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Laws of Australian rules football
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A ruck contest in after the centre bounce. The man in the green shirt is a field umpire.
The rules were first formed by the Melbourne Football Club, chaired by Tom Wills in 1859. The laws significantly predate the advent of a governing body for the sport. The first national and international body, the Australasian Football Council, was formed in 1905 to govern Australian Football.[1] Since 1994, the rules for the game known as Australian football have been governed by the AFL and the organisation's Laws of the Game committee.
Contents
1 Players, ground and equipment
1.1 Field
2 Play
2.1 Holding the ball
3 Scoring
4 Officiation
4.1 Umpires
4.2 Tribunal
4.3 Deregistration
5 Game length
6 AFL Rules Committee
7 History of the Laws and Governing Bodies
7.1 Melbourne Rules of 1859
7.2 Melbourne Rules of 1860
7.3 Victorian Rules of 1866
7.4 Australasian Rules of 1890
7.5 Australian National Football Council of 1927
7.6 National Football League
7.7 Australian Football of 1993
8 See also
9 External links
10 References
Players, ground and equipment[edit]
AFL football
18 players are permitted to take the field for each team, with an additional four players on an interchange bench (although this number often varies in exhibition and practice matches). The equipment needed to play the game is minimal. As in other kinds of football, players wear boots with stops (known as "cleats" or "studs" in some regions) in the soles, shorts, and a thick, strong shirt or jumper known as a guernsey, normally sleeveless, although long sleeve jumpers are sometimes worn in very cold weather by some players.
Protective gear is minimal. Most players wear a mouthguard but only a very few wear a helmet, normally a bicycle style helmet with a soft outer covering, and only after medical advice, such as if they have been concussed numerous times.[2] Some players, predominantly ruckmen, wear shin guards. All protective equipment must be approved by the umpires to ensure that it can not injure other players.
The game is played with an ellipsoid ball, on a grassed oval.
Field[edit]
Main article: Australian rules football playing field
Diagram of a standard ground for Australian rules football
Four posts, aligned in a straight line, 6.4 metres apart from each other (19.2m in total length), are erected at either end of the oval. The size of the ground is not fixed, but is generally between 135-185m long and 110-155m wide. Lines are drawn on the field to mark
the boundary,
a 50m-wide centre square, originally a diamond shape,
two concentric circles in the centre with diameters 3m and 10m, both bisected by one line,
a 9×6.4m goal square at each end of the ground,
a 15m-wide "interchange area" on one flank of the oval.
a curved line at each end, 50 metres from the goal line (the "Fifty-Metre Line") Prior to a ground redevelopment at the Sydney Cricket Ground, the "Fifty Metre Lines" were replaced by 45m lines due to the ground's short length, to avoid overlapping with the centre square. In the 1980s, 25m lines were also used, primarily in Western Australia.
Play[edit]
The game is a fast-paced combination of speed, athleticism, skill and physical toughness. Players are allowed to tackle the player with the ball and impede opposition players from tackling their teammates (known as shepherding), but not to deliberately strike an opponent (though pushing the margins of these rules is often a substantial part of the game). Like most team sports, tactics are based around trying to get the ball, then – through a combination of running with the ball, hand-passing (punching the ball from the open palm of the other hand) and kicking – to deliver it to a player who is within range of goal. Because taking a mark entitles the player to a free kick, a common tactic is to attempt to kick the ball on the full (without bouncing) to a teammate who is within kicking range of goal. In this situation, packs of players often form around the goal square, and the opportunity arises for spectacular marks in which players launch themselves off opponents' backs to mark the ball, high in the air. This particular skill is highly regarded as a spectacle, and an annual "Mark of the Year" is awarded at the end of a season.
The traditional playing positions.
There are no set positions in the rules of the game, but traditionally the field was divided into three major sections: the forward line, back line, and midfield. The forward and back lines consisted of six players, arranged into two lines of three players each. The midfield generally consists of the designated ruckman (i.e. player who contests the ruck or bounce-down) and players who either stay in the centre area of the ground (between the two 50 metre arcs) or follow the ball and are not confined to a particular area.
The modern game, however, has largely discarded positional play in favour of a free flowing running game and attempting to have loose men in various positions on the ground. The rise in popularity of the hand-pass since the 1970s has greatly influenced this style of play, with players more willing to follow the ball and move it quickly amongst themselves rather than kicking long to a one-on-one marking contest. In the late 1990s a tactic known as flooding was devised and also shifted focus away from set positions. When a team "plays a flood", they direct two or more of their midfield or forward line players into their defence, thus out-numbering their opponent and making it difficult for any opposing forward to take an uncontested mark. Most football sides are named (and demonstrated) in the traditional set positions, but it is in fact uncommon for players to stay within the traditional areas of their position. The players are shuffled on and off the field using the interchange bench, the blood rule means that if any player, for any reason, should begin to bleed, no matter how minor or severe, they must remove themselves from the ground to receive treatment. They may return when the flow of blood has stopped and has been treated by the team medic.
Holding the ball[edit]
Some of the things that cause the most confusion for people that are not familiar with the game are the Holding the Ball, Dropping the Ball, and Throwing rules. Confusion arises because a player being tackled is not allowed to hold onto the ball, but is not allowed to throw it either.
These rules are summarised:
Players must always dispose of the ball by either a kick or a hand-pass.
A hand-pass, also called a handball, is performed by punching the ball from one hand with the other fist. The ball cannot be thrown up (like a volleyball serve) and hit, nor handed to a teammate like an American/Canadian football handoff, nor tossed to a teammate like a lateral in rugby or gridiron football.
