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The Inbetweeners
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This article is about the UK TV series. For the American remake, see The Inbetweeners (U.S. TV series). For other uses, see Inbetweeners.
The Inbetweeners
Genre
Sitcom
Blue comedy
Cringe comedy
Slapstick
Created by
Damon Beesley
Iain Morris
Developed by
Damon Beesley
Iain Morris
Written by
Damon Beesley[1]
Iain Morris
Directed by
Gordon Anderson
Ben Palmer
Damon Beesley
Iain Morris
Starring
Simon Bird
Joe Thomas
James Buckley
Blake Harrison
Narrated by
Simon Bird
Opening theme
"Gone Up in Flames" (instrumental) by Morning Runner
Composer(s)
See Music
Country of origin
United Kingdom
Original language(s)
English
No. of series
3
No. of episodes
18 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Damon Beesley
Iain Morris
Caroline Leddy
Producer(s)
Christopher Young
Location(s)
West London
Cinematography
Rob Kitzmann
Jamie Cairney
Ben Wheeler
Editor(s)
William Webb
Charlie Fawcett
Billy Sneddon
Running time
25 minutes
Production company(s)
Bwark Productions[2]
Young Films
Distributor
E4
Release
Original network
E4
Picture format
16:9 (576i SDTV)
First shown in
United Kingdom
Original release
1 May 2008 – 18 October 2010
External links
Website
www.e4.com/inbetweeners/
The Inbetweeners is a British coming of age sitcom television series which originally aired on E4 from 2008–2010, created and written by Damon Beesley and Iain Morris. The series followed the misadventures of suburban teenager Will (Simon Bird) and his friends Simon (Joe Thomas), Neil (Blake Harrison), and Jay (James Buckley) at the fictional Rudge Park Comprehensive. The episodes involved situations of school life, uncaring school staff, friendship, male bonding, and largely failed sexual encounters.
The show was nominated for 'Best Situation Comedy' at BAFTA twice, in 2009 and 2010. At the British Academy Television Awards 2010, it won the Audience Award, and in 2010 the show won the Best Sitcom award at the British Comedy Awards.[3] In the 2011 British Comedy Awards, the show also won the award for Outstanding Contribution to British Comedy.
The Inbetweeners Movie was released on 17 August 2011 to box office success, and a sequel followed on 6 August 2014.[4]
A U.S. version of the series also titled The Inbetweeners aired on MTV for one season in 2012, but was cancelled due to low ratings and poor reception.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Cast
2.1 Main cast
2.2 Recurring characters
3 Episodes
4 Ratings
4.1 Series 1
4.2 Series 2
4.3 Series 3
5 Music
6 Reception
6.1 Critical reception
6.2 Ratings
6.3 Awards
7 Worldwide broadcasting
8 Home media
9 Spin-offs
9.1 Books
9.2 Films
9.3 U.S. version
10 Future
11 See also
12 References
13 External links
History[edit]
Damon Beesley and Iain Morris met as producers on Channel 4's The 11 O'Clock Show. Following posts as commissioners at Channel 4, where Morris shepherded Peep Show, the two launched their own company, Bwark Productions, in 2004 and landed their first series with The Inbetweeners.[5] A pilot for the show was produced in 2006 under the direction of James Bobin titled "Baggy Trousers".
E4 originally aired the first series in May 2008, and Channel 4 also broadcast it in November that year. The second series began screening in the UK on 2 April 2009 and finished on 7 May 2009. A third series was commissioned by E4, commencing on 1 September 2010[6][7] and ending on 18 October 2010. The first episode of the third series had the highest-ever audience for an E4 original commission.[8] Following the conclusion of the third series, the cast and crew of the show indicated that there would be no fourth series as the show had run its course, but that an Inbetweeners movie would be produced, set some time after the third series and following the cast on a holiday in Malia, Crete, Greece.
For Red Nose Day 2011, the stars of the show travelled around the UK in the yellow Fiat Cinquecento Hawaii featured in the show in a special named The Inbetweeners: Rude Road Trip. The aim was to try to find the 50 rudest place names in the country.
Cast[edit]
Main article: List of The Inbetweeners characters
The Inbetweeners cast in 2009. From left to right: Joe Thomas, Simon Bird, James Buckley and Blake Harrison
Main cast[edit]
The four main characters are seen in every episode as well as the 2011 and 2014 films. They consist of:
Will McKenzie (Simon Bird) is the show's central character, with his voiceover introducing and concluding each episode. In the first episode he has been transferred from a private school, following his parents' divorce, to Rudge Park Comprehensive, where he eventually befriends the others. He is an unconventional hero – although he is generally the wittiest and most level-headed of the group, he is prone to making bad choices and his sarcasm occasionally leads to him making outrageous and offensive remarks. Will is intelligent, focused and eager to get into a good university. However, he is shown to be romantically frustrated, and pessimistic about his chances, due to his awareness of his lack of any kind of suave or social grace.
