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Leaning Tower of Pisa
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Leaning Tower of Pisa
Torre pendente di Pisa
Leaning Tower of Pisa
Basic information
Location
Pisa, Italy
Geographic coordinates
43°43′23″N 10°23′47″E / 43.72306°N 10.39639°E / 43.72306; 10.39639Coordinates: 43°43′23″N 10°23′47″E / 43.72306°N 10.39639°E / 43.72306; 10.39639
Affiliation
Roman Catholic
Country
Italy
Website
www.opapisa.it
Architectural description
Architect(s)
Bonanno Pisano
Architectural style
Romanesque
Groundbreaking
1173
Completed
1372
Specifications
Height (max)
55.86 metres (183.3 ft)
Materials
marble
stone
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Part of
Piazza del Duomo, Pisa
Criteria
Cultural: i, ii, iv, vi
Reference
395
Inscription
1987 (11th Session)
The Leaning Tower of Pisa (Italian: Torre pendente di Pisa) or simply the Tower of Pisa (Torre di Pisa [ˈtorre di ˈpiːza]) is the campanile, or freestanding bell tower, of the cathedral of the Italian city of Pisa, known worldwide for its unintended tilt. The tower is situated behind the Pisa Cathedral and is the third oldest structure in the city's Cathedral Square (Piazza del Duomo), after the cathedral and the Pisa Baptistry.
The tower's tilt began during construction in the 12th century, caused by an inadequate foundation on ground too soft on one side to properly support the structure's weight. The tilt increased in the decades before the structure was completed in the 14th century. It gradually increased until the structure was stabilized (and the tilt partially corrected) by efforts in the late 20th and early 21st centuries.
The height of the tower is 55.86 metres (183.27 feet) from the ground on the low side and 56.67 metres (185.93 feet) on the high side. The width of the walls at the base is 2.44 m (8 ft 0.06 in). Its weight is estimated at 14,500 metric tons (16,000 short tons).[1] The tower has 296 or 294 steps; the seventh floor has two fewer steps on the north-facing staircase. Prior to restoration work performed between 1990 and 2001, the tower leaned at an angle of 5.5 degrees,[2][3][4] but the tower now leans at about 3.99 degrees.[5] This means the top of the tower is displaced horizontally 3.9 metres (12 ft 10 in) from the centre.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Architect
2 Construction
2.1 Timeline
2.2 Builders
3 History following construction
4 Alternative candidates
5 Technical information
6 Gallery
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Architect
There has been controversy about the real identity of the architect of the Leaning Tower of Pisa. For many years, the design was attributed to Guglielmo and Bonanno Pisano,[7] a well-known 12th-century resident artist of Pisa, famous for his bronze casting, particularly in the Pisa Duomo. Pisano left Pisa in 1185 for Monreale, Sicily, only to come back and die in his home town. A piece of cast bearing his name was discovered at the foot of the tower in 1820, but this may be related to the bronze door in the façade of the cathedral that was destroyed in 1595. A 2001 study[8] seems to indicate Diotisalvi was the original architect, due to the time of construction and affinity with other Diotisalvi works, notably the bell tower of San Nicola and the Baptistery, both in Pisa.
Construction
The Pisa Baptistery (in the foreground), the Pisa Cathedral (in the middleground), and the Leaning Tower of Pisa (in the background)
Leaning Tower of Pisa in 2004
Leaning Tower of Pisa
Construction of the tower occurred in three stages over 199 years. Work on the ground floor of the white marble campanile began on August 14, 1173 during a period of military success and prosperity. This ground floor is a blind arcade articulated by engaged columns with classical Corinthian capitals.[citation needed]
The tower began to sink after construction had progressed to the second floor in 1178. This was due to a mere three-metre foundation, set in weak, unstable subsoil, a design that was flawed from the beginning. Construction was subsequently halted for almost a century, because the Republic of Pisa was almost continually engaged in battles with Genoa, Lucca, and Florence. This allowed time for the underlying soil to settle. Otherwise, the tower would almost certainly have toppled.[citation needed] In 1198, clocks were temporarily installed on the third floor of the unfinished construction.[citation needed]
In 1272, construction resumed under Giovanni di Simone, architect of the Camposanto. In an effort to compensate for the tilt, the engineers built upper floors with one side taller than the other. Because of this, the tower is curved.[9] Construction was halted again in 1284 when the Pisans were defeated by the Genoans in the Battle of Meloria.[citation needed]
The seventh floor was completed in 1319. The bell-chamber was finally added in 1372. It was built by Tommaso di Andrea Pisano, who succeeded in harmonizing the Gothic elements of the bell-chamber with the Romanesque style of the tower.[10] There are seven bells, one for each note of the musical major scale. The largest one was installed in 1655.[citation needed]
After a phase (1990–2001) of structural strengthening,[11] the tower is currently undergoing gradual surface restoration, in order to repair visible damage, mostly corrosion and blackening. These are particularly pronounced due to the tower's age and its exposure to wind and rain.[12]
Timeline
On January 5, 1172, Donna Berta di Bernardo, a widow and resident of the house of dell'Opera di Santa Maria, bequeathed sixty soldi to the Opera Campanilis petrarum Sancte Marie. The sum was then used toward the purchase of a few stones which still form the base of the bell tower.[13]
On August 9, 1173, the foundations of the tower were laid.
