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The Tell-Tale Heart
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For other uses, see The Tell-Tale Heart (disambiguation).
"The Tell-Tale Heart"
The Pioneer, Vol. I, No. I, Drew and Scammell, Philadelphia, January, 1843
Author
Edgar Allan Poe
Country
United States
Language
English
Genre(s)
Horror, Gothic Literature
Published in
The Pioneer
Publication type
Periodical
Publisher
James Russell Lowell
Media type
Print (periodical)
Publication date
January 1843
"The Tell-Tale Heart" is a short story by American writer Edgar Allan Poe, first published in 1843. It is relayed by an unnamed narrator who endeavors to convince the reader of his sanity while simultaneously describing a murder he committed. The victim was an old man with a filmy "vulture-eye", as the narrator calls it. The narrator emphasizes the careful calculation of the murder, and he hides the body by dismembering it, and hiding it under the floorboards. Ultimately, the narrator's feelings of guilt, or a mental disturbance, result in him hearing a thumping sound, which he interprets as the dead man's beating heart.
The story was first published in James Russell Lowell's The Pioneer in January 1843. "The Tell-Tale Heart" is widely considered a classic of the Gothic fiction genre and is one of Poe's most famous short stories.
It is unclear what relationship, if any, the old man and his murderer share. The narrator denies having any feelings of hatred or resentment for the man who had, he says, never wronged him. He also denies that he killed for greed. The specific motivation for murder (aside from the narrator's dislike of the old man's eye), the relationship between narrator and old man, and other details are left unclear.
It has been speculated that the old man is a father figure, the narrator's landlord, or that the narrator works for the old man as a servant, and that perhaps his "vulture-eye" represents some sort of veiled secret, or power. The ambiguity and lack of details about the two main characters stand in stark contrast to the specific plot details leading up to the murder.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot summary
2 Publication history
3 Analysis
4 Adaptations
5 References
6 External links
Plot summary[edit]
Illustration by Harry Clarke, 1919
"The Tell-Tale Heart" is a first-person narrative of an unnamed narrator, who insists he is sane but is suffering from a disease (nervousness) which causes "over-acuteness of the senses". Due to the ambiguity surrounding the identity of the story's narrator, the narrator's gender cannot be known for certain. However, for ease of description, masculine pronouns are used in this article.
The old man with whom he lives has a clouded, pale, blue "vulture-like" eye, which distresses the narrator so much that he plots to murder the old man, despite also insisting that he loves the old man. The narrator insists that his careful precision in committing the murder proves that he cannot possibly be insane. For seven nights, the narrator opens the door of the old man's room in order to shine a sliver of light onto the "evil eye". However, the old man's vulture-eye is always closed, making it impossible to "do the work".
On the eighth night, the old man awakens after the narrator's hand slips and makes a noise, interrupting the narrator's nightly ritual. But the narrator does not draw back and, after some time, decides to open his lantern. A single thin ray of light shines out and lands precisely on the "evil eye", revealing that it is wide open. Hearing the old man's heart beating loudly and dangerously fast from terror, the narrator decides to strike, jumping out with a loud yell and smothering the old man with his own bed. The narrator then dismembers the body and conceals the pieces under the floorboards, and ensures the concealment of all signs of the crime. Even so, the old man's scream during the night causes a neighbor to report to the police, who the narrator invites in to look around. He claims that the screams heard were his own in a nightmare and that the man is absent in the country. Confident that they will not find any evidence of the murder, the narrator brings chairs for them and they sit in the old man's room, on the very spot where the body is concealed, and suspect nothing, as the narrator has a pleasant and easy manner about him.
The narrator begins to feel uncomfortable and notices a ringing in his ears. As the ringing grows louder, the narrator comes to the conclusion that it is the heartbeat of the old man coming from under the floorboards. The sound increases steadily, though the officers seem to pay no attention to it. Terrified by the violent beating of the heart, and convinced that the officers are aware not only of the heartbeat, but also of his guilt, the narrator breaks down and confesses, telling them to tear up the floorboards to reveal the remains of the old man's body.
Publication history[edit]
"The Tell-Tale Heart" in The Pioneer: A Literary and Critical Magazine, page 29
"The Tell-Tale Heart" was first published in January 1843 in the inaugural issue of The Pioneer: A Literary and Critical Magazine, a short-lived Boston magazine edited by James Russell Lowell and Robert Carter who were listed as the "proprietors" on the front cover. The magazine was published in Boston by Leland and Whiting and in Philadelphia by Drew and Scammell.
