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President of Pakistan
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President of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan
صدر مملکت اسلامی جمہوریہ پاکستان
Standard of the President of Pakistan
Incumbent
Mamnoon Hussain
since 9 September 2013
Style
Mr. President
(informal)
Honourable President
(formal)
His Excellency[1]
(In international correspondence)
Type
Head of State
(Ceremonial)
Residence
Aiwan-e-Sadar
Seat
Islamabad
Appointer
Electoral College
Term length
Five years
Renewable once
Constituting instrument
Constitution of Pakistan
Inaugural holder
Iskander Mirza
(1956-1958)
Formation
23 March 1956
(60 years ago)
Website
President of Pakistan
Pakistan
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The President of Pakistan (Urdu: صدر مملکت پاکستان — Ṣadr-e Mumlikat-e Pākistān, Urdu pronunciation: [ˌsəd̪ˈr-eː ˈmʊm.lɪˌkət̪-e pɑː.kɪs.t̪ɑːn]), is the ceremonial head of state of Pakistan and a figurehead who represents the "unity of the Republic."[2] The President holds the legal title de jure and is a civilian commander-in-chief of the Pakistan Armed Forces as per the constitution of Pakistan.[3]
This position places its holder in leadership of the nation, and is kept informed by the Prime Minister of Pakistan on all matters of internal and foreign policy, as well as on all legislative proposals.[4] The Constitution of Pakistan vests the President the powers of granting pardons, reprieves, and the control of the military; however, all appointments at higher commands of the military must be made by the President on a "required and necessary" basis, upon consultation and approval from the Prime Minister.[5] In addition, the constitution prohibits the President from exercising the authority of running the government.[6]
The president is indirectly elected by the Parliament through the Electoral College for a five-year term. The Constitution requires the President to be a "Muslim of not less than forty five (45) years of age". The President resides in an estate in Islamabad known as Aiwan-e-Sadar (lit. Presidency Palace). There have been a total of 12 Presidents. In case of absence of the President, the Chairman Senate takes over as the Acting President until the President resumes office, or the election for the next President is held. The current President is Mamnoon Hussain, who took office on 9 September 2013 as the 12th President of Pakistan.
Contents
[hide]
1 Powers and Authority
1.1 Role of the president
1.2 Eligibility and selection process
1.3 Election and oath
1.4 Line of succession and removal
2 List of Presidents
2.1 Chronological list of Presidents with tenure
2.2 Living Former Presidents
3 Political background
3.1 Early origins
3.2 Past Interventions
3.3 Figurehead overview
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Powers and Authority[edit]
Role of the president[edit]
The Ceremonial guard of honour at the Aiwan-e-sadr.
The official residence and principal workplace of the president is Aiwan-e-Sadr— the presidential palace located in northeastern Islamabad. The presidency forms the vital institutional organ of state and is part of the bicameral Parliament.[7]
Powers to exercise the authority are limited to the ceremonial figurehead, and required to address the Parliament to give a direction for national policies before being informed of its key decisions.[8][9][10]
In addition, the President is also a civil commander-in-chief of the military, with Chairman joint chiefs being its chief military adviser to maintain the control of the military.[11] After a thorough confirmation comes from the Prime Minister, the President confirms the judicial appointments in the national court system.[12][13] In addition, the Constitution allows the President to grant pardons, reprieves, and clemency in cases recommended to him by the executive and the judiciary.[14] The President himself has absolute constitutional immunity from criminal and civil proceedings, and no proceedings can be initiated or continued against him during the term of his office.[15]
There shall be a President of Pakistan who shall be the Head of State and shall represent the "unity of the Republic."
—  Article 41 in Chapter 1: The President of Part III: The Federation of Pakistan in the Constitution of Pakistan, source[16]
From 2000 until 2009, the President was the chairman of the National Security Council who had authority and control over the nuclear and strategic arsenals; however, the chairmanship and the powers transferred back to Prime Minister.[17] Furthermore, the presidential powers have significantly declined with Pakistan's government reversed to a parliamentary democratic republic.[18]
Eligibility and selection process[edit]
The Constitution of Pakistan sets the principle qualifications that the candidate must meet to be eligible to the office of the President.[19] A President has to be:
A citizen of Pakistan.[2]
A Muslim.[19]
At least 45 years of age.[19]
Qualified to be elected as member of the National Assembly.[19]
Whenever the Aiwan-e-Sadr becomes vacant, the selection of president is done by the electoral college, which consists of both houses of Parliament (the Senate and National Assembly) and the four provincial assemblies.[20] The Chief Election Commissioner has to conduct elections to the office of the President in a special session.[21] Voting takes place in secrecy.[22]
Each elector casts a different number of votes.[22] The general principle is that the total number of votes cast by members of Parliament equals the total number of votes cast by provincial legislators.[22] Also, legislators from larger states cast more votes than those from smaller provinces.[22]
The actual calculation for votes cast by a particular state is calculated by dividing the state's population by numbers of seat, which is divided again by the number of legislators from the state voting in the electoral college.[22] The constitution further states that election to the office of President will not be held earlier than sixty days and not later than thirty days before the expiration of the term of the President in office.[22]
Election and oath[edit]
The president is elected indirectly for a term of five years.[23] The incumbent president is eligible for re-election to that office, but cannot hold that office for more than two consecutive terms.[24] The president is required to make and subscribe in the presence of the Chief Justice—, an oath or affirmation that the president shall protect, preserve and defend the Constitution as follows:
I, (name), do solemnly swear that I am a Muslim and believe in the Unity and Oneness of Almighty Allah, the Books of Allah, the Holy Qura'an being the last of them, the Prophethood of Muhammad (peace be upon him) as the last of the Prophets and that there can be no Prophet after him, the Day of Judgment, and all the requirements and teachings of the Holy Quran and Sunnah:
That I will bear true faith and allegiance to Pakistan:
That, as President of Pakistan, I will discharge my duties, and perform my functions, honestly, to the best of my ability, faithfully in accordance with the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the law, and always in the interest of the sovereignty, integrity, solidarity, well- being and prosperity of Pakistan:
That I will not allow my personal interest to influence my official conduct or my official decisions:
That I will preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan:
That, in all circumstances, I will do right to all manner of people, according to law, without fear or favour, affection or ill- will:
And that I will not directly or indirectly communicate or reveal to any person any matter which shall be brought under my consideration or shall become known to me as President of Pakistan, except as may be required for the due discharge of my duties as President.
