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Angular cheilitis
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Angular cheilitis
Synonyms
Rhagades,[1] perlèche,[2] cheilosis,[2] angular cheilosis,[2] commissural cheilitis,[2] angular stomatitis[2]
Bilateral angular cheilitis in an elderly individual with false teeth, iron deficiency anemia and dry mouth
Pronunciation
/kaɪˈlaɪtɪs/
Specialty
Dermatology
Symptoms
Redness, skin breakdown and crusting at the corner of the mouth[2]
Usual onset
Children, 30s to 60s[2]
Duration
Days to years[2]
Causes
Infection, irritation, allergies[2]
Treatment
Based on cause, barrier cream[2]
Frequency
0.7% of the population[3]
Angular cheilitis (AC) is inflammation of one or both corners of the mouth.[4][5] Often the corners are red with skin breakdown and crusting.[2] It can also be itchy or painful.[2] The condition can last for days to years.[2] Angular cheilitis is a type of cheilitis (inflammation of the lips).[6]
Angular cheilitis can be caused by infection, irritation, or allergies.[2] Infections include by fungi such as Candida albicans and bacteria such as Staph. aureus.[2] Irritants include poorly fitting dentures, licking the lips or drooling, mouth breathing resulting in a dry mouth, sun exposure, overclosure of the mouth, smoking, and minor trauma.[2] Allergies may include substances like toothpaste, makeup, and food.[2] Often a number of factors are involved.[2] Other factors may include poor nutrition or poor immune function.[2][5] Diagnosis may be helped by testing for infections and patch testing for allergies.[2]
Treatment for angular cheilitis is typically based on the underlying causes along with the use of a barrier cream.[2] Frequently an antifungal and antibacterial cream is also tried.[2] Angular cheilitis is a fairly common problem,[2] with estimates that it affects 0.7% of the population.[3] It occurs most often in the 30s to 60s, although is also relatively common in children.[2] In the developing world, iron and vitamin deficiencies are a common cause.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Signs and symptoms
2 Causes
2.1 Infection
2.2 Irritation contact dermatitis
2.3 Nutritional deficiencies
2.4 Systemic disorders
2.5 Drugs
2.6 Allergic contact dermatitis
2.7 Loss of lower facial height
3 Diagnosis
3.1 Classification
4 Management
5 Prognosis
6 Epidemiology
7 Etymology
8 References
9 External links
Signs and symptoms[edit]
Angular cheilitis – a fissure running in the corner of the mouth with reddened, irritated facial skin adjacent.
A fairly mild case of angular cheilitis extending onto the facial skin in a young person (affected area is within the black oval).
Angular cheilitis is a fairly non specific term which describes the presence of an inflammatory lesion in a particular anatomic site (i.e. the corner of the mouth). As there are different possible causes and contributing factors from one person to the next, the appearance of the lesion is somewhat variable. The lesions are more commonly symmetrically present on both sides of the mouth,[4] but sometimes only one side may be affected. In some cases, the lesion may be confined to the mucosa of the lips, and in other cases the lesion may extend past the vermilion border (the edge where the lining on the lips becomes the skin on the face) onto the facial skin. Initially, the corners of the mouth develop a gray-white thickening and adjacent erythema (redness).[2] Later, the usual appearance is a roughly triangular area of erythema, edema (swelling) and breakdown of skin at either corner of the mouth.[2][4] The mucosa of the lip may become fissured (cracked), crusted, ulcerated or atrophied.[2][4] There is not usually any bleeding.[7] Where the skin is involved, there may be radiating rhagades (linear fissures) from the corner of the mouth. Infrequently, the dermatitis (which may resemble eczema) can extend from the corner of the mouth to the skin of the cheek or chin.[4] If Staphylococcus aureus is involved, the lesion may show golden yellow crusts.[8] In chronic angular cheilitis, there may be suppuration (pus formation), exfoliation (scaling) and formation of granulation tissue.[2][4]
Sometimes contributing factors can be readily seen, such as loss of lower face height from poorly made or worn dentures, which results in mandibular overclosure ("collapse of jaws").[9] If there is a nutritional deficiency underlying the condition, various other signs and symptoms such as glossitis (swollen tongue) may be present. In people with angular cheilitis who wear dentures, often there may be erythematous mucosa underneath the denture (normally the upper denture), an appearance consistent with denture-related stomatitis.[4] Typically the lesions give symptoms of soreness, pain, pruritus (itching) or burning or a raw feeling.[2][9]
Causes[edit]
Angular cheilitis is thought to be multifactorial disorder of infectious origin,[10] with many local and systemic predisposing factors.[11] The sores in angular cheilitis are often infected with fungi (yeasts), bacteria, or a combination thereof;[8] this may represent a secondary, opportunistic infection by these pathogens. Some studies have linked the initial onset of angular cheilitis with nutritional deficiencies, especially of the B(B2-riboflavin) vitamins and iron (which causes iron deficiency anemia),[12] which in turn may be evidence of malnutrition or malabsorption. Angular cheilitis can be a manifestation of contact dermatitis,[13] which is considered in two groups; irritational and allergic.
Infection[edit]
The involved organisms are:
Candida species alone (usually Candida albicans), which accounts for about 20% of cases,[14]
Bacterial species, either:
Staphylococcus aureus alone, which accounts for about 20% of cases,[14]
β-hemolytic streptococci alone. These types of bacteria have been detected in between 8–15% of cases of angular cheilitis,[2] but less commonly are they present in isolation,[10]
Or a combination of the above organisms, (a polymicrobial infection)[8] with about 60% of cases involving both C. albicans and S. aureus.[14][15]
Candida can be detected in 93% of angular cheilitis lesions.[2] This organism is found in the mouths of about 40% of healthy individuals, and it is considered by some to be normal commensal component of the oral microbiota.[2] However, Candida shows dimorphism, namely a yeast form which is thought to be relatively harmless and a pathogenic hyphal form which is associated with invasion of host tissues. Potassium hydroxide preparation is recommended by some to help distinguish between the harmless and the pathogenic forms, and thereby highlight which cases of angular cheilitis are truly caused by Candida.[2] The mouth may act as a reservoir of Candida that reinfects the sores at the corners of the mouth and prevents the sores from healing.