Nearly four centuries later Giorgio Vasari wrote: "Guglielmo, according to what is being said, in [this] year 1174 with Bonanno as sculptor, laid the foundations of the bell tower of the cathedral in Pisa."
On December 27, 1233, the worker Benenato, son of Gerardo Bottici, oversaw the continuation of the construction of the bell tower.[14]
On February 23, 1260, Guido Speziale, son of Giovanni, a worker on the cathedral Santa Maria Maggiore, was elected to oversee the building of the tower.[15]
On April 12, 1264, the master builder Giovanni di Simone and 23 workers went to the mountains close to Pisa to cut marble. The cut stones were given to Rainaldo Speziale, worker of St. Francesco.[16]
Giorgio Vasari indicated that Tommaso di Andrea Pisano was the designer of the belfry[17] between 1360 and 1370.
Builders
One possible known builder of Pisa Tower was Gerardo di Gerardo. His name appears as a witness to the above legacy of Berta di Bernardo as "Master Gerardo", and as a worker whose name was Gerardo.[citation needed]
A more probable builder was Diotisalvi, because of the construction period and the structure's affinities with other buildings in Pisa, but he usually signed his works, and there is no signature by him in the bell tower.[citation needed]
Giovanni di Simone was known to be heavily involved in the completion of the tower, under the direction of Giovanni Pisano, who at the time was master builder of the Opera di Santa Maria Maggiore. Di Simone could be the same Giovanni Pisano who completed the belfry tower.[citation needed]
History following construction
Plaque in memory of Galileo Galilei's experiments
Galileo Galilei is said to have dropped two cannonballs of different masses from the tower to demonstrate that their speed of descent was independent of their mass. However, the only primary source for this is the biography Racconto istorico della vita di Galileo Galilei (Historical Account of the Life of Galileo Galilei), written by Galileo's secretary Vincenzo Viviani and published in 1717, long after Viviani's death.[18][19]
During World War II, the Allies suspected that the Germans were using the tower as an observation post. A U.S. Army sergeant sent to confirm the presence of German troops in the tower was impressed by the beauty of the cathedral and its campanile, and thus refrained from ordering an artillery strike, sparing it from destruction.[20][21]
Lead counterweights, 1998
Numerous efforts have been made to restore the tower to a vertical orientation or at least keep it from falling over. Most of these efforts failed; some worsened the tilt. On February 27, 1964, the government of Italy requested aid in preventing the tower from toppling. It was, however, considered important to retain the current tilt, due to the role that this element played in promoting the tourism industry of Pisa.[22]
A multinational task force of engineers, mathematicians, and historians gathered on the Azores islands to discuss stabilisation methods. It was found that the tilt was increasing in combination with the softer foundations on the lower side. Many methods were proposed to stabilise the tower, including the addition of 800 tonnes of lead counterweights to the raised end of the base.[23]
The tower and the neighbouring cathedral, baptistery, and cemetery are included in the Piazza del Duomo UNESCO World Heritage Site, which was declared in 1987.[24]
The tower was closed to the public on January 7, 1990, after more than two decades of stabilisation studies and spurred by the abrupt collapse of the Civic Tower of Pavia in 1989. The bells were removed to relieve some weight, and cables were cinched around the third level and anchored several hundred meters away. Apartments and houses in the path of the tower were vacated for safety. The solution chosen to prevent the collapse of the tower was to slightly straighten it to a safer angle by removing 38 cubic metres (1,342 cubic feet) of soil from underneath the raised end. The tower was straightened by 45 centimetres (17.7 inches), returning to its 1838 position. After a decade of corrective reconstruction and stabilization efforts, the tower was reopened to the public on December 15, 2001 and was declared stable for at least another 300 years.[23] In total, 70 metric tons (77 short tons) of earth were removed.[25]
In May 2008, engineers announced that the tower had been stabilized such that it had stopped moving for the first time in its history. They stated that it would be stable for at least 200 years.[25]
Alternative candidates
Two German churches have challenged the tower's status as the world's most lop-sided building: the 15th-century square Leaning Tower of Suurhusen and the 14th-century bell tower in the town of Bad Frankenhausen.[26] Guinness World Records measured the Pisa and Suurhusen towers, finding the former's tilt to be 3.97 degrees.[27] In June 2010, Guinness World Records certified the Capital Gate building in Abu Dhabi, UAE as the "World's Furthest Leaning Man-made Tower".[28] The Capital Gate tower has an 18-degree slope, almost five times more than the Pisa Tower; however the Capital Gate tower has been deliberately engineered to slant. The Leaning Tower of Wanaka in New Zealand, also deliberately built, leans at 53 degrees to the ground.[29]
