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History of the Brooklyn Dodgers
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"Brooklyn Dodgers" redirects here. For other teams named Brooklyn Dodgers, see Brooklyn Dodgers (disambiguation).
For the history of the team from 1958 onward, see History of the Los Angeles Dodgers. For information on the franchise in general, see Los Angeles Dodgers.
Brooklyn Dodgers Team Photograph, 1913
The Brooklyn Dodgers were an American baseball team that was active in the major leagues from 1884 until 1957, after which the club moved to Los Angeles, where it continued its history as the Los Angeles Dodgers. The team's name derived from the reputed skill of Brooklyn residents at evading the city's trolley streetcar network. The Dodgers played in two stadiums in South Brooklyn, each named Washington Park, and at Eastern Park in the neighborhood of Brownsville before moving to Ebbets Field in the neighborhood of Flatbush in 1913. The team is noted for signing Jackie Robinson in 1947 as the first black player in the modern major leagues.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Early Brooklyn baseball
1.1 The origin of the Dodgers
1.2 Nicknames
2 Rivalry with the Giants
2.1 "Uncle Robbie" and the "Daffiness Boys"
3 Breaking the color barrier
4 "Wait ’til next year!"
5 Move to California
6 References
7 Other reading
Early Brooklyn baseball[edit]
The 1865 Atlantics were one of the first dynasties in organized baseball
Brooklyn was home to numerous baseball clubs in the mid-1850s. Eight of 16 participants in the first convention were from Brooklyn, including the Atlantic, Eckford, and Excelsior clubs that combined to dominate play for most of the 1860s. Brooklyn helped make baseball commercial, as the locale of the first paid admission games, a series of three all star contests matching New York and Brooklyn in 1858. Brooklyn also featured the first two enclosed baseball grounds, the Union Grounds and the Capitoline Grounds; enclosed, dedicated ballparks accelerated the evolution from amateurism to professionalism.
Despite the early success of Brooklyn clubs in the National Association of Base Ball Players, officially amateur until 1869, they fielded weak teams in the succeeding National Association of Professional Base Ball Players, the first professional league formed in 1871. The Excelsiors no longer challenged for the amateur championship after the Civil War and never entered the professional NA. The Eckfords and Atlantics declined to join until 1872 and thereby lost their best players; the Eckfords survived only one season and the Atlantics four, with losing teams.
The National League replaced the NA in 1876 and granted exclusive territories to its eight members, excluding the Atlantics in favor of the New York Mutuals who had shared home grounds with the Atlantics. When the Mutuals were expelled by the league, the Hartford Dark Blues club moved in, changed its name to The Brooklyn Hartfords[2] and played its home games at Union Grounds in 1877 before disbanding.
The origin of the Dodgers[edit]
The team currently known as the Dodgers was formed as the Brooklyn Grays in 1883 by real estate magnate and baseball enthusiast Charles Byrne, who convinced his brother-in-law Joseph Doyle and casino operator Ferdinand Abell to start the team with him. Byrne arranged to build a grandstand on a lot bounded by Third Street, Fourth Avenue, Fifth Street, and Fifth Avenue, and named it Washington Park in honor of George Washington.[3] The Grays played in the minor Inter-State Association of Professional Baseball Clubs that first season. Doyle became the first team manager, and they drew 6,431 fans to their first home game on May 12, 1883 against the Trenton team. The Grays won the league title after the Camden Merritt club disbanded on July 20 and Brooklyn picked up some of its better players. The Grays were invited to join the American Association for the 1884 season.[4]
After winning the American Association league championship in 1889, the Grays (by then nicknamed the "Bridegrooms") moved to the National League and won the 1890 NL Championship, the only Major League team to win consecutive championships in both professional "base ball" leagues.[5] They lost the 1889 World Series to the New York Giants and tied the 1890 World Series with the Louisville Colonels. Their success during this period was partly attributed to their having absorbed skilled players from the defunct New York Metropolitans and Brooklyn Ward's Wonders. In 1899, most of the original Baltimore Orioles stars moved to the Grays (Bridegrooms) along with Orioles manager Ned Hanlon who became the club's new manager under Charles Ebbets, who had by now accumulated an 80% share of the club. The new combined team was dubbed the "Superbas" by the press and would become the champions of the National League in 1899 and again in 1900.