—  Article 42 in Chapter 1: The President in Part III: The Federation of Pakistan in the Constitution of Pakistan
Line of succession and removal[edit]
Main article: Line of succession to the President of Pakistan
The Constitution discusses the possibility of an acting president.[25] Certain office-holders, however, are permitted to stand as Presidential candidates in case of vacancy as the constitution does not allow for a vice president:
The Chairman of the Senate of Pakistan
The Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan.[26]
The President may be removed before the expiry of the term through impeachment. The President can be removed for violation of the Constitution of Pakistan.[27]
The impeachment process may start in either of the two houses of the Parliament. The house initiates the process by leveling the charges against the President.[28] The charges are contained in a notice that has to be signed by either the Chairman or the Speaker National Assembly through a two-third majority.[28] The notice is sent up to the President, and 14 days later it is taken up for consideration.[29]
A resolution to impeach the President has to be passed by the two-third majority.[30] The Speaker National Assembly then summons the joint session not earlier than seven days.[31] The President has the right to defend oneself.[32]
If the resolution is passed by the two-third majority at the joint session declaring that the President is unfit to hold the office due to incapacity or is guilty of violating the Constitution or of gross misconduct, then the President shall cease to hold office immediately on the passing of the resolution.[33]
No president has faced impeachment proceedings. However, the proceedings have been used in 2008 in an attempt to impeach former president Pervez Musharraf who tendered the resignation after the proceedings above were used.[34]
List of Presidents[edit]
Main article: List of Presidents of Pakistan
Chronological list of Presidents with tenure[edit]
Iskander Mirza[35] (23 March 1956–27 October 1958)
Ayub Khan[35] (27 October 1958–25 March 1969)
Yahya Khan[35] (25 March 1969–20 December 1971)
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto[35] (20 December 1971–13 August 1973)
Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry[35] (14 August 1973–September 1978)
Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq[35] (16 September 1978–17 August 1988)
Ghulam Ishaq Khan[35] (17 August 1988–18 July 1993)
Farooq Leghari[36] (14 November 1993–2 December 1997)
Rafiq Tarar[36] (1 January 1998–21 June 2001)
Living Former Presidents[edit]
Living former presidents
Muhammad Rafiq Tarar
(PML-N)
9th, served 1998–2001
(1929-11-02) 2 November 1929 (age 88)
Pervez Musharraf
(PML-Q)
10th, served 2001–2008
(1943-08-11) 11 August 1943 (age 74)
Asif Ali Zardari
(PPP)
11th, served 2008–2013
(1955-07-26) 26 July 1955 (age 62)
Political background[edit]
Presidential standard (1956–1967)
Early origins[edit]
From 1947 until 1956, the Governor-General of Pakistan acted for the head of state: King George VI (until 1952) and Queen Elizabeth II (from 1952). With the promulgation of the first Constitution, Pakistan became an Islamic republic in 1956, and the Governor-General was replaced with the presidency. The incumbent Governor-General, Iskander Mirza, became Pakistan's first president. He reportedly suspended the first Constitution in 1958, and appointed Army Commander-in-Chief General Ayub Khan as the first chief martial law administrator. Khan subsequently dismissed Mirza in order to become the president.
The second Constitution introduced by President Ayub Khan turned the country into a presidential republic without direct elections. Succumbing to internal and international pressure, however, Khan held a nationwide presidential election in 1965. Khan successfully campaigned against his opponent, Fatima Jinnah, for a second term, but some have alleged that elections were rigged in favour of Khan.
Presidential standard (1974–1998)
Controversy regarding the U-2 incident (1960), privatization (1963), and war with India (1965), fueled a fierce left-wing opposition movement led by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto of the PPP and Bengali nationalist Sheikh Mujibur Rahman who, with the support of demonstrators, aimed to further weaken the presidency. Suffering from paralysis and declining health, Ayub Khan handed over the presidency to army chief General Yahya Khan, who imposed martial law and announced that nationwide elections would be held in 1970. Eventually, general elections were held in 1970 which saw the PPP gaining a majority of seats in Pakistan and the Awami League gaining a majority in East Pakistan.
After he was unable to reach a compromise between the PPP and the Awami League, President Yahya Khan invited Nurul Amin of the Pakistan Muslim League to become the Prime Minister, and also appointed him as the first Vice President. The growing instigated violence against Pakistanis in East Pakistan forced President Yahya Khan to use force in order to maintain order there, which further escalated Bengali resistance (1970). Preemptive strikes against India led to another war in 1971, which freed East Pakistan and created Bangladesh.
