text:
List of films shot near Victoria, British Columbia
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The following is a list of films shot wholly or partly in the Capital Regional District surrounding Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, the capital of British Columbia. Numerous TV shows and movies have been filmed in Victoria due to its proximity to Metro Vancouver, nicknamed "Hollywood North." A more complete list of feature films can be found at that Vancouver Island South (Greater Victoria) Film & Media Commission. www.filmvictoria.com/filming/projects-shot-in-victoria/feature-films
Films[edit]
Film
Year
Locations
References
Convicted 1938 Victoria, British Columbia, Canada [1]
Commandos Strike at Dawn 1942 Saanich, British Columbia, Canada [2]
Vixen! 1968 Inner Harbour, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada [3]
Five Easy Pieces 1970 Central Saanich, British Columbia, Canada [4]
Harry in Your Pocket 1973 Victoria, British Columbia, Canada [5]
The Changeling 1980 Colwood, British Columbia, Canada [6]
The Glitter Dome 1984 Victoria, British Columbia, Canada [7]
Hot Pursuit 1987 Victoria, British Columbia, Canada [8]
Backfire 1988 Saanichton, British Columbia, Canada [9]
Bird on a Wire 1989 Victoria, British Columbia, Canada [10]
Knight Moves 1992 Empress Hotel, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada [11]
Digger 1993 Victoria, British Columbia, Canada [12]
Intersection 1994 Victoria, British Columbia, Canada [13]
Little Women 1994 Victoria, British Columbia, Canada [14]
Masterminds 1997 Colwood, British Columbia, Canada [15]
The Duke 1999 Victoria, British Columbia, Canada [16]
Final Destination 2000 Victoria, British Columbia, Canada [17]
Scary Movie 2000 Victoria, British Columbia, Canada [18]
Cats & Dogs 2001 Victoria, British Columbia, Canada [19]
Ripper 2001 Victoria, British Columbia, Canada [20]
Black Point 2002 Brentwood Bay, British Columbia, Canada [21]
X2 2003 Colwood, British Columbia, Canada [22]
White Chicks 2004 Victoria, British Columbia, Canada [23]
Fierce People 2005 Victoria, British Columbia, Canada [24]
The Core 2006 Victoria, British Columbia, Canada [25]
Impact (TV miniseries) 2006 Victoria, British Columbia, Canada [26]
The Mermaid Chair 2006 Brentwood Bay, British Columbia, Canada [27]
X-Men Origins: Wolverine 2006 Colwood, British Columbia, Canada [28]
X-Men: The Last Stand 2006 Colwood, British Columbia, Canada [29]
In The Land Of Women 2007 Victoria, British Columbia, Canada [30]
Mulligans 2008 Victoria, British Columbia, Canada [31]
2012 2009 Victoria, British Columbia, Canada [32]
Kid Cannabis 2012 Victoria, British Columbia, Canada [33]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Convicted - IMDb Filming locations
Jump up ^ Commandos Strike at Dawn - IMDb Filming locations
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ Five Easy Pieces - IMDb Filming locations
Jump up ^ Harry in Your Pocket - IMDb Filming locations
Jump up ^ The Changeling - IMDb Filming locations
Jump up ^ The Glitter Dome - IMDb Filming locations
Jump up ^ Hot Pursuit - IMDb Filming locations
Jump up ^ Backfire - IMDb Filming locations
Jump up ^ Bird on a Wire - IMDb Filming locations
Jump up ^ Knight Moves - IMDb Filming locations
Jump up ^ Digger - IMDb Filming locations
Jump up ^ Intersection - IMDb Filming locations
Jump up ^ Little Women - IMDb Filming locations
Jump up ^ Masterminds - IMDb Filming locations
Jump up ^ The Duke - IMDb Filming locations
Jump up ^ Final Destination - IMDb Filming locations
Jump up ^ Scary Movie - IMDb Filming locations
Jump up ^ Cats & Dogs - IMDb Filming locations
Jump up ^ Ripper - IMDb Filming locations
Jump up ^ Black Point - IMDb Filming locations
Jump up ^ X2 - IMDb Filming locations
Jump up ^ White Chicks - IMDb Filming locations
Jump up ^ Fierce People - IMDb Filming locations
Jump up ^ The Core - IMDb Filming locations
Jump up ^ Impact (TV Series - IMDb Filming locations
Jump up ^ The Mermaid Chair - IMDb Filming locations
Jump up ^ X-Men Origins: Wolverine - IMDb Filming locations
Jump up ^ X-Men: The Last Stand - IMDb Filming locations
Jump up ^ In The Land Of Women - IMDb Filming locations
Jump up ^ Mulligans - IMDb Filming locations
Jump up ^ 2012 - IMDb Filming locations
Jump up ^ Kid Cannabis - IMDb Filming locations
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_films_shot_near_Victoria,_British_Columbia&oldid=810555451"
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Films shot in British Columbia
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Panama Canal locks
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (April 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Sequence of locks and passages that a vessel passes through while transiting the Panama canal.
The Gatun Locks, looking north towards the Atlantic Ocean.
The Panama Canal locks (Spanish: Esclusas del Canal de Panamá) are a lock system that lifts a ship up 85 feet (26 metres) to the main elevation of the Panama Canal and down again. The original canal had a total of six steps (three up, three down) for a ship's passage. The total length of the lock structures, including the approach walls, is over 1.9 miles (3 km). The locks were one of the greatest engineering works ever to be undertaken when they opened in 1914. No other concrete construction of comparable size was undertaken until the Hoover Dam, in the 1930s.