When a player is in possession of the ball, and moving, the ball must be bounced or touched to the ground at least once every 15 metres. Failure to do so results in a penalty, where a free kick is awarded to the opposing team. This is sometimes called running too far or travelling, and is signalled by the umpire in the same way as travelling is signalled in basketball. There is no limit to how many bounces or ground touches a player can do, nor a limit to how long a player can hold the ball.
When a player is in possession of the ball, and is tackled correctly (i.e., held, not just touched, above the knees and below the shoulders), he or she must immediately attempt dispose of the ball by kicking or hand-passing.
If the player is considered by the umpire as having had a prior opportunity to dispose of the ball (such as if the player has run, dodged or fended off an opponent) then a failure to successfully kick or handball results in a holding the ball penalty benefiting the tackling team, which is awarded a free kick. This includes if the ball is knocked free, a kick or handball is attempted but missed, or if the ball is trapped by the tackler.
If there was no prior opportunity for the player to dispose of the ball before being tackled, then a free kick is only paid if player with the ball is able to, but does not attempt to dispose of it within a reasonable time. This is also called holding the ball. No free kick is paid if a player without a prior opportunity is tackled, but the ball is unable to be released due to it being held to or under the player by the tackler. A ball-up would result to restart play. If a tackle on a player with no prior opportunity causes the ball to spill free, then "play on" is called and the game continues.
In a recent effort to reduce the amount of unnecessary stoppages, the interpretation of the prior opportunity has widened to include any player who grabs hold of the ball during a ball-up or throw-in situation instead of knocking it away. In this instance, if the player is then tackled and could not dispose of the ball legally, a holding the ball penalty would be paid against him.
For detailed interpretations, go to Holding the Ball.
Scoring[edit]
Australian rules football goal posts – the two tall central posts are the goal posts, and the two shorter outer posts are the behind posts.
The scoreboard displaying the final score of the match between Greater Western Sydney and Carlton in Round 14 of the 2014 season.
Like many other codes of football, the way to score points is to score goals. In Australian football, there are two types of scores: a goal and a behind. There are four posts at each end of the ground; the two middle (and taller) posts are the goal posts, and the two outer (and shorter) posts are the behind posts. The area between the goal posts is the goal; kicking the ball between these posts scores a goal which is worth six points. Kicking the ball between a goal and a behind post scores a behind, which constitutes a single point. A behind is also scored if the ball passes between the goal posts but has not been kicked by the attacking team (e.g., it comes off the hands of either team, or is kicked by the defending team), or if the ball hits or passes directly above the goal post. (If the ball hits the behind post, the ball is considered to have gone out of bounds.) A rushed behind (also worth one point) is scored when the defending team deliberately forces the ball between any of the posts. This may occur in pressure situations where a defender decides that it is safer to concede one point to the opposing team rather than risk a goal being scored.
A goal umpire judges whether a goal or behind is scored. The goal umpire shows that a goal has been scored by pointing both index fingers in front of him at waist level and then waving two flags above his or her head to indicate the score to the other goal umpire. A behind is signalled by pointing one finger and waving one flag.
As an example, consider a match in which the home team scores 11 goals and 12 behinds, totalling 78 points, and the away team scores 8 goals and 8 behinds, totalling 56 points. The home team wins the match by 22 points, and the result would usually appear like this:
Home Team 11.12 (78) def. Away Team 8.8 (56).
The exact convention for punctuation can vary. When spoken, the above result would be reported as:
Home Team, eleven twelve seventy-eight, defeated Away Team eight eight fifty-six.
The first number is the number of goals (six points) scored, the second number is the number of behinds (one point) scored, and the final number is the total score. The final result is decided on the total score only: a team may win the game despite scoring fewer goals (e.g. 13.21 (99) def. 14.9 (93)); and, if two teams finish with the same total score, the match is considered a draw even if the teams kick a different number of goals (e.g. 12.10 (82) drew 11.16 (82)).
Some experimental rule changes in the Australian Football League pre-season competition relate to scoring.
Officiation[edit]
Umpires[edit]
The goal umpire is signalling a goal, while a field umpire makes his way back to the centre square for the centre bounce.
Main article: Umpire (Australian rules football)
The game is controlled by a number of field umpires (at elite level, three), two boundary umpires (now four at elite level) whose main job is to conduct throw-ins when the ball leaves the field of play and two goal umpires who judge which scores are recorded, and are the official score-keepers of the game. In addition, there are two emergency umpires, one to replace an injured field umpire and one to replace an injured goal umpire. Each of the eleven umpires may report players, but only field umpires may award free kicks.
In addition to these umpires, some leagues, like the AFL, also have a Steward who monitors interchanges and substitutions to ensure they are being conducted properly.
Historically, all umpires have worn white, but most competitions have changed this now to ensure that umpire uniforms do not clash with team uniforms. Historically, the field umpires and boundary umpires have worn white short-sleeved shirts and white shorts, while goal umpires wore a white coat, white broad-brimmed hat and black trousers. Today, goal umpires wear the same short-sleeved shirts as the other umpires and a peaked cap, but retain the black trousers. Goal umpires also have white flags which are waved to signal scores. In the AFL since 2017, umpires can wear either Green, Blue or Dark Grey kits.
Tribunal[edit]
Onfield infractions considered to warrant a more severe penalty than a free kick are handled off-field by a league tribunal. Such incidents include deliberate or reckless acts of violence, such as striking, punching, tripping, kicking or endangering the head of an opponent, as well as misconduct such as abusing umpires or other players. Field umpires, boundary umpires and goal umpires are all permitted to report players for such infractions; in matches where there is video footage and where league rules permit, players may also be reported based on video evidence. For players who are found guilty of reportable offences, tribunals can issue fines or suspend players for a certain number of games.