Nicknames[edit]
Logo of the Brooklyn Dodgers/Superbas from 1910 through 1913
The team name, Brooklyn Trolley Dodgers, was coined in 1895.[6] The nickname was still new enough in September 1895 that a newspaper could report that "'Trolley Dodgers' is the new name which eastern baseball cranks [fans] have given the Brooklyn club."[7] In 1895, Brooklyn played at Eastern Park, bounded by Eastern Parkway (now Pitkin Avenue), Powell Street, Sutter Avenue, Van Sinderen Street,[3] where they had moved early in the 1891 season when the second Washington Park burned down. Some sources erroneously report that the name "Trolley Dodgers" referred to pedestrians avoiding fast cars on street car tracks that bordered Eastern Park on two sides. However, Eastern Park was not bordered by street-level trolley lines that had to be "dodged" by pedestrians.[8] The name "Trolley Dodgers" implied the dangers posed by trolley cars in Brooklyn generally, which in 1892, began the switch from horse-power to electrical power, which made them much faster, and were hence regarded as more dangerous.[6] The name was later shortened to Brooklyn Dodgers.[9] The "Trolley Dodgers" name was later adopted by the team for the 1911 and 1912 seasons, and the "Dodgers" name was used in 1913.
Other team names used by the franchise that finally came to be called "the Dodgers" were the Atlantics (1884, not directly related to the earlier Brooklyn Atlantics), Bridegrooms or Grooms (1888-1898),[10] Ward's Wonders,[11] the Superbas (1899-1910),[12] and the Robins (1914-1931).[13] All of these nicknames were used by fans and newspaper sports writers to describe the team, often concurrently, but not in any official capacity. The team's legal name was the Brooklyn Base Ball Club.[14] However, the "Trolley Dodgers" nickname was used throughout this period, along with other nicknames, by fans and sports writers of the day. The team did not use the name in a formal sense until 1932, when the word "Dodgers" appeared on team jerseys.[15] The "conclusive shift" came in 1933, when both home and road jerseys for the team bore the name "Dodgers".[16]
Examples of how the many popularized names of the team were used interchangeably are available from newspaper articles from the period before 1932. A New York Times article describing a game the Dodgers played in 1916 starts out by referring to how "Jimmy Callahan, pilot of the Pirates, did his best to wreck the hopes the Dodgers have of gaining the National League pennant", but then goes on to comment, "the only thing that saved the Superbas from being toppled from first place was that the Phillies lost one of the two games played."[17] Most baseball statistics sites and baseball historians generally now refer to the pennant-winning 1916 Brooklyn team as the Robins. A 1918 New York Times article used the nickname Robins in its title "Buccaneers Take Last From Robins", but the subtitle of the article reads "Subdue The Superbas By 11 To 4, Making Series An Even Break".[18][19]
Another example of the interchangeability of the different nicknames is found on the program issued at Ebbets Field for the 1920 World Series, which identifies the matchup in the series as "Dodgers vs. Indians", despite the fact that the Robins nickname had been in consistent usage at this point for around six years.[20]
Rivalry with the Giants[edit]
Main article: Dodgers–Giants rivalry
The historic and heated rivalry between the Dodgers and the Giants is more than a century old. It began when the Dodgers and Giants faced each other in the 1889 World Series, the ancestor of the Subway Series, and both played in separate cities (the Dodgers in Brooklyn and the Giants in New York City Manhattan). When both franchises moved to California after the 1957 season, the rivalry was easily transplanted, as the cities of Los Angeles and San Francisco have long been rivals in economics, culture, and politics.
"Uncle Robbie" and the "Daffiness Boys"[edit]
Manager Wilbert Robinson, another former Oriole, popularly known as "Uncle Robbie", restored the Brooklyn team to respectability. His "Brooklyn Robins" reached the 1916 and 1920 World Series, losing both, but contending perennially for several seasons.[21] Charles Ebbets and Ed McKeever died within a week of each other in 1925, and Robbie was named president while still field manager.[22] Upon assuming the title of president, however, Robinson's ability to focus on the field declined, and the teams of the late 1920s were often fondly referred to as the "Daffiness Boys" for their distracted, error-ridden style of play.[23] Outfielder Babe Herman was the leader both in hitting and in zaniness. The signature Dodger play from this era occurred when three players – Dazzy Vance, Chick Fewster, and Herman – ended up at third base at the same time. (The play is often remembered as Herman "tripling into a triple play", though only two of the three players were declared out and Herman was credited with a double rather than a triple.)[24] Herman later complained that no one remembered that he drove in the winning run on the play. The incident led to the popular joke:
"The Dodgers have three men on base!"
