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Sweet Child o' Mine
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"Sweet Child o' Mine"
1988 US vinyl issue
Single by Guns N' Roses
from the album Appetite for Destruction
B-side
"It's So Easy (Live)" (US)
"Out ta Get Me" (UK)
Released
August 17, 1988 (1988-08-17) (US)
May 29, 1989 (1989-05-29) (UK)
Format
7"
10"
12"
CS
CD
Recorded
1987
Genre
Hard rock
Length
5:56 (album version)
4:59 (single version)
Label
Geffen
Songwriter(s)
Axl Rose
Slash
Izzy Stradlin
Producer(s)
Mike Clink
Guns N' Roses singles chronology
"Welcome to the Jungle"
(1987) "Sweet Child o' Mine"
(1988) "Paradise City"
(1988)
"Welcome to the Jungle"
(1987) "Sweet Child o' Mine"
(1988) "Paradise City"
(1988)
Appetite for Destruction track listing
"Think About You"
(8) "Sweet Child o' Mine"
(9) "You're Crazy"
(10)
Greatest Hits track listing
"Welcome to the Jungle"
(1) "Sweet Child o' Mine"
(2) "Patience"
(3)
Music video
Sweet Child o' Mine on YouTube
Audio sample
file
help
"Sweet Child o' Mine" is a song by the American rock band Guns N' Roses, featured on their debut album, Appetite for Destruction (1987). Released in August 1988 as the album's third single, the song topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart,[1] becoming the band's first and only number-one single in the U.S.. Billboard ranked it as the No. 5 song for 1988.[2] It reached number six on the UK Singles Chart, when re-released in 1989.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background and composition
2 Music video
3 Reception
4 Australian Crawl controversy
5 Formats and track listing
6 Personnel
7 Charts and certifications
7.1 Weekly charts
7.2 Certifications
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Background and composition[edit]
The thing about 'Sweet Child O' Mine,' it was written in five minutes. It was one of those songs, only three chords. You know that guitar lick Slash does at the beginning? It was kinda like a joke because we thought, 'What is this song? It's gonna be nothing, it'll be filler on the record.' And except that vocal-wise, it's very sweet and sincere, Slash was just fuckin' around when he first wrote that lick.
Duff McKagan, 1988[4]
Lead guitarist Slash has been quoted as having an initial disdain for the song due to its roots as simply a "string skipping" exercise and a joke at the time.[4] During a jam session at the band's house in the Sunset Strip,[5] drummer Steven Adler and Slash were warming up and Slash began to play a "circus" melody while making faces at Adler. Rhythm guitarist Izzy Stradlin asked Slash to play it again. Stradlin came up with some chords, Duff McKagan created a bassline and Adler planned a beat. In his autobiography, Slash said "within an hour my guitar exercise had become something else". Meanwhile, lead singer Axl Rose was listening to the musicians upstairs in his room and was inspired to write lyrics, which became complete by the following afternoon.[6] He based it on his girlfriend Erin Everly, and declared that Lynyrd Skynyrd served as an inspiration "to make sure that we'd got that heartfelt feeling".[5] On the next composing session in Burbank, the band added both a bridge and a guitar solo.[6]
While the band was recording demos with producer Spencer Proffer, he suggested adding a breakdown at the song's end. The musicians agreed, but were not sure what to do. Listening to the demo in a loop, Rose started saying to himself, "Where do we go? Where do we go now?" and Proffer suggested that he sing that.[6]
Music video[edit]
The "Sweet Child o' Mine" video depicts the band rehearsing in the Huntington Ballroom at Huntington Beach, surrounded by crew members. All of the band members' girlfriends at the time were shown in the clip. Rose was dating Erin Everly at the time, whose father is Don Everly of The Everly Brothers fame. McKagan's girlfriend Mandy Brix from the all-female rock band The Lame Flames was there, as was Izzy's girlfriend Angela Nicoletti, Adler's girlfriend Cheryl Swiderski and Slash's girlfriend Sally McLaughlin. Stradlin's dog was also featured. The video was extremely successful on MTV, and helped launch the song to success on mainstream radio.
In an effort to make "Sweet Child o' Mine" more marketable to MTV and radio stations, the song was cut from 5:56 to 4:59, for the video/radio edit, with much of Slash's guitar solo removed. This move drew the ire of the band members, including Rose, who commented on it in a 1989 interview with Rolling Stone: "I hate the radio edit of 'Sweet Child O' Mine.' Radio stations said, "Well, your vocals aren't cut." "My favorite part of the song is Slash's slow solo; it's the heaviest part for me. There's no reason for it to be missing except to create more space for commercials, so the radio-station owners can get more advertising dollars. When you get the chopped version of 'Paradise City' or half of 'Sweet Child' and 'Patience' cut, you're getting screwed." The video uses the same edits as the radio version.
A 7-inch vinyl format and cassette single were released. The album version of the song was included on the US single release, while the UK single was the "edit/remix" version. The 12" vinyl format also contained the longer LP version. The b-side to the single is a non-album, live version of "It's So Easy".
On an interview on Eddie Trunk's New York radio show in May 2006, Rose stated that his original concept for the video focused on the theme of drug trafficking. According to Rose, the video was to depict an Asian woman carrying a baby into a foreign land, only to discover at the end that the child was dead and filled with heroin. This concept was rejected by Geffen Records.
There is also an alternative video for "Sweet Child o' Mine" with different shots, all in black and white.[7]
Reception[edit]
"Sweet Child o' Mine" placed No. 37 on Guitar World's list of the "100 Greatest Guitar Solos." It also came in at number three on Blender's 500 Greatest Songs Since You Were Born, and at No. 198 on Rolling Stone's The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.[8] In March 2005, Q magazine placed it at No. 6 in its list of the 100 Greatest Guitar Tracks. On a 2004 Total Guitar magazine poll, the introduction's famous riff was voted number-one riff of all-time by the readers of the magazine.[9] It was also in Rolling Stone's 40 Greatest Songs that Changed the World. It places No. 7 in VH1's "100 Greatest Songs of the '80s", and placed No. 210 on the RIAA Songs of the Century list.
The song is currently ranked as the 104th greatest song of all time, as well as the best song of 1987, by Acclaimed Music.[10] The song has sold 2,609,000 digital copies in the US as of March 2012.[11]
Australian Crawl controversy[edit]
In 2015, the web page of the Australian music TV channel MAX published an article by music writer Nathan Jolly that noted similarities between "Sweet Child o' Mine" and the song "Unpublished Critics" by the Australian band Australian Crawl, from 1981.[12] The article included both songs, inviting readers to compare the two. It also cited a reader's comment on an earlier article[13] that had originally drawn attention to the similarities between the songs. As of May 2015, this comment no longer appeared on the earlier article. The story went viral[14] quickly, encouraging several comments on both the MAX article and the suggestion that "Unpublished Critics" had influenced "Sweet Child o' Mine",[15][16][17][18] including one from Duff McKagan, bass player with Guns N' Roses when "Sweet Child o' Mine" was written and recorded.[19] McKagan found the similarities between the songs "stunning," but admitted that he had not previously heard "Unpublished Critics."[20]
Formats and track listing[edit]
All tracks written by Guns N' Roses except where noted.