Deregistration[edit]
Throughout Australia, there is a Player and Official Deregistration Policy, which allows players and officials with a poor tribunal record to be deregistered from playing football for life. As of 2011, this deregistration is automatically applied to any player or official who, since the age of 16, has been suspended for a cumulative total of 16 matches or more in any suburban, country or state league, or in the AFL, except that for the purpose of the cumulative total, suspensions in the AFL count only 50% of their value. Players may appeal for re-registration, but if successful a further suspension will result in deregistration without the right to a further appeal.[3] The rule was first established in 2007, and is applied uniformly across all levels of football in Australia.[4]
Game length[edit]
The length of a game of Australian Football can vary from league to league, but is generally around 15 to 25 minutes per quarter. In the AFL, each quarter runs for 20 minutes plus time on – which makes up for time occupied in stoppages, such as when the ball goes out of bounds, injuries, goals (or behinds) being kicked, or when the umpire is setting the angle of a free kick on goal. A typical AFL quarter might run from 27 to 33 minutes, but may be even longer if, for instance, injuries cause delays. AFL breaks after the first and third quarters are 6 minutes, with a 20-minute break at halftime.[5] Thus, a match with quarters averaging 30 minutes would last about two and a half hours.
Time is kept by two off-field officials, known as "timekeepers", who sound the siren at the start and end of each quarter. The quarter or match ends immediately when a field umpire hears the siren, with the exception that a player is allowed to kick for goal after the siren from a mark or free kick which was paid before the siren.
The manner of timekeeping in Australian rules football is unusual compared with other sports, in that the timekeepers keep track of time using a count-down clock which begins at 20 minutes and is stopped during any time-on; but, clocks displayed at the ground count up from zero and are not stopped during time-on. As such, spectators and players present at the ground never know exactly how much time is left in the game. The timekeepers' countdown clock is seen by the coaches and is shown by many television broadcasters.
AFL Rules Committee[edit]
The AFL rules committee or "Laws of the Game" committee currently manage the Laws of the Game.
The 2014 membership of the Laws of the Game Committee is:[6]
Name
Current Role
Mark Evans Chairman/AFL Representative
Wayne Campbell AFL Umpiring Manager
Hayden Kennedy AFL Field Umpires Coach
Beau Waters Players Representative
Rodney Eade Coaches Representative
John Worsfold Member
Michael Christian Member
Joel Bowden Member
Brett Burton Member
Tom Harley Member
Leigh Matthews[7] Member
Michael Sexton Member
Previous members of the committee have included former VFL/AFL players Kevin Bartlett,[8] Brendon Gale, Andrew McKay,[9] Matthew Pavlich,[10] Luke Darcy, Adrian Anderson, Rowan Sawers and Nathan Buckley. Buckley both controversially resigned in 2007 due to apparent disagreement with the frequent changes made by the committee, citing that he did not want his name to be associated with the changes.[11]
History of the Laws and Governing Bodies[edit]
Melbourne Rules of 1859[edit]
These ten rules, instituted by the Melbourne Football Club, were originally known as "The rules of the Melbourne Football Club – May 1859."
1. The distance between the Goals and the Goal Posts shall be decided upon by the Captains of the sides playing.
2. The Captains on each side shall toss for choice of Goal; the side losing the toss has the kick off from the centre point between the Goals
3. A Goal must be kicked fairly between the posts, without touching either of them, or a portion of the person of any player on either side.
4. The game shall be played within a space of not more than 200 yards wide, the same to be measured equally on each side of a line drawn through the centres of the two Goals; and two posts to be called the "kick off posts" shall be erected at a distance of 20 yards on each side of the Goal posts at both ends, and in a straight line with them.
5. In case the ball is kicked "behind" Goal, any one of the side behind whose Goal it is kicked may bring it 20 yards in front of any portion of the space between the "kick off" posts, and shall kick it as nearly as possible in line with the opposite Goal.
6. Any player catching the ball "directly" from the foot may call "mark". He then has a free kick; no player from the opposite side being allowed to come "inside" the spot marked.
7. Tripping and pushing are both allowed (but no hacking) when any player is in rapid motion or in possession of the ball, except in the case provided for in Rule 6.
8. The ball may be taken in hand "only" when caught from the foot, or on the hop. In "no case" shall it be "lifted" from the ground.
9. When a ball goes out of bounds (the same being indicated by a row of posts) it shall be brought back to the point where it crossed the boundary-line, and thrown in at right angles with that line.
10. The ball, while in play, may under no circumstances be thrown.
Although not explicitly mentioned in the rules, each captain was to umpire the game, and each team consisted of 20 per side. In the early days there were no set rules to decide the winner of a game, however it was most commonly the first side to kick 2 goals. In some circumstances this meant that games could draw out for long periods of time.
Melbourne Rules of 1860[edit]
A game at the Richmond Paddock in the 1860s. A pavilion at the MCG is on the left in the background. (A wood engraving made by Robert Bruce on 27 July 1866.)
The first significant redrafting of the rules occurred in 1860 when the Melbourne Football Club met to refine the rules based on some input from other existing clubs.[citation needed]
The following changes were made:
Rule 3: Added the provision "In case of the ball being forced between the goal posts in a scrimmage, a goal shall be awarded"
Rule 7: Added that "Pushing with the body" is allowed
Rule 8: Added that "It shall not be run with in any case"
The most significant change was the provision for captains and umpiring in the newly added Rule 11: "In case of a deliberate infringement of any of the above rules, by either side, the captain of the opposite side may claim that any one of his party may have a free kick from the place where the breach of the rules was made; the two captains in all cases, save where umpires are appointed, to be the sole judges of "infringements"
Victorian Rules of 1866[edit]
Henry C. Harrison's committee redrafted the laws of the game in 1866, which was subsequently agreed upon by the major clubs playing the sport and widely adopted by several major leagues in Victoria, South Australia, Tasmania, Queensland and New Zealand.
