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Gold mining in Alaska
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Gold mining in Alaska, a state of the United States, has been a major industry and impetus for exploration and settlement since a few years after the United States acquired the territory from Russia. Russian explorers discovered placer gold in the Kenai River in 1848, but no gold was produced. Gold mining started in 1870 from placers southeast of Juneau, Alaska.[1]
Gold is found and has been mined throughout Alaska; except in the vast swamps of the Yukon Flats, and along the North Slope between the Brooks Range and the Beaufort Sea. Areas near Fairbanks and Juneau, and Nome are responsible for most of Alaska's historical and all current gold production. Nearly all of the large and many of the small placer gold mines currently operating in the US are in Alaska.[2] Six modern large-scale hard rock mines operate in Alaska in 2008; four of those are gold-producing mines (an additional gold mine suspended production in late 2007). There are also some small-scale hard rock gold-mining operations. Alaska currently produces more gold (in 2015: 873,984 troy oz from hard rock mines, and 74,360 troy oz (five-year average) from placer deposits) than any state except Nevada.[3] In 2015, gold worth $1.01 billion accounted for 37% of the mining wealth produced in Alaska. Zinc and lead, mainly from the Red Dog mine, accounted for 53%; silver, mainly from the Greens Creek mine, accounted for 8.5%; and coal accounted for 1.5%. Alaska produced a total of 40.3 million troy ounces of gold from 1880 through the end of 2007.[4][5][6]
Lucky Shot gold mine in Hatcher Pass
Contents
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1 Active mines
1.1 Lode (hard rock) mines
1.1.1 Advanced gold-bearing hard rock exploration projects of note
1.2 Placer mining
2 Historical lode and placer gold mines
2.1 Southeast Alaska
2.1.1 Porcupine district
2.1.2 Juneau district
2.1.3 Admiralty district
2.1.4 Chichagof district
2.1.4.1 Apex-El Nido mine
2.1.4.2 Hirst-Chichagof mine
2.1.4.3 Chichagof mine
2.1.5 Petersburg-Sumdum district
2.1.6 Ketchikan district
2.2 Interior Alaska, north of the Yukon River
2.2.1 Chandalar District
2.2.1.1 Little Squaw Creek
2.2.1.2 Little Squaw and Mikado lodes
2.2.2 Koyukuk-Nolan district
2.2.2.1 Nolan Creek
2.2.2.2 Hammond River
2.2.3 Hughes District
2.2.4 Melozitna District
2.3 Interior Alaska, south of the Yukon River
2.3.1 Kaiyuh District
2.3.1.1 Illinois Creek Mine
2.3.2 Ruby-Poorman District
2.3.3 Hot Springs District
2.3.4 Rampart district
2.3.5 Circle district
2.3.6 Eagle district
2.3.7 Tolovana-Livengood district
2.3.8 Fairbanks district
2.3.9 Goodpaster district
2.3.9.1 Pogo mine (operating)
2.3.10 Fortymile district
2.3.11 Chisana-White River district
2.3.12 Kantishna district
2.4 Southwestern Alaska
2.4.1 Kuskokwim Gold Belt
2.4.2 Marshall-Anvik District
2.4.3 Aniak District
2.4.3.1 Donlin Creek (feasibility stage)
2.4.4 Iditarod District
2.4.4.1 Tolstoi District
2.4.5 Innoko District
2.4.5.1 Ganes Creek
2.4.6 McGrath-McKinley district
2.4.6.1 The Nixon Fork mine (operation suspended)
2.4.7 Goodnews Bay District
2.5 Seward Peninsula
2.5.1 Nome (Cape Nome) district
2.5.2 Council-Solomon District
2.5.3 Fairhaven Inmachuk District
2.5.4 Kougarok district
2.5.5 Koyuk district
2.5.6 Port Clarence district
2.6 Southcentral Alaska
2.6.1 Resurrection Creek
2.6.2 Valdez Creek
2.6.3 Chulitna-Yentna Mineral Belt
2.6.4 Chulitna District
2.6.4.1 Golden Zone Mine
2.6.5 Yentna Cache-Creek District
2.6.6 Willow Creek Mining District
2.7 Northwestern Alaska
2.7.1 Kobuk River district
2.7.2 Kiana district
2.7.3 Shungnak district
3 Recreational gold mining in Alaska
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Active mines[edit]
The following are active gold-producing mines and advanced lode exploration or development projects.
Lode (hard rock) mines[edit]
The Fort Knox mine is located within the Fairbanks North Star Borough, 25 miles northeast of Fairbanks. The mine site is located primarily on State of Alaska and the Mental Health Trust lands. The mine is a wholly owned by Kinross Gold Corporation. The mine opened in 1996 and in 2015 produced 401,553 troy ounces (12,489.7 kg) of gold. Fort Knox is an open-pit operation using carbon-in-pulp, heap leach, and gravity processes to recover gold. At the end of 2015 there were reserves of 162.4 million tons at 0.012 ounce of gold per ton (0.37 g/t), sufficient to carry the mine plan into 2020, within a total identified resource of 284.4 million tons at 0.013 ounce per ton (0.40 g/t), containing 1,900,000 troy ounces (59,000 kg) of gold. Total 2015 employment at Fort Knox was 657 full-time-equivalent positions.[4]
The Pogo underground gold mine is owned and operated by Sumitomo Metal Mining and Sumitomo Corp., on State of Alaska-owned land 38 miles northeast of Delta Junction in the Goodpaster district. In 2015 it produced 283,000 troy ounces (8,800 kg) of gold from stacked, shallow-dipping quartz veins up to 65 feet thick. Pogo had 350 full-time-equivalent employees on site in 2015.[4]
The Kensington underground gold mine, owned by Coeur Mining, is located 45 air miles north of Juneau and 35 air miles south of Haines, located in the Berners Bay mining district. Access to the mine is by air or sea. The ore deposit consists of multiple mesothermal quartz, carbonate, and pyrite vein swarms and discrete quartz–pyrite veins hosted in Cretaceous diorite. Ore is processed in a flotation mill that produces a gold-bearing concentrate. In 2015 128,865 troy ounces (4,008.1 kg) of gold were produced from 21,829 tons of concentrate that were shipped to an off-site refinery. The December 2015 Proven and Probable Reserve was 2.8 million tons of ore at 0.198 ounces of gold per ton (6.16 g/t) with 560,000 troy ounces (17,000 kg) of contained gold out of a total identified resource, inclusive of the Proven and Probable Reserve, of 6.7 million tons at 0.263 ounces of gold per ton (8.18 g/t). There were 332 full-time-equivalent employees at Kensington at the end of 2015.[4]
The Greens Creek mine is a silver-lead-zinc mine owned and operated by Hecla Mining, located on private and federal land in the Admiralty mining district, 18 miles southwest of Juneau. The Greens Creek deposit is a polymetallic, stratiform, volcanogenic massive-sulfide deposit that opened in 1989. In 2015, Greens Creek produced 60,566 troy ounces (1,883.8 kg) of gold. The mine also produced 8,452,153 troy ounces (262,891.3 kg) of silver, 61,934 tons of zinc and 21,617 tons of lead. As of December 31, 2015, Hecla reported a Proven and Probable Reserve of 7.2 million tons of ore at 12.3 ounces of silver per ton, 2.80 g/t (0.09 oz/t) of gold, 3.0 percent lead, and 8.1 percent zinc, sufficient for a remaining mine life of 10 years. The total identified resource, including proven and probable reserves, is 11.7 million tons at 12.3 ounces of silver per ton, 0.09 ounce of gold per ton, 2.9 percent lead, and 7.6 percent zinc, containing nearly 143 million ounces of silver. There were 418 full-time-equivalent employees in 2015.[4]
Advanced gold-bearing hard rock exploration projects of note[edit]
The Donlin Gold project, in the Kuskokwim Gold Belt, contains a Proven and Probable Reserve of 33.8 million ounces at a grade of 2.09 g/t (using a gold price of US$975/oz), within a Measured and Indicated Resource of 39 million ounces of gold at 2.03 g/t.[7] Donlin is one of the largest known undeveloped gold deposits in the world. If developed according to plans published in spring 2009 it will be one of the largest gold mines in the world.[8] A large and robust series of felsic sills and dikes hosts the gold in association with small-scale quartz (and lesser quartz and/or carbonate) veinlets. The sills intrude a thick sequence (5000+ feet) of non-metamorphosed, folded, graywacke, sandstone, and shale. The deposit occurs on private land owned by native corporations Calista Corporation and The Kuskokwim Corp. Donlin Creek LLC, equally owned by Barrick Gold and NovaGold Resources, holds a lease on the land and operates the project. Donlin Gold is expected to be a conventional open pit, truck-and-shovel operation. Production is expected to occur over 27 years.[9]
Pebble Copper, discovered in the mid-1980s, is one of the largest known copper-gold porphyry deposits in the world. It is located on State of Alaska-owned land. The deposit contains measured+indicated+inferred resources of 72-billion pounds of copper, 94-million ounces of gold, and 4.8-billion pounds of molybdenum, within 9.1 billion tonnes of ore.[10][11]
Nixon Fork mine in the McGrath Mining District. First exploited in 1907, this underground operation exploits high-grade gold skarn ore bodies along contacts between Cretaceous granitoid and metamorphosed Paleozoic sediments. The mine, after decades of inactivity, returned to production for several years in the mid-1990s, and again in 2006 and 2007, when a significant variation between actual and predicted headgrades occurred. An updated resource evaluation is pending further work.
