
Music: A. R. Rahman
Lyrics: Gulzar (2008)
"The Weary Kind"
Music and lyrics: Ryan Bingham and T Bone Burnett (2009)
"We Belong Together"
Music and lyrics: Randy Newman (2010)
2011–present
"Man or Muppet"
Music and lyrics: Bret McKenzie (2011)
"Skyfall"
Music and lyrics: Adele Adkins and Paul Epworth (2012)
"Let It Go"
Music and lyrics: Kristen Anderson-Lopez and Robert Lopez (2013)
"Glory"
Music and lyrics: John Stephens and Lonnie Lynn (2014)
"Writing's on the Wall"
Music and lyrics: James Napier and Sam Smith (2015)
"City of Stars"
Music: Justin Hurwitz
Lyrics: Benj Pasek and Justin Paul (2016)
"Remember Me"
Music and lyrics: Kristen Anderson-Lopez and Robert Lopez (2017)
[show]
v
t
e
Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song
1960s
"Town Without Pity" Lyrics by Ned Washington, Music by Dimitri Tiomkin (1961)
"Circus World" Lyrics by Ned Washington, Music by Dimitri Tiomkin (1964)
"Forget Domani" Lyrics by Norman Newell, Music by Riz Ortolani (1965)
"Strangers in the Night" Lyrics by Charles Singleton, Eddie Snyder, Music by Bert Kaempfert (1966)
"If Ever I Would Leave You" Lyrics by Alan Jay Lerner, Music by Frederick Loewe (1967)
"The Windmills of Your Mind" Lyrics by Alan and Marilyn Bergman, Music by Michel Legrand (1968)
"Jean" Music & Lyrics by Rod McKuen (1969)
1970s
"Whistling Away the Dark" Lyrics by Johnny Mercer, Music by Henry Mancini (1970)
"Life Is What You Make It" Lyrics by Johnny Mercer, Music by Marvin Hamlisch (1971)
"Ben" Lyrics by Don Black, Music by Walter Scharf (1972)
"The Way We Were" Lyrics by Alan and Marilyn Bergman, Music by Marvin Hamlisch (1973)
"I Feel Love" Lyrics by Betty Box, Music by Euel Box (1974)
"I'm Easy" Music & Lyrics by Keith Carradine (1975)
"Evergreen" Lyrics by Paul Williams, Music by Barbra Streisand (1976)
"You Light Up My Life" Music & Lyrics by Joseph Brooks (1977)
"Last Dance" Music & Lyrics by Paul Jabara (1978)
"The Rose" Music & Lyrics by Amanda McBroom (1979)
1980s
"Fame" Lyrics by Dean Pitchford, Music by Michael Gore (1980)
"Arthur's Theme (Best That You Can Do)" Music & Lyrics by Peter Allen, Burt Bacharach, Christopher Cross, & Carole Bayer Sager (1981)
"Up Where We Belong" Lyrics by Wilbur Jennings, Music by Jack Nitzsche & Buffy Sainte-Marie (1982)
"Flashdance... What a Feeling" Lyrics by Irene Cara, Keith Forsey, Music by Giorgio Moroder (1983)
"I Just Called to Say I Love You" Music & Lyrics by Stevie Wonder (1984)
"Say You, Say Me" Music & Lyrics by Lionel Richie (1985)
"Take My Breath Away" Lyrics by Tom Whitlock, Music by Giorgio Moroder (1986)
"(I've Had) The Time of My Life" Lyrics by Franke Previte, Music by John DeNicola & Donald Markowitz (1987)
"Let the River Run" Music & Lyrics by Carly Simon/"Two Hearts" Lyrics by Phil Collins, Music by Lamont Dozier (1988)
"Under the Sea" Lyrics by Howard Ashman, Music by Alan Menken (1989)
1990s
"Blaze of Glory" Music & Lyrics by Jon Bon Jovi (1990)
"Beauty and the Beast" Lyrics by Howard Ashman, Music by Alan Menken (1991)
"A Whole New World" Lyrics by Tim Rice, Music by Alan Menken (1992)
"Streets of Philadelphia" Music & Lyrics by Bruce Springsteen (1993)