Poe was likely paid $10 for the story.[1] Its original publication included an epigraph which quoted Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's poem "A Psalm of Life".[2] The story was slightly revised when republished in the August 23, 1845, edition of the Broadway Journal. This edition omitted Longfellow's poem because Poe believed it was plagiarized.[2] "The Tell-Tale Heart" was reprinted several additional times during Poe's lifetime.[3]
Analysis[edit]
"The Tell-Tale Heart" uses an unreliable narrator. The exactness with which the narrator recounts murdering the old man, as if the stealthy way in which he executed the crime were evidence of his sanity, reveals his monomania and paranoia. The focus of the story is the perverse scheme to commit the perfect crime.[4]
The narrator of "The Tell-Tale Heart" is generally assumed to be male. However, some critics have suggested a woman may be narrating; no pronouns are used to clarify one way or the other.[5] The story starts in medias res. The story opens with a conversation already in progress between the narrator and another person who is not identified in any way. It has been speculated that the narrator is confessing to a prison warden, a judge, a reporter, a doctor or (anachronistically) a psychiatrist.[6] In any case, the narrator explains himself in great detail.[7] What follows is a study of terror but, more specifically, the memory of terror, as the narrator is relating events from the past.[8] The first word of the story, "True!", is an admission of his guilt, as well as an assurance of reliability.[6] This introduction also serves to gain the reader's attention.[9] Every word contributes to the purpose of moving the story forward, exemplifying Poe's theories about the writing of short stories.[10]
The story is driven not by the narrator's insistence upon his "innocence", but by his insistence on his sanity. This, however, is self-destructive, because in attempting to prove his sanity he fully admits that he is guilty of murder.[11] His denial of insanity is based on his systematic actions and his precision, as he provides a rational explanation for irrational behavior.[7] This rationality, however, is undermined by his lack of motive ("Object there was none. Passion there was none."). Despite this, he says, the idea of murder "haunted me day and night."[11]
The story's final scene shows the result of the narrator's feelings of guilt. Like many characters in Gothic fiction, he allows his nerves to dictate his nature. Despite his best efforts at defending himself, his "over acuteness of the senses", which help him hear the heart beating beneath the floorboards, is evidence that he is truly mad.[12] Poe's contemporaries may well have been reminded of the controversy over the insanity defense in the 1840s.[13]
The narrator claims to have a disease that causes hypersensitivity. A similar motif is used for Roderick Usher in "The Fall of the House of Usher" (1839) and in "The Colloquy of Monos and Una" (1841).[14] It is unclear, however, if the narrator actually has very acute senses, or if he is merely imagining things. If his condition is believed to be true, what he hears at the end of the story may not be the old man's heart but deathwatch beetles. The narrator first admits to hearing beetles in the wall after startling the old man from his sleep. According to superstition, deathwatch beetles are a sign of impending death. One variety of deathwatch beetle raps its head against surfaces, presumably as part of a mating ritual, while others emit ticking sounds.[14] Henry David Thoreau observed in an 1838 article that deathwatch beetles make sounds similar to a heartbeat.[15] The beating could even be the sound of the narrator's own heart. Alternatively, if the beating is really a product of the narrator's imagination, it is that uncontrolled imagination that leads to his own destruction.[16]
It is also possible that the narrator has paranoid schizophrenia. Paranoid schizophrenics very often experience auditory hallucinations. These auditory hallucinations are more often voices but can also be sounds.[17]
The relationship between the old man and the narrator is ambiguous. Their names, occupations, and places of residence are not given, contrasting with the strict attention to detail in the plot.[18] The narrator may be a servant of the old man's or, as is more often assumed, his son. In that case, the "vulture-eye" of the old man as a father figure may symbolize parental surveillance, or the paternal principles of right and wrong. The murder of the eye, then, is a removal of conscience.[19] The eye may also represent secrecy: only when the eye is found open on the final night, penetrating the veil of secrecy, is the murder carried out.[20]
Richard Wilbur has suggested that the tale is an allegorical representation of Poe's poem "To Science", which depicts a struggle between imagination and science. In "The Tell-Tale Heart", the old man may thus represent the scientific and rational mind, while the narrator may stand for the imaginative.[21]
Adaptations[edit]
Some of this section's listed sources may not be reliable. Please help this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted. (January 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The earliest acknowledged adaptation of "The Tell-Tale Heart" was in a 1928 silent film of that title[22] directed by Leon Shamroy and starring Otto Matieson as "The Insane", William Herford as "The Old Man" with Charles Darvas and Hans Fuerberg as "Detectives". It was faithful to the original tale,[5] unlike future television and film adaptations which often expanded the short story to full-length feature films.[23]
The earliest known "talkie" adaptation was a 1934 version filmed at the Blattner Studios, Elstree, by Clifton-Hurst Productions, directed by Brian Desmond Hurst and starring Norman Dryden. This version was 55 minutes in length.[24]
A 1941 live-action adaptation starred Joseph Schildkraut and was the directorial debut of Jules Dassin.[25]
A 1953 animated short film produced by United Productions of America and narrated by James Mason[26] is included among the list of films preserved in the United States National Film Registry.
Also in 1953, a "Variation" on "The Tell-Tale Heart" entitled "Sleep No More", by Gaines and Feldstein, appeared.[27]
In 1956, an adaptation of "The Tell-Tale Heart" was written by William Templeton for the NBC Matinee Theater and aired on the 6th November 1956.
A 1960 film adaptation, The Tell-Tale Heart, adds a love triangle to the story.[28]
A 1971 film adaptation directed by Steve Carver, and starring Sam Jaffe as the old man.[29]
The film Nightmares from the Mind of Poe (2006) adapts "The Tell-Tale Heart" along with "The Cask of Amontillado", "The Premature Burial" and "The Raven".
The Radio Tales series produced The Tell-Tale Heart for National Public Radio. The story was performed by Winifred Phillips along with music composed by her.
CBS Radio Mystery Theater performed an adaptation of the story in 1975; the cast included Fred Gwynne.
The Canadian radio program Nightfall presented an adaptation on August 1, 1980.
The 2009 thriller film Tell-Tale, produced by Ridley Scott and Tony Scott, credits Poe's "The Tell-Tale Heart" as the basis for the story of a man being haunted by his donor's memories, after a heart transplant.[30]
In the 1972 film An Evening with Edgar Allan Poe, four of Poe's short stories are recited by Vincent Price in front of a live audience, including "The Tell-Tale Heart".
Steven Berkoff adapted the story in 1991, and was broadcast on British television. This adaptation was originally presented on British TV as part of the acclaimed series "Without Walls". This version was later broadcast in the United States on the cable channel BRAVO as part of the Texaco Performing Arts series.
A musical adaptation performed by The Alan Parsons Project was released on their 1976 debut album Tales of Mystery and Imagination, and was later covered by Slough Feg for their 2010 album, The Animal Spirits.