The Niblack prospect, a zinc-copper-silver-gold VMS deposit on southeastern Prince of Wales Island, in the Ketchikan Mining District. Ore occurs as massive sulfide bodies hosted in a local rhyolite belt within a package of deeply deformed and metamorphosed volcanic and sedimentary rocks. In the last ten years, significant underground and surface exploration occurred at this early-1900s minesite. A recent estimate reports a near surface indicated resource of 4073 kg of gold, 59,424 kg of silver, 14,810 metric tons of copper, and 30,474 metric tons of zinc contained in 1,424,000 metric tons of ore; and deeper inferred resources of 3,919 kg of gold, 55,295 kg of silver, 31,235 metric tons of copper, and 106,192 metric tons of zinc within 1,893,000 metric tons of ore.[12] Further exploration is planned.
Many significant exploration efforts for gold, across the state, contributed to the total of over $310 million spent on mineral exploration in Alaska in 2007.
Placer mining[edit]
Placer mining continues throughout Alaska. Placer mine production during the 5 years to 2014 has averaged 74,360 ounces of gold or 8 percent of the total gold produced in Alaska annually. All of these operations are seasonal, none employ more than a few dozen people. Many are family operations with roots reaching back several generations. The 2015 estimate of 120 full-time-equivalent jobs attributed to placer gold mining as reported by the Mine Safety and Health Administration is underreported and is considered a minimum estimate.[4]
Historical lode and placer gold mines[edit]
Southeast Alaska[edit]
Porcupine district[edit]
Over 81,000 ounces of placer gold came from the Porcupine district near Haines. Porcupine Creek, about 20 miles (32 km) north of Haines, is the site of an 1898 gold discovery; the creek has been intermittently placer mined ever since. Outside of the Porcupine basin only a few other creeks – Glacier, Nugget and Cottonwood – produced significant gold. The area around Reid Inlet, in modern Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve, hosted several hard rock gold prospects, including the LeRoy mine, which exploited quartz veins for about 10,000 ounces of gold production. The district, which includes Skagway and Haines, is bordered to the north and east by Canada. To the west is the Pacific Ocean and the Chichagof District lies to the south. The Discovery Channel series Gold Rush Alaska takes place in this region.
Juneau district[edit]
Main article: Juneau mining district
In 1880 a local inhabitant, Chief Kowee, revealed to prospectors Joe Juneau and Richard Harris the presence of gold in what is now named Gold Creek in Silver Bow Basin. The city of Juneau was founded there that year. The strike sparked the Juneau gold rush which resulted in the development of many placer and lode mines including the largest, in their time, gold mines in the world: the Treadwell complex of lode mines on Douglas Island (across a narrow sea channel from Juneau) and the AJ lode mine, in Juneau itself.
Over 7 million ounces of lode gold and 80,000 ounces of placer gold have been recovered from the Juneau district.
Admiralty district[edit]
Main article: Admiralty mining district
Most of the gold recovered from the Admiralty mining district (which consists of Admiralty Island) is a by product of silver and base metal mining. The Alaska Empire underground lode mine recovered gold from quartz veins in metamorphic rocks. Discovered and staked in the 1920s, production of about 20,000 tonnes of 0.25 ounce-per-ton gold ore occurred in the mid-1930s. The Funter Bay underground lode mine produced about 500 thousand tonnes of copper-nickel-cobalt ore, without gold, from a Mesozoic gabbro-norite pipe. No significant placer mining was done on Admiralty. About 500,000 ounces of gold, almost all from the currently operating Greens Creek lode silver mine, have been recovered from the Admiralty district.
Chichagof district[edit]
Alaska Mining District
Chichagof mining district
Alaska Mining District
Chichagof mining district
Coordinates: 57°30′N 135°30′W / 57.500°N 135.500°W / 57.500; -135.500
Approximately 800,000 ounces of gold have come from the Chichagof district. Chichagof, Yakobi, Baranof and smaller islands comprise the district.[13] Numerous lode and placer prospects and mines exist in the district. Major production came from underground lode mines exploiting gold-in-quartz veins.
Apex-El Nido mine[edit]
The Apex-El Nido produced perhaps 50,000 ounces of gold from a mile of underground workings exploiting polymetallic quartz veins.[14]
Hirst-Chichagof mine[edit]
From 1922 to 1933 the Hirst-Chichagof produced 133,000 ounces of gold and 33,000 ounces of silver from polymetallic quartz veins assaying nearly 1 ounce of gold per ton. There are over a mile of underground workings, reaching 2,000 feet (610 m) below the surface. Significant reserves remain, which have attracted exploration efforts in the 1980s and 1990s.[14]
Chichagof mine[edit]
The Chichagof mine opened in 1905 and by 1942 had yielded 660,000 ounces of gold and 195,000 ounces of silver from quartz veins assaying over 1 oz gold per ton. There were several miles of workings on 5 levels. Six shafts reached a maximum of 2,750 feet (840 m) below sea level. Between 1981 and 1988 several thousand feet of new workings were dug, and engineering and environmental studies were done, but the project was abandoned.[14]
Petersburg-Sumdum district[edit]
15,000 ounces of gold from placers, came from the Petersburg-Sumdum district which consists of; Zarembo, Etolin, and Wrangell Islands, and the mainland between the Juneau and Ketchikan districts. Many small lode deposits were located in the late 1890s and early 1900s. The most significant lode producer was the Sumdum Chief, which was discovered in 1889 and operated until exhausted in 1903. 24,000 ounces of gold were extracted from two quartz veins averaging ore of about 0.39 ounces per ton of both gold and silver. The mine reached a depth of 1,200 feet (370 m) and had a ten-stamp mill. In Windham Bay, a cluster of mineral claim holdings were consolidated in the 1920s; the Jensen mine was the most productive of these, producing about 50 ounces of gold. Several aerial tramways, thousands of feet long, connected various adits and mills.[15]
Ketchikan district[edit]
Alaska Mining District
Ketchikan mining district
Alaska Mining District
Ketchikan mining district
Coordinates: 55°19′N 131°40′W / 55.317°N 131.667°W / 55.317; -131.667
Approximately 58,000 ounces of lode gold and 4000 ounces of placer gold have come from the Ketchikan district, consisting of Dall, Prince of Wales, Revillagigedo, and smaller islands, as well some mainland, in the southernmost-part of Alaska.[13] Numerous historical lode mines and prospects for base metals, uranium, rare earth elements (REE's), iron, and platinum group elements (PGE's), as well as gold exist in the Ketchikan district. Major gold production came from underground lode mines exploiting: gold-bearing quartz veins in metamorphic rocks (such as the Gold Standard, Sea Level, Dawson, Golden Fleece, and Goldstream mines); skarns (at the Jumbo and Kassan Peninsula copper-gold mines); zoned mafic-ultramafic plutons, as at the Salt Chuck silver-gold-copper-PGE mine; and VMS deposits such as Niblack.
A high-yielding mine in Ketchikan District is the Golden Fleece Mine, located about 0.2 mile north of the north end of James Lake on Prince of Wales Island, latitude: 55.152179, longitude: -132.056635. The mine was most active from 1901 to 1905.[16][17][18][19][20]
Interior Alaska, north of the Yukon River[edit]
Chandalar District[edit]
Alaska Mining District
Chandalar mining district
Alaska Mining District
Chandalar mining district
Coordinates: 67°40′N 148°30′W / 67.667°N 148.500°W / 67.667; -148.500
The Chandalar district is the area around the upper drainage of the Chandalar River, includes some southern foothills of the Brooks Range, and extends to the crest of the Brooks Range. Discovery of placer gold in 1906 was quickly followed by lode discoveries. Most of the placer-producing creeks drain the area of lode mineralization.[21] The district produced about 48,000 ounces of placer gold and 17,000 ounces of lode gold.
Little Squaw Creek[edit]
Little Squaw Creek drains an area cut by many auriferous veins. Some of the placers in the basin are exceptionally rich. By 1916 most of the shallow placers were playing out so miners shifted their interest to the placer drift mines (underground operations). The most notable of these is the Little Squaw Bench, including the Mellow Bench. Approximately 29,000 ounces of gold were recovered averaging 1.0 oz/cubic yard of gold in the gravels with spikes of up to 4.6 oz/cubic yard. Some individual nuggets were over 10 ounces.[22] In 2010, gold production resumed with mining of the placer deposits by the Gold Rich Mining Company.
