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Union Army
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For the current active service branch, see United States Army.
Union Army
Flag of the United States from 1863 until 1865 (35 states/stars)
Active
February 28, 1861 – May 26, 1865
(4 years, 2 months and 4 weeks)
Country
United States
Type
Army
Size
2,128,948 total who served
Part of
U.S. Department of War
Colors
dark blue
March
"Battle Hymn of the Republic"
Engagements
American Indian Wars
American Civil War
Fort Sumter
First Bull Run
Wilson's Creek
Forts Henry and Donelson
Shenandoah
South Mills
Richmond
Harpers Ferry
Munfordville
Shepherdstown
Chambersburg Raid
Mississippi River
Peninsula
Shiloh
Jackson's Valley Campaign
Second Bull Run
South Mountain
Antietam
Hartsville
Fredericksburg
Stones River
Chancellorsville
Gettysburg
Champion Hill
Vicksburg siege
Corydon
Chickamauga
Chattanooga
Wilderness
Atlanta
Spotsylvania
Sabine Pass
New Hope Church
Pickett's Mill
Cold Harbor
Plymouth
Fort Pillow
Petersburg siege
Kennesaw Mountain
Jonesborough
Franklin
Nashville
Appomattox Court House
Commanders
Commander-in-Chief
16th President of the United States - Abraham Lincoln (1861-1865)
17th President Andrew Johnson (1865)
General-in-Chief
1st: Winfield Scott
2nd: George B. McClellan
3rd: Henry W. Halleck
Final: Ulysses S. Grant
Washington, District of Columbia. Officers of 3d Regiment Massachusetts Heavy Artillery (1865)
General George B. McClellan with staff & dignitaries (from left to right): Gen. George W. Morell, Lt. Col. A.V. Colburn, Gen. McClellan, Lt. Col. N.B. Sweitzer, Prince de Joinville (son of King Louis Phillippe of France), and on the very right - the prince's nephew, Count de Paris
The 21st Michigan Infantry, a regiment serving in the Western Theater.
Union private infantry uniform, from plate 172 of the "Atlas to Accompany the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies," containing illustrations of uniforms worn by Union and Confederate soldiers during the American Civil War
During the American Civil War, the Union Army referred to the United States Army, the land force that fought to preserve the Union of the collective states. Also known as the Federal Army, it proved essential to the preservation of the United States of America as a working, viable republic.
The Union Army was made up of the permanent regular army of the United States, but further fortified, augmented, and strengthened by the many temporary units of dedicated volunteers as well as including those who were drafted in to service as conscripts. To this end, the Union Army fought and ultimately triumphed over the efforts of the Confederate States Army in the American Civil War.
Over the course of the war, 2,128,948 men enlisted in the Union Army,[1] including 178,895 colored troops; 25% of the white men who served were foreign-born.[2] Of these soldiers, 596,670 were killed, wounded or went missing.[3] The initial call-up was for just three months, after which many of these men chose to reenlist for an additional three years.
Contents
[hide]
1 Formation
2 Major organizations
3 Personnel organization
4 Leaders
5 Union victory
6 Motivations
6.1 Anti-slavery sentiment
7 Ethnic composition
8 Army administration and issues
8.1 Blacks in the army
8.2 Unit supplies
8.3 Military tactics
9 Desertions and draft riots
10 See also
11 Notes
12 References
13 Further reading
14 External links
Formation[edit]
Recruiting poster for the 1st Battalion New York Mounted Rifles
When the American Civil War began in April 1861, there were only 16,367 men in the U.S. Army, including 1,108 commissioned officers. Approximately 20% of these officers, most of them Southerners, resigned (willfully abandoning their legal commitments and responsibilities as officers in the military of the United States, to which each and every one of them had sworn an oath), choosing to tie their lives and fortunes to Army of the Confederacy.[4]
In addition, almost 200 West Point graduates who had previously left the Army, including Ulysses S. Grant, William Tecumseh Sherman, and Braxton Bragg, would return to service at the outbreak of the war. This group's loyalties were far more sharply divided, with 92 donning Confederate gray and 102 putting on the blue of the Union Army. The U.S. Army consisted of ten regiments of infantry, four of artillery, two of cavalry, two of dragoons, and three of mounted infantry. The regiments were scattered widely. Of the 197 companies in the army, 179 occupied 79 isolated posts in the West, and the remaining 18 manned garrisons east of the Mississippi River, mostly along the Canada–United States border and on the Atlantic coast.