Taking personal responsibility for the political isolation and devastation of Pakistan after the fall of East Pakistan, President Yahya Khan stepped down and ceded power to Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. President Bhutto created the current Constitution of Pakistan in 1973, transforming Pakistan into a parliamentary democracy, and reducing presidential powers to that of a ceremonial figurehead.
Past Interventions[edit]
The general elections held in 1977 resulted in an atmosphere of civil unrest instigated by the right-wing alliance, the Pakistan National Alliance. The events leading to it resulted in military intervention by chief of army staff General Zia-ul-Haq and Chairman Joint Chiefs Admiral Mohammad Shariff. Suspending the Constitution in 1977, General Zia-ul-Haq took over the presidency in 1978. Zia's presidency oversaw the modern growth of far-right ideas in the country. Succumbing to domestic pressure to restore the Constitution, President Zia-ul-Haq held a referendum (1984) and called for general elections in 1985. President Zia-ul-Haq appointed Mohammad Junejo as Prime Minister and assumed more powers through the constitutional amendment. After dismissing Prime Minister Junejo, President Zia-ul-Haq announced that new general elections would be held, but President Zia died in a place crash in 1988.
The general elections held in 1988 witnessed the victory of PPP in 1988, and appointed Chairman Senate Ghulam Ishaq Khan to the presidency. Conflict between Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto and President Ghulam Ishaq Khan arose in two areas regarding the issues of appointments. President Ghulam Ishaq Khan repeatedly intervened in government matters and leveled charges against Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto; thus dismissing Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto in 1990. After holding general elections in 1990, Nawaz Sharif brought up an ideologically conservative government and President Ghulam Ishaq Khan unsuccessfully tried to dismiss Sharif. After a successful intervention by Supreme Court and Chairman Joint Chiefs General Shamim Allam, President Ghulam Ishaq Khan and Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif tendered resignations in 1993.
Following the new elections held in 1993, Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto established a strong government after appointing loyalist Farooq Leghari to the presidency. However, the corruption charges and the controversial death of Murtaza Bhutto in 1996 resulted in President Farooq Leghari dismissing Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto. In 1997, President Farooq Leghari could not overcome the heavy mandate bestowed on Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif by the public in 1997. President Leghari unsuccessfully supported Chief Justice Sajjad Ali Shah— both of them resigned, ending the conflict between the Judiciary, the Executive, and the Parliament. After appointing Rafiq Tarar, the Parliament successfully passed constitutional amendment to decisively limit the presidency. After staging a controversial self coup in 1999, General Pervez Musharraf dismissed Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif and President Rafiq Tarar in 2001 while assuming more powers to the presidency. In January 2004, the Electoral College elected Musharraf, and as a result he was, according to the Constitution, "deemed to be elected".[37]
President Musharraf's repeated unconstitutional intervention resulted in a standoff with the Judiciary, and declared a state of emergency in 2007, after dismissing the senior justices of the Supreme Court. Although Musharraf was elected in 2007, the constitutional legality of Musharraf's rule was found dubious. A populist constitutional movement eventually resulted in Musharraf's departure. On 22 August 2008, the electoral commission called for presidential nominations to be delivered by 26 August 2008 and for elections to be held on 6 September 2008.[38][39]
Figurehead overview[edit]
After the presidential election held in 2008, Asif Ali Zardari lobbied for constitutional amendment to restore the Constitution as it was in 1973.[40][41][42][43] In 2010, the Parliament unanimously and with a large majority, passed the eighteenth amendment of the constitution. It revoked the presidential powers and changed Pakistan from a semi-presidential system of government to a parliamentary republic, with great hopes of governmental stability in the future. On 9 September 2013, Mamnoon Hussain became president.
See also[edit]
Government of Pakistan portal
Air transports of heads of state and government
Official state car
Pakistan
Prime Minister of Pakistan
Chief Justice of Pakistan
Chief Justice of the Federal Shariat Court
Chief of Army Staff of the Pakistan Army
Constitution of Pakistan
Foreign Minister of Pakistan
Finance Minister of Pakistan
Interior Minister of Pakistan
Minister of Defence (Pakistan)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Gupta, ed. by K. R. (2006). India-Pakistan relations with special reference to Kashmir. New Delhi: Atlantic Publ. and Distributors. ISBN 8126906723. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
^ Jump up to: a b Article 41(1) Archived 2016-02-04 at the Wayback Machine. in Chapter 1: The President, Part III: The Federation of Pakistan in the Constitution of Pakistan.
Jump up ^ Article 243(3) Archived 2015-03-21 at the Wayback Machine. in Chapter 2: The Armed Forces. Part XII: Miscellaneous in the Constitution of Pakistan.
Jump up ^ Article 46 Archived 2016-02-04 at the Wayback Machine. in Chapter 1: The President, Part III: The Federation of Pakistan in the Constitution of Pakistan.
Jump up ^ Article 243(2) Archived 2015-03-21 at the Wayback Machine. in Chapter 2: The Armed Forces. Part XII: Miscellaneous in the Constitution of Pakistan.
Jump up ^ Article 43(1)–43(2) Archived 2016-02-04 at the Wayback Machine. in Chapter 1: The President, Part III: The Federation of Pakistan in the Constitution of Pakistan.
Jump up ^ Article 50 Archived 2016-02-04 at the Wayback Machine. in Chapter 2:The Parliament of Part III: The Federation of Pakistan in the Constitution of Pakistan.
Jump up ^ Article 46 Archived 2016-02-04 at the Wayback Machine. in Chapter 2:The Parliament of Part III: The Federation of Pakistan in the Constitution of Pakistan.
