text:
New Culture Movement
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
New Culture Movement
Traditional Chinese
新文化運動
Simplified Chinese
新文化运动
[show]Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin
Xīn Wénhuà Yùndòng
Bopomofo
ㄒㄧㄣ ㄨㄣˊㄏㄨㄚˋ ㄩㄣˋㄉㄨㄙˋ
History of China
ANCIENT
Neolithic c. 8500 – c. 2070 BCE
Xia dynasty c. 2070 – c. 1600 BCE
Shang dynasty c. 1600 – c. 1046 BCE
Zhou dynasty c. 1046 – 256 BCE
Western Zhou
Eastern Zhou
Spring and Autumn
Warring States
IMPERIAL
Qin dynasty 221–206 BCE
Han dynasty 206 BCE – 220 CE
Western Han
Xin dynasty
Eastern Han
Three Kingdoms 220–280
Wei, Shu and Wu
Jin dynasty 265–420
Western Jin
Eastern Jin Sixteen Kingdoms
Northern and Southern dynasties
420–589
Sui dynasty 581–618
Tang dynasty 618–907
(Second Zhou dynasty 690–705)
Five Dynasties and
Ten Kingdoms
907–960 Liao dynasty
907–1125
Song dynasty
960–1279
Northern Song Western Xia
Southern Song Jin
Yuan dynasty 1271–1368
Ming dynasty 1368–1644
Qing dynasty 1644–1912
MODERN
Republic of China 1912–1949
People's Republic of China 1949–present
Related articles [show]
Chinese historiography
Timeline of Chinese history
Dynasties in Chinese history
Linguistic history
Art history
Economic history
Education history
Science and technology history
Legal history
Media history
Military history
Naval history
This box:
view
talk
edit
The New Culture Movement of the mid 1910s and 1920s sprang from the disillusionment with traditional Chinese culture following the failure of the Chinese Republic, founded in 1912 to address China’s problems. Scholars like Chen Duxiu, Cai Yuanpei, Li Dazhao, Lu Xun, Zhou Zuoren, He Dong, and Hu Shih, had classical educations but began to lead a revolt against Confucianism. They called for the creation of a new Chinese culture based on global and western standards, especially democracy and science. Younger followers took up their call for:
Vernacular literature
An end to the patriarchal family in favor of individual freedom and women's liberation
View that China is a nation among nations, not as a uniquely Confucian culture.
The re-examination of Confucian texts and ancient classics using modern textual and critical methods, known as the Doubting Antiquity School
Democratic and egalitarian values
An orientation to the future rather than the past
On May 4, 1919, students in Beijing protested the Paris Peace Conference giving German rights over Shandong to Imperial Japan, turning this cultural movement into a political one in what became known as the May Fourth Movement.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Development and end of movement
2.1 Journalism and public opinion
3 Evaluations and changing views
4 Notes
5 References
6 See also
7 External links
History[edit]
Two major centers of literary and intellectual activity were Beijing, home to Peking University and Tsinghua University, and Shanghai, with its flourishing publishing sector. [2] The founders of the New Culture Movement clustered in Peking University, where they were recruited by Cai Yuanpei when he became chancellor. Chen Duxiu as dean and Li Dazhao as librarian in turn recruited leading figures such as the philosopher Hu Shi, the scholar of Buddhism Liang Shuming, the historian Gu Jiegang, and many more. Chen founded the journal New Youth in 1915, which became the most prominent of hundreds of new publications for the new middle-class public.[3]
Yuan Shikai, who inherited part of the Qing dynasty military after it collapsed in 1911, attempted to establish order and unity, but he failed to protect China against Japan and in his attempt to have himself declared emperor. When he died in 1916, the collapse of the traditional order seemed complete, and there was an intensified search for a replacement to go deeper than the changes of the previous generations, which brought new institutions and new political forms. Daring leaders called for a new culture.[4]
A substantial literary establishment, publishing houses, journals, literary societies, and universities, provided a foundation for an active literary and intellectual scene over the course of the following decades. The New Youth journal, which was a leading forum for debating the causes of China's weakness, laid the blame on Confucian culture. Chen Duxiu called for "Mr. Confucius" to be replaced by "Mr. Science" and "Mr. Democracy." Another outcome was the promotion of written vernacular Chinese (白话文). Hu Shih proclaimed that "a dead language cannot produce a living literature." In theory, the new format allowed people with little education to read texts, articles and books.
He charged that literary, or Classical Chinese, which had been the written language prior to the movement, was understood by only scholars and officials (ironically, the new vernacular included many foreign words and Japanese neologisms, which made it difficult for many to read).[5] Scholars, such as Y.R. Chao (Zhao Yuanren), began the study of the Chinese language and dialects using tools of western linguistics. Hu Shih was among the scholars who used the textual study of Dream of the Red Chamber and other vernacular fiction as the basis for the national language. Literary societies such as the Crescent Moon Society flourished.