There are two independent transit lanes, since each lock is built double. The size of the original locks limits the maximum size of ships that can transit the canal; this size is known as Panamax. Construction on the Panama Canal expansion project, which included a third set of locks, began in September 2007.[1] Commercial operation on 26 June 2016. The new locks allow transit of larger, New Panamax ships, which have a greater cargo capacity than the previous locks were capable of handling.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Design
2 Filling and draining
3 The gates
4 Mules
5 Safety features
6 Controls
7 Construction
8 Map
9 References
10 External links
Design[edit]
There are twelve locks in total. A two-step flight at Miraflores, and a single flight at Pedro Miguel, lift ships from the Pacific up to Gatun Lake; then a triple flight at Gatun lowers them to the Atlantic side. All three sets of locks are paired; that is, there are two parallel flights of locks at each of the three lock sites. This, in principle, allows ships to pass in opposite directions simultaneously; however, large ships cannot cross safely at speed in the Culebra Cut, so in practice ships pass in one direction for a time, then in the other, using both "lanes" of the locks in one direction at a time.
Play media
24-hour time-lapse of the upper chamber of the Miraflores Locks
The lock chambers are 110 ft (33.53 m) wide by 1,050 ft (320 m) long, with a usable length of 1,000 ft (305 m). These dimensions determine the maximum size of ships that can use the canal; this size is known as Panamax. The total lift (the amount by which a ship is raised or lowered) in the three steps of the Gatun locks is 85 ft (25.9 m); the lift of the two-step Miraflores locks is 54 ft (16 m). The single-step Pedro Miguel locks have a lift of 31 ft (9.4 m). The lift at Miraflores actually varies due to the extreme tides on the Pacific side, between 43 ft (13 m) at extreme high tide and 64.5 ft (20 m) at extreme low tide; tidal differences on the Atlantic side are very small.
The lock chambers are massive concrete structures. The side walls are from 45 to 55 ft (14 to 17 m) thick at the bases; toward the top, where less strength is required, they taper down in steps to 8 ft (2.4 m). The center wall between the chambers is 60 ft (18 m) thick and houses three galleries that run its full length. The lowest of these is a drainage tunnel; above this is a gallery for electrical cabling; and toward the top is a passageway that allows operators to gain access to the lock machinery.
Filling and draining[edit]
Each lock chamber requires 26,700,000 US gal (101,000 m3) of water to fill it from the lowered to the raised position; the same amount of water must be drained from the chamber to lower it again.[1] Embedded in the side and centre walls are three large water culverts that are used to carry water from the lake into the chambers to raise them, and from each chamber down to the next, or to the sea, to lower them. These culverts start at a diameter of 22 ft (6.71 m) and reduce to 18 ft (5.49 m) in diameter, large enough to accommodate a train. Cross culverts branch off from these main culverts, running under the lock chambers to openings in the floors. There are fourteen cross culverts in each chamber, each with five openings; seven cross culverts from the sidewall main culverts alternate with seven from the centre wall culvert.
The water is moved by gravity and is controlled by huge valves in the culverts. Each cross culvert is independently controlled. A lock chamber can be filled in as little as eight minutes. There is significant turbulence in the lock chamber during this process.
The gates[edit]
Gates of the Gatun locks open for a cruise ship making its way down to the Caribbean end of the canal. The gates at both ends of the upper chamber are doubled for safety.
Miraflores locks
The gates separating the chambers in each flight of locks must hold back a considerable weight of water, and must be both reliable and strong enough to withstand accidents, as the failure of a gate could unleash a catastrophic flood of water downstream.
These gates are of enormous size, ranging from 47 to 82 ft (14.33 to 24.99 m) high, depending on position, and are 7 ft (2.13 m) thick. The tallest gates are at Miraflores, due to the large tidal range there. The heaviest leaves weigh 662 t (730 short tons; 652 long tons); the hinges themselves each weigh 16.7 t (36,817 lb). Each gate has two leaves, 65 ft (19.81 m) wide, which close to a "V" shape with the point upstream. This arrangement has the effect that the force of water from the higher side pushes the ends of the gates together firmly. The gates can be opened only when, in the operating cycle, the water level on both sides is equal.
The original gate machinery consisted of a huge drive wheel, powered by an electric motor, to which was attached a connecting rod, which in turn attached to the middle of the gate. These mechanisms were replaced with hydraulic struts beginning in January 1998, after 84 years of service. The gates are hollow and buoyant, much like the hull of a ship, and are so well balanced that two 19 kW (25 hp) motors are enough to move each gate leaf. If one motor fails, the other can still operate the gate at reduced speed.
Each chamber also contains a pair of auxiliary gates, which can be used to divide the chamber in two. This design allows for the transit of smaller vessels, such as canal tugs, without using the full quantity of water. The auxiliary gates were originally incorporated because the overwhelming majority of all ships of the early 1900s were less than 600 ft (183 m) long and therefore did not need the full length of the lock chamber. Nowadays these gates are rarely used; instead, small boats such as tour boats, tugs, and yachts are passed in groups.
Mules[edit]
A mule in action at the Miraflores locks. The Miraflores Visitors Center is in the background.
From the outset, it was considered an important safety feature that ships be guided through the lock chambers by electric locomotives, known as mulas (mules, named after the animals traditionally used to cross the isthmus of Panama), running on the lock walls. These mules are used for side-to-side and braking control in the locks, which are narrow relative to modern-day ships. Forward motion into and through the locks is actually provided by the ship's engines and not the mules. A ship approaching the locks first pulls up to the guide wall, which is an extension of the centre wall of the locks, where it is taken under control by the mules on the wall before proceeding into the lock. As it moves forward, additional lines are taken to mules on the other wall. With large ships, there are two mules on each side at the bow, and two each side at the stern—eight in total, allowing for precise control of the ship.
The mules themselves run on rack tracks with broad gauge, 5 ft,[3] to which they are geared. Traction is by electric power, supplied through a third rail laid below surface level on the land side. Each mule has a powerful winch, operated by the driver; these are used to take two cables in or pay them out in order to keep the ship centred in the lock while moving it from chamber to chamber. With as little as 2 ft (60 cm) of clearance on each side of a ship, considerable skill is required on the part of the operators.
