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Belshazzar's feast
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For other uses, see Belshazzar's Feast (disambiguation).
"The writing on the wall" redirects here. For other uses, see The writing on the wall (disambiguation).
John Martin, Belshazzar's Feast, c. 1821; half-size sketch held by the Yale Center for British Art
Belshazzar's feast, or the story of the writing on the wall (chapter 5 in the Book of Daniel) tells how Belshazzar holds a great feast and drinks from the vessels that had been looted in the destruction of the First Temple. A hand appears and writes on the wall. The terrified Belshazzar calls for his wise men, but they are unable to read the writing. The queen advises him to send for Daniel, renowned for his wisdom. Daniel reminds Belshazzar that his father Nebuchadnezzar, when he became arrogant, was thrown down until he learned that God has sovereignty over the kingdom of men. Belshazzar had likewise blasphemed God, and so God sent this hand. Daniel then reads the message and interprets it: God has numbered Belshazzar's days, he has been weighed and found wanting, and his kingdom will be given to the Medes and the Persians.
That very night Belshazzar the Chaldean (Babylonian) king was killed, and Darius the Mede received the kingdom.
—  Daniel 5:30–31[1]
The message of Daniel 5 is the contrast it offers between Nebuchadnezzar and Belshazzar:
Nebuchadnezzar is humbled by God, learns his lesson (he acknowledges the ultimate kingship of the Jewish God), and is restored to his throne;
Belshazzar, in contrast, learns nothing from Nebuchadnezzar's example, blasphemes against God, and has his kingdom given to others.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Summary
1.1 Narrative summary
1.2 Writing on the wall
2 Composition and structure
3 Historical background
4 In art and popular culture
4.1 Belshazzar's Feast
4.2 Writing on the wall
5 See also
6 References
Summary[edit]
Rembrandt, Belshazzar's Feast, 1635, (National Gallery, London). The message is written in vertical lines starting at the top right corner, with "upharsin" taking two lines.
Narrative summary[edit]
This summarizes the narrative, as found in C. L. Seow's translation of the text in his commentary on Daniel.[1]
King Belshazzar holds a great feast for a thousand of his lords, and commands that the Temple vessels from Jerusalem be brought in so that they can drink from them, but as the Babylonians drink, a hand appears and writes on the wall. Belshazzar calls for his magicians and diviners to interpret the writing, but they are unable even to read them. The queen advises Belshazzar to send for Daniel, renowned for his wisdom. Daniel is brought in, and the king offers to make him third in rank in the kingdom if he can interpret the writing. Daniel declines the honour, but agrees to the request. He reminds Belshazzar that Nebuchadnezzar's greatness was the gift of God, and that when he became arrogant God threw him down until he learned humility: "the Most High God has sovereignty over the kingdom of mortals, and sets over it whomever He will." Belshazzar has drunk from the vessels of God's Temple and praised his idols, but he has not given honour to God, and so God sent this hand and wrote these words:
מנא מנא תקל ופרסין
Daniel reads the words "MENE, MENE, TEKEL, and PARSIN" and interprets them for the king: "MENE, God has numbered the days of your kingdom and brought it to an end; TEKEL, you have been weighed ... and found wanting;" and "PERES, your kingdom is divided and given to the Medes and Persians. Then Belshazzar gave the command, and Daniel was clothed in purple, a chain of gold was put around his neck, and a proclamation was made… that he should rank third in the kingdom; [and] that very night Belshazzar the Chaldean (Babylonian) king was killed, and Darius the Mede received the kingdom."[3]
Writing on the wall[edit]
The Chaldean wise men are unable to read or interpret the writing on the wall, but Daniel does so by supplying vowels in two different ways, first reading them as nouns, then interpreting them as verbs.[4] The nouns are monetary weights: a mənê, equivalent to a Jewish mina or sixty shekels (several ancient versions have only one mənê instead of two), a təqêl, equivalent to a shekel, and p̄arsîn, meaning "half-pieces".[5] The last involves a word-play on the name of the Persians (pārās in Hebrew), suggesting not only that they are to inherit Belshazzar's kingdom, but that they are two peoples, Medes and Persians.[5] Daniel then interprets the words as verbs, based on their roots: mənê is interpreted as meaning "numbered", təqêl, from a root meaning to weigh, as meaning "weighed" (and found wanting), and pərês (פְּרַס), the singular form of p̄arsîn, from a root meaning "to divide", denoting that the kingdom is to be "divided" and given to the Medes and Persians.[6] If the "half-pieces" means two half-shekels, then the various weights—a mənê or sixty shekels, another shekel, and two half-shekels—add up to 62, which the tale gives as the age of Darius the Mede, indicating that God's will is being worked out.[7]
Composition and structure[edit]
Chapters of the Book of Daniel
Chapter 1: Induction into Babylon
Chapter 2: Nebuchadnezzar's Dream
Chapter 3: The Fiery Furnace
Chapter 4: Nebuchadnezzar's Madness
Chapter 5: Belshazzar's Feast
Chapter 6: Daniel in the Lions's Den
Chapter 7: The Four Beasts
Chapter 8: The Ram, He-Goat and Horn
Chapter 9: The Seventy Weeks
Chapters 10-12: Daniel's final vision
Additions to Daniel
Song of the Three Holy Children
Susanna and the Elders
Bel and the Dragon
v
t
e
Main article: Book of Daniel § structure
It is generally accepted that the Book of Daniel originated as a collection of folktales among the Jewish community in Babylon in the Persian and early Hellenistic periods (5th to 3rd centuries BC), and was later expanded in the Maccabean era (mid-2nd century) with the visions of chapters 7–12.[8] Modern scholarship agrees that Daniel is a legendary figure,[9] and it is possible that his name was chosen for the hero of the book because of his reputation as a wise seer in Hebrew tradition.[10]
Chapters 2–7 of the book form a chiasm (a poetic structure in which the main point or message of a passage is placed in the centre and framed by further repetitions on either side):[11]
A. (chapter 2) – A dream of four kingdoms replaced by a fifth
B. (chapter 3) – Daniel's three friends in the fiery furnace
C. (chapter 4) – Daniel interprets a dream for Nebuchadnezzar
C'. (chapter 5) – Daniel interprets the handwriting on the wall for Belshazzar
B'. (chapter 6) – Daniel in the lions' den
A'. (chapter 7) – A vision of four world kingdoms replaced by a fifth
Daniel 5 is thus composed as a companion-piece to Daniel 4, the tale of the madness of Nebuchadnezzar, the two giving variations on a single theme. This is spelled out in chapter 5 when Daniel draws a direct parallel between the two kings: the fate of Belshazzar illustrates what happens when a king does not repent.[12]