Technical information
An elevation image of the Leaning Tower of Pisa cut with laser scan data from a University of Ferrara/CyArk research partnership, with source image accurate down to 5 mm (0.2 in). This elevation shows the interesting quandary facing the campanile. The circular shape and great height (currently 55.86 m (183 ft 3.21 in) on the lowest side and 56.67 m (185 ft 11.10 in) m on the highest) of the campanile were unusual for their time, and the crowning belfry is stylistically distinct from the rest of the construction. This belfry incorporates a 14 cm (5.5 in) correction for the inclined axis below. The siting of the campanile within the Piazza del Duomo diverges from the axial alignment of the cathedral and baptistery of the Piazza del Duomo
Elevation of Piazza del Duomo: about 2 metres (6 feet, DMS)
Height from the ground floor: 55.863 metres (183 ft 3 in), 8 stories
Height from the foundation floor: 58.36 m (191 ft 5.64 in)
Outer diameter of base: 15.484 metres (50 ft 9.6 in)
Inner diameter of base: 7.368 metres (24 ft 2.1 in)
Angle of slant: 3.97 degrees[27] or 3.9 metres (12 ft 10 in) from the vertical[30]
Weight: 14,700 metric tons (16,200 short tons)
Thickness of walls at the base: 2.44 metres (8 ft 0 in)
Total number of bells: 7, tuned to musical scale, clockwise
1st bell: L'Assunta, cast in 1654 by Giovanni Pietro Orlandi, weight 3,620 kg (7,981 lb)
2nd bell: Il Crocifisso, cast in 1572 by Vincenzo Possenti, weight 2,462 kg (5,428 lb)
3rd bell: San Ranieri, cast in 1719–1721 by Giovanni Andrea Moreni, weight 1,448 kg (3,192 lb)
4th bell: La Terza (1st small one), cast in 1473, weight 300 kg (661 lb)
5th bell: La Pasquereccia or La Giustizia, cast in 1262 by Lotteringo, weight 1,014 kg (2,235 lb)
6th bell: Il Vespruccio (2nd small one), cast in the 14th century and again in 1501 by Nicola di Jacopo, weight 1,000 kg (2,205 lb)
7th bell: Dal Pozzo, cast in 1606 and again in 2004, weight 652 kg (1,437 lb)[31]
Number of steps to the top: 296[32]
About the 5th bell: The name Pasquareccia comes from Easter, because it used to ring on Easter day. However, this bell is older than the bell-chamber itself, and comes from the tower Vergata in Palazzo Pretorio in Pisa, where it was called La Giustizia (The Justice). The bell was tolled to announce executions of criminals and traitors, including Count Ugolino in 1289.[33] A new bell was installed in the bell tower at the end of the 18th century to replace the broken Pasquareccia.
Gallery
View looking up
Entrance door to the bell tower
External loggia
Inner staircase from sixth to seventh floor
Inner staircase from seventh to eighth (the top) floor
View from the top
Assunta bell
Pasquareccia bell
View, looking down from the top
A popular photo opportunity with tourists is to pose as if one was either holding up or pushing over the tower
See also
Leaning Temple of Huma – Only leaning temple in the world
List of leaning towers
Leaning Tower of Niles, a replica of the Tower of Pisa
Leaning Tower of Zaragoza, was a famous European leaning tower
Great Mosque of al-Nuri (Mosul), an ancient leaning tower that stood until 2017
Machang, Kelantan – home to another leaning tower
Round tower (disambiguation), for other types of round towers
The Greyfriars Tower – the remains of a Franciscan monastery in King's Lynn, nicknamed "The Leaning Tower of Lynn"
Torre delle Milizie, a tilting medieval tower in Rome
Tour de Pise, a rock dome in Antarctica, was named after this tower
References
Jump up ^ "Leaning Tower of Pisa Facts". Leaning Tower of Pisa. Retrieved 5 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Europe | Saving the Leaning Tower". BBC News. December 15, 2001. Retrieved May 9, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Tower of Pisa". Archidose.org. June 17, 2001. Archived from the original on June 26, 2009. Retrieved May 9, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Leaning Tower of Pisa (tower, Pisa, Italy) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia". Britannica.com. Retrieved May 9, 2009.
Jump up ^ "E la Torre di Pisa non oscilla più". Scienze.TV. May 28, 2008. Archived from the original on May 24, 2012. Retrieved May 9, 2009.
Jump up ^ tan(3.99 degrees) * (55.86 m + 56.70 m)/2 = 3.9 m
Jump up ^ Controversy about the identity of the architect Archived August 13, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Pierotti, Piero. (2001). Deotisalvi – L'architetto pisano del secolo d'oro. Pisa: Pacini Editore
Jump up ^ McLain, Bill (1999). Do Fish Drink Water?. New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc. pp. 291–292. ISBN 0-688-16512-5.
