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Human Development Index
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For the index multiplied by the probability that a random individual will attain the average HDI, see List of countries by inequality-adjusted HDI.
World map indicating the Human Development Index (based on 2015 and 2016 data, published on 21 March 2017).
0.900–0.949
0.850–0.899
0.800–0.849
0.750–0.799
0.700–0.749
0.650–0.699
0.600–0.649
0.550–0.599
0.500–0.549
0.450–0.499
0.400–0.449
0.350–0.399
Data unavailable
World map of the Human Development Index by country, grouped by quartiles (based on 2015 and 2016 data, published on 21 March 2017).
Highest 25%
Above median
Below median
Lowest 25%
Data unavailable
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a statistic (composite index) of life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development. A country scores higher HDI when the lifespan is higher, the education level is higher, and the GDP per capita is higher. The HDI was developed by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq and Indian economist Amartya Sen which was further used to measure the country's development by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP).[1][2]
The 2010 Human Development Report introduced an Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI). While the simple HDI remains useful, it stated that "the IHDI is the actual level of human development (accounting for inequality)", and "the HDI can be viewed as an index of 'potential' human development (or the maximum IHDI that could be achieved if there were no inequality)".
The index is based on the human development approach, developed by Ul Haq, often framed in terms of whether people are able to "be" and "do" desirable things in life. Examples include—Being: well fed, sheltered, healthy; Doings: work, education, voting, participating in community life. It must also be noted that the freedom of choice is central—someone choosing to be hungry (as during a religious fast) is quite different to someone who is hungry because they cannot afford to buy food.[3]
Contents
1 Origins
2 Dimensions and calculation
2.1 New method (2010 Index onwards)
2.2 Old method (before 2010 Index)
3 2016 Human Development Index
3.1 Inequality-adjusted HDI
4 2015 Human Development Index
4.1 Inequality-adjusted HDI
5 2014 Human Development Index
5.1 Countries not included
5.2 Inequality-adjusted HDI
6 Past top countries
6.1 In each original HDI
7 Geographical coverage
8 Country/region specific HDI lists
9 Criticism
9.1 Sources of data error
10 See also
10.1 Indices
10.2 Other
11 References
12 External links
Origins[edit]
Amartya Sen
Mahbub ul Haq
The origins of the HDI are found in the annual Human Development Reports produced by the Human Development Reports Office of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). These were devised and launched by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq in 1990, and had the explicit purpose "to shift the focus of development economics from national income accounting to people-centered policies". To produce the Human Development Reports, Mahbub ul Haq formed a group of development economists including Paul Streeten, Frances Stewart, Gustav Ranis, Keith Griffin, Sudhir Anand, and Meghnad Desai. Nobel laureate Amartya Sen utilized Haq's work in his own work on human capabilities.[2] Haq believed that a simple composite measure of human development was needed to convince the public, academics, and politicians that they can and should evaluate development not only by economic advances but also improvements in human well-being.
The underlying principle behind the Human Development Index.[3]
Dimensions and calculation[edit]
New method (2010 Index onwards)[edit]
Published on 4 November 2010 (and updated on 10 June 2011), the 2010 Human Development Index (HDI) combines three dimensions:[4][5]
A long and healthy life: Life expectancy at birth
Education index: Mean years of schooling and Expected years of schooling
A decent standard of living: GNI per capita (PPP US$)
In its 2010 Human Development Report, the UNDP began using a new method of calculating the HDI. The following three indices are used:
1. Life Expectancy Index (LEI) = LE − 20 85 − 20 {\displaystyle ={\frac {{\textrm {LE}}-20}{85-20}}}
LEI is 1 when Life expectancy at birth is 85 and 0 when Life expectancy at birth is 20.
2. Education Index (EI) = MYSI + EYSI 2 {\displaystyle ={\frac {{\textrm {MYSI}}+{\textrm {EYSI}}}{2}}} [6]
2.1 Mean Years of Schooling Index (MYSI) = MYS 15 {\displaystyle ={\frac {\textrm {MYS}}{15}}} [7]
Fifteen is the projected maximum of this indicator for 2025.