Jay Cartwright (James Buckley) is the most immature and arrogant of the boys. He is also the most vulgar of the group and harbours a generally misogynistic outlook. He is obsessed with sex, with almost all his comments being about the subject. In his mind, he is the most sexually experienced of the group. He frequently tells wild and fictitious stories about his experiences (sexual or otherwise), and hands out highly ridiculous advice which demonstrates that in reality he has very little understanding of the subject discussed, also substituting crude nicknames for vagina. In fact he is actually the least sexually experienced of the group, frequently relying on pornography to attain gratification, as he finds it difficult to engage with girls. In addition to his sexual stories, Jay compulsively lies about just about anything to make himself seem interesting, no matter how unbelievable.
Simon Cooper (Joe Thomas) is the most cynical and grumpy of the group, being prone to bouts of hysterical swearing at the slightest provocation – such as gentle goading, family rules, or even well-meaning advice – from his family or peers. However, he is also shown in several scenes to be the friendliest and the everyman of the group, and he maintains a closer relationship with Will than any of the others. Simon considers himself to be the most romantic of the boys, his on-off relationship with Carli propelling many of the plots.
Neil Sutherland (Blake Harrison) is known to be the dim-witted, gentle and gullible "nice guy" member of the group. He often fails to appreciate he is responsible for the bad situations he causes, and fails to pick up on sarcasm, often taking comments seriously and consistently believes Jay's compulsive and blatant lies. Neil's simpler mind means he is often happy and positive as well as more accepting of Will and he displays less of the selfishness and obsession with sex as the others. He tends to be the most sexually experienced member of the group.
Recurring characters[edit]
Carli D'Amato (Emily Head) is the main love interest of Simon. She demonstrates a good deal of influence over her peers, including school bullies. She and Simon have been friends since the age of eight, and this likely accounts for Simon being able to approach a girl in such a different social circle. Generally, Carli has little romantic interest in Simon but uses his obvious infatuation to her own advantage.
Charlotte Hinchcliffe (Emily Atack) is the most attractive and popular girl in the school. She is very confident and a year above the four boys. Unlike most of the popular girls Charlotte is very friendly and genuinely likes Will and most other classmates. She mentions to Will that she has had "eleven lovers already", and is held in very high regard by the boys.
Mr. Gilbert (Greg Davies) is an archetypical comprehensive school teacher. Misanthropic and permanently bitter, he has no interest in his work and treats his pupils with utter contempt. As head of sixth form he answers to the headmaster of the school. Physically he is very tall and strongly built which everyone finds quite intimidating, being described by Will as a "lunatic giant". He has a biting wit and sarcasm which he uses to convey his hatred of his job and the children for whose care he is responsible. Will attempts to endear himself often with Mr Gilbert and is rebuffed. Mr Gilbert evidently wants a quiet life and rather than ensuring fairness between the children he merely defuses situations and moves on, often leaving things unresolved.
Mark Donovan (Henry Lloyd-Hughes) is Will's nemesis, often picking on him to fulfill his role as the school bully. Ironically, Donovan is often shown to be somewhat sensitive, and is polite and quiet in front of parents or teachers. When he reveals his sensitive side to Will, he threatens him with death if he speaks of it.
Polly McKenzie (Belinda Stewart-Wilson) is Will's mum.
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of The Inbetweeners episodes
Episodes of the first, second and third series can be viewed in Ireland, Japan, Norway, Australia and USA through Netflix. LoveFilm and Channel 4's catch-up service All 4 also carry it in the UK and Ireland.[9] All three series are also available on YouTube, along with The Inbetweeners: Rude Road Trip and Top Ten Inbetweeners Moments.
Ratings[edit]
Series 1[edit]
No.
Air date
Title
Viewers[10]
E4 rank
1 1 May 2008 "First Day" 321,000 #8
2 1 May 2008 "Bunk Off" 321,000 #8
3 8 May 2008 "Thorpe Park" 305,000 #10
4 15 May 2008 "Will Gets a Girlfriend" 436,000 #8
5 22 May 2008 "Caravan Club" 432,000 #6
6 29 May 2008 "Xmas Party" 422,000 #7
Series 2[edit]
No.