Jump up ^ G. Barsali (1999), Pisa. History and masterpieces, Bonechi, p. 18, ISBN 8872041880
Jump up ^ A profile of an engineer employed to straighten the tower Ingenia, March 2005
Jump up ^ Restoration work is mentioned at the official website of the square
Jump up ^ Capitular Record Offices of Pisa, parchment n. 248
Jump up ^ Public Record Offices of Pisa, Opera della Primaziale, December 27, 1234
Jump up ^ Public Record Offices of Pisa, Opera della Primaziale, February 23, 1260
Jump up ^ Public Record Offices of Pisa, Roncioni, April 12, 1265.
Jump up ^ Giorgio Vasari, Jean Paul Richter (1855), Lives of the Most Eminent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects, H. G. Bohn, p. 153
Jump up ^ "Sci Tech : Science history: setting the record straight". The Hindu. June 30, 2005. Retrieved May 5, 2009.
Jump up ^ Vincenzo Viviani on museo galileo
Jump up ^ Shrady, Nicholas (2003): Tilt: a skewed history of the Tower of Pisa
Jump up ^ "Why I spared the Leaning Tower of Pisa". The Guardian. January 12, 2000. Retrieved July 19, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Securing the Lean In Tower of Pisa". The New York Times. November 1, 1987.
^ Jump up to: a b "Tipping the Balance". TIME Magazine. June 25, 2001.
Jump up ^ "Piazza del Duomo, Pisa". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved August 8, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Duff, Mark (May 28, 2008). "Europe | Pisa's leaning tower 'stabilised'". BBC News. Retrieved May 5, 2009.
Jump up ^ Sunday Telegraph no 2,406- July 22, 2007
^ Jump up to: a b "German steeple beats Leaning Tower of Pisa into Guinness book". The Raw Story. Archived from the original on May 4, 2009. Retrieved May 9, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Not so fast, Pisa! UAE lays claim to world's furthest leaning tower". CNN news. June 7, 2010. Retrieved June 6, 2010.
Jump up ^ 'Leaning and tumbling towers' on Puzzling World website, viewed 2011-07-30
Jump up ^ tan(3.97 degrees) * (55.86m + 56.70m)/2 = 3.9m
Jump up ^ "Leaning Tower of Pisa: 1920's Photo of Dal Pozzo". www.endex.com. Archived from the original on April 18, 2010. Retrieved August 9, 2010.
Jump up ^ Davies, Andrew (2005). The Children's Visual World Atlas. Sydney, Australia: The Fog Press. ISBN 1-74089-317-4.
Jump up ^ "Torre pendente" (in Italian). Lucca turismo. Retrieved March 19, 2008.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Leaning Tower (Pisa).
Opera della Primaziale Pisana — official site
Piazza dei Miracoli digital media archive (Creative Commons-licensed photos, laser scans, panoramas), data from a University of Ferrara/CyArk research partnership, includes 3D scan data from Leaning Tower.
Leaning Tower of Pisa at Structurae
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text:
Hot Rod Lincoln
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"Hot Rod Lincoln"
Label of the original 1955 single
Single by Charlie Ryan and the Livingston Bros.
B-side
"Hank Williams Goodbye"
Released
1955 (1955)
Format
7-inch 45 rpm single
Label
Souvenir (SOUV-101)
Songwriter(s)
Charlie Ryan
"Hot Rod Lincoln" is a song by American singer-songwriter Charlie Ryan, first released in 1955. It was written as an answer song to Arkie Shibley's 1951 hit "Hot Rod Race" which describes a race in San Pedro, Los Angeles between two hot rod cars, a Ford and a Mercury, which stay neck-and-neck until both are overtaken by "a kid in a hopped-up Model A". "Hot Rod Lincoln" is sung from the perspective of this third driver, whose own hot rod is a Ford Model A body with a Lincoln-Zephyr V12 engine, overdrive, a four-barrel carburetor, 4:11 gear ratio, and safety tubes.
