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Maximum life span
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Maximum life span (or, for humans, maximum reported age at death) is a measure of the maximum amount of time one or more members of a population have been observed to survive between birth and death. The term can also denote an estimate of the maximum amount of time that a member of a given species could survive between birth and death, provided circumstances that are optimal to that member's longevity.
Most living species have at least one upper limit on the number of times the cells of a member can divide. This is called the Hayflick limit, although number of cell divisions does not strictly control lifespan.
Contents
1 Definition
2 In humans
3 In other animals
3.1 Exceptions
4 In plants
5 Increasing maximum life span
6 Correlation with DNA repair capacity
7 Research data
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Definition[edit]
In animal studies, maximum span is often taken to be the mean life span of the most long-lived 10% of a given cohort. By another definition, however, maximum life span corresponds to the age at which the oldest known member of a species or experimental group has died. Calculation of the maximum life span in the latter sense depends upon initial sample size.[1]
Maximum life span contrasts with mean life span (average life span, life expectancy), and longevity. Mean life span varies with susceptibility to disease, accident, suicide and homicide, whereas maximum life span is determined by "rate of aging".[2] Longevity refers only to the characteristics of the especially long lived members of a population, such as infirmities as they age or compression of morbidity, and not the specific life span of an individual.
In humans[edit]
Main articles: Oldest people and List of the verified oldest people
The longest-living person whose dates of birth and death were verified to the modern norms of Guinness World Records and the Gerontology Research Group was Jeanne Calment (1875-1997), a French woman who lived to 122. Reduction of infant mortality has accounted for most of the increased average life span longevity, but since the 1960s mortality rates among those over 80 years have decreased by about 1.5% per year. "The progress being made in lengthening lifespans and postponing senescence is entirely due to medical and public-health efforts, rising standards of living, better education, healthier nutrition and more salubrious lifestyles."[3] Animal studies suggest that further lengthening of human lifespan could be achieved through "calorie restriction mimetic" drugs or by directly reducing food consumption. Although calorie restriction has not been proven to extend the maximum human life span, as of 2014, results in ongoing primate studies have demonstrated that the assumptions derived from rodents are valid in primates as well [Reference: Nature 1 April 2014].[4]
No fixed theoretical limit to human longevity is apparent today.[5][6] "A fundamental question in aging research is whether humans and other species possess an immutable life-span limit."[7] "The assumption that the maximum human life span is fixed has been justified, [but] is invalid in a number of animal models and ... may become invalid for humans as well."[8] Studies in the biodemography of human longevity indicate a late-life mortality deceleration law: that death rates level off at advanced ages to a late-life mortality plateau. That is, there is no fixed upper limit to human longevity, or fixed maximal human lifespan.[9] This law was first quantified in 1939, when researchers found that the one-year probability of death at advanced age asymptotically approaches a limit of 44% for women and 54% for men.[10]
Scientists have observed that a person's VO2max value (a measure of the volume of oxygen flow to the cardiac muscle) decreases as a function of age. Therefore, the maximum lifespan of a person could be determined by calculating when the person's VO2max value drops below the basal metabolic rate necessary to sustain life, which is approximately 3 ml per kg per minute.[11][page needed] On the basis of this hypothesis, athletes with a VO2max value between 50 and 60 at age 20 would be expected "to live for 100 to 125 years, provided they maintained their physical activity so that their rate of decline in VO2max remained constant".[12]
Average and commonly accepted maximum lifespans correspond to the extremums of the body mass (1, 2) and mass normalized to height (3, 4) of men (1, 3) and women (2, 4).[13]
A theoretical study suggested the maximum human lifespan to be around 125 years using a modified stretched exponential function for human survival curves.[14] The analysis of dynamics of the body mass in human population indicates extremums, which correspond to mean (70-75 years), the commonly accepted maximum (100–110 years) and maximum known (140–160 years) lifespan.[13] In another study, researchers claimed that there exists a maximum lifespan for humans, and that the human maximal lifespan has been declining since the 1990s.[15][dubious – discuss] This study is now disputed on the basis of simple coding errors and biased sampling.[16] This study also supports a continuing increase in both theoretical and observed upper human lifespan, based on observed data from 200 national populations. However, a theoretical study also suggested that the maximum human life expectancy at birth is limited by the human life characteristic value δ, which is around 104 years.[17]
The United Nations has undertaken an important Bayesian sensitivity analysis of global population burden based on life expectancy projection at birth in future decades. The 2017 95% prediction interval of 2090 average life expectancy rises as high as +6 (106, in Century Representation Form) by 2090, with dramatic, ongoing, layered consequences on world population and demography should that happen. The prediction interval is extremely wide, and the United Nations can not be certain. Organizations like the Methuselah Foundation are working toward an end to senescence and practically unlimited human lifespan. If successful, the demographic implications for human population will be greater in effective multiplier terms than any experienced in the last five centuries if maximum lifespan remains unlimited by law.
In other animals[edit]
Main article: List of longest-living organisms
Small animals such as birds and squirrels rarely live to their maximum life span, usually dying of accidents, disease or predation.