Little Squaw and Mikado lodes[edit]
In 1909 to 1915 development and underground gold mining occurred at the Little Squaw, with a few hundred feet of workings built and a few dozen ounces of gold recovered. The nearby Mikado mine enjoyed similar efforts around 1913. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s additional work was done. These later efforts probably recovered more than 10,000 ounces of gold.[22] Significant efforts resumed in 2006, and are ongoing, to explore the Little Squaw placer and lode deposits.[23]
Koyukuk-Nolan district[edit]
The district encompasses the upper Koyukuk River basin including the Alatna and Kanuti rivers and the village of Bettles. The district extends from the southern flank of the Brooks Range to the northern Ray Mountains, and is directly west of the Chandalar district. Much of the district is now in Gates of the Arctic National Park. Gold was discovered in placer deposits in the district in 1901. About 350,000 ounces of placer gold have been won from the area, perhaps 85% of it from near Wiseman. Mining continues today in the district. Much of the district is underlain by bedded Paleozoic rocks, a schist belt extends along the southern foothills of the Brooks Range. Cretaceous plutons intrude metamorphic rocks in the southern part of the district. Pleistocene ice sheets from the Brooks Range and cirque glaciers in the Ray Mountains covered much of the higher elevations. Glaciers are now restricted to the highest cirques of the Brooks Range.[24]
Nolan Creek[edit]
Miners produced 235,000 ounces of gold from Nolan Creek between 1904 and 1999. Some of the placer gold is mined by underground methods in frozen gravels. A 42-troy ounce nugget, Alaska's twentieth-largest, came from Marys Bench on Nolan Creek. Placer mining activity continues, with a reserve of 214,760 ounces of gold reported in 2000.
Hammond River[edit]
Mining occurred on the Hammond River, a tributary of the Koyukuk River, from about 1900 to at least 2000. Exact production is unknown, but is estimated at about 80,000 ounces.
A rich, deep channel was struck beneath the Hammond River in 1912, and during the following 4 years, over 48,000 oz gold were produced, including a 138.8-oz nugget. (Pringel, 1921; T.K. Bundtzen, written communication, 1999) Much of the gold was coarse: the third (146 troy oz.), fourth (139 troy oz.), 14th (61 troy ounces), and 17th (55 troy ounces) largest gold nuggets in Alaska were found on the Hammond River between Discovery claim and Vermont Creek a distance of 4 miles. Only the richest ground was possible to mine as the Hammond River was one of the most remote placer districts in North America until 1975 when the Dalton Highway for the Alaskan Pipeline project was completed. Historically the Hammond River is one of the largest gold producers in the Koyukuk district. Gold was discovered on the Hammond River, just above the lower canyon mouth, about 2 miles upstream from the Koyukuk River. In the early years, attempts were made to mine the modern stream gravels. At the mouth of Swift Creek a wing dam was built to divert the river for mining, but numerous cobbles and small boulders made the venture unprofitable. Approximately 500 ounces was recovered with pick and shovels in Summer of 1902. Later, shafts sunk 66 feet to bedrock at the discovery site were reported to show the presence of gold in paying quantities. The majority of the gold production on the Hammond came out of the deep channel as early miners were unable to deal with the water and cobbles in the present river channel.
The Hammond River contains deep channel, bench, and modern stream placers. Much of the Hammond River gold is of the coarse nugget variety. Several nuggets weighing from 45 to 59 oz were found in the early days. In 1914 a 138.8 oz nugget (fourth largest in Alaska) was found in a mud-filled crack on bedrock near Gold Bottom Gulch (Engineering and Mining Journal, 1915, p. 1021; T. Bundzten, personal communication, 1999).
In 1914,on No. 4 Above, Hammond River (Goldbottom Gulch), J. C. Kinney and partners picked up nuggets from bedrock valued at about $20,000; one nugget, the second largest ever found in Alaska, was worth $2600. The rest of the dump when sluiced yielded a little less than the value of the "pickings." (Engineering and Mining Journal, 1914, p. 1062 Vol. 98 No. 24. (Gold at $20.00 per ounce.)
Placers on Slisco bench, an ancient buried channel of Hammond River near Vermont Creek on the west side of the present Hammond River contain a measured resource of 31,099 oz gold with grades of up to 0.3 oz/cy. Inferred resources on the same bench range from 50,000 to 150,000 oz. (2002) . Other benches of Hammond River between Discovery Claim and Slisco Bench have similar potential but have not been systematically prospected with modern technology.
U.S. Department of Interior BLM-Alaska Technical Report 50 Mineral Investigations in the Koyukuk Mining District, Northern Alaska
Maddren USGS Bulletin 532 1913
Hughes District[edit]
The Hughes district includes the basin of the lower Koyukuk River (below the Kanuti). Much of the area is a swampy, lake-studded lowland, from which rises rounded hills to elevations of several thousand feet.
Placer mines in the Zane Hills on Bear Creek, a tributary of the Hogatza River, are the biggest source of gold from the district. Placer deposits clustered near the village of Hughes and Indian Mountain are the other significant source of placer gold from the district. The district has produced about 245,000 ounces, with traces of copper, lead, zinc, tin, silver and platinum.[24]
Melozitna District[edit]
On the northern side of the Yukon River, between the Melotizna and Ray rivers, most of the district is rolling ridges with upmost elevations over 5,000 feet (1,500 m), where now-gone Pleistocene cirque glaciers developed. Placer gold was discovered in 1907, but activity was sporadic and poorly recorded. About 10,000 ounces of gold, with significant by-product tin, was won from placer deposits by the 1960s.[24]
Interior Alaska, south of the Yukon River[edit]
Kaiyuh District[edit]
Alaska Mining District
Kaiyuh and Ruby mining districts
Alaska Mining District
Kaiyuh and Ruby mining districts
Coordinates: 64°00′N 156°00′W / 64.000°N 156.000°W / 64.000; -156.000
Illinois Creek Mine[edit]
The mine is located in the remote Kaiyuh Mountains of west-central Alaska about 40 miles (64 km) south of the Yukon River village of Galena. The Illinois Creek lode gold-silver mine exploited a shear-hosted gold deposit which was partly expressed as color anomalies visible from aircraft. Located on State of Alaska land, it was discovered in the 1980s. In February 1996 a feasibility study was completed, with the deposit estimated to contain about 350,000 ounces of gold and 2,500,000 ounces of silver. Construction began the next month, but was halted by winter conditions in November. By then, with the development uncompleted and six-million more than the total mine construction-and-operating budget of 26-million dollars already spent, USMX, the mining company that owned Illinois Creek, was millions of dollars in arrears on invoices and short on cash.[25] New financing allowed construction to resume in 1997; the mine poured its first gold in June 1997. In 1998 the company entered bankruptcy. In 1999 the State of Alaska assumed control of the mine. A mine-to-reclaim arrangement between the state and a newly involved mining contractor resulted in the reclamation and closure of the mine by 2005. A bond is in place to provide environmental monitoring for 30 years.[26]
Ruby-Poorman District[edit]
Main article: Ruby-Poorman mining district
The Ruby-Poorman District lies south of the Yukon River. The district produced nearly a half million ounces of gold, all from placer mines. The largest gold nugget ever found in Alaska (294.1 troy oz) was recovered from Swift Creek in 1998.[27] The placers are mostly deeply buried, and most were originally worked with shafts and drifts. Dozens of creeks in the district were mined, many more bear gold prospects. Cassiterite, platinum, scheelite, allanite, and native bismuth have been recovered along with gold from placer mines in the district.[28]
Hot Springs District[edit]
This district, which produced about 576,000 ounces, includes placer mines at Manley and Eureka.
Rampart district[edit]
Nearly 200,000 ounces of gold was recovered from placer mines in the district.
Circle district[edit]
Alaska Mining District
Circle mining district
Alaska Mining District
Circle mining district
Coordinates: 65°00′N 144°00′W / 65.000°N 144.000°W / 65.000; -144.000
Over 1 million ounces of gold have been recovered from placer deposits in the Circle district. Uplands with thousands of feet of generally mild relief are underlain by a complex metamorphic terrane intruded by a broad range of igneous rocks. Many gold occurrences are known, but no gold lodes are identified. Placer mining has been reported for every year since 1894.[24]
Eagle district[edit]
This small district includes the village of Eagle on the Yukon River, and borders Canada. About 50,000 ounces of gold, all from placer deposits, has been recovered from the district since gold was discovered in 1895 on American Creek and the Seventy-mile River.[24]
Tolovana-Livengood district[edit]
Livengood is about 50 miles (80 km) northwest of Fairbanks on the Dalton Highway. In July, 1914 Jay Livengood and N.R. Hudson discovered gold on Livengood Creek. Hundreds of people arrived in the district the following winter. A post office existed at Livengood from 1915 to 1957. Only a few dozen people live at Livengood today, some only seasonally. A variety of creeks in the district were mined. Many gold lode occurrences are known and exploration continues for open pittable lode deposits. Over 500,000 ounces of gold have been recovered from placers in the district.[29]
Early development and production was from relatively shallow pay in tributaries of Livengood Creek. By 1939, large, deeply buried (80 to 110 feet), thawed, bench placer deposits on the northwest limit of Livengood Creek valley were defined. The pay streak varied from 100 to 1,000 feet (300 m) wide and was at least 6 miles (9.7 km) long. Gold reserves of over 1 million ounces were defined by drilling prior to 1940. A dredge operated near the town of Livengood in 1940, 1946 and probably other years.[30]
Alaska's 12th-largest (73 troy ounces) and 16th-largest (56 troy ounces) nuggets were found in the district, on Dome Creek.
Fairbanks district[edit]
Main article: Fairbanks mining district
Placer mining began near Fairbanks in July 1902, after Felix Pedro (real name Felice Pedroni), an Italian immigrant and Tom Gilmore discovered gold in the hills north of the Tanana and Chena Rivers in 1901. The district was and is a major producer of gold from both placer and lode deposits: placers have produced over 8 million troy ounces (250 tonnes) of gold, lodes have yielded over 4 million ounces.[31]
Goodpaster district[edit]
Only a few thousand ounces of gold from placer mines, and a few hundred ounces from lode gold mines were produced from the Goodpaster district before the discovery of Pogo. The district is east of the Fairbanks and south of the Circle district.
