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List of FIFA World Cup finals
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For a list of FIFA Women's World Cup finals, see List of FIFA Women's World Cup finals.
List of FIFA World Cup finals
France celebrating after their win against Croatia in the 2018 FIFA World Cup Final
Founded
1930
Region
International (FIFA)
Number of teams
204 (qualifiers)
32 (finals)
Current champions
France (2nd title)
Most successful team(s)
Brazil (5 titles)
The FIFA World Cup is an international association football competition established in 1930. It is contested by the men's national teams of the members of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), the sport's global governing body. The tournament has taken place every four years, except in 1942 and 1946, when the competition was cancelled due to World War II. The most recent World Cup, hosted by Russia in 2018, was won by France, who beat Croatia 4–2 in regulation time.
The World Cup final match is the last of the competition, and the result determines which country is declared world champions. If after 90 minutes of regular play the score is a draw, an additional 30-minute period of play, called extra time, is added. If such a game is still tied after extra time, it is then decided by a penalty shoot-out. The team winning the penalty shoot-out are then declared champions.[1] The tournament has been decided by a one-off match on every occasion except 1950, when the tournament winner was decided by a final round-robin group contested by four teams (Uruguay, Brazil, Sweden, and Spain). Uruguay's 2–1 victory over Brazil was the decisive match (and one of the last two matches of the tournament) which put them ahead on points and ensured that they finished top of the group as world champions. Therefore, this match is regarded by FIFA as the de facto final of the 1950 World Cup.[2]
In the 21 tournaments held, 79 nations have appeared at least once. Of these, 13 have made it to the final match, and eight have won.[n 1] With five titles, Brazil is the most successful World Cup team and also the only nation to have participated in every World Cup finals tournament.[4] Italy and Germany have four titles. Current champion France, along with past champions Uruguay and Argentina, have two titles each, while England and Spain have one each. The team that wins the finals receive the FIFA World Cup Trophy, and their name is engraved on the bottom side of the trophy.[5]
The 1970 and 1994, along with the 1986, 1990 and 2014 games are to date the only matches competed by the same teams (Brazil–Italy and Argentina–Germany respectively). As of 2018, the 1934 final[n 2] remains the latest final to have been between two teams playing their first final. The final match of the most recent tournament in Russia took place at the country's biggest sports complex, the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow.[6] The 1930 and the 1966 games are the only ones that did not take place on a Sunday. The former did on a Wednesday and the latter on a Saturday. As of 2018, only nations from Europe and South America have competed in a World Cup final. Six nations have won the final as host: Uruguay, Italy, England, Germany, Argentina and France. Two nations have lost the final as host: Brazil and Sweden.
Contents
1 List of finals
2 Results
3 Footnotes
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
List of finals[edit]
1930
1978
1950, 2014
1962
1966
1938, 1998
2006
1934, 1990
2002
1970, 1986
2010
1982
1958
1954
1994
1974
2018
2022
Locations of FIFA World Cup finals
Key to the list of finals
Match was won during extra time
Match was won on a penalty shoot-out
The "Year" column refers to the year the World Cup was held, and wikilinks to the article about that tournament. The wikilinks in the "Final score" column point to the article about that tournament's final game. Links in the "Winners" and "Runners-up" columns point to the articles for the national football teams of the countries, not the articles for the countries.
List of finals matches, their venues and locations, the finalists, and final scores
Year
Winners
Final score[2]
Runners-up
Venue
Location
Attendance
References
1930
Uruguay 4–2 Argentina Estadio Centenario Montevideo, Uruguay 80,000 [7][8]
1934
Italy 2–1
[n 3] Czechoslovakia Stadio Nazionale PNF Rome, Italy 50,000 [9][10]
1938
Italy 4–2 Hungary Stade Olympique de Colombes Paris, France 45,000 [11][12]
1950[n 4]
Uruguay 2–1
[n 5] Brazil Estádio do Maracanã Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 199,854[13] [14][15]
1954
West Germany 3–2 Hungary Wankdorf Stadium Bern, Switzerland 60,000 [16][17]
1958
Brazil 5–2 Sweden Råsunda Stadium Solna, Sweden 51,800 [18][19]
1962
Brazil 3–1 Czechoslovakia Estadio Nacional Santiago, Chile 69,000 [20][21]
1966
England 4–2
[n 6] West Germany Wembley Stadium London, England 93,000 [22][23]
1970
Brazil 4–1 Italy Estadio Azteca Mexico City, Mexico 107,412 [24][25]
1974
West Germany 2–1 Netherlands Olympiastadion Munich, West Germany 75,200 [26][27]
1978
Argentina 3–1
[n 7] Netherlands Estadio Monumental Buenos Aires, Argentina 71,483 [28][29]
1982
Italy 3–1 West Germany Santiago Bernabéu Madrid, Spain 90,000 [30][31]
1986
Argentina 3–2 West Germany Estadio Azteca Mexico City, Mexico 114,600 [32][33]
1990
West Germany 1–0 Argentina Stadio Olimpico Rome, Italy 73,603 [34][35]
1994
Brazil 0–0
[n 8] Italy Rose Bowl Pasadena, United States 94,194 [36][37]
1998
France 3–0 Brazil Stade de France Saint-Denis, France 80,000 [38][39]
2002
Brazil 2–0 Germany International Stadium Yokohama, Japan 69,029 [40][41]
2006
Italy 1–1
[n 9] France Olympiastadion Berlin, Germany 69,000 [42][43]
2010
Spain 1–0
[n 10] Netherlands Soccer City Johannesburg, South Africa 84,490 [44][45]
2014
Germany 1–0
[n 11] Argentina Estádio do Maracanã Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 74,738 [46][47]
2018
France 4–2 Croatia Luzhniki Stadium Moscow, Russia 78,011
Upcoming finals
Year
Team 1
v
Team 2
Venue
Location
Attendance
References
2022
Lusail Iconic Stadium Lusail, Qatar
2026
TBD United States
Results[edit]
Map of winning countries
Results by nation
National team
Wins
Runners-up
Total finals
Years won
Years runners-up
Brazil 5 2 7 1958, 1962, 1970, 1994, 2002 1950, 1998
Germany 4 4 8 1954, 1974, 1990, 2014 1966, 1982, 1986, 2002
Italy 4 2 6 1934, 1938, 1982, 2006 1970, 1994
Argentina 2 3 5 1978, 1986 1930, 1990, 2014
France 2 1 3 1998, 2018 2006
Uruguay 2 0 2 1930, 1950 –
England 1 0 1 1966 –
Spain 1 0 1 2010 –
Netherlands 0 3 3 – 1974, 1978, 2010
Czechoslovakia 0 2 2 – 1934, 1962
Hungary 0 2 2 – 1938, 1954
Sweden 0 1 1 – 1958
Croatia 0 1 1 – 2018
Results by confederation
Confederation
Appearances
Winners
Runners-up
UEFA
28 12 16
CONMEBOL
14 9 5
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ This follows FIFA's consideration that the national teams of West Germany/Germany, Czechoslovakia/Czech Republic, Yugoslavia/Serbia and Montenegro/Serbia, and USSR/Russia are combined respectively for record-keeping.[3]
Jump up ^ Technically the 1958 final was also between two first timers, but Brazil's 1950 group game defeat is generally counted as a previous "final" appearance for the team.
Jump up ^ Score was 1–1 after 90 minutes.[9][10]
Jump up ^ The 1950 FIFA World Cup did not have a final, rather, the tournament was decided by a 4-team round robin phase.
Jump up ^ Not the final but the decisive match of the final group stage.
Jump up ^ Score was 2–2 after 90 minutes.[22][23]
Jump up ^ Score was 1–1 after 90 minutes.[28][29]
Jump up ^ Score was 0–0 after 120 minutes. Brazil won 3–2 on penalties.[36][37]
Jump up ^ Score was 1–1 after 120 minutes. Italy won 5–3 on penalties.[42][43]
Jump up ^ Score was 0–0 after 90 minutes.[44][45]
Jump up ^ Score was 0–0 after 90 minutes.[46][47]
See also[edit]
List of FIFA World Cup opening matches
FIFA World Cup referees
References[edit]
Book: FIFA World Cup
General
"World Cup 1930–2014". Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF). 17 July 2014. Retrieved 24 July 2014.