Ryan's original rockabilly version of the song was released in 1955 through Souvenir Records under the artist name Charley Ryan and the Livingston Bros.[1] A second version was released in 1959 through Four Star Records, credited to Charlie Ryan and the Timberline Riders.[2] Ryan based the description of the eponymous car on his own hot rod, built from a 1948 12-cylinder Lincoln chassis shortened two feet, with a 1930 Ford Model A body fitted to it.[citation needed] Ryan raced his hot rod against a Cadillac sedan driven by a friend in Lewiston, Idaho, driving up the Spiral Highway (former U.S. Route 95 in Idaho) to the top of Lewiston Hill; he incorporated elements from this race in his lyrics to "Hot Rod Lincoln", but changed the setting to Grapevine Hill (a long, nearly straight grade up Grapevine Canyon to Tejon Pass, near the town of Gorman, California) to fit it within the narrative of "Hot Rod Race".[citation needed]
A cover version of "Hot Rod Lincoln" was recorded by country musician Johnny Bond and released in 1960 through Republic Records, with Bond's lyrics changing the hot rod's engine from a V12 to a V8.[citation needed] Bond released a sequel in the same year called "X-15", set in 1997, about an air race in an X-15 plane.[3]
Contents
1 Commander Cody cover
2 Other cover versions
3 References
4 External links
Commander Cody cover[edit]
Another cover version, by country rock band Commander Cody and His Lost Planet Airmen on their 1971 album Lost in the Ozone, became the most successful version of "Hot Rod Lincoln," reaching No. 9 on the Billboard Hot 100, No. 28 Adult Contemporary, No. 7 in Canada, and was ranked No. 69 on the U.S. Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1972.[4]
Other cover versions[edit]
In addition to Johnny Bond and Commander Cody and His Lost Planet Airmen, many other artists have recorded cover versions of "Hot Rod Lincoln" in the decades since its original release, including:
Pat Travers, on Pat Travers (1976)[citation needed]
Asleep at the Wheel, on Western Standard Time (1988); this version reached no. 65 on Billboard's Hot Country Songs[5]
All, on Allroy's Revenge (1989)[6]
Jim Varney, on The Beverly Hillbillies soundtrack (1993)[7]
Les Claypool, on Crank It Up (2002)[citation needed]
Lawrence Ramsay, on Blowin' Cash (2010)[citation needed]
Chris Casello, on Chris Casello Trio (2013)[citation needed]
Bill Kirchen (Lead guitar in Commander Cody and His Lost Planet Airmen) on "Hot Rod Lincoln Live." (1997)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Souvenir SOUV-101
Jump up ^ 4 Star 1733x45
Jump up ^ Johnny Bond on Rocky-52.net
Jump up ^ http://www.musicoutfitters.com/topsongs/1972.htm
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2013). Hot Country Songs 1944–2012. Record Research, Inc. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-89820-203-8.
Jump up ^ Ankeny, Jason. "Allroy's Revenge". Allmusic. Retrieved 2015-03-10.
Jump up ^ "The Beverly Hillbillies - Original Soundtrack | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved 2016-07-12.
External links[edit]
Rockabilly Hall of Fame — Documents the history of the song through dozens of covers, including lyrics.
www.hot-rod-lincoln.com — The official site of Charlie Ryan
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Singles
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hot_Rod_Lincoln&oldid=865401670"
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Mimi Goese
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Mimi Goese (last name rhymes with hazy) is a professional musician.
Contents
[hide]
1 Career
1.1 Solo
1.2 Collaborations
1.3 Other endeavors
2 References
3 External links
Career[edit]
Goese was the vocalist for dream pop band Hugo Largo.[1]
Solo[edit]
Under the name Mimi (no last name) she released a solo album, Soak, on the Luaka Bop label, with contributions from French record producer Hector Zazou[2] and some tracks produced by former Hugo Largo bandmate Hahn Rowe.[3] She released a cover of Screamin' Jay Hawkins' "I Put a Spell on You" as a single.
Collaborations[edit]
Two collaborations with Moby, tracks "Into the Blue" and "When It's Cold I'd Like to Die",[4] appear on Moby's 1995 album Everything Is Wrong. The latter song was heard during the closing credits of The Sopranos episode "Join the Club" and the season 1 finale of the Netflix series Stranger Things.
In 2006, Goese collaborated and performed onstage with the "mutantrumpeter" Ben Neill on a project called XIX. In 2010, the duo collaborated on a musical theater piece titled "Persephone", which was premiered at the Brooklyn Academy of Music's 2010 Next Wave Festival. Goese and Neill were commissioned by BAM to create the staged work (co-starring actress Julia Stiles) with multimedia company Ridge Theater. "Persephone" With a book by Tony Award-winning playwright Warren Leight, it grew out of the 19th-century musical themes that Goese and Neill were exploring. An album featuring music from the project, Songs for Persephone, was released by Ramseur Records in August 2011.
She also collaborated with Leonor Almanza and Amalio Martinez, with all three contributing vocals (sung in English and Spanish) to the song "Lonely Traveler/La Enorme Distancia" on the 2008 compilation album Songs Across Walls of Separation, released by Norwegian label Kirkelig Kulturverksted.
Her most recent project was a collaboration with Cornish band the Ascension Plan, guesting on two tracks, "Buoy" and "Life (You Are)",[5] and a one-off performance at the Minack Theatre in Porthcurno on May 2, 2014.[6]
Other endeavors[edit]
Goese appeared in the 1996 short film "Black Kites", directed by Jo Andres.
Although she continues to perform occasionally, she also teaches classes in performing arts.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Robbins and Stenger. "Hugo Largo". trouserpress.com. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
Jump up ^ Powers, Ann (1998-06-17). "Carving a Path Of Innovations". nytimes.com. Retrieved 2008-07-15.
Jump up ^ Reighley, Kurt B. (February 1999). "Reviews: Somatic — The New Body". CMJ New Music Monthly: 45. Retrieved June 26, 2017 – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ Cairns, Dan (2006-10-29). "Down time: Moby". The Times. London. Retrieved 2009-10-19.