Smaller vessels, such as small tour boats and private yachts, are taken as handline transits, where mooring lines to the lock walls are handled manually by line handlers on the ship.
Safety features[edit]
A failure of the lock gates—for example, caused by a runaway ship hitting a gate—could unleash a flood on the lands downstream of the locks, as the lake above the locks (Gatun Lake or Miraflores Lake) drains through the lock system. Extra precaution against this is provided by doubling the gates at both ends of the upper chamber in each flight of locks; hence, there are always at least two gates in each flight of locks that would have to fail to allow the higher level of water to pass downstream. The additional gates are 70 ft (21 m) away from the operating gates.
Fender chain (circa 1938)
Originally the locks also featured chain barriers, which were stretched across the lock chambers to prevent a ship from running out of control and ramming a gate, and which were lowered into the lock floor to allow the ship to pass. These fender chains featured elaborate braking mechanisms to allow a ship of up to 10,000 tons to be safely stopped. However, given the precise control of ships made possible by the mules, it was very unlikely that these chains would ever be required. With many modern canal users weighing over 60,000 tons, and given the expense of maintaining them, the fender chains were reduced in number in 1976 and finally removed in 1980.
Beyond this, the original design of the locks had yet another safety feature, emergency dams that could be swung across the locks at the upper end of every flight. These consisted of swinging bridges, from which girders were lowered to the lock floor; steel shutters could then be run down these girders to block the flow of water. Monthly drills were held, by night and day, to make sure that these dams could be deployed in an emergency.
In the late 1930s, the original dams were replaced by new dams, which were raised out of slots in the bottom of the lock chambers, either hydraulically or by compressed air. The new dams were themselves retired in the late 1980s, and today, no emergency dams are in place.
Controls[edit]
Since all the lock equipment is operated electrically, the process of locking a ship up or down can be controlled from a central control room, which is located on the centre wall of the upper flight of locks. The controls were designed from the outset to minimise the chance of operator error and include a complete model of the locks, with moving components that mirror the state of the real lock gates and valves. In this way, the operator can see exactly what state the locks and water valves are in.
Mechanical interlocks are built into the controls to make sure that no component can be moved while another is in an incorrect state—for example, opening the drain and filling the valves of a lock chamber simultaneously.
Construction[edit]
Gatun Locks under construction, circa 1913
The middle wall of Gatun locks, during construction, in 1910. The man standing below and right of the culvert illustrates the scale.
The main culvert forms are seen in the foreground here during construction; behind can be seen the towering wall forms.
The construction of the locks began with the first concrete laid at Gatun, on August 24, 1909, by the Philadelphia-based company Day & Zimmermann (formerly known as Dodge & Day).
The Gatun locks are built into a cut made in a hill bordering the lake, which required the excavation of 5,000,000 cubic yards (3,800,000 cubic metres) of material, mostly rock. The locks themselves were made of 2,046,100 cu yd (1,564,000 m3) of concrete.
The quantity of material needed to construct the locks required extensive measures to be put in place to handle the stone and cement. Stone was brought from Portobelo to the Gatun locks, while the work on the Pacific side used stone quarried from Ancon Hill.
Huge overhead cableways were constructed to transport concrete into the construction at Gatun. 85 ft (26 m) high towers were built on the banks of the canal, and cables of 2.5 in (6 cm) steel wire were strung between them to span the locks. Buckets running on these cables carried up to six tons of concrete at a time into the locks. Electric railways were constructed to take stone, sand, and cement from the docks to the concrete mixing machines, from where another electric railway carried two 6-ton buckets at a time to the cableways. The smaller constructions at Pedro Miguel and Miraflores used cranes and steam locomotives in a similar manner.
Concrete is normally moulded in formwork, temporary structures that give shape to the concrete as it sets. For a simple construction, these would normally be made of wood, but the scale of the locks demanded extraordinary forms.
The forms for the walls consisted of towers, fronted with braced vertical sheets, 7.5 in (19 cm) thick, mounted on rails to allow the locks to be constructed in sections. A section of lock would be poured behind the form, and when it was set, the form would be moved to do the next section. Each of the twelve towers was 78 ft (24 m) high by 36 ft (11 m) wide. The forms for the culverts were made of steel and were collapsible so they could be removed and moved along after each section of culvert had set. In all, there were 33 forms for the centre and side-wall culverts, each 12 ft (3.7 m) long, and 100 smaller forms for the lateral culverts.
The Pacific-side locks were finished first—the single flight at Pedro Miguel in 1911 and Miraflores in May 1913.
The seagoing tug Gatun, an Atlantic entrance working tug used for hauling barges, made the first trial lockage of Gatun Locks on September 26, 1913. The lockage went perfectly, although all valves were controlled manually since the central control board was not yet ready.