Specific
Jump up ^ "Laws of the Game" (PDF). FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). Retrieved 9 February 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "FIFA World Cup Finals since 1930" (PDF). FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). Retrieved 3 February 2009.
Jump up ^ "All-time FIFA World Cup Ranking 1930-2010" (PDF). FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). Retrieved 30 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "World Cup Spotlight on Brazil". CNN. Retrieved 29 January 2007.
Jump up ^ "Taça da Copa do Mundo chega ao Brasil (World Cup trophy arrives in Brazil)". Globo TV. 21 April 2014. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
Jump up ^ https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/11174070/Russias-Luzhniki-Stadium-ahead-of-schedule-for-2018-World-Cup-Final.html
Jump up ^ "1930 FIFA World Cup Uruguay". FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). Archived from the original on 20 October 2007. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "World Cup history – Uruguay 1930". BBC Sport (British Broadcasting Corporation). 4 May 2006. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "1934 FIFA World Cup Italy". FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). Archived from the original on 23 March 2009. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "World Cup history – Italy 1934". BBC Sport (British Broadcasting Corporation). 4 May 2006. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "1938 FIFA World Cup France". FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). Archived from the original on 21 January 2009. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "World Cup history – France 1938". BBC Sport (British Broadcasting Corporation). 4 May 2006. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
Jump up ^ Janela, Mike (June 12, 2018). "World Cup Rewind: Largest attendance at a match in the 1950 Brazil final". Guinness World Records. Retrieved June 27, 2018.
Jump up ^ "1950 FIFA World Cup Brazil". FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). Retrieved 26 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "World Cup history – Brazil 1950". BBC Sport (British Broadcasting Corporation). 4 May 2006. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "1954 FIFA World Cup Switzerland". FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). Archived from the original on 20 July 2012. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "World Cup history – Switzerland 1954". BBC Sport (British Broadcasting Corporation). 4 May 2006. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "1958 FIFA World Cup Sweden". FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). Archived from the original on 17 February 2009. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "World Cup history – Sweden 1958". BBC Sport (British Broadcasting Corporation). 4 May 2006. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "1962 FIFA World Cup Chile". FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). Archived from the original on 17 February 2009. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "World Cup history – Chile 1962". BBC Sport (British Broadcasting Corporation). 4 May 2006. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "1966 FIFA World Cup England". FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). Archived from the original on 25 March 2009. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "World Cup history – England 1966". BBC Sport (British Broadcasting Corporation). 4 May 2006. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "1970 FIFA World Cup Mexico". FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). Archived from the original on 25 January 2009. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "World Cup history – Mexico 1970". BBC Sport (British Broadcasting Corporation). 4 May 2006. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "1974 FIFA World Cup Germany". FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). Archived from the original on 26 January 2009. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "World Cup history – West Germany 1974". BBC Sport (British Broadcasting Corporation). 4 May 2006. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "1978 FIFA World Cup Argentina". FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). Archived from the original on 12 February 2009. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "World Cup history – Argentina 1978". BBC Sport (British Broadcasting Corporation). 4 May 2006. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "1982 FIFA World Cup Spain". FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). Archived from the original on 30 January 2009. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "World Cup history – Spain 1982". BBC Sport (British Broadcasting Corporation). 4 May 2006. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "1986 FIFA World Cup Mexico". FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). Archived from the original on 29 January 2009. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "World Cup history – Mexico 1986". BBC Sport (British Broadcasting Corporation). 4 May 2006. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "1990 FIFA World Cup Italy". FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). Archived from the original on 15 November 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "World Cup history – Italy 1990". BBC Sport (British Broadcasting Corporation). 4 May 2006. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "1994 FIFA World Cup USA". FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). Archived from the original on 2 February 2009. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "World Cup history – USA 1994". BBC Sport (British Broadcasting Corporation). 4 May 2006. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "1998 FIFA World Cup France". FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "World Cup history – France 1998". BBC Sport (British Broadcasting Corporation). 4 May 2006. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "2002 FIFA World Cup Korea/Japan". FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). Archived from the original on 30 January 2009. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "World Cup history – Japan & South Korea 2002". BBC Sport (British Broadcasting Corporation). 4 May 2006. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "2006 FIFA World Cup Germany". FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). Retrieved 26 January 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "Zidane off as Italy win World Cup". BBC Sport (British Broadcasting Corporation). 4 May 2006. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa". FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). Retrieved 12 May 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Netherlands 0–1 Spain (aet)". BBC Sport (British Broadcasting Corporation). Retrieved 12 May 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Estadio Do Maracana, Rio de Janeiro". FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). 18 January 2012. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b McNulty, Phil (13 July 2014). "Germany 1–0 Argentina". BBC Sport. British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 19 July 2014.
External links[edit]
Official website
show
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FIFA World Cup champions
1930: Uruguay
1934: Italy
1938: Italy
1950: Uruguay
1954: West Germany
1958: Brazil
1962: Brazil
1966: England
1970: Brazil
1974: West Germany
1978: Argentina
1982: Italy
1986: Argentina
1990: West Germany
1994: Brazil
1998: France
2002: Brazil
2006: Italy
2010: Spain
2014: Germany
2018: France
show
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FIFA World Cup
Tournaments
Uruguay 1930
Italy 1934
France 1938
Brazil 1950
Switzerland 1954
Sweden 1958
Chile 1962
England 1966
Mexico 1970
West Germany 1974
Argentina 1978
Spain 1982
Mexico 1986
Italy 1990
United States 1994
France 1998
South Korea–Japan 2002
Germany 2006
South Africa 2010
Brazil 2014
Russia 2018
Qatar 2022
Canada–Mexico–United States 2026
2030
2034
Qualification
1930
1934
1938
1950
1954
1958
1962
1966
1970
1974
1978
1982
1986
1990
1994
1998
2002
2006
2010
2014
2018
Finals
1930
1934
1938
1950
1954
1958
1962
1966
1970
1974
1978
1982
1986
1990
1994
1998
2002
2006
2010
2014
2018
Squads
1930
1934
1938
1950
1954
1958
1962
1966
1970
1974
1978
1982
1986
1990
1994
1998
2002
2006
2010
2014
2018
Seedings
1998
2002
2006
2010
2014
2018
Broadcasters
1998
2002
2006
2010
2014
2018
Bids
2014
2018 and 2022
2026
2030
Statistics
2002
2006
2010
2014
2018
Disciplinary record
1994
1998
2002
2006
2010
2014
2018
Team appearances
AFC
CAF
CONCACAF
CONMEBOL
OFC
UEFA
Teams with no appearances
Overall records
All-time table
Goalscorers
top goalscorers
finals goalscorers
hat-tricks
own goals
Penalty shoot-outs
Player appearances
Red cards
Referees
Winners
Miscellaneous
Openings
Stadiums
Awards
Balls
Economics
Final draw
History
Hosts
Mascots
Official films
Official anthems & songs
Organisers
Trophy
Video games
Notes: There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only. In 1950, there was no final; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage.
show
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FIFA World Cup Final venues
Estadio Centenario (1930)
Stadio Nazionale PNF (1934)
Stade Olympique Yves-du-Manoir (1938)
Maracanã Stadium (1950)
Wankdorf Stadium (1954)
Råsunda Stadium (1958)
Estadio Nacional Julio Martínez Prádanos (1962)
Wembley Stadium (1966)
Estadio Azteca (1970)
Olympiastadion (1974)
Estadio Monumental Antonio Vespucio Liberti (1978)
Santiago Bernabéu Stadium (1982)
Estadio Azteca (1986)
Stadio Olimpico (1990)
Rose Bowl (1994)
Stade de France (1998)
International Stadium Yokohama (2002)
Olympiastadion (2006)
FNB Stadium (2010)
Maracanã Stadium (2014)
Luzhniki Stadium (2018)
Lusail Iconic Stadium (2022)
TBA (2026)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_FIFA_World_Cup_finals&oldid=854075621"
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Indian family names
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Indian family names are based on a variety of systems and naming conventions, which vary from region to region. Names are also influenced by religion and caste and may come from epics. India's population speaks a wide variety of languages and nearly every major religion in the world has a following in India. This variety makes for subtle, often confusing, differences in names and naming styles. For example, the concept of a family name does not exist widely in Tamil Nadu.
For some Indians, their birth name is different from their official name; the birth name starts with a letter auspicious on the basis of the person's horoscope (based on the nakshatra or lunar mansion corresponding to the person's birth).