US 7" vinyl (27963-7)
No.
Title
Length
1. "Sweet Child o' Mine" (LP Version) 5:55
2. "It's So Easy" (Live at The Marquee Club 06.28.1987)
UK 7" vinyl (GEF 43)
No.
Title
Length
1. "Sweet Child o' Mine" (Remix/Edit) 3:57
2. "Out Ta Get Me" (LP Version) 4:20
Total length: 8:17
UK 10" vinyl (GEF 43TE), 12" vinyl (GEF 43T), 12" vinyl Metallic Sleeve(GEF 43TV)
No.
Title
Length
1. "Sweet Child o' Mine" (LP Version) 5:55
2. "Out Ta Get Me" (LP Version) 4:20
3. "Rocket Queen" (LP Version)
UK re-release 7" vinyl (GEF 55)
No.
Title
Length
1. "Sweet Child o' Mine" (Remix/Edit) 3:57
2. "Out Ta Get Me" (LP Version) 4:20
UK re-release 12" vinyl (GEF 55T), 3" CD (GEF 55CD)
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Length
1. "Sweet Child o' Mine" (LP Version) 5:55
2. "Move to the City" (LP Version) Guns N' Roses, Del James, Chris Weber
3. "Whole Lotta Rosie" (Live AC/DC Cover) Angus Young, Malcolm Young, Bon Scott
4. "It's So Easy" (Live) Guns N' Roses, West Arkeen
Personnel[edit]
W. Axl Rose – lead vocals
Slash – lead guitar
Izzy Stradlin – rhythm guitar, backing vocals
Duff "Rose" McKagan – bass guitar, backing vocals
Steven Adler – drums
Charts and certifications[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1988–2014)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[21]
11
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[22]
11
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[23]
36
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[24]
7
Finland (The Official Finnish Charts)[25]
23
Ireland (IRMA)[26]
4
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[27]
5
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[28]
20
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[29]
30
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[30]
27
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[31]
15
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[32]
6
UK Rock and Metal (Official Charts Company)[33]
1
US Billboard Hot 100[34]
1
US Mainstream Rock (Billboard)[35]
7
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Italy (FIMI)[36]
2× Platinum 100,000
United Kingdom (BPI)[37]
Platinum 600,000
United States (RIAA)[38]
Platinum (MT) 1,000,000[39]
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
sales+streaming figures based on certification alone
See also[edit]
List of best-selling singles in the United States
List of Hot 100 number-one singles of 1988 (U.S.)
List of UK Rock Chart number-one singles of 2010
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Artist Chart History - Guns N' Roses". Billboard. Retrieved December 18, 2008.
Jump up ^ Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1988
Jump up ^ "Guns N' Roses". Chart Stats. Archived from the original on July 21, 2012. Retrieved December 18, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Meaning Behind Songs - N.I.
^ Jump up to: a b "Here Today... Gone To Hell! - Articles > The Story Behind The Song - Guns N' Roses "Sweet Child O' Mine"". heretodaygonetohell.com.
^ Jump up to: a b c Slash; Bozza, Anthony (2007). Slash. Harper Entertainment. pp. 154–5. ISBN 978-0-00-725775-1.
Jump up ^ "Guns N' Roses - Sweet Child O' Mine". YouTube. December 24, 2009. Retrieved April 12, 2013.
Jump up ^ "News". Rolling Stone. Retrieved February 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Guns N' Roses top rock riff poll". BBC News. May 2, 2004. Retrieved May 24, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Acclaimed Music Top 3000 songs". Acclaimed Music. August 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Week Ending March 18, 2012. Songs: Your '80s Party Mix-Tape". Yahoo! Music. March 21, 2012. Retrieved March 29, 2012.
Jump up ^ "How similar is 'Sweet Child O Mine' to a 1981 Australian Crawl song?". maxtv.com.au.
Jump up ^ "Slash is open to a Gunners reunion: 'Never say never'". maxtv.com.au.
Jump up ^ "Guns N Roses Sweet Child O Mine comes under plagiarism charges - ViralNewsChart via Consequence of Sound". ViralNewsChart. May 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Australian Crawl fans spark online debate after pointing out similarities with Guns N’ Roses hit". NewsComAu.
Jump up ^ "Did Guns N’ Roses’ ‘Sweet Child O’ Mine’ Copy Australian Crawl’s ‘Unpublished Critics’?". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Guns N' Roses 'Sweet Child O' Mine' Plagiarism Claims Laughed Off by Australian Crawl Singer". Ultimate Classic Rock.
Jump up ^ Tan, Monica. "James Reyne responds to Guns N' Roses Sweet Child O' Mine plagiarism rumours". The Guardian.
Jump up ^ "Duff McKagan: Guns N’ Roses Didn’t Plagiarize on ‘Sweet Child O’ Mine’". Radio.com.
Jump up ^ "Duff McKagan on the Aussie Crawl song: 'It is pretty stunning... but we didn't steal it from them'". maxtv.com.au. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved January 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – Guns N' Roses – Sweet Child O' Mine". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Guns N' Roses – Sweet Child O' Mine" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Guns N' Roses – Sweet Child O' Mine" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Top RPM Singles: Issue 8543." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ Pennanen, Timo. Sisältää hitin: levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972. Otava Publishing Company Ltd, 2003. ISBN 951-1-21053-X
Jump up ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Guns N' Roses". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Guns N' Roses – Sweet Child O' Mine". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Guns N' Roses – Sweet Child O' Mine" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Spanishcharts.com – Guns N' Roses – Sweet Child O' Mine" Canciones Top 50. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Guns N' Roses – Sweet Child O' Mine". Singles Top 100. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Guns N' Roses – Sweet Child O' Mine". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Guns N' Roses: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "Official Rock & Metal Singles Chart Top 40". Official Charts Company. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Guns N' Roses – Chart history" Billboard Hot 100 for Guns N' Roses. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Guns N' Roses – Chart history" Billboard Mainstream Rock Songs for Guns N' Roses. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Italian single certifications – Guns N' Roses – Sweet Child O' Mine" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved September 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "British single certifications – Guns N' Roses – Sweet Child O' Mine". British Phonographic Industry. Enter Sweet Child O' Mine in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ "American certifications – Guns N' Roses – Sweet Child O' Mine". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved November 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ Grein, Paul (February 19, 2014). "Chart Watch: 'Dark Horse' Holds Off 'Happy'". Yahoo!Music. Yahoo. Retrieved February 21, 2014.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
Preceded by
"Monkey" by George Michael Billboard Hot 100 number one single
September 10–17, 1988 Succeeded by
"Don't Worry, Be Happy" by Bobby McFerrin
Preceded by
"The Only Exception" by Paramore
"The Catalyst" by Linkin Park UK Rock Chart number-one single
May 16–23, 2010
October 3–24, 2010 Succeeded by
"Make Me Wanna Die" by The Pretty Reckless
"Feeling Good" by Muse
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Inner core
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
The innermost part of the Earth, a solid ball of iron-nickel alloy
For the cores of other planetary bodies, see Planetary core.