Jump up ^ Article 54 Archived 2016-02-04 at the Wayback Machine. in Chapter 2:The Parliament of Part III: The Federation of Pakistan in the Constitution of Pakistan.
Jump up ^ Article 56 Archived 2016-02-04 at the Wayback Machine. in Chapter 2:The Parliament of Part III: The Federation of Pakistan in the Constitution of Pakistan.
Jump up ^ Article 243(3) in Chapter 2: The Armed Forces. Part XII: Miscellaneous in the Constitution of Pakistan.
Jump up ^ Article 175A(3) Archived 2014-07-04 at the Wayback Machine. in Chapter 2:The Parliament of Part III: The Federation of Pakistan in the Constitution of Pakistan.
Jump up ^ Article 177A(1) Archived 2015-05-28 at the Wayback Machine. in Chapter 2:The Supreme Court of Pakistan of Part VII in the Constitution of Pakistan
Jump up ^ Article 45 Archived 2016-02-04 at the Wayback Machine. in Chapter 2:The Parliament of Part III: The Federation of Pakistan in the Constitution of Pakistan.
Jump up ^ Article 248(1) Archived 2014-06-03 at Archive.is in Chapter 4:General of Part XII: Miscellaneous in the Constitution of Pakistan.
Jump up ^ Article 41 Archived 2016-02-04 at the Wayback Machine. in Chapter 1: The President of Part III: The Federation of Pakistan in the Constitution of Pakistan
Jump up ^ Govt. of Pakistan (3 March 2010). "The National Command Authority Act, 2010" (PDF). Islamabad: National Assembly press. National Assembly press. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
Jump up ^ See: The XVIII Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Article 41(2) Archived 2016-02-04 at the Wayback Machine. in Chapter 1: The President, Part III: The Federation of Pakistan in the Constitution of Pakistan.
Jump up ^ Crilly, Rob (10 May 2013). "Pakistan election guide: How does it work?". Telegraph, Pakistan Bureau. Telegraph. Archived from the original on 14 February 2016. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Article 41(3) Archived 2016-02-04 at the Wayback Machine. in Chapter 1: The President in Part III: The Federation of Pakistan in the Constitution of Pakistan.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f APP, Associate Press of Pakistan (25 July 2013). "706 Electoral College members to elect 12th President of Pakistan". News International, 2013. News International. Archived from the original on 2 August 2013. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Article 44(1)-(2) Archived 2016-02-04 at the Wayback Machine. in Chapter 1: The President in Part III: The Federation of Pakistan in the Constitution of Pakistan.
Jump up ^ Article 44(2) Archived 2016-02-04 at the Wayback Machine. in Chapter 1: The President in Part III: The Federation of Pakistan in the Constitution of Pakistan.
Jump up ^ Article 49(1)-(2) Archived 2016-02-04 at the Wayback Machine. in Chapter 1: The President, Part III: The Federation of Pakistan in the Constitution of Pakistan.
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Jump up ^ Article 47(1)-(2) Archived 2016-02-04 at the Wayback Machine. in Chapter 1: The President, Part III: The Federation of Pakistan in the Constitution of Pakistan.
^ Jump up to: a b Article 47(3) Archived 2016-02-04 at the Wayback Machine. in Chapter 1: The President, Part III: The Federation of Pakistan in the Constitution of Pakistan.
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Jump up ^ Article 47(6) Archived 2016-02-04 at the Wayback Machine. in Chapter 1: The President, Part III: The Federation of Pakistan in the Constitution of Pakistan.
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Jump up ^ Article 47(8) Archived 2016-02-04 at the Wayback Machine. in Chapter 1: The President, Part III: The Federation of Pakistan in the Constitution of Pakistan.
Jump up ^ See: Movement to impeach Pervez Musharraf
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Web Edition (30 July 2013). "Mamnoon Hussain elected 12th President of Pakistan". News International, president. News International, president. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Cite error: The named reference International, president was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
Jump up ^ Waldman, Amy (January 2, 2004). "Pakistan Gives Musharraf Confidence Vote as President". New York Times. Archived from the original on May 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ timesofindia.indiatimes.com "Pakistan presidential poll on September 6."Times of India. 22 August 2008.
Jump up ^ radionetherlands.nl Pakistan to choose president on 6 September. Archived 2008-09-24 at the Wayback Machine. Radio Netherlands.
Jump up ^ "Pakistan's presidential poll today, Zardari front runner." Archived 2009-01-03 at the Wayback Machine. Times of India.
Jump up ^ afp.google.com "Bhutto's widower set to become Pakistan president." Archived 2008-09-09 at the Wayback Machine. AFP 2008. Accessed 8 January 2014.
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Jump up ^ nytimes.com "Zardari is elected Pakistan's president." Archived 2016-07-22 at the Wayback Machine. New York Times 7 September 2008.