Many children are given three names, sometimes as a part of religious teaching.
Contents
[hide]
1 Pronunciation
2 Names by states
2.1 Andhra Pradesh
2.1.1 Telugu Names
2.1.2 Telugu Brahmin Names
2.2 Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim and northern West Bengal
2.3 Khas-Nepali community
2.4 Bengali names
2.5 Assam
2.5.1 Assamese
2.5.2 Tai Ahom
2.5.3 Bodo Kachari
2.6 Bihar
2.7 Gujarat
2.8 Haryana
2.9 Kashmir
2.10 Karnataka
2.10.1 Konkani names
2.11 Kerala
2.12 Maharashtra
2.13 Odisha (Orissa)
2.14 Punjab
2.15 Tamil Nadu
2.15.1 Tamil names
2.15.2 Initials
2.15.3 Surnames or family names
2.15.4 Tamil Indian Singaporeans
2.16 Uttar Pradesh
3 Indexing
4 Notes
5 References
6 External links
Pronunciation[edit]
Indian names, written in roman letters may use the letters for the vowels to denote different sounds than is conventional in American or British English.
The Sanskrit/devanagari vowels अ (u̱nder), आ (ah), इ (in), ई (eat), उ (put), ऊ (boot), ए (ate), ऐ (egg), ओ (oh - not as a diphthong), औ (ogre), are mapped to 'a', 'aa', 'i', 'ee', 'u', 'oo', 'ae', 'ei', 'o', 'ou', in that order, in most transcriptions of Indian names into English.
Thus ‘Ekamresh’ is pronounced ‘AkaamrAsh’ where the capitalized A’s represent the long ‘a’ (as in the name of the letter) and the 'aa' has the vowel sound in 'ah'. The short 'a' and short 'o' of American English are absent in Indian languages and their use can often result in mispronunciation of Indian names.
Furthermore, the letters used in English for the retroflex consonants (t and d) are also used to sound dentals (as in 'math' and 'the'), especially when they occur in the beginning of a word. As an example, the India name 'Dev' would not have its first consonant pronounced as in the American name 'Dave'. Similarly the name 'Tarun' would not have its first consonant sounded as in 'Tom'.
The letter 'h' is used to aspirate certain consonants. So, in the names 'Khare', 'Ghanshyam', 'Kaccha', 'Jhumki', 'Vitthal', 'Ranchodh', 'Thimmayya', 'Uddhav', 'Phaneesh', and 'Bhanu', the sounds 'ka', 'ga', 'cha', 'ja', 'ta' (retroflex), 'da' (retroflex), 'ta' (dental), 'da' (dental), 'pa', and 'ba' are sounded with a strong outward breath.
Names by states[edit]
Andhra Pradesh[edit]
In Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, family names are most commonly derived from the name of their ancestral hometown or the family profession in the caste system. The last name or the family name is placed before the first name for Telugu people. However, this practice has been changing slowly to maintain consistency with people from other cultures, particularly in diverse work environments.
Among Dalit communities, particularly in Southern districts, the surname 'Kommala' is quite common and popular. Since they are many, the word could have become their family name in course of time. The surname is also commonly referred to certain sections of Mala community as well.
For example: 'Kommala' is the surname and 'Sobhan Kumar' is the first name. Some of the last names of Telugu Brahmins include Susarla, Dhulipala, Evani, Munukutla, Tenali, Lanka, Devarakonda, Bhamidipati, Akula, Duvvuri, Pamarti, Addanki, Upadrashta, Vedula, Vedantam, Chakrala, Indrakanti, Addikecharla, Goteti, Vedala, Duvvada etc. It should be noted however that last names need not be restricted to a caste all the time.
In Andhra Pradesh: Rao, Kumar, Chowdary, Reddy, Naidu, Raju, Varma, Achari, Sarma, Chari, Sharma.
Some Telugu people have both village name and a caste name as part of their name, for instance Alluri Sita Rama Raju or Sita Rama Raju Alluri and here Alluri is the surname referring the person's clan/ancestral home town, Sita Rama are the person's first and middle names and Raju is the caste name or sometimes they are called by their caste name alone, like Chowdary, Kumar, Rao, Naidu, Raju, Reddy are the most common last names in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. There is no father's name as middle name in this region. In southern Andhra Pradesh, it is particularly common to use the caste name alongside the family name. Surnames starting with Yendluri, Pavuluru(ri) Chowdarys (Naidus) follow this system of naming. The order of ancestry of family names seem to be as follows. Family names ending with sanskritized/prakritized names are from oldest era of pre Jainism (Example: Ghantasala (means place of the bell in Sanskrit). Family names ending with "palle" or "palli" seem to date back to pre Ashokan era of Jainism. Example: Repalle, Parupalli, Kondapalli etc., reflecting the ancestry of the place or home town. Family names ending with "pati" or "pudi" evolved later during post Ashokan period of Buddhism as new towns were established. Example: Gottipati, Bhamidipati, Gudipati, Mokkapati, Chigurupati, Gudipudi, Rimmalapudi etc.
Telugu Names[edit]
The family names of Telugu people precede the given name and are mostly abbreviated. For example, the name Kambham Nagarjuna Rao would be abbreviated as K.N. Rao. In this name Nagarjuna Rao is the given name, and Kambham would be the family name (surname). Some of the people who belong to a particular caste include the caste names in their names, especially Reddy, Naidu, Chowdary, Pillai, Varma, Thota, or Mudiraj. For example, Sanjay Reddy, Hari Chowdary. In general, if the name of a person in Western format was Sanjay Reddy Kandi (given name, second given name and family name), then the name in Telugu-speaking areas would be written as K. Sanjay Reddy. There are same surnames like Lankala to many castes, such as Lankala Veeraiah in Yadav caste, or Lankala Deepak Reddy in Reddy caste. Common last name: Pesala.
Sharma and Rao are commonly found family names among Telugu Brahmins, Rao mainly used for Velama caste. These names are mostly placed at the end of their name; for example, in Karne Prabhakar Sharma, Karne stands for the surname and Sharma indicates the person belongs to the Brahmin community.
Family names of Telugu people are supposed to be the name of the village or area their ancestors came from. Sometimes the family name can be the same for people belonging to different castes. For example, Nandamuri Taraka Ramarao could be abbreviated as N. T. Rama Rao. Taraka Rama Rao is the given name and probably Nandamuru (a village in Krishna) is the ancestral village of N.T.R.
Sometimes the family name can be same as human body part such as Boddu (umbilicus). However, there is always spiritual meaning associated for those names. In spiritual sense, Boddu means center of origin of universe, Lingam means Lord Shiva.
Telugu Brahmin Names[edit]
Smaarta vaidikis are the traditional family priests of all old clans and communities of Andhra Pradesh. If a "traditional" or 'conservative" community doesn't have smarta vaidikis as their family priests, it indicates they are recent arrivals or still upwardly mobile, or reformist- rebels against the old systems. Some vaidiki surnames are Nori, Kota, Puranam.
Some smaarta niyogi surnames end in—raju (--senior civil servant) like Pemmaraju, Akkiraju, etc., and—pragada (--minister) Rebba pragada, Maanapragada, Dharani pragada etc.
Often the surnames are derived from the place name ("village name") where their ancestor received some grants of land or revenue from ancient kings, sometimes "agraharam" as the estate is called. e.g. Abburi from village Abbur, Uppaluri from Uppalur, Nidamarthi from the village of Nidamarru, Valluri from Vallur, Dharanikota (the fort of dharani), Kocherlakota, etc. These agrahaarams and ghatikas are very ancient and usually found along the lower deltas of the large rivers. When the forests were being cleared these agraharams were sort of frontier outposts. Later large villages and towns grew around the agrahaarams.
Hence some Telugu surnames are derived from the village name, if they received such villages (agraharams) as a grant from a king, thus indicating a matter of pride and sense of bonding to that village.
Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim and northern West Bengal[edit]
Many people from this area (Arunachal Pradesh, Darjeeling, Kalimpong, Sikkim and the surrounding areas) who follow the Vajrayana Buddhist religions follow a naming convention similar to neighbouring Bhutan where people have two given names, neither of which is a surname or family name unless they are descended from royal or noble lineages.