A lesion caused by recurrence of a latent herpes simplex infection can occur in the corner of the mouth. This is herpes labialis (a cold sore), and is sometimes termed "angular herpes simplex".[2] A cold sore at the corner of the mouth behaves similarly to elsewhere on the lips, and follows a pattern of vesicle (blister) formation followed by rupture leaving a crusted sore which resolves in about 7–10 days, and recurs in the same spot periodically, especially during periods of stress. Rather than utilizing antifungal creams, angular herpes simplex is treated in the same way as a cold sore, with topical antiviral drugs such as aciclovir.
Irritation contact dermatitis[edit]
A famous sketch by Leonardo da Vinci in preparation to depict the face of Judas Iscariot in The Last supper. The subject shows overclosure of the jaws and loss of facial support around the mouth.
Pronounced skin folds extending from the corner of the mouth.
Main article: Irritant contact dermatitis
22% of cases of angular cheilitis are due to irritants.[2] Saliva contains digestive enzymes, which may have a degree of digestive action on tissues if they are left in contact.[2] The corner of the mouth is normally exposed to saliva more than any other part of the lips. Reduced lower facial height (vertical dimension or facial support) is usually caused by edentulism (tooth loss), or wearing worn down, old dentures or ones which are not designed optimally. This results in overclosure of the mandible (collapse of the jaws),[9] which extenuates the angular skin folds at the corners of the mouth,[14] in effect creating an intertriginous skin crease. The tendency of saliva to pool in these areas is increased, constantly wetting the area,[10] which may cause tissue maceration and favors the development of a yeast infection.[14] As such, angular cheilitis is more commonly seen in edentulous people (people without any teeth).[9] It is by contrast uncommon in persons who retain their natural teeth.[16] Angular cheilitis is also commonly seen in denture wearers.[13] Angular cheilitis is present in about 30% of people with denture-related stomatitis.[10] It is thought that reduced vertical dimension of the lower face may be a contributing factor in up to 11% of elderly persons with angular cheilitis and in up to 18% of denture wearers who have angular cheilitis.[2] Reduced vertical dimension can also be caused by tooth migration, wearing orthodontic appliances, and elastic tissue damage caused by ultraviolet light exposure and smoking.[2]
Habits or conditions that keep the corners of the mouth moist might include chronic lip licking, thumb sucking (or sucking on other objects such as pens, pipes, lollipops), dental cleaning (e.g. flossing), chewing gum, hypersalivation, drooling and mouth breathing.[2][4][14] Some consider habitual lip licking or picking to be a form of nervous tic, and do not consider this to be true angular cheilitis,[4] instead calling it perlèche (derived from the French word pourlècher meaning "to lick one’s lips"),[2] or "factitious cheilitis" is applied to this habit.[2] The term "cheilocandidiasis" describes exfoliative (flaking) lesions of the lips and the skin around the lips, and is caused by a superficial candidal infection due to chronic lip licking.[14] Less severe cases occur during cold, dry weather, and is a form of chapped lips. Individuals may lick their lips in an attempt to provide a temporary moment of relief, only serving to worsen the condition.[17]
The sunscreen in some types of lip balm degrades over time into an irritant. Using expired lipbalm can initiate mild angular cheilitis, and when the person applies more lipbalm to alleviate the cracking, it only aggravates it. Because of the delayed onset of contact dermatitis and the recovery period lasting days to weeks, people typically do not make the connection between the causative agent and the symptoms.[medical citation needed]
Nutritional deficiencies[edit]
Several different nutritional deficiency states of vitamins or minerals have been linked to AC.[5] It is thought that in about 25% of people with AC, iron deficiency or deficiency of B vitamins are involved.[5] Nutritional deficiencies may be a more common cause of AC in Third World countries.[5] Chronic iron deficiency may also cause koilonychia (spoon shaped deformity of the fingernails) and glossitis (inflammation of the tongue). It is not completely understood how iron deficiency causes AC, but it is known that it causes a degree of immunocompromise (decreased efficiency of the immune system) which may in turn allow an opportunistic infection of candida.[5] Vitamin B2 deficiency (ariboflavinosis) may also cause AC, and other conditions such as redness of mucous membranes, magenta colored glossitis (pink inflammation of the tongue).[5] Vitamin B5 deficiency may also cause AC, along with glossitis, and skin changes similar to seborrhoeic dermatitis around the eyes, nose and mouth.[5] Vitamin B12 deficiency is sometimes responsible for AC, and commonly occurs together with folate deficiency (a lack of folic acid), which also causes glossitis and megaloblastic anemia.[5] Vitamin B3 deficiency (pellagra) is another possible cause, and in which other association conditions such as dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia and glossitis can occur.[5] Biotin (vitamin B7) deficiency has also been reported to cause AC, along with hair loss (alopecia) and dry eyes.[5] Zinc deficiency is known to cause AC.[18] Other symptoms may include diarrhea, alopecia and dermatitis.[5] Acrodermatitis enteropathica is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder causing impaired absorption of zinc, and is associated with AC.[5]
In general, these nutritional disorders may be caused by malnutrition, such as may occur in alcoholism or in poorly considered diets, or by malabsorption secondary to gastrointestinal disorders (e.g. Coeliac disease or chronic pancreatitis) or gastrointestinal surgeries (e.g. pernicious anemia caused by ileal resection in Crohn's disease).[5]
Systemic disorders[edit]
Some systemic disorders are involved in angular cheilitis by virtue of their association with malabsorption and the creation of nutritional deficiencies described above. Such examples include people with anorexia nervosa.[5] Other disorders may cause lip enlargement (e.g. orofacial granulomatosis),[5] which alters the local anatomy and extenuates the skin folds at the corners of the mouth. More still may be involved because they affect the immune system, allowing normally harmless organisms like Candida to become pathogenic and cause an infection. Xerostomia (dry mouth) is thought to account for about 5% of cases of AC.[5] Xerostomia itself has many possible causes, but commonly the cause may be side effects of medications, or conditions such as Sjögren's syndrome. Conversely, conditions which cause drooling or sialorrhoea (excessive salivation) can cause angular cheilitis by creating a constant wet environment in the corners of the mouth. About 25% of people with Down syndrome appear to have AC.