For a broader coverage of this topic, see Structure of the Earth § Core.
The internal structure of Earth
The Earth's inner core is the Earth's innermost part. It is primarily a solid ball with a radius of about 1,220 kilometres (760 miles), which is about 70% of the Moon's radius.[1][2] It is composed of an iron–nickel alloy and some other elements. The temperature at the inner core's surface is approximately 5,700 K (5,430 °C) or 9806 °F, which is about the temperature at the surface of the Sun.[3]
Contents
1 Discovery
2 Composition
3 Temperature and pressure
4 Dynamics
5 History
6 See also
7 References
Discovery[edit]
The Earth was discovered to have a solid inner core distinct from its molten outer core in 1936, by the Danish seismologist Inge Lehmann,[4] who deduced its presence by studying seismograms from earthquakes in New Zealand. She observed that the seismic waves reflect off the boundary of the inner core and can be detected by sensitive seismographs on the Earth's surface. This boundary is known as the Bullen discontinuity,[5] or sometimes as the Lehmann discontinuity.[6] A few years later, in 1940, it was hypothesized that this inner core was made of solid iron; its rigidity was confirmed in 1971.[7]
The outer core was determined to be molten from observations showing that compressional waves pass through it, but elastic shear waves do not – or do so only very weakly.[8] The solidity of the inner core had been difficult to establish because the elastic shear waves that are expected to pass through a solid mass are very weak and difficult for seismographs on the Earth's surface to detect, since they become so attenuated on their way from the inner core to the surface by their passage through the liquid outer core. Dziewonski and Gilbert established that measurements of normal modes of vibration of Earth caused by large earthquakes were consistent with a liquid outer core.[9] In 2005, shear waves were detected passing through the inner core; these claims were initially controversial, but are now gaining acceptance.[10]
Composition[edit]
Based on the relative prevalence of various chemical elements in the Solar System, the theory of planetary formation, and constraints imposed or implied by the chemistry of the rest of the Earth's volume, the inner core is believed to consist primarily of a nickel-iron alloy. Pure iron was found to be denser than the core by approximately 3%, implying the presence of light elements in the core (e.g. silicon, oxygen, sulfur) in addition to the probable presence of nickel.[11]
Further, if the primordial and mostly fluid (still forming) earth contained any significant mass(es) of elements denser than iron and nickel, namely the white (appearance) precious metals (and a few others) except silver, specifically the siderophile elements, then these would necessarily have differentiated to the very center of the core into concentric nested spheres by planetary differentiation, with the most dense (and stable, i.e. platinum, iridium, and osmium, (etc.) in order of density) of these forming the innermost spheroid(s).[12] While unstable elements of such trans-iron/nickel density would have mostly decayed to iron/nickel/lead by the time the earth formed a discrete core.
See also: Densities of the elements (data page)
It then necessarily follows that all, or almost all, of these denser elements we have mined (or are even able to) at the surface (or near surface, or even at all "above" the core) have been delivered later as part of impact objects/masses.[13]
Temperature and pressure[edit]
The temperature of the inner core can be estimated by considering both the theoretical and the experimentally demonstrated constraints on the melting temperature of impure iron at the pressure which iron is under at the boundary of the inner core (about 330 GPa). These considerations suggest that its temperature is about 5,700 K (5,400 °C; 9,800 °F).[3] The pressure in the Earth's inner core is slightly higher than it is at the boundary between the outer and inner cores: it ranges from about 330 to 360 gigapascals (3,300,000 to 3,600,000 atm).[14] Iron can be solid at such high temperatures only because its melting temperature increases dramatically at pressures of that magnitude (see the Clausius–Clapeyron relation).[15]
A report published in the journal Science [16] concludes that the melting temperature of iron at the inner core boundary is 6230 ± 500 K.
Dynamics[edit]
The Earth's inner core is thought to be slowly growing as the liquid outer core at the boundary with the inner core cools and solidifies due to the gradual cooling of the Earth's interior (about 100 degrees Celsius per billion years).[17] Many scientists had initially expected that the inner core would be found to be homogeneous, because the solid inner core was originally formed by a gradual cooling of molten material, and continues to grow as a result of that same process. Even though it is growing into liquid, it is solid, due to the very high pressure that keeps it compacted together even if the temperature is extremely high. It was even suggested that Earth's inner core might be a single crystal of iron.[18] However, this prediction was disproved by observations indicating that in fact there is a degree of disorder within the inner core.[19] Seismologists have found that the inner core is not completely uniform, but instead contains large-scale structures such that seismic waves pass more rapidly through some parts of the inner core than through others.[20] In addition, the properties of the inner core's surface vary from place to place across distances as small as 1 km. This variation is surprising, since lateral temperature variations along the inner-core boundary are known to be extremely small (this conclusion is confidently constrained by magnetic field observations). Discoveries in 1994 suggest that the solid inner core itself is composed of layers, separated by a transition zone about 250 to 400 km thick.[21] If the inner core grows by small frozen sediments falling onto its surface, then some liquid can also be trapped in the pore spaces and some of this residual fluid may still persist to some small degree in much of its interior.
Because the inner core is not rigidly connected to the Earth's solid mantle, the possibility that it rotates slightly more quickly or slowly than the rest of Earth has long been entertained.[22][23] In the 1990s, seismologists made various claims about detecting this kind of super-rotation by observing changes in the characteristics of seismic waves passing through the inner core over several decades, using the aforementioned property that it transmits waves more quickly in some directions. Estimates of this super-rotation are around one degree of extra rotation per year.
Growth of the inner core is thought to play an important role in the generation of Earth's magnetic field by dynamo action in the liquid outer core. This occurs mostly because it cannot dissolve the same amount of light elements as the outer core and therefore freezing at the inner core boundary produces a residual liquid that contains more light elements than the overlying liquid. This causes it to become buoyant and helps drive convection of the outer core.[citation needed] The existence of the inner core also changes the dynamic motions of liquid in the outer core as it grows and may help fix the magnetic field since it is expected to be a great deal more resistant to flow than the outer core liquid (which is expected to be turbulent).[citation needed]
Speculation also continues that the inner core might have exhibited a variety of internal deformation patterns. This may be necessary to explain why seismic waves pass more rapidly in some directions than in others.[24] Because thermal convection alone appears to be improbable,[25] any buoyant convection motions will have to be driven by variations in composition or abundance of liquid in its interior. S. Yoshida and colleagues proposed a novel mechanism whereby deformation of the inner core can be caused by a higher rate of freezing at the equator than at polar latitudes,[26] and S. Karato proposed that changes in the magnetic field might also deform the inner core slowly over time.[27]
There is an East–West asymmetry in the inner core seismological data. There is a model which explains this by differences at the surface of the inner core – melting in one hemisphere and crystallization in the other.[28] The western hemisphere of the inner core may be crystallizing, whereas the eastern hemisphere may be melting. This may lead to enhanced magnetic field generation in the crystallizing hemisphere, creating the asymmetry in the Earth's magnetic field.[29]
History[edit]
Main article: History of Earth
Based on rates of cooling of the core, it is estimated that the current solid inner core started solidifying approximately 0.5 to 2 billion years ago[30] out of a fully molten core (which formed just after planetary formation). If true, this would mean that the Earth's solid inner core is not a primordial feature that was present during the planet's formation, but a feature younger than the Earth (the Earth is about 4.5 billion years old).