With the Southern slave states declaring secession from the Union, and with this drastic shortage of men in the army, President Abraham Lincoln called on the states to raise a force of 75,000 men for three months to put down this subversive insurrection. Lincoln's call forced the border states to choose sides, and four seceded, making the Confederacy eleven states strong. It turned out that the war itself proved to be much longer and far more extensive in scope and scale than anyone on either side, Union North or Confederate South, expected or even imagined at the outset on the date of July 22, 1861. That was the day that Congress initially approved and authorized subsidy to allow and support a volunteer army of up to 500,000 men to the cause.
The call for volunteers initially was easily met by patriotic Northerners, abolitionists, and even immigrants who enlisted for a steady income and meals. Over 10,000 Germans in New York and Pennsylvania immediately responded to Lincoln's call, and the French were also quick to volunteer. As more men were needed, however, the number of volunteers fell and both money bounties and forced conscription had to be turned to. Nevertheless, between April 1861 and April 1865, at least 2,500,000 men served in the Union Army, of whom the majority were volunteers.
It is a misconception that the South held an advantage because of the large percentage of professional officers who resigned to join the Confederate army. At the start of the war, there were 824 graduates of the U.S. Military Academy on the active list; of these, 296 resigned or were dismissed, and 184 of those became Confederate officers. Of the approximately 900 West Point graduates who were then civilians, 400 returned to the Union Army and 99 to the Confederate. Therefore, the ratio of Union to Confederate professional officers was 642 to 283.[5] (One of the resigning officers was Robert E. Lee, who had initially been offered the assignment as commander of a field army to suppress the rebellion. Lee disapproved of secession, but refused to bear arms against his native state, Virginia, and resigned to accept the position as commander of Virginian C.S. forces. He eventually became the commander of the Confederate army.) The South did have the advantage of other military colleges, such as The Citadel and Virginia Military Institute, but they produced fewer officers. Though officers were able to resign, enlisted soldiers did not have this right; which meant that they usually had to either desert or wait until their enlistment term was over in order to join the Confederate States Army. While the total number of those is unknown, only 26 enlisted men and non-commissioned officers of the regular army are known to have legally left the army to join the Confederate army when the war began.[6]
Major organizations[edit]
The Union Army was composed of numerous organizations, which were generally organized geographically.
Military division
A collection of Departments reporting to one commander (e.g., Military Division of the Mississippi, Middle Military Division, Military Division of the James). Military Divisions were similar to the more modern term Theater; and were modeled close to, though not synonymous with, the existing theaters of war.
Department
An organization that covered a defined region, including responsibilities for the Federal installations therein and for the field armies within their borders. Those named for states usually referred to Southern states that had been occupied. It was more common to name departments for rivers (such as Department of the Tennessee, Department of the Cumberland) or regions (Department of the Pacific, Department of New England, Department of the East, Department of the West, Middle Department).
District
A subdivision of a Department (e.g., District of Cairo, District of East Tennessee). There were also Subdistricts for smaller regions.
Army
The fighting force that was usually, but not always, assigned to a District or Department but could operate over wider areas. Some of the most prominent armies were:
Army of the Cumberland, the army operating primarily in Tennessee, and later Georgia, commanded by William S. Rosecrans and George Henry Thomas.
Army of Georgia, operated in the March to the Sea and the Carolinas commanded by Henry W. Slocum.
Army of the Gulf, the army operating in the region bordering the Gulf of Mexico, commanded by Benjamin Butler, Nathaniel P. Banks, and Edward Canby.
Army of the James, the army operating on the Virginia Peninsula, 1864–65, commanded by Benjamin Butler and Edward Ord.
Army of the Mississippi, a briefly existing army operating on the Mississippi River, in two incarnations—under John Pope and William S. Rosecrans in 1862; under John A. McClernand in 1863.