The maximum life span of most species is documented in the Anage repository.[18]
Maximum life span is usually longer for species that are larger or have effective defenses against predation, such as bird flight,[19] chemical defenses[20] or living in social groups.[21]
The differences in life span between species demonstrate the role of genetics in determining maximum life span ("rate of aging"). The records (in years) are these:
for common house mouse, 4[22]
for Brown rat, 3.8[23]
for dogs, 29 (See List of oldest dogs)[24]
for cats, 38[25]
for polar bears, 42[26] (Debby)
for horses, 62[27]
for Asian elephants, 86[28]
The longest-lived vertebrates have been variously described as
Large parrots (Macaws and cockatoos can live up to 80–100 years in captivity)
Koi (A Japanese species of fish, allegedly living up to 200 years, though generally not exceeding 50 – A specimen named Hanako was reportedly 226 years old upon her death)[29][30]
Tortoises (Galápagos tortoise) (190 years)[31]
Tuataras (a New Zealand reptile species, 100–200+ years[32])
Eels, the so-called Brantevik Eel (Swedish: Branteviksålen) is thought to have lived in a water well in southern Sweden since 1859, which makes it over 150 years old.[33] It was reported that it had died in August 2014 at an age of 155.[34]
Whales (Bowhead Whale) (Balaena mysticetus about 200 years) Although this idea was unproven for a time, recent research has indicated that bowhead whales recently killed still had harpoons in their bodies from about 1890,[35] which, along with analysis of amino acids, has indicated a maximum life span, stated as "the 211 year-old bowhead could have been from 177 to 245 years old".[36][37][38]
Greenland Sharks are currently the vertebrate species with the longest known lifespan.[39] An examination of 28 specimens in one study published in 2016 determined by radiocarbon dating that the oldest of the animals that they sampled had lived for about 392 ± 120 years (a minimum of 272 years and a maximum of 512 years). The authors further concluded that the species reaches sexual maturity at about 150 years of age.[39]
Invertebrate species which continue to grow as long as they live (e.g., certain clams, some coral species) can on occasion live hundreds of years:
A bivalve mollusc (Arctica islandica) (aka "Ming", lived 507±2 years.[40][41])
Exceptions[edit]
Some jellyfish species, including Turritopsis dohrnii, Laodicea undulata,[42] and Aurelia sp.1,[43] are able to revert to the polyp stage even after reproducing (so called life cycle reversal), rather than dying as in other jellyfish. Consequently, these species are considered biologically immortal and have no maximum lifespan.[44]
There may be no natural limit to the Hydra's life span, but it is not yet clear how to estimate the age of a specimen.
Flatworms, or Platyhelminthes, are known to be "almost immortal" as they have a great regeneration capacity, continuous growth and binary fission type cellular division.[45]
Lobsters are sometimes said to be biologically immortal because they don't seem to slow down, weaken, or lose fertility with age. However, due to the energy needed for moulting, they cannot live indefinitely.[46]
Tardigrades can live indefinitely in a state of suspended animation, a state which they enter when they are not hydrated. In this state, they can withstand an extremely large number of environmental pressures, including intense radioactivity and heat, and being sent into space. Despite this, they can only live in a hydrated state for a few months. [47]
In plants[edit]
Main article: List of oldest trees
Plants are referred to as annuals which live only one year, biennials which live two years, and perennials which live longer than that. The longest-lived perennials, woody-stemmed plants such as trees and bushes, often live for hundreds and even thousands of years (one may question whether or not they may die of old age). A giant sequoia, General Sherman is alive and well in its third millennium. A Great Basin Bristlecone Pine called Methuselah is 4,848 years old (as of 2017) and the Bristlecone Pine called Prometheus was a little older still, at least 4,844 years (and possibly as old as 5,000 years), when it was cut down in 1964. The oldest known plant (possibly oldest living thing) is a clonal Quaking Aspen (Populus tremuloides) tree colony in the Fishlake National Forest in Utah called Pando at about 80,000 years. Lichen, a symbiotic algae and fungal proto-plant, such as Rhizocarpon geographicum can live upwards of 10,000 years.
Increasing maximum life span[edit]
Main article: Life extension
"Maximum life span" here means the mean life span of the most long-lived 10% of a given cohort. Caloric restriction has not yet been shown to break mammalian world records for longevity. Rats, mice, and hamsters experience maximum life-span extension from a diet that contains all of the nutrients but only 40–60% of the calories that the animals consume when they can eat as much as they want. Mean life span is increased 65% and maximum life span is increased 50%, when caloric restriction is begun just before puberty.[48] For fruit flies the life extending benefits of calorie restriction are gained immediately at any age upon beginning calorie restriction and ended immediately at any age upon resuming full feeding.[49]
A few transgenic strains of mice have been created that have maximum life spans greater than that of wild-type or laboratory mice. The Ames and Snell mice, which have mutations in pituitary transcription factors and hence are deficient in Gh, LH, TSH, and secondarily IGF1, have extensions in maximal lifespan of up to 65%. To date, both in absolute and relative terms, these Ames and Snell mice have the maximum lifespan of any mouse not on caloric restriction (see below on GhR). Mutations/knockout of other genes affecting the GH/IGF1 axis, such as Lit, Ghr and Irs1 have also shown extension in lifespan, but much more modest both in relative and absolute terms. The longest lived laboratory mouse ever was a Ghr knockout mouse, which lived to ≈1800 days in the lab of Andrzej Bartke at Southern Illinois University. The maximum for normal B6 mice under ideal conditions is 1200 days.