Pogo mine (operating)[edit]
The recently discovered and built Pogo mine is located on a hillside above the Goodpaster River, about 85 miles (137 km) southeast of Fairbanks, Alaska. The deposit was discovered in 1994 by the Sumitomo companies on land owned by the State of Alaska. A private 49-mile (79 km) gravel road and power line now connects the mine to the Richardson Highway corridor near Delta Junction. The mine is an underground operation that exploits two large (several-meters thick) and high-grade (averaging almost 0.5 ounces of gold per ton of ore) gold-bearing quartz veins. Approximately half of the tailings are returned underground, the rest are disposed of on the surface. The mine was developed, and originally operated, by Teck-Cominco, the same company operating the world's largest zinc mine; the Red Dog mine in northwest Alaska. Sumitomo Metal Mining (a non-operating partner and part-owner of the Pogo deposit since discovery) bought Teck-Cominco's share of the mine in 2009 and is now the operator. The first gold ore bar at Pogo was poured on February 12, 2006. 190 people were employed at the mine in 2007.
In early 2007 Pogo contained reserves of 5.6 million ounces of gold in ore grading 0.41 opt gold. Projected mine life is ten years.
Fortymile district[edit]
Alaska Mining District
Fortymile mining district
Alaska Mining District
Fortymile mining district
Coordinates: 64°00′N 142°00′W / 64.000°N 142.000°W / 64.000; -142.000
The 1886 discovery of gold on Franklin's Bar on the Fortymile River touched off Interior Alaska's first gold rush. The mining boom ushered in a wave of settlement that forever changed the place, not only for its new residents but for the Athabascan Indians who occupied this region long before them. The miners who prospected nearly every creek in the region eventually extracted more than a half-million ounces of gold from the Fortymile, including a 56.8 troy ounce nugget, Alaska's 15th-largest.[32] Reports of starvation and lawlessness among the miners resulted in the Army sending troops to the Eagle area to provide law enforcement in 1899. Soldiers soon began work on a trail from Valdez to Eagle.[33]
Gold was first discovered in the Chicken Creek drainage in 1896, 10 years after the gold discovery on the Fortymile River. The F.E. Company, a subsidiary of the U.S. Smelting Refining & Mining Co., acquired most of the claims during the 1940s and dredged 2 miles (3.2 km) of the creek from 1959 to 1967. Since then, several family operations have mined on the creek. It is estimated that over 100,000 ounces of gold has been produced from the Chicken Creek drainage.
The beginning of the end of the Fortymile Gold Rush came in August 1896 when George Carmack reported the first gold strike along the Klondike River in Canada. Within a few years the once-booming towns in the Fortymile region were abandoned and forgotten. Some of the original Fortymile miners returned to the area after the Klondike Gold Rush passed. From 1887 to 1890 the Upper Yukon region was the richest and most productive mining area in the region. During those three years the area produced 1,200,000 ounces of gold, accounting for 5 percent of Alaska's total gold production.[34]
Chisana-White River district[edit]
Gold production from this area is balanced between 78,000 ounces of placer and 66,000 ounces of lode gold. Directly south of the Fortymile district, the Chisana district includes headwaters of the Nabesna and White rivers, and tributaries of the Tanana River; it includes parts of the Wrangell Mountains and the Alaska Range. Difficulties of location, lack of water, and small deposit size limited placer activity. The Nabesna underground lode mine produced gold-copper-silver ore between 1930 and WWII.[24]
Kantishna district[edit]
The Kantishna Gold Rush began soon after The Nome Nugget printed the headline “FOUND HIGH GRADE GOLD” on September 9, 1903. Located on the north flanks of Denali (Mt. McKinley), the District was a hard place to operate a mine. Nevertheless, some of the largest gold nuggets found in Alaska have been found in the area, including the 9th largest (92 troy ounces). 92,000 ounces of placer gold and 8000 ounces of gold from lode mines has come from the district.[32] Today, the district is located within Denali National Park and Preserve.[35]
Southwestern Alaska[edit]
Kuskokwim Gold Belt[edit]
The Kuskokwim Gold Belt (KGB, also known as the Kuskokwim Mineral Belt) is a broad loosely geologically and geographically defined swath of country arcing for approximately 300 miles (480 km) across southwest Alaska. It lies northwest of the Alaska Range and is roughly centered on the Kuskokwim River basin. Geologically it is dominated by flysch of Cretaceous-age Kuskokwim Group sediments and a variety of igneous rocks. It also includes a variety of exotic terranes. In 1913, Alfred H. Brooks described it as, "a more or less broken belt of gold-bearing rocks which stretches northeastward from Goodnews Bay parallel to the lower course of the Kuskokwim, toward the Iditarod District, and a number of streams traversing this belt carry auriferous gravels."[36] The KGB lies mostly within the southwestern part of the Tintina Gold Province or "Golden Arch" which lies roughly between the Denali-Farewell and Kaltag-Tintina fault systems and arcs up from southwest Alaska, through central Alaska, and down across the Yukon Territory to British Columbia.[37][38][39][40]
The KGB includes all or parts of the historic Aniak/Tuluksak, Anvik, Bethel, Goodnews Bay, Iditarod-Flat, Innoko, Marshall, McGrath, Ruby, and Tolstoi mining districts, as well as newly realized gold-rich areas.[41] Over 3.2 million ounces of gold have been recovered from the belt.[42]
The first mineral discovery by the Russians in Alaska (a cinnabar-stibnite deposit) occurred in the Aniak district in 1838. Pay gold was found in 1901 on tributaries of the Kuskokwim River in the Aniak district.[37]
Marshall-Anvik District[edit]
The Marshall and Anvik districts produced about 124,000 ounces of gold and minor amounts of platinum, mainly from Wilson Creek. The district has the Bering Sea to the west, the Yukon River to the south, and the Iditarod and Kaiyuh districts to the east.
Aniak District[edit]
Alaska Mining District
Aniak mining district
Alaska Mining District
Aniak mining district
Coordinates: 61°00′N 159°00′W / 61.000°N 159.000°W / 61.000; -159.000
About 220,000 ounces of gold produced, mainly from the Tuluksuk River (where the town of Nyac is located) and Crooked Creek basins and with lesser production from Wattamuse and other creeks scattered around the district. Mining continues at present, but reserves are not known. Cinnabar (mercury sulfide) occurs in many of the placer mines in this district, most notably at Cinnabar Creek.
Donlin Creek (feasibility stage)[edit]
Placer mining began on benches and tributaries on the east side of Crooked Creek and its tributary Donlin Creek in 1910; a family-scale placer-mining operation continues today. Granitic dike swarms cutting the shales and sandstones of the Kuskokwim Group rocks in the hills east of upper Crooked Creek were recognized by USGS geologists in 1915 as the probable source of the placer gold.[43]
In the 1970s Calista Corporation, an Alaska Native Corporation, as part of its land grant under ANSCA selected the land east of Crooked Creek, based on its mineral potential. In 1986 modern hardrock exploration of the Donlin area began with WestGold's efforts, which were abandoned after two years, due not to the lack of gold, but to the refractory (technically difficult to extract from the rock) nature of the gold. PlacerDome signed a lease with Calista and began exploration at Donlin in 1995. That effort continues today, having evolved to a 50:50 partnership between Barrick Gold and NovaGold Resources, in cooperation with Calista, the landowner. Over 150 million dollars have been expended on exploration, engineering, and environmental studies.
If eventually exploited, the mine will be an open pit several miles wide. Latest estimates (April 2009) report that Donlin contains 29.3 million ounces of proven and probable gold reserves (calculated at a gold price of $750) and an additional 10 million ounces of gold resource.[8] The gold occurs within the crystal lattice of arsenopyrite associated with other metal sulfides in veins, veinlets, and disseminations mainly in the felsic dikes, but also in less common altered mafic dikes and in the sediments.[37]
Iditarod District[edit]
The Iditarod district lies between the lower Yukon and Kuskokwim Rivers: the Aniak district abuts it to the south. A gold rush followed the discovery of gold on Otter Creek in 1909. Over 1.5 million ounces of placer gold and a few thousand ounces of lode gold have been recovered from the Iditarod area, making it one of the more important gold-mining districts in Alaska. Much of the gold-producing ground in the district was consolidated by the Morgan-Guggenheim consortium.
Tolstoi District[edit]
The drainage basin of Tolstoi Creek, a north-flowing tributary of the Dishna, roughly defines the district. The district lies between the Iditarod and Innoko districts. Placer gold and platinum were discovered by drifting in frozen gravels 35 feet deep on Boob Creek in the winter of 1915–1916. A gold rush occurred in the district the following winter. Historic production of 11,000 ounces of gold, as well as some byproduct platinum, is recorded for the district.[44]
Innoko District[edit]
The Aniak district lies to the south, the Tolstoi district to the west. Almost 3/4 million ounces of placer gold has been won from Innoko River and its tributaries in the district. Lode gold production of 150 ounces is also recorded. Cripple, Colorado, Yankee, Games, Ophir, and Little Creeks had prominent placer mines: a third of the districts production came from Ganes Creek. Gold-bearing porphyritic intrusive rocks adjacent to the Ganes Creek and Colorado Creek placers are similar in composition and age to the dike swarms at 29-million ounce Donlin Creek.