The major changes at this time were:
Players must bounce the ball every 10 or 20 yards when carrying it (this had previously been adopted as one of the Geelong Football Club's compromise rules)
Games must be officiated by umpires. Not one but two umpires (independent of the players) must control the match. The closest umpire to the play adjudicated all aspects of the game, including scoring and free kicks.
Time limit established for matches
Behind posts used for first time
In 1869, a time limit – 100 minutes – was introduced to the game for the first time.
By 1877, state bodies began to govern their own leagues. The first of these was the South Australian Football Association (renamed the SANFL in 1907). During this time, transfer of official governing body took place after the formation of the Victorian Football Association in 1877, with leagues in Tasmania and Queensland affiliating to the VFA. By around 1884, Tasmanian goal umpires had begun to wave white flags to communicate with each other about the scoring of goals or behinds. This was adopted in the Victorian Rules in 1887. In the same year, the umpire were required to bounce the ball instead of throwing it up in the air.
Australasian Rules of 1890[edit]
In 1890, delegates from New Zealand were added and the Australasian Football Council was formed to facilitate a growing number of intercolonial matches which at one point also included leagues and teams from New Zealand. Major rule changes during this time were:
1891 – Centre bounce at start of quarters and after every goal; Players required to take up set field positions at start of play.
1897 – 6 points for a goal, 1 for a behind – previously, only goals counted. Push in the back rule introduced to protect players jumping for the ball. VFA reduced number of players on the field from 20 to 18.[12]
1899 – VFL reduced number of players from 20 to 18, a number which remains today.[13]
1903 – Boundary umpires appointed at VFL level – 2 each game. (First appeared in Ballarat and charity games in 1891.)
Australian National Football Council of 1927[edit]
With the absence of New Zealand delegates, the council reverted to the title "Australian Football". The organisation was rebranded in 1927 and state leagues were encouraged to include "National Football League" in their name. (This continues to be used in the case of the SANFL; the Tasmanian Football League was briefly styled the "TANFL" from the late 1970s to the mid-1980s).
Not all leagues chose to affiliate with the new body, which was seen by some to be increasingly swayed by the increasingly professional aspect of the sport. The Australian Amateur Football Council was formed in 1933. As a result, many amateur leagues interpret the laws of the game with subtle differences.
Although some leagues adopted the name, the rebranding using the name of "Australian National Football" was not entirely successful. The game had failed to grow substantially in New South Wales and Queensland, so to many it was not considered truly national. It was considered too wordy by some and by 1980, many leagues had dropped the name and the code became informally known as "Australian Football".
The new body had direct jurisdiction over several state leagues. Rule changes in this era included:
1922 – Free kick for forcing ball out of bounds introduced.
1930 – One reserve player introduced.
1939 – Boundary throw-ins re-introduced. Dropping the ball included in holding the ball.
1946 – Number of reserve players increased to two.
1969 – Free kick for kicking ball out of bounds on the full.
1973 – Establishment of centre square and restrictions on positions at centre bounces.
1976 – Second field umpire introduced.
Notable Hall of Fame administrators during this period included:
H. C. A. Harrison, president 1905 (also granted life membership to the ANFC)
Thomas Seymour Hill, secretary 1938–1947
Bruce Andrew, who acted as field director 1949–76 and secretary 1950–76
National Football League[edit]
In the early 1970s, the ANFC changed its name to the National Football League, but continued to operate in substantially the same way it had previously. The body worked to introduce a night representative series in 1976 and remodel representative football and interstate carnivals. In 1977, the VFL established a rival competition to the NFL's night series, called the Australian Football Championships (AFC), and by 1980 this competition had replaced the NFL's competition. Through the 1980s, administration of the game increasingly shifted towards Victoria.
1977 – State of Origin rules introduced to interstate matches.
1978 – Reserve players became interchange players (i.e. replaced players could later return to the game).
1986 – 50 metre arc introduced.
1988 – 15 metre penalty becomes 50 metre penalty in the VFL. Emergency umpires empowered to report players.
Australian Football of 1993[edit]
In 1993, three years after the VFL was rebranded as the AFL, the AFL Commission, under the control of AFL CEO Ross Oakley pushed for the Australian Football Council to be disbanded. The league successfully argued that the council had become less relevant due to its increasingly successful national club competition. A memorandum of understanding was signed which effectively increased the league's power and cut red tape, allowing the AFL to gain control of the Laws of the Game (forming the official AFL Rules Committee).
With control over the game, the AFL began a rush of new rules, many of which were aimed at cleaning up the game, reducing "thuggery" and making it more attractive to spectators. A player tribunal system was introduced to more effectively deliver penalties. The blood rule was introduced (players must be removed from ground when bleeding, also when having blood on their body/playing uniforms) to protect players from the transmission of blood-borne disease. The sin bin rule was discarded in favour of player reports and the allocation of free kicks against the aggrieved side.
In 1994, the AFL turned its focus to speeding up the game. To do this, the league increased the number of interchange players for their matches from 2 to 3 and increased the number of field umpires in the AFL from 2 to 3.[10]
In 1998, the number of interchange players for AFL matches was increased from 3 to 4 to further speed up the game.
The league began using its pre-season competition as a test-bed for experimental new rules.
In 2003, the AFL forced the dissolution of the International Australian Football Council (formed in 1995) to become world governing body for the sport and in 1994 released its first official International Policy.
In 2005, the 10-metre centre circle was introduced for ruck contests, in response to an increasing number of posterior cruciate ligament injuries among ruckmen.