"Can You Feel the Love Tonight" Lyrics by Tim Rice, Music by Elton John (1994)
"Colors of the Wind" Lyrics by Stephen Schwartz, Music by Alan Menken (1995)
"You Must Love Me" Lyrics by Tim Rice, Music by Andrew Lloyd Webber (1996)
"My Heart Will Go On" Lyrics by Wilbur Jennings, Music by James Horner (1997)
"The Prayer" Music & Lyrics by David Foster, Tony Renis, Carole Bayer Sager, Alberto Testa (1998)
"You'll Be in My Heart" Music & Lyrics by Phil Collins (1999)
2000s
"Things Have Changed" Music and lyrics by Bob Dylan (2000)
"Until..." Music and lyrics by Sting (2001)
"The Hands That Built America" Music and lyrics by Bono, Adam Clayton, The Edge & Larry Mullen Jr. (2002)
"Into the West" Music and lyrics by Annie Lennox, Howard Shore & Frances Walsh (2003)
"Old Habits Die Hard" Music and lyrics by Mick Jagger & David A. Stewart (2004)
"A Love That Will Never Grow Old" Lyrics by Bernie Taupin, Music by Gustavo Santaolalla (2005)
"The Song of the Heart" Music and lyrics by Prince Rogers Nelson (2006)
"Guaranteed" Music and lyrics by Eddie Vedder (2007)
"The Wrestler" Music and lyrics by Bruce Springsteen (2008)
"The Weary Kind" Music and lyrics by Ryan Bingham & T Bone Burnett (2009)
2010s
"You Haven't Seen the Last of Me" Music & Lyrics by Diane Warren (2010)
"Masterpiece" Music & Lyrics by Madonna, Julie Frost and Jimmy Harry (2011)
"Skyfall" by Adele Adkins and Paul Epworth (2012)
"Ordinary Love" by U2 and Danger Mouse (2013)
"Glory" by Common and John Legend (2014)
"Writing's on the Wall" by Sam Smith and Jimmy Napes (2015)
"City of Stars" by Justin Hurwitz, Benj Pasek and Justin Paul (2016)
"This Is Me" by Benj Pasek and Justin Paul (2017)
Complete List
(1960s)
(1970s)
(1980s)
(1990s)
(2000s)
(2010s)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Up_Where_We_Belong&oldid=834153219"
Categories:
1982 singles
1982 songs
Jennifer Warnes songs
Joe Cocker songs
Buffy Sainte-Marie songs
Glen Campbell songs
Yvonne Elliman songs
Island Records singles
Best Original Song Golden Globe winning songs
Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songs
Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
RPM Top Singles number-one singles
Songs written by Jack Nitzsche
Songs with lyrics by Will Jennings
Pop ballads
1980s ballads
Vocal duets
Hidden categories:
Articles with hAudio microformats
Singlechart usages for Austria
Singlechart usages for Flanders
Singlechart usages for New Zealand
Singlechart usages for Norway
Singlechart usages for Sweden
Singlechart usages for Swiss
Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname
Certification Table Entry usages for Australia
Certification Table Entry usages for Canada
Certification Table Entry usages for Spain
Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom
Certification Table Entry usages for United States
CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi)
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Azərbaycanca
Deutsch
Español
Français
Italiano
Nederlands
Português
Русский
Edit links
This page was last edited on 4 April 2018, at 06:04.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: th