Map[edit]
Aerial view of Gatun Locks, Panama Canal. On top, several vessels waiting at Gatun Lake to cross the locks. At the bottom is exit canal to the Atlantic Ocean (Caribbean Sea). At the left of the existing locks, the construction area for the new set of locks with water saving chambers part of the Panama Canal expansion project which opened for traffic on June 2016.[2]
[hide]
[
v
t
e
]
Panama Canal
Legend
km
mi
Atlantic Ocean(Caribbean Sea)
0 Atlantic Entrance,Manzanillo Bay Breakwater entrance
8.7
5.4
[show]Port of Colón (Cristóbal)
Colón, cruise terminal, MIT, Free Trade Zone, airport
Cristóbal harbor,Atlantic passenger station
Third Bridge or Atlantic bridge
1.9
1.2
Gatun Locks3 chambers, +26 m (85 ft)
new Agua Clara Locks(3 chambers; water saving basins)
Gatun Dam,Chagres River hydroelectricity (22.5 MW)[4], spillway
24.2
15.0
Gatun Lake
Gatún River, causeway, Monte Lirio bridge
8.5
5.3
Gamboa
Chagres River,Madden Dam, Alajuela Lake
with hydroelectricity (36 MW)[4]
12.6
7.8
Culebra Cut(Gaillard Cut)
Continental watershed, summit
Centennial Bridge (Pan-American Highway, via Panama City)
1.4
0.9
Pedro Miguel Locks1 chamber, +9.5 m (31 ft)
new Cocoli Locks(3 chambers; water saving basins)
1.7
1.1
Miraflores Lake
1.7
1.1
Miraflores Locks2 chambers, +16.5 m (54 ft); spillway
13.2
8.2
[show]Port of Balboa
Diablo, Corozal passenger station, Airport, Rail terminal
Balboa
total
Bridge of the Americas (Arraiján–Panama City)
77.1
47.9
Pacific Entrance
Pacific Ocean(Gulf of Panama)
Legend
Navigable canal(maximum draft: 39.5 feet (12.0 m))
Non-navigable water
Dock, industrial or logistical area
Water flow direction
Panama Canal Railway(passenger station, freight station)
City, village or town
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Panama Canal Expansion Project report - October 2012" (PDF). Panama Canal Authority. (in English)
^ Jump up to: a b The Associated Press (2016-06-26). "Panama Canal Opens $5B Locks, Bullish Despite Shipping Woes". The New York Times. Retrieved 2016-06-26.
Jump up ^ "The Panama Canal Locomotives". panamarailroad. Retrieved 2012-12-11.
^ Jump up to: a b "Hydroelectric Plants in Panama". 2015-07-05. Retrieved 2016-06-26.
^ Panama Canal Authority FAQ
History Of The Panama Canal, by Ira E. Bennett
A History of the Panama Canal, from the Panama Canal Authority
Cement And Concrete, from The Builders of the Panama Canal, CZ Brats
The Panama Canal, by Colonel George W. Goethals
Original Emergency Dam being tested at the Gatun Locks
External links[edit]
Media related to Panama Canal locks at Wikimedia Commons
[show]
v
t
e
Panama Canal
Management
Panama Canal Authority (ACP)
Structures
Locks
Panamax
Gatun Dam
Gatun Lake
Chagres River
Culebra Cut (Gaillard Cut)
Centennial Bridge
Bridge of the Americas
Panama Canal Railway
Atlantic Bridge
Locations
Atlantic side (North)
Colón
Cristóbal port
Rainbow City
Limon Bay
Enrique Adolfo Jiménez Airport
Gatún
Passage
Gatun Lake
Culebra Cut
Pacific side (South)
Balboa
Albrook (Gelabert) Airport
Gamboa
Panama City
Expansion
2006 referendum
Atlantic Bridge
New Panamax / Post-Panamax
History
People
Philippe-Jean Bunau-Varilla
John G. Claybourn
Ephraim S. Claybourn
William Nelson Cromwell
David du Bose Gaillard
George Washington Goethals
William Crawford Gorgas
Ferdinand de Lesseps
John Frank Stevens
Construction
1903 Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty
1921 Thomson–Urrutia Treaty
Isthmian Canal Commission (1904–1906)
Health measures
Panama Canal Museum
Box 25
US Canal Zone
(1904–1979/99)
World War II
1977 Torrijos–Carter Treaties
Former US military
installations
Airfields
Albrook AFB
France Field
Howard AFB
Forts
Amador
Clayton
Davis
De Lesseps
Grant
Gulick
Kobbe
Randolph
Sherman
Ports
Coco Solo
Rodman Naval Station
Radio
Galeta Island
Balboa Naval Station
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Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde
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Strange Case of Dr Jekyll
and Mr Hyde
Title page of the first London edition (1886)
Author
Robert Louis Stevenson
Original title
Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde
Country
United Kingdom
Language
English
Series
None
Genre
Drama
Horror
Mystery
Thriller
Gothic
Science fiction
Publisher
Longmans, Green & Co.
Publication date
5 January 1886
ISBN
978-0-553-21277-8
Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde is a gothic novella by the Scottish author Robert Louis Stevenson first published in 1886. The work is also known as The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, or simply Jekyll & Hyde.[1] It is about a London lawyer named Gabriel John Utterson who investigates strange occurrences between his old friend, Dr Henry Jekyll,[2][3] and the evil Edward Hyde. The novella's impact is such that it has become a part of the language, with the very phrase "Jekyll and Hyde" coming to mean a person who is vastly different in moral character from one situation to the next.[4][5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Inspiration and writing
2 Plot
3 Characters
3.1 Dr Henry Jekyll/Mr Edward Hyde
3.2 Gabriel John Utterson
3.3 Richard Enfield
3.4 Dr Hastie Lanyon
3.5 Mr Poole
3.6 Inspector Newcomen
3.7 Sir Danvers Carew, MP
3.8 Maid
4 Analysis
4.1 Themes
4.1.1 Dualities
4.1.2 Public vs private
4.1.3 Scottish nationalism vs union with Britain
5 Reception
6 Adaptations
7 Illustrated versions
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Inspiration and writing[edit]
Robert Louis Stevenson
Stevenson had long been intrigued by the idea of how personalities can affect a human and how to incorporate the interplay of good and evil into a story. While still a teenager, he developed a script for a play about Deacon Brodie, which he later reworked with the help of W. E. Henley and which was produced for the first time in 1882.[6] In early 1884, he wrote the short story "Markheim", which he revised in 1884 for publication in a Christmas annual. According to his essay, "A Chapter on Dreams" (Scribner's, Jan. 1888), he racked his brains for an idea for a story and had a dream, and upon wakening had the intuition for two or three scenes that would appear in the story Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Biographer Graham Balfour quoted Stevenson's wife Fanny Stevenson:
In the small hours of one morning,[...]I was awakened by cries of horror from Louis. Thinking he had a nightmare, I awakened him. He said angrily: "Why did you wake me? I was dreaming a fine bogey tale." I had awakened him at the first transformation scene.[7]