Most biomedical gerontologists believe that biomedical molecular engineering will eventually extend maximum lifespan and even bring about rejuvenation.[citation needed]Anti-aging drugs are a potential tool for extending life.[50]
Aubrey de Grey, a theoretical gerontologist, has proposed that aging can be reversed by Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence. De Grey has established The Methuselah Mouse Prize to award money to researchers who can extend the maximum life span of mice. So far, three Mouse Prizes have been awarded: one for breaking longevity records to Dr. Andrzej Bartke of Southern Illinois University (using GhR knockout mice); one for late-onset rejuvenation strategies to Dr. Stephen Spindler of the University of California (using caloric restriction initiated late in life); and one to Dr. Z. Dave Sharp for his work with the pharmaceutical rapamycin.[51]
Correlation with DNA repair capacity[edit]
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Main article: DNA damage theory of aging
Accumulated DNA damage appears to be a limiting factor in the determination of maximum life span. The theory that DNA damage is the primary cause of aging, and thus a principal determinant of maximum life span, has attracted increased interest in recent years. This is based, in part, on evidence in human and mouse that inherited deficiencies in DNA repair genes often cause accelerated aging.[52][53][54] There is also substantial evidence that DNA damage accumulates with age in mammalian tissues, such as those of the brain, muscle, liver and kidney (reviewed by Bernstein et al.[55] and see DNA damage theory of aging and DNA damage (naturally occurring)). One expectation of the theory (that DNA damage is the primary cause of aging) is that among species with differing maximum life spans, the capacity to repair DNA damage should correlate with lifespan. The first experimental test of this idea was by Hart and Setlow[56] who measured the capacity of cells from seven different mammalian species to carry out DNA repair. They found that nucleotide excision repair capability increased systematically with species longevity. This correlation was striking and stimulated a series of 11 additional experiments in different laboratories over succeeding years on the relationship of nucleotide excision repair and life span in mammalian species (reviewed by Bernstein and Bernstein[57]). In general, the findings of these studies indicated a good correlation between nucleotide excision repair capacity and life span. The association between nucleotide excision repair capability and longevity is strengthened by the evidence that defects in nucleotide excision repair proteins in humans and rodents cause features of premature aging, as reviewed by Diderich.[53]
Further support for the theory that DNA damage is the primary cause of aging comes from study of Poly ADP ribose polymerases (PARPs). PARPs are enzymes that are activated by DNA strand breaks and play a role in DNA base excision repair. Burkle et al. reviewed evidence that PARPs, and especially PARP-1, are involved in maintaining mammalian longevity.[58] The life span of 13 mammalian species correlated with poly(ADP ribosyl)ation capability measured in mononuclear cells. Furthermore, lymphoblastoid cell lines from peripheral blood lymphocytes of humans over age 100 had a significantly higher poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation capability than control cell lines from younger individuals.
Research data[edit]
A comparison of the heart mitochondria in rats (7-year maximum life span) and pigeons (35-year maximum life span) showed that pigeon mitochondria leak fewer free-radicals than rat mitochondria, despite the fact that both animals have similar metabolic rate and cardiac output[59]
For mammals there is a direct relationship between mitochondrial membrane fatty acid saturation and maximum life span[60]
Studies of the liver lipids of mammals and a bird (pigeon) show an inverse relationship between maximum life span and number of double bonds[61]
Selected species of birds and mammals show an inverse relationship between telomere rate of change (shortening) and maximum life span[62]
Maximum life span correlates negatively with antioxidant enzyme levels and free-radicals production and positively with rate of DNA repair[63]
Female mammals express more Mn−SOD and glutathione peroxidase antioxidant enzymes than males. This has been hypothesized as the reason they live longer[64] However, mice entirely lacking in glutathione peroxidase 1 do not show a reduction in lifespan.
The maximum life span of transgenic mice has been extended about 20% by overexpression of human catalase targeted to mitochondria[65]
A comparison of 7 non-primate mammals (mouse, hamster, rat, guinea-pig, rabbit, pig and cow) showed that the rate of mitochondrial superoxide and hydrogen peroxide production in heart and kidney were inversely correlated with maximum life span[66]
A study of 8 non-primate mammals showed an inverse correlation between maximum life span and oxidative damage to mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA) in heart & brain[67]
A study of several species of mammals and a bird (pigeon) indicated a linear relationship between oxidative damage to protein and maximum life span[68]
There is a direct correlation between DNA repair and maximum life span for mammalian species[69]
Drosophila (fruit-flies) bred for 15 generations by only using eggs that were laid toward the end of reproductive life achieved maximum life spans 30% greater than that of controls[70]
Overexpression of the enzyme which synthesizes glutathione in long-lived transgenic Drosophila (fruit-flies) extended maximum lifespan by nearly 50%[71]
A mutation in the age−1 gene of the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans increased mean life span 65% and maximum life span 110%.[72] However, the degree of lifespan extension in relative terms by both the age-1 and daf-2 mutations is strongly dependent on ambient temperature, with ≈10% extension at 16 °C and 65% extension at 27 °C.