Daniel 5 does not divide neatly into scenes and scholars do not agree on its structure. The following is one possible outline:[13]
The king's banquet and the mysterious oracle: the king desecrates the sacred vessels, the hand writes on the wall (verses 1–6)
Attempts to interpret the oracle: the Chaldean sages fail, the queen recommends Daniel (verses 7–12)
Daniel appears before Belshazzar: Daniel addresses and rebukes the king, interprets the oracle, and is rewarded (verses 10–12)
Conclusion: Belshazzar's death, Darius' accession (verses 30–31)
Historical background[edit]
The story is set around the fall of Babylon, when on 12 October 539 BC the Persian conqueror Cyrus the Great entered the city. Its last king, Nabonidus, was captured, and his fate is unknown, although he may have been exiled.[14] Several details in the text do not match the known historical facts.[15] Belshazzar is portrayed as king of Babylon and son of Nebuchadnezzar, but was actually the son of King Nabonidus, one of Nebuchadnezzar's successors, and never became king.[15] The conqueror is named as Darius the Mede, but no such individual is known to history; and the invaders were not Medes, but Persians.[15] This is typical of the story's genre, in which historical accuracy is not an essential element.[16]
The constituent elements of the Book of Daniel were assembled shortly after the end of the Maccabean crisis, which is to say shortly after 164 BC.[17] The tales making up chapters 2 to 6 are the earliest part, dating from the late 4th or early 3rd centuries. Their setting is Babylon, and there is no reason to doubt that they were composed in the Babylonian diaspora (i.e., among the Jewish community living in Babylon and Mesopotamia under Persian and then Greek rule). They reflect a society in which foreign rulers were not necessarily malevolent (Belshazzar rewards Daniel and raises him to high office); this is a marked contrast with the visions of chapters 7–12, where the sufferings of the Jews are the result of actions by the evil 2nd century king Antiochus IV Epiphanes.[18]
Belshazzar's feast is a legend, conforming to the subgenre of the "tale of court contest". This has been complicated by the inclusion of Daniel's indictment of Belshazzar's pride and his failure to honour the God of Israel; as a result the tale has a double ending, in which Daniel is first showered with rewards and honours for interpreting the omen, and the king is then punished to fulfill the sentence pronounced by Daniel.[19]
Chapters 2 and 7 tell how all worldly kingdoms will come to an end and be replaced by the kingdom of God, and chapters 3 and 6 tell how pious Jews withstand the arrogance of earthly kings and are rescued by the God of Israel. Chapters 4 and 5 form the centre and carry the most important message in their parallel but contrasting tales of Nebuchadnezzar and Belshazzar. The first is humbled by God, learns his lesson (he acknowledges the ultimate kingship of the Jewish God), and is restored to his throne; Belshazzar, in contrast, learns nothing from Nebuchadnezzar's example, blasphemes against God, and has his kingdom given to others.[2]
In art and popular culture[edit]
Belshazzar's Feast[edit]
There are many depictions of "Belshazzar's Feast" in the arts. These include, in chronological order:
Visual arts
1635: The painting Belshazzar's Feast by Rembrandt
1821: The painting Belshazzar's Feast by the English artist John Martin
1817–1843: The painting Belshazzar's Feast by the American artist Washington Allston
1983–1984: Belshazzar's Feast, the Writing on Your Wall, installation artwork by artist Susan Hiller
Music
13th–15th century: The Play of Daniel from Beauvais Cathedral
1745: The oratorio Belshazzar by George Frideric Handel
1840: The ballad Belsatzar by Robert Schumann
1860: The cantata Belshazzar's Feast. The Fall of Babylon: A Dramatic Cantata in Ten Scenes by Civil War-era songwriter George Frederick Root
1906: The incidental music to Hjalmar Procopé's play by Jean Sibelius
1931: The choral work Belshazzar's Feast by the English composer William Walton[20]
1937: Mene, Mene, Tekel song in the musical review Pins and Needles by Arthur Arent, Marc Blitzstein, Emmanuel Eisenberg, Charles Friedman, David Gregory, Joseph Schrank, Arnold B. Horwitt, John Latouche, and Harold Rome and music and lyrics by Harold Rome.
1957: A song by Johnny Cash and the Tennessee Two (also covered but unreleased by Bob Dylan & The Band during the 1967 Basement Tapes sessions)
1995: Belshazzar's Feast (band), Folk duo Paul Sartin (vocals, violin, oboe and whistle) and Paul Hutchinson (accordion).
1998: The song God's Magic Finger by The Residents, released on the album Wormwood
2006: The song "Writing On The Wall" by Underoath
2007: Belsatzar after Heine for Speaking Voice and Cello by Graham Waterhouse
2013: Referenced in Sting's song The Last Ship
2015: The song Mene by Brand New (band)
2015: "Writing's on the Wall" (Sam Smith song), from the James Bond film Spectre
Literature
1815: The poem Vision of Belshazzar by Lord Byron in his Hebrew Melodies
1820s: The poem Belsazar by Heinrich Heine
1906: The play by Hjalmar Procopé
1930s: In Howard Phillips Lovecraft's novella, The Shadow Over Innsmouth, the character Zadok Allen says "Mene, mene, tekel, upharsin" to the narrator.
Writing on the wall[edit]
In The Hand-Writing upon the Wall (1803), James Gillray caricatured Napoleon in the role of Belshazzar.
References to the "writing on the wall" include:
The incident is recounted and illustrated in the Pearl Poet's poem Cleanness.
In John Cheever's short story "Mene, Mene, Tekel, Upharsin," the narrator encounters graffiti (one example running several pages) in various public washrooms.
In Robert Louis Stevenson's book The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Jekyll explains that his experience as Mr. Hyde was "like the Babylonian finger on the wall, to be spelling out the letters of my judgment".
In the musical revue Pins and Needles, a song entitled "Mene, Mene, Tekel" uses the tale as allegory describing contemporary social injustices.
In Samuel Beckett's Endgame, Hamm asks of Clov, "and what do you see on your wall? Mene, mene? Naked bodies?"
In Voltairine de Cleyre's last poem, "Written in Red", the first verse begins:
Written in red their protest stands,
For the Gods of the World to see;
On the dooming wall their bodiless hands
Have blazoned "Upharsin," and flaring brands
Illumine the message: "Seize the lands!
Open the prisons and make men free!"
Flame out the living words of the dead
Written—in—red.
In Jose Rizal's second novel El Filibusterismo, Crisostomo Ibarra, disguised as Simoun, planted an explosive disguised as a kerosene lamp in a reception party in Captain Tiago's house in an attempt to kill all high-ranking officials of the society and the church attending. He also leaves a note behind, "Mene, Thecel, Pares", plus his name in his own handwriting.