2.2 Expected Years of Schooling Index (EYSI) = EYS 18 {\displaystyle ={\frac {\textrm {EYS}}{18}}} [8]
Eighteen is equivalent to achieving a master's degree in most countries.
3. Income Index (II) = ln  ( GNIpc ) − ln  ( 100 ) ln  ( 75 , 000 ) − ln  ( 100 ) {\displaystyle ={\frac {\ln({\textrm {GNIpc}})-\ln(100)}{\ln(75,000)-\ln(100)}}}
II is 1 when GNI per capita is $75,000 and 0 when GNI per capita is $100.
Finally, the HDI is the geometric mean of the previous three normalized indices:
HDI = LEI ⋅ EI ⋅ II 3 . {\displaystyle {\textrm {HDI}}={\sqrt[{3}]{{\textrm {LEI}}\cdot {\textrm {EI}}\cdot {\textrm {II}}}}.}
LE: Life expectancy at birth
MYS: Mean years of schooling (i.e. years that a person aged 25 or older has spent in formal education)
EYS: Expected years of schooling (i.e. total expected years of schooling for children under 18 years of age)
GNIpc: Gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita
Old method (before 2010 Index)[edit]
The HDI combined three dimensions last used in its 2009 Report:
Life expectancy at birth, as an index of population health and longevity to HDI
Knowledge and education, as measured by the adult literacy rate (with two-thirds weighting) and the combined primary, secondary, and tertiary gross enrollment ratio (with one-third weighting).
Standard of living, as indicated by the natural logarithm of gross domestic product per capita at purchasing power parity.
HDI trends between 1975 and 2004
OECD
Europe not in the OECD and CIS
Latin America and the Caribbean
East Asia
Arab League
South Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa
This methodology was used by the UNDP until their 2011 report.
The formula defining the HDI is promulgated by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).[9] In general, to transform a raw variable, say x {\displaystyle x} , into a unit-free index between 0 and 1 (which allows different indices to be added together), the following formula is used:
x index = x − a b − a {\displaystyle x{\text{ index}}={\frac {x-a}{b-a}}}
where a {\displaystyle a} and b {\displaystyle b} are the lowest and highest values the variable x {\displaystyle x} can attain, respectively.
The Human Development Index (HDI) then represents the uniformly weighted sum with 1⁄3 contributed by each of the following factor indices:
Life Expectancy Index = L E − 25 85 − 25 {\displaystyle {\frac {LE-25}{85-25}}}
Education Index = 2 3 × A L I + 1 3 × G E I {\displaystyle {\frac {2}{3}}\times ALI+{\frac {1}{3}}\times GEI}
Adult Literacy Index (ALI) = A L R − 0 100 − 0 {\displaystyle {\frac {ALR-0}{100-0}}}
Gross Enrollment Index (GEI) = C G E R − 0 100 − 0 {\displaystyle {\frac {CGER-0}{100-0}}}
GDP = log  ( G D P p c ) − log  ( 100 ) log  ( 40000 ) − log  ( 100 ) {\displaystyle {\frac {\log \left(GDPpc\right)-\log \left(100\right)}{\log \left(40000\right)-\log \left(100\right)}}}
Other organizations/companies may include other factors, such as infant mortality, which produces a different HDI.
2016 Human Development Index[edit]
Main article: List of countries by Human Development Index
The 2016 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Programme was released on 21 March 2017, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2015. Below is the list of the "very high human development" countries:[10]
= increase.
= steady.
= decrease.
The number in parentheses represents the number of ranks the country has climbed (up or down) relative to the ranking in the 2015 report.