External links[edit]
President of Pakistan: Official Website
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Iskander Mirza
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Farooq Leghari
Wasim Sajjad (acting)
Muhammad Rafiq Tarar
Pervez Musharraf
Muhammad Mian Soomro (acting)
Asif Ali Zardari
Mamnoon Hussain
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Three-field system
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This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: Good start of article, but needs some additional work Please help improve this article if you can. (August 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The three-field system is a regime of crop rotation that was used in medieval and early-modern Europe. Crop rotation is the practice of growing a series of different types of crops in the same area in sequential seasons. Under this system, the arable land of an estate or village was divided into three large fields: one was planted in the autumn with winter wheat or rye; the second field was planted with other crops such as peas, lentils, or beans; and the third was left fallow, in order to allow the soil of that field to regain its nutrients. With each rotation, the field would be used differently, so that a field would be planted for two out of the three years used, whilst one year it "rested". Previously a "two field system" had been in place, with half the land being left fallow. The three field system allowed farmers to plant more crops and therefore to increase production and legumes have the ability to fix nitrogen and so fertilize the soil. With more crops available to sell, this also helped the economy in general to thrive.[1]
The three field system required more plowing of land and its introduction coincided with the adoption of the moldboard plow. These parallel developments worked hand in hand to increase the productivity of the land. The legume crop needed summer rain to succeed, and so the three-field system was less successful around the Mediterranean. Oats for horse food could also be planted in the spring, which, combined with the adoption of horse collars and horseshoes, led to the replacement of oxen by horses for many farming tasks, with a concomitant increase in agricultural productivity and the nutrition available to the population.[2]
One of the first Germans to question this system, and new ways of expanding beyond this medieval system was Johann Friedrich Mayer, in his 1769 work Lehre vom Gyps als vorzueglich guten Dung zu allen Erd-Gewaechsen auf Aeckern und Wiesen, Hopfen- und Weinbergen.[3]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Noble, Thomas (2002). (33)|chapter-format= requires |chapter-url= (help). The foundations of Western civilization. Chantilly, VA: Teaching Co. ISBN 978-1565856370.
Jump up ^ Wigelsworth, Jeffrey R. (2006). Science and technology in medieval European life. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 10.
Jump up ^ Roeber, A. G. (1998). Palatines, Liberty, and Property: German Lutherans in Colonial German America. p. 58.
Authority control
GND: 4150647-9
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Three-field_system&oldid=800148357"
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PuTTY
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PuTTY
A screenshot of PuTTY running under Ubuntu MATE
Developer(s)
Simon Tatham
Initial release
January 8, 1999; 19 years ago (1999-01-08)[1]
Stable release
0.70 / July 8, 2017; 10 months ago (2017-07-08)[2]
Repository
https://git.tartarus.org/?p=simon/putty.git
Written in
C
Operating system
Microsoft Windows, macOS, Linux
Type
Terminal emulator
License
MIT license
Website
www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty
PuTTY (/ˈpʌti/)[3] is a free and open-source terminal emulator, serial console and network file transfer application. It supports several network protocols, including SCP, SSH, Telnet, rlogin, and raw socket connection. It can also connect to a serial port. The name "PuTTY" has no official meaning.[4]
PuTTY was originally written for Microsoft Windows, but it has been ported to various other operating systems. Official ports are available for some Unix-like platforms, with work-in-progress ports to Classic Mac OS and macOS, and unofficial ports have been contributed to platforms such as Symbian,[5][6] Windows Mobile and Windows Phone.
PuTTY was written and is maintained primarily by Simon Tatham.
Contents
[hide]
1 Features
2 History
3 Components
4 Reception
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Features[edit]
PuTTY supports many variations on the secure remote terminal, and provides user control over the SSH encryption key and protocol version, alternate ciphers such as 3DES, Arcfour, Blowfish, DES, and Public-key authentication. It also can emulate control sequences from xterm, VT102 or ECMA-48 terminal emulation, and allows local, remote, or dynamic port forwarding with SSH (including X11 forwarding). The network communication layer supports IPv6, and the SSH protocol supports the zlib@openssh.com delayed compression scheme. It can also be used with local serial port connections.
PuTTY comes bundled with command-line SCP and SFTP clients, called "pscp" and "psftp" respectively, and plink, a command-line connection tool, used for non-interactive sessions.[7]
History[edit]
PuTTY's development dates back to late 1998,[1] and it has been a usable SSH-2 client since October 2000.[8][9]
Components[edit]
PuTTY consists of several components:
PuTTY: the Telnet, rlogin, and SSH client itself, which can also connect to a serial port
PSCP: an SCP client, i.e. command-line secure file copy
PSFTP: an SFTP client, i.e. general file transfer sessions much like FTP
PuTTYtel: a Telnet-only client
Plink: a command-line interface to the PuTTY back ends
Pageant: an SSH authentication agent for PuTTY, PSCP and Plink
PuTTYgen: an RSA, DSA, ECDSA and EdDSA key generation utility
pterm: a standalone terminal emulator
Reception[edit]
Justin James of TechRepublic in 2009 cited its reliability, cost, cross-platform support, and features as positives. He faulted complex configuration, extended beta testing, and lack of support for scripting.[10] J. Peter Bruzzese of InfoWorld included it in his list of 15 Essential Open Source Tools for Windows Admins and wrote that its imitators are not as good.[11]
See also[edit]
Free software portal
Comparison of SSH clients
Tera Term
mintty
WinSCP
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Earliest documented release
Jump up ^ PuTTY version 0.70 is released
Jump up ^ Putty FAQ – Pronunciation
Jump up ^ "PuTTY FAQ". [PuTTY is] the name of a popular SSH and Telnet client. Any other meaning is in the eye of the beholder. It's been rumoured that ‘PuTTY’ is the antonym of ‘getty’, or that it's the stuff that makes your Windows useful, or that it's a kind of plutonium Teletype. We couldn't possibly comment on such allegations.
Jump up ^ PuTTY for Symbian OS
Jump up ^ Forum Nokia Wiki – PuTTY for Symbian OS Archived 2012-07-16 at Archive.is
Jump up ^ Barrett, Daniel; Silverman, Richard; Byrnes, Robert (2005). SSH, The Secure Shell: The Definitive Guide. O'Reilly Media. pp. 577–579. ISBN 9780596008956.
Jump up ^ PuTTY FAQ: Does PuTTY support SSH-2?