Traditionally, personal names are bestowed upon a child by lamas, who often incorporate an element of their own name. Many Buddhists from Sikkim, Ladakh, West Bengal & Tibetan diaspora living in these regions often apply to the Dalai Lama for names for their children. As a result, the regions have an overwhelming population of boys and girls whose first name is "Tenzin", the personal first name of the 14th Dalai Lama. The same also applies in parts of Sikkim and West Bengal, and also neighbouring Bhutan.
Personal names are in most cases composed of readily understood words from the Sikkimese, Ladakhi and Tibetan languages which share many similarities. Most personal names may be given to either males or females. Only a few are specifically male or female.
Common names include Tenzin, Tashi, Dolma, Passang, Pema, Metok, Dhundup, Lhamo, Sangyal, Yangkey, Tsomo, Rabten, Phuntsok, Rabgyal, Rigzin, Jangchup, Tsundue, Jorden, Bhakto, Namgyal Wangchuk, Khando, Rangdol, Nyima, Pemba, Dawa, Tsering, Bhuti, Konchok, Gyatso, Kelsang, Karma, Gyurmey, Rinchen, Namdol, Choedon, Chokey, Rigsang, Sonam, Padma, Paljor, Namdak, Kunga, Norbu, Chokphel, Dorjee, Jungney, Dema, Damchoe, Dickey, Dolkar, Lhawang, Legshey, Dharma, Bhuchung, Lhakpa, Samten, Choenyi, Samdup, Ngonga, Jampa, Woeser, Woeten, Wangyal, Woenang, and Wangmo.
Ladakhi names also follow a similar pattern.
Khas-Nepali community[edit]
Members of Khas Nepali (like Chhetri, Bahun, Thakuri, etc.) community have following surnames: Adhikari, Basnet, Bhattarai, Bista, Bogati, Budhathoki, Chand, Katwal, Karki (name), Khadka, Koirala, Kunwar (surname), Mainali, Mahat (surname), Nepal (surname), Pande, Pokharel, Poudel, Rana, Rayamajhi, Shah (surname), Shahi, Sharma, Silwal, Thakuri, Thapa, Upadhyaya, Upreti and Wagle.
Bengali names[edit]
Bengali Hindu names:
Bengali Hindu names have the format of given name, middle name and family name. In casual conversation, people may omit middle names. The middle name is not the father's name. There are no patronymics.
Bengali Kayastha surnames include Basu, Bose, Dutta, Ghosh, Guha, Gain, Mitra, Singh/Sinha, Sen, Pal, De/Dey/Deb/Dev, Palit, Chanda/Chandra, Das, Dam, Kar, Nandi, Nag, Som etc.[1] Brahmin surnames include Mukherjee, Banerjee, Chatterjee, Ganguly, Ghoshal, Goswami, etc. A Brahmin name is often the name of the clan or gotra, but can be an honorific, such as Chakravarti or Bhattacharya. Common Baidya surnames are Sengupta, Dasgupta, Duttagupta, Gupta, Sen-Sharma, etc.
Sometimes honorifics are used with the family name. However, the family name may be dropped completely as well. Some honorifics are Roy/Ray, Purkayastha, Chaudhuri, Roy Chaudhuri.
Other prominent Bengali surnames include Tagore/Thakur, Gain/Gayen, Majumdar/Mazumdar, Biswas, Guha-Thakurta, Bhowmick/Bhaumik, Sarkar, Deb-Roy, Bakshi, Mallick/Malik, Sanyal, Bhuinya, Banik, Bera, Debnath, Deria, Dawn, Dolui, Nath, Munshi, Das-Munshi, Dewanji, Kannungo/Qannungoh, Mahalanobis, Majhi, Garai, Haldar, Hazra, Hati, Jana, Kundu, Konar, Kapali, Maity, Manna, Malakar, Makur, Mondal, Panja, Sikdar, Samanta, Sasmal, Sardar, Sil/Shil, etc.
Bengali Christians tend to maintain their original surnames, along with Biblical Hebrew middle names.
Bengali Muslim names:
Bengali Muslim names have the formats of given name, middle name, family name or family name, given name, middle name. In casual conversation, people may omit middle names. Sometimes honorifics are used with the family name. However, the family name may be dropped completely as well. Some honorifics are Chaudhuri, Deraiya, Khondokar, Mir, and more. Many Muslims use Mohammad with their names.
Assam[edit]
Assamese[edit]
Family names in the Brahmaputra Valley of Assam, the Lower Gangetic Plains of Bengal, and Odisha region of the eastern part of India are based on professions and family names in the hilly provinces and states in the region follow similar naming conventions to neighbouring Tibet and Bhutan.
Common surnames used by Assamese Brahmins are Barua (and its variations), Bhagawati, Bhattacharya/Bhattacharjee, Borthakur, Chakraborty/Chakravarthi, Gayen/Gain, Katakey, SarmaSharma and Thakur besides, Gotras. Gossains use Goswami surname while Kayasthas generally have Kakoty and Dutta surname. Chaudhary, Das, Kalita besides, Barua, among others are common surnames used by Assamese Hindus.
Tai Ahom[edit]
Ahom names follow the format of given name, middle name, family name. The Ahom community have a naming system that is loosely based on the profession of their ancestors during the reigns of the Ahom kings. The last name "Saikia" indicates a commander over 100 soldiers ("sa" is 100), and the last name "Hazarika" indicates a commander over 1000 soldiers ("hazar" is 1000). Some other last names are based on the words "bor" ("elder") and "bura" ("older"): Bora, Borbora, Barua, Borbarua, Gohain, Borgohain, Buragohain.
Bodo Kachari[edit]
Basumatary, Bwisumatary, Basumata, Brahma, Boro, Baro, Bodo, Bodosa, Baglary, Borgoyary, Chamframary, Daimari, Goyary, Hajowary, Hazary, Iswary, Islary, Kachary, Karjee, Lahary, Mandal, Mushahary, Mochary, Mohilary, Mech, Narzary, Narjinary, Owary, Ramchiary, sainary, Swargiary, Saiba, Subba, Thakur, Wary etc. are surnames used by Bodo's of Western Assam.
Bihar[edit]
Bihar is one of the most populous state in India last names like "Shahi","Srivastava", Singh, Yadav, Jha, Prasad, Paswan, Gupta, Choudhary, Manjhi, Sah, Shah, Mishra, Ojha, Pande, Ram, Rai, Patel, Das, Sahu, Agarwal, Raut, Tiwari, Malli, Bhagat, Thakur, Varma, are the most common.
Gujarat[edit]
Traditionally, when a woman marries, she takes her husband's given name as her middle name, in addition to taking his family name. In Gujarat, when friends talk to one another, they may show affection by appending "brother" (bhai, kumar or lal) or "sister" (ben or bahen) to their names. For example, a man named Sunil may be called Sunilbhai, and a woman named Lata may be called Lataben.
Common Gujarati family names include Patel, Shah, Shroff, Bhakta, Soni, Mehta, Jani, Modi, Desai, Parekh, Doshi, Mistry, Bhanushali, Chotaliya, Rathod, Merchant, Modhwadiya, Bapodra, Odedara and Chudasama.
Gujarati family names with the adjectival suffix vala or walla may refer either to a residence (current or ancestral) or a trade (Lakdawalla, woodworker). Locative names may be used in addition to family names, particularly when listing family members on wedding invitations (concotri).
Haryana[edit]
There are Haryanavi Names also like Choudhary, Gujjar, Tanwar, Gupta, Aggarwal, Jain, Sunil Hooda, Havi Malik, Kataria, Singh, Yadav, Rao etc.
There are a variety of which can be divided into many categories.