[5] This is due to relative macroglossia, an apparently large tongue in a small mouth, which may constantly stick out of the mouth causing maceration of the corners of the mouth with saliva. Inflammatory bowel diseases (such as Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis) can be associated with angular cheilitis.[4] In Crohn's, it is likely the result of malabsorption and immunosuppressive therapy which gives rise to the sores at the corner of the mouth.[9] Glucagonomas are rare pancreatic endocrine tumors which secrete glucagon, and cause a syndrome of dermatitis, glucose intolerance, weight loss and anemia. AC is a common feature of glucagonoma syndrome.[19] Infrequently, angular cheilitis may be one of the manifestations of chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis,[14] and sometimes cases of oropharyngeal or esophageal candidiasis may accompany angular cheilitis.[2] Angular cheilitis may be present in human immunodeficiency virus infection,[11] neutropenia,[16] or diabetes.[4] Angular cheilitis is more common in people with eczema because their skin is more sensitive to irritants.[2] Other conditions possibly associated include plasma cell gingivitis,[7] Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome,[5] or sideropenic dysphagia (also called Plummer-Vinson syndrome or Paterson-Brown-Kelly syndrome).[5]
Drugs[edit]
Several drugs may cause AC as a side effect, by various mechanisms, such as creating drug-induced xerostomia. Various examples include isotretinoin, indinavir, and sorafenib.[5] Isotretinoin (Accutane), an analog of vitamin A, is a medication which dries the skin. Less commonly, angular cheilitis is associated with primary hypervitaminosis A,[20] which can occur when large amounts of liver (including cod liver oil and other fish oils) are regularly consumed or as a result from an excess intake of vitamin A in the form of vitamin supplements. Recreational drug users may develop AC. Examples include cocaine, methamphetamines, heroin, and hallucinogens.[5]
Allergic contact dermatitis[edit]
See also: Allergic contact cheilitis, Allergic contact dermatitis, and Allergic contact stomatitis
Patch test
Allergic reactions may account for about 25–34% of cases of generalized cheilitis (i.e., inflammation not confined to the angles of the mouth). It is unknown how frequently allergic reactions are responsible for cases of angular cheilitis, but any substance capable of causing generalized allergic cheilitis may present involving the corners of the mouth alone.
Examples of potential allergens include substances that may be present in some types of lipstick, toothpaste, acne products, cosmetics, chewing gum, mouthwash, foods, dental appliances, and materials from dentures or mercury containing amalgam fillings.[2] It is usually impossible to tell the difference between irritant contact dermatitis and allergic contact dermatitis without a patch test.
Loss of lower facial height[edit]
Severe tooth wear or ill fitting dentures may cause wrinkling at the corners of the lip that creates a favorable environment for the condition.[21] This can be corrected with onlays or crowns on the worn teeth to restore height or new dentures with "taller" teeth. The loss of vertical dimension has been associated with angular cheilitis in older individuals with an increase in facial laxity.[22]
Diagnosis[edit]
Photographic Comparison of: 1) a Canker Sore - inside the mouth, 2) Herpes, 3) Angular Cheilitis and 4) Chapped Lips.
Angular chielitis is normally a diagnosis made clinically. If the sore is unilateral, rather than bilateral, this suggests a local factor (e.g., trauma) or a split syphilitic papule.[4][23] Angular cheilitis caused by mandibular overclosure, drooling, and other irritants is usually bilateral.[2]
The lesions are normally swabbed to detect if Candida or pathogenic bacterial species may be present. Persons with angular cheilitis who wear dentures often also will have their denture swabbed in addition. A complete blood count (full blood count) may be indicated, including assessment of the levels of iron, ferritin, vitamin B12 (and possibly other B vitamins), and folate.[4]
Classification[edit]
Angular cheilitis could be considered to be a type of cheilitis or stomatitis. Where Candida species are involved, angular cheilitis is classed as a type of oral candidiasis, specifically a primary (group I) Candida-associated lesion.[11] This form angular cheilitis which is caused by Candida is sometimes termed "Candida-associated angular cheilitis",[11] or less commonly, "monilial perlèche".[2] Angular cheilitis can also be classified as acute (sudden, short-lived appearance of the condition) or chronic (lasts a long time or keeps returning), or refractory (the condition persists despite attempts to treat it).[2]
Management[edit]
Angular cheilitis being treated with crystal violet tincture
There are 4 aspects to the treatment of angular cheilitis.[24] Firstly, potential reservoirs of infection inside the mouth are identified and treated.[24] Oral candidiasis, especially denture-related stomatitis is often found to be present where there is angular cheilitis, and if it is not treated, the sores at the corners of the mouth may often recur.[8][13] This involves having dentures properly fitted and disinfected. Commercial preparations are marketed for this purpose, although dentures may be left in dilute (1:10 concentration) household bleach overnight, but only if they are entirely plastic and do not contain any metal parts, and with rinsing under clean water before use.[9] Improved denture hygiene is often required thereafter, including not wearing the denture during sleep and cleaning it daily.[4] For more information, see Denture-related stomatitis.
Secondly, there may be a need to increase the vertical dimension of the lower face to prevent overclosure of the mouth and formation of deep skin folds.[24] This may require the construction of a new denture with an adjusted bite.[4] Rarely, in cases resistant to normal treatments, surgical procedures such as collagen injections (or other facial fillers such as autologous fat or crosslinked hyaluronic acid) are used in an attempt to restore the normal facial contour.[2][4] Other measures which seek to reverse the local factors that may be contributing to the condition include improving oral hygiene, stopping smoking or other tobacco habits and use of a barrier cream (e.g. zinc oxide paste) at night.[2]
Thirdly, treatment of the infection and inflammation of the lesions themselves is addressed. This is usually with topical antifungal medication,[8] such as clotrimazole,[14] amphotericin B,[24] ketoconazole,[16] or nystatin cream.[9] Some antifungal creams are combined with corticosteroids such as hydrocortisone[8] or triamcinolone[9] to reduce inflammation, and certain antifungals such as miconazole also have some antibacterial action.[8] Diiodohydroxyquinoline is another topical therapy for angular cheilitis.[14] If Staphylococcus aureus infection is demonstrated by microbiological culture to be responsible (or suspected), the treatment may be changed to fusidic acid cream,[8] an antibiotic which is effective against this type of bacteria. Aside from fusidic acid, neomycin,[24] mupirocin,[2] metronidazole,[7] and chlorhexidine[24] are alternative options in this scenario.