"Oh, yeah? Which base?"[25]
After his removal as club president, Robinson returned to managing, and the club's performance rebounded somewhat.[23]
When Robinson retired in 1931, he was replaced as manager by Max Carey.[23] Although some suggested renaming the "Robins" the "Brooklyn Canaries", after Carey, whose last name was originally "Carnarius", the name "Brooklyn Dodgers" returned to stay following Robinson's retirement.[23] It was during this era that Willard Mullin, a noted sports cartoonist, fixed the Brooklyn team with the lovable nickname of "Dem Bums". After hearing his cab driver ask, "So how did those bums do today?", Mullin decided to sketch an exaggerated version of famed circus clown Emmett Kelly to represent the Dodgers in his much-praised cartoons in the New York World-Telegram. Both image and nickname caught on, so much so that many a Dodger yearbook cover, from 1951 through 1957, featured a Willard Mullin illustration of the Brooklyn Bum.
Perhaps the highlight of the Daffiness Boys era came after Wilbert Robinson left the dugout.[23] In 1934, Giants player/manager Bill Terry was asked about the Dodgers’ chances in the coming pennant race and cracked infamously, "Is Brooklyn still in the league?" Managed then by Casey Stengel, who played for the Dodgers in the 1910s and went on to greatness managing the New York Yankees,[23] the 1934 Dodgers were determined to make their presence felt. As it happened, the season entered its final games with the Giants tied with the St. Louis Cardinals for the pennant, with the Giants’ remaining games against the Dodgers. Stengel led his Bums to the Polo Grounds for the showdown, and they beat the Giants twice to knock them out of the pennant race.[23] The "Gashouse Gang" Cardinals nailed the pennant by beating the Cincinnati Reds those same two days.[23]
One key development during this era was the 1938 appointment of Leland "Larry" MacPhail as Dodgers' general manager.[23] MacPhail, who brought night games to Major League Baseball as general manager of the Reds, also started night baseball in Brooklyn and ordered the successful refurbishing of Ebbets Field.[23] He also brought Reds voice Red Barber to Brooklyn as the Dodgers' lead announcer in 1939, just after MacPhail broke the New York baseball executives' agreement to ban live baseball broadcasts, enacted because of the fear of the effect of radio calls on the home teams' attendance.
MacPhail remained with the Dodgers until 1942, when he returned to the Armed Forces for World War II. He later became one of the Yankees' co-owners, bidding unsuccessfully for Barber to join him in the Bronx as announcer.
The first major-league baseball game to be televised was Brooklyn's 6–1 victory over Cincinnati at Ebbets Field on August 26, 1939. Batting helmets were introduced to Major League Baseball by the Dodgers in 1941.
Breaking the color barrier[edit]
Jackie Robinson.
For most of the first half of the 20th century, no Major League Baseball team employed a black player. A parallel system of Negro Leagues developed, but most of the Negro League players were denied a chance to prove their skill before a national audience. Jackie Robinson became the first African-American to play Major League baseball in the 20th Century when he played his first major league game on April 15, 1947 as a member of the Brooklyn Dodgers. Robinson's entry into the league was mainly due to General Manager Branch Rickey's efforts. The deeply religious Rickey's motivation appears to have been primarily moral, although business considerations were also present. Rickey was a member of the Methodist Church, the antecedent denomination to the United Methodist Church of today, which was a strong advocate for social justice and active later in the Civil Rights Movement.[26]
Besides selecting Robinson for his exceptional baseball skills, Rickey also considered Robinson's outstanding personal character, his UCLA education and rank of captain in the U.S. Army in his decision, since he knew that boos, taunts, and criticism was going to be directed at Robinson, and that Robinson had to be tough enough to withstand abuse without attempting to retaliate.[27]
The inclusion of Robinson on the team also led the Dodgers to move its spring training site. Prior to 1946, the Dodgers held their spring training in Jacksonville, Florida. However, the city's stadium refused to host an exhibition game with the Montreal Royals – the Dodgers’ own farm club – on whose roster Robinson appeared at the time, citing segregation laws. Nearby Sanford similarly declined. Ultimately, City Island Ballpark in Daytona Beach agreed to host the game with Robinson on the field. The team traveled to Havana, Cuba for spring training in 1947, this time with Robinson on the big club. Although the Dodgers ultimately built Dodgertown and its Holman Stadium further south in Vero Beach, and played there for 61 spring training seasons from 1948 through 2008, Daytona Beach renamed City Island Ballpark to Jackie Robinson Ballpark in his honor.