Army of the Ohio, the army operating primarily in Kentucky and later Tennessee and Georgia, commanded by Don Carlos Buell, Ambrose E. Burnside, John G. Foster, and John M. Schofield.
Army of the Potomac, the principal army in the Eastern Theater, commanded by George B. McClellan, Ambrose E. Burnside, Joseph Hooker, and George G. Meade.
Army of the Shenandoah, the army operating in the Shenandoah Valley, under David Hunter, Philip Sheridan, and Horatio G. Wright.
Army of the Tennessee, the most famous army in the Western Theater, operating through Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi, Georgia, and the Carolinas; commanded by Ulysses S. Grant, William T. Sherman, James B. McPherson, and Oliver O. Howard.
Army of Virginia, the army assembled under John Pope for the Northern Virginia Campaign.
Each of these armies was usually commanded by a major general. Typically, the Department or District commander also had field command of the army of the same name, but some conflicts within the ranks occurred when this was not true, particularly when an army crossed a geographic boundary.
The regular army, the permanent United States Army, was intermixed into various formations of the Union Army, forming a cadre of experienced and skilled troops. They were regarded by many as elite troops and often held in reserve during battles in case of emergencies. This force was quite small compared to the massive state-raised volunteer forces that comprised the bulk of the Union Army.
[show]
Formations of the Union Army
Independent
Departments
Department of the East: District of Central New York
District of Massachusetts
District of Western New York
Department of the Pacific: District of Arizona
District of Humboldt
District of Oregon
District of California
District of Southern California
District of Utah
Department of the Potomac
Department of the South: District of Florida
District of Hilton Head
District of North Carolina
District of Savannah
Northern District (Charleston)
Department of Virginia and North Carolina: District of Eastern Virginia
District of North Carolina
Middle Military
Division
Middle Department: Department of Rappahannock
Department of Shenandoah
Mountain Department
District of Baltimore
District of Eastern Shore
Department of Pennsylvania: Department of the Monongahela
Department of the Susquehanna
Department of Washington: District of Alexandria
District of Saint Mary's
District of Washington
District of Annapolis
Department of West Virginia: District of Harper's Ferry
Kanawha District
Military Division
of the
Mississippi
Cavalry Corps of the Military Division of the Mississippi
Department of the Cumberland: District of the Etowah
District of Middle Tennessee
District of Northern Alabama
District of West Tennessee
Department of the Ohio: District of East Tennessee
Department of Kentucky
District of Cairo
District of Western Kentucky
Northern Department: District of Indiana
District of Illinois
District of Michigan
Military Division
of West
Mississippi
Department of Arkansas: District of Eastern Arkansas
District of the Frontier
District of Little Rock
Department of the Gulf: District of Baton Rouge and Port Hudson
District of Carrollton
District of Key West and Tortugas
District of La Fourche
District of West Florida and South Alabama
Department of Kansas: District of Colorado
District of Nebraska
District of North Kansas
District of South Kansas
District of Upper Arkansas
Department of Missouri: District of Central Missouri
District of North Missouri
District of Rolla
District of Saint Louis
District of Southwest Missouri
Department of New Mexico: District of Arizona
Department of the Northwest: District of Iowa
District of Minnesota
District of Wisconsin
District of Dakota
Field Armies
Army of Arkansas
Army of the Border
Army of the Cumberland
Army of the Frontier
Army of Georgia
Army of the Gulf
Army of the James
Army of Kentucky
Army of the Mississippi
Army of the Ohio
Army of the Potomac
Army of the Shenandoah
Army of the Southwest
Army of the Tennessee
Army of Virginia
Army of West Mississippi
Army of West Virginia
Army Corps
First Army Corps
Second Army Corps
Third Army Corps
Fourth Army Corps
Fifth Army Corps
Sixth Army Corps
Seventh Army Corps
Eighth Army Corps
Ninth Army Corps
10th Army Corps
11th Army Corps
12th Army Corps
13th Army Corps
14th Army Corps
15th Army Corps
16th Army Corps
17th Army Corps
18th Army Corps
19th Army Corps
20th Army Corps
21st Army Corps
22d Army Corps
23d Army Corps
24th Army Corps
25th Army Corps
Cavalry Corps
Personnel organization[edit]
Private Samuel K. Wilson (1841–1865) of the Sturgis Rifles, Illinois Volunteer Infantry, 1862
Rough unit sizes for Union combat units during the war:[7]
Corps – 12,000 to 14,000
Division – 3,000 to 7,000
Brigade – 800 to 1,700
Regiment – 350 to 400
Company – 34 to 40
Soldiers were organized by military specialty. The combat arms included infantry, cavalry, artillery, and other such smaller organizations such as the United States Marine Corps, which, at some times, was detached from its navy counterpart for land based operations. The Signal Corps was created and deployed for the first time, through the leadership of Albert J. Myer.