In the novel City of Ashes, part of The Mortal Instruments series by Cassandra Clare, Clary uses her stele to write a rune on Valentine's boat. Although the rune simply means "Open", Clary's extraordinary powers amplify it so as to destroy the ship by ripping apart its bolts. Valentine looks on in awed horror and says, "mene mene tekel upharsin", because he realizes that Clary's powers represent a massive change in the order of things, which will lead to the Clave's, or his own, doom.
In Philip K. Dick's novel A Maze of Death, Seth and Mary Morley lived in "Tekel Upharsin Kibbutz" before moving to Delmak-O.
In V. by Thomas Pynchon, Rachel leaves a written note on a wall to the schlemihl Benny Profane. In response to it, Stencil states to Profane, "Mene, mene, tekel, upharsin", implying his impending demise. (Chapt. 15, pg 448)
The Einstürzende Neubauten song Wüste also has the line "mene, mene tekel, upharshin" in the lyrics.
"The Writing on the Wall" is the finale song of the musical adaptation of the Charles Dickens novel, The Mystery of Edwin Drood.
The characters of Bertie and Aunt Dahlia discuss a reference to Belshazzar's Feast in chapter 9 of the novel Right Ho, Jeeves by P. G. Wodehouse
The song "Kodachrome", also by Paul Simon, includes the lyric "my lack of education hasn't hurt me none / I can read the writing on the wall."
In Chapter 119 (The Candles) of Moby-Dick by Herman Melville, Ishmael ominously describes the appearance of St. Elmo's Fire ("The corpusants!") on their whaling ship, the Pequod, when he writes, "when God's burning finger has been laid on the ship, when His 'Mene, Mene, Tekel, Upharsin' has been woven into the shrouds and the cordage."
In Defrage's song "Save Us from Religion", the first song on their album Jackal, "Mene, Mene, Tekel, Upharsin" is sung at 3:01.
In Andrei Tarkovsky's film Stalker, the Writer says "Mene, Mene, Tekel, Upharsin" while talking to the Professor (around 01:14:00, or in TV version - 2 episode, around 00:11:00).
The song "The Last Ship" by Sting hyperbolically narrates the pilgrimage to Newcastle carried out most notably by the risen Jesus of Nazareth, and other guests haunted by the significance of the last ship sailing from Newcastle's morbid shipbuilding industry, understanding the occasion as though it were "that strange moving finger at Balthazar's feast".
In the episode "Season's Beatings", from season 7 of American Dad!, Steve becomes an Apostate of Satan and repeats the phrases, "Satana, Satana", and "Mene, Mene, Tekel," throughout the duration of his apostasy.
The song Mene, by the American band, Brand New, references the idiom with the lyrics "Written on the wall, the letters plain and tall".
In the song "Omen" by The Prodigy, there is a line "Now the writing's on the wall, it won't go away".
The post-hardcore band Underoath's song "Writings On The Walls"
Miklos Banffy's The Transylvanian Trilogy consists of the volumes They Were Counted, They Were Found Wanting and They Were Divided.
See also[edit]
Babylon
Fall of Babylon
References[edit]
Notes
^ Jump up to: a b Seow 2003, pp. 74–75.
^ Jump up to: a b Albertz 2001, p. 178.
Jump up ^ Seow 2003, pp. 75.
Jump up ^ Seow 2003, p. 80.
^ Jump up to: a b Seow 2003, pp. 82–83.
Jump up ^ Seow 2003, pp. 83.
Jump up ^ Seow 2003, p. 84.
Jump up ^ Collins 1984, pp. 29, 34–35.
Jump up ^ Collins 1984, p. 28.
Jump up ^ Redditt 2008, pp. 176–77, 180.
Jump up ^ Redditt 2008, p. 177.
Jump up ^ Collins 1984, pp. 67, 70.
Jump up ^ Newsom & Breed 2014, p. 165.
Jump up ^ Waters 2014, pp. 44–45.
^ Jump up to: a b c Seow 2003, pp. 4–6.
Jump up ^ Collins 1984, p. 41.
Jump up ^ Collins 2001, p. 2.
Jump up ^ Seow 2003, p. 7.
Jump up ^ Collins 1984, p. 67.
Jump up ^ Ward, David (15 July 2002). "David Ward, "The six greatest works of William Walton". ''The Guardian'', 15 July 2002". London: Guardian. Retrieved 2012-02-20.
Bibliography
Albertz, Rainer (2001). "Social Setting of Daniel". In Collins, John J.; Flint, Peter W.; VanEpps, Cameron. The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception. I. Brill. ISBN 9004116753.
Collins, John J. (1984). Daniel: With an Introduction to Apocalyptic Literature. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802800206.
Collins, John J. (2001). "Current Issues in the Study of Daniel". In Collins, John J.; Flint, Peter W.; VanEpps, Cameron. The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception. I. Brill. ISBN 0391041274.
Newsom, Carol A.; Breed, Brennan W. (2014). Daniel: A Commentary. Presbyterian Publishing Corp. ISBN 9780664220808.
Redditt, Paul L. (2008). Introduction to the Prophets. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802828965.
Seow, C.L. (2003). Daniel. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9780664256753.
Waters, Matt (2014). Ancient Persia: A Concise History of the Achaemenid Empire, 550–330 BC. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107652729.
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Vernon C. Bain Correctional Center
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Vernon C. Bain Correctional Center
Parking lot and main entrance to the center in Hunts Point, Bronx
Location
Hunts Point, Bronx, New York
Coordinates
40°48′5″N 73°52′38″W / 40.80139°N 73.87722°W / 40.80139; -73.87722Coordinates: 40°48′5″N 73°52′38″W / 40.80139°N 73.87722°W / 40.80139; -73.87722
Status
Operational
Security class
intake and processing
Capacity
870
Opened
1992 (1992)
Managed by
New York City Department of Corrections
Warden
Linda Griffin[1]
Street address
1 Halleck Street
City
New York City
State
New York
ZIP Code
10474
Country
United States
The Vernon C. Bain Center (VCBC), also known as the Vernon C. Bain Maritime Facility[2] and under the nickname "The Boat",[3] is an 800-bed jail barge used to hold inmates for the New York City Department of Corrections. The barge is anchored off the Bronx's southern shore, near Hunts Point. It was built in New Orleans along the Mississippi River for $161 million in Avondale Shipyard,[4] and brought to New York in 1992 to reduce overcrowding in the island's land-bound buildings for a lower price.[5] Nicknamed "The Boat" by prison staff and inmates,[6] it is designed to handle inmates from medium- to maximum-security in 16 dormitories and 100 cells.