Lloyd Osbourne, Stevenson's stepson, wrote: "I don't believe that there was ever such a literary feat before as the writing of Dr Jekyll. I remember the first reading as though it were yesterday. Louis came downstairs in a fever; read nearly half the book aloud; and then, while we were still gasping, he was away again, and busy writing. I doubt if the first draft took so long as three days."[7]
Inspiration may also have come from the writer's friendship with Edinburgh-based French teacher Eugene Chantrelle, who was convicted and executed for the murder of his wife in May 1878.[8] Chantrelle, who had appeared to lead a normal life in the city, poisoned his wife with opium. According to author Jeremy Hodges,[9] Stevenson was present throughout the trial and as "the evidence unfolded he found himself, like Dr Jekyll, 'aghast before the acts of Edward Hyde'." Moreover, it was believed that the doctor had committed other murders both in France and Britain by poisoning his victims at supper parties with a "favourite dish of toasted cheese and opium".[10]
Louis Vivet, a mental patient who was suffering from multiple personality disorder, caught Frederic W. H. Myers's attention and he wrote to Stevenson after the story was published. Stevenson was polite in his response but rejected that reading. As was customary, Mrs Stevenson would read the draft and offer her criticisms in the margins. Robert Stevenson was confined to bed at the time from a haemorrhage. Therefore, she left her comments with the manuscript and Robert in the toilet. She said that in effect the story was really an allegory, but Robert was writing it as a story. After a while, Robert called her back into the bedroom and pointed to a pile of ashes: he had burnt the manuscript in fear that he would try to salvage it, and in the process forced himself to start again from nothing, writing an allegorical story as she had suggested. Scholars debate whether he really burnt his manuscript; there is no direct factual evidence for the burning, but it remains an integral part of the history of the novella.[11]
Stevenson re-wrote the story in three to six days. A number of later biographers have alleged that Stevenson was on drugs during the frantic re-write; for example, William Gray's revisionist history A Literary Life (2004) said he used cocaine while other biographers said he used ergot.[12] However, the standard history, according to the accounts of his wife and son (and himself), says he was bed-ridden and sick while writing it. According to Osbourne, "The mere physical feat was tremendous and, instead of harming him, it roused and cheered him inexpressibly". He continued to refine the work for four to six weeks after the initial re-write. The novella was written in the southern English seaside town of Bournemouth, where Stevenson had moved due to ill health, to benefit from its sea air and warmer southern climate.[citation needed]
The name Jekyll was borrowed from Reverend Walter Jekyll, a friend of Stevenson and younger brother of horticulturalist and landscape designer Gertrude Jekyll.[13]
Plot[edit]
Gabriel John Utterson and his cousin Richard Enfield reach the door of a large house on their weekly walk. Enfield tells Utterson that months ago he saw a sinister-looking man named Edward Hyde trample a young girl after accidentally bumping into her. Enfield forced Hyde to pay £100 to avoid a scandal. Hyde brought them to this door and provided a cheque signed by a reputable gentleman (later revealed to be Dr. Henry Jekyll, a friend and client of Utterson). Utterson is disturbed because Jekyll recently changed his will to make Hyde the sole beneficiary. Utterson fears that Hyde is blackmailing Jekyll. When Utterson tries to discuss Hyde with Jekyll, Jekyll turns pale and asks that Hyde be left alone.
One night in October, a servant sees Hyde beat to death Sir Danvers Carew, another of Utterson's clients. The police contact Utterson, who leads officers to Hyde's apartment. Hyde has vanished, but they find half of a broken cane. Utterson recognizes the cane as one he had given to Jekyll. Utterson visits Jekyll, who shows Utterson a note, allegedly written to Jekyll by Hyde, apologising for the trouble that he has caused. However, Hyde's handwriting is similar to Jekyll's own, leading Utterson to conclude that Jekyll forged the note to protect Hyde.
For two months, Jekyll reverts to his former sociable manner, but in early January, he starts refusing visitors. Dr. Hastie Lanyon, a mutual acquaintance of Jekyll and Utterson, dies of shock after receiving information relating to Jekyll. Before his death, Lanyon gives Utterson a letter to be opened after Jekyll's death or disappearance. In late February, during another walk with Enfield, Utterson starts a conversation with Jekyll at a window of his laboratory. Jekyll suddenly slams the window and disappears. In early March, Jekyll's butler, Mr. Poole, visits Utterson and says Jekyll has secluded himself in his laboratory for weeks. Utterson and Poole break into the laboratory, where they find Hyde wearing Jekyll's clothes and apparently dead from suicide. They find a letter from Jekyll to Utterson. Utterson reads Lanyon's letter, then Jekyll's. Lanyon's letter reveals his deterioration resulted from the shock of seeing Hyde drink a serum that turned him into Jekyll. Jekyll's letter explains that he had indulged in unstated vices and feared discovery. He found a way to transform himself and thereby indulge his vices without fear of detection. Jekyll's transformed personality, Hyde, was evil, self-indulgent, and uncaring to anyone but himself. Initially, Jekyll controlled the transformations with the serum, but one night in August, he became Hyde involuntarily in his sleep.
Jekyll resolved to cease becoming Hyde. One night, he had a moment of weakness and drank the serum. Hyde, furious at having been caged for so long, killed Carew. Horrified, Jekyll tried more adamantly to stop the transformations. Then, in early January, he transformed involuntarily while awake. Far from his laboratory and hunted by the police as a murderer, Hyde needed help to avoid capture. He wrote to Lanyon (in Jekyll's hand), asking his friend to bring chemicals from his laboratory. In Lanyon's presence, Hyde mixed the chemicals, drank the serum, and transformed into Jekyll. The shock of the sight instigated Lanyon's deterioration and death. Meanwhile, Jekyll's involuntary transformations increased in frequency and required ever larger doses of serum to reverse. It was one of these transformations that caused Jekyll to slam his window shut on Enfield and Utterson.