Fat-specific Insulin Receptor KnockOut (FIRKO) mice have reduced fat mass, normal calorie intake and an increased maximum life span of 18%.[73]
The capacity of mammalian species to detoxify the carcinogenic chemical benzo(a)pyrene to a water-soluble form also correlates well with maximum life span.[74]
Short-term induction of oxidative stress due to calorie restriction increases life span in Caenorhabditis elegans by promoting stress defense, specifically by inducing an enzyme called catalase. As shown by Michael Ristow and co-workers nutritive antioxidants completely abolish this extension of life span by inhibiting a process called mitohormesis.[75]
See also[edit]
Ageing
Aging brain
American Aging Association
Aubrey de Grey
Biodemography
Biological immortality
Calorie restriction
Compression of morbidity
DNA damage theory of aging
Extreme longevity tracking
Genetics of aging
Gerontology
Hayflick limit
Indefinite lifespan
Life expectancy
Life extension
List of long-living organisms
Longevity
Methuselah Mouse Prize
Michael Ristow
Mitohormesis
Oldest people
Senescence
Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence (SENS)
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text:
Let Her Go
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For other uses, see Let Her Go (disambiguation).
"Let Her Go"
Single by Passenger
from the album All the Little Lights
Released
24 July 2012
Format
CD single
digital download
Recorded
Linear Recording, Sydney, March 2011
Genre
Folk rock
Length
4:13 (album version)
3:37 (radio edit)
Label
Embassy of Music
Black Crow
Nettwerk
Songwriter(s)
Mike Rosenberg
Producer(s)
Mike Rosenberg
Chris Vallejo
Passenger singles chronology
"The Wrong Direction"
(2012) "Let Her Go"
(2012) "Holes"
(2013)
"The Wrong Direction"
(2012) "Let Her Go"
(2012) "Holes"
(2013)
Music video
"Let Her Go" on YouTube
Audio sample
18-second sample from Passenger's Let Her Go
file
help
"Let Her Go" is a song written and recorded by English singer-songwriter Passenger. It was recorded at Sydney's Linear Recording and co-produced by Mike Rosenberg (a.k.a. Passenger) and Chris Vallejo. The recording features Australian musicians Stu Larsen, Georgia Mooney, Stu Hunter, Cameron Undy, and Glenn Wilson. "Let Her Go" was released in July 2012 as the second single from Passenger's fourth album, All the Little Lights.
The song has achieved international success, topping the charts in many countries around the world, and has sold over 1 million digital copies in the UK, and over 4 million in the US as of July 2014.[1][2] In 2014, the song was nominated for the Brit Award for British Single of the Year, and won Passenger the British Academy's Ivor Novello Award for Most Performed Work.[3][4]
Contents
1 Background
2 Commercial performance
3 Let It Go
4 Music video
5 Track listing
6 Cover versions
7 In popular culture
8 Charts
8.1 Weekly charts
8.2 Year-end charts
8.3 All-time charts
9 Certifications
10 See also
11 Release history
12 References
13 External links
Background[edit]
The lyrics of the song are poetic and melancholic, describing the regrets associated with ending a relationship. The chorus describes situations in which one does not appreciate what he/she has until it is gone, and relates this to love. The verses give detailed scenes involving a heartbroken man dealing with his breakup. The song intro is inspired by the outro of The Red Hot Chili Peppers song "Slow Cheetah".
"Let Her Go" is driven by a chorus which is repeated five times throughout the song. The second half of the final chorus is performed a cappella. Including acoustic guitar and vocals from Rosenberg, backing vocals, piano, drums, bass, and strings, the song is instrumentally diverse. The song is performed in the key of G major, played with a capo on the seventh fret of the guitar.
Commercial performance[edit]
"Let Her Go" was released in July 2012 as the second single from Passenger's third album All the Little Lights. The song became a hit first in the Netherlands after Dave, a Dutch fan, e-mailed Passenger expressing his wish to introduce the song to some Dutch radio stations, claiming it could be a hit there.[5] This resulted in the song trending on Dutch stations and finding enormous commercial success with the Dutch public. The song became a hit first in the Netherlands, reaching number two in the Dutch Top 40 in November 2012 and spending a total of four non-consecutive weeks at that position.
Since 2013, and after initial success in the Netherlands, "Let Her Go" has reached number-one in Australia, Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Luxembourg, Mexico, New Zealand, Norway, Slovakia, Sweden and Switzerland, number two in the UK Singles Chart, number five in the US on the Billboard Hot 100 and number one on Billboard Hot Rock Songs, making it his first international success. The song has sold over 1 million digital copies in the UK,[1] and over 4 million in the US as of July 2014.[2]
Let It Go[edit]
Passenger admitted in an August 2016 interview on The Project that the song is frequently confused with "Let It Go," Idina Menzel's 2013 hit single from the Disney film Frozen.[6] As a result, he "always" receives song requests for the latter, even though it is not his song.[6]
Music video[edit]
The music video was uploaded on July 25, 2012, directed and produced by the Australian video artist Dave Jensen and Tavic.[7] It shows the stage being prepared for a Passenger concert, with footage of Passenger performance with his backing band and shots of the audience present reacting.
As of October 2018, the video has received over 2.1 billion views on the video-sharing website YouTube, making it the 22nd most viewed video of all time on the site.[8] It also makes the list of most liked YouTube videos with over 7.9 million likes.
Track listing[edit]
Digital promo
No.
Title
Length
1. "Let Her Go" 4:13
CD single
No.
Title
Length
1. "Let Her Go" (Album Version) 4:12
2. "Let Her Go" (Acoustic) 4:27
Digital download
No.