Currently the only barge in use, the Vernon C. Bain Center is the third prison barge that the New York Department of Corrections has used. In its history, the prison has served traditional inmates, juvenile inmates and is currently used as a holding and temporary processing center. The added security of the prison being on water has prevented at least four attempted escapes. The barge is named in memorial for warden Vernon C. Bain who died in an automobile accident. In 2014, the prison barge was named the world's largest prison barge in operation by the Guinness World Records.[7]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Juvenile detention
1.2 Escapes
2 Facilities
3 References
4 Sources
5 External links
History[edit]
Vernon C. Bain barge as seen from kayaks on Long Island Sound.
In the late 1980s, the New York City Department of Correction experienced overcrowding issues in its prison complexes.[8] The idea of temporarily alleviating the issues of a growing inmate population and dwindling space by outfitting prison ships was conceived under the administration of then Mayor Edward I. Koch. Their solution was to develop usable prison space with maritime cells and avoid complaints about building jails in densely populated neighborhoods.[4]
In 1988, the Bibby Resolution, and her sister ship Bibby Venture, were bought by the New York City Department of Correction in to serve as the first two prison ships.[9] Both ships were previously used as British troop carriers before being re-purposed into prison ships.[10] In 1994 both ships were sold,[11][12] leaving the Bain Correctional Center and two converted Staten Island ferries, the Wildstein and Kean,[13] docked at Rikers Island to be used when overcrowding became an issue.[14][15]
The construction of the Vernon C. Bain Center prison barge began in 1989 at Avondale Shipyard by Avondale Industries and was supposed to be finished in 1990 at the price of $125.6 million. Due to unanticipated construction problems including issues with the ventilation system, the finished barge was delivered 18 months late and $35 million over budget. On January 26, 1992, the recently outfitted prison barge was brought through Long Island Sound by the tugboat, Michael Turecamo, after an 1800 nautical mile trip.[16] The new barge was named for well-liked and respected warden Vernon C. Bain, who had died in an automobile accident.[17][8]
One of the first captains of the barge under the Department of Corrections had previously been employed by the same tugboat company and had earlier captained the tugboat that hauled the barge to its current location. The new crew of the prison barge, who were placed in accordance with Coast Guard regulations, worked on the empty barge to learn the vessel operations, including the electrical and fire fighting systems.[18] The barge officially opened for use and began accepting inmates later in 1992.[4]
The blue and white barge as seen from Long Island Sound with the outdoor recreation area to the left and the gym in the center
From the time the barge was constructed, there has been controversy about its cost.[4] The final price was more than $35 million over budget, which attracted negative attention. The assistant correction commissioner, John H. Shanahan, claimed the price difference was because the Department of Corrections "never designed this kind of passenger vessel before and unfortunately there was a mistake in the original contract."[4] William Booth, the chairmain of the Board of Corrections, said at the time that the prison barge would be the last barge the Department of Corrections would build because the process was too expensive and too uncertain. The Board of Corrections is an independent body that monitors city-owned prisons.[4]
The prison barge was temporarily closed in August 1995 due to less crowded city jails, caused by a decline in arrests and inmate transfers. In late 1996, the prison was slated for reopening due to the rise in arrests from a campaign targeting drugs and drug dealers.[19] The six-month campaign expected more than seven thousand additional arrests than usual, but the ship was not reopened until 1998 when it was used by the Department of Juvenile Justice. The Bain Center is currently used as a processing facility for inmates in the Department of Corrections system. There are three other processing facilities that each handle specific boroughs.[20]
In early 2016, New York City Hall officials began looking into ways to possibly shutter Rikers Island and transfer prisoners to other locations. One plan is to situate a 2000-bed jail in the parking lot for the Bain Center. [3][21] Other similar plan includes closing the barge jail.[22]
Juvenile detention[edit]
A surge in the need for juvenile detention space caused the New York City Department of Juvenile Justice to lease space at the Bain Correction Center in 1998.[23][24] At the time, there were over five thousand juveniles aged thirteen to eighteen years old in secure detention in New York.[25] The barge had been unused since August 1995 but had been maintained and was ready to house inmates again. The center was used to solve the space problem and to assist in the closure of Spofford Juvenile Center. The temporary space was used for juvenile inmate processing and temporary housing for inmates from prior to transfer.[14] The underage inmates were moved out of the Bain Center and back into the Spofford facility in 1999.[25] In January 2000, the Department of Juvenile Justice, after completing renovations to other buildings, moved out of the center.[26][27]
Escapes[edit]
Aerial photo of Rikers Island, seen from the North. Bain Correctional Center is seen in the bottom left corner as the docked blue and white ship.
The first time a prisoner tried to escape from the Bain was in 1993, when a 38-year-old prisoner was able to escape while he was supposed to be cleaning ice from the parking lot in front of the ship. The guard who was responsible for the inmate was suspended without pay due to the incident.[28]
Prior to 2002, an inmate tried to escape from the prison's recreation area by climbing the 30-foot fence equipped with razor wire. The guards' uniform boots prevented them from climbing the fence in pursuit, so they threw basketballs at the inmate to stop his escape, but he was able to successfully climb over it. He dove into the East River, where he was promptly picked up and returned by a police watercraft that was dispatched to the scene.[29]
Another escape occurred in February 2004 when the girlfriend of an inmate gave him a handcuff key.[30] The inmate was handcuffed by one wrist to another inmate, but he was able to, without any prison employee noticing, remove the cuffs and free himself.[31] The inmate was able to cling to the undercarriage of a prisoner transport bus to ride away from the facility. He let go of the bus in the South Bronx and walked away, but was apprehended nearly a month later. Six officers and a captain were given administrative leave due to the incident.[30] The corrections commissioner said the escape was caused by a combination of the inmate's quick thinking and the officers' sloppy work.[31]
In early 2013, an inmate charged with petty larceny successfully slipped out of his handcuffs as he arrived at the Bain Center.[32][33][34]
Facilities[edit]
The 625-foot-long (191 m) by 125-foot-wide (38 m) flatbed barge has 14 dormitories and 100 cells for inmates.[5] For recreation, there is a full-size gym with basketball court, weight lifting rooms, and an outdoor recreation facility on the roof. There are three worship chapels, a modern medical facility, and a library open to inmate use.[35] The 47,326-ton facility is on the water, and when it opened, 3 or more maritime crew were maintained under Coast Guard regulations.[36] According to John Klumpp, the barge's first captain, in 2002,"the Coast Guard, after years of monitoring the prison barge, finally accepted the reality that that it was, de facto, a jail and not a boat."[37] The prison barge is located in Hunts Point, Bronx in the South Bronx, about 5 miles (8.0 km) from SUNY Maritime College.[38]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Correction (DOC)". New York City Citywide Administrative Services. NYC Government. Retrieved January 8, 2014.
Jump up ^ "National Jail and Adult Detention Directory". American Correctional Association: 306. 2000.