Air date
Title
Viewers
E4 rank
Multichannel rank
1 2 April 2009 "The Field Trip" 1.21m #1 #1
2 9 April 2009 "Work Experience" 1.182m #1 #1
3 16 April 2009 "Will's Birthday" 1.057m #1 #1
4 23 April 2009 "A Night Out in London" 1.015m #1 #1
5 30 April 2009 "The Duke of Edinburgh Awards" 1.205m #1 #1
6 7 May 2009 "Exam Time" 1.205m #1 #1
Series 3[edit]
No.
Air date
Title
Viewers
E4 rank
1 13 September 2010 "The Fashion Show" 3.499m #1
2 20 September 2010 "The Gig and the Girlfriend" 3.336m #1
3 27 September 2010 "Will's Dilemma" 3.572m #1
4 4 October 2010 "The Trip to Warwick" 3.456m #1
5 11 October 2010 "Home Alone" 3.721m #1
6 18 October 2010 "The Camping Trip" 3.701m #1
Music[edit]
The opening theme tune to The Inbetweeners is an instrumental version of "Gone Up In Flames" by English rock band Morning Runner. The first series also features music by Rachel Stevens, Tellison, Paolo Nutini, The Maccabees, Air Traffic, Calvin Harris, The Ting Tings, Arctic Monkeys, Theaudience, The Fratellis, Vampire Weekend, Two Door Cinema Club, Mystery Jets, Kid British, Phoenix, General Fiasco, Gorillaz, Hot Chip, Belle & Sebastian, Field Music, Jamie T, The Libertines, Rihanna, Oasis, Jack Peñate, Guillemots, The Feeling, Kate Nash, The Wombats, The Jam, The Cure, Lily Allen, Mumm-Ra, Kylie Minogue and Feist.[11] The second series also featured instrumentals of Adele, Supergrass, Biffy Clyro, Passion Pit, Royworld, MGMT, Maximo Park, and The Cribs and the third series also featured instrumentals of Ludacris. A full list can be found on the E4 website. A soundtrack album, The Inbetweeners Soundtrack, was released in 2009.
The music was chosen by the music supervisor and then Xfm DJ, Marsha Shandur.
Reception[edit]
Critical reception[edit]
The Inbetweeners has received generally positive reviews from television critics. At Metacritic, the first season earned a score of 73 out of 100, based on 7 reviews, indicating "Generally favorable reviews".[12]
Joe McNally, writing for The Independent, commends an "exquisitely accurate dialogue, capturing the feel of adolescence perfectly"[13] and Will Dean of The Guardian comments that the show "captures the pathetic sixth-form male experience quite splendidly".[14] The series is often contrasted with E4's successful teen drama, Skins; commentators have offered that "The Inbetweeners' portrayal of dull suburbia is closer [than Skins] to the drab teen years most of us spent, rather than the decadent time we wished we spent."[15]
Ratings[edit]
The first series began on 1 May 2008, with the pilot episode garnering 238,000 viewers.[16] The series averaged 459,000 viewers,[17] with 474,000 viewers watching the series finale.[18] The Inbetweeners received two nominations at the British Comedy Awards; the show was nominated for "Best New British Television Comedy (Scripted)" and Simon Bird was nominated for "Best Male Comedy Newcomer".[19] Both won their respective categories.[20] The show was also voted by the British Comedy Guide website as the "Best New British TV Sitcom 2008".[21] It was nominated for "Best Situation Comedy" at the British Academy Television Awards 2009,[2] ultimately losing out to The IT Crowd.[22] It then won the Audience Award at the British Academy Television Awards 2010.[23]
The first episode of series two, which aired on E4 at 10 pm (BST) 2 April 2009, averaged 958,000 viewers,[16] with another 234,000 viewers watching at 11 pm on the time-shift channel E4 +1 meaning it was watched by 1.2 million, the highest audience of 2009 for E4.[18]
Episode one of series three aired on 13 September 2010 on UK digital terrestrial network E4, attracting a record breaking overnight average audience of 2.6m viewers (12.5% audience share) in its 10 pm slot, the highest ever viewing figure for a show screened on the channel until 2011 when Glee beat the record. For this series it was moved to Monday instead of Thursday but kept its 10pm slot.[8]
Awards[edit]
Best New TV Comedy, British Comedy Awards 2008
Best Male Comedy Newcomer (Simon Bird) British Comedy Awards 2008
Best New British TV Sitcom, The Comedy.co.uk Awards 2008
Best Comedy Show, TV Quick & TV Choice Awards 2009
Nominated for Best Situation Comedy, British Academy Television Awards 2009
Best TV Show, NME Awards 2010
Best Television Comedy Actor (Simon Bird) British Comedy Awards 2009
Nominated for Best Situation Comedy, British Academy Television Awards 2010
YouTube Audience Award, British Academy Television Awards 2010
Best Situation Comedy, Rose d'Or Awards 2010
Digital Choice National Television Awards 2011
British Comedy Academy Outstanding Achievement British Comedy Awards 2011
Best Comedy, 2012 Empire Awards
Worldwide broadcasting[edit]
BBC America began airing The Inbetweeners from 25 January 2010.[24] The network aired both of the first two series as a single 12-episode series. The same was done by MTV Latin America.