Rank
Country or region
Score
2016 estimates for 2015
[11]
Change in rank from previous year[11]
2016 estimates for 2015
[11]
Change from previous year
[11]
1 Norway 0.949 0.001
2 Australia 0.939 0.002
2 Switzerland 0.939 0.001
4 (2) Germany 0.926 0.002
5 (1) Denmark 0.925 0.002
5 (6) Singapore 0.925 0.013
7 (1) Netherlands 0.924 0.001
8 Ireland 0.923 0.003
9 (7) Iceland 0.921 0.002
10 (1) Canada 0.920 0.001
10 (2) United States 0.920 0.002
12 Hong Kong 0.917 0.001
13 (4) New Zealand 0.915 0.002
14 (1) Sweden 0.913 0.004
15 (1) Liechtenstein 0.912 0.001
16 (4) United Kingdom 0.909 0.003
17 (3) Japan 0.903 0.001
18 South Korea 0.901 0.002
19 Israel 0.899 0.001
20 Luxembourg 0.898 0.002
21 (1) France 0.897 0.003
22 (1) Belgium 0.896 0.001
23 Finland 0.895 0.002
24 Austria 0.893 0.001
25 (2) Spain 0.892 0.005
26 Slovenia 0.890 0.002
27 (1) Italy 0.887 0.006
28 Czech Republic 0.878 0.003
29 Greece 0.866 0.001
30 (10) Slovakia 0.865 0.020
31 (1) Estonia 0.865 0.002
32 Andorra 0.858 0.001
33 (1) Cyprus 0.856 0.002
33 (2) Malta 0.856 0.003
33 Qatar 0.856 0.001
36 Poland 0.855 0.003
37 Lithuania 0.848 0.002
38 (4) Chile 0.847 0.002
38 Saudi Arabia 0.847 0.002
41 Portugal 0.843 0.002
42 United Arab Emirates 0.840 0.004
43 Hungary 0.836 0.002
44 Latvia 0.830 0.002
45 (5) Argentina 0.827 0.001
45 (1) Croatia 0.827 0.004
47 (1) Bahrain 0.824 0.001
48 (1) Montenegro 0.807 0.003
49 (1) Russia 0.804 0.001
50 (1) Romania 0.802 0.004
51 (1) Kuwait 0.800 0.001
Inequality-adjusted HDI[edit]
Main article: List of countries by inequality-adjusted HDI
The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI)[12] is a "measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account".
The rankings are not relative to the HDI list above due to the exclusion of countries which are missing IHDI data (p. 206).
Norway 0.898
Iceland 0.868
Australia 0.861
Netherlands 0.861
Germany 0.859
Switzerland 0.859
Denmark 0.858
Sweden 0.851
Ireland 0.850
Finland 0.843
Canada 0.839
Slovenia 0.838
United Kingdom 0.836
Czech Republic 0.830
Luxembourg 0.827
Belgium 0.821
Austria 0.815
France 0.813
United States 0.796
Slovakia 0.793
Japan 0.791
Spain 0.791
Estonia 0.788
Malta 0.786
Italy 0.784
Israel 0.778
Poland 0.774
Hungary 0.771
Cyprus 0.762
Lithuania 0.759
Greece 0.758
Portugal 0.755
South Korea 0.753
Croatia 0.752
Latvia 0.742
Montenegro 0.736
Russia 0.725
Romania 0.714
Argentina 0.698
Chile 0.691
Countries in the top quartile of HDI ("very high human development" group) with a missing IHDI: Taiwan, New Zealand, Singapore, Hong Kong, Liechtenstein, Brunei, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Andorra, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, and Kuwait.
2015 Human Development Index[edit]
Main article: List of countries by Human Development Index
The 2015 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Programme was released on 14 December 2015, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2014. Below is the list of the "very high human development" countries:[13][14][15]
= increase.
= steady.
= decrease.
The number in brackets represents the number of ranks the country has climbed (up or down) relative to the ranking in the 2014 report.