Jump up ^ https://vimeo.com/album/1924641/video/89136849
Jump up ^ http://theminackplan.blogspot.co.uk/
External links[edit]
Official website
Mimi Goese interview at HearsayMagazine.co.uk
Authority control
MusicBrainz: 133da8b0-8b16-4f10-a429-524afb52ae5b
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mimi_Goese&oldid=787657091"
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text:
I Walk the Line
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see I Walk the Line (disambiguation).
"I Walk the Line"
Single by Johnny Cash
from the album With His Hot and Blue Guitar, Sings the Songs That Made Him Famous, Sings Hank Williams, and I Walk the Line
B-side
"Get Rhythm"
Released
May 1, 1956
Format
7-inch & 10-inch singles[1]
Recorded
April 2, 1956, Sun Studio, Memphis, Tennessee
Genre
Country[2]
rockabilly[3]
Length
2:45
Label
Sun
Songwriter(s)
Johnny Cash
Producer(s)
Sam Phillips
Johnny Cash singles chronology
"Folsom Prison Blues"
(1955) "I Walk the Line"
(1956) "There You Go"
(1956)
"I Walk the Line" excerpt
From the album With His Hot and Blue Guitar (1957)
Problems playing this file? See media help.
"I Walk the Line" is a song written and recorded in 1956 by Johnny Cash. After three attempts with moderate chart ratings, it became Cash's first number one hit on the Billboard charts. It reached number 17 on the US pop charts. It remained on the record charts for over 43 weeks, and sold over 2 million copies.[4] It has also been used on many LP's released from Sun Records, such as With His Hot and Blue Guitar, Sings the Songs That Made Him Famous, and Sings Hank Williams. It was the title song for a 1970 film starring Gregory Peck.
Contents
1 Background of the song
2 Writing and composition
3 Legacy
4 Covers
5 Chart positions
6 Laurent Wolf version
6.1 Track listings
6.2 Charts
7 References
Background of the song[edit]
The unique chord progression for the song was inspired by backwards playback of guitar runs on Cash's tape recorder[5] while he was in the Air Force stationed in Germany. Later in a telephone interview, Cash stated, “I wrote the song backstage one night in 1956 in Gladewater, Texas. I was newly married at the time, and I suppose I was laying out my pledge of devotion."[6] After the writing of the song Cash had a discussion with fellow performer [Carl Perkins] who encouraged him to adopt "I Walk the Line" as the song title. Cash originally intended the song as a slow ballad, but producer Sam Phillips preferred a faster arrangement,[7] which Cash grew to like as the uptempo recording met with success.
Once while performing the song on his TV show, Cash told the audience, with a smile, "People ask me why I always hum whenever I sing this song. It's to get my pitch." The humming was necessary since the song required Cash to change keys several times while singing it.
The song's lyrics refer to marital fidelity, personal responsibility, and avoiding temptation and criminal behavior.[8]
The song was originally recorded at Sun Studio on April 2, 1956, and was released on May 1. It spent six weeks at the top spot on the U.S. country Juke Box charts that summer, one week on the C&W Jockey charts and number two on the C&W Best Seller charts.[9] "I Walk the Line" crossed over and reached number 19 on the pop music charts.[10]
It was performed with the help of Marshall Grant and Luther Perkins, two mechanics that his brother introduced him to following his discharge from the Air Force. Cash and his wife, Vivian, were living in Memphis, Tennessee, at the time. Cash became the front man for the group and precipitated the introduction of the group to Sam Phillips of Sun Records. In 1955, they began recording under the Sun label.
The song was re-recorded four times during Cash's career. In 1964 for the I Walk the Line album, again in 1969 for the At San Quentin album (a live performance), in 1970 for the I Walk the Line soundtrack, and finally in 1988 for the Classic Cash: Hall of Fame Series album. Additional live performances have been released since Cash's death, along with a demo version recorded prior to the formal 1956 recording session that was released on Bootleg Vol. II: From Memphis to Hollywood (Columbia/Legacy) in 2011.
Writing and composition[edit]
The song is very simple and like most Cash songs, the lyrics tell more of a story than the music conveys. (You've got a way to keep me on your side/You give me cause for love that I can't hide/For you I know I'd even try to turn the tide).
It is based upon the "boom-chicka-boom" or "freight train" rhythm common in many of Cash's songs. In the original recording of the song, there is a key change between each of the five verses, and Cash hums the new root note before singing each verse. The final verse, a reprise of the first, is sung a full octave lower than the first verse.
When performing this song on record, and in later live and television appearances, Cash would place a piece of paper under the strings of his guitar towards the tuning end. As he explained during a 1990s appearance on The Nashville Network, he did this in order to simulate the sound of a snare drum, an instrument to which he did not have access during the original Sun session.