The literary output of this time was huge, with many writers who later became famous (such as Mao Dun, Lao She, Lu Xun and Bing Xin) publishing their first works. For example, Lu Xun's essays and short fiction created a sensation with their condemnation of Confucian culture. Diary of a Madman directly implied that China's traditional culture was cannibalistic, and The True Story of Ah Q showed the typical Chinese as weak and self-deceiving.[6] Along with this musicians such as Yin Zizhong joined the movement through music.
New Culture leaders and their followers now saw China as a nation among nations, not as culturally unique.[7] A large number of Western doctrines became fashionable, particularly those that reinforced the cultural criticism and nation-building impulses of the movement. Social Darwinism, which had been influential since the late nineteenth century, was especially shaping for Lu Xun, among many others.[8] and was supplemented by almost every "ism" of the world. Cai Yuanpei, Li Shizeng, and Wu Zhihui developed a Chinese variety of anarchism. They argued that Chinese society had to undergo radical social change before political change would be meaningful. [9] The pragmatism of John Dewey became popular, often through the work of Hu Shi, Chiang Monlin, and Tao Xingzhi.
Dewey arrived in China in 1919, and spent the following year lecturing. Bertrand Russell also lectured widely to warm crowds. Lu Xun was associated with the ideas of Nietzsche, which were also propagated by Li Shicen, Mao Dun, and many other intellectuals of the time.
New Culture leaders, often under the influence of the anarchist program, promoted feminism, even free love, as an attack on the traditional family, changing the terms in which the following generations conceived society. More specifically, the movement replaced sexuality over the traditional Chinese idea of kinship positionality. The substitution is a staple of the emerging individualistic theories that occurred during the era.[10] Among the feminist writers was Ding Ling.
Development and end of movement[edit]
The May Fourth Demonstrations of 1919 initially united the leaders but soon, there was a debate and falling out over the role of politics. Hu Shi, Cai Yuanpei, and other liberals urged the demonstrating students to return to the classroom, but Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao, frustrated with the inadequacy of cultural change, urged more radical political action. They used their roles as Peking University faculty to organize Marxist study groups and the first meeting of the Chinese Communist Party.
Li called for "fundamental solutions," but Hu criticized it as abstract, calling for "more study of questions, less study of isms." [11] The younger followers who followed Li and Chen into organized politics included Mao Zedong.
Other students heeded Hu Shi's call to return to their studies. The new approaches shaped scholarship for the next generation. The historian Gu Jiegang, for instance, pioneered the application of the New History he studied at Columbia University to classical Chinese texts in the Doubting Antiquity Movement.[12] Gu also inspired his students in the study of Chinese folk traditions which had been ignored or dismissed by Confucian scholars. [13] Education was high on the New Culture agenda. Cai Yuanpei headed a New Education Society, and university students joined the Mass Education Movement of James Yen and Tao Xingzhi which promoted literacy as a foundation for wider political participation.
Journalism and public opinion[edit]
Chinese newspaper journalism was modernized in the 1920s according to international standards, thanks to the influence of the New Culture Movement. The roles of journalist and editor were professionalized and became prestigious careers. The business side gained importance and with a greater emphasis on advertising and commercial news, the main papers, especially in Shanghai, moved away from the advocacy journalism that characterized the 1911 revolutionary period.[14] Outside the main centers the nationalism promoted in metropolitan dailies was not as distinctive as localism and culturalism.[15]
In 1924, Indian Nobel Laureate Rabindranath Tagore held numerous lectures in China. He argued that China could encounter trouble by integrating too much western civilization into Chinese society. In spite of Tagore's efforts, western ideals were major components of the New Culture Movement. Democracy became a vital tool for those frustrated with the unstable condition of China whereas science became a crucial instrument to discard the "darkness of ignorance and superstition."[16]
In short, New Culture intellectuals advocated and debated a wide range of cosmopolitan solutions that included science, technology, individualism, music and democracy, leaving to the future the question of what organization or political power could carry them out. The anti-imperialist and populist violence of the mid-1920s soon overwhelmed New Culture intellectual inquiry and culture.[17]
Evaluations and changing views[edit]