Rank
Country
Score
2015 estimates for 2014
[16]
Change in rank from previous year[16]
2015 estimates for 2014
[16]
Change from previous year
[16]
1 Norway 0.944 0.002
2 Australia 0.935 0.002
3 Switzerland 0.930 0.002
4 Denmark 0.923
5 Netherlands 0.922 0.002
6 Germany 0.916 0.001
6 (2) Ireland 0.916 0.004
8 (1) United States 0.915 0.002
9 (1) Canada 0.913 0.001
9 (1) New Zealand 0.913 0.002
11 (2) Singapore 0.912 0.003
12 Hong Kong 0.910 0.002
13 Liechtenstein 0.908 0.001
14 Sweden 0.907 0.002
14 (1) United Kingdom 0.907 0.005
16 Iceland 0.899
17 South Korea 0.898 0.003
18 Israel 0.894 0.001
18 Macau 0.894 [17]
19 Luxembourg 0.892 0.002
20 (1) Japan 0.891 0.001
21 Belgium 0.890 0.002
22 France 0.888 0.001
23 Austria 0.885 0.001
24 Finland 0.883 0.001
25 Taiwan 0.882 [18]
26 Slovenia 0.880 0.001
27 Spain 0.876 0.002
28 Italy 0.873
29 Czech Republic 0.870 0.002
30 Greece 0.865 0.002
31 Estonia 0.861 0.002
32 Brunei 0.856 0.004
33 Cyprus 0.850
33 (1) Qatar 0.850 0.001
34 Andorra 0.845 0.001
35 (1) Slovakia 0.844 0.005
36 (1) Poland 0.843 0.003
37 Lithuania 0.839 0.002
37 Malta 0.839 0.002
39 Saudi Arabia 0.837 0.001
40 Argentina 0.836 0.003
41 (1) United Arab Emirates 0.835 0.002
42 Chile 0.832 0.002
43 Portugal 0.830 0.002
44 Hungary 0.828 0.003
45 Bahrain 0.824 0.003
46 (1) Latvia 0.819 0.003
47 (1) Croatia 0.818 0.001
48 (1) Kuwait 0.816
49 Montenegro 0.802 0.001
Inequality-adjusted HDI[edit]
Main article: List of countries by inequality-adjusted HDI
The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI)[13] is a "measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account".
Note: The green arrows ( ), red arrows ( ), and blue dashes ( ) represent changes in rank. The rankings are not relative to the HDI list above due to the exclusion of countries which are missing IHDI data (p. 216).
Norway 0.893 ( )
Netherlands 0.861 ( 1)
Switzerland 0.861 ( 1)
Australia 0.858 ( 2)
Denmark 0.856 ( 3)
Germany 0.853 ( 1)
Iceland 0.846 ( 1)
Sweden 0.846 ( 1)
Ireland 0.836 ( 1)
Finland 0.834 ( 1)
Canada 0.832 ( 2)
Slovenia 0.829 ( )
United Kingdom 0.829 ( 3)
Czech Republic 0.823 ( 1)
Luxembourg 0.822 ( 1)
Belgium 0.820 ( 1)
Austria 0.816 ( 4)
France 0.811 ( )
Slovakia 0.791 ( 2)
Estonia 0.782 ( 4)
Japan 0.780 ( 1)
Israel 0.775 ( 3)
Spain 0.775 ( 1)
Italy 0.773 ( 1)
Hungary 0.769 ( 2)
Malta 0.767 ( )
Poland 0.760 ( 2)
United States 0.760 ( )
Cyprus 0.758 ( 1)
Greece 0.758 ( 5)
Lithuania 0.754 ( )
South Korea 0.751 ( 1)
Portugal 0.744 ( 1)
Croatia 0.743 ( 1)
Belarus 0.741
Latvia 0.730
Countries in the top quartile of HDI ("very high human development" group) with a missing IHDI: Taiwan, New Zealand, Singapore, Hong Kong, Liechtenstein, Brunei, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Andorra, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Cuba, and Kuwait.
2014 Human Development Index[edit]
The 2014 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Programme was released on 24 July 2014 and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2013. Below is the list of the "very high human development" countries or regions:[19][14][15]
= increase.
= steady.
= decrease.
The number in brackets represents the number of ranks the country or region has climbed (up or down) relative to the ranking in the 2013 report.