In 2006, the AFL announced its intention to further speed up the game and reduce stoppages with the aim of enhancing the game as a spectacle, particularly aimed at television audiences. It introduced a time limit for set shots, which was thought by some to be in response to players such as Matthew Lloyd and Brendan Fevola taking up to a minute to prepare for kicking their goals. The AFL made more stringent the interpretation of awarding 50 metre penalties for "scragging" (attempting to deliberately hold play up by grabbing the opposition player after they had taken a mark). Finally, the league made it unnecessary for players to wait for the flag waved after a behind to kick the ball back into play, and introduced a bucket of spare balls behind each goal to avoid the need to wait for the crowd to return the ball.
In 2007, the AFL began introducing rules aimed at attracting more juniors by reducing the forceful contact and aggression in the game. Significant controversy was caused by the introduction of the "hands in the back" rule. Zero tolerance was given for players putting hands on the back of a player in a marking contest. The AFL rules committee argued that this was simply a stricter interpretation of a rule which had been relaxed over the decades. The league also attempted to reduce head injuries by introducing new rules on bumping, including severe penalties for forcible bumping of players from front-on when their head is over the ball.[14]
In 2008, reacting to an incident involving the Sydney Swans playing 19 men on the field, new interchange rules were introduced to supersede the head count.[15] Also, through the AFL Tribunal, it began to outlaw tackles which pinned the arms of a player and drove their head into the ground.[16] Towards the end of the season, the league also increased the number of boundary umpires from 2 to 4.[17]
See also[edit]
Category:Australian rules football terminology
External links[edit]
Laws of Australian Football – 2018
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Ross, John, ed. (1996). 100 Years of Australian Football 1897-1996. Ringwood, Victoria, Australia: Penguin Books Australia Ltd. ISBN 978-1854714343.
Jump up ^ Anderson, Jon (1 April 2011). "The hat fits, says battered Rod Ashman".
Jump up ^ "Australian Football Player and Official Deregistration Policy" (PDF). Australian Football League. May 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 March 2012. Retrieved 5 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Morris, Grey (23 December 2011). "Brilliant Brisbane Lions triple premiership star Darryl White may appeal his Aussie Rules life ban". Fox Sports. Retrieved 5 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "NAB Cup match conditions altered". Australian Football League. Accessed 23 June 2010.
Jump up ^ Guthrie, Ben (4 March 2014). "Worsfold joins Laws of the Game committee".
Jump up ^ "Leigh Matthews joins Laws committee – RFNews – theage.com.au". The Age. Melbourne. 24 June 2009.
Jump up ^ Ralph, Jon (4 March 2014). "AFL Legend Kevin Bartlett stands down from his position on the Laws of the Game Committee".
Jump up ^ AAP (22 February 2006). "Chorus of complaints over new AFL rules". Melbourne: The Age. Retrieved 10 December 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Lane, Samantha (10 June 2009). "Rules committee sees merit in injury substitutes but warns coaches could abuse it". The Age. Melbourne.
Jump up ^ Gleeson, Michael (5 May 2007). "Buckley opts to leave rules committee". The Age. Retrieved 10 December 2008.
Jump up ^ "OPENING OF THE FOOTBALL SEASON". The Argus. Melbourne. 3 May 1897. p. 6. Retrieved 24 March 2011 – via National Library of Australia.
Jump up ^ The Herald 28 April 1899
Jump up ^ Donovan, Samantha; PM – Renewed calls for AFL rule change; PM (ABC Radio); 5 June 2006
Jump up ^ AAP; AFL interchange rules overhauled Archived 9 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine.; Sydney Morning Herald; 13 May 2008
Jump up ^ AFL to review dangerous tackle ruling; ABC News; 6 August 2008
Jump up ^ Matthews, Bruce; More umpires mean fewer mistakes; Herald Sun; 15 September 2008
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Australian rules football terminology
Skills
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Mark (Mark of the Year, spectacular mark)
One percenter
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Push in the back
Scoring
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Father–son rule
Flooding
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Maiden and married names
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (June 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
When a person (traditionally the wife in many cultures) assumes the family name of his or her spouse, that name replaces the person's birth surname, which in the case of the wife is called the maiden name (birth name is also used as a gender-neutral or masculine substitute for maiden name), whereas a married name is a family name or surname adopted by a person upon marriage.
In some jurisdictions, changing one's name requires a legal procedure. Nevertheless, in some jurisdictions anyone who either marries or divorces may change his or her name. Due to increasing security and identification needs, even where it is legal, the common law method is rarely accepted anymore except at marriage (especially for women). Traditionally, in the Anglophone West only women do so, but in rare instances men may change their last names upon marriage as well.[1]
In the United States, only eight states have an official name change for a man as part of their marriage process and others may petition a court or—where not prohibited—use the common law method (though government agencies sometimes do not recognize this procedure for men). Due to the widespread practice of women changing their names at marriage, they encounter little difficulty using the common law method at marriage in those jurisdictions that permit it.[1][2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Customs relating to maiden names in marriages
1.1 Canada
1.2 English-speaking world
1.2.1 Common options
1.2.2 Children
1.2.3 Legal status of name changes at marriage
1.2.4 Feminism and preserving one's personal name
1.2.5 Use as security question
1.3 France
1.4 Germany
1.5 Austria
1.6 Greece
1.7 Turkey
1.8 Italy
1.9 Netherlands
1.10 Russia
1.11 Spanish-speaking world
1.12 Philippines
1.13 Taiwan
1.14 Thailand
1.15 Japan
1.16 China
1.17 Korea
2 Genealogy
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Customs relating to maiden names in marriages[edit]
In the remainder of this article, birth name, family name, surname, married name and maiden name refer to patrilineal surnames unless explicitly described as referring to matrilineal surnames.