Jump up ^ PuTTY Change Log
Jump up ^ James, Justin (2009-08-06). "Review: PuTTY terminal application". TechRepublic. Retrieved 2015-09-18.
Jump up ^ Bruzzese, J. Peter (2014-12-08). "15 essential open source tools for Windows admins". InfoWorld. Retrieved 2015-09-18.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to PuTTY.
Official website
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List of wars involving Iran
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The following is an historical overview of the list of wars and conflicts involving Iran (Persia). This list is far from complete.
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History of Iran
Mythological history[show]
Pishdadian dynasty
Kayanian dynasty
Ancient period[show]
BC
Prehistory of Iran Ancient Times–4000
Kura–Araxes culture 3400–2000
Proto-Elamite 3200–2700
Jiroft culture c. 3100 – c. 2200
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Kassites c. 1500 – c. 1155
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Urartu 860–590
Mannaeans 850–616
Imperial period[show]
Median Empire 678–550 BC
(Scythian Kingdom) 652–625 BC
Neo-Babylonian Empire 626 BC–539 BC
Achaemenid Empire 550–330 BC
Kingdom of Armenia 331 BC – 428 AD
Atropatene 320s BC – 3rd century AD
Kingdom of Cappadocia 320s BC – 17 AD
Seleucid Empire 312–63 BC
Kingdom of Pontus 281–62 BC
Frataraka dynasty 3rd-century BC – c. 222 AD
Parthian Empire 247 BC – 224 AD
Suren Kingdom 119 BC – 240 AD
Sasanian Empire 224–651
Zarmihrids 6th century – 785
Qarinvandids 550s – 11th century
Medieval period[show]
Rashidun Caliphate 632-661
Umayyad Caliphate 661–750
Abbasid Caliphate 750–1258
Dabuyids 642–760
Bavandids 651–1349
Masmughans of Damavand 651–760
Paduspanids 665–1598
Justanids 791 – 11th century
Alid dynasties 864 – 14th century
Tahirid dynasty 821–873
Samanid Empire 819–999
Saffarid dynasty 861–1003
Ghurid dynasty pre-879 – 1141
Sajid dynasty 889–929
Sallarid dynasty 919–1062
Ziyarid dynasty 930–1090
Ilyasids 932–968
Buyid dynasty 934–1062
Ghaznavid dynasty 977–1186
Kakuyids 1008–1141
Nasrid dynasty 1029–1236
Shabankara 1030–1355
Seljuk Empire 1037–1194
Khwarazmian dynasty 1077–1231
Eldiguzids 1135–1225
Atabegs of Yazd 1141–1319
Salghurids 1148–1282
Hazaraspids 1155–1424
Mihrabanids 1236–1537
Kurt dynasty 1244–1396
Ilkhanate Empire 1256–1335
Chobanid dynasty 1335–1357
Muzaffarid dynasty 1335–1393
Jalairid dynasty 1337–1376
Sarbadars 1337–1376
Injuids 1335–1357
Afrasiyab dynasty 1349–1504
Marashis 1359–1596
Timurid Empire 1370–1507
Karkiya dynasty 1370s–1592
Kara Koyunlu 1406–1468
Aq Qoyunlu 1468–1508
Early modern period[show]
Safavid dynasty 1501–1736
(Hotak dynasty) 1722–1729
Afsharid dynasty 1736–1796
Talysh Khanate 1747–1826
Zand dynasty 1751–1794
Qajar dynasty 1789–1925
Modern period[show]
Pahlavi dynasty 1925–1979
Interim Government of Iran 1979–1980
History of the Islamic Republic of Iran 1980–present
Related articles[show]
Name
Monarchs
Heads of state
Economic history
Military history
Wars
Timeline
Iran portal
v
t
e
Conflict
Iran
and allies
Opponents
Results
Median Empire
(678–549 BC)
Battle of Nineveh
(612 BC) Medes
Babylonia Assyrian Empire Victory
Destruction of Assyria's capital
Founding of Neo-Babylonian Empire
Fall of Assur
(614 BC) Medes
Babylonia Assyrian Empire Victory
Battle of Eclipse
(585 BC) Medes Kingdom of Lydia Undecided
Battle of Hyrba
(552 BC) Medes Persis Decisive Persian victory
Battle of the Persian border
(551 BC) Medes Persis Victory
Persian retreat to Pasargadae
Achaemenid Empire
(550–330 BC)
Persian Revolt
(552–549 BC) Persis Median Empire Victory
By conquering Media, Iran became an empire.
Conquest of Lydia
(547 BC) Achaemenid Empire Lydian Empire Victory
Lydia annexed by Iran.
Conquest of Babylonia
(540–539 BC) Achaemenid Empire Neo-Babylonian Empire Victory
Neo-Babylonian Empire annexed by Iran.
Conquest of Egypt
(525 BC) Achaemenid Empire Kingdom of Egypt Victory
Egypt annexed by Iran.
European Scythian campaign
(513 BC) Achaemenid Empire Scythians in European Scythia Expansive stalemate
Achaemenid domination of the European Black Sea regions.
Greco-Persian Wars
(499–449 BC) Achaemenid Empire Greek city states
Delian League Defeat
Macedon, Thrace and Ionia gained independence.
Peloponnesian War
(431–404 BC) Peloponnesian League (led by Sparta) Supported by:
Achaemenid Empire Delian League (led by Athens) Victory
Dissolution of the Delian League. Spartan hegemony over Athens and its allies.