Finally, if the condition appears resistant to treatment, investigations for underlying causes such as anemia or nutrient deficiencies or HIV infection.[24] Identification of the underlying cause is essential for treating chronic cases. The lesions may resolve when the underlying disease is treated, e.g. with a course of oral iron or B vitamin supplements.[4] Patch testing is recommended by some in cases which are resistant to treatment and where allergic contact dermatitis is suspected.[2]
Prognosis[edit]
Most cases of angular cheilitis respond quickly when antifungal treatment is used.[16] In more long standing cases, the severity of the condition often follows a relapsing and remitting course over time.[14] The condition can be difficult to treat and can be prolonged.[4]
Epidemiology[edit]
AC is a relatively common condition,[11] accounting for between 0.7 – 3.8% of oral mucosal lesions in adults and between 0.2 – 15.1% in children, though overall it occurs most commonly in adults in the third to sixth decades of life.[2][4] It occurs worldwide, and both males and females are affected.[4] Angular cheilitis is the most common presentation of fungal and bacterial infections of the lips.[14]
Etymology[edit]
The term "angular cheilitis" is from Ancient greek, χείλος meaning lip and -itis meaning inflammation.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Pindborg, Jens Jørgen (1973). Atlas of Diseases of the Oral Mucosa. Saunders. ISBN 9780721672649. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2014. Angular cheilosis: The lateral lip fissures, well known among denture wearers, have been called by a variety of names, such as "rhagades", "perleche", "angular cheilitis", and "angular cheilosis".
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az Park, KK; Brodell, RT; Helms, SE (June 2011). "Angular cheilitis, part 1: local etiologies". Cutis. 87 (6): 289–95. PMID 21838086.
^ Jump up to: a b Lyons, Faye (2014). Dermatology for the Advanced Practice Nurse. Springer Publishing Company. p. 95. ISBN 9780826136442. Archived from the original on 2016-08-16.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Scully, Crispian (2008). Oral and maxillofacial medicine : the basis of diagnosis and treatment (2nd ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. pp. 147–49. ISBN 9780443068188.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Park, KK; Brodell RT; Helms SE. (July 2011). "Angular cheilitis, part 2: nutritional, systemic, and drug-related causes and treatment" (PDF). Cutis. 88 (1): 27–32. PMID 21877503. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-04-19.
Jump up ^ Martin, Elizabeth (2015). Concise Medical Dictionary. Oxford University Press. p. 136. ISBN 9780199687817. Archived from the original on 2016-08-16.
^ Jump up to: a b c Wood, NK; Goaz, PW (1997). Differential diagnosis of oral and maxillofacial lesions (5th ed.). St. Louis [u.a.]: Mosby. pp. 64–65, 85. ISBN 978-0815194323.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Coulthard P, Horner K, Sloan P, Theaker E (2008). Master dentistry volume 1, oral and maxillofacial surgery, radiology, pathology and oral medicine (2nd ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. pp. 180–81. ISBN 9780443068966.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Treister NS, Bruch JM (2010). Clinical oral medicine and pathology. New York: Humana Press. pp. 92–93, 144. ISBN 978-1-60327-519-4.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Soames JV, Southam JC, JV (1999). Oral pathology (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. pp. 197–98. ISBN 0192628941.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Tyldesley WR, Field A, Longman L (2003). Tyldesley's Oral medicine (5th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 37, 40, 46, 63–67. ISBN 0192631470.
Jump up ^ MedlinePlus (2005-08-01). "Riboflavin (vitamin B2) deficiency (ariboflavinosis)". National Institutes of Health. Archived from the original on 2010-07-24.
^ Jump up to: a b c Peter C. Schalock, M.D.; Jeffrey T. S. Hsu, M.D.; Kenneth A. Arndt (eds.). Primary Care Dermatology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2010. p. 265. ISBN 978-0-7817-9378-0. Archived from the original on 2017-09-10.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l Neville BW, Damm DD, Allen CA, Bouquot JE (2002). Oral & maxillofacial pathology (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. pp. 100, 192, 196, 266. ISBN 0721690033.
Jump up ^ Kerawala C; Newlands C, eds. (2010). Oral and maxillofacial surgery. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 446. ISBN 9780199204830.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Greenberg MS, Glick M (2003). Burket's oral medicine diagnosis & treatment (10th ed.). Hamilton, Ont.: BC Decker. pp. 97–98, 550. ISBN 1550091867.
Jump up ^ Gibson, Lawrence E., M.D., "Dry Skin" Archived 2009-09-15 at the Wayback Machine., Mayo Clinic
Jump up ^ Gaveau D, Piette F, Cortot A, Dumur V, Bergoend H (1987). "[Cutaneous manifestations of zinc deficiency in ethylic cirrhosis]". Ann Dermatol Venereol. 114 (1): 39–53. PMID 3579131.
Jump up ^ Tadataka Yamada; David Alpers; Anthony Kalloo; Neil Kaplowitz; Chung Owyang; Don Powell, eds. (2009). Textbook of gastroenterology (5th ed.). Chichester, West Sussex: Blackwell Pub. pp. 1882–83. ISBN 978-1-4051-6911-0.
Jump up ^ Kliegman: Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, 18th ed.
Jump up ^ Devani, Alim; Barankin, Benjamin (2007). "Answer: Can you identify this condition?". Canadian Family Physician. 53 (6): 1022–1023. ISSN 0008-350X. PMC 1949217  .
Jump up ^ "How Do I Manage a Patient with Angular Cheilitis? | jcda". www.jcda.ca. Retrieved 8 June 2018.
Jump up ^ Leyse-Wallace, Ruth (29 January 2013). Nutrition and Mental Health. CRC Press. p. 246. ISBN 9781439863350. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Samaranayake, LP (2009). Essential microbiology for dentistry (3rd ed.). Elseveier. pp. 296–97. ISBN 978-0702041679.