Orthodox historians viewed the New Culture Movement as a revolutionary break with feudal thought and social practice and the seedbed of revolutionary leaders who created the Communist Party of China and went on to found the People's Republic of China in 1949. Mao Zedong wrote that the May 4th Movement "marked a new stage in China's bourgeois-democratic revolution against imperialism and feudalism" and argued that "a powerful camp made its appearance in the bourgeois-democratic revolution, a camp consisting of the working class, the student masses and the new national bourgeoisie."[18]
Historians in the west also saw the movement as marking a break between tradition and modernity, but in recent decades, Chinese and western historians now commonly argue that the changes promoted by New Culture leaders had roots going back several generations and thus were not a sharp break with tradition, which, in any case, was quite varied, as much as an acceleration of earlier trends.[19] Research over the last fifty years also suggests that while radical Marxists were important in the New Culture Movement, there were many other influential leaders, including anarchists, conservatives, Christians, and liberals.
The re-evaluation, while it does not challenge the high evaluation of the thinkers and writers of the period, does not accept their self-image as cultural revolutionaries. [20]
Other historians further argue that Mao's communist revolution did not, as it claimed, fulfill the promise of New Culture and enlightenment but rather betrayed its spirit of independent expression and cosmopolitanism.[21] Yu Yingshi, a student of the New Confucian Qian Mu, recently defended Confucian thought against the New Culture condemnation. He reasoned that late imperial China had not been stagnant, irrational and isolated, conditions that would justify radical revolution, but that late Qing thinkers were already taking advantage of the creative potential of Confucius.[22]
Xu Jilin, a Shanghai intellectual who reflects liberal voices, agreed in effect with the orthodox view that the New Culture Movement was the root of the Chinese Revolution but valued the outcome differently. New Culture intellectuals, said Xu, saw a conflict between nationalism and cosmopolitanism in their struggle to find a "rational patriotism," but the cosmopolitan movement of the 1920s was replaced by a "new age of nationalism." Like a "wild horse," Xu continued, "jingoism, once unbridled, could no longer be restrained, thus laying the foundations for the eventual outcomes of the history of China during the first half of the twentieth century." [23]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Nishi, Masayuki. "March 1 and May 4, 1919 in Korea, China and Japan: Toward an international History of East Asian Independence Movements". The Asia Pacific Journal: Japan Focus. Retrieved 2010-07-14.
Jump up ^ Joseph T. Chen, The May Fourth Movement in Shanghai; the Making of a Social Movement in Modern China (Leiden,: Brill, 1971)
Jump up ^ Furth, Charlotte (1983). "Intellectual change: from the Reform movement to the May Fourth movement, 1895-1920". In John K. Fairbank. Republican China 1912-1949, Part 1. The Cambridge History of China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 322–405. ISBN 978-0-521-23541-9.
Jump up ^ Schwartz, Benjamin I (1983). "Themes in Intellectual History: May Fourth and After". In John K. Fairbank. Republican China 1912-1949, Part 1. The Cambridge History of China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 406–451. ISBN 978-0-521-23541-9.
Jump up ^ Chow, May Fourth Movement, pp. 277, 46, 59}
Jump up ^ Leo Ou-fan Lee, Voices from the Iron House: A Study of Lu Xun (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987), pp 53-77; 76-78.
Jump up ^ Erez Manela, The Wilsonian Moment: Self-Determination and the International Origins of Anticolonial Nationalism (Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), Ch 5 "China's Place Among Nations"
Jump up ^ James Reeve Pusey, China and Charles Darwin (Cambridge, Mass.: Council on East Asian Studies Distributed by Harvard University Press, 1983).
Jump up ^ Dirlik (1991).
Jump up ^ Lee, Haiyan. 75cde3d961c531b3262e2 "Tears that Crumbled the Great Wall: The Archaeology of Feeling in the May Fourth Movement Folklore Movement" Check |url= value (help) (PDF). Journal of Asian Studies. Retrieved 2008-11-15.
Jump up ^ Jerome B. Grieder, Hu Shih and the Chinese Renaissance: Liberalism in the Chinese Revolution, 1917-1937 (Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1970), p. 254.
Jump up ^ Laurence A. Schneider, Ku Chieh-Kang and China's New History; Nationalism and the Quest for Alternative Traditions (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971).
Jump up ^ Chang-tai Hung, Going to the People: Chinese Intellectuals and Folk Literature, 1918-1937 (Cambridge, Mass.: Council on East Asian Studies Harvard University : Distributed by Harvard University Press, 1985).
Jump up ^ Timothy B. Weston, "Minding the Newspaper Business: The Theory and Practice of Journalism in 1920s China," Twentieth-Century China (2006) 31#2 pp 4-31.