The Christian Thrash / Hybrid Metal band Tourniquet adapted the story into song for their 1997 release "Crawl To China". A hidden bonus track on the album captures an adaptation of the conversation between the main character and the police officers without music. Drummer/primary songwriter Ted Kirkpatrick is a huge fan of Edgar Alan Poe and has also released an album of poems and songs featuring adaptations of his works. "The Tell-Tale Heart" is the opening track, and is read by Les Carlson (vocalist for the Metal band Bloodgood).
The SpongeBob SquarePants episode "Squeaky Boots," first aired in 1999, is loosely based on the story.[31]
A musical adaptation, entitled "Dark Chilling Heartbeat", was performed by Deceased on their 2000 album Supernatural Addiction.
A musical adaptation by the Insane Clown Posse was included on their album The Riddle Box, entitled "Ol' Evil Eye", which covers the story of a young man determined to kill "old man Willie on the hilltop" because of his grotesque left eye, and is interspersed with samples from an audio recording of a reading of the original short story.
Poe's Tell-Tale Heart: The Game, is a mobile game adaptation in which players enact the protagonist's actions to recreate Poe's story on Google Play[32] and Apple iOS.
V.H. Belvadi's 2012 short film, Telltale, credits Poe's "The Tell-tale Heart" as its inspiration and uses some dialog from the original work.[33]
A 2013 Spanish short film adaptation, Entrañas ("Entrails"), was directed by Narciso Velver.[34]
Paul Simon, before his work in Simon & Garfunkel, wrote (as Jerry Landis) a song titled "Tell Tale Heart". It is about a man whose heart's "beat-beat-beat" reveals that he still pines for his former lover, although both of them are now in new relationships.
An Australian ballet was based on the story, and was recorded for television in the early 1960s.[35]
The 2015 animated anthology Extraordinary Tales includes "The Tell-Tale Heart", narrated by Bela Lugosi.
The 2015 Lifetime movie The Murder Pact, starring Alexa Vega, is based on Poe's work and incorporates allusions to it, such as the "vulture eye" from "The Tell-Tale Heart".[36]
In spring 2017, Udon Entertainment's Manga Classics line will publish The Stories of Edgar Allan Poe, which will include a manga format adaptation of "The Tell-Tale Heart".[37]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Silverman, Kenneth. Edgar A. Poe: Mournful and Never-ending Remembrance. New York: Harper Perennial, 1991. ISBN 0-06-092331-8, p. 201.
^ Jump up to: a b Moss, Sidney P. Poe's Literary Battles: The Critic in the Context of His Literary Milieu. Southern Illinois University Press, 1969. p. 151
Jump up ^ ""The Tales of Edgar Allan Poe" (index)". eapoe.org. The Edgar Allan Poe Society of Baltimore. September 30, 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-05.
Jump up ^ Kennedy, J. Gerald. Poe, Death, and the Life of Writing. Yale University Press, 1987. p. 132; ISBN 0-300-03773-2
^ Jump up to: a b Sova, Dawn B. Edgar Allan Poe: A to Z. New York City: Checkmark Books, 2001: 234. ISBN 0-8160-4161-X
^ Jump up to: a b Benfey, Christopher. "Poe and the Unreadable: 'The Black Cat' and 'The Tell-Tale Heart'", in New Essays on Poe's Major Tales, Kenneth Silverman, ed. Cambridge University Press, 1993. ISBN 978-0-521-42243-7, p. 30.
^ Jump up to: a b Cleman, John. "Irresistible Impulses: Edgar Allan Poe and the Insanity Defense", in Bloom's BioCritiques: Edgar Allan Poe, edited by Harold Bloom. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 2002. ISBN 0-7910-6173-6, p. 70.
Jump up ^ Quinn, Arthur Hobson. Edgar Allan Poe: A Critical Biography. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998. ISBN 0-8018-5730-9. p. 394
Jump up ^ Meyers, Jeffrey. Edgar Allan Poe: His Life and Legacy. Cooper Square Press, 1992. p. 101. ISBN 0-8154-1038-7
Jump up ^ Quinn, Arthur Hobson. Edgar Allan Poe: A Critical Biography. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998. p. 394. ISBN 0-8018-5730-9
^ Jump up to: a b Robinson, E. Arthur. "Poe's 'The Tell-Tale Heart'" in Twentieth Century Interpretations of Poe's Tales, edited by William L. Howarth. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall Inc., 1971, p. 94.
Jump up ^ Fisher, Benjamin Franklin. "Poe and the Gothic Tradition", in The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe, edited by Kevin J. Hayes. Cambridge University Press, 2002. ISBN 0-521-79727-6, p. 87.
Jump up ^ Cleman, Bloom's BioCritiques, p. 66.
^ Jump up to: a b Reilly, John E. "The Lesser Death-Watch and "'The Tell-Tale Heart' Archived December 18, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.", in The American Transcendental Quarterly. Second quarter, 1969.
Jump up ^ Robison, E. Arthur. "Thoreau and the Deathwatch in Poe's 'The Tell-Tale Heart'", in Poe Studies, vol. IV, no. 1. June 1971. pp. 14-16
Jump up ^ Eddings, Dennis W. "Theme and Parody in 'The Raven'", in Poe and His Times: The Artist and His Milieu, edited by Benjamin Franklin Fisher IV. Baltimore: The Edgar Allan Poe Society, 1990. ISBN 0-9616449-2-3, p. 213.
Jump up ^ ZIMMERMAN, BRETT. “‘Moral Insanity’ or Paranoid Schizophrenia: Poe's ‘The Tell-Tale Heart.’” Mosaic: A Journal for the Interdisciplinary Study of Literature, vol. 25, no. 2, 1992, pp. 39–48. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/24780617.
Jump up ^ Benfey, New Essays, p. 32.
Jump up ^ Hoffman, Daniel. Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1972. ISBN 0-8071-2321-8, p. 223.