In 2010, The Inbetweeners started airing in Australia on the Nine Network's digital channel GO!, on Super Channel in Canada, on the comedy channel TV4 Komedi in Sweden, on TV2 in New Zealand, on MTV Latin America. In Israel, yes Next aired the first 2 series, while the 3rd series airdate is unknown. The 3 seasons came in 2012 to HOT VOD. In 2011 the series was premiered in Brazil on I.Sat and on 13 August 2013 the Brazilian streaming site "Muu" premiered the British production.
On 28 February 2011, The Inbetweeners started airing in France on MCM.[25]
The Australian channel ABC2 aired the programme from 8 January 2015.[26]
Country
Network(s)
Premiere
United Kingdom E4/Channel 4 1 May 2008
Argentina MTV Latin America 23 July 2010
Australia GO!
UKTV
ABC2 2010
2011
2015
Belgium JIM 2010
Brazil MTV Brasil
I.Sat 2010 (MTV Brasil)
2011 (I.Sat)
Canada Super Channel 2010
Colombia MTV Latin America 2010
Finland Yle TV2 2012
France MCM; NRJ12 28 February 2011
Iceland RÚV 2012
India Comedy Central (India) 2012
Ireland E4/Channel 4
RTÉ Two 1 May 2008
9 January 2012
Israel yes Next 2010
Italy MTV Italy 2010
Sweden TV4 Komedi 2010
Netherlands Veronica
MTV Netherlands 6 December 2011
2012
New Zealand TV2
UKTV 2010
Norway NRK 3 Summer 2011
Portugal MTV Portugal 2010
Russia 2x2 31 November 2011
Spain 3XL 2010
United States BBC America 25 January 2010
Home media[edit]
Series 1 was released on DVD on 2 June 2008.
Series 2 was released on DVD on 18 May 2009.
Series 1–2 boxset was released on DVD on 18 May 2009.
Series 3 was released on DVD on 25 October 2010.
Series 1–3 boxset was released on 25 October 2010.
The Inbetweeners Movie was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc on 12 December 2011 in the UK.
All of the DVDs received an 18 certificate in the United Kingdom and MA15+ in Australia due to their high number of strong language and sex references. The theatrical version of The Inbetweeners Movie received a 15 certificate in the United Kingdom, with the extended cut release receiving an 18 certificate.
Spin-offs[edit]
Books[edit]
There have been two books released:
The Inbetweeners Yearbook was released by Century Books on 29 September 2011. ISBN 1846059275
The Inbetweeners Scriptbook was released by Century Books on 25 October 2012. ISBN 1780891059
Films[edit]
Main articles: The Inbetweeners Movie and The Inbetweeners 2
In September 2009, Beesley and Morris confirmed that a film had been commissioned by Film4.[27] The plot revolves around the four boys, now eighteen years old, going on holiday to Malia, Greece.[28] It was released in cinemas on 17 August 2011[29] with a 15 certificate in the UK. The original film was also released in the United States on 7 September 2012, but it was very unsuccessful.[30] From a budget of £3.5 million, the film made a global box office of over £57 million.[31]
At the beginning of August 2013, creators Iain Morris and Damon Beesley confirmed that a second Inbetweeners film would be made with a planned release date of 6 August 2014 in the UK and Ireland; they released a statement saying "We couldn't be more excited to be making another Inbetweeners movie. A new chapter in the lives of the Inbetweeners feels like the very least we can do to thank the fans for their phenomenal response to the first movie." This sequel is set in Australia.[32]
U.S. version[edit]
Main article: The Inbetweeners (U.S. TV series)
In 2008, Iain Morris and Damon Beesley were asked by ABC to produce a pilot for a US version of The Inbetweeners. The pilot was not picked up by the network, but they have given Morris and Beesley a second blind script commitment for a future project which the two will create.[5]
On 31 March 2011, it was announced that MTV had ordered a 12-episode first season for a U.S. version of The Inbetweeners. A pilot episode, written by Brad Copeland, was given the green light in September 2010. Copeland also serves as executive producer on the series along with Beesley and Morris.[33] The series ran for one season from 20 August to 5 November 2012, before being cancelled by MTV due to low ratings.[34]
The US version began airing in the UK on 5 December 2012 on E4. A UK DVD release of the US version was released on 8 January 2013.[35] The US version was broadcast on Viacom-owned Freeview channel Viva from 4 August 2014.[36]
Future[edit]
After the second film the cast said that they were done with The Inbetweeners and that they wouldn't be making any new film or any more episodes as "they are all grown-up."