This event was the continuation of the integration of professional sports in the United States, with professional football having led the way in 1946, with the concomitant demise of the Negro Leagues, and is regarded as a key moment in the history of the American civil rights movement. Robinson was an exceptional player, a speedy runner who sparked the team with his intensity. He was the inaugural recipient of the Rookie of the Year award, which is now named the Jackie Robinson award in his honor. The Dodgers' willingness to integrate, when most other teams refused to, was a key factor in their 1947–1956 success. They won six pennants in those 10 years with the help of Robinson, three-time MVP Roy Campanella, Cy Young Award winner Don Newcombe, Jim Gilliam, and Joe Black. Robinson eventually became the first African-American elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1962.
"Wait ’til next year!"[edit]
After the wilderness years of the 1920s and 1930s, the Dodgers were rebuilt into a contending club first by general manager Larry MacPhail and then the legendary Branch Rickey. Led by Jackie Robinson, Pee Wee Reese, and Gil Hodges in the infield, Duke Snider and Carl Furillo in the outfield, Roy Campanella behind the plate, and Don Newcombe, Carl Erskine, and Preacher Roe on the pitcher's mound, the Dodgers won pennants in 1941, 1947, 1949, 1952, and 1953, only to fall to the New York Yankees in all five of the subsequent World Series. The annual ritual of building excitement, followed in the end by disappointment, became a common pattern to the long suffering fans, and "Wait ’til next year!" became an unofficial Dodger slogan.
While the Dodgers generally enjoyed success during this period, in 1951 they fell victim to one of the largest collapses in the history of baseball.[28] On August 11, 1951, Brooklyn led the National League by an enormous 13½ games over their archrivals, the Giants. While the Dodgers went 26–22 from that time until the end of the season, the Giants went on an absolute tear, winning an amazing 37 of their last 44 games, including their last seven in a row. At the end of the season the Dodgers and the Giants were tied for first place, forcing a three-game playoff for the pennant. The Giants took Game 1 by a score of 3–1 before being shut out by the Dodgers' Clem Labine in Game 2, 10–0. It all came down to the final game, and Brooklyn seemed to have the pennant locked up, holding a 4–2 lead in the bottom of the ninth inning. Giants outfielder Bobby Thomson, however, hit a stunning three-run walk-off home run off the Dodgers' Ralph Branca to secure the NL Championship for New York. To this day Thomson's home run is known as the Shot Heard 'Round The World.
In 1955, by which time the core of the Dodger team was beginning to age, "next year" finally came. The fabled "Boys of Summer" shot down the "Bronx Bombers" in seven games,[29] led by the first-class pitching of young left-hander Johnny Podres, whose key pitch was a changeup known as "pulling down the lampshade" because of the arm motion used right when the ball was released.[30] Podres won two Series games, including the deciding seventh. The turning point of Game 7 was a spectacular double play that began with left fielder Sandy Amorós running down Yogi Berra's long fly ball, then throwing to shortstop Pee Wee Reese, who relayed to first baseman Gil Hodges to double up a surprised Gil McDougald to preserve the Dodger lead. Hank Bauer grounded out and the Dodgers won 2–0.
Although the Dodgers lost the World Series to the Yankees in 1956 during which the Yankees pitcher Don Larsen pitched the only World Series perfect game in baseball history and the only post-season no-hitter for the next 54 years, it hardly seemed to matter. Brooklyn fans had their memory of triumph, and soon that was all they were left with – a victory that was remembered decades later in the Billy Joel single "We Didn't Start the Fire", which included the line, "Brooklyn's got a winning team."