Eventually, one of the chemicals used in the serum ran low, and subsequent batches prepared from new stocks failed to work. Jekyll speculated that one of the original ingredients must have some unknown impurity that made it work. Knowing he would become Hyde permanently, Jekyll decided to write his "confession". He ended the letter by writing, "I bring the life of that unhappy Henry Jekyll to an end."
Characters[edit]
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Dr Henry Jekyll/Mr Edward Hyde[edit]
Main article: Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (character)
Dr Jekyll is a "large, well-made, smooth-faced man of fifty with something of a slyish cast",[14] who occasionally feels he is battling between the good and evil within himself, upon leading to the struggle between his dual personalities of Henry Jekyll and Edward Hyde. He has spent a great part of his life trying to repress evil urges that were not fitting for a man of his stature. He creates a serum, or potion, in an attempt to mask this hidden evil within his personality. However, in doing so, Jekyll transpired into the smaller, younger, cruel, remorseless, evil Hyde. Jekyll has many friends and an amiable personality, but as Hyde, he becomes mysterious and violent. As time goes by, Hyde grows in power. After taking the potion repeatedly, he no longer relies upon it to unleash his inner demon, i.e., his alter ego. Eventually, Hyde grows so strong that Jekyll becomes reliant on the potion to remain conscious.
Gabriel John Utterson[edit]
Gabriel John Utterson, a lawyer and loyal friend of Jekyll's (and Lanyon's), is the character the narrator focuses on and follows in Utterson's quest to discover the identity of Hyde. Utterson is a measured and at all times emotionless, bachelor – who nonetheless seems believable, trustworthy, tolerant of the faults of others, and indeed genuinely likeable. Utterson has been close friends with Lanyon and Dr Jekyll. However, Utterson is not immune to guilt, as, while he is quick to investigate and judge the faults of others even for the benefit of his friends, Stevenson states that "he was humbled to the dust by the many ill things he had done". Whatever these "ill things" may be, he does not partake in gossip or other views of the upper class out of respect for his fellow man. Often the last remaining friend of the down-falling, he finds an interest in others' downfalls, which creates a spark of interest not only in Jekyll but also regarding Hyde. He comes to the conclusion that human downfall results from indulging oneself in topics of interest. As a result of this line of reasoning, he lives life as a recluse and "dampens his taste for the finer items of life". Utterson concludes that Jekyll lives life as he wishes by enjoying his occupation. Utterson is a good, kind, loyal and honest friend to Henry Jekyll.
Richard Enfield[edit]
Richard Enfield is Utterson's cousin and is a well known "man about town." He first sees Hyde at about three in the morning in an episode that is well documented as Hyde is running over a little girl. He is the person who mentions to Utterson the actual personality of Jekyll's friend, Hyde. Enfield witnessed Hyde running over a little girl in the street recklessly, and the group of witnesses, with the girl's parents and other residents, force Hyde into writing a cheque for the girl's family. Enfield discovers that Jekyll signed the cheque, which is genuine. He says that Hyde is disgusting looking but finds himself stumped when asked to describe the man.
Dr Hastie Lanyon[edit]
A longtime friend of Jekyll's, Hastie Lanyon disagrees with Jekyll's "scientific" concepts, which Lanyon describes as "...too fanciful". He is the first person to discover Hyde's true identity (Hyde transforms himself back into Jekyll in Lanyon's presence). Lanyon helps Utterson solve the case when he describes the letter given to him by Jekyll and his thoughts and reactions to the transformation. When Lanyon witnesses the transformation process (and subsequently hears Jekyll's private confession, made to him alone), Lanyon becomes critically ill and later dies of shock.
Mr Poole[edit]
Poole is Jekyll's butler who has lived with him for many years. Upon noticing the reclusiveness and changes of his master, Poole goes to Utterson with the fear that his master has been murdered and his murderer, Mr Hyde, is residing in the chambers. Poole serves Jekyll faithfully and attempts to do a good job and be loyal to his master. Yet events finally drive him into joining forces with Utterson to find the truth.
Inspector Newcomen[edit]
Utterson joins this Scotland Yard inspector after the murder of Sir Danvers Carew. They explore Hyde's loft in Soho and discover evidence of his depraved life. He is driven by professional ambition and sees the murder of Sir Danvers Carew as a way to further his career.
Sir Danvers Carew, MP[edit]
A kind, white-haired old man and an important Member of Parliament. The maid claims that Hyde, in a murderous rage, killed Carew in the streets of London on the night of 18 October (sometime between 11 pm and 2 am by the testimony of the maid). At the time of his death, Carew is 70 years old and is carrying on his person a letter addressed to Utterson. As a result, the police subsequently interview Utterson with regard to the murder.
Maid[edit]
A maid, whose employer Hyde had once visited, is the only person who claims to have witnessed a murder of Sir Danvers Carew. She states that she saw that Mr Hyde murdered Carew with Jekyll's cane and his feet. Having fainted after seeing what happened, she then wakes up and rushes to the police, thus initiating the murder case of Sir Danvers Carew.
Analysis[edit]
Richard Mansfield was mostly known for his dual role depicted in this double exposure. The stage adaptation opened in Boston in 1887, a year after the publication of the novella. (Picture 1895)
Literary genres which critics have applied as a framework for interpreting the novel include religious allegory, fable, detective story, sensation fiction, Doppelgänger literature, Scottish devil tales, and gothic novel.