In March 2017, rumours surfaced that The Inbetweeners would be rebooted with an entirely new cast for a new series. This has been neither confirmed or denied.
See also[edit]
Television portal
Comedy portal
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Deacon, Michael (27 March 2009). "Interview: Simon Bird and Joe Thomas on The Inbetweeners". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 3 April 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Nissim, Mayer (24 March 2009). "BAFTA TV Awards 2009: The Nominees". Digital Spy. Retrieved 3 April 2009.
Jump up ^ "The Thick Of It dominates Baftas". BBC News. 6 June 2010.
Jump up ^ "UK and Ireland Release Date". E4 Inbetweeners, Facebook Page. Retrieved 15 March 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Hollywood Reporter". The Hollywood Reporter. 17 October 2008. Archived from the original on 20 October 2008. Retrieved 18 June 2009.
Jump up ^ "The autumn hot list 2010 – 11. The Inbetweeners". The Observer. London. 29 August 2010. Retrieved 30 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Inbetweeners set to return for third series". CoventryTelegraph.net. 2 September 2010. Retrieved 5 September 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Blunkett, John (14 September 2010). "The Inbetweeners pulls highest-ever audience for an E4 original commission". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 14 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "What's on Channel 4 on Demand: The Inbetweeners". Channel 4. Retrieved 22 March 2009.
Jump up ^ Weekly Top 10 Programmes. Broadcasters' Audience Research Board. Retrieved 17 June 2009.
Jump up ^ "The Inbetweeners Soundtrack". amazon.co.uk.
Jump up ^ http://www.metacritic.com/tv/the-inbetweeners-uk
Jump up ^ McNally, Joe (19 May 2008). "You Write The Reviews: The Inbetweeners". The Independent. London: Independent News & Media. Retrieved 22 March 2009.
Jump up ^ Dean, Will (8 May 2008). "Sitcom surbubia with spots". The Guardian. London: Guardian Media Group. Retrieved 22 March 2009.
Jump up ^ Dean, Will (3 April 2009). "The Inbetweeners is more realistic than Skins". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 25 May 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b French, Dan (3 April 2009). "New 'Inbetweeners' draws 958,000 for E4". Digital Spy. Retrieved 3 April 2009.
Jump up ^ West, Dave (5 June 2008). "E4 takes second series of 'Inbetweeners'". Digital Spy. Retrieved 22 March 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Rogers, Jon (3 April 2009). "The Inbetweeners makes 1.2m laugh". Broadcast. Retrieved 3 April 2009.
Jump up ^ "The Nominees 2008". British Comedy Awards. Retrieved 22 March 2009.
Jump up ^ "The Winners 2008". British Comedy Awards. Retrieved 22 March 2009.
Jump up ^ "British Comedy Guide Awards 2008". British Comedy Guide. Retrieved 19 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "Bafta TV Awards 2009: The winners". BBC Entertainment. BBC. 26 April 2009. Retrieved 26 April 2009.
Jump up ^ "The Thick Of It dominates Baftas". BBC News. 6 June 2010.
Jump up ^ Genzlinger, Neil (25 January 2010). "Dreams of a Teenage Loser". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 May 2010.
Jump up ^ The Inbetweeners - Serie TV - AlloCiné
Jump up ^ The Inbetweeners: ABC TV
Jump up ^ "Channel 4 develops film of The Inbetweeners". Retrieved 11 September 2009.
Jump up ^ E4 Inbetweeners Movie Application Page http://www.e4.com/inbetweeners/film-application.html
Jump up ^ Internet Movie Database The inbetweeners http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1716772/
Jump up ^ The Inbetweeners Movie flops in the US as writer blames language barrier | Metro.co.uk
Jump up ^ "The Inbetweeners Movie (2011)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 10 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Reynolds, Simon (9 May 2014). "The Inbetweeners 2 trailer is here: The gang go Down Under". Digital Spy. Retrieved 10 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (31 March 2011). "MTV Picks Up 'Inbetweeners' To Series". Deadline. Retrieved 1 April 2011.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (28 November 2012). "'The Inbetweeners' Canceled by MTV". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved 6 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Inbetweeners US [DVD]". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved 6 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "TVGuide.co.uk - The Inbetweeners US (The First Day)". TVGuide.co.uk. Retrieved 3 August 2014.