Jump up ^ Benfey, New Essays, p. 33.
Jump up ^ Benfey, New Essays, pp. 31-32.
Jump up ^ The Telltale Heart (1928) on IMDb[unreliable source?]
Jump up ^ "IMDb Title Search: The Tell-Tale Heart". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 2007-09-01. [unreliable source?]
Jump up ^ The Tell-Tale Heart (1934) on IMDb[unreliable source?]
Jump up ^ The Tell-Tale Heart (1941) on IMDb[unreliable source?]
Jump up ^ The Tell-Tale Heart (1953/I) on IMDb[unreliable source?]
Jump up ^ "Sleep No More", by Bill Gaines and Ed Feldstein, Shock SuspenStories, April 1953.
Jump up ^ The Tell-Tale Heart (1960) on IMDb.[unreliable source?]
Jump up ^ The Tell-Tale Heart (1971) on IMDb[unreliable source?]
Jump up ^ Tell-Tale (2009) on IMDb[unreliable source?]
Jump up ^ Kenny, Tom; Bumpass, Rodger; Fagerbakke, Bill; Brown, Clancy (1999-09-04), Sandy's Rocket/Squeaky Boots, retrieved 2017-05-04
Jump up ^ "Poe's Tell-Tale Heart:The Game - Android Apps on Google Play". Play.google.com. Retrieved 2016-01-16.
Jump up ^ Telltale (2012) on IMDb.[unreliable source?]
Jump up ^ "Entrañas (2013)". Internet Movie Database.
Jump up ^ [1][dead link]
Jump up ^ Traciy Reyes. "'The Murder Pact': Lifetime Movie, Also Known As 'Tell-Tale Lies', Airs Tonight Featuring Music By Lindsey Stirling". Inquisitr.com. Retrieved 2016-01-16.
Jump up ^ http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2016-07-21/udon-ent-to-release-street-fighter-novel-dragon-crown-manga/.104545 "Udon Ent. to Release Street Fighter Novel, Dragon's Crown Manga", Anime News Network, July 21, 2016
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
The Tell-Tale Heart
Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Tell-Tale Heart.
"The Poe Museum" - Full text of "The Tell-Tale Heart"
"The Tell-Tale Heart" - Full text of the first printing, from the Pioneer, 1843
Mid-Twentieth century radio adaptations of "The Tell-Tale Heart"
"The Tell-Tale Heart" study guide and teaching guide - themes, analysis, quotes, teacher resources
"The Tell-Tale Heart" animation - Award-winning 2010 animated movie, teacher resources, student games
20 LibriVox audiorecordings, read by various readers
The Pioneer, January, 1843, Boston edition.
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Edgar Allan Poe's "The Tell-Tale Heart" (1843)
Adaptations
The Avenging Conscience (1914 silent)
The Tell-Tale Heart (1934)
The Tell-Tale Heart (1941)
The Tell-Tale Heart (1953)
The Tell-Tale Heart (1960)
Tell-Tale (2009)
Tell (2012)
The Tell-Tale Heart (2014)
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Climate of North Dakota
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Köppen climate classification types of North Dakota.
Western North Dakota lands along Interstate 94 in North Dakota. With an average 17 inches of precipitation a year, North Dakota is one of the driest states in the United States.[1]
North Dakota's climate is typical of a continental climate with cold winters and warm-hot summers. The state's location in the Upper Midwest allows it to experience some of the widest variety of weather in the United States, and each of the four seasons has its own distinct characteristics. The eastern half of the state has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb) with warm to hot, somewhat humid summers and cold, windy winters, while the western half has a semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification BSk) with less precipitation and less humidity but similar temperature profiles. The areas east of the Missouri River get slightly colder winters, while those west of the stream get higher summer daytime temperatures. In general, the diurnal temperature difference is prone to be more significant in the west due to higher elevation and less humidity.
Contents
[hide]
1 General climatology
1.1 Statistics for ThreadEx cities
2 Seasons
3 2017 Drought
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links
General climatology[edit]
Flooding in North Dakota in March 2010.
Due to its location in the center of North America North Dakota experiences temperature extremes characteristic of a continental climate, with cold winters and mild to hot summers.[2] Each season has distinctive upper air patterns which bring different weather conditions with them. One feature of a continental climate is that weather patterns can be unpredictable. For example, an Alberta clipper, a low pressure system originating in the province of Alberta in Canada, would be a common winter occurrence in North Dakota. But with the general unpredictability of weather in a continental climate, such a storm system could occur in spring, or in late autumn. Hot weather, though usually confined to July and August, can sometimes begin as early as April or May, and could spill over into September or October.[3]
Being 1,000 miles (1,609 km) from any large body of water (with the exception of Lake Superior), temperatures and precipitation in North Dakota can vary widely. North Dakota is far enough north to experience −60 °F (−51 °C) temperatures and blizzards during the winter months, but far enough south to experience 121 °F (49 °C) temperatures and tornado outbreaks in the summer.[4] The 181 °F degree (100 °C) variation between North Dakota's highest and lowest temperature is the 3rd largest variation of any U.S. State, and the largest of any non-mountainous state.[5]
North Dakota is far from major sources of moisture and is in the transition zone between the moist East and the semi-arid West, as precipitation and humidity decrease from east to west. Annual average precipitation across the state ranges from around 14 in (35.6 cm) in the west to 22 in (55.9 cm) in the east.[6] Snow is the main form of precipitation from November through March, while rain is the most common the rest of the year. It has snowed in North Dakota during every month except July and August.