Johnny, with the Temptations outside his door and a new wife at home, wanted the lyrics to say, "I'm going to be true to those who believe in me and depend on me to myself and God. Something like I’m still being true, or I’m 'Walking The Line.' The lyrics came as fast as I could write," says Johnny. "In 20 minutes, I had it finished."[11]
Legacy[edit]
The song is included in "The 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll", a permanent exhibit at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.[12][13] In 2004, Rolling Stone magazine ranked the song at No. 30 on its list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.[14] and also ranked it #1 on its list of the 100 greatest country songs of all time in June 2014.[15]
Covers[edit]
Everly Brothers recorded the song in 1963 on their album The Everly Brothers Sing Great Country Hits.
Dolly Parton included a cover of the song on her 1984 album of covers The Great Pretender.
Glen Campbell recorded an infamously unreleased cover of the song. It was finally released in 1994 on his The Essential Glen Campbell Volume One album.
In 1998, Cash's former son-in-law Rodney Crowell covered the song as a duet with Cash on Crowell's album The Houston Kid. This version was titled "I Walk the Line Revisited" and peaked at No. 61 on the country music charts.[16] The cover does not utilize the original melody of the song, instead lyrics from the song, sung by Cash to a different melody, are incorporated into a new song by Crowell.
Jaye P. Morgan covered the song in 1960, the single charting at No. 66.
In 2004, the American rock band Live released a cover on their greatest hits album Awake: The Best of Live.
In 2014, Craig Wayne Boyd covered this song during season 7 of The Voice. The cover reached the Top 15 on the iTunes US Country charts.[17]
Frank Iero released their cover of this as part of his EP For Jamia.
In 2015, Halsey released her cover as part of the deluxe edition of her debut album Badlands. It appeared in the official teaser trailer for Power Rangers.
Tapio Rautavaara made a Finnish-language version of the song, called "Yölinjalla". The Finnish lyrics tell about the hard life of truck drivers. The melody was originally credited as Rautavaara's own composition but this was later revised.
Chart positions[edit]
Chart (1957)
Peak
position
US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[18] 1
US Billboard Hot 100[19] 17
Laurent Wolf version[edit]
"Walk the Line Remix"
Single by Laurent Wolf
from the album Harmony
Released
22 August 2009
Format
CD maxi, Digital download
Genre
House
Length
2:53
Label
Columbia
Songwriter(s)
Johnny Cash
Producer(s)
Laurent Wolf
Laurent Wolf singles chronology
"Explosion"
(2009) "Walk the Line Remix"
(2009) "Survive"
(2010)
The song was covered by French house music DJ and producer Laurent Wolf and released in August 2009 as Walk the Line Remix.
Track listings[edit]
CD single
No.
Title
Length
1. "Walk the Line" (Radio Edit Version) 2:53
2. "Walk the Line" (Club Version) 6:59
3. "No Stress" (Zen @ Acoustic) 7:35
4. "Colombia" 5:06
Charts[edit]
Chart (2008-2009)
Peak
position
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[20] 18
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[21] 23
France (SNEP)[22] 8
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[23] 83
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Johnny Cash And Tennessee Two* - Get Rhythm / I Walk The Line". Discogs. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "I Walk the Line - Johnny Cash - Song Info - AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Johnny Cash". Rock & Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
Jump up ^ Johnny Cash - Biography.” CMT.com. MTV Networks. Web. http://www.cmt.com/artists/az/cash_johnny/bio.jhtml%7C Retrieved on 2010-07-11
Jump up ^ "Johnny then in the Air Force, discovered that his buddies had borrowed his reel-to-reel tape recorder. When he turned it on, he heard a haunting, organ-like sound. In Truth, it was guitar runs recorded with a tape running one direction and played back in the other ..." Johnny Cash, I Walk The Line - Through the eyes of a fan
Jump up ^ Horstman, Dorothy (1976). Sing Your Heart Out, Country Boy, Country Music Foundation. p. 144.
Jump up ^ Grant, Marshall (2006). I Was There When It Happened: My Life With Johnny Cash, Cumberland House Publishing. p. 54.
Jump up ^ Winkler, Alice. "I Walk the Line." NPR. "All Things Considered." 14 Feb 2017 <https://www.npr.org/2000/12/23/1115971/npr-100-i-walk-the-line>
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). The Billboard Book Of Top 40 Country Hits: 1944-2006, Second edition. Record Research. p. 74.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits: Eighth Edition. Record Research. p. 110.
Jump up ^ ""I Walk the Line" - Reverse Speech". theopenscroll.com. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
Jump up ^ Henke, James. "500 Songs That Shaped Rock" (pdf). Infoplease. Retrieved October 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll: I Walk the Line". Rock & Roll Hall of Fame. August 23, 2016. Retrieved December 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The RS 500 Greatest Songs of All Time". RollingStone.com. Retrieved 2007-06-02.
Jump up ^ "100 Greatest Country Songs of All Time". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2008). Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008. Record Research, Inc. p. 109. ISBN 0-89820-177-2.
Jump up ^ "Digital Downloads". roughstock.com. Retrieved 27 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "Johnny Cash Chart History (Hot Country Songs)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Johnny Cash Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Laurent Wolf – Walk the Line Remix" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Laurent Wolf – Walk the Line Remix" (in French). Ultratop 50.