Rank
Country or Region
HDI
New 2014 estimates for 2013
[20]
Change in rank between 2014 report and 2013 report[20]
New 2014 estimates for 2013
[20]
Change compared between 2014 report and 2013 report
[20]
1 Norway 0.944 0.011
2 Australia 0.933 0.002
3 Switzerland 0.917 0.001
4 Netherlands 0.915
5 United States 0.914 0.002
6 Germany 0.911
7 New Zealand 0.910 0.002
8 Canada 0.902 0.001
9 (3) Singapore 0.901 0.002
10 Denmark 0.900
11 (3) Ireland 0.899 0.017
12 (1) Sweden 0.898 0.001
13 Iceland 0.895 0.002
14 United Kingdom 0.892 0.002
14 Macau 0.892 [17]
15 Hong Kong 0.891 0.002
15 (1) South Korea 0.891 0.003
17 (1) Japan 0.890 0.002
18 (2) Liechtenstein 0.889 0.001
19 Israel 0.888 0.002
20 France 0.884
21 Taiwan 0.882 [18]
22 Austria 0.881 0.001
22 Belgium 0.881 0.001
22 Luxembourg 0.881 0.001
23 Finland 0.879
24 Slovenia 0.874
25 Italy 0.872
26 Spain 0.869
27 Czech Republic 0.861
28 Greece 0.853 0.001
29 Brunei 0.852
30 Qatar 0.851 0.001
31 Cyprus 0.845 0.003
32 Estonia 0.840 0.001
33 Saudi Arabia 0.836 0.003
34 (1) Lithuania 0.834 0.003
34 (1) Poland 0.834 0.001
35 Andorra 0.830
35 (1) Slovakia 0.830 0.001
36 Malta 0.829 0.002
37 United Arab Emirates 0.827 0.002
38 (1) Chile 0.822 0.003
38 Portugal 0.822
39 Hungary 0.818 0.001
40 Bahrain 0.815 0.002
40 Cuba 0.815 0.002
41 (2) Kuwait 0.814 0.001
42 Croatia 0.812
43 Latvia 0.810 0.002
44 Argentina 0.808 0.002
Countries not included[edit]
Some countries were not included for various reasons, primarily due to the lack of necessary data. The following United Nations Member States were not included in the 2014 report:[19] North Korea, Marshall Islands, Monaco, Nauru, San Marino, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, and Tuvalu.
Inequality-adjusted HDI[edit]
Main article: List of countries by inequality-adjusted HDI
The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI)[19] is a "measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account".
Note: The green arrows ( ), red arrows ( ), and blue dashes ( ) represent changes in rank. The rankings are not relative to the HDI list above due to the exclusion of countries which are missing IHDI data (p. 168).
Norway 0.891 ( )
Australia 0.860 ( )
Netherlands 0.854 ( 1)
Switzerland 0.847 ( 3)
Germany 0.846 ( )
Iceland 0.843 ( 2)
Sweden 0.840 ( 4)
Denmark 0.838 ( 1)
Canada 0.833 ( 4)
Ireland 0.832 ( 4)
Finland 0.830 ( )
Slovenia 0.824 ( 2)
Austria 0.818 ( 1)
Luxembourg 0.814 ( 3)
Czech Republic 0.813 ( 1)
United Kingdom 0.812 ( 3)
Belgium 0.806 ( 2)
France 0.804 ( )
Israel 0.793 ( 1)
Japan 0.779 (New)
Slovakia 0.778 ( 1)
Spain 0.775 ( 2)
Italy 0.768 ( 1)
Estonia 0.767 ( 1)
Greece 0.762 ( 2)
Malta 0.760 ( 3)
Hungary 0.757 ( 1)
United States 0.755 ( 12)
Poland 0.751 ( 1)
Cyprus 0.752 ( 1)
Lithuania 0.746 ( 2)
Portugal 0.739 ( )
South Korea 0.736 ( 5)
Latvia 0.725 ( 1)
Croatia 0.721 ( 4)
Argentina 0.680 ( 7)
Chile 0.661 ( 4)
Countries in the top quartile of HDI ("very high human development" group) with a missing IHDI: Taiwan, New Zealand, Singapore, Hong Kong, Liechtenstein, Brunei, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Andorra, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Cuba, and Kuwait.
Past top countries[edit]
The list below displays the top-ranked country from each year of the Human Development Index. Norway has been ranked the highest thirteen times, Canada eight times, and Japan three times. Iceland has been ranked highest twice.