Statistics for ThreadEx cities[edit]
[show]Climate data for Bismarck Municipal Airport, North Dakota (1981–2010 normals,[a] extremes 1874–present[b])
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °F (°C)
63
(17) 73
(23) 81
(27) 93
(34) 102
(39) 111
(44) 114
(46) 109
(43) 105
(41) 95
(35) 79
(26) 66
(19) 114
(46)
Mean maximum °F (°C)
46.8
(8.2) 51.0
(10.6) 65.7
(18.7) 81.2
(27.3) 86.9
(30.5) 93.2
(34) 98.8
(37.1) 98.2
(36.8) 92.2
(33.4) 81.9
(27.7) 63.9
(17.7) 48.5
(9.2) 101.6
(38.7)
Average high °F (°C)
23.4
(−4.8) 28.3
(−2.1) 40.4
(4.7) 57.0
(13.9) 68.4
(20.2) 77.2
(25.1) 84.7
(29.3) 83.5
(28.6) 72.1
(22.3) 57.5
(14.2) 39.6
(4.2) 26.2
(−3.2) 54.86
(12.7)
Average low °F (°C)
2.2
(−16.6) 7.9
(−13.4) 19.4
(−7) 30.7
(−0.7) 42.7
(5.9) 52.0
(11.1) 57.4
(14.1) 55.5
(13.1) 44.9
(7.2) 32.2
(0.1) 18.8
(−7.3) 6.1
(−14.4) 30.82
(−0.66)
Mean minimum °F (°C)
−22.8
(−30.4) −19.3
(−28.5) −5.3
(−20.7) 13.7
(−10.2) 27.0
(−2.8) 38.8
(3.8) 45.6
(7.6) 41.6
(5.3) 28.6
(−1.9) 15.3
(−9.3) −1.7
(−18.7) −17.5
(−27.5) −29.4
(−34.1)
Record low °F (°C)
−45
(−43) −45
(−43) −36
(−38) −12
(−24) 13
(−11) 30
(−1) 32
(0) 32
(0) 10
(−12) −10
(−23) −30
(−34) −43
(−42) −45
(−43)
Average precipitation inches (mm)
0.43
(10.9) 0.51
(13) 0.87
(22.1) 1.26
(32) 2.40
(61) 3.17
(80.5) 2.89
(73.4) 2.28
(57.9) 1.59
(40.4) 1.25
(31.8) 0.71
(18) 0.49
(12.4) 17.85
(453.4)
Average snowfall inches (cm)
8.9
(22.6) 8.1
(20.6) 9.1
(23.1) 4.2
(10.7) 0.4
(1) 0
(0) 0
(0) 0
(0) 0.2
(0.5) 2.2
(5.6) 8.8
(22.4) 9.3
(23.6) 51.2
(130)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)
7.5 7.0 7.9 7.4 10.1 11.2 9.7 8.2 7.5 6.6 7.0 7.6 97.7
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)
9.7 8.1 6.4 2.5 0.4 0 0 0 0.1 1.4 6.6 10.0 45.2
Average relative humidity (%)
71.3 72.4 69.9 61.8 60.1 65.0 61.8 60.6 63.7 63.8 72.0 74.5 66.4
Mean monthly sunshine hours
149.4 153.5 222.3 244.3 296.1 318.1 354.6 316.2 245.9 191.7 122.6 122.9 2,737.6
Percent possible sunshine
53 53 60 60 64 67 74 72 65 57 43 46 61
Source: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990),[7][8][9] The Weather Channel[10]
[show]Climate data for Fargo, North Dakota (Hector Int'l), 1981–2010 normals,[c] extremes 1881–present[d]
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °F (°C)
55
(13) 66
(19) 80
(27) 100
(38) 104
(40) 104
(40) 114
(46) 106
(41) 102
(39) 97
(36) 74
(23) 65
(18) 114
(46)
Mean maximum °F (°C)
39.6
(4.2) 43.1
(6.2) 57.0
(13.9) 79.9
(26.6) 88.1
(31.2) 91.6
(33.1) 94.0
(34.4) 93.8
(34.3) 89.2
(31.8) 78.2
(25.7) 59.3
(15.2) 41.2
(5.1) 97.0
(36.1)
Average high °F (°C)
18.4
(−7.6) 23.7
(−4.6) 36.3
(2.4) 55.8
(13.2) 69.3
(20.7) 77.4
(25.2) 82.5
(28.1) 81.2
(27.3) 70.8
(21.6) 56.0
(13.3) 37.3
(2.9) 22.3
(−5.4) 52.58
(11.43)
Average low °F (°C)
0.1
(−17.7) 5.6
(−14.7) 19.4
(−7) 32.7
(0.4) 44.9
(7.2) 55.0
(12.8) 59.5
(15.3) 57.3
(14.1) 47.4
(8.6) 35.1
(1.7) 20.3
(−6.5) 5.9
(−14.5) 31.93
(−0.03)
Mean minimum °F (°C)
−22.5
(−30.3) −19
(−28) −6.1
(−21.2) 16.9
(−8.4) 28.6
(−1.9) 41.1
(5.1) 47.1
(8.4) 43.4
(6.3) 30.7
(−0.7) 19.3
(−7.1) 0.3
(−17.6) −16.6
(−27) −26
(−32)
Record low °F (°C)
−48
(−44) −47
(−44) −34
(−37) −13
(−25) 14
(−10) 28
(−2) 36
(2) 32
(0) 17
(−8) −4
(−20) −27
(−33) −36
(−38) −48
(−44)
Average precipitation inches (mm)
0.70
(17.8) 0.61
(15.5) 1.30
(33) 1.36
(34.5) 2.81
(71.4) 3.90
(99.1) 2.79
(70.9) 2.56
(65) 2.57
(65.3) 2.15
(54.6) 1.00
(25.4) 0.83
(21.1) 22.58
(573.5)
Average snowfall inches (cm)
11.2
(28.4) 7.0
(17.8) 9.1
(23.1) 3.0
(7.6) trace 0
(0) 0
(0) 0
(0) 0
(0) 0.7
(1.8) 7.9
(20.1) 11.2
(28.4) 50.1
(127.3)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)
8.3 7.2 8.3 7.4 11.0 11.7 9.5 9.1 8.7 8.3 7.1 9.2 105.8
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)
8.9 6.7 5.3 1.8 0 0 0 0 0 0.8 5.4 9.5 38.4
Average relative humidity (%)
73.1 74.7 76.0 65.6 60.0 66.1 66.9 66.5 69.2 68.8 75.7 76.1 69.9
Mean monthly sunshine hours
140.9 153.9 212.3 241.6 283.2 303.2 350.2 313.2 231.2 178.9 113.1 107.4 2,629.1
Percent possible sunshine
51 53 58 59 61 64 73 71 61 53 40 40 59
Source: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990)[11][12][13][14]
[show]Climate data for Grand Forks International Airport, North Dakota (1981–2010 normals,[15] extremes 1893–present[16]
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °F (°C)
52
(11) 67
(19) 83
(28) 100
(38) 105
(41) 105
(41) 109
(43) 104
(40) 103
(39) 95
(35) 75