Kashmir[edit]
Kashmiri names often have the following format: given name, middle name (optional), family name. (For example: Jawahar Lal Nehru)
Nicknames often replace family names. Hence, some family names like Razdan and Nehru may very well be derived originally from the Kaul family tree.[2]
Popular Kashmiri family names include: Beigh, Baig, Khan, Drabu, Wani, Mattoo, Fazali, Bhat, Shah, Durrani, Khan, Dedmari, Misger, Kumar, Mir, Adalti, Agha, Aima, Ambardar, Atal, Banday, Bazaaz, Bhan, Budshah, Bhagati, Bhat, Chedda, Chetan, Cheroo, Daftari, Darbari, Dar/Dhar, Dullu, Durani, Farash, Fotedar, Gadroo, Ganju, Garyali, Gilani, Haak, Hangal, Handoo, Jailkhani, Jalla, Jalali, Jitan, Jeetan, Kandhari, Kaul/Koul, Khemu, Kher/Khar, Khandaar, Kilam, Kokiloo, Mattoo, Moza (short for Mozaz), Mujoo, Nadeer, Nadeem, Naik, Nakhasi, Nakshband, Nehru, Ogra, Pandit, Panjabi, Parimoo, Pir, Qasba, Qazi, Qasid, Raina, Razdan, Shaw, Safaya, Sapru, Saproo, Saraaf, Shangloo Sopori, Sultan, Thusoo/Thusu/Thussu/Thussoo, Tikku/Tickoo, Toshkhani, Toorki/Turki, Trakroo, Tufchi, Varrier, Wazir, Wakil, Wali, Warikoo, Wanchoo, Wuthoo, Zalpuri, Zarabi, Zutshi. A few of these family names are common to both Kashmiri Muslims and Kashmiri Pandits (Brahmins).
Karnataka[edit]
In Karnataka, names changes with each region. The names of people here are found with initials at the beginning of their name which will be the first letter of their original village names (where their ancestors belonged), or the given name is followed by the father's name and then followed by the title/surname. Some may include their birthplace name along with their respective names.
In Karnataka, naming is usually done in this pattern: Village name, Given Name, Title/Surname or Given Name, Father's name, Title/Surname
In South Karnataka, predominantly the surnames are Gowda (representing the Vokkaliga caste), Urs (representing the Royal family of Mysore), Shastri, Rao (representing the Halenadu Karnataka Brahmins) Bhat and Desai.
In coastal Karnataka, Hindus use titles such as Hegde/Hegade, Shenoy, Shett, Shetty, Mallya, Kini, Kheny, Pai, Kamath, Prabhu, Nayak, Rai, Kudva, Bhandary, Baliga, Padukone, Mogaveera, Adiga, Alva, Payyade, Kothari, Kadamba, Bajpe, Ullal and Udupa. Others include Amin, Anchan, Baidya, Baishya, Banan, Bangera, Gujran, Jathann (Jathanna), Karkera, Kirodian, Kotian, Kukian (Kukiyan), Palan (Palanna), Poojary, Salian, Sanil, Suvarna, Talwar and Upiyan (of the Billava community).
In North Karnataka, surnames such as Goudar (representing the Lingayat community), Cariappa (Kodava community), Bhai (Brahmin community name), Garagad, Biradar, Kattimani, Hiremath, Chikkamatha are used.
Konkani names[edit]
Konkani people inhabit the states of Karnataka, Goa and Maharashtra. Basically Hindus, some were later converted to Catholicism. They are strictly patriarchal, thus the first name is always followed by the father's names, though this is now only strictly observed by Hindus.[3]
Village names were used by them only after the advent of the Portuguese, when they migrated from their ancestral villages. A suffix kaar or hailing from was attached to the village names.[4] This practice is still alive today, and almost all Goans and a few of the Konkanis in other states use their original village names (where their ancestors belonged) before the Inquisition followed by their mass migrations to other places in Goa and other states.
Almost all the Konkani Catholics have adopted Portuguese surnames like Rodriguez, Fernandes, Pereira and Souza.[5][6] Catholic families belonging to the Roman Catholic Brahmin (Bamonn) caste use their original Hindu surnames such as Prabhu, Bhat, etc.[7]
Kerala[edit]
In Kerala, the naming procedures are different in Travancore, Cochin and British Malabar.
Surnames in Kerala include: Menon, Nair, Nambiar, Pillai, Varma, Variar, Nambeesan, Kurup, Panicker, Thampi, Thampan, Pisharody, Valiathan, Kaimal, Vaidyar, Unnithan, Marar, Bhattathiri, Poduval, Namboodiri, Kumar, Das, Nayanar (surname).
In British Malabar the format followed is: Family name, Given name, Caste/title name (if applicable). Therefore, Kannott Karunakaran Marar, can be interpreted as Karunakaran of the Marar caste from the Kannoth family.
For centuries, the naming system in Kochi and Travancore has had the format: Family/House name (optional), father’s name, given name. E.g.: A K Antony: Arackaparambil (House Name) Kurian (Father’s Name) Antony (First Name). Today, this age-old practice from the Southern Kerala has been adopted by people in Malabar too. Another practice observed in parts of Travancore is where spouses and children take on the first name of the father as their last or surname.
While Travancore and Kochi Muslims followed the common practice above, among the Malabar Muslims, it was a common practice in naming to mix (or localize) Arabic names (Given names) with Malayalam language ones, like "Putiyavittil Muḥammadutti" or "Fāṭimah Todiyattu" to "Pattumma Todiyattu". But currently complete Arabic names (Given names) are most probably used, in a Given name-Family name or Family name-Given name manner (Mohamed Azlam P). Among Christians in Kerala, it is a common practice to have a second given name (middle name) which is the baptismal name, usually the first name of a grandparent or godparent, like Roshni Mary George, Jogin Abraham Thomas, Shikku Varghese Manapuram. Sometimes the suffix –kutty is added to Christian names of Kerala Christians, for example Marykutty, Alicekutty, Josekutty and Georgekutty.
Most Keralites have a family name. Most of the family names are of obscure origin, but many have geographical origins – e.g., Vadakkedath (from the North), Puthenveetil (from the new house), Akkarakaran (from that coast), etc. Traditionally the full names followed one of three patterns:
Family name followed by Given name followed usually by the caste name or title. This was the common pattern (for men and women) among the upper-caste Hindus, especially of Malabar and Cochin. Examples: Mani Madhava Chakyar (Mani is the family name or tharavad name, Madhava(n) is the given name and Chakyar is the caste name), Vallathol Narayana Menon (Vallathol, is the family name or tharavad name, Narayana(n) is the given name and Menon is the caste name), Olappamanna Subramanian Nambudiri, Erambala Krishnan Nayanar, etc. Sometimes the caste name/title was omitted, e.g., Kannoth Karunakaran (where the caste name Marar has been omitted). In the case of women the caste name/title was, traditionally, usually different, for example "Amma" was used for "Nair", "Andarjjanam" was used for "Nampoothiri", "Varyasyar" for "Varyar", "Nangyar" for "Nambiar" "Kunjamma" for "Valiathan/Unnithan/Kartha" etc. (see the Singh/Kaur convention in Punjab), e.g., Nalappat Balamani Amma whose brother was Nalappat Narayana Menon and Savithri Andarjjanam (A renowned author). Quite often the family name will have more than one part to it, e.g., Elankulam Manakkal Sankaran Namboodiripad, Madathil Thekkepaattu Vasudevan Nair, etc. The family name is usually initialled, the given name is sometimes initialled (never when there is no caste name following) and the caste name (if present) is never initialled. This is completely arbitrary. So we have as common forms Vallathol Narayana Menon, C. Achutha Menon, E K Nayanar and P. Bhaskaran (here Bhaskaran is the given name; the caste name, Nair in this case, has been omitted). In the Nair caste, using the maternal family name at the beginning is also common. e.g. Maythil Radhakrishnan, who is better known by his family name Maythil.
Family name followed by Father's given name followed by Given name. This is common among the rest of the population. For example, most traditional Christian names followed this pattern. Usually the Family name and Father name were initialled. In case of (Hindu) women "Amma" was frequently used (as in the previous case). Examples include K M Mani, K G George, V S Achuthanandan, K R Gowri Amma. Many Palakkad Iyers (Kerala Iyers) use an adaptation of this convention by replacing the Family Name with the name of the "gramam" (village). Example: Tirunellai Narayanaiyer Seshan (T N Seshan), where Tirunellai would be the village name, Narayanaiyer is the Father's given name and Seshan is the given name; or Guruvayoor Shankaranarayanan Lalitha abbreviated as G. S. Lalitha.
Given Name followed by Title. This is common particularly among Syrian Christians in the old central Travancore area, where the king (Maharaja) or the local ruler (Raja or Thampuran) used to assign some titles to select families. Examples include Varghese Vaidyan (Vaidyan), Fr. Geevarghese Panicker (Panicker), Jeffin Muthalaly (Muthalaly), Avira Tharakan (Tharakan), Varkey Vallikappen (Vallikappen) etc.
Given Name followed by Father's name as surname and the Initial taken from Mother's name
This is a common trend nowadays where both the mother's and father's names are found with the given Name. For example, L. Athira Krishna. Here the Mother's name 'Leela' finds mention in the initial and father's name 'Krishna' is taken as surname.