Move to California[edit]
Real estate businessman Walter O'Malley had acquired majority ownership of the Dodgers in 1950, when he bought the shares of team co-owners Branch Rickey and the estate of John L. Smith. Before long, O'Malley was working to buy new land in Brooklyn for a new, more accessible and better ballpark than Ebbets Field. Beloved as it was, Ebbets Field had grown old and was not well served by infrastructure, to the point where the Dodgers could not "sell out" the park to maximum capacity even in the heat of a pennant race, despite dominating the league from 1946 to 1957.
New York City Construction Coordinator Robert Moses, however, sought to force O'Malley into using a site in Flushing Meadows, Queens – the eventual location of Shea Stadium, the home of the future New York Mets. Moses' vision involved a city-built, city-owned park, which was greatly at odds with O'Malley's real-estate savvy. When O'Malley realized that he was not going to be allowed to buy a suitable parcel of land in Brooklyn, he began thinking of team relocation.
O'Malley was free to purchase land of his own choosing but wanted Robert Moses to condemn one parcel of land along the Atlantic Railroad Yards in downtown Brooklyn under Title I authority, after O'Malley had bought the bulk of the land he had in mind. Title I gave the city municipality power to condemn land for the purpose of building what it calls "public purpose" projects. Moses' interpretation of "public purpose" included public parks, public housing and public highways and bridges. What O'Malley wanted was for Moses to use Title I authority, rather than to pay market value for the land. With Title I the city via Robert Moses could have sold the land to O'Malley at a below market price. Moses refused to honor O'Malley's request and responded, "If you want the land so bad, why don't you purchase it with your own money?"[31]
Meanwhile, non-stop transcontinental airline travel had become routine during the years since the Second World War, and teams were no longer bound by much slower railroad timetables. Because of civil aviation advances, it became possible to locate teams farther apart – as far west as California – while maintaining the same busy game schedules.
When Los Angeles officials attended the 1956 World Series looking to entice a team to move there, they were not even thinking of the Dodgers. Their original target had been the Washington Senators franchise, which moved to Bloomington, Minnesota to become the Minnesota Twins in 1961. At the same time, O'Malley was looking for a contingency in case Moses and other New York politicians refused to let him build the Brooklyn stadium he wanted, and sent word to the Los Angeles officials that he was interested in talking. Los Angeles offered him what New York did not: a chance to buy land suitable for building a ballpark, and own that ballpark, giving him complete control over all its revenue streams.
Meanwhile, Giants owner Horace Stoneham was having similar difficulty finding a replacement for his team's antiquated home stadium, the Polo Grounds. Stoneham was considering moving the Giants to Minneapolis, but was persuaded instead to move them to San Francisco, ensuring that the Dodgers had a National League rival closer than St. Louis. So the two arch-rival teams, the Dodgers and Giants, moved out to the West Coast together after the 1957 season.
The Brooklyn Dodgers played their final game at Ebbets Field on September 24, 1957, which the Dodgers won 2–0 over the Pittsburgh Pirates.
On April 18, 1958, the Los Angeles Dodgers played their first game in L.A., defeating the former New York and newly relocated and renamed San Francisco Giants, 6–5, before 78,672 fans at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum.[32] Sadly, catcher Roy Campanella, left partially paralyzed in an off-season accident, was never able to play for Los Angeles.
A 2007 HBO film, Brooklyn Dodgers: The Ghosts of Flatbush, is a documentary covering the Dodgers history from early days to the beginning of the Los Angeles era. In the film, the story is related that O'Malley was so hated by Brooklyn Dodger fans after the move to California, that it was said, "If you asked a Brooklyn Dodger fan, if you had a gun with only two bullets in it and were in a room with Hitler, Stalin and O'Malley, who would you shoot? The answer: O'Malley, twice!"
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Jackson, Kenneth T. The Encyclopedia of New York City, Second Edition, 2010. pp. 176-177
Jump up ^ "1877 Hartford Dark Blues – Statistics and Roster". Retrieved 2008-09-22.
^ Jump up to: a b Lowry, Philip J. (2006). Green Cathedrals. New York, N.Y.: Walker and Company. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-8027-1562-3. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
Jump up ^ The Giants and the Dodgers: four ... – Andrew Goldblatt – Google Boeken
Jump up ^ Okrent, Daniel (1988). The Ultimate Baseball Book. Boston, USA: Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 352. ISBN 0395361451.