Battle of Cunaxa
(401 BC) Achaemenid Empire Cyrus the Younger Victory
Artaxerxes II still in full control of the kingdom.
Corinthian War
(395–387 BC) Athens
Argos
Corinth
Thebes
Achaemenid Empire
Other allies Sparta
Peloponnesian League Peace treaty dictated by Iran (Peace of Antalcidas)
Ionia ceded back to Achaemenid Iran. Boeotian league dissolved. Union of Argos and Corinth dissolved
Artaxerxes' II Cadusian Campaign
(385 BC) Achaemenid Empire Cadusii Defeat, but diplomatic success
Negotiated peace with rival chiefs.
Revolt of the Satraps
(372–362 BC) Achaemenid Empire Rebel satrapies Victory
Rebellions chrushed.
Battle of Pelusium (343 BC)
(343 BC) Achaemenid Empire Egypt Victory
Egypt is conquered for a second time by Iran.
Macedon invasion of Iran
(355–328 BC) Achaemenid Empire Macedon Defeat
Iran conquered by the army of Alexander the Great.
Parthian Empire
(247 BCE–224 B)
Seleucid–Parthian Wars
(238 BC–129 BC) Parthian Empire Seleucid Empire Victory
Expulsion of the Seleucids from Iran.
Armenian–Parthian War
(87–85 BC) Parthian Empire Kingdom of Armenia Defeat
Osroene and Atrpatakan loyalty to Tigranes the Great.
Roman–Parthian Wars
(66 AD–217 AD) Parthian Empire
Kingdom of Armenia Roman Republic
Pontus Status quo ante bellum
Borders changed several times.
Sassanid Empire
(224–651)
Roman-Sassanid Wars
(232–440) Sassanid Empire Roman Empire Status quo ante bellum
Borders changed several times.
Byzantine–Sassanid Wars
(502–628) Sassanid Empire Byzantine Empire Status quo ante bellum
Borders changed several times.
Ethiopian–Persian Wars
(570–578) Sassanid Empire Kingdom of Aksum Victory
Ethiopians expelled from the Himyarite Kingdom.
First Perso-Turkic War
(588–589) Sassanid Empire Hephthalite Empire
Göktürks Victory
The Sassanids captured Balkh.
Second Perso-Turkic War
(588–589) Sassanid Empire Western Turkic Khaganate
Hephthalite Empire Victory
Turkic invasion of Iran repelled.
Third Perso-Turkic War
(627–629) Sassanid Empire Western Turkic Khaganate
Byzantine Empire Defeat
Byzantine control of Georgia.
Muslim conquest of Persia
(633–644) Sassanid Empire
Arab Christians Rashidun Caliphate Defeat
Fall of the Sassanid Empire
Saffarid Dynasty
(861–1003)
Ghaznavid Dynasty
(962–1186)
Seljuq Empire
(1037–1194)
Battle of Manzikert
(1071) Seljuk Empire Byzantine Empire Victory
Seljuks enter Anatolia.
Byzantine–Seljuq wars
(1048–1308) Seljuk Empire Byzantine Empire
Empire of Trebizond
Crusader states Victory
Most of Anatolia conquered by the Seljuks.
Khwarazmian Dynasty
(1077–1231)
Mongol invasion of Khwarezmia
(1218–1221) Khwarazmian dynasty Mongol Empire Defeat
Khwarezmia added to the Mongol Empire.
Timurid Dynasty
(1370–1507)
Campaigns of Timur
(1380–1402) Timurid dynasty Golden Horde
Ottoman Empire
Muzaffarids
Jalayirid Sultanate
Tughlaq dynasty Victory
Rise of the Timurid Empire in Iran.
The Delhi Sultanate became a Timurid vassal.
Outbreak of the Ottoman Civil War.
Timurid Civil Wars
(1405–~1501) Various factions Various factions Collapse of the dynasty
Rise of the Shiite Safavid dynasty.
Safavid Dynasty
(1501–1736)
Persian-Uzbek Wars
(1502–1510) Safavid dynasty Shaybanids Victory
Fall of the Shaybanid Empire.
Battle of Chaldiran
(1514) Safavid dynasty Ottoman Empire Defeat
End of Shia uprisings in the Ottoman Empire.
Ottoman–Safavid War of 1523
(1532–1555) Safavid dynasty Ottoman Empire Defeat
Ottomans captured Lower Mesopotamia and Baghdad. First partition of the Caucasus between the Ottomans and Persians. Western Armenia and western Georgia falls in Ottoman hands, Eastern Armenia, eastern Georgia, Dagestan and the contemporary Republic of Azerbaijan remain in Persian hands
Ottoman–Safavid War of 1578
(1578–1590) Safavid dynasty
Kingdom of Kartli
Ottoman Empire
Crimean Khanate
Defeat
Treaty of Constantinople (1590).
Ottoman–Safavid War of 1603
(1603–1618) Safavid dynasty Ottoman Empire Victory
Persian reconquest of all of the Caucasus, Mesopotamia, and East Anatolia
Mughal–Safavid War of 1622
(1622–1623) Safavid dynasty Mughal Empire Victory
Kandahar falls to Persia
Ottoman–Safavid War of 1623
(1623–1639) Safavid dynasty Ottoman Empire Defeat
Permanent partition of the Caucasus; Western Georgia and Western Armenia goes to the Ottomans, while Eastern Armenia, Dagestan, Eastern and Southern Georgia, and Azerbaijan remain under Persian rule. Ottomans decisively gain control over Mesopotamia.