^ Jump up to: a b Chan, Shirley (April 15, 2016). "Local politicians say secret plan for a 'mini Rikers' in the works". WPIX 11. Tribune Broadcasting. Retrieved January 16, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Raab, Selwyn (January 27, 1992). "Bronx Jail Barge to Open, Though the Cost Is Steep". New York Times. Retrieved March 30, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Wacquant 2009, p. 124.
Jump up ^ Sullivan, Laura (January 22, 2010). "Inmates Who Can't Make Bail Face Stark Options". NPR. Retrieved March 30, 2013.
Jump up ^ Guinness World Records 2014. Vancouver, British Columbia: Jim Pattison Group. 2013. ISBN 978-1-908843-35-7.
^ Jump up to: a b Klumpp 2011, p. 293.
Jump up ^ Bohlen, Celestine (March 3, 1989). "Jail Influx Brings Plan For 2 Barges". The New York Times. New York: NYTC. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 26, 2012.
Jump up ^ Siebert, Rudolf (2010). Manifesto of the Critical Theory of Society and Religion (3 Vols.): The Wholly Other, Liberation, Happiness and the Rescue of the Hopeless. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Publishers. p. 919. ISBN 978-90-04-18436-7.
Jump up ^ Wacquant 2009, p. 125.
Jump up ^ Fein, Esther B. (July 29, 1994). "A $1.8 Million Bid Wins 2 Empty Prison Barges". The New York Times. New York: NYTC. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 26, 2012.
Jump up ^ Navvaro, Mireya (July 12, 1994). "2 Jail Barges May Be Sold At Shortfall Of Millions". The New York Times. Retrieved January 3, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Lombardi, Frank (March 12, 1998). "Jail Kids On Barge, Commish Suggests". NY Daily News. Retrieved June 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ Raab, Selwyn (February 15, 1992). "2 Jail Barges To Be Closed And Removed". New York Times. Retrieved January 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Vernon C. Bain". Steamboat Bill: Journal of the Steamship Historical Society of America. 49 (201–204): 132. 1992.
Jump up ^ Jiler, James (2006). Doing Time in the Garden: Life Lessons Through Prison Horticulture. New Village Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-9766054-2-3.
Jump up ^ Klumpp 2011, p. 297.
Jump up ^ Kocieniewski, David (March 3, 1996). "Preparing for a Campaign Against Drugs, Officials Seek more Jail Space of Dealors". New York Times. Retrieved November 25, 2012.
Jump up ^ "DOC – Facilities Overview". City of New York Department of Corrections. New York City. Retrieved January 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ Durkin, Erin; Blau, Reuven (April 14, 2016). "NYC officials quietly reviewed alternate sites for inmates in possible Rikers Island shutdown". New York Daily News. Retrieved January 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ Fanelli, James; Mays, Jeff (March 31, 2016). "City Hall Quietly Eyes neighborhoods for New Jails to Replace Rikers Island". DNA Info New York. Archived from the original on January 18, 2017. Retrieved January 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ Edwards, Jacqueline M. (2008). Introduction to Juvenile Justice System. Lulu. p. 130.
Jump up ^ Jackson, Kenneth T. (2010). The Encyclopedia of New York City. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. p. 1584. ISBN 0-300-18257-0.
^ Jump up to: a b Kozol, Jonathan (2012). Ordinary Resurrections: Children in the Years of Hope. Random House LLC. p. 359. ISBN 978-0-7704-3567-7.
Jump up ^ Faruquee, Mishi (2002). "Rethinking Juvenile Detention in New York City". Correctional Association Juvenile Justice Project.
Jump up ^ Kelly, Malikah J. (2004). "10 Reasons New York City should close the Spofford Youth Center". Corrections Association Juvenile Justice Project.
Jump up ^ Johnson Publishing Company (March 15, 1993). "Weekly Almanac: Slip Up". Jet. 83 (20): 19.
Jump up ^ Klumpp 2011, p. 300.
^ Jump up to: a b Wilson, Michael (July 13, 2012). "A Suspect With a Knack for Escape". New York Times. Retrieved November 25, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Von Zielbauer, Paul (March 19, 2004). "Correction Lapses Admitted In Prisoner's Escape Via Bus". New York Times. Retrieved November 25, 2012.
Jump up ^ Harshbarger, Rebecca (January 25, 2013). "Bronx prisoner escapes police custody one day after Brooklyn man flees precinct". New York Post. Retrieved March 30, 2013.
Jump up ^ Tracy, Thomas (January 25, 2013). "Murder suspect who escaped police custody arrested in Bronx". New York Daily News. Retrieved March 30, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Bronx prisoner, Jermaine Logan, escapes police custody". News 12 The Bronx. January 25, 2013. Retrieved January 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ Klumpp 2011, p. 295.
Jump up ^ Goodrich, Daniel C.; Frances L. Edwards (2012). Introduction to transportation security. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 252. ISBN 978-1-4398-4576-9.
Jump up ^ Klumpp 2011, p. 302.
Jump up ^ Carlson, Jen (September 20, 2012). "Did You Know About This Floating Prison On The East River?". The Gothamist. Archived from the original on March 31, 2016. Retrieved March 30, 2013.
Sources[edit]
Klumpp, John S. (2011). An Ordinary Guy, an Extraordinary Tale: My Life and Times. Bloomington, Indiana: IUniverse Books. ISBN 978-1-4620-5354-4.
Wacquant, Loïc (2009). Punishing the Poor: The Neoliberal Government of Social Insecurity. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-9225-5.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vernon C. Bain Correctional Center.
New York City Department of Corrections home page
History of the center
The Travels of Tug 44 (includes photographs)
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Feature geometry
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This article's lead section may not adequately summarize key points of its contents. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. Please discuss this issue on the article's talk page. (September 2013)
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Feature geometry is a phonological theory which represents distinctive features as a structured hierarchy rather than a matrix or a set. Feature geometry grew out of autosegmental phonology, which emphasizes the autonomous nature of distinctive features and the non-uniform relationships among them. Feature geometry recognizes that some sets of features often pattern together in phonological and phonotactic generalizations, while others rarely interact. Feature geometry thus formally encodes groups of features under nodes in a tree: features that commonly pattern together are said to share a parent node, and operations on this set can be encoded as operation on the parent node.
A common node in feature geometries is the Laryngeal node. The Laryngeal node is an organizing node that dominates the features of the larynx, usually taken to be [voice], [constricted glottis], and [spread glottis]. It is common for these three features to pattern together in the phonology of the world's language to the exclusion of every other feature, and in feature geometry, this follows from the tree representation. Similarly, feature geometries generally include a Place node that is the dominant node of the place features, which also often pattern together. Feature geometry is easily compatible with theories of underspecification and can represent incomplete segments by missing nodes.