^ Jump up to: a b Brown, Peter Jensen. "The Grim Reality of the Trolley Dodgers". Early Sports 'n Pop-Culture Blog. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Sports of All Sorts". The Roanoke Times. September 13, 1895. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
Jump up ^ Brown, Peter Jensen. "Rail Service to Eastern Park Brooklyn". Early Sports 'n Pop-Culture Blog. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Dodgers Timeline". Los Angeles Dodgers. Retrieved 2008-09-22.
Jump up ^ "Eight Straight Games". Brooklyn Eagle. 3 June 1888. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Wants More About the Brooklyn Team and Less About Ward". Brooklyn Eagle. 21 April 1892. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Hits from the Diamond". Brooklyn Eagle. 12 August 1899. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Braves Win in 13th". New York Times. 3 June 1914. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Brooklyn Ball Parks". BrooklynBallParks.com. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "Dressed to the Nines Uniform Database". National Baseball Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-10-08.
Jump up ^ Bernado, Leonard; Weiss, Jennifer (2006). Brooklyn By Name: From Bedford-Stuyvesant to Flatbush Avenue, And From Ebbets Field To Williamsburg. New York: New York University Press. p. 81.
Jump up ^ "Buccaneers Rout Sleepy Superbas" (PDF). New York Times. 1916-09-14. Retrieved 2008-10-08.
Jump up ^ "Buccaneers Take Last From Robins" (PDF). New York Times. 1918-05-19. Retrieved 2008-10-08.
Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/store/new-york-times-baseball-history-book-nsbb.html
Jump up ^ File:1920 World Series program.jpg – Wikimedia Commons
Jump up ^ "Dodgers Timeline". Los Angeles Dodgers. Retrieved 2008-09-22.
Jump up ^ "Dodgers Timeline". Los Angeles Dodgers. Retrieved 2008-09-22.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j "Dodgers Timeline". Los Angeles Dodgers. Retrieved 2008-09-22.
Jump up ^ Vidmer, Richards (August 16, 1926). "Robins in Form, Win Two in Day - Take Double-Header From the Braves by 4 to 2 and 11 to 3 Before Starting West - Vance Pitches the Opener - Jess Barnes Keeps Up Victory Pace In Second - Batsmen Rouse From Their Slump". New York Times. p. 11. Retrieved 11 September 2016.
Jump up ^ Smith, H. Allen; Smith, Ira L. (1951). Three Men on Third. Halcottsville, New York: Breakaway Books. p. 17. ISBN 1-891369-15-6. Retrieved February 2, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Branch Rickey, 83, Dies in Missouri". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-12-29.
Jump up ^ Goldstein, Richard (1991). Superstars and Screwballs: 100 Years of Brooklyn Baseball. New York: Dutton.
Jump up ^ Silver, Nate (2007-09-27). "Lies, Damned Lies". Baseball Prospectus. Retrieved 2008-09-22.
Jump up ^ "1955 World Series: Rare, Never-Seen". LIFE.com.
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Jump up ^ Sullivan, Neil J. The Dodgers Move West.
Jump up ^ "Giants 5 Dodgers 6 (Boxscore)". Baseball Reference. Retrieved 2009-11-10.
Other reading[edit]
D’Agostino, Dennis; Crosby, Bonnie. Through a Blue Lens: The Brooklyn Dodgers Photographs of Barney Stein, 1937–1957. Triumph Books.
Prince, Carl E. Brooklyn's Dodgers: The Bums, the Borough, and the Best of Baseball, 1947–1957 (2011) DOI:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195115789.001.0001 online
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Jazz dance
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Jazz Dance
Modern jazz dancers.
The steps and essential style of jazz dancing, originated from dances of Africans brought to the America as slaves.[1][2] Originally, the term jazz dance encompassed any dance done to jazz music, including both tap dance and jitterbug.