Much of these traditional naming patterns have now disappeared. The family names are usually not included nowadays (this can probably be attributed to the decline of the joint families or tharavads). The most common patterns nowadays is to have given names, followed by the father's given name (patronymic, e.g. Vishnu Narayanan or Anil Varghese) or caste name (e.g. Anup Nair). It is also not uncommon for the village of origin to be use in lieu of the family name, especially in South Kerala, e.g. Kavalam Narayana Panicker, where Kavalam is a village in Alapuzha district.
Many Christian names, such as Varghese (Ghevarghese), are of Aramaic/Syrian origin.
Maharashtra[edit]
Family names in Maharashtra are most commonly derived from patronyms. However, town of origin and caste is also sometimes the source of family names.
In Maharashtra the most common format for names is: given name, father's name, last name. For example, for cricketer Sunil Manohar Gavaskar, "Sunil" is his given name, "Manohar" is his father's given name, and "Gavaskar" is his family name. The custom is similar among East Slavic people, many of whom also take a patronymic as their middle name.
In the past, baby boys were commonly named after one of the grandfathers. Also, while addressing using first names, it is a common practice to use suffixes to show respect, for example, Vasant may be called Vasantdada and Vilas may be called Vilasrao. Most common suffixes are Rao, Pant, Bhau, Dada, and Nana, some of which originate from those used as respected titles or as names of family-relations (older brother, maternal-grandfather, paternal-grandfather etc.).
Common Marathi family names include Rane, Kulkarni, Soman, Joshi, Deshpande, Deshmukh, Desai, Gaekwad, Nalawade, Pawar, Kale, Wankhade, Chaudhary, Kolte, Kadam, Jadhav, Shinde, Ingle, Patil, Chavan, Undare. The family name Bhat is used for a Maharashtrian Brahmin; an extra t is added for the Gujaratis.
Marathi surnames are the most varied in India and indicate either a title, job, or the place a person hails from. A number of Marathi family names end in kar or e. For example: Kelkar, Gavaskar, Tendulkar, Mangeshkar, Savarkar, Mainkar, Madgulkar, Mayekar, Agarkar, Pendharkar, Bidkar, Acharekar, Shekatkar, Khanvilkar, Kamerkar, Navalkar, Naralkar, Joglekar, Juhekar, Deuskar, Manglokar, Chindarkar, Nagpurkar, Sarvankar, Mankar, Matondkar, Shegaonkar, Maindalkar, Medhekar, Sukenkar and Mondkar Mhaiskar. Surnames ending with e are like Bhosale, Gokhale, Kale, Bhave, Thakre, Mohite, Deshpande, Kakde, Kamate, Gore, Rahane, Rande,Rawale, Navle, Undare.
The family name may indicate the village where the family came from. For example, the family name Chindarkar may mean that the family came from the town of Chindar. Other common names are Bhosle, Rao, Gaekwad, Mohite, Desai, Salvi, Joshi, Naik, Deodhar, and many many more. The surname Pradhan indicates a leader while Karnik indicates a person whose ancestors came from Karnataka (shortened to Karnik).
Marathi last names and origins are extremely well documented, possibly going back for thousands of years. See the main article Maratha clan system.
Odisha (Orissa)[edit]
Many Oriya family names come from jobs in the caste system:
Some Brahmin family names are: Rath, Acharya, Panda, Kar, Singh, Sabat, Pati, Patro, Mishra, Misra, Gahana, Mund, Padhy, Padhi, Mohapatra, Das, Dash-Sharma, Dash, Dwibedi, Trivedi, Purohit, Sarangi, Nanda, Ratha, Panda, Pattjoshi (Kalahandi), Negi (Kalahandi), Joshi (Kalahandi), Khamari (Kalahandi), Majhi (Kalahandi) Babu (Sambalpur, Kalahandi and Balangir), Praharaj (Kalahandi) Satyapathy, Behera (descendents from Sambalpur and Kalahandi), Panigrahi, Tripathy, Muni, Upadhya, Dwivedi, Chaturvedi, Hota and Mavinkurve
Some Kshatriya family names are: Biswal, Dhal, Baral, Nayak, Gadanayak, Indrasingh, Khuntia, Swain, Pal (Paul), Bishoyi, Dalai, Patro, Patra, Balabantray, Baliar Singh, Jena, Badajena, Mishra, Samal, Baral, Nanda, Acharya, Rout, Mahatab, Routaray, Paikaray, Singhdeo, BhanjDeo, Kanungo, Sundaray, Deo, Dhir, Mohanty, Sahu, Maharathi, Singh, Sinha, Pradhan, Samantaray, Samanta, Dalabehera, Parida, Palei, Khandayatray, Bakshi-ray, Ray, Chhotray, Dalasinghray, Srichandan, Srichandanray, Champatiray, Choudhary, Behura, Beura, Muduli, Mohapatra, Mahapatra. Bhanayats and Khandayats were the caste of warriors who protected Orissa over thousands of years.
Some Vaishya family names are : Sahu/Sahoo, Agarwal, Subudhi, Nayak, Patro/ Patra, Gupta, Maheshwari.
Some Kayastha family names are: Mohanty, Pattanaik, Kar and Das.
Some Shivaism family names are Raulo (Rawlo), Mali
Some Scheduled caste family surnames include Naik, Behera, Das, Majhi, Babu, and Malika
Some Artist caste family surnames include Maharana, Achari, Ojha, Sial
Punjab[edit]
Punjabi names often have the following format: given name, middle name (optional), family name. (For example: Harmanpreet Singh Mattu)
Common Punjabi surnames include: Bahl, Sodhi, Sidana, Sadana, Sardana, Chhabra, Ichpujani, Saluja, Khanna, Mattu, Waraich, Virk, Bedi, Bhatia, Chambal, Cheema, Chauhan, Kaleka, Arora, Sumag*(Smagh) Batra, Barsar, Luthra, Agnihotri, Sood, Bhola, Jindal, Kapoor, Sachdeva, Grover, Chadha, Chopra, Chaudhary, Johar, Khanna, Khurmi, Malhotra, Mehta, Grewal, Khangura, Garewal, Dhillon, Ahluwalia, Randhawa, Gill, Sekhon, Brar, Dhawan, Soni, Sahota, Dhaliwal, Chahal, Bawa, Shoker, Dhariwal, Deol, Duggal, Nanda, Rattu, Singla, Seth, Garg, Ghuman, Bansal, Saini, Sharma, Toor, Sidhu, Wahi, Singh, Sobti, Sinha, Sahgal (also spelt Sehgal or Saigal), Kaur, Salh, Sandhu, Hothi, Mehroul, Sethi, Shergill, Vansil, Chowlia, Chawla, Suri, Matharoo(Matharu), Atwal and many more.
People belonging to the Sikh religion have the last name "Singh" (meaning "Lion") for males, and "Kaur" (meaning "Princess") for females. This was enacted by the tenth Guru in order to eradicate the categorizing of people to their caste and/or occupation by their last names. It also emphasized equality among the Sikhs and gave them an identity that would be recognizable. However, Singh is a common surname in India and is not exclusive to the Sikh community. Jats prefer and use their Gotra like Maan, Ghuman, Gill, Sandhu etc.
Tamil Nadu[edit]
The Tamil Nadu government had been taken many efforts to wipe out the caste system in the past. Social reformer E.V.R. Periyar had launched Suya Mariyathai Iyakkam for the task. He called for not using caste names as surnames during his birth centenary celebration in 1979-80. Since then, most of the Tamil people stopped using their caste name[citation needed]. Moreover, CM M.G. Ramachandran had also ordered removal of caste names tagged to street names. There has been no use of surnames with 'casteist' connotations for almost 50–60 years.
Usually, Tamil Names follow this pattern: Initial (Village name), Initial (Father's name), Given Name, Caste name (Example: E.V. Ramasamy Naicker, where E stands for Erode, and V stands for the father's name).There is a widespread usage of a patronym (use of the father's given name as the second name). This means that the given name of one generation becomes the second name of the next. In many cases, the father's name appear as an initial and thus the given name may be presented as a second name. When written in full (for example, on a passport[8]), the initial is expanded as last name. For example, a name like "R. Ramesh" or "Ramesh R.", will be written in full as "Ramesh Ramaiah", and refers to "Ramesh son of Ramaiah". If Ramesh then has a son named Ashvin, then his name would be "R. Ashwin" or "Ashwin Ramesh". There is also a general custom for Tamil women to adopt their husband's given name as their second name. Sunitha Saravanan (Sunitha daughter of Saravanan) might change her name to Sunitha Ram Kumar (Sunitha wife of Ram Kumar) after marriage. However, these customs vary from family to family and are normally never carried on over successive generations.