The Root node is the topmost node of the feature tree and works as the formal organizing unit of the segment, and in some frameworks encodes the major class features such as [consonantal], [sonorant], and [approximant]. Some features such as [nasal] and [lateral] are sometimes dependent of the root node, or sometimes of a Supralaryngeal node along with Place. Other features such as [anterior] and [distributed] are usually dependent from the Coronal place feature.
The first formal model of feature geometry was introduced in print by George N. Clements in 1985, drawing on unpublished work by K.P. Mohanon and Joan Mascaró. Another precursor to feature geometry was proposed by Roger Lass in 1976, in which he proposed a laryngeal feature submatrix within a distinctive feature matrix. Other important models have been proposed by Elizabeth Sagey (1986), John J. McCarthy (1988), and Clements & Hume (1995). Models vary widely in the number of the hierarchical nodes and in how consonant and vowel features are treated.
Feature geometry has attracted formal and conceptual criticism. In 2003 Charles Reiss argued that feature geometry is insufficiently powerful to account for a class of phonological rules that involve dependencies between segments, such as partial and total identity and nonidentity. Feature geometry is unable to encode these properties. In 2008 Jeff Mielke argued that feature geometry merely recapitulated physiological organization, and that since the influence of articulation on sound change will independently create patterns in the behavior of features, feature geometry recapitulates diachrony and is redundant as a theory of the mental organisation of phonology.
References[edit]
Clements, G. N. & S. J. Keyser, 1983. CV Phonology: a Generative Theory of the Syllable (Linguistic Inquiry Monograph 9), MIT Press, Cambridge, Ma.
Clements, G. N., 1985. "The Geometry of Phonological Features," Phonology Yearbook 2, 225-252.
Clements, G. N. & Elizabeth Hume, 1995. "The Internal Organization of Speech Sounds" In John Goldsmith, ed., Handbook of Phonological Theory. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 245–306.
McCarthy, John J. 1988. "Feature geometry and dependence: A review." Phonetica 43. 84-108.
Mielke, Jeff. 2008. The Emergence of Distinctive features. Oxford University Press. Chicago
Reiss, Charles. 2003. "Quantification in structural descriptions: Attested and unattested patterns." Linguistic review, 20(2/4), 305-338.
Sagey, Elizabeth Caroline, 1986. The representation of features and relations in non-linear phonology. Cambridge, MA: MIT dissertation.
External links[edit]
Marc van Oostendorp's tutorial on feature geometry
McCarthy (1988)
Elizabeth Sagey's (1986) dissertation
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feature_geometry&oldid=709280303"
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Eligibility for the NBA draft
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The NBA draft is an annual event in which the 30 franchises in the National Basketball Association select new players for their teams. Eligibility rules for prospective players have changed several times during the history of the league. No player may sign with the NBA until they are 19 years or older.[1] The rule has produced one-and-done players that play college basketball for one year before declaring for the draft.
Contents
1 Early history
2 Haywood v. NBA
3 Later history
3.1 Automatic eligibility
3.2 "Early entry" player
3.3 Definition of international players
3.4 Reaction of high school players
3.5 Changes for college underclassmen in 2016
4 Notes and references
Early history[edit]
In the earliest days of the NBA, three players entered the NBA without having played in college (although one of them did not enter the league until he was 39 years old). However, the league eventually established a rule that "a player could not make himself available" for the draft until two years after his high school graduation.[2]
Haywood v. NBA[edit]
Main article: Haywood v. National Basketball Association
The first major challenge to the NBA's eligibility rules came from Spencer Haywood. He graduated from high school in 1968, at a time when college freshmen were not allowed to play varsity sports for NCAA member schools. He played three years at a Colorado junior college, followed by a season at the University of Detroit. After the 1970–71 season, he left college for the NBA's rival at the time, the ABA, which had no rule restricting college underclassmen from entering the league, and had a spectacularly successful rookie season with the Denver Rockets (the predecessor to today's Denver Nuggets), being named the ABA's Rookie of the Year and MVP. Near the end of the season, he turned 21; shortly after its end, he repudiated his contract with the Rockets, claiming he had been defrauded. Haywood then signed a contract with the Seattle SuperSonics (later relocated to become the Oklahoma City Thunder), which put him and the Sonics on a collision course with the NBA, as he was only three years removed from his high school graduation.
The NBA threatened to disallow the contract and impose sanctions against the Sonics. Haywood responded by filing an antitrust suit against the league, seeking an injunction to prevent the NBA from disallowing the contract or punishing the Sonics. The case eventually reached the U.S. Supreme Court, which issued a 7–2 decision in Haywood's favor in 1971.
After the decision, the NBA allowed players to leave college early as "hardship cases", which essentially meant that the player had to prove financial hardship. This rule quickly developed into one that was observed in the breach, with Sport magazine writer Jackie Lapin commenting in the 1970s that "Almost anyone who has been any good at the game in the past decade would qualify [as a hardship case]—with the probable exception of Bill Bradley, the banker's son."[3]
Later history[edit]
See also: NBA high school draftees
As a consequence of the aforementioned Haywood decision, and following soon after, three high schoolers chose to enter the professional ranks without ever enrolling in a college. The first was Moses Malone, who went to the ABA upon his high school graduation in 1974, almost immediately establishing himself as a star of the future. After the ABA–NBA merger in 1976, his career continued on its upward trajectory, ultimately earning him three NBA MVP awards, four appearances on the All-NBA First Team, 12 consecutive NBA All-Star Game appearances, an NBA title, a place among the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History, and enshrinement in the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. In 1975, Darryl Dawkins and Bill Willoughby both went to the NBA from high school. Dawkins had a solid 14-year career in the NBA, while Willoughby was no more than a journeyman in eight NBA seasons.
These players were greatly outnumbered by college underclassmen who chose to leave early for the NBA. While underclass draftees are too numerous to list, it can be noted that among the aforementioned 50 Greatest Players, 10 (not including Malone) left college early for the NBA.[4]
After Dawkins and Willoughby, no high school player went directly to the NBA for 20 years, although Lloyd Daniels and Shawn Kemp went to the NBA without having played college basketball (both had enrolled in college, but never played). That would change in 1995 with the arrival of future NBA MVP Kevin Garnett, who was selected fifth overall. The following year, another future MVP in Kobe Bryant and a future All-Star in Jermaine O'Neal were first-round picks out of high school. Most years after that saw at least one, and often more, high schoolers drafted, most notably Tracy McGrady (1997), Kwame Brown (the first high schooler to be the #1 overall pick, in 2001), Amar'e Stoudemire (2002), LeBron James (#1 in 2003), and Dwight Howard (#1 in 2004).