External links[edit]
Classification
D
ICD-10: K13.0
ICD-9-CM: 528.5, 686.8
MeSH: D002613

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History of Ohio State University
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For history of the football team, see History of Ohio State Buckeyes football.
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The Ohio State University was founded in 1870 as a land-grant university in accordance with the Morrill Act of 1862 under the name of Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College.[1][2] The school was originally situated within a farming community located on the northern edge of Columbus, and was intended to matriculate students of various agricultural and mechanical disciplines. The university opened its doors to 24 students on September 18, 1873. In 1878, the first class of six men graduated. The first woman graduated the following year.[3] In 1878, in light of its expanded focus, the college permanently changed its name to the now-familiar "The Ohio State University". Ohio State began accepting graduate students in the 1880s, with the university awarding its first master's and doctoral degrees in 1886 and 1890 respectively. 1891 saw the founding of Ohio State's law school. Presently, the university has reached the ranking of becoming a Public Ivy, as well as very receiving high rankings and awards from many institutions, including U.S. News, Academic Ranking of World Universities.
Contents
[hide]
1 Formative years (1870–1891)
2 Emergence as urban research university (1892–1916)
3 Growth and challenge (1917–1945)
4 1946–present
4.1 2016 terrorist attack
5 References
6 External sources
Formative years (1870–1891)[edit]
The Ohio State University was founded in 1870 as a land-grant university in accordance with the Morrill Act of 1862 under the name of Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College. Initially, it was thought that one of Ohio's two existing public universities (Ohio University and Miami University) would be designated as the land-grant institution, and each engaged in a vigorous competition to win over the state legislature. At the strong urging of Republican stalwart Governor Rutherford B. Hayes, however, it was ultimately decided to establish a new university to be located near the legislature in Columbus. Hayes' role in founding the university is recognized in Hayes Hall (named after Rutherford, not Woody), the oldest building still standing on the campus.[1] Hayes later noted that the founding of Ohio State was one of his two greatest achievements—the other being Ohio's ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment.[1][2]
The Veterinary Hospital and Experiment Station in 1890, surrounded by farmland.
The school was originally situated within a farming community located on the northern edge of Columbus, and was intended to matriculate students of various agricultural and mechanical disciplines. From its inception, a debate was waged between those in favor of broadening the university's focus to encompass the liberal arts and sciences and those who favored a more limited focus. Governor Hayes viewed the selection of the university's location as key to keeping the university free of excess influence by the state's agricultural interests. As such, he worked strongly behind the scenes to ensure that the campus would be located in the city of Columbus rather than the more agriculturally oriented towns of Springfield or Urbana. The campus' location near the state capital combined with Hayes' plan of an expanded board of trustees based upon one member from each of the state's congressional districts ensured that his vision for the new university's curriculum would be put into place. Subsequently, the new board of trustees voted on the spectrum of disciplines to be offered. The ("broad-gauge") faction was led by university trustee Joseph Sullivant. When the votes were completed, it had been decided to offer seven fields of study: agriculture, ancient languages, chemistry, geology, mathematics, modern languages, and physics. Only the ancient languages curriculum came down to a close vote, passing by a margin of 8–7. Later that year, the university welcomed its first class of twenty-four students, including three women. In 1878, and in light of its expanded focus, the college permanently changed its name to the now-familiar "The Ohio State University." To this day, "The" is part of Ohio State's official name.
Two factors in Ohio State's formative years would hinder the university's immediate development: hostility from the state's agricultural interests and competition for resources from Miami University and Ohio University. The first arose from the curriculum debate. Fueled by the agriculture interests and the Springfield business community that supplied them, the attitude of Ohio farmers towards the university had turned from one of indifference to one of outright hostility. By 1880, this hostility had begun to make its presence felt in the state legislature. The second hindrance came in the form of competition for state allocations from Ohio's two older public institutions. At the time of Ohio State's creation, these institutions had been derided by then Governor Hayes as borderline sectarian colleges that, in over sixty years of history, had failed to provide Ohio with a real state university. It was this view that was fundamental in the decision to found a new university as recipient for the Morrill Act funds, making Ohio unique among Great Lakes states in founding a new university for this purpose, as well as considerably strengthening the hand of those who advocated a broad based curriculum. However, the founding of this new university combined with their own precarious financial positions (Miami would close for a dozen years due to a lack of enrollment) had awakened the older institutions to compete vigorously for the attention of the state legislature. The first of these issues would be resolved by the end of the decade. Resolution of the second would not occur until 1906. Even then, the inherent tension of agricultural interests within the larger context of a comprehensive research university and the competition among state universities in a decentralized higher education system would, to varying degrees, remain permanent issues with which Ohio State would be forced to contend.
Of fundamental importance in this period was the role of former President Rutherford B. Hayes who, a decade earlier, had lobbied strenuously as Governor for the university's founding. Upon returning to Ohio in 1881, the former President spent the next decade using his considerable political influence to lobby for the university's interests. In 1887 he formally joined the university's board of trustees where, until his death in early 1893, he essentially acted as the university's de facto president. By 1891, Ohio State had grown to a degree that Governor James E. Campbell recommended a permanent levy on the tax duplicate to support its continued growth. The significant role that the fledgling university had begun to play within the state, as well as the peace that Hayes had brokered with the state's agricultural interests, was underscored by the fact that the proposal passed without opposition despite the insistence of Ohio State's board of trustees that neither Miami nor Ohio universities be included in the bill.[4]
Emergence as urban research university (1892–1916)[edit]
OSU's Orton Hall, completed in 1893.
Ohio State began accepting graduate students in the 1880s, with the university awarding its first master's and doctoral degrees in 1886 and 1890 respectively. 1891 saw the founding of Ohio State's law school.
In 1906, Ohio State President William Oxley Thompson along with the university's supporters in the state legislature put forth the Lybarger Bill with the aim of shifting virtually all higher education support to the continued development of Ohio State while funding only the "normal school" functions of Miami and Ohio University. Although the Lybarger Bill failed narrowly to gain passage, in its place was passed the compromise Eagleson Bill, which determined that all doctoral education and research functions would be the role of Ohio State and that the two older institutions would not offer instruction beyond the master's degree level. This arrangement would stand for the next fifty years until population growth had necessitated additional Ph. D programs in the state.