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – Laurent Wolf – Walk the Line Remix" (in French). Les classement single.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Laurent Wolf – Walk the Line Remix" (in Dutch). Single Top 100.
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NBA Collective Bargaining Agreement
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
National Basketball Association
labor relations
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2011 lockout
Collective Bargaining Agreement
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The NBA Collective Bargaining Agreement (CBA) is the contract between the NBA (the commissioner and the 30 team owners) and the NBA Players Association that dictates the rules of player contracts, trades, revenue distribution, the NBA Draft, and the salary cap, among other things. In June 2005, the NBA's 1999 CBA expired, meaning the League and the players' union had to negotiate a new agreement; in light of the 2004–05 NHL lockout, the two sides quickly came to an agreement, and ratified a new CBA in July 2005. This agreement expired following the 2010–11 season, leading to the 2011 NBA lockout. A new CBA was ratified in December 2011, ending the lockout.[1]
Little changed in terms of the salary cap between the 1999 and 2005 versions of the CBA. In exchange for agreeing to the controversial player age minimum, the players received a slightly higher percentage of the League's revenues over the course of the new agreement. Additionally, the League's maximum salary decreased slightly in comparison to the 1999 CBA. Under the 2011 CBA, the players will receive a lower percentage of league revenues.
In 2005, players received 57% of the income, and as of the new CBA, they are receiving about 49–50% of revenue. At that time, the next CBA discussion was set for ten years. or if necessary, in 2017.[2] In 2016, the NBA and NBA Players Association met to work on a new CBA, which both sides approved in December of that year. This most recent agreement will start with the 2017–18 season and run through 2023–24, with a mutual opt-out after 2022–23.[3][4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Salary cap
2 Roster size
3 Trades
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Salary cap[edit]
Main article: NBA salary cap
Roster size[edit]
This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (December 2016)
See also: Injured reserve list
A team may have a maximum of 15 players on its active roster, and at least eight active players must suit up for every game. Any remaining players are placed in the Inactive List, and cannot play in games.[5][6] Teams may have a maximum of two players on the Inactive List; this can drop to zero for up to two weeks at a time, and additional, temporary inactive positions may be added with league approval in hardship cases. The Inactive List can change up to 60 minutes before opening tip by informing the official scorer of the game. A player can be inactive for as little as one game.[6] Players sent to the NBA Development League will continue to count on a team’s inactive list.[7][8] While individual teams must carry a minimum of 13 (12 active plus one inactive) players, the NBA guarantees a league-wide average of at least 14 players per team. The league is surcharged if they do not meet the average.[6]
Prior to the 2005 CBA, injured players could be placed on an injured list but were forced to sit out a minimum of five games.[7]
The NBA's latest CBA proposal reportedly includes an "amnesty clause" – a one-time opportunity for teams to remove their worst contracts from the books.[9]
Trades[edit]
Players can be traded between teams in exchange for other players, draft picks and/or a limited amount of cash. Coaches may only be traded for draft picks or cash. Trades are not allowed to be contingent on the completion of other trades.[10]
See also[edit]
National Basketball Association portal
Eligibility for the NBA Draft
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Players, owners approve agreement". ESPN.com. ESPN Internet Ventures. December 8, 2011.
Jump up ^ Coon, Larry. "Breaking down changes in new CBA". ESPN. Retrieved September 25, 2013.
Jump up ^ Wojnarowski, Adrian (October 24, 2016). "CBA could extend seven years with a mutual opt-out in six years". Retrieved October 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ "NBA, players ratify new collective bargaining agreement" (Press release). NBA. December 23, 2016. Retrieved December 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ Sheridan, Chris. "Breaking news: 13-man NBA rosters to become permanent; Waiver rules could be altered". sheridanhoops.com. Retrieved November 11, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c Coon, Larry. "NBA Salary Cap FAQ". cbafaq.com. Retrieved December 29, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Inactive vs. Active List Rules". NBA. November 1, 2005. Retrieved November 5, 2010. Now, the active and inactive list can be set on a game-by-game basis, one hour before tip-off, with no length of stay required for either list.
Jump up ^ "CBA Principal Deal Points". NBA. August 4, 2005. Retrieved November 5, 2010. Teams may have a maximum of three players on their inactive list (subject to hardship rules, which will apply in the event that a team with three injured players on its inactive list has a fourth player that suffers an injury).
Jump up ^ "The NBA CBA, Amnesty Rule and the League's Worst Contracts". Charlie Zegers. August 2, 2011. Retrieved October 24, 2013.
Jump up ^ Stein, Marc; Shelburne, Ramona (June 20, 2013). "Sources: Clips-Celtics talks back on". ESPN.com. Archived from the original on June 21, 2013.
External links[edit]
NBA Players' Association CBA page (2011 and 2017 CBA's)
NBA Salary Cap FAQ by Larry Coon
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