(24) 58
(14) 109
(43)
Mean maximum °F (°C)
39.2
(4) 42.0
(5.6) 54.2
(12.3) 78.1
(25.6) 87.2
(30.7) 90.3
(32.4) 92.3
(33.5) 93.5
(34.2) 89.1
(31.7) 76.3
(24.6) 57.4
(14.1) 40.3
(4.6) 96.0
(35.6)
Average high °F (°C)
16.5
(−8.6) 21.9
(−5.6) 34.2
(1.2) 53.9
(12.2) 68.0
(20) 76.1
(24.5) 81.0
(27.2) 80.2
(26.8) 69.6
(20.9) 54.3
(12.4) 35.1
(1.7) 20.3
(−6.5) 51.1
(10.6)
Average low °F (°C)
−3.1
(−19.5) 2.1
(−16.6) 16.1
(−8.8) 30.0
(−1.1) 41.5
(5.3) 52.0
(11.1) 56.3
(13.5) 54.0
(12.2) 44.2
(6.8) 31.9
(−0.1) 17.0
(−8.3) 2.6
(−16.3) 28.9
(−1.7)
Mean minimum °F (°C)
−25.4
(−31.9) −21.4
(−29.7) −8.2
(−22.3) 16.2
(−8.8) 27.6
(−2.4) 40.3
(4.6) 46.0
(7.8) 41.3
(5.2) 30.1
(−1.1) 17.3
(−8.2) −2
(−19) −18.9
(−28.3) −29
(−34)
Record low °F (°C)
−43
(−42) −42
(−41) −36
(−38) −9
(−23) 5
(−15) 28
(−2) 30
(−1) 30
(−1) 11
(−12) −9
(−23) −35
(−37) −37
(−38) −43
(−42)
Average precipitation inches (mm)
0.55
(14) 0.52
(13.2) 0.96
(24.4) 1.01
(25.7) 2.68
(68.1) 3.48
(88.4) 3.15
(80) 2.88
(73.2) 2.05
(52.1) 1.97
(50) 0.95
(24.1) 0.61
(15.5) 20.81
(528.7)
Average snowfall inches (cm)
10.7
(27.2) 6.6
(16.8) 7.2
(18.3) 2.6
(6.6) 0.1
(0.3) 0
(0) 0
(0) 0
(0) trace 1.5
(3.8) 7.7
(19.6) 10.7
(27.2) 47.1
(119.6)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)
8.1 6.6 7.5 7.0 10.6 11.6 10.5 9.1 8.3 8.5 6.9 8.5 103.2
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)
10.1 7.1 5.5 1.9 0.2 0 0 0 0 1.3 5.6 9.8 41.5
Source: NOAA[17][18]
[show]Climate data for Williston, North Dakota (Sloulin Int'l), 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1894–present[e]
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °F (°C)
58
(14) 66
(19) 84
(29) 92
(33) 106
(41) 108
(42) 110
(43) 108
(42) 104
(40) 93
(34) 76
(24) 63
(17) 110
(43)
Average high °F (°C)
21.9
(−5.6) 27.5
(−2.5) 40.4
(4.7) 57.0
(13.9) 67.7
(19.8) 76.8
(24.9) 84.4
(29.1) 83.8
(28.8) 71.3
(21.8) 56.3
(13.5) 37.9
(3.3) 24.4
(−4.2) 54.1
(12.3)
Average low °F (°C)
0.1
(−17.7) 6.3
(−14.3) 18.2
(−7.7) 29.7
(−1.3) 40.5
(4.7) 49.7
(9.8) 55.8
(13.2) 53.9
(12.2) 42.1
(5.6) 29.8
(−1.2) 16.4
(−8.7) 3.3
(−15.9) 28.8
(−1.8)
Record low °F (°C)
−42
(−41) −50
(−46) −35
(−37) −15
(−26) 10
(−12) 26
(−3) 34
(1) 32
(0) 13
(−11) −9
(−23) −27
(−33) −50
(−46) −50
(−46)
Average precipitation inches (mm)
0.59
(15) 0.39
(9.9) 0.71
(18) 1.00
(25.4) 1.92
(48.8) 2.52
(64) 2.54
(64.5) 1.45
(36.8) 1.06
(26.9) 0.92
(23.4) 0.65
(16.5) 0.62
(15.7) 14.37
(365)
Average snowfall inches (cm)
10.0
(25.4) 5.7
(14.5) 6.2
(15.7) 3.7
(9.4) 1.3
(3.3) 0
(0) 0
(0) 0
(0) 0.2
(0.5) 2.6
(6.6) 6.1
(15.5) 9.5
(24.1) 45.3
(115.1)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)
7.5 6.0 7.6 7.7 10.0 11.5 9.0 8.2 7.4 6.3 6.7 8.6 96.5
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)
8.7 6.4 6.0 2.4 0.8 0 0 0 0.1 1.8 5.9 9.1 41.2
Average relative humidity (%)
76.2 75.6 72.5 61.4 58.5 59.6 56.1 54.9 61.1 65.2 74.9 77.1 66.1
Mean monthly sunshine hours
144.5 169.7 227.3 250.3 297.9 326.0 366.3 331.5 249.5 197.1 122.2 125.5 2,807.8
Percent possible sunshine
53 59 62 61 63 68 76 75 66 59 44 48 63
Source: NOAA (relative humidity 1962–1990, sun 1961–1990)[f][20][21][22]
Seasons[edit]
Winter in North Dakota is characterized by cold (below freezing) temperatures and snowfall. Snow is the main form of winter precipitation, but freezing rain, ice, sleet, and sometimes even rain are all possible during the winter months. Common storm systems include Alberta clippers or Panhandle hooks, some of which evolve into blizzards. Annual snowfall averages from 26 inches (66 cm) in the central part of the state to 38 inches (96.5 cm) in the northeast and southwest.[23] Temperatures as low as −60 °F (−51 °C) have occurred during North Dakota winters.[4]
Spring is a time of major transition in North Dakota. Early spring commonly sees snowstorms, but by late spring as temperatures begin to moderate the state can experience tornado outbreaks, a risk which diminishes but does not cease through the summer and into the fall as North Dakota lies at the northern edge of Tornado Alley. Springtime flooding is a relatively common event in the Red River Valley, due to the river flowing north into Canada. The spring melt and the eventual runoff typically begins earlier in the southern part of the valley than in the northern part.[24] The most destructive flooding in eastern North Dakota occurred in 1997, which caused extensive damage to Grand Forks.[25]