Over time, a clearly defined jazz genre emerged, changing from a street dance to a theatrical dance performed on stage by professionals. Some scholars and dancers, especially Swing and Lindy Hop dancers, still regard the term jazz dance is not an umbrella term. It is a genre which has produced specific styles from famous choreographers such as Bob Fosse, Jack Cole, and Katherine Dunham. Jazz dance can refer to these specific styles or allude to theatrical or character dance. Some people think Jazz dance produced modern jazz, but really Modern dance came more as a response against Ballet. Two main branches of Modern dance were pioneered through Martha Graham and Isadora Duncan.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Elements
3 Notable directors, dancers, and choreographers
4 See also
5 References
6 Bibliography
History[edit]
The term was first used to describe dances done to the new-fangled jazz music of the early 20th century, but its origin lie in the dances brought from Africa by slaves shipped to America. At that time, it referred to any dance done to jazz music, which included both tap dance and jitterbug. A defining feature was its "free conversation-like style of improvisation." [3]
At the latest from the very beginning of the 1920s, ballet was connected to jazz music and dancing when the term ‘jazz ballet’ was spreading around the world. That was practically the beginning of new “non-jazz” jazz dance. That was followed by Modern dance-based attempts to define “modern jazz dance” without a real connection to authentic jazz dance forms. These attempts were named collectively “modern jazz dance” by the end of the 1950s.[4] . "Modern jazz dance" was defined by the end of the 1960s. [5][6]
During this time, choreographers from other genres experimented with the style.,[5] including George Balanchine, Agnes de Mille, Jack Cole, Hanya Holm, Helen Tamiris, Michael Kidd, Jerome Robbins, and Bob Fosse.[5] All of these choreographers influenced jazz by requiring highly trained dancers, and introducing steps from ballet and contemporary dance.[7][5] In the 1950s, jazz dance was profoundly influenced by Caribbean and Latin American influences introduced by Katherine Dunham.[8]
Elements[edit]
Students performing jazz dance at Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education, Mexico City as part of Culture Week activities
(This section refers to elements of Modern Jazz Dance. The elements of other jazz styles can be found in detail on their own entries (Tap Dance, Jitterbug, Swing (dance), Lindy Hop)
Isolations are a quality of movement that were introduced to jazz dance by Katherine Dunham.[9]
A low center of gravity and high level of energy are other important identifying characteristics of jazz dance.[9] Other elements of jazz dance are less common and are the stylizations of their respective choreographers.[9] One such example are the inverted limbs and hunched-over posture of Bob Fosse.[9]
Modern dance is now competed and performed through North America and many other countries across the world. There are many different stylistic preferences seen in jazz dances, such as a slow or fast pace, approach, and even music. Jazz can be performed to any type of song and can be characterized by the technical and sharp movements.
Notable directors, dancers, and choreographers[edit]
Michael Bennett, director, writer, choreographer, and dancer who was a tony award winner. A Chorus Line and Dream Girls are examples of some of his work.
Busby Berkley, movie choreographer in the 1930s and 1940s famous for geometric pattern and kaleidoscopic arrangements
Jack Cole, considered the father of jazz dance technique.[10] He was a key inspiration to Matt Mattox, Bob Fosse, Jerome Robbins, Gwen Verdon, and many other choreographers. He is credited with popularizing the theatrical form of jazz dance with his great number of choreographic works on television and Broadway.[11]
Katherine Dunham, an anthropologist, choreographer, and pioneer in Black theatrical dance. She introduced isolations jazz dance.[8][9]
Eugene Louis Facciuto (a.k.a. "Luigi"), an accomplished dancer who, after suffering a crippling automobile accident in the 1950s, created a new style of jazz dance based on the warm-up exercises he invented to circumvent his physical handicaps. The exercise routine he created for his own rehabilitation became the world's first complete technique for learning jazz dance.[citation needed]
Bob Fosse, a noted jazz choreographer who created a new form of jazz dance that was inspired by Fred Astaire and the burlesque and vaudeville styles.
Patsy Swayze, choreographer and dance instructor, combining Jazz and Ballet. Swayze founded the Houston Jazz Ballet Company and served as the ballet's director.[12]
Gus Giordano, an influential jazz dancer and choreographer, known for his clean, precise movement qualities.[9]
Michael Jackson, known as "The King of Pop"
Leon James, authentic Jazz dancers from the 1930s original member of "Whitey's Lindy Hoppers
Gene Kelly, award winning dance film icon. Known for continuing his career for over 60 years. Work can be found in Singin' in the Rain and On the Town.