Some Tamils also use an inverted patronym. For example, Swati Krishna might write her name as Krishna Swati, making her patronym the first name and given name the last name. More common among women, the inverted patronym is also adopted by people migrating to the West who want to be called by their given names without having to explain Indian naming conventions. In earlier times a caste name or village name was used by the Tamils as their surname, but the present day generation is wary to do so. However, people influenced by northern India or western civilization frequently adopt their father's or husband's name and take it for successive generations. The various Tamil caste names include Paraiyar, Vishwakarma, Aachari, Konar, Idaiyar, Yadhavar, Iyer, Pillai, Mudaliar, Thevar, Nadar, Chettiar, Gounder. The naming is therefore done in the fashion: Sunitha Ram Kumar Iyer. Hindus in Tamil Nadu view the practice of adding the full family name to an individuals name to be a heretic practice, as according to their beliefs, the individuals heritage does not trump his or her own identity. And hence they are known to only use initials besides their name except for when caste names are given more preference by certain families rather than the family name itself.[9][10]
Tamil Family names which included place, fathers initials and caste identity had disappeared under political pressure to avoid persecution.
The naming convention among some Tamil communities (especially the Palghat Iyer community) is one where the first-born male child takes the name of the paternal grandfather; the second male child, the maternal grandfather; the first female child takes the name of the paternal grandmother and the second female child, the maternal grandmother. Naming of subsequently born children do not follow any particular convention and are named after family deities and the like. For example, the first-born child to Kavassery Venkatraman Krishnan and Guruvayoor Shankaranarayan Lalitha (where Venkatraman is the child's paternal grandfather) would be named Venkatraman, and the second born male child would be named Shankaranarayanan. If the grandparents are alive when the grandchild is born, then the child is addressed by a given name or "pet name", so that the parents of the child can avoid the irreverence of uttering their parent's name while addressing their children.
Tamil names[edit]
Originally people from the southern state of Tamil Nadu did not use any formal surnames, like how caste titles are used as surnames in northern India. By definition, surnames are carried over generations. However, this is not the case with Tamil names. In practice, people use either the father's name or initial as a substitute for the surname. Initials, when used, can be placed either before or after their given name. For example; G. Venktaesan, Venkatesan G, or Venkatesan Govindarajan, are different ways in which a person with a given name Venkatesan, whose father's given name is Govindarajan can refer to himself. And when Venktesan has a child, say the child has a name Murugan, it will become V. Murugan. Hence, the concept of surnames does not exist in Tamil Nadu.
Initials[edit]
In Western, English-speaking societies, when there are two people with the same name, for example, Robert Jones and Frederick Jones, in an elementary school class, they may be referred to as R. Jones and F. Jones respectively to avoid confusion. But two Ramans in Tamil Nadu have just the one name each. So the names of their fathers are used as initials instead of a surname. Raman, son of Gopal, would be G. Raman, and Raman, son of Dinesh, D. Raman. This led to the initial system, mostly followed in Tamil Nadu. Most schools automatically add the initials upon enrollment.
In some parts of Tamil Nadu, traditional family names have recently been abandoned in favour of a father's/husband's given name as a family name. The use of a father's/husband's given name as a family name is in vogue. These names are also used as initials. School and college records would have the names with initials as given below.
"S. Janaki": the family name initial and then the given name.
"S. Janaki" might also be written as "Janaki Sridar" in legal documents.
Legal documents such as passports will have the last name fully expanded, instead of initials. Other legal documents such as property deeds will have any of these name formats with the mention of father's /grandfather's/husband's given name and/or village/town/city name. Mandating expansion of initials in passport and multinational companies that are influenced by western standards is a big source of confusion in South India. For example, a letter for Raja Gopala Varma, son of Krishna Kumar, who is usually referred as "K. Raja Gopala Varma", might be addressed incorrectly to "Krishna Kumar Raja Gopala Varma".
Men's names are usually prefixed with initials as mentioned before. Some men used to omit the initial, adding the father's given name in the end. However, this isn't a legal name and won't change their name in official records. For example, both P. Chidambaram and Chidambaram Palaniyappan are valid; however the latter form is not legally used. Generally, the initials are omitted, and father's name is suffixed to shorten a name, for example, G. Raja Ravi Varma, son of M. Gopal Krishnan, becomes Raja Gopal.
For women, the system of initials is slightly different. Before marriage, a girl uses her father's initial, but after marriage, she may choose to use her husband's initial. Of late the trend has changed and many women, especially those employed, do not change the initials, but continue with their father's initials. This is mainly for convenience, since school degree and career papers have the woman's father's initials on them. Changing a name legally is a cumbersome procedure, including announcing the proposed change in a newspaper and getting it published in an official gazette. So the modern trend is to add the husband's name at the end, like some Western women who add their husband's name with a hyphen.
People who do not understand the South Indian naming protocol sometimes expand the initials in an incorrect manner. For example, the name P. Chidambaram, tends to be expanded to Palaniyappan Chidambaram, which is incorrect in the sense that it implies that the person's given name is "Palaniyappan", and the family name is "Chidambaram". In fact, the person's only name is "Chidambaram", with an initial of "P". Other such famous misrepresentations include the chess grandmaster, V. Anand (wrongly expanded as Vishwanathan Anand);[11] cricketer, L. Sivaramakrishnan (Laxman is his father's name); and the freedom fighter and statesman, C. Rajagopalachari (often cited as Chakravarty Rajagopalachari). On the other hand, north India media refers to Dr. Anbumani Ramadoss (son of Dr. Ramadoss) often simply as Dr Ramadoss, which again is incorrect as Ramadoss is his father's name and not his name.
The involvement of Justice Party (1926 onwards) and the other Dravidian parties in the start of Independent India had contributed to change in naming conventions. For instance, a person by name Rajaram Iyer used to get advantage in schools, colleges, jobs etc. for being a member of the privileged priestly class Iyer caste. Alternatively, a person may not like to declare his/her caste name to avoid being identified. "Why should a person get advantage or disadvantage just by declaring his/her caste?". This was the primary question raised by the Dravidian ideology. For instance, a Rajaram Mudaliar may not get the same treatment as a Rajaram Nadar in a public office. Moreover, a Rajaram without any surname/castename will be put in confusion. This led to the inclusion of Father's name as initial. In certain vulgar terms, in some parts of Tamil Nadu it used to be referred like this. "We are born to Fathers, and not to Castes".
Some use initials as a form of pride and an option to recognize/credit their father. Some rare people use mother name's initial, when their father is cruel or deserted—just to credit their mother's role in bringing them up. In some parts of Tamil Nadu, the term "person without initial" is often used as an euphemism for bastard.
Surnames or family names[edit]
Family names are not common in Tamil Nadu. Surnames or family names include: Gounder, Paraiyar, Iyer, Chettiar, Chetty, Achari, Mudaliar, Subrahmyan, Pillai, Nayar, Sooriyaprakash, Devan, Ilaiya, Rajan, Veluram, Peera, ending in 'swamy/swami', ending in 'rajan', ending in 'pillai', ending in 'nathan', Senthil, Murugan, Vijay, Sondharam, Sudhakar, Muthayan, Chandran, Jaison, starting with 'Jaya/Jeya', Jeyaramachandharan, Peeramaswamyan, Ranganatham, Kumar, Kular, Ikkuzhan, Adath, Murthiyrakkaventharan, Meena, ending with 'enthen/eenthen', ending with 'poosam/poosan'...
Tamil Indian Singaporeans[edit]
In the British colonial days, male Indian (mostly Tamils) names would employ the connective term S/O (son of) and female Indian names D/O (daughter of) respectively, and these terms are still in common use in Singapore.
Uttar Pradesh[edit]
Uttar Pradesh is a big state and most populous last names are Singh, Yadav, Sharma, Pandit, Khan, Gupta, Choudhary, Jatav, Geelal, Prasad, Shukla, Dubey, Pandey, Upadhyay.