Below major units like armies, soldiers were organized mainly into regiments, the main fighting unit with which a soldier would march and be deployed with, commanded by a colonel, lieutenant colonel, or possibly a major. According to W. J. Hardee's "Rifle and Light Infantry Tactics" (1855), the primary tactics for riflemen and light infantry in use immediately prior and during the Civil War, there would typically be, within each regiment, ten companies, each commanded by a captain, and deployed according to the ranks of captains. Some units only possessed between four and eight companies and were generally known as battalions.[8] Regiments were almost always raised within a single state, and were generally referred by number and state, e.g. 54th Massachusetts, 20th Maine, etc.
Regiments were usually grouped into brigades under the command of a brigadier general. However, brigades were changed easily as the situation demanded; the regiment was the main form of permanent grouping. Brigades were usually formed once regiments reached the battlefield, according to where the regiment might be deployed, and alongside which other regiments.
Leaders[edit]
Noncommissioned officers of the 93rd New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment
Several men served as generals-in-chief of the Union Army throughout its existence:
Winfield Scott: July 5, 1841 – November 1, 1861
George B. McClellan: November 1, 1861 – March 11, 1862
Henry W. Halleck: July 23, 1862 – March 9, 1864
Ulysses S. Grant: March 9, 1864 – March 4, 1869
The gap from March 11 to July 23, 1862, was filled with direct control of the army by President Lincoln and United States Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton, with the help of an unofficial "War Board" that was established on March 17, 1862. The board consisted of Ethan A. Hitchcock, the chairman, with Department of War bureau chiefs Lorenzo Thomas, Montgomery C. Meigs, Joseph G. Totten, James W. Ripley, and Joseph P. Taylor.[9]
Scott was an elderly veteran of the War of 1812 and the Mexican–American War and could not perform his duties effectively. His successor, Maj. Gen. McClellan, built and trained the massive Union Army of the Potomac, the primary fighting force in the Eastern Theater. Although he was popular among the soldiers, McClellan was relieved from his position as general-in-chief because of his overcautious strategy and his contentious relationship with his commander-in-chief, President Lincoln. (He remained commander of the Army of the Potomac through the Peninsula Campaign and the Battle of Antietam.) His replacement, Major General Henry W. Halleck, had a successful record in the Western Theater, but was more of an administrator than a strategic planner and commander.
The champions of the Union - 1861 lithograph by Currier & Ives
Ulysses S. Grant was the final commander of the Union Army. He was famous for his victories in the West when he was appointed lieutenant general and general-in-chief of the Union Army in March 1864. Grant supervised the Army of the Potomac (which was formally led by his subordinate, Maj. Gen. George G. Meade) in delivering the final blows to the Confederacy by engaging Confederate forces in many fierce battles in Virginia, the Overland Campaign, conducting a war of attrition that the larger Union Army was able to survive better than its opponent. Grant laid siege to Lee's army at Petersburg, Virginia, and eventually captured Richmond, the capital of the Confederacy. He developed the strategy of coordinated simultaneous thrusts against wide portions of the Confederacy, most importantly the Georgia and Carolinas Campaigns of William Tecumseh Sherman and the Shenandoah Valley campaign of Philip Sheridan. These campaigns were characterized by another strategic notion of Grant's-better known as total war—denying the enemy access to resources needed to continue the war by widespread destruction of its factories and farms along the paths of the invading Union armies.