Ganes Creek[edit]
The property is located approximately 40 km west of McGrath, and 440 km northwest of Anchorage. Games is famous for producing spectacular gold nuggets including the 5th (122 troy ounces) and 13th-largest (62.5 troy ounce) in Alaska. The presence of cobble-size quartz with sulfide boxwork and coarse gold suggest that the placer gold is primary, originating from bedrock sources. Historical production figures from Ganes Creek are in excess of 250,000 oz. gold; an additional estimated resource of 736,000 oz. of placer gold exists on patented claims.[45]
McGrath-McKinley district[edit]
Almost 200,000 ounces of lode gold and over 130,000 ounces of placer gold have come from the district. The district lies on the northeast side of the Aniak district.
The Nixon Fork mine (operation suspended)[edit]
The Nixon Fork mine is an underground lode gold-copper mine located 32 miles (51 km) northeast of McGrath, Alaska. Placer gold was discovered nearby in 1917, by 1918 hardrock mining was underway, and continued intermittently until 1964. Ore consists of shoots of massive sulfides and native gold found with skarns along the contact of sedimentary rocks and the Mystery Creek quartz monzonite stock. The mine was reopened for exploration, permitted, and developed by Nevada Goldfields, Inc. in 1995 and operated until 1999. In 2005 resource and exploration development resumed. Gold production occurred in 2006 and 2007, production is currently suspended. Production has totaled 187,000 ounces of gold, 2,190,000 pounds of copper, and at least 11,000 ounces of silver.[46] Two small ore bodies have proven and probable reserves of approximately 126,400 tonnes, containing 133,730 ounces of gold. An additional 116,000 tonnes of existing mill tailings are reported to contain 30,200 ounces of gold.[47]
Goodnews Bay District[edit]
Alaska Mining District
Goodnews Bay mining district
Alaska Mining District
Goodnews Bay mining district
Coordinates: 59°20′N 161°00′W / 59.333°N 161.000°W / 59.333; -161.000
The district is in extreme southwestern Alaska, and borders the Bering Sea. About 600,000 ounces of platinum (plus some iridium, osmium, ruthenium, palladium, and rhenium) and 27,000 ounces of gold were won from placer deposits in the Salmon River from 1934 to 1976. Present reserves are unknown, but are the subject of ongoing exploration. The source of the platinum-group elements appears to be in the Red Mountain and Susie Mountain ultramafic rocks. Extensive geochemical and geophysical surveys during the past several years have identified areas with as much as 0.1 ounce per ton platinum in the soils, but no reserve has been demonstrated.
Seward Peninsula[edit]
Surveyors belonging to the 1865 Count Bendeleben expedition exploring a route across Siberia, the Bering Sea, and Alaska for a communications cable reported gold in the Fish River area of the Seward Peninsula. But it was not until the 1898 $1500-to-the-pan strike on Anvil Creek that gold-seekers came to the region.[48]
Nome (Cape Nome) district[edit]
Main article: Nome mining district
Placer gold deposits on Anvil Creek and on the Snake River, a few miles from the future site of Nome, were discovered in 1898 by Jafet Lindeberg, Erik Lindblom and John Brynteson, the "Three Lucky Swedes". Word of the strike caused a major gold rush to Nome in the spring of 1899. Over 3.6 million ounces of gold have been recovered from the Nome district, almost all of it from placer deposits.The Rock Creek mine, owned by Bering Straits Native Corporation, was constructed in 2007 by NovaGold Resources. The mine began producing gold in September 2008, but permanently ceased in November 2008 due to difficulties with the ore crushing and grinding circuit. It is now in closure and reclamation mode.[49]
Council-Solomon District[edit]
Alaska Mining District
Council mining district
Alaska Mining District
Council mining district
Coordinates: 64°40′N 164°19′W / 64.667°N 164.317°W / 64.667; -164.317
Over a million ounces of gold are reported recovered from the district.[6]
Fairhaven Inmachuk District[edit]
The Fairhaven-Inmachuk district lies north of the Solomon District and extends north to Kotzebue Sound of the Chukchi Sea. The district (including Candle) produced about 600,000 ounces of gold with minor amounts of chromium, copper, lead, platinum, bismuth, tungsten, mercury, molybdenum, silver, and rare-earth elements.[50]
Kougarok district[edit]
The district is the central part of the Seward Peninsula, draining into the Imruck Basin. Gold was discovered in 1900 and production from placer mines continues to this day. 177,000 ounces of gold have been recovered from the Kougarok district.
Koyuk district[edit]
84,000 ounces of placer gold came from the district, the southeastern part of the Seward Peninsula. Major producers were; the Ungalik River and its tributary, Bonanza Creek, which produced significant by-product tin, and Dime Creek, which also produced significant platinum. The district encompasses the basins of the Koyuk, Inglutalik, Ungalik, and Shaktoolik Rivers, all draining into northeastern Norton Sound.
Port Clarence district[edit]
Mainly a tin district, the westernmost Seward Peninsula, 42,000 ounces of placer gold have been recovered, much of it as a by-product of tin mining.
Southcentral Alaska[edit]
Resurrection Creek[edit]
Resurrection Creek was the site of Alaska's first gold rush in the late 1890s,[51] and placer mining continues today. The Resurrection Creek watershed drains 161 square miles (420 km2) on the north side of the Kenai Peninsula, and the community of Hope, Alaska is located at the mouth of Resurrection Creek.[52] Charles Miller located the first claim on Resurrection Creek; then leased it to others for working. By 1893, about a dozen miners were working claims on Resurrection Creek. In 1894, more claims were established on Resurrection Creek.[53]
Valdez Creek[edit]
Gold was discovered near Valdez Creek on August 15, 1903. Valdez Creek, a tributary of the Susitna River, is located in central Alaska northeast of milepost 81 on the Denali Highway. A 52-troy ounce nugget (Alaska's 18th-largest) came from Lucky Gulch, a tributary of Valdez Creek. Cambior's Valdez Creek Mine recovered over 75,000 ounces of gold annually, making it the largest placer operation in North America in 1992. Produced 459,162 ounces of gold from 1984 to 1995. Substantial reserves remain upstream of the active mine.[54] The mine has been shut down and the site reclaimed, but other small-scale placer and lode deposits remain nearby.[55]
Chulitna-Yentna Mineral Belt[edit]
The Chulitna-Yentna mineral belt extends northeastward for 100 miles (160 km) or more along the southern flank of the west-central Alaska Range. The belt shares tectonic or compositional features comparable with some well-known mineral belts of the western Cordillera, including the Juneau gold belt.
Chulitna District[edit]
Golden Zone Mine[edit]
Golden Zone Mine. (Copper, gold, silver, arsenic, zinc). Pipe-like body produced 1,581 ounces of gold, 8,617 ounces of silver, and 21 tons of copper. Recent work indicates reserves of the Pipe, Bunkhouse and Copper King deposits as 13.3 million tons grading 0.095 ounces per ton of gold.[56]
Yentna Cache-Creek District[edit]
Main article: Yentna Cache-Creek Mining District
Gold was discovered in the Yentna District (also known as the Cache Creek District) of the upper Susitna Valley in 1898, soon followed by claim staking. Placer mining was reported in the Cache Creek drainage of the Dutch Hills by 1906. Quaternary glaciofluvial deposits, alluvial deposits, and Tertiary conglomeratic white quartz-breccia units have been mined in the Dutch Hills. About 200,000 ounces (6.2 tonnes) of gold has been produced from these placer deposits.[57]
Willow Creek Mining District[edit]
Main article: Willow Creek mining district
Independence Mine in Hatcher Pass is now a State Historic Park
Gold was first reported in what would become the Willow Creek Mining District (also known as the Independence Mine/Hatcher Pass District) by Robert Hatcher. Hatcher discovered and staked the first lode gold claim in the Willow Creek Valley in September 1906. Through 2006 the district produced 667-thousand ounces of hard rock gold and 60-thousand ounces of placer gold.[6]
Northwestern Alaska[edit]
Drainage basins emptying into Kotzebue Sound of the Bering Sea, including the Noatak River and Kobuk River, define the Kiana, Shungnak, Noatak, and Selawick districts. The Noatak district is now within the Noatak National Preserve, only tiny gold placer production was recorded from some tributaries near the Noatak headwaters. The Selawick district has one creek where gold was produced by a 2-man operation for ten years during the 1950s and 1960s.
Alaska Mining District
Kiana and Shugnak mining district
Alaska Mining District
Kiana and Shugnak mining district
Coordinates: 67°00′N 159°00′W / 67.000°N 159.000°W / 67.000; -159.000
Kobuk River district[edit]
Main article: Kobuk River Stampede
In 1898, placer and lode gold were discovered on several of the Kobuk River's tributaries. This gold strike (which by some accounts was false) attracted nearly 2,000 people to Alaska, though only 800 actually stayed to find gold. Although mining has continued to take place in this area, little gold has been discovered.
Kiana district[edit]
Placer gold was discovered on Klery Creek in 1909. Almost all of the gold, over 40,000 ounces, from this area has come from tributaries of the Squirrel River. Mining has been nearly continuous in this area since discovery. Nephrite jade also occurs in this area.
