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Tomb of the Unknown Soldier
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The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier refers to a monument (cenotaph) in dedication to the services of an unknown soldier and to the common memories of all soldiers killed in any war. Such tombs can be found in many nations and are usually high-profile national monuments. Throughout history, many soldiers have died in war with their remains being unidentified. Following World War I, a movement arose to commemorate these soldiers with a single tomb, containing the body of one such unidentified soldier.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 France and the United Kingdom
1.2 Other countries
2 Symbolism
3 Examples
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
France and the United Kingdom[edit]
During the First World War, the British and French armies who were allies during the war jointly decided to bury soldiers themselves. In the UK, under the Imperial War Graves Commission (now Commonwealth War Graves Commission), the Reverend David Railton had seen a grave marked by a rough cross while serving in the British Army as a chaplain on the Western Front, which bore the pencil-written legend "An Unknown British Soldier".[1] He suggested (together with the French in their own country) the creation at a national level of a symbolic funeral and burial of an "Unknown Warrior", proposing that the grave should in the UK include a national monument in the form of what is usually, but not in this particular case, a headstone. The idea received the support of the Dean of Westminster, Prime Minister David Lloyd George, and later from King George V, responding to a wave of public support.[1] At the same time, a similar concern grew in France. In November 1916, a local officer of Le Souvenir français proposed the idea of burying "an ignored soldier" in the Panthéon. A formal bill was presented in Parliament in November 1918. The decision was voted into law on September 1919.[2]
The United Kingdom and France conducted services connected with their 'monumental' graves (as presumably newly conceived, and in any case approved, by their respective armies) on Armistice Day 1920 (the burial itself taking place later in January of the following year in France). In the UK, the Tomb of the Unknown Warrior was created at Westminster Abbey, while in France La tombe du soldat inconnu was placed in the Arc de Triomphe.
Other countries[edit]
The idea of a symbolic Tomb of the Unknown Soldier then spread to other countries. In 1921, the Tomb of the Unknowns (United States), Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Portugal) and Monument to Vittorio Emanuele—Unknown Soldier (Italy) were all unveiled. Other nations have followed the practice and created their own tombs.
In the United States and other countries, tombs have also been created representing the fallen of other wars in their history. In Chile and Ukraine, second 'unknown tombs' were unveiled to commemorate The Unknown Sailor.
Symbolism[edit]
The Tombs of the Unknown Soldiers typically contain the remains of a dead soldier who is unidentified (or "known but to God" as the stone is sometimes inscribed).[3] These remains are considered impossible to be identified, and so serve as a symbol for all of a country's unknown dead wherever they fell in the war being remembered. The anonymity of the entombed soldier is the key symbolism of the monument; it could be the tomb of anyone who fell in service of the nation, and therefore serves as a monument symbolizing all of the sacrifices.
Examples[edit]
Tombs of the Unknown Soldier from around the world and various wars include:
Countries
Location
Image
Description
Argentina Metropolitan Cathedral in Buenos Aires Tomb of the Unknown Soldier of the Independence
Australia Australian War Memorial in Canberra The tomb of the Unknown Australian Soldier at the Australian War Memorial in Canberra.
Austria Heldenplatz in Vienna [citation needed]
Bangladesh Jatiyo Smriti Soudho in Savar Upazila Jatiyo Sriti Shoudho (Bengali: জাতীয় স্মৃতি সৌধ Jatio Sriti Shoudho) or National Martyrs' Memorial is the national monument of Bangladesh is the symbol in the memory of the valour and the sacrifice of all those who gave their lives in the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971, many of whom were buried in mass graves in that park.The monument is located in Savar, about 35 km north-west of the capital, Dhaka. It was designed by Syed Mainul Hossain.
Shikha Onirban or 'Eternal Flame' in Dhaka Shikha Onirban was built to commemorate the valour and the sacrifices of Bangladesh Armed Forces Soldiers died In the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971.
Belgium Congress Column in Brussels The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier at the base of the location.
Bolivia Monumento al Soldado Desconocido in La Paz The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, center piece of the location.[citation needed]
Brazil Monument to the dead of World War II, Flamengo Park in Rio de Janeiro. The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier on the monument's platform.