Summer sees heat and humidity predominate in the east, while hotter and less humid conditions are generally present in the west. These humid conditions help kick off thunderstorm activity 22–34 days a year. Summer high temperatures in North Dakota average in the mid 80s (30 °C) in the west to the upper 70s (25 °C) in the east, with temperatures as hot as 121 °F (49 °C) possible.[4] The growing season in North Dakota usually begins in April, and harvest begins in September and October. Tornadoes are possible in North Dakota from April through October, but the peak tornado month is July, followed by June and August. The state averages 13 tornadoes per year. Depending on location, average annual precipitation ranges from 14 in (35.6 cm) to 22 in (55.9 cm).[6]
Autumn weather in North Dakota is largely the reverse of spring weather. The jet stream, which tends to weaken in summer, begins to re-strengthen, leading to a quicker changing of weather patterns and an increased variability of temperatures. By late October and November these storm systems become strong enough to form major winter storms. Fall and spring are the windiest times of the year in North Dakota.
2017 Drought[edit]
As of September 2017, the United States Drought Monitor recorded abnormally dryweather conditions across the entire state.[26] The drought is considered severe and unprecedented, and because of its nature as a "unpredictable, sudden event brought on by sustained high temperatures and little rain", it is considered a “flash drought”.[27] North Dakota Agriculture Commissioner Doug Goehring announced that predicted economic losses as a consequence from the drought could amount to as much as $4 billion or $5 billion.[28][29]
See also[edit]
Meteorology
Weather lore
North Dakota portal
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010.
Jump up ^ Records for Bismarck have been kept at the Bismarck Municipal Airport since January 1948 and at an undisclosed location from October 1874 to December 1947.
Jump up ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010.
Jump up ^ Official records for Fargo were kept at the Weather Bureau Office in Moorhead, Minnesota from January 1881 to January 1942, and at Hector Int'l since February 1942. For more information, see ThreadEx
Jump up ^ Official records for Williston kept at the Weather Bureau Office from January 1894 to June 1948 and at Sloulin Int'l since July 1948.[19]
Jump up ^ Only 22 to 24 years out of the 29 in the normals period were used to calculate the humidity normals.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Galadriel Findlay Watson (2001). North Dakota. Weigl Publishers Inc. p. 8. ISBN 1-930954-53-0. Retrieved 2009-09-04.
Jump up ^ "NCRFC Climate and Topography". NOAA. Retrieved 2006-11-10.
Jump up ^ "Mid-April Heat Wave". Minnesota Climatology Office. April 15, 2002. Retrieved 2006-11-10.
^ Jump up to: a b c "North Dakota – Climate". City-Data. Retrieved 2007-08-20.
Jump up ^ "U.S. Extreme Record Temps & Differences". Golden Gate Weather Services. 2005. Retrieved 2006-11-23.
^ Jump up to: a b "Climate of North Dakota" (PDF). National Weather Service Forecast Office. Retrieved 2007-08-20.
Jump up ^ "NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2015-12-24.
Jump up ^ "Station Name: ND BISMARCK". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2014-03-13.
Jump up ^ "WMO Climate Normals for BISMARCK/MUNICIPAL, ND 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2014-03-10.
Jump up ^ "Average Weather for Bismarck, ND - Temperature and Precipitation". The Weather Channel. Retrieved 2010-05-14.
Jump up ^ "NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
Jump up ^ "Station Name: ND FARGO HECTOR INTL AP". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2014-03-13.
Jump up ^ "Thread Stations Extremes". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2011-09-13.
Jump up ^ "WMO Climate Normals for FARGO/WSO AP ND 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2014-03-10.
Jump up ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010.
Jump up ^ Records for Grand Forks have been kept at the Grand Forks International Airport since April 1965, the former Grand Forks Municipal Airport from September 1948 through March 1965, and at Grand Forks University from January 1893 to August 1948.