attrs: colspan class style

value: tr

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

value: td

attrs: colspan style

attrs: href title

value: i

values:
/wiki/45_rpm_record
mw-redirect
45 rpm record

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em .1em .2em 0;

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding:.2em .1em;

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em 0 .2em .1em;

values: background: transparent; width: 100%; min-width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;

values: Nights Are Forever (Jennifer Warnes song)

values: Recording Industry Association of America

values: Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song

values: Grammy Award for Best Inspirational Performance

values: Taylor Hackford at a ceremony for wife Helen Mirren to receive a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

values: float: left; clear: left; margin: 0.5em 1.4em 0.8em 0; width:14%; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #aaa; font-size: 88%; background-color: #F9F9F9; padding:8px;

values: position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 110px; right: 0px; bottom: 0px; height: 0px; width: 0px;

values: left: 50%; top: 50%; margin-left: -35px; margin-top: -27.5px;

values: width:220px width: 220px; position: relative;

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help
mw-redirect
Wikipedia:Media help

values:
/wiki/Alfred_Music_Publishing
mw-redirect
Alfred Music Publishing

values: float: left; clear: left; margin: 0.5em 1.4em 0.8em 0; width:22%; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #aaa; font-size: 88%; background-color: #F9F9F9; padding:8px;

values: Michael Eisner speaking at The UP Experience 2010 in October 2010.

values:
/wiki/Adult_Contemporary
mw-redirect
Adult Contemporary

values: float: left; clear: left; margin: 0.5em 1.4em 0.8em 0; width:16%; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #aaa; font-size: 88%; background-color: #F9F9F9; padding:8px;

values: Joe Cocker en concert sur la scène Landaoudec lors du festival du bout du Monde à Crozon dans le Finistère (France).

values:
/wiki/Rock_(music)
mw-redirect
Rock (music)

values:
/wiki/Gramophone_record
mw-redirect
Gramophone record

values:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
/wiki/Suomen_virallinen_lista
mw-redirect
Suomen virallinen lista

values:
/wiki/Cash_Box_(magazine)
mw-redirect
Cash Box (magazine)

values:
left
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
text-align:center;
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values: border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; border: 0; background:transparent; width:100%;

values:
col
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

attrs: scope data-sort-type class tabindex role title

values:
col
number
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values: Australian Recording Industry Association

values: wikitable sortable plainrowheaders jquery-tablesorter

values: Edit section: Notable cover versions and parodies

values:
/wiki/Tammy_Faye_Bakker
mw-redirect
Tammy Faye Bakker

values:
/wiki/Bebe_%26_Cece_Winans
mw-redirect
Bebe & Cece Winans

values: List of Hot 100 number-one singles of 1982 (U.S.)

values:
nofollow
https://www.bpi.co.uk/bpi-awards/
external text

values:
nofollow
https://www.offiziellecharts.de/
external text

values:
/wiki/Universal_Studios
mw-redirect
Universal Studios

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
Joe_Cocker
fn
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em

values:
row
navbox-group
width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;

values: With a Little Help from My Friends (Joe Cocker album)

values: The Wonder Years (TV series) (page does not exist)

values: nowraplinks vcard collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
Jennifer_Warnes
fn
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em

values: All the Right Moves (Jennifer Warnes and Chris Thompson song)

values: Template:Academy Award Best Original Song

values: Template talk:Academy Award Best Original Song

values:
row
navbox-group
background: #EEDD82;width:1%

values: On the Atchison, Topeka and the Santa Fe

values: Que Sera, Sera (Whatever Will Be, Will Be)

values: The Morning After (Maureen McGovern song)

values: Evergreen (Love Theme from A Star Is Born)

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Template:Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song

values: Template talk:Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song

values: Circus World (song) (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/If_Ever_I_Would_Leave_You
mw-redirect
If Ever I Would Leave You

values: Whistling Away the Dark (page does not exist)

values: I Feel Love (Charlie Rich song) (page does not exist)

values: The Prayer (Celine Dion and Andrea Bocelli song)

values: Template:Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song 1960s

values: Template:Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song 1970s

values: Template:Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song 1980s

values: Template:Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song 1990s

values: Template:Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song 2000s

values: Template:Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song 2010s

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Best Original Song Golden Globe winning songs

values: Category:Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songs

values: Category:Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles

values: Category:RPM Top Singles number-one singles

values: Category:Songs with lyrics by Will Jennings

values: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Flanders

values: Category:Singlechart usages for New Zealand

values: Category:Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname

values: Category:Certification Table Entry usages for Australia

values: Category:Certification Table Entry usages for Canada

values: Category:Certification Table Entry usages for Spain

values: Category:Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom

values: Category:Certification Table Entry usages for United States

values: Category:CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi)

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Up_Where_We_Belong
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Up_Where_We_Belong rootpage-Up_Where_We_Belong skin-vector action-view