See also[edit]
The Wikibook Historical Geology has a page on the topic of: Structure of the Earth
Geodynamics
Iron meteorite
Structure of the Earth
Travel to the Earth's center
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Monnereau, Marc; Calvet, Marie; Margerin, Ludovic; Souriau, Annie (May 21, 2010). "Lopsided Growth of Earth's Inner Core". Science. 328 (5981): 1014–1017. Bibcode:2010Sci...328.1014M. doi:10.1126/science.1186212. PMID 20395477
Jump up ^ E. R. Engdahl; E. A. Flynn & R. P. Massé (1974). "Differential PkiKP travel times and the radius of the core". Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc. 40 (3): 457–463. Bibcode:1974GeoJ...39..457E. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.1974.tb05467.x.
^ Jump up to: a b D. Alfè; M. Gillan & G. D. Price (January 30, 2002). "Composition and temperature of the Earth's core constrained by combining ab initio calculations and seismic data" (PDF). Earth and Planetary Science Letters. Elsevier. 195 (1–2): 91–98. Bibcode:2002E&PSL.195...91A. doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00568-4.
Jump up ^ Edmond A. Mathez, ed. (2000). EARTH: INSIDE AND OUT. American Museum of Natural History. Archived from the original on 2008-04-30.
Jump up ^ John C. Butler (1995). "Class Notes – The Earth's Interior". Physical Geology Grade Book. University of Houston. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Although another discontinuity is named after Lehmann, this usage still can be found: see for example: Robert E Krebs (2003). The basics of earth science. Greenwood Publishing Company. ISBN 0-313-31930-8. ,and From here to "hevean," or the D layer, About.com
Jump up ^ Lee, William H. K.; Kanamori, Hiroo; Jennings, Paul C.; Kisslinger, Carl, eds. (2002). International Handbook of Earthquake and Engineering Seismology; part A. Academic Press. p. 926. ISBN 0-12-440652-1.
Jump up ^ William J. Cromie (1996-08-15). "Putting a New Spin on Earth's Core". Harvard Gazette. Retrieved 2007-05-22.
Jump up ^ A. M. Dziewonski; F. Gilbert (1971-12-24). "Solidity of the Inner Core of the Earth inferred from Normal Mode Observations". Nature. 234 (5330): 465–466. Bibcode:1971Natur.234..465D. doi:10.1038/234465a0.
Jump up ^ Robert Roy Britt (2005-04-14). "Finally, a Solid Look at Earth's Core". Retrieved 2007-05-22.
Jump up ^ Stixrude, Lars; Wasserman, Evgeny; Cohen, Ronald E. (1997-11-10). "Composition and temperature of Earth's inner core". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 102 (B11): 24729–24739. Bibcode:1997JGR...10224729S. doi:10.1029/97JB02125. ISSN 2156-2202.
Jump up ^ "core – National Geographic Society".
Jump up ^ "Earth's Precious Metals Could Be From Meteorites and Asteroids".
Jump up ^ David. R. Lide, ed. (2006–2007). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). pp. j14–13.
Jump up ^ Anneli Aitta (2006-12-01). "Iron melting curve with a tricritical point". Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment. iop. 2006 (12): 12015–12030. arXiv:cond-mat/0701283. Bibcode:2006JSMTE..12..015A. doi:10.1088/1742-5468/2006/12/P12015. or see preprints https://arxiv.org/pdf/cond-mat/0701283 , https://arxiv.org/pdf/0807.0187 .
Jump up ^ S. Anzellini; A. Dewaele; M. Mezouar; P. Loubeyre & G. Morard (2013). "Melting of Iron at Earth's Inner Core Boundary Based on Fast X-ray Diffraction". Science. AAAS. 340 (6136): 464–466. Bibcode:2013Sci...340..464A. doi:10.1126/science.1233514.
Jump up ^ J.A. Jacobs (1953). "The Earth's inner core". Nature. 172 (4372): 297–298. Bibcode:1953Natur.172..297J. doi:10.1038/172297a0.
Jump up ^ Broad, William J. (1995-04-04). "The Core of the Earth May Be a Gigantic Crystal Made of Iron". NY Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2010-12-21.
Jump up ^ Robert Sanders (1996-11-13). "Earth's inner core not a monolithic iron crystal, say UC Berkeley seismologist". Retrieved 2007-05-22.
Jump up ^ Andrew Jephcoat; Keith Refson (2001-09-06). "Earth science: Core beliefs". Nature. 413 (6851): 27–30. Bibcode:2001Natur.413...27J. doi:10.1038/35092650. PMID 11544508.
Jump up ^ Kazuro Hirahara; Toshiki Ohtaki & Yasuhiro Yoshida (1994). "Seismic structure near the inner core-outer core boundary". Geophys. Res. Lett. American Geophysical Union. 51 (16): 157–160. Bibcode:1994GeoRL..21..157K. doi:10.1029/93GL03289.
Jump up ^ Aaurno, J. M.; Brito, D.; Olson, P. L. (1996). "Mechanics of inner core super-rotation". Geophysical Research Letters. 23 (23): 3401–3404. Bibcode:1996GeoRL..23.3401A. doi:10.1029/96GL03258
Jump up ^ Xu, Xiaoxia; Song, Xiaodong (2003). "Evidence for inner core super-rotation from time-dependent differential PKP traveltimes observed at Beijing Seismic Network". Geophysical Journal International. 152 (3): 509–514. Bibcode:2003GeoJI.152..509X. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.210.8362. doi:10.1046/j.1365-246X.2003.01852.x
Jump up ^ G Poupinet; R Pillet; A Souriau (1983). "Possible heterogeneity of the Earth's core deduced from PKIKP travel times". Nature. 305: 204–206. Bibcode:1983Natur.305..204P. doi:10.1038/305204a0.
Jump up ^ T. Yukutake (1998). "Implausibility of thermal convection in the Earth's solid inner core". Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 108 (1): 1–13. Bibcode:1998PEPI..108....1Y. doi:10.1016/S0031-9201(98)00097-1.