Grant had critics who complained about the high numbers of casualties that the Union Army suffered while he was in charge, but Lincoln would not replace Grant, because, in Lincoln's words: "I cannot spare this man. He fights."
Among memorable field leaders of the army were Nathaniel Lyon (first Union general to be killed in battle during the war), William Rosecrans, George Henry Thomas and William Tecumseh Sherman. Others, of lesser competence, included Benjamin F. Butler.
Union victory[edit]
The decisive victories by Grant and Sherman resulted in the surrender of the major Confederate armies. The first and most significant was on April 9, 1865, when Robert E. Lee surrendered the Army of Northern Virginia to Grant at Appomattox Court House. Although there were other Confederate armies that surrendered in the following weeks, such as Joseph E. Johnston's in North Carolina, this date was nevertheless symbolic of the end of the bloodiest war in American history, the end of the Confederate States of America, and the beginning of the slow process of Reconstruction.
Motivations[edit]
Anti-slavery sentiment[edit]
In his 1997 book examining the motivations of the American Civil War's soldiers, For Cause and Comrades, historian James M. McPherson states that Union soldiers fought to preserve the United States, as well as to end slavery, stating that:
While restoration of the Union was the main goal for which they fought, they became convinced that this goal was unattainable without striking against slavery.
—  James M. McPherson, For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War, (1997), p. 118, emphasis added.[10]
McPherson states that witnessing the slave system of the Confederacy first-hand also strengthened the anti-slavery views of Union soldiers,[10] who were appalled by its brutality.[10] He stated that "Experience in the South reinforced the antislavery sentiments of many soldiers."[10] One Pennsylvanian Union soldier spoke to a slave woman whose husband was whipped, and was appalled by what she had to tell him of slavery. He stated that "I thought I had hated slavery as much as possible before I came here, but here, where I can see some of its workings, I am more than ever convinced of the cruelty and inhumanity of the system."[10]
Ethnic composition[edit]
The 26th U.S. Colored Volunteer Infantry on parade, Camp William Penn, Pennsylvania, 1865
The Union Army was composed of many different ethnic groups, including large numbers of immigrants. About 25% of the white men who served in the Union Army were foreign-born.[11] This means that about 1,600,000 enlistments were made by men who were born in the United States, including about 200,000 African Americans. About 200,000 enlistments were by men born in one of the German states (although this is somewhat speculative since anyone serving from a German family tended to be identified as German regardless of where they were actually born).[12] About 200,000 soldiers and sailors were born in Ireland. Although some soldiers came from as far away as Malta, Italy, India, and Russia, most of the remaining foreign-born soldiers came from England, Scotland and Canada.
Twenty-year-old German immigrant John Haag of Company B, 26th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment (August 1862)[13]
Breakdown of the approximately 2.2 million Union Enlistments signed
[ethnic origin and nativity have been conflated inconsistently]:
Number
Percent
Origin
1,000,000 45.4 Native-born white Americans.
216,000 9.7 German-born
210,000 9.5 African-American. Half were freedmen who lived in the North, and half were ex-slaves from the South. They served under mainly white officers in more than 160 "colored" regiments and in Federal U.S. regiments organized as the United States Colored Troops (USCT).[14][15][16][17]
200,000 9.1 Irish-born
90,000 4.1 Dutch.
50,000 2.3 Canadian.[18]
50,000 2.3 Born in England.
40,000 1.8 French or French Canadian. About half were born in the United States of America, the other half in Quebec.[18]
20,000 0.9 Nordic (Norwegian, Swedish, Finnish, and Danish).
7,000 0.3 Italian
7,000 0.3 Jewish
6,000 0.2 Mexican
5,000 0.2 Polish (many of whom served in the Polish Legion of Brig. Gen. Włodzimierz Krzyżanowski)
4,000 0.1 Native Americans
295,000 6.4 Several hundred of other various nationalities
Many immigrant soldiers formed their own regiments, such as the Irish Brigade (69th New York, 63rd New York, 88th New York, 28th Massachusetts, 116th Pennsylvania); the Swiss Rifles (15th Missouri); the Gardes Lafayette (55th New York); the Garibaldi Guard (39th New York); the Martinez Militia (1st New Mexico); the Polish Legion (58th New York); the German Rangers (52nd New York); the Cameron Highlanders (79th New York Volunteer Infantry); and the Scandinavian Regiment (15th Wisconsin). But for the most part, the foreign-born soldiers were scattered as individuals throughout units.