Jump up ^ "NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
Jump up ^ "Station Name: ND GRAND FORKS INTL AP". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
Jump up ^ ThreadEx
Jump up ^ "NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2013-06-28.
Jump up ^ "Station Name: ND WILLISTON SLOULIN INTL AP". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2014-03-26.
Jump up ^ "WMO Climate Normals for WILLISTON/SLOULIN FIELD, ND 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2014-03-10.
Jump up ^ "Climate of North Dakota". Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center. Retrieved 2007-08-21.
Jump up ^ "Anatomy of a Red River Flood". National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office. Retrieved 2007-08-19.
Jump up ^ "The Grand Forks Flood". Alan Draves. 2002. Retrieved 2007-08-20.
Jump up ^ "United States Drought Monitor > Home > State Drought Monitor". droughtmonitor.unl.edu. Retrieved 2017-09-07.
Jump up ^ McLaughlin, Kathleen (2017-09-07). "The unprecedented drought that's crippling Montana and North Dakota". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2017-09-07.
Jump up ^ Service, John Hageman Forum News. "'History is being made' Farmers, ranchers assess impact of North Dakota drought". Bismarck Tribune. Retrieved 2017-09-07.
Jump up ^ Service, April Baumgarten Forum News. "Drought's toll likely billions of dollars for North Dakota economy". Bismarck Tribune. Retrieved 2017-09-07.
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Christopher Pettiet
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Christopher Pettiet
Born
Christopher Lee Pettiet
(1976-02-12)February 12, 1976
Plano, Texas, U.S.
Died
April 12, 2000(2000-04-12) (aged 24)
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Cause of death
Drug overdose
Occupation
Actor
Years active
1990–2000
Spouse(s)
Angela Pettiet (m. 1995; divorce 1995)
Christopher Lee Pettiet (February 12, 1976 – April 12, 2000) was an American television and film actor best known for his role as Jesse James in the Western TV series The Young Riders and as Zach Crandell in the cult comedy film Don't Tell Mom the Babysitter's Dead (1991).
Contents
[hide]
1 Career
2 Death
3 Filmography
4 Accolades
5 References
6 External links
Career[edit]
Pettiet began his career as a child actor making appearances in television series such as seaQuest DSV, Star Trek: The Next Generation, L.A. Law, Empty Nest, Picket Fences and Undressed. In 1991 he played Christina Applegate's younger brother in the comedy film Don't Tell Mom the Babysitter's Dead. He had small roles in films such as Point Break (1991) and Boys (1996).
From 1991 to 1992 he played the role of a young Jesse James on the TV series The Young Riders. From the rest of his career, he played small roles in television series. He made his last onscreen appearance in a 1999 episode of Judging Amy.
Death[edit]
Pettiet died of an accidental drug overdose on April 12, 2000, in Los Angeles at the age of 24.[1] After his death, his acting coach, Kevin McDermott, founded a scholarship fund in his name to help young actors attend Center Stage LA where he had trained.[2]
Filmography[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1990 An Enemy of the People Morton Stockman Television film
1990 Star Trek: The Next Generation Boy Episode: "The High Ground"
1990 Doogie Howser, M.D Gregory Pelzman Episode: "Revenge of the Teenage Dead"
1990 The Dreamer of Oz Teenage Frank, Jr. Television film
1991 Fatal Exposure Drew Television film
1991 L.A. Law Corey Walker Episode: "On the Toad Again"
1991 Empty Nest Little Harry Episode: "The Way We Are"
1991 My Life and Times Michael Miller Episode: "The Collapse of '98"
1991 Don't Tell Mom the Babysitter's Dead Zach Crandell
1991 Point Break 15
1991–1992 The Young Riders Jesse James 21 episodes
1992 Sandman Jesse
1992 Danger Island Brian Television film
1992 Baywatch Hawaii Beaver Episode: "Tequila Bay"
1993 The Goodbye Bird Francis "Frank" Phillips
1993 seaQuest DSV Zachery Thomas Episode: "Brothers and Sisters"
1994 Horses and Champions Joe
1994 Relentless IV: Ashes to Ashes Cory Dietz
1995 Picket Fences Michael Hynes Episode: "The Song of Rome"
1996 Carried Away Robert Henson
1997 Against the Law Tommy
1996 Boys Jon Heinz
1997 Touched by an Angel Luke Brewer Episode: "Crisis of Faith"
1998 Chicago Hope Kevin Dicker Episode: "Viagra-Vated Assault"
1999 Undressed Dean 6 episodes
1999 Judging Amy Paul Dexter Episode: "An Impartial Bias"
Accolades[edit]
Year
Award
Category
Title of work
Result
Ref.
1991 Young Artist Award Best Young Actor Guest Starring in a Television Series Doogie Howser, M.D. Won [3]
1992 Young Artist Award Outstanding Young Ensemble Cast in a Motion Picture Don't Tell Mom the Babysitter's Dead
(Shared with cast) Nominated [4]
Young Artist Award Best Young Actor Co-starring in a Television Series The Young Riders Nominated
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Screen World 2001 By John Willis, Barry Monush. Hal Leonard Corporation. p.45
Jump up ^ "In Memory of Christopher Pettiet". The Actor's Circle. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ "12th Annual Youth In Film Awards". YoungArtistAwards.org. Retrieved March 31, 2011.
Jump up ^ "13th Annual Youth In Film Awards". YoungArtistAwards.org. Retrieved March 31, 2011.
External links[edit]
Biography portal
Christopher Pettiet on IMDb
Christopher Pettiet at Memory Alpha (a Star Trek wiki)
Christopher Pettiet at Find a Grave
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 19332648
LCCN: no2001070088
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Pettiet&oldid=791100778"
Categories:
Male actors from Texas
American male child actors
American male film actors
American male television actors
Drug-related deaths in California
People from Dallas
1976 births
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20th-century American male actors
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