Shungnak district[edit]
All of the 15,000 ounces of gold recovered came from streams draining the Cosmos Hills, a low range along the Kobuk Valley. Gold was discovered on Dahl Creek in 1898, which was the major producer. Copper, chromium, cadmium, and silver, were also recovered with the gold.
Recreational gold mining in Alaska[edit]
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Recreational mining, i.e., small-scale prospecting and mining using gold pans, sluiceboxes, rockers, suction dredges, and metal detectors, is enjoying a resurgence in Alaska.
Miners working a sluice on Lucky Gulch, Blue Ribbon Mine, Alaska
There are many commercial ventures that charge fees to recreational miners located on historically rich placer ground, some are road-accessible, many are in remote fly-in locations, most offer lodging and a complete suite of services.
Much of the State and Federal-owned land in Alaska is open to recreational mining but there are regulations governing how such mining can be done.
It is illegal to mine on public land that is closed to such activities; or to mine without permission on either public land that is already staked or leased, or privately owned land.
Popular areas include; areas of Chugach National Forest,[58] areas within Alaska State Parks such as Chugach State Park, Kenai State Parks, and Independence Mine State Historical Park,[59] and along the Dalton Highway.[60]
Most of the public-access areas have few or no facilities, such as outhouses, but some say that adds to the feeling of getting in touch with the gold mining roots of the Pioneers.
Perhaps the easiest to get to, and one with camping areas close by, is the Caribou Creek Recreational Mining area. "Physical fitness, health, and age should be considered due to the steepness of the trail."[61] Located on the Glenn Highway east of Palmer, the area has fine gold and easy access.[citation needed]
The Hatcher Pass Public Use Area is located approximately fifteen miles north of Palmer on the Little Susitna River. The area is open to a variety of recreational activities, including recreational mining. A fact sheet provides details on recreational mining within the Hatcher Pass Public Use Area.[62]
Near Fairbanks, both the Pedro Creek area (about 15 miles north of Fairbanks and the site of the original Fairbanks gold discovery by Felix Pedro in 1902) and Nome Creek[63] area within the White Mountains National Recreation Area (approximately 60 miles north of Fairbanks) have easy access. Gold mining on Nome Creek began in 1900, and there was a stampede in 1910 when word of the find leaked out.
The Petersville State Recreational Mining Area is somewhat difficult to access, but more rewarding than others.[64][dead link]
See also[edit]
Natural resources of the Arctic
Gold mining in the United States
References[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b c http://Alaskas Mineral Industry 2006, Zumigal and Hughes, DGGS Special Report 61www.dggs.dnr.state.ak.us/webpubs/dggs/sr/text/sr061.PDF
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^ Jump up to: a b Alaskas Mineral Industry 2006, Alaska DGGS Special Report 61, 2006
^ Jump up to: a b c http://ardf.wr.usgs.gov/ardf_data/Sitka.pdf
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Jump up ^ Bufvers, John: History of mines and prospects, Ketchikan district, prior to 1952: Alaska Division of Mines and Minerals Special Report 1, 1967, 32 p. Online: [1]
Jump up ^ Maas, K. M., Bittenbender, P. E., and Still, J. C.: Mineral investigations in the Ketchikan mining district, southeastern Alaska: U.S. Bureau of Mines Open-File Report 11-95, 1995, 606 p.
Jump up ^ Maas, K. M., Still, J. C., and Bittenbender, P. E.: Mineral investigations in the Ketchikan mining district, Alaska, 1991 – Prince of Wales Island and vicinity: U.S. Bureau of Mines Open-File Report 81-92, 1992, 69 p.
Jump up ^ Maas, K.M., Still, J. C., Clough, A. H., and Oliver, L. K.: Mineral investigations in the Ketchikan mining district, Alaska, 1990: Southern Prince of Wales Island and vicinity – Preliminary sample location maps and descriptions: U.S. Bureau of Mines Open-File Report 33-91, 1991, 139 p.
Jump up ^ Roppel, Patricia: Striking it rich! Gold mining in southern Southeastern Alaska: Greenwich, Connecticut, Coachlamp Productions, 2005, 286 p.
Jump up ^ http://uaf-db.uaf.edu/Jukebox/haul_road_07/assets/docs/sw_wiseman_study.pdf University of Alaska, Fairbanks: The Wiseman Historican District
^ Jump up to: a b Alaska Resource Data Files, Chandalar quad, USGS Open file report 00-357http://ardf.wr.usgs.gov/ardf_data/Chandalar.pdf
Jump up ^ Little Squaw Gold Mining Company – Chandalar
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Placer Deposits of Alaska, USGS Bulletin 1374
Jump up ^ USMX INC Annual Report (10-K) Liquidity and Capital Resources
Jump up ^ Northern Alaska Environmental Center :: Mining :: Illinois Creek
Jump up ^ Alaska Resource Data Files http://ardf.wr.usgs.gov/ardf_data/RB_refs.txt
Jump up ^ Significant Metalliferous Lode Deposits and Placer Deposits of Alaska, Nokleberg, et al., USGS Bulletin 1786, 1987
Jump up ^ Alaska Dept. of Commerce, Community and Economic Development "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2007-04-02. Retrieved 2007-04-10.
Jump up ^ http://ardf.wr.usgs.gov/quads/html/Livengood.html Alaska Resource Data Files
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^ Jump up to: a b Alaska's Largest Gold Nuggets
Jump up ^ http://www.blm.gov/ak/st/en/prog/sa/fortymile_nwsr/history_and_natural.html BLM: Fortymile National Wild and Scenic River
Jump up ^ http://ntis.library.gatech.edu/handle/123456789/9092 Early Miners of the Fortymile (A BLM Alaska 'Adventures in the Past' Series)
Jump up ^ National Park Service: Pioneers of Kantishna, NPS
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^ Jump up to: a b c Economic Geology Monograph 9, Mineral Deposits of Alaska, Precious Metals Associated with Late Cretaceous-Early Tertiary Igneous Rocks of Southwestern Alaska, Bundtzen and Miller, 1997, pp242-286
Jump up ^ GEOLOGIC REPORT SH02EXE-1,SUMMARY REPORT FOR THE SHOTGUN GOLD PROSPECT,KUSKOKWIM MINERAL BELT,ALASKA,Avalon Development Corp for NovaGold Resources, 2002http://www.novagold.net/upload/technical_reports/ShotgunReportApril2002.pdf
Jump up ^ Tintina Gold Province, Alaska and Yukon Territory, 2002, 2007, USGShttp://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2007/3061/fs2007-3061.pdf
Jump up ^ http://www.dced.state.ak.us/dca/AEIS/Bethel/Minerals/Bethel_Minerals_Narrative.htm DCED Bethel Census Area: Minerals
Jump up ^ adn.com | Money : Mining ventures see potential in Southwest
Jump up ^ For more than a decade, changes have occurred each year that have improved the regulatory and business climate for mining in A
Jump up ^ Maddren, A. G., 1915, Gold Placers of the lower Kuskokwim with a note on copper in the Russian Mountains, USGS Bulletin 622,p292-360
Jump up ^ http://www.alaskaminers.org/abstracts2002.pdf
Jump up ^ Press Release, Full Metal Minerals
Jump up ^ St. Andrew Goldfields
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Jump up ^ "NOVAGOLD completes divestiture of rock Creek Project in Alaska". MINING.com. 1 November 2012. Retrieved 13 February 2017.
Jump up ^ http://www.dced.state.ak.us/dca/AEIS/NWAB/Minerals/NWAB_Minerals_Narrative.htm DCED Northwest Arctic Borough: Minerals
Jump up ^ Martin, George Curtis; Johnson, Bertrand Leroy; Grant, Ulysses Sherman (1915). Geology and Mineral Resources of Kenai Peninsula, Alaska Issue 587 of Bulletin (Geological Survey (U.S.)) United States. Geological survey. Bulletin 587 Volume 587 of U.S. Geological Survey bulletin. ISBN 1130765032 | ISBN 9781130765038
Jump up ^ http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-IMPACT/2008/January/Day-28/i347.htm U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Jump up ^ Mining in Alaska's Past, Alaska Historical Society, 1980
Jump up ^ http://www.dced.state.ak.us/dca/AEIS/MatSu/Minerals/MatSu_Minerals_Narrative.htm
Jump up ^ http://www.blm.gov/heritage/adventures/research/StatePages/PDFs/ValdezCreek.pdf
Jump up ^ http://www.dced.state.ak.us/dca/AEIS/MatSu/Minerals/MatSu_Minerals_Narrative.htm Matanuska-Susitna Census Area: Minerals State of Alaska, DCED
Jump up ^ C.C. Hawley and A.L. Clark, (1973) Geology and Mineral Deposits of the Chulitna-Yentna Mineral Belt, Alaska, US Geological Survey, Professional Paper 758-A.