Canada[edit]
Main article: Canadian name
In most of Canada, either partner may informally assume the spouse's surname after marriage, so long as it is not for the purposes of fraud. The same is true for people in common-law relationships, in some provinces. This is not considered a legal name change in most provinces, excluding British Columbia.[3] For federal purposes, such as a Canadian passport, Canadians may also assume their partner's surname if they are in a common-law relationship.[4] In the province of British Columbia, people have to undergo a legal name change if they want to use a combined surname after marriage.[5] Their marriage certificate is considered proof of their new name.[6][7]
The custom in Québec was similar to the one in France until 1981. Women would traditionally go by their husbands' surname in daily life, but their maiden name remained their legal name.[8] Since the passage of a 1981 provincial law intended to promote gender equality as outlined in the Québec Charter of Rights, no change may be made to a person's name without the authorization of the registrar of civil status or the authorization of the court. Newlyweds who wish to change their names upon marriage must therefore go through the same procedure as those changing their names for other reasons. The registrar of civil status may authorize a name change if: 1) the name the person generally uses does not correspond to the name on their birth certificate, 2) the name is of foreign origin or too difficult to pronounce or write in its original form, or 3) the name invites ridicule or has become infamous.[9] This law does not make it legal for a woman to immediately change her name upon marriage, as marriage is not listed among the reasons for a name change.[10]
English-speaking world[edit]
For many, the decision whether to keep or change their birth name is a difficult one.[11] This process is expedited for newly married persons in that their marriage certificate, in combination with identification using their married name, is usually accepted as evidence of the change, due to the widespread custom, but the process still requires approaching every contact who uses the old name and asking them to use the new. Unless the statutes where the marriage occurred specify that a name change may occur at marriage (in which case the marriage certificate indicates the new name), the courts have officially recognized that such a change is a result of the common law right of a person (man, woman, and sometimes child) to change their name. However, men encounter more difficulties in changing their last names.[12] There were some early cases[when?] which held that under the common law, a woman was required (in the U.S.) to take her husband's name,[13] but newer cases overturned those.[14] Women do not have to change their names by law.[15]
Common options[edit]
Use husband's family name
Historically, a woman in England would assume her new husband's family name (or surname) after marriage, usually compelled to do so under coverture laws. This remains common practice in the United Kingdom today as well as in common law countries and countries where English is spoken, including Australia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Gibraltar, Falkland Islands, Ireland, India, Philippines, the English-speaking provinces of Canada and the United States. In some communities in India, spouses and children taken on the first name or proper name of the father and often present interesting variations to name adoption including family name adoption. In Massachusetts, for instance, a 2004 Harvard study found approximately 87% of married college educated women take their husbands' name, down from a peak before 1975 of over 90%, but up from about 80% in 1990. The same study found women with a college degree were "two to four times (depending on age) more likely to retain their surname" relative to those without a college degree.[16]
In the lowlands of Scotland in the 16th century, married women did not change their surnames, but today the practice of changing to the husband's family name is the norm.[17]
Usually, the children of these marriages are given their father's surname. Some families have a custom of using the mother's maiden name as a middle name for one of the children—Franklin Delano Roosevelt received his middle name in this way[18] or even as a first name. Spessard Holland, a former Governor of the U.S. State of Florida, and a former U.S. Senator, whose mother's maiden name was Virginia Spessard, received his first name in this way.
Retain the birth name
Persons who keep their own surname after marriage do so for a number of reasons. Objection to the inequality of the tradition is one major reason.[19] Some people are the last ones in the family with that surname. Others don't want to bother with the paperwork. Common reasons for maintaining their birth name include not wanting to lose their identity, preferring their last name to their spouse's last name, and fear of professional ramifications.[20]
The American suffragist and abolitionist Lucy Stone (1818–1893), made a national issue of the right to keep one's own surname as part of her efforts for women's rights in the U.S. Because of her, women who choose not to use their husbands' surnames have been called "Lucy Stoners".[21]
Join both names
It is less common for women, especially in the U.S. and Canada, to combine their spouse's name with their own birth name.[1] About 7% of American women hyphenate their name with their spouse's name upon marriage.[22]
Name blending
Although less common than name joining, a growing trend is the blending of two surnames upon marriage.[23] An example is Dawn O'Porter who blended her husband's surname with her own.
Birth name as middle name
Examples include Hillary Rodham Clinton[24] and Kim Kardashian West.