In each original HDI[edit]
The year represents when the report was published. In parentheses is the year for which the index was calculated.
2016 (2015): Norway
2015 (2014): Norway
2014 (2013): Norway
2013 (2012): Norway
2011 (2011): Norway
2010 (2010): Norway
2009 (2007): Norway
2008 (2006): Iceland
2007 (2005): Iceland
2006 (2004): Norway
2005 (2003): Norway
2004 (2002): Norway
2003 (2001): Norway
2002 (2000): Norway
2001 (1999): Norway
2000 (1998): Canada
1999 (1997): Canada
1998 (1995): Canada
1997 (1994): Canada
1996 (1993): Canada
1995 (1992): Canada
1994 (????): Canada
1993 (????): Japan
1992 (1990): Canada
1991 (1990): Japan
1990 (????): Japan
Geographical coverage[edit]
The HDI has extended its geographical coverage: David Hastings, of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, published a report geographically extending the HDI to 230+ economies, whereas the UNDP HDI for 2009 enumerates 182 economies and coverage for the 2010 HDI dropped to 169 countries.[21][22]
Country/region specific HDI lists[edit]
African countries
Argentine provinces
Brazilian states
Canadian provinces and territories
Chilean regions
Chinese administrative divisions
European countries
Indian states
Indonesian provinces
Japanese prefectures
Latin American countries
Mexican states
Pakistani districts
Philippine provinces
Russian federal subjects
South African provinces
U.S. states (American Human Development Report (AHDR))
Venezuelan states
World, regional (Sub-national HDI by GDL)
Criticism[edit]
HDI vs. ecological footprint
The Human Development Index has been criticized on a number of grounds, including alleged lack of consideration of technological development or contributions to the human civilization, focusing exclusively on national performance and ranking, lack of attention to development from a global perspective, measurement error of the underlying statistics, and on the UNDP's changes in formula which can lead to severe misclassification in the categorisation of 'low', 'medium', 'high' or 'very high' human development countries.[23]
Sources of data error[edit]
Economists Hendrik Wolff, Howard Chong and Maximilian Auffhammer discuss the HDI from the perspective of data error in the underlying health, education and income statistics used to construct the HDI. They identified three sources of data error which are due to (i) data updating, (ii) formula revisions and (iii) thresholds to classify a country's development status and conclude that 11%, 21% and 34% of all countries can be interpreted as currently misclassified in the development bins due to the three sources of data error, respectively. The authors suggest that the United Nations should discontinue the practice of classifying countries into development bins because: the cut-off values seem arbitrary, can provide incentives for strategic behavior in reporting official statistics, and have the potential to misguide politicians, investors, charity donors and the public who use the HDI at large.[23]
In 2010, the UNDP reacted to the criticism and updated the thresholds to classify nations as low, medium, and high human development countries. In a comment to The Economist in early January 2011, the Human Development Report Office responded[24] to a 6 January 2011 article in the magazine[25] which discusses the Wolff et al. paper. The Human Development Report Office states that they undertook a systematic revision of the methods used for the calculation of the HDI, and that the new methodology directly addresses the critique by Wolff et al. in that it generates a system for continuously updating the human-development categories whenever formula or data revisions take place.
In 2013, Salvatore Monni and Alessandro Spaventa emphasized that in the debate of GDP versus HDI, it is often forgotten that these are both external indicators that prioritize different benchmarks upon which the quantification of societal welfare can be predicated. The larger question is whether it is possible to shift the focus of policy from a battle between competing paradigms to a mechanism for eliciting information on well-being directly from the population.[26]
See also[edit]
Sustainable development portal
Indices[edit]
Bhutan GNH Index
Broad measures of economic progress
Green national product
Green gross domestic product (Green GDP)
Gender Inequality Index
Gender-related Development Index
Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI)
Global Peace Index (GPI)
Gross National Well-being (GNW)
Happy Planet Index (HPI)
Human Poverty Index
Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI)
Legatum Prosperity Index
List of countries by Human Development Index
Living planet index
Multidimensional Poverty Index
Rule of Law Index
OECD Better Life Index (BLI)
Social Progress Index
Where-to-be-born Index
World Happiness Report
Other[edit]
Economic development
Ethics of care
Happiness economics
Human Development and Capability Association
International development
Least developed country
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
Right to an adequate standard of living
Subjective life satisfaction
Sustainable development
Sustainable Development Goals
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Human Development Index". Economic Times.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Human Development concept". UNDP. 2010. Retrieved 29 July 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "What is Human Development". UNDP. 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Human Development Report 2010". UNDP. 4 November 2010.