Title
Length
1. "Let Her Go" 4:13
2. "Let Her Go" (Acoustic) 4:27
3. "Let Her Go" (Live Version) 4:05
Cover versions[edit]
Taylor Henderson, the runner-up of the fifth season of The X Factor Australia, performed it during the show. He also covered it in his debut self-titled album released through Sony Music Australia on 29 November 2013. The album debuted at number one on the ARIA Albums Chart and was certified Platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association.
In October 2013, a piano-driven version of the track was sung by young Italian singer Violetta Zironi during season 7 of the Italian version of The X Factor. The track was also recorded and included in her debut EP Dimmi che non passa released in December 2013.
British singer Birdy recorded a cover version called "Let Him Go" in 2013 on BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge.[9] It was also covered by Dutch symphonic metal band Within Temptation on the album Hydra (iTunes version) in 2014 and The Q-Music Sessions, as well as by Jasmine Thompson on the album Bundle of Tantrums.
An unreleased acoustic version of the song was donated to support college radio in the USA on the 2013 College Radio Day Vol. 2 album. The song was limited to being on only the CD version of the album (only 1,500 copies have been pressed).[10]
Italian pianist Costantino Carrara published a piano arrangement of this song on December 6, 2013, that quickly became the most popular Let Her Go piano cover of all the time with more than 16 million views.[11]
In February 2014, a club remix of the song was released by Swedish DJ and producer Avicii[12] featuring Passenger's vocals. It has also been remixed by French DJ David Guetta and Norwegian producer Kygo.
In August 2014, Glen Templeton made a country cover of the song.[13]
In October 2014, Bulgarian singer Maria released a song with, also Bulgarian singer, Azis called: "Чуй ме" (Chuy Me, Hear Me). The original version had an intro that featured Let Her Go,[14] but later on was officially edited due to copyright, and now the song has a different tone at the beginning.
Internationally known rapper B-Flo sampled the song on the single (also titled "Let Her Go") on his second solo album, Floville, made in 2014.
In popular culture[edit]
"Let Her Go" was used in a Budweiser commercial shown during Super Bowl XLVIII.[15] It was used also in the season 7 finale of the Canadian Show Heartland as the send-off song.
The intro and first half of the first verse were used in the UK television show, Stella in episode 7 of series 3.
A cover version by British singer Jasmine Thompson was used in the eleventh episode of the sixteenth season of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit.
It was used in The Vampire Diaries' 100th episode.
On the popular streaming website Twitch, a remix of the song (a troll version) is frequently used on streams by watchers trying to annoy the streamers.
The song is also as a playable track in Guitar Hero Live.
Bluegrass band The Travelin' McCourys recorded the song at Nashville studio the Butcher Shoppe, releasing the version on January 13, 2017.
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (2012–14)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[16]
1
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[17]
1
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[18]
1
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[19]
11
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[20]
5
Czech Republic (Rádio Top 100)[21]
1
Czech Republic (Singles Digitál Top 100)[22]
22
Denmark (Tracklisten)[23]
1
Europe (Euro Digital Songs)[24]
2
Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[25]
1
France (SNEP)[26]
6
Germany (Official German Charts)[27]
1
Germany (Airplay Chart)[28]
1
Greece Digital Songs (Billboard)[29]
1
Hungary (Single Top 40)[30]
18
Ireland (IRMA)[31]
1
Israel (Media Forest)[32]
2
Italy (FIMI)[33]
1
Lebanon (The Official Lebanese Top 20)[34]
3
Luxembourg Digital Songs (Billboard)[35]
1
Mexico Ingles Airplay (Billboard)[36]
1
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[37]
2
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[38]
1
Norway (VG-lista)[39]
1
Poland (Polish Airplay Top 100)[40]
4
Portugal Digital Songs (Billboard)[41]
4
Romania (Romania Radio Airplay)[42]
1
Romania (Romania TV Airplay)[43]
1
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[44]
2
Slovakia (Rádio Top 100)[45]
2
Slovakia (Singles Digitál Top 100)[46]
51
Slovenia (SloTop50)[47]
5
South Africa (EMA)[48]
5
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[49]
3
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[50]
1
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[51]
1
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[52]
2
UK Indie (Official Charts Company)[53]
1
US Billboard Hot 100[54]
5
US Hot Rock Songs (Billboard)[55]
1
US Rock Airplay (Billboard)[56]
33
US Adult Alternative Songs (Billboard)[57]
1
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[58]
1
US Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[59]
1
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[60]
8
Venezuela Pop Rock General (Record Report)[61]
1
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2013)
Position
Australia (ARIA)[62]
3
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[63]
61
Germany (Media Control Charts)[64]
5
Israel international songs (Media Forest)[65]
5
Italy (FIMI)[66]
20
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[67]
6
Slovenia (SloTop50)[68]
6
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[69]
6
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[70]
4
US Billboard Hot 100[71]
97
US Hot Rock Songs (Billboard)[72]
16
US Adult Alternative Songs (Billboard)[73]
47
Chart (2014)
Position
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[74]
20
Italy (FIMI)[75]
8
Slovenia (SloTop50)[76]
38
US Billboard Hot 100[77]
19
US Hot Rock Songs (Billboard)[78]
4
US Adult Alternative Songs (Billboard)[79]
20
Chart (2015)
Position
Italy (FIMI)[80]
98
All-time charts[edit]
Chart
Position
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[81]
79
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Australia (ARIA)[82]
7× Platinum 490,000^
Austria (IFPI Austria)[83]
Platinum 30,000*
Belgium (BEA)[84]
2× Platinum 60,000*
Canada (Music Canada)[85]
6× Platinum 480,000^
Denmark (IFPI Denmark)[86]
Platinum 60,000^
Finland (Musiikkituottajat)[87]
Gold 5,057[87]
France (SNEP)[88]
Gold 75,000*
Germany (BVMI)[89]
Platinum 300,000^
Italy (FIMI)[90]
6× Platinum 180,000*
New Zealand (RMNZ)[91]
2× Platinum 30,000*
Norway (IFPI Norway)[92]
2× Platinum 20,000*
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[93]
Gold 20,000^
Sweden (GLF)[94]
5× Platinum 200,000^
Switzerland (IFPI Switzerland)[95]
3× Platinum 90,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)[96]
3× Platinum 1,800,000^
United States (RIAA)[97]
6× Platinum 4,000,000[2]
Venezuela (APFV)[98]
Platinum 10,000^
Streaming
Denmark (IFPI Denmark)[99]
6× Platinum 10,800,000^
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[100]
2× Platinum 20,000,000^
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
sales+streaming figures based on certification alone
See also[edit]
List of best-selling singles in Australia
List of number-one adult contemporary singles of 2014 (U.S.)