1912 saw the formation of Ohio State's Graduate School to coordinate the university's burgeoning master's and doctoral enrollments. In 1914, Ohio State's college of medicine was formed through a merger with Starling Medical College. That year also saw the founding of Ohio State's School of Dentistry. In 1916, the board of trustees approved the formation of a College of Commerce and Journalism.
Subsequently, Ohio State's solidifying of its role as the state's flagship, comprehensive university was fairly rapid, as demonstrated by its 1916 induction into the prestigious Association of American Universities. To date, it remains the only public university in Ohio to be extended AAU membership.
Growth and challenge (1917–1945)[edit]
This momentum was further accelerated by Governor Harry L. Davis, who in his 1921 inaugural address declared that, "In Ohio State University the commonwealth has an educational institution which should become the largest and best state institution in the United States. This is evidenced by the development of the institution in recent years, and I desire specifically to ask the co-operation of the General Assembly in the effort which I propose to make to help the Ohio State University to attain that goal in the not too distant future." He subsequently shepherded a one-eighth of a mill tax levy through the legislature to fund a university building fund. Seventy-two percent of the funds were earmarked for the Ohio State University with the remainder split between Ohio University and Miami University.[5] By decade's end, the university's enrollment stood at 15,126 a more than fourfold increase from just twenty years prior.
With the onset of the Great Depression, Ohio State would face many of the challenges affecting universities throughout America as budget support was slashed, and students without the means of paying tuition returned home to support families. By the middle thirties, however, enrollment had stabilized due in large part to the role of FERA (the Federal Emergency Relief Administration) and later the NYA (National Youth Administration).[6] By the end of the decade, enrollment had still managed to grow to 17,568. Two important initiatives were also begun during this decade. Each would come to play increasingly important roles in the university's development up to the present time. In 1934, the Ohio State Research Foundation was begun to bring in outside funding for faculty research projects. In 1938, a development office was opened to begin raising funds privately to offset reductions in state support.
1946–present[edit]
The Wexner Center for the Arts building was completed 1989.
In 1952, Ohio State founded the interdisciplinary Mershon Center for International Security Studies, which it still houses. In 2003, the United States Department of Homeland Security decided to base the National Academic Consortium for Homeland Security at the university.
The bitter and sudden formation of Ohio State University in Columbus commenced a centuries-long conflict for funds ensue between the state’s oldest, established institution and the new agricultural and manufacturing university. In one incident, Ohio State attempted to use Ohio University's federally trademarked name “OHIO” on its athletic uniforms; however, during the subsequent legal dispute, presidents of the two schools agreed Ohio State should not be permitted the use of that name on uniforms.[7] More recently, the two universities have competed at athletic contests where the state funds received by Ohio State have helped it win. In 2010, the Rufus mascot tackled the Brutus mascot. Ohio students have urged the state government to fund state institutions based on their years in service as the fairest alternative to how the state currently funds its universities.
Presently, the university has reached the ranking of becoming a Public Ivy, as well as very receiving high rankings and awards from many institutions, including U.S. News, Academic Ranking of World Universities, The Lombardi Program on Measuring University Performance, Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, and The Public Accounting Report.
The university now provides education to about 59,091 students in eight campuses throughout Ohio and is governed by President Michael V. Drake. According to the Chronicle of Higher Education,[8] he will receive a base salary of over $1 million, the highest of any public university president in the United States.
2016 terrorist attack[edit]
Main article: Ohio State University attack
In an attack against the campus on November 28, 2016, a fluorine leak was called in for a laboratory building, and as firetrucks began to depart, Abdul Razak Ali Artan drove into the crowd, then emerged and began stabbing those nearby.[9][10] The attack was stopped in under two minutes by OSU Police Officer Alan Horujko, who witnessed the attack after responding to the reported gas leak, and who shot and killed Artan.[11] The university's Buckeye Alert system was triggered and the campus was placed on lockdown. Ten were transported to local hospitals and one suspect was killed according to multiple sources. Local law enforcement and the FBI launched an investigation.[9][12] According to authorities, Artan was inspired by terrorist propaganda from the Islamic State and radical Muslim cleric Anwar al-Awlaki.[13]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Rutherford B. Hayes Biography". Answers.com.
^ Jump up to: a b Ari Arthur Hoogenboom (1988). The Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes, p. 10. University Press of Kansas (original from University of California). ISBN 0-7006-0338-7.
Jump up ^ "Ohio State History and Traditions". The Ohio State University. Retrieved July 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ Ohio Historical Society James Campbell Profile Archived 2007-09-29 at the Wayback Machine..
Jump up ^ Ohio Historical Society Harry Davis Profile Archived 2007-08-28 at the Wayback Machine..
Jump up ^ A Favored Child of the State: Federal Student Aid at Ohio Colleges and Universities, 1934–1943 Kevin P. Bower Archived 2006-03-03 at the Wayback Machine..
Jump up ^ "'OHIO' dispute leaves historic paper trail". Ohio University. Retrieved June 24, 2013.
Jump up ^ Page B13, Nov.16, 2007
^ Jump up to: a b "Ohio State attack: Nine transported to hospitals, one suspect killed". The Columbus Dispatch. November 28, 2016. Retrieved November 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ Gray, Kathy Lynn; Svrluga, Susan; Zapotsky, Matt; Berman, Mark (November 28, 2016). "Ten people hospitalized, suspect killed after attack on Ohio State campus". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Officer who shot Ohio State attack suspect is a Tri-State native and OSU graduate". WCPO. November 28, 2016. Retrieved November 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Active shooter reported at Ohio State University; several hospitalized, suspect killed". CNN. November 28, 2016. Retrieved November 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ Blau, Max; Grinberg, Emanuella; Prokupecz, Shimon (November 29, 2016). "Investigators believe Ohio State attacker was inspired by ISIS and Al-Awlaki". CNN. Retrieved November 29, 2016.
External sources[edit]
Kinnison, William A. (1970). Building Sullivant's Pyramid; An Administrative History of The Ohio State University, 1870-1907. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press. ISBN 0-8142-0141-5.