External links[edit]
Official website
The Inbetweeners on IMDb
The Inbetweeners at British Comedy Guide -with interview
BAFTA Interview with The Inbetweeners Cast at Latitude Festival in 2010
The Inbetweeners | The Top 10 Most Classic Moments
The Inbetweeners music – Scene by Scene listing of all the music played on the Inbetweeners
– The Top 10 Moments from the First Two Series
Inbetweeners Soundboard
Filming Locations
[hide]
v
t
e
The Inbetweeners
Episodes
Series 1
"First Day"
"Bunk Off"
"Thorpe Park"
"Will Gets a Girlfriend"
"Caravan Club"
"Xmas Party"
Series 2
"The Field Trip"
"Work Experience"
"Will's Birthday"
"A Night Out in London"
"The Duke of Edinburgh Awards"
"Exam Time"
Series 3
"The Fashion Show"
"The Gig and the Girlfriend"
"Will's Dilemma"
"The Trip to Warwick"
"Home Alone"
"The Camping Trip"
Films
The Inbetweeners Movie
The Inbetweeners 2
Other
Characters
The Inbetweeners Soundtrack
U.S. version
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Inbetweeners&oldid=815777205"
Categories:
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Television series about suburbia
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Standing on the shoulders of giants
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For the Oasis album, see Standing on the Shoulder of Giants. For the Tribe of Gypsies album, see Standing on the Shoulders of Giants (Tribe of Gypsies album). For Stephen Hawking's book, see On the Shoulders of Giants (book).
This picture is derived from Greek mythology: the blind giant Orion carried his servant Cedalion on his shoulders to act as the giant's eyes.
The metaphor of dwarfs standing on the shoulders of giants (Latin: nanos gigantum humeris insidentes) expresses the meaning of "discovering truth by building on previous discoveries".[1] This concept has been traced to the 12th century, attributed to Bernard of Chartres. Its most familiar expression in English is by Isaac Newton in 1675: "If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of Giants."[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Attribution and meaning
2 References during the sixteenth to nineteenth centuries
3 Contemporary references
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Attribution and meaning[edit]
The attribution to Bernard of Chartres is due to John of Salisbury. In 1159, John wrote in his Metalogicon: "Bernard of Chartres used to compare us to dwarfs perched on the shoulders of giants. He pointed out that we see more and farther than our predecessors, not because we have keener vision or greater height, but because we are lifted up and borne aloft on their gigantic stature." [3][4][page needed]
According to medieval historian Richard William Southern, Bernard was comparing contemporary 12th century scholars to the ancient scholars of Greece and Rome:[5]
[The phrase] sums up the quality of the cathedral schools in the history of learning, and indeed characterizes the age which opened with Gerbert (950–1003) and Fulbert (960–1028) and closed in the first quarter of the 12th century with Peter Abelard. [The phrase] is not a great claim; neither, however, is it an example of abasement before the shrine of antiquity. It is a very shrewd and just remark, and the important and original point was the dwarf could see a little further than the giant. That this was possible was above all due to the cathedral schools with their lack of a well-rooted tradition and their freedom from a clearly defined routine of study.
An illustration of New Testament evangelists on the shoulders of Old Testament prophets, looking up at the Messiah (from the south rose window of Chartres Cathedral)
The visual image (from Bernard of Chartres) appears in the stained glass of the south transept of Chartres Cathedral. The tall windows under the Rose Window show the four major prophets of the Hebrew Bible (Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and Daniel) as gigantic figures, and the four New Testament evangelists (Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John) as ordinary-size people sitting on their shoulders. The evangelists, though smaller, "see more" than the huge prophets (since they saw the Messiah about whom the prophets spoke).
The phrase also appears in the works of the Jewish tosaphist Isaiah di Trani (c. 1180 – c. 1250):[6]
Should Joshua the son of Nun endorse a mistaken position, I would reject it out of hand, I do not hesitate to express my opinion, regarding such matters in accordance with the modicum of intelligence allotted to me. I was never arrogant claiming "My Wisdom served me well". Instead I applied to myself the parable of the philosophers. For I heard the following from the philosophers, The wisest of the philosophers asked: "We admit that our predecessors were wiser than we. At the same time we criticize their comments, often rejecting them and claiming that the truth rests with us. How is this possible?" The wise philosopher responded: "Who sees further a dwarf or a giant? Surely a giant for his eyes are situated at a higher level than those of the dwarf. But if the dwarf is placed on the shoulders of the giant who sees further? ... So too we are dwarfs astride the shoulders of giants. We master their wisdom and move beyond it. Due to their wisdom we grow wise and are able to say all that we say, but not because we are greater than they.