Jump up ^ S.I. Yoshida; I. Sumita & M. Kumazawa (1996). "Growth model of the inner core coupled with the outer core dynamics and the resulting elastic anisotropy". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 101: 28085–28103. Bibcode:1996JGR...10128085Y. doi:10.1029/96JB02700.
Jump up ^ S. I. Karato (1999). "Seismic anisotropy of the Earth's inner core resulting from flow induced by Maxwell stresses". Nature. 402 (6764): 871–873. Bibcode:1999Natur.402..871K. doi:10.1038/47235.
Jump up ^ Alboussière, T.; Deguen, R.; Melzani, M. (2010). "Melting-induced stratification above the Earth's inner core due to convective translation". Nature. 466 (7307): 744–747. arXiv:1201.1201. Bibcode:2010Natur.466..744A. doi:10.1038/nature09257. PMID 20686572.
Jump up ^ "Figure 1: East–west asymmetry in inner-core growth and magnetic field generation." from Finlay, Christopher C. (2012). "Core processes: Earth's eccentric magnetic field". Nature Geoscience. 5: 523–524. Bibcode:2012NatGe...5..523F. doi:10.1038/ngeo1516.
Jump up ^ Labrosse, Stéphane; Poirier, Jean-Paul; Le Mouël, Jean-Louis (2001-08-15). "The age of the inner core". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 190 (3–4): 111–123. Bibcode:2001E&PSL.190..111L. doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00387-9.
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Global Discontinuities
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Paul Walker
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other people named Paul Walker, see Paul Walker (disambiguation).
Paul Walker
Walker in March 2009 at the Fast & Furious premiere in London's Leicester Square
Born
Paul William Walker IV
(1973-09-12)September 12, 1973
Glendale, California
Died
November 30, 2013(2013-11-30) (aged 40)
Santa Clarita, California
Cause of death
Injuries sustained from single-vehicle collision
Resting place
Forest Lawn Memorial Park
Hollywood Hills, Los Angeles, California
Education
Village Christian School
Occupation
Actor[1][2]
Years active
1984–2013
Net worth
$25 million (2014)[1][2]
Partner(s)
Rebecca McBrain
Children
1
Relatives
Cody Walker (brother)
Signature
Paul William Walker IV[3] (September 12, 1973[4] – November 30, 2013) was an American actor best known for his role as Brian O'Conner in The Fast and the Furious franchise. Walker first gained prominence in 1999 with roles in the teen films She's All That and Varsity Blues. In 2001, he gained international fame for his performance in the street racing action film The Fast and the Furious (2001), a role he reprised in five of the next six installments, but died in 2013 in the middle of filming Furious 7 (2015).
Walker began his career guest-starring on TV shows such as The Young and the Restless and Touched by an Angel. He later starred in films such as Joy Ride (2001), Timeline (2003), Into the Blue (2005), Eight Below (2006), and Running Scared (2006). He also appeared in the National Geographic series Expedition Great White (2010)[5] and in ads for Davidoff Cool Water cologne.[6] He founded the disaster-relief charity Reach Out Worldwide (ROWW) in response to the 2010 Haiti earthquake.[7]
Walker died on November 30, 2013, at the age of 40 as a passenger in a single-car crash alongside friend and driver Roger Rodas. Walker was working on three films at the time of his death which were released posthumously: Hours (2013), Brick Mansions (2014), and Furious 7 (2015). The Wiz Khalifa song "See You Again", featuring Charlie Puth, was commissioned for the Furious 7 soundtrack as a tribute to Walker. It was nominated for the Golden Globe for Best Original Song in 2015 and was the number-one song in the United States for 12 weeks.[8]
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Personal life
4 Death and legal repercussions
5 Filmography
5.1 Film
5.2 Television
5.3 Music videos
6 Awards and nominations
7 References
8 External links
Early life
Walker was born in Glendale, California, and was the son of Cheryl (née Crabtree), a fashion model, and Paul William Walker III, a sewer contractor and boxer who was a two-time Golden Gloves champion.[9][10][11] Paul's paternal grandfather had a boxing career as "'Irish' Billy Walker". Paul's ancestry was mostly English, with some German, Swiss, and Irish.[12] One of his grandfathers raced factory cars for Ford in the 1960s.[9] The oldest of five siblings, Walker was raised primarily in the Sunland community of Los Angeles and attended high school in the San Fernando Valley, graduating from Sun Valley's Village Christian School in 1991.[13][14] He was raised as a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.[10] After high school, Walker attended several community colleges in Southern California, majoring in marine biology.[15]
Career
Walker began his small screen career as a toddler, when he starred in a television commercial for Pampers. He began modeling at the age of two and began working on television shows in 1985, with roles in shows such as Highway to Heaven, Who's the Boss?, The Young and the Restless, and Touched by an Angel. That year he starred in a commercial for Showbiz Pizza.[16] Walker's film career began in 1986, with the horror/comedy film Monster in the Closet. In 1987 he appeared in The Retaliator (aka Programmed to Kill), a low budget cyborg action film, with Robert Ginty. He and his sister Ashlie were contestants on a 1988 episode of the game show I'm Telling!; they finished in second place. In 1993 he played Brandon Collins on the CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless. He and his co-star Heather Tom, who played Victoria Newman, were nominated for Outstanding Lead Actor and Actress in a soap opera at the Youth in Film Awards. In 1998, Walker made his feature film debut in the comedy Meet the Deedles, which finally gained him fame. This subsequently led to supporting roles in the movies Pleasantville (1998), Varsity Blues (1999), She's All That (1999), and The Skulls (2000).
Walker drove a Nissan Skyline GT-R in 2 Fast 2 Furious.
In 2001, Walker's breakthrough role arrived when he starred opposite actor Vin Diesel in the successful action film The Fast and the Furious, the first film in the franchise. The film established Walker as a notable film star and leading man and led to his reprise of the role in the 2003 sequel 2 Fast 2 Furious. He continued his career with leading roles in films such as Joy Ride (2001), Timeline (2003), and Into the Blue (2005). He had a supporting role in Clint Eastwood's adaptation of Flags of Our Fathers (2006).
Walker at a convention in February 2006
Walker then starred in the crime thriller Running Scared and Walt Disney Pictures' Eight Below, both released in 2006. Eight Below garnered critical-acclaim and opened in first place at the box office, grossing over US$20 million during its first weekend.[17] During the filming of Running Scared, director Wayne Kramer stated that "[Walker] is that guy on some level"[18] when comparing Walker with his character in the movie, Joey Gazelle. Kramer continued on to say that he "loved working with [Walker] because as a director he's completely supportive of my vision of what the film is. And even better, he's completely game for it."[18]
Walker starred in the independent film The Lazarus Project, which was released on DVD on October 21, 2008. He subsequently returned to The Fast and the Furious franchise, reprising his role in Fast & Furious, which was released on April 3, 2009.[19] Walker then appeared in the crime drama Takers, which began filming in September 2008 and was released in August 2010.[20]
The Coty Prestige fragrance brand Davidoff Cool Water for Men announced in January 2011 that Walker was going to be the new face of the brand as of July 2011.[21] He reprised his role in the fifth installment of The Fast and the Furious series, Fast Five (2011), and again in Fast & Furious 6 (2013). For this film, he won the 2014 MTV Movie Award as best on-screen duo, with Vin Diesel. He was part of an ensemble cast in Wayne Kramer's Pawn Shop Chronicles (2013), which was Walker's last film released before his death.