Children[edit]
In the United States, some states or areas have laws that restrict what surname a child may have. For example, Tennessee allows a child to be given a surname that does not include that of the father only upon "the concurrent submission of a sworn application to that effect signed by both parents."[25]
Legal status of name changes at marriage[edit]
In 2007, Michael Buday and Diana Bijon enlisted the American Civil Liberties Union and filed a discrimination lawsuit against the state of California. According to ACLU, the obstacles facing a husband who wishes to adopt his wife's last name violate the equal protection clause provided by the 14th Amendment of the Constitution.[26] At the time of the lawsuit, only the states of Georgia, Hawaii, Iowa, Massachusetts, New York and North Dakota explicitly allow a man to change his name through marriage with the same ease as a woman. As a result of the lawsuit, the Name Equality Act of 2007 was passed to allow either spouse to change their name, using their marriage license as the means of the change; the law took effect in 2009.[12][27]
In 2013, a Florida man successfully forced the Florida Department of Motor Vehicles to accept his decision to take his wife's last name.[28]
Feminism and preserving one's personal name[edit]
Jane Grant, co-founder of The New Yorker, wrote in 1943 of her efforts to keep her name despite her marriage, as well as other women's experiences with military service, passports, voting, and business. She and others formed the Lucy Stone League, named for Lucy Stone, who had earlier won her fight to keep her name. "We [in the League] . . . made ourselves generally troublesome", with legal cases, mass meetings, signing into hotels openly, and going to Washington, D.C.[29]
Use as security question[edit]
One's mother's maiden name has been a common security question in American banking since at least the 1980s.[30]
France[edit]
Since the 1789 Revolution, the law stipulates that "no one may use another name than that given on his birth certificate".[31]
From 4 March 2002 to 4 December 2009, children given both parents' names had to have them separated by a double dash (ex: Dupont--Clairemont). On 4 December 2009, the Conseil d'État ruled that a space can be used instead of the double dash. As a result, forms asking for the family name ("nom de famille") do so on 2 lines ("1ère partie: ..... ", "2e partie....")[32]
Germany[edit]
In Germany, the name law has been ruled by sexual equality since 1977: a woman may adopt her husband's surname or a man may adopt his wife's surname. One of them may use a name combined from both surnames. The remaining single name is the "family name" (Ehename), which will be the surname of the children. If a man and woman decide to keep and use their birth names after the wedding (no combined name), they have to declare one of those names the "family name". A combined name is not possible as a family name, but, since 2005, it has been possible to have a double name as a family name if one already had a double name, and the partner adopts that name. Double names then must be hyphenated. All family members must use that double name.[33][34]
Austria[edit]
In Austria, since the 1st of April 2013, marriage does not automatically change a woman's name; therefore a name change can only take place upon legal application. Before that date, the situation was the opposite: a married woman's name was changed to that of her husband, unless she legally applied to opt-out of the default situation.[35]
Greece[edit]
Since 1983, when Greece adopted a new marriage law which guaranteed gender equality between the spouses,[36] women in Greece are required to keep their birth names for their whole life.[37]
Turkey[edit]
Since 2014, women in Turkey are allowed to keep their birth names alone for their whole life instead of using their husbands' names.[38] Prior to this case, the Turkish Code of Civil Law Article 187 required a married woman to compulsorily obtain her husband’s surname after the marriage; or otherwise, to use her birth name in front of her husband’s name by giving a written application to the marriage officer or the civil registry office. In 2014, the Constitutional Court ruled that prohibiting married women from retaining only maiden names is a violation of their rights.[39]
Italy[edit]
Spouses keep their original surnames. According to the Italian Civil Code (article 143 bis), a woman who marries keeps her surname and has the option of adding her husband's surname after hers. Non-Italian citizens getting married in Italy will not have their surname changed in Italy, brides or grooms can request for their surname change in their home country though.[40]
Netherlands[edit]
In the Netherlands, persons who have been married in the Netherlands or entered into a registered partnership will remain registered under their birth name. They are, however, permitted to use their partner's last name for social purposes or join both names. Upon marriage or registered partnership, one may also indicate how they would like to be addressed through the registration of their choice in the Municipal Basis Administration (Gemeentelijke Basis Administratie) (although their birth name does not change). One may choose to be called by one's own name, one's partner's name, one's own name followed by one's partner's name (hyphenated) or one's partner's name followed by their own name (hyphenated). Both men and women may make this choice upon registering to get married or entering into a registered partnership. Upon the end of the marriage or registered partnership, one person may continue to use their ex-partner's last surname unless the ex-partner disagrees and requests the court to forbid the use of the ex-partner's surname.[41]
However, while name changes due to marriages performed in the Netherlands cannot be processed, it is certainly possible in the Netherlands to process name changes due to marriages performed outside the Netherlands, provided certain conditions are met.
These conditions are the marriage must be registered abroad, the application for name change abroad must be requested on the same date as the marriage date, the changed name must be recorded abroad on a certificate in accordance with the local rules of the foreign country and the marriage and name change as well as proof of application as of the date of the marriage must be legalized/apostilled and provided to the Dutch consulate or Dutch municipality upon return to the Netherlands.
This stems from the fact that international marriages are not necessarily governed by Dutch Law but by Private International Law which is codified in the Netherlands in the "Commoner's Law Book (Burgerlijke Wetboek)" Book No. 10, Private International Law, Title 2 - The Name, Article 24 which can be found on the internet.[42]
Prior to the birth or adoption of a first child, married parents may choose by which surname the child will go (mother's or father's but not both). If no choice is made, the child automatically obtains the father's surname. Any further children will also go by this name. If the parents of the child are not married, the children will automatically obtain their mother's name unless otherwise indicated.[43]
Russia[edit]
There is a widespread, though not universal, custom for a newly married wife to adopt the husband's family name. However, as Russia is not a common law country, any name change requires a formal procedure including an official application to the civil acts registrar. As the same registrar also records marriages, for the convenience sake it is often done during the marriage proceedings, as governed by the Federal Law #143-FZ "On Civil State Acts", and the couple's marriage certificate has an option of having one common family name, or both spouses going by their original surname. However, the law is entirely gender neutral, and the couple may adopt either of their surnames (a husband adopting his wife's family name is an uncommon but by no means unheard-of practice, which is generally accepted and carries little to no social stigma), or even a completely different one. The law also recognizes the couple's right to use the combined family name, and for the either of the spouses to reclaim their original surname in the case the marriage is dissolved.
Spanish-speaking world[edit]
Spouses keep their original surnames. Following Spanish naming customs, a person's name consists of a given name (simple or composite) followed by two family names (surnames), the father's and the mother's (except in Argentina, where only the rich use this as symbol of status). Any children a couple have together take both first-surnames, so if "José Gómez Hevia" and "María Reyes García" had a child named "Andrés", the resulting name would be "Andrés Gómez Reyes". In Spain, a 1995 reform in the law allows the parents to choose whether the father's or the mother's surname goes first, although this order must be the same for all their children. For instance, the name of the son of the couple in the example above could be settled whether "Andrés Gómez Reyes" or "Andrés Reyes Gómez".[44]
In some Spanish-American countries it is customary for women to unofficially add the husband's first surname after her own, for social purposes such as invitation letters or event announcements. The couple above may introduce themselves as José Gómez Hevia and María Reyes de Gómez.