For comparison, the Confederate Army was not very diverse: 91% of Confederate soldiers were native born white men and only 9% were foreign-born white men, Irish being the largest group with others including Germans, French, Mexicans (though most of them simply happened to have been born when the Southwest was still part of Mexico), and British. Some Confederate propaganda condemned foreign-born soldiers in the Union Army, likening them to the hated Hessians of the American Revolution. Also, a relatively small number of Native Americans (Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Creek) fought for the Confederacy.
Army administration and issues[edit]
Various organizational and administrative issues arose during the war, which had a major effect on subsequent military procedures.
Portrait of an African American Union soldier at Benton Barracks
Blacks in the army[edit]
Main articles: Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War and United States Colored Troops
The inclusion of blacks as combat soldiers became a major issue. Eventually, it was realized, especially after the valiant effort of the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry in the Battle of Fort Wagner, that blacks were fully able to serve as competent and reliable soldiers. This was partly due to the efforts of Robert Smalls, who, while still a slave, won fame by defecting from the Confederacy, and bringing a Confederate transport ship which he was piloting. He later met with Edwin Stanton, Secretary of War, to argue for including blacks in combat units. This led to the formation of the first combat unit for black soldiers, the 1st South Carolina Volunteers. Regiments for black soldiers were eventually referred to as United States Colored Troops. Black Soldiers were paid less than white Soldiers until late in the war and were, in general, treated harshly.
Unit supplies[edit]
Battlefield supplies were a major problem. They were greatly improved by new techniques in preserving food and other perishables, and in transport by railroad. General Montgomery C. Meigs was one of the most important Union Army leaders in this field.
Military tactics[edit]
The Civil War drove many innovations in military tactics.[19] W. J. Hardee published the first revised infantry tactics for use with modern rifles in 1855. However, even these tactics proved ineffective in combat, as it involved massed volley fire, in which entire units (primarily regiments) would fire simultaneously. These tactics had not been tested before in actual combat, and the commanders of these units would post their soldiers at incredibly close range, compared to the range of the rifled musket, which led to very high mortality rates. In a sense, the weapons had evolved beyond the tactics, which would soon change as the war drew to a close.[20] Railroads provided the first mass movement of troops. The electric telegraph was used by both sides, which enabled political and senior military leaders to pass orders to and receive reports from commanders in the field.[21]
There were many other innovations brought by necessity. Generals were forced to reexamine the offensive minded tactics developed during the Mexican–American War where attackers could mass to within 100 yards of the defensive lines, the maximum effective range of smoothbore muskets. Attackers would have to endure one volley of inaccurate smoothbore musket fire before they could close with the defenders. But by the Civil War, the smoothbores had been replaced with rifled muskets, using the quick loadable minié ball, with accurate ranges up to 900 yards. Defense now dominated the battlefield. Now attackers, whether advancing in ordered lines or by rushes, were subjected to three or four aimed volleys before they could get among the defenders. This made offensive tactics that were successful only 20 years before nearly obsolete.[22]
Desertions and draft riots[edit]
Rioters attacking a building during the New York anti-draft riots of 1863
Desertion was a major problem for both sides. The daily hardships of war, forced marches, thirst, suffocating heat, disease, delay in pay, solicitude for family, impatience at the monotony and futility of inactive service, panic on the eve of battle, the sense of war-weariness, the lack of confidence in commanders, and the discouragement of defeat (especially early on for the Union Army), all tended to lower the morale of the Union Army and to increase desertion.[23][24]