Baroway, Malcolm S. (2003). The Gee Years, 1990-1997. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press. ISBN 0-8142-0918-1.
Perry, Chris (2005). The Kirwan Years: 1998-2002. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press. ISBN 0-8142-1027-9.
The Ohio State University Oral History Project
Interactive Historical Map of The Ohio State University Campus
History of The Ohio State University from the Ohio State University Archives
[show]
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The Ohio State University
Located in: Columbus, Ohio
Campuses
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The Selection
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Selection
Cover art for The Selection
Author
Kiera Cass
Country
United States and China
Language
English
Series
The Selection
Genre
Dystopian, Young adult, Romance
Publisher
HarperCollins
Publication date
April 14, 2012
Media type
Print, ebook, audiobook
Pages
328 pages
ISBN
978-0-545-61494-8
Followed by
The Elite
The Selection is a young adult novel by Kiera Cass first published on April 14, 2012 by HarperCollins. It is the first in a five-book series, followed by The Elite (2013), The One (2014) ，The Heir [1] (2015) and The Crown (May 2016). The last two take place twenty and twenty-five years after the events in the first three.
In addition, four spin-off novellas were released. The first two, The Prince and The Guard, are narrated from the point of view of two supporting characters. The Queen and The Favorite are prequels, focusing on two other supporting characters in the main series.[2] All four novels were collected into one volume Happily Ever After, including bonus content and epilogues.
Cass stated that she began writing The Selection after thinking about the differences between Esther and Cinderella, wondering if either of them were happy with how they ended up.[3] She also commented that she had written the book "from start to finish", while her writing process for the other books differed.[4]
Contents
1 Summary
2 Characters
3 Reception
4 Controversy
5 Television series and film adaptation
6 References
Summary[edit]
In a dystopian fairy-tale world where society is divided into castes, with Ones as the most prosperous, consisting of royals and elites, and Eights who are mostly orphans, drug users, handicapped, and unemployable, America is a Five, the "artist" caste (e.g. musicians, artists, actors, dancers, etc.). Since their prosperity depends on their desirability, Fives live a lower class life. America, however, doesn't care, because she loves entertaining, especially with a violin. The prince of Illéa, Maxon Schreave, announces that he is following his father's footsteps by holding the Selection, a competition for the prince's hand in marriage and the crown. Despite pressure from her mother, America has no interest in entering the competition, because she already has Aspen, her secret boyfriend.
After having a conversation with her mother which lets her keep most of her savings, America decides to surprise Aspen, with dinner at the tree house. This upsets him, as he believes he should be the one to provide for her, but is unable to because he is a Six (the servant caste) and has no means of doing so since he already has to take care of his mother and siblings. In the end, Aspen decides to break up with America. The end of their relationship, plus a bribe from her mother, leads America to enter the Selection and later into the palace where she has to compete with thirty-four other girls to win the prince's heart. It also helps that her time in the palace is accompanied by a small stipend sent to her family.
America easily makes friends (Marlee Tames) and enemies (Celeste Newsome) within the first week of her stay, but her unique personality also catches the attention of the palace staff and the country. However, she still doesn't want to marry Prince Maxon, but a chance meeting in the gardens causes them to befriend each other. America still loves Aspen, but she gradually starts to fall in love with the prince. Maxon gives America his first kiss, and she begins to think that she could maybe marry him and forget Aspen. Rebels constantly attack the palace, which helps turn away the weak-hearted competitors, but also makes things tense, especially when the rebels seem to be getting closer. Things also become tense in the competition when America starts to feel jealous of Maxon spending time with the other Selected.
America eventually sees Aspen again when he enters the palace as a new member of the guard. He was drafted into the army, where he earned top honors. Aspen's appearance confuses America's feelings even more and she begins to feel like she is still in love with him when he sneaks into her room to see her. Having a romantic relationship with someone other than the prince during the competition is considered treason, and the punishment for treason can be as severe as death. America sees Aspen in spite of the possible consequences.
After an attack from the rebels that leads to three of the Selected leaving, Prince Maxon decides to narrow down the girls from ten to six, calling them The Elite. When America's name ends up among the six chosen to stay, she realizes that she does have feelings for Maxon and could see herself happy with him. With this in mind, she tells Aspen that she cannot continue their romantic liaisons. Instead of getting discouraged, Aspen claims that he will fight even harder to win her love again over Maxon. The book ends with America finally realizing that she is exactly where she ought to be — among The Elite.
Characters[edit]
America Singer – Like her fiery red hair, America takes a rebellious attitude in concept. She tends to have a short temper, which she inherited from her mother. Despite saying she has no leadership skills, America isn't afraid to speak her mind. For example, when the palace was under rebel attack by the Southerners in The Selection, Silvia ordered America's maids to bring food and drink to the Selected. America, however, told her that the girls can take care of themselves, and ordered Anne to provide food for the royal family only. She is very stubborn and persistent at times and may jump to conclusions a lot. She can also be hypocritical but always apologizes if she is proven wrong. America's greatest fear when entering the Selection was losing her individuality, something the other Selected girls would even give up to take over the throne. Overall, America is a very courageous person that, at the end of the day, will always realize the mistakes she might have caused and will do anything to make things right. She is always afraid of losing someone she loves.
Prince Maxon – When America first saw Maxon on TV, she believed he was a shallow and stuck-up person. Thus, when she meets him for one of the first times, she misunderstands his intentions and knees him in the groin. However, he forgives her and she later discovered that he was actually very kind and a gentleman. The two eventually became friends, talking to each other, sharing secrets, and having fun together. America guided him to better understand his kingdom and to help the lower castes. Maxon admires America for her strong will, courage, kindness, and sense of honor. At the beginning of the Selection, he mentions that he wants to be around her so that these features would rub off on him. He likes honesty and truth and he specifically asked America to trust him and his decisions and always be open with him. He is very private: he doesn't like when people interfere with his personal life (especially during the Selection where cameras follow his every step) or when the Elites gossip with each other about what he does or doesn't do with them.