Jump up ^ Henrietta Harrison, "Newspapers and Nationalism in Rural China 1890-1929," Past & Present (2000) 166#1 pp 181-205
Jump up ^ Schoppa, R.Keith. Revolution and Its Past: Identities and Change in Modern Chinese History. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 170.
Jump up ^ Schoppa, R.Keith. Revolution and Its Past: Identities and Change in Modern Chinese History. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 179.
Jump up ^ "The May Fourth Movement" (1939), Selected Works of Mao Zedong
Jump up ^ Paul A. Cohen, Discovering History in China: American Historical Writing on the Recent Chinese Past (New York: Columbia University Press, 1984), pp. 85–86.
Jump up ^ Introduction, Kai-wing Chow, Beyond the May Fourth Paradigm : In Search of Chinese Modernity (Lanham: Lexington Books/Rowman & Littlefied, 2008) and Rana Mitter, A Bitter Revolution : China's Struggle with the Modern World (Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2004).
Jump up ^ Schwarcz, Vera. The Chinese Enlightenment: Intellectuals and the Legacy of the May Fourth Movement of 1919 Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986.
Jump up ^ "Neither Renaissance nor Enlightenment: a historian's reflections on the May Fourth movement," Ying-shi Yü, in Milena Doleželová-Velingerová, Oldřich Král, Graham Martin Sanders, eds., The Appropriation of Cultural Capital: China's May Fourth Project (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2001).
Jump up ^ “Historical Memories of May Fourth: Patriotism, but of what kind?” Xu Jilin (translated by Duncan M. Campbell), China Heritage Quarterly, 17 (March 2009) [1]
References[edit]
Guy Alitto, The Last Confucian: Liang Shu-Ming and the Chinese Dilemma of Modernity (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979). Biography of a conservative New Culture figure.
Kai-wing Chow, Beyond the May Fourth Paradigm: In Search of Chinese Modernity (Lanham: Lexington Books/Rowman & Littlefied, 2008). Essays on new aspects of the movement,including an Introduction which reviews recent re-thinking.
Chow Tse-tsung, The May Fourth Movement. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1960. Standard comprehensive survey and analysis.
Dirlik, Arif (1991). Anarchism in the Chinese Revolution. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0520072979. Revisionist study showing the influence of anarchist programs.
Doleželová-Velingerová, Milena, Oldřich Král, and Graham Martin Sanders, eds. The Appropriation of Cultural Capital: China’s May Fourth Project. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, 2001. Revisionist study.
Jerome B. Grieder, Hu Shih and the Chinese Renaissance; Liberalism in the Chinese Revolution, 1917-1937 (Cambridge,: Harvard University Press, 1970). Careful study of central figure.
Hayford, Charles W., To the People: James Yen and Village China. New York: Columbia University Press, 1990. Early chapters describe the role of popular education in the New Culture.
Lanza, Fabio, Behind the Gate: Inventing Students in Beijing. New York: Columbia University Press, 2010. ISBN 978-0-231-15238-9. Study of student culture and institutions during the New Culture period.
Leo Ou-fan Lee, Voices from the Iron House : A Study of Lu Xun (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987). Biography and literary analysis.
Yusheng Lin, The Crisis of Chinese Consciousness: Radical Antitraditionalism in the May Fourth Era (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1979). Early critique of the New Culture Movement as "iconoclastic."
Manela, Erez. The Wilsonian Moment: Self-Determination and the International Origins of Anticolonial Nationalism. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2007. Describes the global influences on Chinese youth.
Maurice J. Meisner, Li Ta-Chao and the Origins of Chinese Marxism (Cambridge,: Harvard University Press, 1967). Intellectual biography of key leader and co-founder of Chinese Communist Party.
Rana Mitter, A Bitter Revolution: China's Struggle with the Modern World (Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2004). Traces the fate of New Culture ideals through the rest of the century.
Schwarcz, Vera. The Chinese Enlightenment: Intellectuals and the Legacy of the May Fourth Movement of 1919. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986. Argues that May Fourth ideals were betrayed.
Schwartz, Benjamin. "Themes in Intellectual History: May Fourth and After." In Cambridge History of China, Vol. 12, pt. 1: Republican China, 1912–1949, 406–504. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1983. Overview of intellectual and cultural history.
Spence, Jonathan D. The Gate of Heavenly Peace: The Chinese and Their Revolution, 1895-1980. Includes many New Culture leaders and their experience of revolution.
Zarrow, Peter. Anarchism and Chinese Political Culture (New York: Columbia University Press, 1990).
See also[edit]
New Life Movement (1934)
Chinese Cultural Renaissance
External links[edit]
"The May Fourth Spirit, Now and Then" China Heritage Quarterly, 17 (March 2009) [2] A selection of opinions and views on the May Fourth and New Culture Movements from the 1920s to the present.