Frankie Manning, Lindy Hop and authentic Jazz dancer and choreographer
Norma Miller, known worldwide as the "Queen of Swing" Lindy Hop and authentic Jazz dancer and choreographer
Al Minns, authentic Jazz dancers from the 1930s original member of "Whitey's Lindy Hoppers
Jerome Robbins, choreographer for a number of hit musicals, including Peter Pan, The King and I, Fiddler on the Roof, Gypsy, Funny Girl, and West Side Story.
Gwen Verdon, known for her roles in Damn Yankees, Chicago, and Sweet Charity.
David Winters known for his role as A-Rab in West Side Story and as an award-winning choreographer for movies and TV programs.
See also[edit]
Tap dance
Jitterbug
Lindy Hop
Swing (dance)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Borade, Gaynor. "You'll Be Amazed to Know the Long and Varied History of Jazz Dance". Buzzle. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
Jump up ^ Barnes, Clive. "Attitudes." Dance Magazine. Aug. 2004: 98. Web.
Jump up ^ Carter, Curtis. "Improvisation in Dance." The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 58, no. 2, 181-90. Accessed April 24, 2015. jstor.org.
Jump up ^ Harri Heinilä, An Endeavor by Harlem Dancers to Achieve Equality – The Recognition of the Harlem-Based African-American Jazz Dance Between 1921 and 1943, pages 57-61 and 407.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Boross, Bob (Aug 1999). "All That's Jazz.". Dance Magazine: 54.
Jump up ^ Hayes, Hannah. "Educators Make a Case for Keeping the History Alive in the Studio." Dance Teacher. Sep. 2009: 58. Web.
Jump up ^ Barnes, Clive (Aug 2000). "Who's Jazzy Now?". Dance Magazine: 90.
^ Jump up to: a b "Katherine Dunham's Brilliant Legacy." The Art of Dance. WordPress.com, 13 Dec 2009. Web. 1 May 2012 http://theartofdance.wordpress.com/2009/12/13/katherine-dunham%E2%80%99s-brilliant-legacy/
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f White, Ariel. "Jazz Movers and Shakers." Dance Spirit. Sep. 2008: 101. Web.
Jump up ^ "Jack Cole: Jazz (documentary)". Dance Films Association. Retrieved 9 May 2011.
Jump up ^ "Jack Cole." Dance Heritage. Dance Heritage Coalition, n.d. Web. 1 May 2012. http://www.danceheritage.org/cole.html
Jump up ^ Nelson, Valerie J. (15 September 2009). "Patrick Swayze dies at 57; star of the blockbuster films 'Dirty Dancing' and 'Ghost'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
Bibliography[edit]
Eliane Seguin, Histoire de la danse jazz, 2003, Editions CHIRON, ISBN 978-2-7027-0782-1, 281 pp
Jennifer Dunning, Alvin Ailey: A Life in Dance, 1998, Da Capo Press, ISBN 978-0-306-80825-8, 468 pp
A. Peter Bailey, Revelations: The Autobiography of Alvin Ailey, 1995, Carol Pub. Group, ISBN 978-0-8065-1861-9, 183 pp
Margot L. Torbert, Teaching Dance Jazz, Margot Torbert, 2000, ISBN 978-0-9764071-0-2
Robert Cohan, The Dance Workshop, Gaia Books Ltd, 1989, ISBN 978-0-04-790010-5
Crease, Robert. Divine Frivolity: Hollywood Representations of the Lindy Hop, 1937-1942. In Representing Jazz. Durham: Duke University Press, 1995.
Carter, Curtis. Improvisation in Dance. The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 58, no. 2, 181-90. Accessed April 24, 2015. jstor.org.
A New Orleans Jazz History, 1895-1927. New Orleans Jazz National Historical Park, Louisiana, April 5, 2015
Reid, Molly. New Orleans a Haven for Swing Dance Beginners, Professionals. The Times-Picayune, January 21, 2010
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values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: رقص جاز – Persian

values: जैज़ नृत्य – Hindi

values: מחול ג'אז – Hebrew

values:
https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazzdans
Jazzdans – Limburgish
li
li
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazzdans
Jazzdans – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values: Джазовый танец – Russian

values: Џез плес – Serbian

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazzdans
Jazzdans – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values: జాజ్ నృత్యం – Telugu

values: Джазовий танець – Ukrainian

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Jazz_dance rootpage-Jazz_dance skin-vector action-view