Themes[edit]
Dualities[edit]
The novella is frequently interpreted as an examination of the duality of human nature, usually expressed as an inner struggle between good and evil, with variations such as human versus animal, civilization versus barbarism sometimes substituted, the main thrust being that of an essential inner struggle between the one and other, and that the failure to accept this tension results in evil, or barbarity, or animal violence, being projected onto others.[15] In Freudian theory, the thoughts and desires banished to the unconscious mind motivate the behaviour of the conscious mind. If someone banishes all evil to the unconscious mind in an attempt to be wholly and completely good, it can result in the development of a Mr Hyde-type aspect to that person's character.[15] This failure to accept the tension of duality is related to Christian theology, where Satan's fall from Heaven is due to his refusal to accept that he is a created being (that he has a dual nature) and is not God.[15] This idea is suggested when Hyde says to Lanyon, shortly before drinking the famous potion – "...and your sight shall be blasted by a prodigy to stagger the unbelief of Satan." This is because in Christianity, pride (to consider oneself as without sin or without evil) is the greatest sin, as it is the precursor to evil itself.[15]
In his discussion of the novel, Vladimir Nabokov argues that the "good versus evil" view of the novel is misleading, as Jekyll himself is not, by Victorian standards, a morally good person in some cases.[16]
Public vs private[edit]
The work is commonly associated today with the Victorian concern over the public and private division, the individual's sense of playing a part and the class division of London [4] In this respect, the novella has also been noted as "one of the best guidebooks of the Victorian era" because of its piercing description of the fundamental dichotomy of the 19th century "outward respectability and inward lust," as this period had a tendency for social hypocrisy.[17]
Scottish nationalism vs union with Britain[edit]
Another common interpretation sees the novella's duality as representative of Scotland and the Scottish character. In this reading, the duality represents the national and linguistic dualities inherent in Scotland's relationship with the wider Britain and the English language, respectively, and also the repressive effects of the Church of Scotland on the Scottish character.[11] A further parallel is also drawn with the city of Edinburgh itself, Stevenson's birthplace, which consists of two distinct parts: the old medieval section historically inhabited by the city's poor, where the dark crowded slums were rife with all types of crime, and the modern Georgian area of wide spacious streets representing respectability.[11][18][19]
Reception[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2015)
Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde was an immediate success and is one of Stevenson's best-selling works. Stage adaptations began in Boston and London and soon moved all across England and then towards his home Scotland.[4]
Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde was initially sold as a paperback for one shilling in the UK and one dollar in the U.S. The American publisher issued the book on 5 January 1886, four days before the first appearance of the UK edition issued by Longmans; Scribner's published 3000 copies, only 1250 of them bound in cloth. Initially, stores would not stock it until a review appeared in The Times, on 25 January 1886, giving it a favourable reception. Within the next six months, close to forty thousand copies were sold. As Stevenson's biographer, Graham Balfour, wrote in 1901, the book's success was probably due rather to the "moral instincts of the public" than to any conscious perception of the merits of its art. It was read by those who never read fiction and quoted in pulpit sermons and in religious papers.[20] By 1901, it was estimated to have sold over 250,000 copies in the United States.[21]
Adaptations[edit]
Poster from the 1880s
Main article: Adaptations of Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde
There have been numerous adaptations of the novella including over 120 stage and film versions alone.[22]
There have also been many audio recordings of the novella, with some of the more famous readers including Tom Baker, Roger Rees, Christopher Lee, Anthony Quayle, Martin Jarvis, Tim Pigott-Smith, John Hurt, Ian Holm, and Gene Lockhart.
Illustrated versions[edit]
S. G. Hulme Beaman illustrated a 1930s edition.[23]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Stevenson published the book as Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (without "The"), for reasons unknown, but it has been supposed to increase the "strangeness" of the case (Richard Dury (2005)). Later publishers added "The" to make it grammatically correct, but it was not the author's original intent. The story is often known today simply as Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde or even Jekyll and Hyde.
Jump up ^ /ˈdʒiːkəl/ is the Scots pronunciation of the name, but /ˈdʒɛkəl/ is the accepted general pronunciation.
Jump up ^ "Noted - Futility Closet". Futility Closet.
^ Jump up to: a b c Saposnik, Irving S. "The Anatomy of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde." Studies in English Literature, 1500–1900 11.4, Nineteenth Century (1971): pp. 715–731.
Jump up ^ "Jekyll and Hyde definition | Dictionary.com". Dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved 28 May 2009.
Jump up ^ Swearingen, Roger G. The Prose Writings of Robert Louis Stevenson. London: Macmillan, 1980. (ISBN) p. 37.
^ Jump up to: a b Balfour, Graham (1912). The Life of Robert Louis Stevenson. II. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 15–6. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Chantrelle, Eugène Marie; Smith, Alexander Duncan. Trial of Eugène Marie Chantrelle. Toronto, Canada Law Book Co.
Jump up ^ "Lamplit Vicious Fairy Land - Robert Louis Stevenson". Robert Louis Stevenson. Retrieved 2016-11-12.
Jump up ^ "Real-life Jekyll & Hyde who inspired Stevenson's classic". www.scotsman.com. Retrieved 2016-11-12.
^ Jump up to: a b c The Beast Within The Guardian, 13 December 2008
Jump up ^ Possibly with the help of cocaine, according to William Gray's revisionist history Robert Louis Stevenson: A Literary Life (2004). ISBN 978-0-333-98400-0
Jump up ^ "Queen of the mixed border". The Guardian. 17 June 2006.
Jump up ^ The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, second edition.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Sanford, John A. Evil The Shadow Side of Reality. Crossroad (1981)
Jump up ^ "The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde: An Introductory Essay." Signet Classic, 2003
Jump up ^ Nightmare: Birth of Victorian Horror (TV series) Jekyll and Hyde (1996)
Jump up ^ Robert Louis Stevenson and His World, David Daiches, 1973
Jump up ^ "Edinburgh: Where Jekyll parties with Hyde". The Daily Telegraph. London. 25 July 1998. Retrieved 24 May 2010.