Brazilian Monument and Tomb of the Unknown Soldier of World War II, near Pistoia, Italy. Votive Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, with monument pavilion.
Bulgaria Monument to the Unknown Soldier in Sofia
Monument to the Unknown Soldier in Haskovo.[citation needed]
Canada Tomb of the Unknown Soldier at the National War Memorial, Confederation Square in Ottawa [4]
Chile General Manuel Baquedano Square in Santiago Contains the remains of a soldier who died in 1881 during the War of the Pacific.[citation needed]
Plaza de la Ciudadanía (Citizenship Square), Santiago Contains the remains of a soldier found in Perú.[citation needed] Died in 1881 during the War of the Pacific.
Cripta del Morro de Arica (Rock of Arica Crypt), Arica Contains the remains of a soldier found in 1998.[citation needed] Died during the War of the Pacific.
Unknown Sailor Monument A monument built in honor to the sailors that fought and died in the Battle of Iquique, a naval battle off the coast of Chile.
Czech Republic National Monument on Vítkov Hill in Prague contains remains of an unknown Czech soldier fallen at the Battle of Zborov as well as an unknown Czechoslovak soldier fallen at the Battle of Dukla (1944), a part of a larger memorial to all Czechoslovak soldiers.
Dominican Republic Flag Square of Santo Domingo The Arc of the Square contains the tomb of the soldier who died for the freedom of the Dominicans in the Dominican War of Independence.
Egypt Unknown Soldier Memorial in Cairo Also includes the tomb of President Anwar Sadat.
Alexandria Naval Unknown Soldier Memorial
Estonia Defence Forces Cemetery in Tallinn
Finland Hietaniemi cemetery in Helsinki In the centre of the military cemetery are the tombs of the unknown soldier and Marshal Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim.
France Tomb of the Unknown Soldier beneath the Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile in Paris
Gambia Tomb of the Unknown Soldier behind Arch 22 in Banjul
Germany Unter den Linden, Berlin Within a 19th-century guardhouse, the Neue Wache.
Greece Tomb of the Unknown Soldier on Syntagma Square in Athens
Two quotations by Thucydides, from Pericles' Funeral Oration,[5][6] are inscribed on the retaining wall: Μία κλίνη κενὴ φέρεται ἐστρωμένη τῶν ἀφανῶν ("... and one bed is carried empty, made for the unknown ones"), and Ἀνδρῶν ἐπιφανῶν πᾶσα γῆ τάφος ("The whole earth is the burial ground of famous men"). The inscriptions flank a central sculpture in low relief, depicting a dying hoplite.
The monument is guarded round the clock by the Evzones of the Presidential Guard.
Hungary Heroes' Square in Budapest
India Amar Jawan Jyoti, New Delhi Burning in a shrine under the arch of India Gate since 1971 is the Amar Jawan Jyoti (the flame of the immortal soldier) which marks the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. The shrine itself is a black marble cenotaph with a rifle placed on its barrel, crested by a soldier's helmet. Each face of the cenotaph has inscribed in gold the words "Amar Jawan" (Immortal Warrior) in Hindi (Devanagri script). The Prime Minister of India pays homage to the country's fallen soldiers along with the Chiefs of Staff of each arm of the Armed Forces on each Republic Day of India.
Indonesia The Pandu war cemetery at Bandung The Field of Honor is a memorial to the unknown soldier. There is also the Tomb of the Unknown (Dutch) Sailor in Kembang Kuning war cemetery in Surabaya.[7]
Iran Chizar, Tehran In Iran, unknown soldiers are buried in public places. Chizar is the largest of all.
Behesht Zahra, Tehran
Iraq The Monument to the Unknown Soldier, Baghdad
Israel Garden of the Missing in Action in Mount Herzl, Jerusalem Initially called the "Unknown Soldier Monument", the garden commemorates IDF soldiers whose burial place is unknown. A National Memorial Hall featuring a new memorial to the Unknown Soldier is scheduled to open nearby in 2015.
Italy Piazza Venezia in Rome The Tomb of the Milite Ignoto in the Altare della Patria (Vittoriano).