However, the influx of high schoolers caused considerable controversy. When the NBA and its players union negotiated a new Collective Bargaining Agreement (CBA) in 2005, NBA Commissioner David Stern publicly called for a higher age limit of 20, stating that he wanted the league's scouts and general managers out of high school gyms and that too many young urban Americans incorrectly saw the NBA as a sure path to fame and financial security.[5] Most of the players were opposed to an age limit;[6] Jermaine O'Neal was perhaps the most strident critic, accusing the NBA of racism.[7] Ultimately, the union reluctantly agreed to an age limit of 19, accepting it in exchange for tweaks to salary cap rules that were favorable to the players' interests.[6]
The current eligibility rules were established under the NBA's 2005 collective bargaining agreement (CBA), which expired in 2011, resulting in a lockout. The previous CBA, approved in December 2011, made no changes to the draft rules, but called for the NBA and its players union to form a committee to discuss draft-related issues.[8][9] In 2016, the NBA and NBA Players Association met to work on a new CBA, which both sides approved in December of that year. This most recent agreement started with the 2017–18 season and will run through 2023–24, with a mutual opt-out after 2022–23.[10][11] The basic rules that started in the 2006 draft are:
All drafted players must be at least 19 years old during the calendar year of the draft.[12] To determine whether a player is eligible for a given year's draft, subtract 19 from the year of the draft. If the player was born during or before that year, he is eligible.
Any player who is not an "international player", as defined in the CBA, must be at least one year removed from the graduation of his high school class.[12]
The "one year out of high school" requirement is in addition to the age requirement. For example, although O. J. Mayo turned 19 in November 2006, six months before his high school graduation, he was not eligible until the 2008 draft, a year after his high school class graduated. Stern stated the rules were business-related and not a "social program", citing the need to see players perform against higher competition before they are evaluated for valuable draft picks.[9] The rule effectively mandated that players spend at least one year in college.[13] High school players who would otherwise have jumped directly into the NBA were instead playing in college for the required year before leaving and entering the draft—a phenomenon known as one and done.[14] Some colleges have embraced this rule to their advantage, notably the University of Kentucky, among others. Many of their players have played the one mandatory year, leaving after their freshman season to enter the draft. The NBA G League (formerly Development League) is one alternative to college. Players can earn five-figure salaries, but the level of competition is possibly lower than in the Division I level in college. Some players, most notably Brandon Jennings, have also played overseas in lieu of college.[13][15] However, in recent years, other players like Satnam Singh, Thon Maker, and Matur Maker have looked to enter the NBA draft while still being high schoolers by exploiting a loophole where they enter the draft as high school postgraduates.
In April 2018, a report from the Commission on College Basketball was released. It recommended, among its findings, the abolishment of the "one-and-done" rule,[16] thus high school players can be directly eligible for the draft again. The NBA notified its member teams in a memorandum that the earliest possible draft without the one-year rule (not named in the memo), among eligibilty changes, can be in 2021.[17][18]
Automatic eligibility[edit]
Players whose 19th birthday falls during or before the calendar year of the draft, or at least one year removed from the graduation of their high school class, and who do not meet the criteria for "international" players are automatically eligible if they meet any of the following criteria:[19]
They have completed four years of their college eligibility.
If they graduated from high school in the U.S., but did not enroll in a U.S. college or university, four years have passed since their high school class graduated.
They have signed a contract with a professional basketball team outside the NBA, anywhere in the world, and have played under that contract. They also must be released from their contract before they can leave college to go to the NBA
Those who have reached the minimum eligibility age of 19 and meet the criteria for "international" players are automatically eligible if they meet any of the following criteria:
They are at least 22 during the calendar year of the draft.[20]
They have signed a contract with a professional basketball team outside the NBA within the United States, and have played under that contract.[21]
"Early entry" player[edit]
Players who are not automatically eligible but wish to be drafted must declare their eligibility no later than 60 days before the draft.[22] After this date, "early entry" players may attend NBA pre-draft camps and individual team workouts to show off their skills and obtain feedback regarding their draft positions. Under the CBA, a player may withdraw his name from consideration from the draft at any time before the final declaration date, which is 10 days before the draft.[23] However, the NCAA adopted a rule that took effect in August 2009 that requires players at its member institutions to withdraw no later than May 8 to retain their college eligibility; the first draft affected by this rule was the 2010 draft.[24] In 2011, the NCAA shortened its timeline for players to withdraw and retain eligibility to one day before the start of the spring signing period for men's basketball, which occurs in April.[25] The NCAA changed its withdrawal rule again in 2016, effective with that year's draft; its withdrawal deadline is now in late May, specifically 10 days after the final day of the annual NBA Draft Combine.[26]
A player who declares for the draft will lose his college eligibility, even if he is not drafted, if he signs with any agent.[27] Before 2016, the NCAA only allowed a player to enter the draft once without losing eligibility,[25] but current NCAA rules now allow players to declare for and withdraw from multiple drafts while retaining college eligibility.[26] The CBA allows a player to withdraw twice.[23]
Definition of international players[edit]
The CBA defines "international players" for draft purposes as those who meet all of the following criteria:[28]
Permanently reside outside the U.S. for at least three years before the draft while playing basketball outside the U.S.
Have never enrolled in a U.S. college or university.
Did not complete high school in the U.S.
Note that this definition is very different from what the NBA uses in listing "international players" on its team rosters. For that purpose, the league defines an "international player" specifically as one born outside the 50 United States or the District of Columbia, even if that player's parent is a natural-born American.
Reaction of high school players[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
In the third annual High School Hoops magazine,[29] the players weighed in on the subject of the new rules regarding draft eligibility. Many of them felt that it was unfair. Kansas State freshman Bill Walker, said (as a junior in high school), "I'm against it. I don't see why you have to be 19 to play a game of basketball when you can be 18 and go to war for our country and die. It's ridiculous." Jerryd Bayless said "It's not fair at all. If a tennis player can go pro at 13, I don't understand why a basketball player can't go pro at 18." A possible number one pick out of high school, had the rule not been put in place, was Greg Oden (though he was still picked first in 2007). When asked about the agreement he said "It's unfair, but it's over with now, so there's no reason to complain." In spite of the claims that the rule is unfair, Wayne Ellington of North Carolina, said that "…I also think it's going to help the league a little bit. Some guys who come in, like from this year's draft, it will help." Brandan Wright said that "It may hurt guys who need money, but it will help people grow and develop."
On the specific topic of Oden entering the draft, Jack Keefer, Oden's high school coach at Lawrence North, Indiana, said, "I really think he thought he was going to college. He seems to be more at ease with himself right now. I think the stress came with worrying about the NBA."[30]
While a lot of high school players just accepted that this is just how it is, some object to this rule. They said that it puts excess stress on them because they start being recruited in their junior year of high school. If they have a bad season it could ruin their chances to get into college and therefore into the NBA. It can also be stressful picking a college to play at, which can be unneeded stress if a player decides to leave after only one year.