[show]
v
t
e
New Culture Movement (1910s–1920s)
Background
Xinhai Revolution
Empire of China (1915–16)
Events
National Protection War
May Fourth Movement
Founding of the Communist Party of China
Influences
Scientific revolution
French Revolution
October Revolution
Ideals
Anti-Confucianism
Communism (Marxism)
Democracy
Modernism
Nationalism
Involved parties
La Jeunesse
Qing dynasty
Republic of China
Beiyang Government
Chinese Youth
Notable people
Initiators
Ba Jin
Chen Duxiu
Guo Moruo
Hu Shih
Lao She
Li Dazhao
Lu Xun
Mao Dun
Qian Xuantong
Shen Congwen
Yu Dafu
Zhu Ziqing
Politicians
Kang Youwei
Qian Xuantong
Sun Yat-sen
Yuan Shikai
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Culture_Movement&oldid=787356837"
Categories:
Chinese literary movements
History of the Republic of China
Lu Xun
Hidden categories:
Pages with URL errors
Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text
Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text
Articles containing Chinese-language text
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Català
Deutsch
한국어
日本語
Norsk
Polski
தமிழ்
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 24 June 2017, at 22:57.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: td

attrs: colspan style

value: tr

values: text-align:center;font-size: 125%; background-color: #b0c4de;

attrs: href title

value: th

attrs: scope style

values: row font-weight:normal;

attrs: lang xml:lang

values: zh-Hant zh-Hant

values: zh-Hans zh-Hans

values: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-size: 100%; text-align: left; background-color: #f9ffbc;

values:
/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin
mw-redirect
Hanyu Pinyin