References during the sixteenth to nineteenth centuries[edit]
Cedalion standing on the shoulders of Orion from Blind Orion Searching for the Rising Sun by Nicolas Poussin, 1658, Oil on canvas; 46 7/8 x 72 in. (119.1 x 182.9 cm), Metropolitan Museum of Art
Diego de Estella took up the quote in the 16th century; by the 17th century it had become commonplace. Robert Burton, in The Anatomy of Melancholy (1621), quotes Stella thus:
I say with Didacus Stella, a dwarf standing on the shoulders of a giant may see farther than a giant himself.
Later editors of Burton misattributed the quote to Lucan; in their hands Burton's attribution Didacus Stella, in luc 10, tom. ii "Didacus on the Gospel of Luke, chapter 10; volume 2" became a reference to Lucan's Pharsalia 2.10. No reference or allusion to the quote is found there.
Later in the 17th century, George Herbert, in his Jacula Prudentum (1651), wrote "A dwarf on a giant's shoulders sees farther of the two."
Isaac Newton remarked in a letter to his rival Robert Hooke dated February 5, 1676 [O.S.][7] (February 15, 1676 [N.S.]) that:
What Des-Cartes [sic] did was a good step. You have added much several ways, & especially in taking the colours of thin plates into philosophical consideration. If I have seen further it is by standing on the sholders [sic] of Giants.
This has recently been interpreted by a few writers as a sarcastic remark directed at Hooke's appearance.[8] Although Hooke was not of particularly short stature, he was of slight build and had been afflicted from his youth with a severe kyphosis. However, at this time Hooke and Newton were on good terms and had exchanged many letters in tones of mutual regard. Only later, when Robert Hooke criticized some of Newton's ideas regarding optics, was Newton so offended that he withdrew from public debate. The two men remained enemies until Hooke's death.
Samuel Taylor Coleridge, in The Friend (1828), wrote:
The dwarf sees farther than the giant, when he has the giant's shoulder to mount on.
Against this notion, Friedrich Nietzsche argues that a dwarf (the academic scholar) brings even the most sublime heights down to his level of understanding. In the section of Thus Spoke Zarathustra (1882) entitled "On the Vision and the Riddle", Zarathustra climbs to great heights with a dwarf on his shoulders to show him his greatest thought. Once there however, the dwarf fails to understand the profundity of the vision and Zarathustra reproaches him for "making things too easy on [him]self." If there is to be anything resembling "progress" in the history of philosophy, Nietzsche in "Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks" (1873) writes, it can only come from those rare giants among men, "each giant calling to his brother through the desolate intervals of time," an idea he got from Schopenhauer's work in Der handschriftliche Nachlass.[9]
Contemporary references[edit]
The British two pound coin bears the inscription STANDING ON THE SHOULDERS OF GIANTS on its edge; this is intended as a quotation of Newton.[10]
Google Scholar has adopted "Stand on the shoulders of giants" as its motto.
In Umberto Eco's novel The Name of the Rose, William of Baskerville utters the words when speaking to Nicholas of Morimondo, the master glazier at the monastery. Nicholas says about his art: "We no longer have the learning of the ancients, the age of giants is past!", to which William replies: "We are dwarfs, but dwarfs who stand on the shoulders of those giants, and small though we are, we sometimes manage to see farther on the horizon than they."
Linux Mint installation slideshow has a slide titled "Standing on the shoulder of giants" meaning Ubuntu, Debian and GNU.
It is referenced by Mark Zuckerberg, played by Jesse Eisenberg, in the 2010 film The Social Network.
The French program on France Inter radio called Sur les épaules de Darwin ("On the shoulders of Darwin"), by Jean-Claude Ameisen, is named in reference to this expression.
The fourth studio album from British rock band Oasis is titled Standing on the Shoulder of Giants. Songwriter Noel Gallagher chose the name after reading it printed on the edge of a £2 coin; he scribbled the phrase down but spelled it incorrectly with the word 'Shoulder' rather than 'Shoulders' as he was inebriated at the time.
In the novel Jurassic Park, Dr. Ian Malcolm argues that John Hammond's research and advancement in the field of genetics was based on the work of those before him, limiting his responsibility in whatever happens, stating: "You stood on the shoulders of geniuses to accomplish something as fast as you could..."
The X-Files episode "Roland" features a scientist murdering his former colleagues from beyond the grave for taking credit for his research. At the final confrontation, the thieving scientist remarks "If I have seen further than other men, it's because I have stood on the shoulders of giants."