Japan Chidorigafuchi National Cemetery in Tokyo
Ryozen Kannon in Kyoto
Tomb of the Unknown Soldier of the World in Ogose, Saitama
Dai Heiwa Kinen Tō in Tondabayashi, Osaka
Lebanon Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Lebanon, Beirut, Mathaf The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Lebanon represents the forming and independence of the Lebanese Armed Forces from the French Army in 1943.[8] The tomb also commemorates soldiers of the Legion of Orient[9] and the Army of the Levant during the French Mandate of Lebanon from 1920 to 1943.[8] The cenotaph in the middle includes a Cedrus libani tree surrounded by a laurel; the main symbol of Roman Legions. Around the cedar tree and laurel reads in Arabic : "Glory and Immortality for our Martyred Heroes". Behind the cenotaph are original Roman Columns.
Lithuania Vienybės Square in Kaunas Tomb of Nežinomas kareivis, with remains of soldier who died in fights against Bolsheviks in 1919.
Malaysia National Monument in Kuala Lumpur Completed in 1966 to commemorate combatants who fought against Japanese occupation of pre-independence Malaysia in World War II and the Malayan Races Liberation Army insurgency during the Malayan Emergency. Also includes a pre-independence cenotaph, which was shifted from its original location closer to the old town of Kuala Lumpur, commemorating the war dead of World War I, World War II and the Malayan Emergency.
Namibia Heroes' Acre in Windhoek The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier contains soil from Cassinga and Oshatotwa from the Namibian War of Independence.
New Zealand Tomb of the Unknown Warrior, National War Memorial in Wellington
Peru Plaza Bolivar in Lima Contains the remains of a soldier who died in 1881 during the War of the Pacific.
Philippines Heroes' Cemetery in Taguig Contains the remains of Filipino soldiers who have joined the military and served on the Philippine Revolution, Philippine–American War and World War II.
Poland Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, Marshall Józef Piłsudski Square in Warsaw Constructed as the arcade of Saxon Palace, which was destroyed by the Nazis in 1944. Contains the remains of a soldier who died between 1918 and 1920.
Portugal Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in the Batalha Monastery
Romania Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, Carol Park in Bucharest
Russia Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, Alexander Garden in Moscow
Serbia Monument to the Unknown Hero on Mt. Avala near Belgrade Memorial was built on the place where an unknown Serbian World War I soldier was buried.
Slovenia Monument to the Unknown French Soldier, French Revolution Square in Ljubljana
Somalia Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, Mogadishu A monument erected in honour of the Somali men and women who died in defense of the Somali Republic. It's popularly known as Daljirka Dahsoon, and it is an important landmark in Mogadishu.
Spain Monumento a los Caídos por España, Plaza de la Lealtad in Madrid Popularly known as the Obelisco ("Obelisk"), it is built on the same place where General Joachim Murat ordered the execution of numerous Spaniards after the Dos de Mayo Uprising of 1808. Originally inaugurated on May 2, 1840, it was re-inaugurated on November 22, 1985, by Juan Carlos I of Spain as a remembrance to all those who gave their life for Spain. An eternal flame fuelled by gas has been constantly burning on the front of the monument.
Fossar de les Moreres, in Barcelona The Fossar de les Moreres is a memorial plaza in Barcelona (Catalonia, Spain), adjacent to the basilica of Santa Maria del Mar. The plaza was built over a cemetery where defenders of the city were buried following the Siege of Barcelona at the end of the War of the Spanish Succession in 1714. The plaza retains its everyday use as a public space, but also prominently features a memorial to the fallen Catalans of the war, with a torch of eternal flame and a heroic poem by Frederic Soler, "El Fossar de les Moreres".
Syria Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Damascus
Turkey Çanakkale Martyrs' Memorial on Gallipoli Erected for the unknown martyrs of the Çanakkale Front, which was the arena for the Battle of Gallipoli during World War I. Opened on 20 August 1960. Another monument[which?] at the same site is for the foreign soldiers (mostly[citation needed] Australian and New Zealand Army Corps) lost in the same clash.