Changes for college underclassmen in 2016[edit]
In March 2015, following a series of meetings that began at the 2014 men's Final Four, the NBA, NCAA, and the trade association for college men's coaches, the National Association of Basketball Coaches (NABC), announced a plan that would give college underclassmen a better opportunity to make an informed decision about their NBA status than the then-current system. Under this plan:[31]
The NCAA would no longer automatically treat entry into the draft as forfeiture of remaining college eligibility. Instead, it would allow underclassmen to withdraw from the draft in late May, about five weeks after the then-current deadline, and retain their remaining eligibility (as long as they do not sign with an agent or a professional basketball team in the meantime). The NBA's early-entry and withdrawal deadlines, respectively 60 days and 10 days before the draft, would not change because they are written into the league's collective bargaining agreement.
The NBA would expand its invitation-only draft combine, currently held in Chicago, to include players with remaining college eligibility (who would also have to be invited in order to attend). The stated purpose of this expansion was to allow underclassmen to receive feedback from NBA teams on their draft prospects. According to one NCAA executive, the expanded combine would involve from 20 to 30% more players than the approximately 70 who participated at that time.
The NCAA rule change was formally presented by the NCAA men's basketball oversight committee on June 24, 2015, and was approved by the NCAA Division I council on January 13, 2016.[26] The new rule, which took effect with the 2016 draft, specifically sets the new withdrawal date at 10 days after the end of the NBA draft combine. Additionally, players may declare for the draft multiple times without losing college eligibility, as long as they withdraw before the new deadline without hiring an agent or signing a professional basketball contract, and are now allowed to attend the draft combine and one tryout per year for each NBA team without losing college eligibility. However, it has been stated that current commissioner Adam Silver has been working to change this rule and meeting with NCAA officials to make the changes for the betterment of the NBA and NCAA basketball players, teams, and coaches alike.[32]
Notes and references[edit]
Jump up ^ "Article X: PLAYER ELIGIBILITY AND NBA DRAFT" (PDF). nbpa.com. January 19, 2017. p. 273. Section 1a. CS1 maint: Date and year (link)
Jump up ^ One later player, Reggie Harding, would be drafted in 1962 despite never enrolling in a college and being less than four years out of high school. However, he did not enter the league until 1963, after he had turned 21.
Jump up ^ Friedman, David. "Chocolate Thunder and Short Shorts: The NBA in the 1970s (excerpt)". Basketball in America: From the Playgrounds to Jordan's Game and Beyond. Archived from the original on September 8, 2008.
Jump up ^ Charles Barkley, Clyde Drexler, Julius Erving, George Gervin, Magic Johnson, Michael Jordan, Hakeem Olajuwon, Shaquille O'Neal, Isiah Thomas, and James Worthy.
Jump up ^ Sheridan, Chris, Associated Press (May 12, 2005). "Hunter still opposed to raising NBA age limit". USA Today. Retrieved November 14, 2008. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Jump up to: a b Aschburner, Steve (April 7, 2008). "Inside the NBA: NBA, NCAA are both wrong in debate about age limit". SportsIllustrated.com. Retrieved November 14, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Stern wants NBA age limit raised to 20". ESPN.com. April 13, 2005. Retrieved November 14, 2008.
Jump up ^ Zillgit, Jeff (December 7, 2011). "Hunter's memo to players details NBA CBA". USA Today. Retrieved December 12, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "David Stern wants change to age rule". ESPN.com. Associated Press. April 12, 2012. Archived from the original on April 4, 2012.
Jump up ^ Wojnarowski, Adrian (October 24, 2016). "CBA could extend seven years with a mutual opt-out in six years". Retrieved December 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "NBA, players ratify new collective bargaining agreement" (Press release). NBA. December 23, 2016. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Article X, Section 1(b)(i)" (PDF). 2017 NBA Collective Bargaining Agreement. National Basketball Players Association. January 19, 2017. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Macur, Juliet (April 25, 2014). "Given a Choice, Athletes May Prefer None and Done". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ Armstrong, Kevin (December 31, 2009). "Short Stays That Produced Lasting Results". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ Medcalf, Myron (July 26, 2012). "Roots of one-and-done rule run deep". ESPN.com. Archived from the original on March 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ Rutherford, Mike (April 25, 2018). "Commission on College Basketball recommends abolishing one-and-done rule, taking control of AAU". SBNation. Vox Media.
Jump up ^ Lowe, Zach (June 15, 2018). "Memo: NBA draft eligibility could shift by 2021". ABC News.
Jump up ^ "Adam Silver says Draft eligibility age likely to be changed". NBA.com. Associated Press. July 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Article X, Section 1(b)(ii)" (PDF). 2017 NBA Collective Bargaining Agreement. National Basketball Players Association. January 19, 2017. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Article X, Section 1(b)(ii)(G)(1)" (PDF). 2017 NBA Collective Bargaining Agreement. National Basketball Players Association. January 19, 2017. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Article X, Section 1(b)(ii)(G)(2)" (PDF). 2017 NBA Collective Bargaining Agreement. National Basketball Players Association. January 19, 2017. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Article X, Section 1(b)(ii)(F)" (PDF). 2017 NBA Collective Bargaining Agreement. National Basketball Players Association. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Article X, Section 8(c)" (PDF). 2017 NBA Collective Bargaining Agreement. National Basketball Players Association. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Brennan, Eamonn (April 29, 2011). "The new NBA draft deadline is ridiculous". ESPN.com. Retrieved April 10, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Bylaw 12.2.4.2.1.1 Exception—Basketball—Four-Year College Student-Athlete, Men's Basketball" (PDF). 2010–11 NCAA Division I Manual. NCAA. p. 72. Retrieved February 2, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c Goodman, Jeff (January 13, 2016). "College players given extra time to mull NBA draft decision". ESPN.com. Retrieved January 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Bylaw 12.3.1 Use of Agents" (PDF). 2010–11 NCAA Division I Manual. NCAA. p. 73. Retrieved February 2, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Article X, Section 1(c)" (PDF). 2017 NBA Collective Bargaining Agreement. National Basketball Players Association. January 19, 2017. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Bodenburg, Rob, Ryan Canner-O'mealy, Jon Mahoney, and Ben Sylvan. "Scouting the Nation." High School Hoops 2005: 16-17.
Jump up ^ Mahoney, Jon. "Next Question?" High School Hoops 2005: 38-39.
Jump up ^ Katz, Andy (March 12, 2015). "Plan would move withdrawal date". ESPN.com. Retrieved May 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ Wojnarowski, Adrian. "Adam Silver, NBPA chief talk one-and-done rule with new commission". ESPN. ESPN.com. Retrieved December 11, 2017.
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