Shortly after his death, the Hurricane Katrina based film Hours, which he had completed earlier in 2013, was released on December 13, 2013. He had also completed the action film Brick Mansions, a remake of the French film District 13, which was released in April 2014. At the time of his death, Walker had been filming Furious 7, which was slated for release in July 2014. The film was completed by using his brothers Caleb and Cody as his body doubles/stand-ins, and CGI, and was released in April 2015.[22] Walker was also set to play Agent 47 in the video game adaptation Hitman: Agent 47, but died before production began.[23]
Personal life
From left: Dwayne Johnson, Ludacris, Jordana Brewster, Vin Diesel, and Walker with Natalie Morales for NBC's Today Show. Walker shared close friendships with his Fast & Furious cast mates.
Walker lived in Santa Barbara with his dogs.[10][24] He and Rebecca McBrain, a one-time girlfriend, had a daughter named Meadow Rain Walker,[25] who lived with her mother in Hawaii for 13 years and then moved to California to live with Walker in 2011.[26] Her godfather is Vin Diesel. At the time of his death, Walker was dating Jasmine Pilchard-Gosnell.[27]
He held a brown belt in Brazilian jiu-jitsu under Ricardo "Franjinha" Miller at Paragon Jiu-Jitsu[28] and was awarded his black belt by Miller posthumously.[29]
Walker held an interest in marine biology; he joined the board of directors of The Billfish Foundation in 2006.[30] He fulfilled a lifelong dream by starring in a National Geographic Channel series Expedition Great White (later retitled Shark Men), which premiered in June 2010.[31][32] He spent 11 days as part of the crew, catching and tagging seven great white sharks off the coast of Mexico. The expedition, led by Chris Fischer, founder and CEO of Fischer Productions, along with Captain Brett McBride and Dr. Michael Domeier of the Marine Conservation Science Institute, took measurements, gathered DNA samples, and fastened real-time satellite tags to the great white sharks. This allowed Dr. Domeier to study migratory patterns, especially those associated with mating and birthing, over a five-year period.[33]
In March 2010, Walker went to Constitución, Chile, to offer his help and support to the people injured in the 8.8 magnitude earthquake that struck on February 27. He flew with his humanitarian aid team, Reach Out Worldwide, to Haiti to lend a helping hand to the 2010 Haiti earthquake victims.[34]
A car enthusiast, he competed in the Redline Time Attack racing series in which he raced an M3 E92 and was on the AE Performance Team. His car was sponsored by Etnies, Brembo Brakes, Ohlins, Volk, OS Giken, Hankook, Gintani, and Reach Out Worldwide.[35] Walker had been preparing for an auto show prior to his death.[36]
Roger Rodas became Walker's financial adviser[37] in 2007 and helped to establish Reach Out Worldwide.[38] Rodas, a pro-am racer[39] was the CEO of Always Evolving, a Valencia high-end vehicle performance shop owned by Walker.[40]
Walker was a close friend of his 2 Fast 2 Furious co-star Tyrese Gibson.[41] Vin Diesel considered Walker to be like a brother, both on and off screen, and affectionately called him "Pablo".[42] Walker's mother referred to her son as Diesel's "other half".[43]
Walker, who was raised in a Mormon household, later became a non-denominational Christian.[44]
Death and legal repercussions
Site of Walker's death on Hercules Street in Santa Clarita (photo taken 2015)
On November 30, 2013, at about 3:30 p.m. PST, Walker and Roger Rodas, 38, left an event for Walker's charity Reach Out Worldwide for victims of Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda),[45] with Rodas driving[46] his Porsche Carrera GT. In a 45 mph (72 km/h) speed zone on Hercules Street near Kelly Johnson Parkway in Valencia, Santa Clarita, California, the car crashed into a concrete lamp post and two trees and caught fire.[45][47] Rodas died of multiple trauma while Walker died from the combined effects of trauma and burns. Both of their bodies were burned beyond recognition.[46]
The curve where Walker and Rodas were killed is a popular spot for drifting cars.[48] No alcohol or other drugs were found in either man's system,[49] and neither mechanical failure nor road conditions appeared to play a role.[50] Police found no evidence of drag racing.[51] The investigation concluded that the car's speed – between 80 mph (130 km/h) and 93 mph (150 km/h) – and age of the tires were the primary reasons for the crash.[52]
Grave of Paul Walker at Forest Lawn Hollywood Hills
With Furious 7 in the middle of filming at the time of Walker's death, Universal announced an indeterminate hiatus on the production, citing a desire to speak with his family before determining what to do with the film.[53]
Numerous friends and movie stars posted tributes to Walker on social media.[54] His body was cremated and his ashes were buried in a non-denominational ceremony at Forest Lawn Memorial Park.[55]
In December 2014, Walker's father, Paul III, filed a wrongful death claim against Rodas's estate seeking the return of, or "a proportionate share" of revenue generated by a group of automobiles that were jointly owned by both Walker and Rodas.[56]
In September 2015, Walker's daughter Meadow filed a wrongful death lawsuit against Porsche for the death of her father, claiming that the Porsche Carrera GT had numerous design defects including a history of instability, and that its seat belt placement can cause harm upon impact.[57] Porsche's response denied any wrongdoing and blamed Walker himself, stating: "The perils, risk, and danger were open and obvious and known to him, and he chose to conduct himself in a manner so as to expose himself to such perils, dangers, and risks, thus assuming all the risks involved in using the vehicle."[58] In April 2016, U.S. District Court Judge Philip S. Gutierrez ruled in favor of Porsche in a separate lawsuit filed by Roger Rodas' widow, Kristine.[59][60] The ruling had no bearing on two other cases against Porsche which have been filed by Walker's father, who is also the executor of the actor's estate, and his daughter.[60] Walker's father and daughter both reached an agreement with Porsche.[61]
Filmography
Film
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1986 Monster in the Closet "Professor" Bennett
1987 Programmed to Kill Jason Credited as Paul W. Walker
1994 Tammy and the T-Rex Michael
1998 Meet the Deedles Phil Deedle First lead role
Pleasantville Skip Martin
1999 Varsity Blues Lance Harbor
She's All That Dean Sampson
Brokedown Palace Jason
2000 The Skulls Caleb Mandrake
2001 The Fast and the Furious Brian O'Conner
Joy Ride Lewis Thomas
2002 Life Makes Sense If You're Famous Mikey
2003 The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious Brian O'Conner Short film
2 Fast 2 Furious
Timeline Chris Johnston
2004 Noel Mike Riley
2005 Into the Blue Jared Cole
2006 Eight Below Jerry Shepard
Running Scared Joey Gazelle
Flags of Our Fathers Hank Hansen
2007 The Death and Life of Bobby Z Tim Kearney
Stories USA Mikey