Release history[edit]
Country
Release date
Format
United States 24 July 2012 (2012-07-24) Digital download
Europe 5 November 2012 (2012-11-05)
United Kingdom 25 February 2013 (2013-02-25) CD
United States 29 April 2013 (2013-04-29) Contemporary hit radio
Canada 13 May 2013 (2013-05-13)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Kreisler, Lauren (December 5, 2013). "Passenger's Let Her Go adds to the UK's biggest haul of million-selling singles in 15 years!". Official Charts Company. Retrieved December 5, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Grein, Paul (July 30, 2014). "Chart Watch: Jason Aldean Is Back". Yahoo!. Retrieved July 31, 2014.
Jump up ^ Pakinkis, Mike (22 May 2014). "Ivor Novello Awards 2014: All the winners". Music Week. London, England: Intent Media. Retrieved 24 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Brits 2014: Nominations in full". BBC News. Retrieved 9 January 2014
Jump up ^ Passenger live at Pinkpop 2013 - FULL SHOW - Passenger says during the Pinkpop concert in Holland after singing "Let Her Go": "You know, I wrote that song two-and-a-half years ago and put it on an album and we released the album, and for nine months, nothing happened. No one gave a s*** basically. It's funny, we're kind of working on the next record, saying ok cool, no problem, and this guy called Dave from Holland gave us an e-mail and he said: Look I've heard this song "Let Her Go" and I want to take it to the radio here because I think here in the Netherlands it could really work and could do something. I said cool, do your thing, knock yourself up. And within two weeks, I think it got to number one and that's kind of what started this whole crazy f****** thing. Firstly I want to thank Dave because without Dave I don't think I'd ever be here at all. And secondly, I want to thank you guys just for supporting me and my music before anybody else did really. So a massive massive thank you. "Let Her Go" is your song, thank you very very much". [from 27:50 to 28:50 on the tape]
^ Jump up to: a b Thwaites, Millie (25 August 2016). "'That flipping film has ruined my life': Let Her Go singer Passenger says Frozen and its signature track Let It Go are the bane of his existence". Daily Mail Australia. Associated Newspapers Ltd. Retrieved 29 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Online Creative Portfolios and Creative Jobs - The Loop".
Jump up ^ "Most Viewed Videos of All Time (Over 400 million views)". YouTube. Retrieved August 31, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Birdy - Let Her Go (Passenger) in the Live Lounge". BBC. 18 September 2013. Retrieved 5 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "Home - College Radio Day Records". Wearecollegeradio.com. Retrieved 2014-05-08.
Jump up ^ Costantino Carrara Music (2013-12-06), "Let Her Go" - Passenger (Grand Piano Cover) - Costantino Carrara, retrieved 2018-10-05
Jump up ^ "House| Let Her Go (Avicii Remix) by Passenger". The Most Unreal Beats. Retrieved 2014-05-08.
Jump up ^ "Country Version of Passenger 'Let Her Go' - Broadway's Electric Barnyard - Country 92-5".
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Jump up ^ Nudd, Tim (2014-01-29). "Budweiser Set to Charm the World With Its 'Puppy Love' Super Bowl Ad". Adweek. Retrieved 2014-05-08.
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – Passenger – Let Her Go". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Passenger – Let Her Go" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved 29 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Passenger – Let Her Go" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved 29 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Passenger – Let Her Go" (in French). Ultratop 50. Retrieved 29 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Passenger Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "ČNS IFPI" (in Czech). Hitparáda – Radio Top 100 Oficiální. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201325 into search. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "ČNS IFPI" (in Czech). Hitparáda – Digital Top 100 Oficiální. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201419 into search. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Danishcharts.com – Passenger – Let Her Go". Tracklisten. Retrieved 29 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Passenger – Chart history" Billboard Euro Digital Songs for Passenger. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Passenger: Let Her Go" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – Passenger – Let Her Go" (in French). Les classement single. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Passenger – Let Her Go". GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved 29 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Airplay Charts Deutschland – Woche 12/2013". German Charts. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Greece Digital Songs - April 27, 2013". Billboard. Retrieved 6 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "Archívum – Slágerlisták – MAHASZ" (in Hungarian). Single (track) Top 40 lista. Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Chart Track: Week 09, 2013". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Passenger – Let Her Go Media Forest". Israeli Airplay Chart. Media Forest. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Italiancharts.com – Passenger – Let Her Go". Top Digital Download.