Ukraine Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, Dnieper Park in Kiev[citation needed]
Monument to the Unknown Sailor, Shevchenko Park in Odessa
United Kingdom Tomb of the Unknown Warrior, Westminster Abbey in London
United States Tomb of the Unknowns, Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier at Arlington National Cemetery stands atop a hill overlooking Washington, D.C.. On March 4, 1921,[citation needed] Congress approved the burial of an unidentified American soldier from World War I in the plaza of the new Memorial Amphitheater.
The white marble sarcophagus has a flat-faced form and is relieved at the corners and along the sides by neo-classic pilasters, or columns, set into the surface. Sculpted into the east panel which faces Washington, D.C., are three Greek figures representing Peace, Victory, and Valor. The six wreaths, three sculpted on each side, represent the six major campaigns of World War I.
Inscribed on the back of the Tomb are the words: Here rests in honored glory an American soldier known but to God
The Tomb sarcophagus was placed above the grave of the Unknown Soldier of World War I. West of the World War I Unknown are the crypts of unknowns from World War II and Korea, plus one empty crypt honoring missing service members from all conflicts. Those three graves are marked with white marble slabs flush with the plaza. The empty crypt originally held the remains of an unknown from the Vietnam War, but its occupant was identified in 1998 and his remains returned to his family for burial in St. Louis.
Tomb of the Unknown Revolutionary War Soldier, Washington Square in Philadelphia
Tomb of the Unknown Soldier of the American Revolution
Civil War Unknowns Monument, Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia Contains the remains of 2,211 unknown Union and Confederate soldiers from Civil War battlefields.
Tomb of the Unknown Confederate Soldier at Beauvoir in Biloxi, Mississippi
Venezuela Tomb of the Unknown Soldier on Carabobo Field, Carabobo Contains the remains of a Venezuelan soldier who died in 1824 during the Battle of Ayacucho.
Zimbabwe Statue of the Unknown Soldier at the National Heroes Acre, Harare
See also[edit]
War portal
World War I memorials
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Henry Allingham, Dennis Goodwin (2011). "Kitchener's Last Volunteer: The Life of Henry Allingham, the Oldest Surviving Veteran of the Great War". p. 132. Random House, 1976
Jump up ^ (in French) Jean-Yves Le Naour, Le soldat inconnu : la guerre, la mort, la mémoire, Gallimard, 2008, p. 20
Jump up ^ Kwon, Heonik (2008). Ghosts of War in Vietnam. Cambridge University Press. p. 46. ISBN 0-521-88061-0.
Jump up ^ "National War Memorial". ottawakiosk.com. Retrieved April 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ Thucydides (1942). "2.34.3". Historiae in two volumes. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Available online at the Perseus Project.
Jump up ^ Thucydides (1942). "2.43.3". Historiae in two volumes. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Available online at the Perseus Project.
Jump up ^ "Netherlands war cemeteries in Indonesia", Netherlands War Graves Foundation
^ Jump up to: a b "Lebanese Ground Forces". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved December 8, 2008.
Jump up ^ "LAF History". Lebanese Armed Forces. Retrieved 2009-05-19.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Unknown Soldier.
Copernicus Organization, World Veterans Federation, "Tombs of the Unknown Soldier in Central and Eastern Europe" by Prof. Michał Chilczuk, Chairman, Working Group on Central and Eastern Europe, SCEA
Vivaboo.com, "Tomb Of The Unknown Soldier Around The World (History)"
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Secondary enforcement; primary under certain ages
Primary enforcement
Most seat belt laws in the United States are left to the states. However, the first seat belt law was a federal law, Title 49 of the United States Code, Chapter 301, Motor Vehicle Safety Standard, which took effect on January 1, 1968, that required all vehicles (except buses) to be fitted with seat belts in all designated seating positions.[1] This law has since been modified to require three-point seat belts in outboard-seating positions, and finally three-point seat belts in all seating positions.[2] Initially, seat belt use was voluntary. New York was the first state to pass a law which required vehicle occupants to wear seat belts, a law that came into effect on December 1, 1984. Officer Nicholas Cimmino of the Westchester County Department of Public Safety wrote the nations first ticket for such violation.