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: background:#FEC; border-bottom: 1px solid #777; padding:3px 3px 0px 3px; font-size: 110%

values: text-align:center;line-height: 150%; color:#777; text-align:center;font-size: 100%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #eeffe8

values: font-size: 90%; border-bottom: 1px solid #c3c4db;padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #eeffe8; color:#666

values: font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #eeffe8; color:#666

values: line-height: 150%; font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #eeffe8

values: line-height: 140%; font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #eeffe8

values: font-size: 90%;border-bottom: 1px solid #666; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #eeffe8

values: text-align:center;line-height: 150%; color:#777;font-size: 100%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fffde9

values: font-size: 90%;border-bottom: 1px solid #dbd9c5; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fffde9; color:#666

values: font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fffde9; color:#666

values: line-height: 150%; font-size: 90%; border-bottom: 1px solid #dbd9c5;padding: 0 5px 2px 5px; background: #fffde9; color:#666

values: font-size: 90%; border-bottom: 1px solid #dbd9c5; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fffde9

values: font-size: 90%; border-top: 1px solid #dbd9c5; border-left: 1px solid #dbd9c5; border-bottom: 1px solid #dbd9c5;padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fffde9; color:#666

values: line-height: 150%; font-size: 90%; border-bottom: 1px solid #dbd9c5; padding: 2px 5px 2px 5px; background: #fffde9; color:#666

values: font-size: 90%; border-bottom: 1px solid #dbd9c5;padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fffde9; color:#666

values: line-height: 150%; font-size: 90%; border-bottom: 1px solid #dbd9c5; padding: 0 5px 2px 5px; background: #fffde9; color:#666

values: font-size: 90%; line-height: 150%; border-bottom: 1px solid #dbd9c5; padding: 2px 5px 0 5px; background: #fffde9; color:#666

values: font-size: 90%;border-left: 1px solid #dbd9c5;padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fffde9; color:#666

values: line-height: 150%; font-size: 90%;padding: 2px 5px 0 5px; background: #fffde9; color:#666

values: font-size: 90%;border-bottom: 1px solid #dbd9c5;border-left: 1px solid #dbd9c5;padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fffde9

values: font-size: 90%;border-top: 1px solid #dbd9c5;border-left: 1px solid #dbd9c5;padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fffde9

values: font-size: 90%; border-bottom: 1px solid #666;padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fffde9; color:#666

values: text-align:center;line-height: 150%; color:#777; font-size: 100%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fff0f6

values: font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fff0f6; color:#666

values: History of the People's Republic of China

values:
/wiki/Linguistic_history_of_China
mw-redirect
Linguistic history of China

values:
/wiki/History_of_Chinese_art
mw-redirect
History of Chinese art

values: History of science and technology in China

values: text-align: center; display: none; background: transparent;

values:
NavFrame collapsed
border:none;
NavFrame1

values: line-height: 150%; padding:0px 3px 2px 3px; background:#EEE; border-top: 1px solid #666; font-size: 90%;

values: line-height: 125%; font-size: 80%; padding: 2px 2px 2px 3px; border-top: 1px solid #777; background: #FEC; text-align:center;

values: margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0.6em; border: 1px solid #777; background: #FFF; line-height:160%; font-size:90%; float:right; clear:right; border-collapse:collapse; ;

values:
/wiki/Women%27s_liberation
mw-redirect
Women's liberation

values:
/wiki/Imperial_Japan
mw-redirect
Imperial Japan

values:
/wiki/La_Jeunesse
mw-redirect
La Jeunesse

values:
/wiki/Zhao_Yuanren
mw-redirect
Zhao Yuanren

values:
/wiki/Chiang_Monlin
mw-redirect
Chiang Monlin

values: Edit section: Development and end of movement

values:
/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party
mw-redirect
Chinese Communist Party

values: Edit section: Journalism and public opinion

values:
/wiki/Nobel_Laureate
mw-redirect
Nobel Laureate

values: Edit section: Evaluations and changing views

values:
/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China
mw-redirect
People's Republic of China

values:
/wiki/New_Confucian
mw-redirect
New Confucian

values: International Standard Book Number (identifier)

values: China Heritage Quarterly (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Beiyang_Government
mw-redirect
Beiyang Government

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:History of the Republic of China

values: Category:Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text

values: Category:Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/New_Culture_Movement
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: 신문화운동 – Korean

values: புதுப் பண்பாட்டு இயக்கம் – Tamil

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-New_Culture_Movement rootpage-New_Culture_Movement skin-vector action-view