Jump up ^ "The Official Lebanese Top 20". The Official Lebanese Top 20. Archived from the original on 17 October 2012. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "Luxembourg Digital Songs - April 27, 2013". Billboard. Retrieved 6 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "Mexico Ingles Airplay - November 30, 2013". Billboard. Retrieved 24 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Passenger – Let Her Go" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved 29 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Charts.nz – Passenger – Let Her Go". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved 29 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Passenger – Let Her Go". VG-lista. Retrieved 15 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Listy bestsellerów, wyróżnienia :: Związek Producentów Audio-Video". Polish Airplay Top 100. Retrieved 15 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Portugal Digital Songs - June 1, 2013". Billboard. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Media Forest – Weekly Charts. Media Forest. 30 September 2013. Retrieved 2 July 2018. Note: Romanian and international positions are rendered together by the number of plays before resulting an overall chart.
Jump up ^ "Media Forest – Weekly Charts. Media Forest. 4 November 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2018. Note: Select 'Songs – TV'. Romanian and international positions are rendered together by the number of plays before resulting an overall chart.
Jump up ^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "SNS IFPI" (in Slovak). Hitparáda – Radio Top 100 Oficiálna. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201327 into search. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "SNS IFPI" (in Slovak). Hitparáda – Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201428 into search. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
Jump up ^ "SloTop50: Slovenian official singles weekly chart" (in Slovenian). SloTop50. Retrieved 14 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "EMA Top 10 Airplay: Week Ending 2013-06-04". Entertainment Monitoring Africa. Retrieved 17 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "Spanishcharts.com – Passenger – Let Her Go" Canciones Top 50. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Passenger – Let Her Go". Singles Top 100. Retrieved 29 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Passenger – Let Her Go". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved 29 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Official Independent Singles Chart Top 50". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Passenger Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Passenger Chart History (Hot Rock Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Passenger Chart History (Rock Airplay)". Billboard. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Passenger Chart History (Adult Alternative Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Passenger Chart History (Adult Contemporary)". Billboard. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Passenger Chart History (Adult Pop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Passenger Chart History (Pop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Record Report - Pop Rock General". Record Report (in Spanish). R.R. Digital C.A. 2013-11-30. Archived from the original on 2013-11-29.
Jump up ^ "2013 Year End Singles Chart". ARIA. Retrieved 2013-02-07.
Jump up ^ "Best of 2013: Canadian Hot 100". Prometheus Gobal Media. Retrieved December 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Jahrescharts 2013: Helene Fischer & Avicii vorn". musikmarkz.de. 2014-01-03.
Jump up ^ "Week Chart : 35 28-08-16 03-09-16". Archived from the original on 2014-12-24.
Jump up ^ "Single Top 20". italiancharts.com. December 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Top Selling Singles of 2013". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "SloTop50: Slovenian official singles year end chart" (in Slovenian). SloTop50. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Top 50 Canciones Anual 2013". Promuiscae.es. Retrieved 2014-02-03.
Jump up ^ Lane, Daniel (1 January 2014). "The Official Top 40 Biggest Selling Singles Of 2013". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 1 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Best of 2013 – Hot 100 Songs". Billboard.com. Retrieved 2013-12-13.
Jump up ^ "Hot Rock Songs: Year End 2013". Billboard. Retrieved 13 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Triple A Songs: 2013 (Year-End)". Billboard. Retrieved 13 May 2014. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ "Canadian Hot 100 - Year End 2014". Prometheus Gobal Media. Retrieved December 9, 2014.
Jump up ^ "FIMI - Classifiche Annuali 2014 "TOP OF THE MUSIC" FIMI-GfK: un anno di musica italiana" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Archived from the original on 13 January 2015. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "SloTop50 | Slovenian official year-end singles charts" (in Slovenian). Retrieved 31 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Billboard Hot 100 - Year End 2014". Billboard.com. Retrieved 2014-12-09.
Jump up ^ "Hot Rock Songs: Year End 2014". Billboard. Retrieved 21 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "Adult Alternative Songs: Year End 2014". Billboard. Retrieved 21 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "Classifiche "Top of the Music" 2015 FIMI-GfK: La musica italiana in vetta negli album e nei singoli digitali" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved January 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The UK's biggest selling singles of all time". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2013 Singles". Australian Recording Industry Association.
Jump up ^ "Austrian single certifications – Passenger – Let Her Go" (in German). IFPI Austria. Enter Passenger in the field Interpret. Enter Let Her Go in the field Titel. Select single in the field Format. Click Suchen.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop − Goud en Platina – singles 2016". Ultratop. Hung Medien. Retrieved March 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Canadian single certifications – Passenger – Let Her Go". Music Canada. Retrieved 15 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Certificeringer - Passenger - Let Her Go" (in Danish). IFPI Denmark. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Passenger" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland.
Jump up ^ "French single certifications – Passenger – Let Her Go" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique.