Contents
[hide]
1 Primary and secondary enforcement
2 Laws by state
3 Damages reduction
4 Effectiveness
5 See also
6 References
Primary and secondary enforcement[edit]
U.S. seatbelt laws may be subject to primary enforcement or secondary enforcement. Primary enforcement allows a police officer to stop and ticket a driver if he or she observes a violation. Secondary enforcement means that a police officer may only stop or cite a driver for a seatbelt violation if the driver committed another primary violation (such as speeding, running a stop sign, etc.) at the same time. New Hampshire is the only U.S. state that does not by law require adult drivers to wear safety belts while operating a motor vehicle.
In 18 of the 50 states, the seat belt law is considered a secondary offense, which means that a police officer cannot stop and ticket a driver for the sole offense of not wearing a seatbelt. (One exception to this is Colorado, where children not properly restrained is a primary offense and brings a much larger fine.) If a driver commits a primary violation (e.g., for speeding) he may additionally be charged for not wearing a seatbelt. In most states the seat belt law was originally a secondary offense; in many it was later changed to a primary offense: California was the first state to do this, in 1993. Of the 30 with primary seat belt laws, all but 8, Connecticut, Hawaii, Iowa, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Oregon, and Texas, originally had only secondary enforcement laws.
Laws by state[edit]
This table contains a brief summary of all seatbelt laws in the United States.[3][4] This list includes only seatbelt laws, which often do not themselves apply to children; however, all 50 states and the District of Columbia have separate child restraint laws. Keep in mind these fines are the base fines only. In many cases considerable extra fees such as the head injury fund and court security fees can mark up the fine to almost five times as much in some cases. These are also "first offense" fines; a subsequent offense may be much higher.
State
Type of law
Date of first law
Who is covered
Base fine before fees
Seat Belt Usage[5]
Alabama Primary Enforcement July 18, 1991 Age 15+ in front seats $25 91.4%
Alaska Primary Enforcement September 12, 1990 Age 16+ in all seats $15 ($25 actual) 86.8%
Arizona Secondary Enforcement January 1, 1991 Age 8+ in front seats; Age 8–15 in all seats $10 ($37.20 actual) 81.8%
Arkansas Primary Enforcement July 15, 1991 Age 15+ in front seats $25 78.3%
California Primary Enforcement January 1, 1986 Age 16+ in all seats $20 ($162 actual) $50 second offense ($190 actual)5 96.2%
Colorado Secondary Enforcement1 exception Mountain View where it is a primary violation[6] July 1, 1987 Age 16+ in front seats $71 82.9%
Connecticut Primary Enforcement January 1, 1986 Age 7+ in front seats $92 88.2%
Delaware Primary Enforcement January 1, 1992 Age 16+ in all seats $25 90.7%
District of Columbia Primary Enforcement December 12, 1985 Age 16+ in all seats $504 92.3%
Florida Primary Enforcement July 1, 1986 6+ years in front seat; 6 through 17 years in all seats $30 ($116 actual) 87.4%
Georgia Primary Enforcement September 1, 1988 Age 8–17 in all seats; Age 18+ in front seats $15 89.6%
Hawaii Primary Enforcement December 16, 1985 Age 8+ in all seats $45 ($112 actual) 97.6%
Idaho Secondary Enforcement2 July 1, 1986 Age 7+ in all seats $10 ($51.50 actual) 77.9%
Illinois Primary Enforcement January 1, 1988 Age 16+ in all seats $25 ($60 actual or $95 if choosing traffic school) 92.6%