Philippines[edit]
Main article: Filipino name § Maiden and married names
The Civil Code of the Philippines has options for a married woman on the surname to take upon marriage. A married woman can:
keep her middle name (maternal surname) and add her husband's surname to the maiden name (e.g. Maria Isabella Flores Garcia-Dimaculangan/Ma. Isabella F. Garcia-Dimaculangan)
take the husband's surname and make her maiden name the middle name (Maria Isabella Garcia Dimaculangan/Ma. Isabella G. Dimaculangan)
take the husband's full name, but prefixed to indicate that she is his wife (e.g. Mrs./Ms. Dimaculangan)[45]
A woman may have an option to keep her maiden name after marriage, as no Philippine law requires a woman to take her husband's surname at marriage.
The Civil Code also states that children as the result of the marriage will take the mother's middle name (maiden surname) and the father's surname. To illustrate this, the children of a married couple named Maria Josefa Lopez Mañego-Luansing and Juan Candido Luansing will take the middle name Mañego and the surname Luansing, so, one daughter with a given name of Juliana will be named Juliana Mañego Luansing.
Married women in professional circles (e.g. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, Korina Sanchez-Roxas, Vilma Santos-Recto) typically join their maiden and married surnames in both professional and legal use (e.g. Maria Isabella Flores Garcia-Dimaculangan/Ma. Isabella F. Garcia-Dimaculangan). This allows them to be identified as married, and keep track of their professional achievements without having their names mean another person (e.g. Maria Isabella Flores Garcia/Ma. Isabella F. Garcia, as against Maria Isabella Garcia Dimaculangan/Ma. Isabella G. Dimaculangan)
An older scheme based on Spanish naming customs add the particle de between the maiden and married surnames (e.g. Maria Isabella Garcia de Dimaculangan or Ma. Isabella G. de Dimaculangan), but the tradition is no longer common.
Taiwan[edit]
Taiwanese women generally keep their surnames after marriage while their children inherit the father's. It is, however, legal to take the spouse’s surname.[46] Some older women have the husband's surname added to theirs, as was common in the early to mid-20th century.
Thailand[edit]
A Thai wife that adopted her husband's surname due to the old law requiring it, can also change back to use her original surname.[47]
Japan[edit]
Japanese law does not recognize married couples who have different surname as lawful husband and wife, which means that 96% of married Japanese women take their husband's surname.[48] In 2015, the Japanese Supreme Court upheld the name-change law, ruling that it was not unconstitutional, noting that women could use informally their maiden names, and stating that it was the parliamentarians who should decide on whether to pass new legislation on separate spousal names.[49]
China[edit]
Traditionally, a married woman keeps her name unchanged, without adopting her husband's surname.[50] A child would inherit his/her father's surname. This is still the norm in mainland China, though the marriage law explicitly states that a child may use either parent's surname. It is also possible, though far less common, for a child to combine both parents' surnames.[51] Due to Western influence, some areas of greater China, such as Hong Kong and Macau, have also adopted the tradition of women changing their last name, or prepending their husband’s to her own.
Korea[edit]
Traditionally, Korean women keep their family names after their marriage, but their children take the father's surname. In the premodern, patriarchal Korean society, people were extremely conscious of familial values and their own family identities. Korean women keep their surnames after marriage based on traditional reasoning that it is what they inherited from their parents and ancestors.
Genealogy[edit]
Genealogists often also make note of all surnames used by a person during his or her lifetime (such as those acquired from birth parents, those assigned at birth when the father is unknown or not acknowledged, those acquired at marriage, and those acquired at a remarriage). For example, an illegitimate male child abandoned at birth in Italy or in other European countries will receive no surname from either of his birth parents but, instead, will be assigned a surname—often invented from one of the three kingdoms of nature, e.g., mineral ("Pietra"), vegetable ("Rosa") or animal ("Leoni"), or otherwise according to custom within a locality, such as "Esposito" (meaning "abandoned") or "Casa Grande" (referring to the "Domo Magna," e.g., the ospizio [hospital] where abandoned).[52]
See also[edit]
Double-barrelled name
Family name
Given name
Lucy Stone League
Matriname
Name change
Patrilineal surname
Patronymic
Matronymic
Spanish naming customs
This section uses citations that link to broken or outdated sources. Please improve the article or discuss this issue on the talk page. Help on using footnotes is available. (August 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
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Jump up ^ "De keuze van de achternaam". Rijksoverheid.nl. 24 June 2009. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 29 July 2010.
Jump up ^ Art. 55 Ley de Registro Civil - Civil Register Law (article in Spanish)
Jump up ^ Title XIII: Use of Surnames, Civil Code of the Philippines, Republic Act No. 386 of June 18, 1949
Jump up ^ "Laws & Regulations Database and The Republic of China". law.moj.gov.tw. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Royal Thai Consulate-General, Frankfurt am Main. การใช้ชื่อสกุลตามพระราชบัญญัติชื่อบุคคล (ฉบับที่ 3) พ.ศ. 2548 (in Thai). Archived from the original on 26 November 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Koffler, Jacob. "Here Are Places Women Can’t Take Their Husband’s Name When They Get Married". Time. Time Magazine. Retrieved 29 August 2015.
Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-35109455
Jump up ^ Tatlow, Didi. "For Chinese Women, a Surname Is Her Name". New York Times. New York Times. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
Jump up ^ People's Daily. "Chinese surname shortage sparks rethink". 19 May 2007. Accessed 16 Mar 2012.
Jump up ^ See David I. Kertzer, Sacrificed for Honor: Italian Infant Abandonment and the Politics of Reproductive Control (Boston: Beacon Press, 1993), at pp. 55-56, 113-122.
External links[edit]
Why should women change their names on getting married?-a history of name changing upon marriage in the UK and in the U.S.
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