2008 The Lazarus Project Ben Garvey
2009 Fast & Furious Brian O'Conner
2010 Takers John Rahway
2011 Fast Five Brian O'Conner
2013 Vehicle 19 Michael Woods
Fast & Furious 6 Brian O'Conner
Pawn Shop Chronicles Raw Dog
Hours Nolan Hayes Released two weeks after Walker's death
2014 Brick Mansions Damien Collier Released five months after Walker's death
2015 Furious 7 Brian O'Conner Walker's last performance in a film
Television
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1984–1994 CBS Schoolbreak Special Dill Episodes: "Dead Wrong: The John Evans Story" and "Love in the Dark Ages"
1985–1986 Highway to Heaven Todd Bryant/Eric Travers Episodes: "Birds of a Feather" and "A Special Love" (Parts 1 & 2)
1987 Throb Jeremy Beatty 23 episodes
1990 Charles in Charge Russell Davis Episode: "Dead Puck Society"
1991 Who's the Boss? Michael Haynes Episode: "You Can Go Home Again"
1991 What a Dummy Rick Episode: "Bringing Up Baby"
1992 The Young and the Restless Brandon Collins
1996 Touched by an Angel Jonathan
2010 Shark Men Himself 3 episodes, aka Expedition Great White
2013 Shark Week Himself 1 episode
Music videos
Year
Artists
Song
Notes
1997 The Mighty Mighty Bosstones "Wrong Thing Right Then"
2003 Ludacris "Act a Fool"
2013 2 Chainz & Wiz Khalifa "We Own It" Archival footage
2015 Wiz Khalifa & Charlie Puth "See You Again" Archival footage
Awards and nominations
Year
Award
Category
Nominated work
Result
2002 MTV Movie Award Best On-Screen Team (shared with Vin Diesel) The Fast and the Furious Won
2011 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie Actor – Action Fast Five Nominated
2013 Choice Movie: Chemistry (shared with Vin Diesel and Dwayne Johnson) Fast & Furious 6 Nominated
2014 MTV Movie Award Best On-Screen Duo (shared with Vin Diesel) Won
2015 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie Actor: Action Furious 7 Won
Choice Movie: Chemistry (shared with Vin Diesel, Michelle Rodriguez, Tyrese Gibson, Dwayne Johnson, Ludacris) Nominated
References
^ Jump up to: a b "Paul Walker Leaves Entire $25 Million Estate to Daughter". People. February 4, 2014. Retrieved March 8, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Weisman, Aly. "Paul Walker Left His Entire $25 Million Estate To His 15-Year-Old Daughter — But Things Could Get Messy", Business Insider, published April 2, 2014. Retrieved May 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ WGN News at Nine. Chicago, IL. November 30, 2013. Event occurs at 21:32 CST (32 minutes). WGN-TV/WGN America.
Jump up ^ "Paul Walker – Biography". The New York Times. Retrieved March 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ Eggenberger, Nicole (December 2, 2013). "Paul Walker Said Daughter Meadow Encouraged Him to Keep Acting". Us Weekly. Retrieved October 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Gicas, Peter (December 2, 2013). "Paul Walker's Cologne Ad Airs During UK Soccer Game, Sparks Outrage". E! Online. Retrieved October 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Suebsaeng, Asawin (2 April 2015). "Paul Walker's True Passion: Whatever Happened to Walker's Disaster-Relief Rescue Squad?". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 10 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Merry, Stephanie; Yahr, Emily (December 10, 2015). "Golden Globes nominations 2016: Complete list". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 10, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Hobson, Louis B. (June 17, 2001). "Paul Walker kicks it into high gear". Canoe.ca. Retrieved December 5, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Keck, William (September 27, 2005). "Fame lets Paul Walker dive in". USA Today. Retrieved December 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ Atkin, Hillary (June 6, 2003). "Walker's in the 'Fast' lane to film stardom". USA Today. Retrieved December 3, 2013.
Jump up ^
"Paul William Walker II". Retrieved December 22, 2013.
"Paul William Walker II 1930 United States Census". FamilySearch. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
"Meet Paul Walker". Spartanburg Herald-Journal. March 29, 2006. Retrieved December 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Stars React To Paul Walker's Death, Other Crash Victim Identified". CBS Los Angeles. December 1, 2013. Retrieved December 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ Gazzar, Brenda (December 1, 2013). "'Fast & Furious' star Paul Walker remembered as kind, carefree". Los Angeles Daily News. Retrieved December 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Paul Walker Bio: Fast & Furious Actor". Tribute. Tribute Entertainment Media Group. Retrieved December 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ Youtube. "Showbiz Pizza Commercial". Retrieved July 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Eight Below (2006)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved September 28, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Murray, Rebecca. "Interview with 'Running Scared' writer/director Wayne Kramer". About.com. Retrieved September 28, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Apple – Movie Trailers – Fast and Furious". Apple. Retrieved September 28, 2008.
Jump up ^ Fleming, Michael (September 9, 2008). "Screen Gems digs up 'Bone' cast". Variety. Retrieved December 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Coty Prestige Announces Agreement with Paul Walker". PR Newswire. January 14, 2011. Retrieved December 3, 2013.
Jump up ^
"Report: Paul Walkers death forces delay of Fast and Furious 7 shoot". HitFix. December 1, 2013. Retrieved December 3, 2013.
'Fast & Furious 7' will shoot scenes with doubles and replace Paul Walker with CGI to keep him in the film – NY Daily News
The Deadline Team. "Paul Walker's Brothers Jumping in to Help Finish 'Fast & Furious 7′ Action Scenes – Deadline". Deadline.
Jump up ^ Trumbore, Dave. "Paul Walker Leads HITMAN Reboot in AGENT 47". Collider. Retrieved December 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ Koltnow, Barry (February 18, 2006). "Just chillin'". The Orange County Register. Retrieved December 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ Gilbey, Ryan (December 1, 2013). "Paul Walker obituary". The Guardian. UK. Retrieved December 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ Smith, Grady (December 1, 2013). "The sides of Paul Walker you may have missed". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on December 1, 2013. Retrieved December 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ Tate, Amethyst (December 2, 2013). "Who Is Jasmine Pilchard-Gosnell? Paul Walker's 23-Year-Old Girlfriend Mourns Actor With Family After Fatal Car Crash". International Business Times.
Jump up ^ Duane, Daniel (September 6, 2005). "Paul Walker's Adventure Sports Workout Routine". Men's Health. Retrieved December 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Paul Walker receives BJJ Black Belt at Memorial". Bjpenn.com. December 9, 2013. Archived from the original on December 12, 2013. Retrieved December 10, 2013.