Indiana Primary Enforcement July 1, 1987 Age 16+ in all seats $25 92.4%
Iowa Primary Enforcement July 1, 1986 All ages in front seats; under 18 in rear seats[7] $25 ($127.50 actual) 93.1%
Kansas Primary Enforcement3 July 1, 1986 Age 14+ in all seats $60 for age 14-17; $10 for 18+ 81.8%
Kentucky Primary Enforcement July 15, 1994 Age 7 and younger and more than 57 inches in all seats; 8+ in all seats $25 80.3%
Louisiana Primary Enforcement July 1, 1986 Age 13+ in front seats $25 75.9%
Maine Primary Enforcement December 26, 1995 Age 18+ in all seats $50 82.0%
Maryland Primary Enforcement3 July 1, 1986 Age 16+ in all seats $83 94.7%
Massachusetts Secondary Enforcement February 1, 1994 Age 13+ in all seats [8] $25 73.7%
Michigan Primary Enforcement July 1, 1985 Age 16+ in front seats $25 ($65 actual) 95.2%
Minnesota Primary Enforcement August 1, 1986 7 and younger and more than 57 inches in all seats; 8+ in all seats $25 + $75 fee 92.3%
Mississippi Primary Enforcement July 1, 1994 Age 7+ in all seats $25 81.0%
Missouri Secondary Enforcement1 September 28, 1985 Age 16+ in front seats; age 8-15 in all seats $10 for age 16+; $50 for age 8-15 76.0%
Montana Secondary Enforcement October 1, 1987 Age 6+ in all seats $20 78.9%
Nebraska Secondary Enforcement January 1, 1993 Age 18+ in front seats $25 84.1%
Nevada Secondary Enforcement July 1, 1987 Age 6+ in all seats $25 93.2%
New Hampshire None, Primary for children only No law Age 17 and under in all seats $50 72.2%
New Jersey Primary Enforcement3 March 1, 1985 Age 8+ in all seats $46 per person 93.7%
New Mexico Primary Enforcement January 1, 1986 Age 18+ in all seats $254 89.8%
New York Primary Enforcement December 1, 1984 Age 16+ in front seats; under 16 in all seats $50 ($135 Actual after surcharges)[9] 89.8%
North Carolina Primary Enforcement, Secondary for Backseat[10] October 1, 1985 All ages in all seats $161 for front seat; $10 for rear seat 89.7%
North Dakota Secondary Enforcement2 July 14, 1994 Age 18+ in front seats;
under 18 in all seats
$20 for age 18+; $25 + 1 point on license for under 184 74.8%
Ohio Secondary Enforcement May 6, 1986 Age 15+ in front seat; 8–14 in all seats $30 for driver; $20 for passenger 83.8%
Oklahoma Primary Enforcement February 1, 1987 Age 13+ in front seats $20 85.9%
Oregon Primary Enforcement December 7, 1990 All ages in all seats $130 97.0%
Pennsylvania Secondary Enforcement2 November 23, 1987 Age 18+ in front seats; age 8-17 in all seats $10 86.0%
Rhode Island Primary Enforcement June 18, 1991 Age 8+ in all seats $75 78.0%
South Carolina Primary Enforcement July 1, 1989 Age 6+ in all seats $25 85.4%
South Dakota Secondary Enforcement January 1, 1995 Age 18+ in front seats $25 74.5%
Tennessee Primary Enforcement April 21, 1986 Age 16+ in front seats $25 87.1%
Texas Primary Enforcement September 1, 1985 Age 7 years and younger and 57 inches or taller in all seats; age 8+ years in all seats $200 if under 17 (driver); $50 if over 15 (driver or passenger) 93.8%
Utah Primary Enforcement April 28, 1986 All ages in all seats $45 89.0%
Vermont Secondary Enforcement2 January 1, 1994 All ages in all seats $25 85.2%
Virginia Secondary Enforcement2 January 1, 1988 All drivers; age 18+ in front seats; under 18 in all seats $25 80.5%
Washington Primary Enforcement June 11, 1986 Age 8+ in all seats $124 97.6%
West Virginia Primary Enforcement September 1, 1993 All ages in front seats; 8–17 in rear seats $25 82.1%
Wisconsin Primary Enforcement December 1, 1987 Age 8+ in all seats $10 79.2%
Wyoming Secondary Enforcement June 8, 1989 Age 9+ in all seats $25 for driver; $10 for passenger 78.9%