Stephen Hawking's compilation of works by Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, Newton, and Einstein is entitled On The Shoulders of Giants. The Great Works of Physics and Astronomy, (Running Press 2002) ISBN 0-7624-1698-X. In 2017, Hawking stated: "Each generation stands on the shoulders of those who have gone before them, just as I did as a young PhD student in Cambridge, inspired by the work of Isaac Newton, James Clerk Maxwell and Albert Einstein."[11]
The American rock band R.E.M. uses the phrase "Standing on the shoulders of giants leaves me cold" in the song "King of Birds" from their fifth studio album Document.
The American jazz and rock drummer Steve Smith wrote and produced an educational video package titled Drum Legacy - Standing on the Shoulders of Giants that traces the development of modern drumming from the concepts and techniques of earlier generations of musicians.
On Giant's Shoulders, a 1979 BBC television film about the early life of thalidomide victim Terry Wiles.
In the video game Portal 2, Cave Johnson states "They say great science is built on the shoulders of giants. Not here. At Aperture, we do all our science from scratch. No hand holding.".
The metaphor of "standing on the shoulder of giants" is often used to promote and validate the free software movement. In the book Free as in Freedom, Bob Young of Red Hat supports the free software movement by saying that it enables people to stand on the shoulders of giants. He also says that standing on the shoulders of giants is the opposite of reinventing the wheel.[12]
In the show The Big Bang Theory, when Sheldon Cooper (played by Jim Parsons) invites Professor Proton, Professor Proton is frustrated that nobody takes him seriously in the field of science because of his former role as a children's entertainer. Sheldon then proceeds to tell him that through his childhood, he was inspired to go into a scientific field thanks to Professor Proton's appearance on his TV show. Sheldon then proceeds to tell him that, if this is true of several other individuals that are Sheldon's age, then an entire generation of young scientists is standing on Professor Proton's shoulders.
The Lubavitcher Rebbe said that our generation is compared to "dwarves standing on giants' shoulders". Although we may appear to be on a lower spiritual level (dwarves) than previous generations (who were like giants on a spiritual level), when our (much smaller) achievements are added to their (much larger) achievements, the combined achievements ultimately bring us to the era of Moshiach![13]
The quotes file of the molecular dynamics software package Gromacs (the command line tools of the package optionally display random quotes when they complete running) includes the reverse of the saying: "If I have not seen as far as others, it is because giants were standing on my shoulders." The quote is attributed to MIT professor Hal Abelson. [14]
See also[edit]
Great Conversation
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Keith, Bonnie (2016). "Strategic Sourcing in the New Economy". Google Books. Palgrave McMillian. Retrieved August 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ Newton, Isaac. "Letter from Sir Isaac Newton to Robert Hooke". Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
Jump up ^ MacGarry, Daniel Doyle, ed. (1955). The Metalogicon of John Salisbury: A Twelfth-century Defense of the Verbal and Logical Arts of the Trivium. Translated by MacGarry, Daniel Doyle. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 167. Retrieved April 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ See Merton, Robert K. (1965). On the Shoulders of Giants: A Shandean Postscript. Free Press.
Jump up ^ Southern, Richard William (1952). Making of the Middle Ages. Yale University Press. p. 203.
Jump up ^ Teshuvot (responsa) haRid 301–303. See Shnayer Z. Leiman, Dwarfs on the Shoulders of Giants, Tradition Spring 1993
Jump up ^ Turnbull, H.W. ed., 1959. The Correspondence of Isaac Newton: 1661-1675, Volume 1, London, UK: Published for the Royal Society at the University Press. p. 416
Jump up ^ Crease, Robert P. (2008). The Great Equations: The hunt for cosmic beauty in numbers. Constable and Robinson. p. 82. ISBN 978-1-84529-281-2.
Jump up ^ Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, Keith Ansell-Pearson, and Duncan Large. "Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks." The Nietzsche Reader. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub., 2006. 101–13. Print.
Jump up ^ "United Kingdom Two Pound Coin Design". Royal Mint. Archived from the original on 2008-12-29. Retrieved 2009-01-04.
Jump up ^ Kennedy, Maev (22 October 2017). "Stephen Hawking's 1966 doctoral thesis made available for first time". the Guardian.
Jump up ^ Williams, Sam (2002). Free as in freedom. O'Reilly Media. ISBN 978-0-596-00287-9.
Jump up ^ "Dwarves on Giants' Shoulders". www.chabad.org.
Jump up ^ "coolstuff.cpp in Gromacs source code". www.gromacs.org.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Isaac Newton
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De analysi per aequationes numero terminorum infinitas (1669, published 1711)
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