Jump up ^ Graham Balfour, The Life of Robert Louis Stevenson, volume II, pp 17-18
Jump up ^ Tim Middleton, Introduction to The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde: The Merry Men and Other Stories, Wordsworth Editions, 1993, pp. 9
Jump up ^ "Derivative Works - Robert Louis Stevenson". Robert Louis Stevenson.
Jump up ^ https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/illustrations-to-strange-case-of-dr-jekyll-and-mr-hyde-1930
Further reading[edit]
Borinskikh L. I. (1990c). "The method to reveal a character in the works of R.L. Stevenson [The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde]". In *** (ed.) The Problem of character in literature. Tchelyabinsk: Tchelyabinsk State University. Pp. 31–32. (In Russian, German and Hindi.)
Richard Dury, ed. (2005). The Annotated Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. ISBN 88-7544-030-1, over 80 pages of introduction material, extensive annotation notes, 40 pages of derivative works and extensive bibliography.
Paul M. Gahlinger, (2001). Illegal Drugs: A Complete Guide to their History, Chemistry, Use, and Abuse. Sagebrush Medical Guide. p. 41. ISBN 0-9703130-1-2.
Kathrine Linehan, ed. (2003). Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. Norton Critical Edition, contains extensive annotations, contextual essays and criticisms. ISBN 0-393-97465-0
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
The Annotated Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde.
The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde ePub, Mobi, PDF versions
Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde[1] from Internet Archive. Many antiquarian illustrated editions.
The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde at Project Gutenberg ver.1
"The Beast Within", Freudian fable, sexual morality tale, gay allegory – the novella has inspired as many interpretations as it has film adaptations. By James Campbell, The Guardian, 13 December 2008
1950 Theatre Guild on the Air radio adaptation at Internet Archive
Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde public domain audiobook at LibriVox
[show]
v
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Robert Louis Stevenson
Books
An Inland Voyage (1878)
Travels with a Donkey in the Cévennes (1879)
The Silverado Squatters (1883)
Memories and Portraits (1887)
Across the Plains (1892)
Eight Years of Trouble in Samoa (1892)
The Amateur Emigrant (1895)
Novels
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Kidnapped (1886)
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Island Nights' Entertainments (1893)
Tales and Fantasies (1905)
Short stories
"The Pavilion on the Links" (1880)
"The Merry Men" (1882)
"The Body Snatcher" (1884)
"Markheim" (1885)
"Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde" (1886)
"The Bottle Imp" (1891)
"The Beach of Falesá" (1892)
"The Isle of Voices" (1893)
Poetry
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Underwoods (1887)
Songs of Travel and Other Verses (1896)
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Lloyd Osbourne
Fanny Stevenson
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v
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Robert Louis Stevenson's Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde
Character
Adaptations
Films
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1908)
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1912)
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1913)
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1920)
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1920)
The Head of Janus (1920)
Dr. Pyckle and Mr. Pryde (1925)
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1931)
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1941)
The Son of Dr. Jekyll (1951)
Abbott and Costello Meet Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1953)
The Daughter of Dr. Jekyll (1957)
The Doctor's Horrible Experiment (1959)
The Ugly Duckling (1959)
My Friend, Dr. Jekyll (1960)
The Two Faces of Dr. Jekyll (1960)
The Nutty Professor (1963)
Karutha Rathrikal (1967)
Dr. Jekyll and Sister Hyde (1971)
I, Monster (1971)
Dr. Jekyll y el Hombre Lobo (1972)
Dr. Black, Mr. Hyde (1976)
Dr. Jekyll Likes Them Hot (1979)
Dr. Heckyl and Mr. Hype (1980)
Docteur Jekyll et les femmes (1981)
Chehre Pe Chehra (1981)
Jekyll and Hyde... Together Again (1982)
Edge of Sanity (1989)
Dr. Jekyll and Ms. Hyde (1995)
Mary Reilly (1996)
The Nutty Professor (1996)
The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003)
Van Helsing (2004)
The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (2006)
The Mummy (2017)
Animation
The Impatient Patient (1942)
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Mouse (1947)
Motor Mania (1950)
Dr. Jerkyl's Hide (1954)
Hyde and Hare (1955)
Hyde and Go Tweet (1960)
Mad Monster Party? (1967)
Mad Mad Mad Monsters (1972)
The Pagemaster (1994)
The Strange Case of Dr. Jiggle and Mr. Sly (2004)
Van Helsing: The London Assignment (2004)
The Monster of Phineas-n-Ferbenstein (2008)
Hotel Transylvania (2012)
Video games
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1988)
Jekyll and Hyde (2001)
Van Helsing (2004)
Music
"Dr. Heckyll & Mr. Jive" (1983)
"Bubba Hyde" (1995)
Jekyll and Hyde (2003)
Jekyll & Hyde en Español (2004)
Theatre
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1887)
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1888)
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Or a Mis-Spent Life (1897)
Jekyll & Hyde (1990)
Television
Julia Jekyll and Harriet Hyde (1995–1998)
Jekyll (2007)
Once Upon a Time (2011–present)
Penny Dreadful (2014–2016)
Jekyll and Hyde (2015)
Comics
Mister Hyde (introduced 1963)
Batman: Two Faces (1998)
The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (1999–present)
Novels
The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner (1824)
Knots and Crosses (1987)
Mary Reilly (1990)
Radio
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1932)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 307173707
LCCN: n90662176
GND: 4390920-6
SUDOC: 030330823
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strange_Case_of_Dr_Jekyll_and_Mr_Hyde&oldid=802529417"
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values: Podivný případ Dr. Jekylla a pana Hyda – Czech

values: The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde – Welsh

values: Der seltsame Fall des Dr. Jekyll und Mr. Hyde – German

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