1 Colorado and Missouri's law is Secondary for adults but Primary for under the age of 16.
2 Idaho, North Dakota, Pennsylvania, Vermont and Virginia's law is Secondary for adults but Primary for under 18.
3 Kansas, Maryland, and New Jersey, law is Secondary Enforcement for rear seat occupants (18+ in Kansas).
4 These states assess points on one's driving record for the seat belt violation.
5 In California- An additional penalty of $24 shall be levied upon every $10 or fraction thereof, of every fine, penalty, or forfeiture imposed by and collected by the court for criminal offenses, including all traffic offenses, except parking offenses as defined in subdivision (i) of Penal Code § 1463. The additional penalty is calculated as follows:
• State penalty required by PC 1464 $10,
• County penalty required by GC 76000(e), $ 7 • Court facilities construction penalty required by GC 70372(a),$ 3 • DNA Identification Fund penalty required by GC 76104.6 and 76104.7,$ 2
• Emergency medical services penalty required by GC 76000.5,$ 2
Penal Code § 1465.8 requires imposition of an additional fee of twenty dollars ($20) for court security on every conviction for a criminal offense, including a traffic offense, except parking offenses as defined in Penal Code § 1463,$20
Damages reduction[edit]
A person involved in a car accident who was not using a seatbelt may be liable for damages far greater than if they had been using a seatbelt. However, when in court, most states protect motorists from having their damages reduced in a lawsuit due to the nonuse of a seatbelt, even if they were acting in violation of the law by not wearing the seatbelt. Currently, damages may be reduced for the nonuse of a seatbelt in 16 states: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Florida (See F.S.A. 316.614(10)), Iowa, Michigan, Missouri, Nebraska, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, West Virginia, and Wisconsin.[11]
Effectiveness[edit]
Seat belt laws are effective in reducing car crash deaths.[12] One study found that mandatory-seatbelt laws reduced traffic fatalities by 8% and serious traffic-related injuries by 9%, respectively.[13] Primary-seatbelt laws seem to be more effective at reducing crash deaths than secondary laws.[14][15]
See also[edit]
Seat belt legislation
Seat belt use rates in the United States
Transportation safety in the United States
References[edit]
Jump up ^ US Department of Transportation National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (January 1, 1968). "Title 49 of the United States Code, Chapter 301, Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 208 - Occupant Crash Protection Passenger Cars".
Jump up ^ US Department of Transportation National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (January 1, 1968). "Title 49 of the United States Code, Chapter 301, Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 208 - Occupant Crash Protection Passenger Cars".
Jump up ^ "Safety belt use laws". Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. October 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-30.
Jump up ^ "Governors highway safety association". Ghsa.org. Retrieved 2011-07-16.
Jump up ^ "Seat Belt Use in 2010 – Use Rates in the States and Territories" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-03-05.
Jump up ^ 9News Jeremy Jojola on Denver Metro Speed Traps. 9News. 8 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Iowa Seat Belt Law Guide" (PDF).
Jump up ^ MGL PartI TitleXIV Chapter90 Section13a See also: the child passenger restraint law
Jump up ^ "vehicle and traffic state mandated surcharges $85 for seatbelt". Horseheads.org. Retrieved 2011-07-16.
Jump up ^ "Home | GHSA". ghsa.org. Retrieved 2017-10-17.
Jump up ^ "Child restraint/belt use laws". Iihs.org. Retrieved 2011-07-16.
Jump up ^ Cohen, Alma; Einav, Liran (November 2003). "The Effects of Mandatory Seat Belt Laws on Driving Behavior and Traffic Fatalities". Review of Economics and Statistics. 85 (4): 828–843. doi:10.1162/003465303772815754.
Jump up ^ Carpenter, Christopher S.; Stehr, Mark (May 2008). "The effects of mandatory seatbelt laws on seatbelt use, motor vehicle fatalities, and crash-related injuries among youths". Journal of Health Economics. 27 (3): 642–662. doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2007.09.010. PMID 18242744.
Jump up ^ Lee, Lois K.; Monuteaux, Michael C.; Burghardt, Lindsey C.; Fleegler, Eric W.; Nigrovic, Lise E.; Meehan, William P.; Schutzman, Sara A.; Mannix, Rebekah (4 August 2015). "Motor Vehicle Crash Fatalities in States With Primary Versus Secondary Seat Belt Laws". Annals of Internal Medicine. 163 (3): 184. doi:10.7326/M14-2368. PMID 26098590.
Jump up ^ Rivara, FrederickP.; Thompson, DianeC.; Cummings, Peter (January 1999). "Effectiveness of primary and secondary enforced seat belt laws". American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 16 (1): 30–39. doi:10.1016/S0749-3797(98)00113-5.
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