Indexing[edit]
According to the Chicago Manual of Style, Indian names are usually indexed by the family name, with the family name separated from the other names by a comma, but indexing may differ according to the local usage and the preferences of the individual.[12]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ S. K. Sharma, U. Sharma, ed. (2005). Discovery of North-East India: Geography, History, Culture, Religion, Politics, Sociology, Science, Education and Economy. North-East India. Volume 1. Mittal Publications. p. 182. ISBN 978-81-83-24035-2.
Jump up ^ ' Toward Freedom: An Autobiography of JawaharLal Nehru', the first prime minister of India. Chapter III - Descent from Kashmir, Page 16. Readily available online at https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=74007923. ISBN 978-1-299-41105-0
Nehru Says:
We were Kashmiris. Over two hundred years ago, early in the eighteenth century, our ancestor came down from that mountain valley to seek fame and fortune in the rich plains below. Those were the days of the decline of the Moghal Empire.
Raj Kaul was the name of that ancestor of ours, and he had gained eminence as a Sanskrit and Persian scholar. He attracted the notice of the Emperor and, probably at his instance, the family migrated to Delhi, the imperial capital, about the year 1716. A jagir with a house situated on the banks of a canal had been granted to Raj Kaul, and, from the fact of this residence, "Nehru" (from nahar, a canal) came to be attached to his name. Kaul had been the family name; in later years, this dropped out and we became simply Nehrus.
Jump up ^ da Silva Gracias, Fátima (1996). Kaleidoscope of women in Goa, 1510–1961. Concept Publishing Company. pp. 166 pages (see page:148). ISBN 9788170225911.
Jump up ^ Nāyaka, Puṇḍalīka Nārāyaṇa; Vidya Pai (2002), Upheaval (in English and Konkani), p. 144
Jump up ^ Kurzon, Dennis (2004). Where East looks West: success in English in Goa and on the Konkan Coas. Multilingual Matters. pp. 158 pages9see page:27). ISBN 9781853596735.
Jump up ^ Pinto 1999, p. 168
Jump up ^ Maffei 1882, p. 217
Jump up ^ "First name, middle name, surname... real name?". The Hindu.
Jump up ^ Sakkottai Krishnaswami Aiyangar (1923). Some Contributions of South India to Indian Culture. ISBN 8120609999. ISBN 9788120609990.
Jump up ^ P.S. Sundaram (1987). The Kural.
Jump up ^ I’m Anand. My father is Vishwanathan. At some point people assumed that this must be my first name and Anand must be my last name. It’s common in the West. Vishwanathan was unpronounceable for them. Became Vishy. But my father is Vishwanathan Krishnamurthy. I am Anand Vishwanathan. Of course, my wife is Aruna Anand. So among the mysteries we have to explain to many people is, though we are married, why we don’t share the same family name.[1]
Jump up ^ "Indexes: A Chapter from The Chicago Manual of Style" (Archived 2015-02-18 at WebCite). Chicago Manual of Style. Retrieved on December 23, 2014. p. 26 (PDF document p. 28/56).
References[edit]
Thurston, Edgar (1906). Ethnographic notes in Southern India. Government Press, Madras. pp. 532–546.
Kaushik, Devendra Kumar (2000) Cataloguing of Indic Names in AACR-2. Delhi: Originals. ISBN 81-7536-187-5.
External links[edit]
Indian baby names at DMOZ
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Agriculture in Kentucky
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Kentucky is an agricultural producer in the United States. Value of agricultural products was $5 billion in 2012, of which slightly less than half was crops.[1] Crops grown in the state include corn, soybeans, hay, wheat and tobacco.[2] Historically, hemp has been a cash crop in the state (see hemp in Kentucky). Finished agricultural products produced in the state include Kentucky bourbon and Kentucky wine.
Contents
[hide]
1 Agricultural regions
2 Agriculture in Kentucky's economy
3 Agricultural products
4 Department of Agriculture
5 References
6 Works cited
7 External links
Agricultural regions[edit]
Kentucky's bluegrass region contains the state's best farmland.[3][4] By contrast, the agricultural potential of the Knobs region (which borders the Bluegrass region) is limited because of its inferior soil and steep topography.[5]
The Pennyroyal is also a productive agricultural region.[6]
Agriculture in Kentucky's economy[edit]
In Kentucky, farm employment makes up an estimated 0.7% of total employment, and the agricultural sector accounts for about 2% of Kentucky's GDP.[7] Agriculture as a percentage of the state's GDP has declined over time; in 1963 agriculture accounted for an estimated 5% of the state's GDP.[7] In 2007, the state had 85,260 farms; by 2012, this number had declined to 77,064.[7] In 2013, the average market value of agricultural products per farm in Kentucky was $65,755.[8]
Agricultural products[edit]
Kentucky's most important agricultural products in terms of cash receipts were poultry (22% of projected 2015 sales), equine (16%), cattle (16%), soybeans (13%) and corn (13%).[9] Other products, including hogs, dairy, tobacco, goats, and horticulture, play smaller roles.[9]
Tobacco was the state's leading cash crop by the middle of the 19th century, producing over 53 million pounds in 1840 and over 108 million pounds in 1860, and continuing to increase until its peak in 1982 at 589 million pounds.[10] Tobacco cultivation and production steadily declined in importance in the state, however, due to the New Deal's limitation of acreage, increased competition from other tobacco-producing states, and the increasing awareness of the negative health effects of tobacco from the 1970s onward.[10] Supplanting tobacco as the state's most important agriculture product was poultry, which has dramatically increased in importance to the state's agricultural sector. Collectively, farm chickens, broiler chickens, and chicken eggs rose from 1% of the state's total farm receipts in 1990 to 18.6% in 2012.[9] Over the same time period, tobacco went from 23.8% of the state's total farm receipts in 1990 to 18.6% in 2000 to 7.3% in 2012.[9] Nevertheless, Kentucky remains the United States' second-largest producer of tobacco.[2]
Kentucky is the United States' #1 producer of horses.[2] The equine industry contributed $3 billion to the state economy in 2012 and generated 40,665 jobs.[11] Cattle are a billion-dollar-a-year industry.[1]
Department of Agriculture[edit]
The Kentucky Department of Agriculture is responsible for regulating and promoting Kentucky agriculture.[12]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Dave Knopf (April 30, 2014), "Kentucky Agriculture – Snapshot of Bluegrass State Farming", USDA Blog, United States Department of Agriculture
^ Jump up to: a b c "2015 State Agriculture Overview". National Agricultural Statistics Service, United States Department of Agriculture. 2015.
Jump up ^ "Bluegrass region", Encyclopædia Britannica, October 20, 2011
Jump up ^ Spetz (1992), p. 368: "The central subregion of the Bluegrass is the Inner Bluegrass. .... Acre for acre, it is the state's richest agricultural area, as evidenced by the high cost of land."
Jump up ^ Geology of Kentucky: Knobs Region, Kentucky Paleontological Society, University of Kentucky (accessed November 27, 2016).
Jump up ^ Spetz (1992), p. 368.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kentucky Annual Economic Report, Center for Business and Economic Research, University of Kentucky Gatton College of Business and Economics (2015).
Jump up ^ New study offers snapshot of agriculture's total impact on Kentucky's economy, Northern Kentucky Tribune (February 25, 2015).
^ Jump up to: a b c d Kenny Burdine et al., 2015–2016 Kentucky Agricultural Economic Situation and Outlook, University of Kentucky College of Agriculture, Food and Environment.
^ Jump up to: a b Clark (1992), p. 7.
Jump up ^ Holly Wiemers (September 6, 2013), "Study shows state's equine industry has $3 billion economic impact", UK AgNews, University of Kentucky College of Agriculture, Food and Environment
Jump up ^ The Kentucky Executive Budget. Kentucky. Dept. of Finance. Division of the Budget. 1954. p. 102. Retrieved 2017-08-27.
Works cited[edit]
Thomas D. Clark, "Agriculture" in The Kentucky Encyclopedia (ed. John E. Kleber: University Press of Kentucky, 1992).
Dennis L. Spetz, "Geography" in The Kentucky Encyclopedia (ed. John E. Kleber: University Press of Kentucky, 1992).
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Agriculture in Kentucky.
Kentucky Department of Agriculture official website
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Kentucky&oldid=797565928"
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