Jump up ^ http://www.nps.gov/aplic/Goldmining.pdf
Jump up ^ Public Recreational Mining in State Parks, Factsheet. http://www.dnr.state.ak.us/mlw/factsht/mine_fs/recgoldm.pdf
Jump up ^ http://www.blm.gov/ak/st/en/prog/recreation/activities/gold_panning.html
Jump up ^ http://www.dnr.state.ak.us/mlw/factsht/mine_fs/caribou1.pdf FACTSHEET: Caribou Creek State Recreational Mining Area
Jump up ^ http://www.dnr.state.ak.us/mlw/factsht/mine_fs/hatcherp.pdf FACTSHEET: Recreational Mining in the Hatcher Pass Public Use Area, Alaska DNR
Jump up ^ http://www.blm.gov/ak/st/en/prog/sa/white_mtns/summer_recreation/nome_creek_valley.html Nome Creek Valley BLM
Jump up ^ http://www.alaskafreegold.com/home432 Petersville State Recreational Mining area and Driveguide to the Petersville Road
External links[edit]
Alaska portal
Mining portal
Alaskan gold mining and exploration companies
Little Squaw Gold Mining Company: Chandalar Property
Alaska Freegold Co.: The Blue Ribbon Mine, Alaska
Kinross: Ft. Knox Mine, Alaska
Coeur Alaska: The Kensington Gold Mine
Full Metal Minerals
Teck Cominco: The Pogo Mine
MineCache Mine data maps
Mining organizations
Alaska Miners Association
Government links
Alaska Division of Mining, Land & Water: Pebble Project
Alaska Division of Mining, Land & Water: Ft. Knox Mine
Pioneers of Kantishna: Pioneers of Kantishna, NPS
Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys
Alaska Division of Mining, Land & Water: Mining Resources
Alaska State Library: Nome Gold Rush
Alaska Division of Economic Development: Alaska Gold Rush Attractions and Historic Sites
National Park Service: RECREATIONAL GOLD MINING IN ALASKA-Factsheet
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gold_mining_in_Alaska&oldid=819475769"
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text:
How Do You Like Me Now?! (song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Not to be confused with How You Like Me Now? (The Heavy song).
"How Do You Like Me Now?!"
Single by Toby Keith
from the album How Do You Like Me Now?!
B-side
"When Love Fades"
Released
November 22, 1999
Format
CD single, 7"
Genre
Country
Length
3:29
Label
DreamWorks Nashville 459051
Songwriter(s)
Toby Keith
Chuck Cannon
Producer(s)
James Stroud
Toby Keith
Toby Keith singles chronology
"When Love Fades"
(1999) "How Do You Like Me Now?!"
(1999) "Country Comes to Town"
(2000)
"When Love Fades"
(1999) "How Do You Like Me Now?!"
(1999) "Country Comes to Town"
(2000)
"How Do You Like Me Now?!" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Toby Keith. It was released in November 1999 as the second single and title track from his album of the same name. Keith wrote it with Chuck Cannon.
The song spent five weeks at Number One on the Billboard U.S. Hot Country Songs chart beginning in March 2000.[1] It was his first major crossover hit peaking at number 31 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100. The song was also the first number-one single for the now defunct DreamWorks Nashville label. The song also became the fourth number one hit of his career and his first since "Me Too" in 1997. At the 2001 Academy of Country Music awards, the song was nominated for Single of the Year and Song of the Year.[2]
Contents
1 Background and writing
2 Content
3 Music video
4 Critical reception
5 Track listings
6 Chart positions
6.1 Peak positions
6.2 Year-end charts
7 Certifications
8 Parodies
9 References
Background and writing[edit]
Keith discussed the inspiration for the song on his website in 2000. "Initially, I said, 'Here's my title: "You Never Loved Me Before, So How Do You Like Me Now?'" It's one of my catch-phrases. A lot of people become successful after they've been told they won't ever be, so people can relate to this. It can be about an old flame or a boss or a teacher -whatever it means to each individual. It was a fun song to write.[3]"
Keith had originally recorded the song near the end of his contract with Mercury Records Nashville in the late 1990s. According to a 2005 interview with Billboard, Keith had the album How Do You Like Me Now?! completed, but label executives rejected the entire album except for two songs: "Getcha Some" and "If a Man Answers", both of which were put on his 1998 Greatest Hits album. After he recorded two more songs which were also rejected, he asked to terminate his contract with Mercury, and purchased the rights to the rest of the album. Upon the album's release in late 1999, both the album and its lead single, "When Love Fades", were performing poorly on the charts; as a result, Keith asked that "When Love Fades" be withdrawn as a single in favor of "How Do You Like Me Now?!" Keith stated that DreamWorks executives were "scared to put it out", but within five days of Keith's request, "When Love Fades" was withdrawn and "How Do You Like Me Now?!" was released.[4]
Content[edit]
The song discusses Keith's attraction to the female valedictorian of his high school—a beautiful woman who ignored him at the time. Keith wonders if the woman remembers him now that he is famous.
Music video[edit]
The song's music video debuted on the television network CMT on November 22, 1999, and was directed by Michael Salomon. It features Toby Keith singing the song at a hometown football game in the middle of the night.
Critical reception[edit]
Deborah Evans Price, of Billboard magazine reviewed the song favorably, calling it a "great little tune about the underdog fulfilling his dreams, and the story is wrapped in a melody that demands attention." She goes on to call Keith's performance "feisty" and say that the production "just percolates."[5]
Jessica Andrews references both Keith and the song in her 2002 single "There's More to Me Than You".[6]
Track listings[edit]
CD single[7]
"How Do You Like Me Now?!" (Rock Version) – 3:30
"How Do You Like Me Now?!" (Live Version) – 3:42
"How Do You Like Me Now?!" (Club Version) – 4:13
Chart positions[edit]
"How Do You Like Me Now?!" debuted at number 57 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week of November 20, 1999.
Peak positions[edit]
Chart (1999–2000)
Peak
position
Canada Country Tracks (RPM)[8] 1
US Billboard Hot 100[9] 31
US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[10] 1
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2000)
Position
US Country Songs (Billboard)[11] 1
US Hot 100 (Billboard)[12] 82
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
United States (RIAA)[13]
Gold 500,000^
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
Parodies[edit]
On his 2000 album Just Another Day in Parodies, country music parodist Cledus T. Judd recorded a parody entitled "How Do You Milk a Cow." This version peaked at number 67 on Hot Country Songs.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Toby Keith Bio - How Do You Like Me Now?!
Jump up ^ BMI.com | Toby Keith Leads ACM Nominations With Six
Jump up ^ Toby Keith Bio - TobyKeith.com at The Internet Archive. Retrieved September 19, 2009
Jump up ^ Waddell, Ray (June 18, 2005). "Toby Keith: Superstar graduates from 'Honkytonk University'". Billboard. 117 (25): 45, 46, 48, 50. ISSN 0006-2510.
Jump up ^ Billboard, November 20, 1999
Jump up ^ Lanert, John (26 July 2003). "Headline: MUSiC". Louisville Courier-Journal. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "How Do You Like Me Now [single]: Toby Keith: Music". Amazon.com. Retrieved 25 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Top RPM Country Tracks: Issue 8301." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. March 13, 2000. Retrieved July 8, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Toby Keith Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Toby Keith Chart History (Hot Country Songs)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Best of 2000: Country Songs". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. 2000. Retrieved August 15, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Billboard Top 100 - 2000". Archived from the original on 2009-03-04. Retrieved 2010-08-31.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – Toby Keith – How Do You Like Me Now". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved December 12, 2012. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH.
show
v
t
e
Toby Keith
Studio albums
Toby Keith
Boomtown
Blue Moon
Dream Walkin'
How Do You Like Me Now?!
Pull My Chain
Unleashed
Shock'n Y'all
Honkytonk University
White Trash with Money
Big Dog Daddy
That Don't Make Me a Bad Guy
American Ride
Bullets in the Gun
Clancy's Tavern
Hope on the Rocks
Drinks After Work
35 MPH Town
Compilation albums
Greatest Hits Volume One
20th Century Masters – The Millennium Collection: The Best of Toby Keith
Greatest Hits 2
35 Biggest Hits
The Bus Songs
Christmas albums
Christmas to Christmas
A Classic Christmas
Singles
"Should've Been a Cowboy"
"He Ain't Worth Missing"
"A Little Less Talk and a Lot More Action"
"Wish I Didn't Know Now"
"Who's That Man"
"Upstairs Downtown"
"You Ain't Much Fun"
"Big Ol' Truck"
"Does That Blue Moon Ever Shine on You"
"A Woman's Touch"
"Me Too"
"We Were in Love"
"I'm So Happy I Can't Stop Crying" (with Sting)
"Dream Walkin'"
"Getcha Some"
"How Do You Like Me Now?!"
"Country Comes to Town"
"You Shouldn't Kiss Me Like This"
"I'm Just Talkin' About Tonight"
"I Wanna Talk About Me"
"My List"
"Courtesy of the Red, White and Blue (The Angry American)"
"Who's Your Daddy?"