In 1861 and 1862, the war was going badly for the Union Army and there were, by some counts, 180,000 desertions. In 1863 and 1864, the bitterest two years of the war, the Union Army suffered over 200 desertions every day, for a total of 150,000 desertions during those two years. This puts the total number of desertions from the Union Army during the four years of the war at nearly 350,000. Using these numbers, 15% of Union soldiers deserted during the war. Official numbers put the number of deserters from the Union Army at 200,000 for the entire war, or about 8% of Union Army soldiers. Since desertion is defined as being AWOL for 30 or more days and some soldiers returned within that time period, as well as some deserters being labeled missing-in-action or vice versa, accurate counts are difficult to determine. Many historians estimate the "real" desertion rate in the Union Army as between 9-12%.[25] About 1 out of 3 deserters returned to their regiments, either voluntarily or after being arrested and being sent back. Many of the desertions were by "professional" bounty men, men who would enlist to collect the often large cash bonuses and then desert at the earliest opportunity to do the same elsewhere. If not caught and executed, it could prove a very lucrative criminal enterprise.[26][27]
The Irish were the main participants in the famous "New York Draft Riots" of 1863.[28] Stirred up by the instigating rhetoric of Democrat politicians,[29] the Irish had shown the strongest support for Southern aims prior to the start of the war and had long opposed abolitionism and the free black population, regarding them as competition for jobs and blaming them for driving down wages. Alleging that the war was merely an upper class abolitionist war to free slaves who might move north and compete for jobs and housing, the poorer classes did not welcome a draft, especially one from which a richer man could buy an exemption. The poor formed clubs that would buy exemptions for their unlucky members. As a result of the Enrollment Act, rioting began in several Northern cities, the most heavily hit being New York City. A mob reported as consisting principally of Irish immigrants rioted in the summer of 1863, with the worst violence occurring in July during the Battle of Gettysburg. The mob set fire to everything from African American churches and an orphanage for "colored children" as well as the homes of certain prominent Protestant abolitionists. A mob was reportedly repulsed from the offices of the staunchly pro-Union New York Tribune by workers wielding and firing two Gatling guns. The principal victims of the rioting were African Americans and activists in the anti-slavery movement. Not until victory was achieved at Gettysburg could the Union Army be sent in; some units had to open fire to quell the violence and stop the rioters. By the time the rioting was over, perhaps up to 1,000 people had been killed or wounded.[30] There were a few small scale draft riots in rural areas of the Midwest and in the coal regions of Pennsylvania.[31][32]
See also[edit]
American Civil War portal
United States Army portal
American Civil War Corps Badges
Commemoration of the American Civil War
Grand Army of the Republic
Irish Americans in the American Civil War
German Americans in the American Civil War
Hispanics in the American Civil War
Italian Americans in the Civil War
Native Americans in the American Civil War
Military history of African Americans
Uniform of the Union Army
United States National Cemeteries
Army of the Frontier
Army of the Southwest
I Corps
II Corps
III Corps
IV Corps
V Corps
VI Corps
VII Corps
VIII Corps
IX Corps
X Corps
XI Corps
XII Corps
XIII Corps
XIV Corps
XV Corps
XVI Corps
XVII Corps
XVIII Corps
XIX Corps
XX Corps
XXI Corps
XXII Corps
XXIII Corps
XXIV Corps
XXV Corps
Cavalry Corps
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Civil War Facts
Jump up ^ McPherson, pp.36–37.
Jump up ^ Civil War Casualties
Jump up ^ US Army, Center of Military History. "US Army Campaigns of the Civil War: The Regular Army before the Civil War, 1845-1860, p 50, p 52" (PDF). https://history.army.mil. External link in |website= (help)
Jump up ^ Hattaway & Jones, pp. 9–10.
Jump up ^ Hattaway & Jones, p. 10.
Jump up ^ The Civil War Book of Lists, p. 56
Jump up ^ "Civil War Army Organization and Rank". North Carolina Museum of History. Archived from the original on June 27, 2012. Retrieved February 14, 2012.
Jump up ^ Eicher, pp. 37–38.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e McPherson, James M. (1997). For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War. New York City, New York: Oxford University Press, Inc. p. 118. ISBN 0-19-509-023-3. OCLC 34912692. Retrieved March 10, 2016. While restoration of the Union was the main goal for which they fought, they became convinced that this goal was unattainable without striking against slavery.
Jump up ^ McPherson, pp.36–37.