Jump up ^ "Technical notes" (PDF). UNDP. 2013.
Jump up ^ "New method of calculation of Human Development Index (HDI)". India Study Channel. 2011-06-01. Retrieved 2017-11-19.
Jump up ^ Mean years of schooling (of adults) (years) is a calculation of the average number of years of education received by people ages 25 and older in their lifetime based on education attainment levels of the population converted into years of schooling based on theoretical duration of each level of education attended. Source: Barro, R. J.; Lee, J.-W. (2010). "A New Data Set of Educational Attainment in the World, 1950–2010". NBER Working Paper No. 15902.
Jump up ^ (ESYI is a calculation of the number of years a child is expected to attend school, or university, including the years spent on repetition. It is the sum of the age-specific enrollment ratios for primary, secondary, post-secondary non-tertiary and tertiary education and is calculated assuming the prevailing patterns of age-specific enrollment rates were to stay the same throughout the child's life. Expected years of schooling is capped at 18 years. (Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2010). Correspondence on education indicators. March. Montreal.)
Jump up ^ Definition, Calculator, etc. at UNDP site Archived 20 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Human Development Report 2016" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Human Development Report 2016—'Human Development for everyone'" (PDF). HDRO (Human Development Report Office) United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Report" (PDF). hdr.undp.org. 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Statistics" (PDF). hdr.undp.org. 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b The UN does not calculate the HDI of Macau. The government of Macau calculates its own HDI.Macau in Figures, 2015
^ Jump up to: a b Taiwan's government calculated its HDI to be 0.882, based on 2010 new methodology of UNDP. "2011中華民國人類發展指數 (HDI)" (PDF) (in Chinese). Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan, R.O.C. 2011. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Human Development Report 2015—'Sustaining Human Progress: Reducing Vulnerabilities and Building Resilience'" (PDF). HDRO (Human Development Report Office) United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b The UN does not calculate the HDI of Macau. The government of Macau calculates its own HDI. Macau in Figures, 2016
^ Jump up to: a b The UN does not recognize the Republic of China (Taiwan) as a sovereign state. The HDI report does not include Taiwan as part of the People's Republic of China when calculating China's figures. Taiwan's government calculated its HDI to be 0.882, based on 2010 new methodology of UNDP. "2011中華民國人類發展指數 (HDI)" (PDF) (in Chinese). Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan, R.O.C. 2011. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Data" (PDF). hdr.undp.org. 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Human Development Report 2014—'Sustaining Human Progress: Reducing Vulnerabilities and Building Resilience'". HDRO (Human Development Report Office) United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 25 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Hastings, David A. (2009). "Filling Gaps in the Human Development Index". United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Working Paper WP/09/02.
Jump up ^ Hastings, David A. (2011). "A "Classic" Human Development Index with 232 Countries". HumanSecurityIndex.org. Information Note linked to data
^ Jump up to: a b Wolff, Hendrik; Chong, Howard; Auffhammer, Maximilian (2011). "Classification, Detection and Consequences of Data Error: Evidence from the Human Development Index". Economic Journal. 121 (553): 843–870. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0297.2010.02408.x.
Jump up ^ "UNDP Human Development Report Office's comments". The Economist. January 2011. [dead link]
Jump up ^ "The Economist (pages 60–61 in the issue of Jan 8, 2011)". 6 January 2011.
Jump up ^ Monni, Salvatore; Spaventa, Alessandro (2013). "Beyond Gdp and HDI: Shifting the focus from Paradigms to Politics". Development. 56 (2): 227–231. doi:10.1057/dev.2013.30.
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