Jump up ^ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Passenger; 'Let Her Go')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "Italian single certifications – Passenger – Let Her Go" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
Jump up ^ "NZ Top 40 Singles Chart". Recording Industry Association of New Zealand. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Troféoversikt" (in Norwegian). IFPI Norway. Retrieved 6 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "Top 50 Canciones - Semana 36: del 02.09.2013 al 08.09.2013" (PDF) (in Spanish). PROMUSICAE. Retrieved 10 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Passenger - Let Get Go" (in Swedish). Grammofon Leverantörernas Förening. Retrieved 24 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community: Awards (Passenger; 'Let Her Go')". IFPI Switzerland. Hung Medien.
Jump up ^ "British single certifications – Passenger – Let Her Go". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved July 14, 2017. Select singles in the Format field. Select Platinum in the Certification field. Type Let Her Go in the "Search BPI Awards" field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – Passenger – Let Her Go". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH.
Jump up ^ APFV (30 November 2013). "Certificaciones De Venezuela Del 2013" (PDF) (in Spanish). APFV. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 July 2014. Retrieved 17 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Certificeringer - Passenger - Let Her Go" (in Danish). IFPI Denmark. Retrieved October 9, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Canciones - 29-12-2014 a 4-1-2015" (PDF) (in Spanish). PROMUSICAE. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at Genius
hide
v
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e
Passenger
Discography
Studio albums
All the Little Lights (2012)
Whispers (2014)
Whispers II (2015)
Young as the Morning, Old as the Sea (2016)
The Boy Who Cried Wolf (2017)
Runaway (2018)
Singles
"Let Her Go"
"Holes"
"Scare Away the Dark"
"Heart's on Fire"
"Whispers"
"Somebody's Love"
"Anywhere"
Associated acts
Passenger
Wicked Man's Rest
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Pig Beach
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. Please discuss this issue on the article's talk page. (February 2014)
Big Major Cay
Nickname: Pig Beach
Pigs swimming in the Bahamas.
Big Major Cay
Geography
Location
the Americas
Archipelago
Exuma Cays
Total islands
1
Major islands
1
Administration
The Commonwealth of the Bahamas
Capital city
Nassau
Largest settlement
Nassau (pop. 248,948; as of 2010[update])
Prime Minister
Perry Christie
Pig Beach[1] (also known as Pig Island,[2] Major Cay,[3] and officially Big Major Cay[4]) is an uninhabited island (or cay) located in Exuma, the Bahamas. The island takes its unofficial name from the fact that it is populated by a colony of feral pigs that live on the island and in the surrounding shallows.
Contents
[hide]
1 Geography and features
2 Anecdotal history
3 Demographics and fauna
4 See also
5 References
Geography and features
See also: Exuma Cays
Exuma is a district of the Bahamas, and consists of over 360 islands.[5] Near Big Major Cay is Staniel Cay.[6] There are three freshwater springs on the island.[6]
Anecdotal history
The pigs are said to have been dropped off on Big Major Cay by a group of sailors who wanted to come back and cook them. The sailors, though, never returned; the pigs survived on excess food dumped from passing ships.[2][7] One other legend has it that the pigs were survivors of a shipwreck and managed to swim to shore, while another claims that the pigs had escaped from a nearby islet.[8] Others suggest that the pigs were part of a business scheme to attract tourists to the Bahamas. The pigs are now fed by locals and tourists[9] and the island is unofficially known as Pig Beach by the locals.[10]
Demographics and fauna
Big Major Cay is an uninhabited island.[11] The island is home to approximately 20 pigs and piglets.[8] A few stray cats[12] and goats[13] can be found on the island too.
See also
Media related to Pig Beach at Wikimedia Commons
List of islands of the Bahamas
Bahamas portal
Geography portal
Animals portal
References
Jump up ^ Ripley's Believe It or Not! Annual 2013. ISBN 978-1-60991-032-7.
^ Jump up to: a b "Beach Babe: The happy pigs that love to swim in the Caribbean (and we're not telling porkies)". Daily Mail. January 25, 2011. Retrieved February 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ The Bahamas - Guidebook Chapter: Chapter from Caribbean Islands travel guide book (6 ed.). Lonely Planet. 2012. ISBN 9781743210826.
Jump up ^ "Swimming with Pigs". The Island of the Bahamas. Retrieved February 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Exuma". The Official Website of the Government of the Bahamas. Retrieved February 27, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Susannah Cahalan (January 30, 2011). "Pig Kahuna is 'bacon' on own island". New York Post. Retrieved March 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Lucky swines have own island". The Sun. January 24, 2011. Retrieved March 1, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Greaves-Gabbadon, Sarah. "Best Bahamas Trips: Swim with Pigs in the Exumas". Caribbean Travel Magazine. Retrieved February 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ Moorhouse, Austin E. (2004). Halcyon Days: From A Dream To Reality. Trafford Publishing. ISBN 9781412016650. [self-published source]
Jump up ^ "Pigs swim in sea in Bahamas". The Telegraph. July 16, 2009. Retrieved February 27, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Swimming Pigs of Big Major Cay". Atlas Obscura. Retrieved February 27, 2013.
Jump up ^ Frommer's ShortCuts (2012). The Exumas, Bahamas: Frommer's ShortCuts (2 ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118470343.
Jump up ^ McRae, Mavis (May 23, 2012). "The Bahamas' Wild Pigs Meet Dr. Sylvia Earle And Mission Blue (PHOTOS)". Huffington Post. Retrieved February 28, 2013.
Coordinates: 24°11′01″N 76°27′23″W / 24.18361°N 76.45639°W / 24.18361; -76.45639

This Bahamas-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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