"Rock You Baby"
"Beer for My Horses"
"I Love This Bar"
"American Soldier"
"Whiskey Girl"
"Stays in Mexico"
"Mockingbird"
"Honkytonk U"
"As Good as I Once Was"
"Big Blue Note"
"Get Drunk and Be Somebody"
"A Little Too Late"
"Crash Here Tonight"
"High Maintenance Woman"
"Love Me If You Can"
"Get My Drink On"
"She's a Hottie"
"She Never Cried in Front of Me"
"God Love Her"
"Lost You Anyway"
"American Ride"
"Cryin' for Me (Wayman's Song)"
"Every Dog Has Its Day"
"Trailerhood"
"Bullets in the Gun"
"Somewhere Else"
"Made in America"
"Red Solo Cup"
"Beers Ago"
"I Like Girls That Drink Beer"
"Hope on the Rocks"
"Drinks After Work"
"Drunk Americans"
"35 MPH Town"
Related articles
Discography
Show Dog-Universal Music
Krystal Keith
Scotty Emerick
Toby Keith's I Love This Bar & Grill
Broken Bridges (soundtrack)
"Slave to the Habit"
show
v
t
e
Billboard Year-End Hot Country Songs number one single of the year
1980–1989
1980: "My Heart" – Ronnie Milsap
1981: "Fire and Smoke" – Earl Thomas Conley
1982: "Always on My Mind" – Willie Nelson
1983: "José Cuervo" – Shelly West
1984: "To All the Girls I've Loved Before" – Julio Iglesias and Willie Nelson
1985: "Lost in the Fifties Tonight (In the Still of the Night)" – Ronnie Milsap
1986: "Never Be You" – Rosanne Cash
1987: "Give Me Wings" – Michael Johnson
1988: "Don't Close Your Eyes" – Keith Whitley
1989: "A Better Man" – Clint Black
1990–1999
1990: "Nobody's Home" – Clint Black
1991: "Don't Rock the Jukebox" – Alan Jackson
1992: "I Saw the Light" – Wynonna Judd
1993: "Chattahoochee" – Alan Jackson
1994: "I Swear" – John Michael Montgomery
1995: "Sold (The Grundy County Auction Incident)" – John Michael Montgomery
1996: "My Maria" – Brooks & Dunn
1997: "It's Your Love" – Tim McGraw and Faith Hill
1998: "Just to See You Smile" – Tim McGraw
1999: "Amazed" – Lonestar
2000–2009
2000: "How Do You Like Me Now?!" – Toby Keith
2001: "Ain't Nothing 'bout You" – Brooks & Dunn
2002: "The Good Stuff" – Kenny Chesney
2003: "My Front Porch Looking In" – Lonestar
2004: "Live Like You Were Dying" – Tim McGraw
2005: "That's What I Love About Sunday" – Craig Morgan
2006: "If You're Going Through Hell (Before the Devil Even Knows)" – Rodney Atkins
2007: "Watching You" – Rodney Atkins
2008: "Just Got Started Lovin' You" – James Otto
2009: "I Run to You" – Lady Antebellum
2010–2019
2010: "Love Like Crazy" – Lee Brice
2011: "Crazy Girl" – Eli Young Band
2012: "Time Is Love" – Josh Turner
2013: "Cruise" – Florida Georgia Line
2014: "This Is How We Roll" – Florida Georgia Line featuring Luke Bryan
2015: "Take Your Time" – Sam Hunt
2016: "H.O.L.Y." – Florida Georgia Line
2017: "Body Like a Back Road – Sam Hunt
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1999 singles
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Toby Keith songs
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This page was last edited on 21 July 2018, at 13:17 (UTC).
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text:
Federal Road Safety Corps (Nigeria)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For other uses, see FRSC.
Federal Road Safety Corps
Common name
Road Safety
Abbreviation
FRSC
Motto
Creating a Safe Motoring Environment in Nigeria
Agency overview
Formed
February, 1988
Jurisdictional structure
Federal agency
(Operations jurisdiction)
Nigeria
Operations jurisdiction
Nigeria
Legal jurisdiction
Road Safety and Motor Vehicle Administration
Constituting instrument
Federal Road Safety Commission Act
General nature
• Federal law enforcement
Headquarters
No. 3 Maputo Street. Zone 3, Wuse, Abuja, Nigeria

Agency executive
Boboye Olayemi Oyeyemi, Corps Marshall
Website
Official Website
Federal Road Safety Corps is the Government Agency with statutory responsibilities for road safety administration in Nigeria. Founded in 1988,[1] the Federal Road Safety Corps (FRSC) operates in all Nigerian states as well as the Federal Capital Territory and is the lead agency in Nigeria on road safety administration and management. The statutory functions include: Making the highways safe for motorists and other road users as well as checking road worthiness of vehicles, recommending works and infrastructures to eliminate or minimize accidents on the highways and educating motorists and members of the public on the importance of road discipline on the highways.
The FRSC is currently headed by Boboye O Oyeyemi, MFR, mni[2], whose title of Corps Marshal is the highest rank in the Corps ranking system[3].
Contents
1 Historical Perspective
2 Establishment Act
3 Statutory functions
4 External links associated
5 References
Historical Perspective[edit]
Prior to the establishment of Federal Road Safety Commission in 1988, there was no concrete and sustained policy action to address the carnage on Nigerian roads. Earlier attempts in this direction were limited to discrete and isolated attempts by some states of the federation and individuals.
Notable among the efforts to institute a formidable road safety program was the effort of Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria (SPDC) between 1960 and 1965. The effort of the Nigerian Army in the training of its officers and men on road safety in the early 1970s also contributed to road safety ideas and consciousness in Nigeria: The Nigerian Army started the First Public Road Safety Campaign in 1972 when it initiated an annual Road Safety Week[4].
The first deliberate policy on road safety was the creation in 1974 of the National Road Safety Commission (NRSC) by the then military government. The impact of the Commission was however, not sustained. In 1977, the Military Administration in Oyo State, Nigeria established the Oyo State Road Safety Corps which made some local significant improvements in road safety and road discipline in the state. That lasted till 1983, when it was disbanded by the federal government.
With the continued dangerous trend of road traffic accidents in Nigeria then, which placed it as one of the most road traffic accident (RTA) prone countries worldwide (the most in Africa) in 2013[5][6], the Nigerian government saw the need to establish the present Federal Road Safety Corps in 1988 to address the carnage on the highways.
Establishment Act[edit]
The unpleasant trend in the nation's road traffic system which resulted in upsurge in road traffic accidents made the Federal Government initiate a search for a credible and effective response to the challenge.
In February 1988, the Federal Government established the Federal Road Safety Commission through Decree No. 45 of the 1988 as amended by Decree 35 of 1992 referred to in the statute books as the FRSC Act cap 141 Laws of the Federation of Nigeria (LFN), passed by the National Assembly as Federal Road Safety Corps (establishment) Act 2007.[7]
Statutory functions[edit]
The functions of the Commission generally relates to:
Making the highway safe for motorists and other road users.
Recommending works and devices designed to eliminate or minimize accidents on the highways and advising the Federal and State Governments including the Federal Capital Territory Administration and relevant governmental agencies on the localities where such works and devices are required, and
Educating motorists and members of the public on the importance of discipline on the highway.
In particular, the Commission is charged with responsibilities as follows:
Preventing or minimizing accidents on the highway.
Clearing obstructions on any part of the highways.
Educating drivers, motorists and other members of the public generally on the proper use of the highways.
Designing and producing the driver's license to be used by various categories of vehicle operators.
Determining, from time to time, the requirements to be satisfied by an applicant for a driver's licence.
Designing and producing vehicle number plates.
The standardization of highway traffic codes.
Educating drivers, motorists and other members of the public generally on the proper use of the highways.
Giving prompt attention and care to victims of accidents.
Conducting researches into causes of motor accidents and methods of preventing them and putting into use the result of such researches.
Determining and enforcing speed limits for all categories of roads and vehicles and controlling the use of speed limiting devices.
Cooperating with bodies or agencies or groups in road safety activities or in prevention of accidents on the highways.
Making regulations in pursuance of any of the functions assigned to the Corps by or under this Act.
Regulating the use of sirens, flashers and beacon lights on vehicles other than ambulances and vehicles belonging to the Armed Forces, Nigeria Police, Fire Service and other Paramilitary agencies;
Providing roadside and mobile clinics for the treatment of accident victims free of charge.
Regulating the use of mobile phones by motorists.
Regulating the use of seat belts and other safety devices.
Regulating the use of motorcycles on the highways.
Maintaining the validity period for drivers' licences which shall be three years subject to renewal at the expiration of the validity period.
In exercising these functions, members of the Commission have the power to arrest and prosecute persons reasonably suspected of having committed any traffic offence.
External links associated[edit]
Official Website
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "FRSC Official Website — Creating Safe Road in Nigeria". frsc.gov.ng. Retrieved 2018-04-18.
Jump up ^ "To get to the top, you must be a servant – Boboye Oyeyemi". Punch Newspapers. Retrieved 2018-04-18.
Jump up ^ "Rank Structure — FRSC Official Website". frsc.gov.ng. Retrieved 2018-04-18.
Jump up ^ Balogun, Sikiru. "History and Establishment of FRSC". FRSC officers basic course Sagamu.
Jump up ^ "List of countries by traffic-related death rate". Wikipedia. 2018-04-11.
Jump up ^ "Data". World Health Organization. Retrieved 2018-04-18.
Jump up ^ "Road Safety And Driver's License - PM NEWS Nigeria". PM NEWS Nigeria. 2018-01-20. Retrieved 2018-04-18.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federal_Road_Safety_Corps_(Nigeria)&oldid=858192978"
Categories:
Road safety organizations
Law enforcement agencies of Nigeria
1988 establishments in Nigeria
Road safety in Nigeria
Government of Nigeria
Economy of Nigeria
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