Mughal–Safavid War of 1649
(1649–1653) Safavid dynasty
Khanate of Bukhara Mughal Empire Victory
Persia recaptured Kandahar
Russo-Persian War of 1651
(1651–1653) Safavid dynasty Russia Victory
Russian fortress on the Iranian side of the Terek River destroyed, and its garrison expelled.
Hotaki-Safavid War
(1709–~1722) Safavid dynasty Hotaki dynasty Regime change
Afghan control of most of Iran.
Omani Invasion of Bahrain
(1717) Safavid dynasty Imamate of Oman Defeat
Omani victory, Bahrain sold back to the Safavids.
Russo-Persian War of 1722
(1722–1723) Safavid dynasty Russian Empire
Cossack Hetmanate
Georgia
Melikdoms of Karabakh and Armenian rebels Defeat
Russians capture Derbent, Baku, and the provinces of Shirvan, Gilan, Mazandaran, and Astrabad for about a decade.
Safavid-Hotaki War
(1726–1729) Hotaki dynasty Safavid dynasty[1] Regime change
End of the Afghan rule in Persia.
Afsharid Dynasty
(1736–1796)
Afsharid–Ottoman War War of 1730
(1730–1735) Afsharid dynasty
Erivan Khanate
Ottoman Empire
Crimean Khanate
Victory
Persian reconquest of the entire Caucasus.
Nadir Shah's invasion of India
(1738–1739) Afsharid dynasty Mughal Empire Victory
Persian plundering of India.
Afsharid–Ottoman War War of 1743
(1743–1746) Afsharid dynasty Ottoman Empire Stalemate
Treaty of Kerden, Status Quo Ante Bellum
Civil War between Afsharid and Qajar
(1747–1796) Afsharid dynasty Qajar Dynasty Regime change
Mohammad Khan Qajar became the Shah of Iran.
Qajar Dynasty
(1785–1925)
Battle of Krtsanisi
(1795) Qajar dynasty Kartli-Kakheti
Imereti Victory
Tbilisi captured and sacked by Iranian troops. Persian reconquest of the Caucasus and Georgia.
Persian Expedition
(1796) Qajar dynasty Russian Empire Victory
Tactical Russian withdrawal from Iran.
Russo-Persian War of 1804
(1804–1813) Qajar dynasty Russian Empire Defeat
Treaty of Gulistan. Iran irrevocably cedes most of its Caucasus territories (Dagestan, Georgia, and most of the Azerbaijan Republic) to Russia.
Ottoman–Persian War of 1821
(1821–1823) Qajar dynasty Ottoman Empire Stalemate
Treaty of Erzurum, status quo ante bellum.
Russo-Persian War of 1826
(1826–1828) Qajar dynasty Russian Empire Defeat
Treaty of Turkmenchay. Iran irrevocably cedes the remainder of its Caucasus territories comprising parts of the contemporary Azerbaijan Republic that were not ceded yet in 1813, as well as all of what is nowadays the Republic of Armenia.
Siege of Herat
(1838) Qajar dynasty Afghanistan Defeat
Persian withdrawal from Herat.
Anglo-Persian War
(1856–1857) Qajar dynasty United Kingdom
East India Company
Afghanistan Defeat
Persian withdrawal from Herat.
Persian Campaign
(1914–1918) Qajar dynasty Russian Empire
British Empire
British Raj Stalemate
Ottoman withdrawal after signing of Armistice of Mudros.
Pahlavi Dynasty
(1925–1979)
Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
(1941) Iran Soviet Union
United Kingdom
India Defeat
Abdication of Rezā Shāh, Allied occupation of Iran.
Iran-Azerbaijan Crisis
(1945–1946) Iran Mahabad
Azerbaijan Victory
Dissolution of Mahabad and Azerbaijan.
Dhofar Rebellion
(1963–1976)[2] Iran
Oman PFLOAG
PFLO Victory
Defeat of insurgents, modernization of Oman.
Islamic Republic of Iran
(1979–)
Iran–Iraq War
(1980–1988) Iran
KDP
PUK
Badr Brigades Iraq
MEK
PDKI Stalemate
Both Iraq and Iran accepted UNSC Resolution 598.
Return to status quo, observed by UNIIMOG.
Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency
(2004–present) Iran Jundallah (Iran) Ongoing
Capture of Abdolmalek Rigi.
Iran–PJAK Conflict
(2004–present) Iran
Turkey PJAK Ongoing
Clashes renew in 2013.
Syrian Civil War
(2011–present) Syria
Hezbollah
Iran
Russia Free Syrian Army
Islamic Front
al-Nusra Front
Islamic State Ongoing
Rebel and Islamist uprising in much of Syria
Much of Syria controlled by the Islamic State.
Iraqi Civil War
(2014–present) Iraq
Iraqi Kurdistan
Iran
Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq
Badr Organization
Hezbollah
Kata'ib Hezbollah
Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant victory
Iran launches airstrikes on ISIL positions in Iraq.
Iranian military troops engage ISIL on ground.
Iranian victory
See also[edit]
History of Iran
Cyrus in Babylon and the Jewish connection
Persian Corridor (a.k.a. Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran)
Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution (1979–1982/83)
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ De facto ruled by Nader Shah.
Jump up ^ The rebellion started already in 1962, but Iran did not intervene before 1973.
External links[edit]
BBC WW2 People's War - Persia Invaded
The Document Collection on the 1945–46 Iranian Crisis at the Cold War International History Project
Dr. Mohammad Mosaddeq: Symbol of Iranian Nationalism and Struggle Against Imperialism by the Iran Chamber Society
GlobalSecurity.org
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_wars_involving_Iran&oldid=833147260"
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