Aspen Leger – Loves America and plans to marry her eventually but knows it is better for her to enter the selection to help her family. After America is picked for the Selection, he is drafted into the army where he earns top honors in his class, and then promoted to a member of the Royal Guard at the palace.[5]
Marlee Tames – A member of the elite and best friend of America. Marlee first met America Singer as they were leaving for the palace. America and Marlee bonded as soon as they boarded the plane. The two quickly became friends and got along fine. After Marlee's first date with Prince Maxon, Marlee lost interest in the prince but didn't want to leave the Selection for unknown reasons.
Celeste Newsome – A member of the elite, she is a Two and worked as a model. Celeste's holds a sense of superiority over the lower caste competitors like America Singer and Marlee Tames. She is confident, arrogant, knows how to use her beauty, and is willing to do anything to win, even breaking the rules of the Selection. She tricks Anna Farmer into slapping her after criticizing her parents, which gets Anna kicked out of the competition (because violence against other competitors is against the rules). Before the interviews with Gavril Fadaye, Celeste tells America to trade dresses. When America refuses and calls Celeste "a brat", Celeste rips one of her sleeves and walks away. Marlee and Emmica help hide the ripped sleeve.
Kriss Ambers – A member of the elite. She has brown hair and is a Three. America remarks that Kriss has grown closer to Maxon throughout the course of the book.
Elise Whisks – A member of the elite who has family connections to New Asia, a country that Illéa is at war with.
Natalie Luca – A member of the elite whose sister was killed by rebels. She is blonde and viewed by America as someone who has her head in the clouds. Carefree spirit.
Clarkson Schreave – King of Illéa and Maxon's father, he is often seen as strict. The girls react with fear when he gets angry. America dislikes him.
Amberly Schreave – Queen of Illéa and Maxon's mother. She is from Honduragua and was a Four until she married King Clarkson at the end of his Selection. She is described as kindhearted by America.
Reception[edit]
Publishers Weekly gave a positive review for the book, praising the character of America.[6] The School Library Journal, MTV, and Booklist all gave positive reviews for The Selection[7] while in contrast, Kirkus Reviews panned the novel.[8][9][10] The A.V. Club gave a mostly positive review, commenting that it "is something of a Hunger Games rip-off, but at least it's an entertaining one".[11]
Controversy[edit]
On January 12, 2012, a one-star review of Cass' book, The Selection, was posted on the book reviewing site Goodreads[12] and on the reviewer's blog. Later on the same day, Kiera Cass' literary agent, Elana Roth, posted a series of derogatory tweets on the social networking site Twitter. In a conversation that Cass and Roth believed was private—but was, in fact, public—Roth called the reviewer names, and both Roth and Cass collaborated on how best to bump the negative review down and boost positive reviews by manipulating the ranking system themselves.[13] The controversy sparked an article by Publishers Weekly speaking out against this practice and raised an outcry from multiple reviewers, bloggers, and publications against the cyber-bullying of nonprofessional reviewers by authors and agents.[14][15][16]
Television series and film adaptation[edit]
In 2012, Cass announced that The CW had optioned the rights to her series with the intent of turning it into a television series. The series would star Aimee Teegarden[17] as America Singer, but the pilot was not picked up to series for the fall 2012 television season.[18][19] A second pilot was ordered for the CW in 2013,[20] starring Yael Grobglas as the same character[21][22] but was also not picked up by the network.[23]
In 2015, Warner Bros. announced they had bought the film rights of the book. Denise Di Novi and Alison Greenspan of DiNovi Pictures would produce alongside Pouya Shahbazian, with Katie Lovejoy to write the screenplay.[24]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Author Kiera Cass' Love Triangle Heats Up". RT Book Reviews. Retrieved May 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ "'The Elite': Kiera Cass talks about the sequel to 'The Selection'". EW. Retrieved May 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Young Adult Author Kiera Cass on The Selection". Teen Vogue. Retrieved May 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ Potts, Jessie (April 24, 2013). "Interviews: Kiera Cass and Cornelia Funke". USA Today. Retrieved May 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ Roth, Elana (25 March 2013). "The Elite". Publishers Weekly. 260 (12): 71. ISSN 0000-0019.
Jump up ^ "Children's Review: The Selection". Publishers Weekly. Retrieved May 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ "'The Selection' Is Another Jewel In Dystopia's Crown". MTV. Archived from the original on October 21, 2013. Retrieved May 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Review: The Selection". Booklist. Retrieved May 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Review: The Selection". School Library Journal (BookVerdict). Retrieved May 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Review: The Selection". Kirkus Reviews. Retrieved May 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Selection, a YA book and incipient CW series, looks for royal love in a post-WWIII world". The A.V. Club. Retrieved May 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Goodreads: The Selection Review". Goodreads. Retrieved August 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Goodreads: The Selection Review". Goodreads. Retrieved August 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Should Authors and Agents Weigh In on Citizen Reviews?". Publishers Weekly. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Breaking the Silence: The Selection Debacle". The Midnight Garden. Retrieved May 31, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Authors Behaving Badly". Pocketful of Books. Retrieved May 17, 2012.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (February 23, 2012). "Exclusive: FNL's Aimee Teegarden to Headline CW's Hunger Games-esque Pilot The Selection". TV Line. Retrieved July 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley (May 17, 2012). "Upfronts 2012: CW Redeveloping 'Hunger Games'-Esque Pilot 'The Selection'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved November 11, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Pilot Update!". kieracass.com. October 1, 2012. Archived from the original on October 3, 2012. Retrieved November 11, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Development Update: Wednesday, January 23". The Futon Critic. January 23, 2013. Retrieved July 1, 2016. Selection, The (The CW) – Elizabeth Craft and Sarah Fain have received the green light to produce a second pilot for the project...
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (February 22, 2013). "CW Pilot 'The Selection' Casts Its Lead". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved July 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Selection' finds its new lead: Yael Grobglas replaces Aimee Teegarden as America Singer". Hypable. February 23, 2013. Archived from the original on February 27, 2013. Retrieved February 24, 2013.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (May 9, 2013). "'The Selection' Dead At The CW". Deadline Hollywood.
Jump up ^ Fleming, Mike Jr (April 22, 2015). "Warner Bros Buys YA Title 'The Selection', Sets Black List Scribe Katie Lovejoy To Adapt". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved April 26, 2015.
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