Jump up ^ Arnold, Catherine (September 25, 2006). "Paul Walker and Marine Biology: Foundation Presents Marine Awards". Nature World News. Retrieved March 8, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Paul Walker Leads Shark Expedition". Starpulse.com. November 12, 2009. Archived from the original on April 26, 2010. Retrieved November 15, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Actor Paul Walker Joins National Geographic Shark Expedition". DiverWire. November 13, 2009. Archived from the original on December 3, 2009. Retrieved November 15, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Expedition Great White". National Geographic. Archived from the original on November 16, 2012. Retrieved November 15, 2009.
Jump up ^ "REACH OUT Worldwide". REACH OUT Worldwide.
Jump up ^ "AE Performance". Redline Time Attack. Archived from the original on March 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Paul Walker, estrella de "Rápidos y furiosos" falleció en accidente de tránsito". El Comercio.
Jump up ^ "Walker and Rodas, you will be missed". Motor Sport. December 1, 2013. Retrieved December 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Call to Action". Merrill Lynch. Archived from the original on December 2, 2013. Retrieved November 30, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Rodas: Racer, manager, friend to Walker". December 3, 2013. Retrieved June 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ Smith, Perry (November 30, 2013). "Paul Walker, Santa Clarita CEO Reportedly Killed in Fatal Single-Car Crash". KHTS Radio. Retrieved November 30, 2013.
Jump up ^
Tonks, Owen (January 4, 2014). "Paul Walker best friend Tyrese Gibson still struggling after actor's death". Daily Mirror. Retrieved January 31, 2014.
Cook, Carlton (January 16, 2014). "Has Paul Walker's Co-Star Tyrese Gibson Converted from Christianity to Islam, After His Visit to Dubai?". The Christian Post. Retrieved January 31, 2014. [permanent dead link]
"Tyrese Gibson Heartbroken Over Paul Walker's Death". ABC News. December 4, 2013. Retrieved December 10, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Vin Diesel Reacts to Paul Walker's Death: 'I Will Always Love You'". The Wrap. Retrieved August 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Paul Walker death: Vin Diesel's touching Facebook post about how he lost his 'other half'". The Mirror.
Jump up ^ "Meadow Walker, Paul's daughter inspired him to continue acting; Fast and Furious star on being Christian". Christian Today. December 2, 2013. Retrieved August 5, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Duke, Alan; Sutton, Joe (November 30, 2013). "'Fast & Furious' star Paul Walker killed in car crash". CNN. Retrieved November 30, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Autopsy blames impact and fire for actor Paul Walker's death". CNN. December 4, 2013. Retrieved December 18, 2013.
Jump up ^
"Officials: Paul Walker crash not part of street race". The Press Democrat. Santa Rosa CA. December 3, 2013. Retrieved December 7, 2013.
"Publicist: Fast & Furious Actor Paul Walker Dies in Car Crash". Time. New York. November 30, 2013. Archived from the original on December 9, 2013. Retrieved November 30, 2013.
Schabner, Dean (November 30, 2013). 'Fast and Furious' Star Paul Walker Killed in Crash". ABC News.
Landau, Joel (November 30, 2013). "Paul Walker dead at 40: 'Fast and Furious' star killed in fiery car crash". Daily News. New York. Retrieved November 30, 2013.
"Fast & Furious actor Paul Walker dies in California car crash". BBC News. December 1, 2013. Retrieved December 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ Wood, Daniel B. (December 4, 2013). "Paul Walker crash could 'romanticize' growing street racing culture". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved December 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Speed may have been factor in Fast and Furious star Paul Walker's crash". Sunday Morning Herald. January 4, 2014. Retrieved January 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ ""Fast & Furious"-Star : Walker-Auto war fast 100 Stundenkilometer zu schnell". Die Welt (in German). January 4, 2014. Retrieved January 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Paul Walker death investigation: Police rule out second vehicle, focus on speed". CNN. Retrieved December 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ Duke, Alan (March 26, 2014). "Investigators: Speed – not drugs, racing or mechanical failure – killed Paul Walker". CNN. Retrieved March 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ Gonzalez, Maricela. "'Fast & Furious 7' production halted after Paul Walker's death". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved December 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ "'Speechless' Vin Diesel pays tribute to Paul Walker". The New Zealand Herald. Auckland. December 2, 2013. Retrieved December 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Paul Walker has been Buried at The Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in the Hollywood Hills Today". Allvoices.com. December 4, 2013. Archived from the original on January 14, 2014. Retrieved December 18, 2013.
Jump up ^ Zuckerman, Esther. "Paul Walker's dad files claim against estate of driver in fatal car crash". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved January 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ Bever, Lindsey (September 29, 2015). "Paul Walker's teen daughter sues Porsche over his death in fiery crash". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2016-01-07.
Jump up ^ "Porsche Blames Paul Walker For His Own Death". www.yahoo.com. Retrieved 2015-11-17.
Jump up ^ ANTHONY McCARTNEY, Judge: Porsche not at fault in crash that killed Paul Walker April 5, 2016
^ Jump up to: a b Child, Ben (April 6, 2016). "Judge rules Porsche not to blame for Paul Walker's death". The Guardian. Retrieved April 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/la-et-entertainment-news-updates-paul-walker-porsche-settles-1508940377-htmlstory.html
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Paul Walker.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Paul Walker
Paul Walker on IMDb
Paul Walker at AllMovie
[hide]
v
t
e
MTV Movie Award for Best On-Screen Duo
Best On-Screen Duo
Dana Carvey & Mike Myers (1992)
Mel Gibson & Danny Glover (1993)
Harrison Ford & Tommy Lee Jones (1994)
Sandra Bullock & Keanu Reeves (1995)
Chris Farley & David Spade (1996)
Nicolas Cage & Sean Connery (1997)
John Travolta & Nicolas Cage (1998)
Jackie Chan & Chris Tucker (1999)
Mike Myers & Verne Troyer (2000)
Mark Wahlberg & Seth MacFarlane (2013)
Vin Diesel & Paul Walker (2014)
Zac Efron & Dave Franco (2015)
Hugh Jackman & Dafne Keen (2017)
Best On-Screen Team
Drew Barrymore, Cameron Diaz & Lucy Liu (2001)
Vin Diesel & Paul Walker (2002)
Sean Astin, Andy Serkis & Elijah Wood (2003)
Adam Sandler & Drew Barrymore (2004)
Lindsay Lohan, Rachel McAdams, Lacey Chabert & Amanda Seyfried (2005)
Vince Vaughn & Owen Wilson (2006)
Best Cast
Daniel Radcliffe, Rupert Grint, Emma Watson & Tom Felton (2012)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 71594362
LCCN: no99046363
ISNI: 0000 0001 1447 6235
GND: 140592849
SUDOC: 154705160
BNF: cb14043780p (data)
NKC: xx0042773
ICCU: IT\ICCU\ANAV\060152
BNE: XX1499984
SNAC: w6rj5f47
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Walker&oldid=834251583"
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