Jump up ^ Sanitary Commission Report, 1869
Jump up ^ Chippewa County, Wisconsin Past and Present, Volume II. Chicago: S.J. Clarke Publishing Company, 1913. p. 258.
Jump up ^ Joseph T. Glatthaar, Forged in Battle: The Civil War Alliance of Black Soldiers and White Officers (2000)
Jump up ^ McPherson, James M.; Lamb, Brian (May 22, 1994). "James McPherson: What They Fought For, 1861-1865". Booknotes. National Cable Satellite Corporation. Archived from the original on March 9, 2016. Retrieved March 9, 2016. About 180,000 black soldiers and an estimated 10,000 black sailors fought in the Union Army and Navy, all of them in late 1862 or later, except for some blacks who enrolled in the Navy earlier.
Jump up ^ "General Orders No. 14". Civil War on the Western Border: The Missouri-Kansas Conflict, 1855-1865. Kansas City: The Kansas City Public Library. Archived from the original on November 5, 2014. Retrieved November 5, 2014. [V]ery few blacks serve in the Confederate armed forces, as compared to hundreds of thousands who serve for the Union.
Jump up ^ Foner, Eric (October 27, 2010). "Book Discussion on The Fiery Trial". C-SPAN. Washington, D.C. Retrieved March 17, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Loewen, James W. (2007). Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong. New York: The New Press. Retrieved March 8, 2016. Forty thousand Canadians alone, some of them black, came south to volunteer for the Union cause.
Jump up ^ Perry D. Jamieson, Crossing the Deadly Ground: United States Army Tactics, 1865–1899 (2004)
Jump up ^ John K. Mahon, "Civil War Infantry Assault Tactics." Military Affairs (1961): 57–68.
Jump up ^ Paddy Griffith, Battle tactics of the civil war (Yale University Press, 1989)
Jump up ^ Earl J. Hess (2015). Civil War Infantry Tactics: Training, Combat, and Small-Unit Effectiveness. LSU Press. p. 1.
Jump up ^ Ella Lonn, Desertion During the Civil War (U of Nebraska Press, 1928)
Jump up ^ Chris Walsh, "'Cowardice Weakness or Infirmity, Whichever It May Be Termed': A Shadow History of the Civil War." Civil War History (2013) 59#4 pp: 492–526.Online
Jump up ^ "Desertion (Confederate) during the Civil War". www.encyclopediavirginia.org. Retrieved 2017-10-13.
Jump up ^ Shannon Smith Bennett, "Draft Resistance and Rioting." in Maggi M. Morehouse and Zoe Trodd, eds., Civil War America: A Social and Cultural History with Primary Sources (2013) ch 1
Jump up ^ Peter Levine, "Draft evasion in the North during the Civil War, 1863–1865." Journal of American History (1981): 816–834. online Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Adrian Cook, The armies of the streets: the New York City draft riots of 1863 (1974).
Jump up ^ McPherson, James M. (1996). Drawn with the Sword: Reflections on the American Civil War. New York: Oxford University Press, Inc. pp. 91–92. Rioters were mostly Irish Catholic immigrants and their children. They mainly attacked the members of New York's small black population. For a year, Democratic leaders had been telling their Irish-American constituents that the wicked 'Black Republicans' were waging the war to free the slaves who would come north and take away the jobs of Irish workers. The use of black stevedores as scabs in a recent strike by Irish dockworkers made this charge seem plausible. The prospect of being drafted to fight to free the slaves made the Irish even more receptive to demogogic rhetoric.
Jump up ^ Iver Bernstein, The New York City Draft Riots: Their Significance for American Society and Politics in the Age of the Civil War (1990)
Jump up ^ Shannon M. Smith, "Teaching Civil War Union Politics: Draft Riots in the Midwest." OAH Magazine of History (2013) 27#2 pp: 33–36. online
Jump up ^ Kenneth H. Wheeler, "Local Autonomy and Civil War Draft Resistance: Holmes County, Ohio." Civil War History. v.45#2 1999. pp 147+ online edition
References[edit]
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher. Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8047-3641-3.
Grant, Ulysses S. Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant. 2 vols. Charles L. Webster & Company, 1885–86. ISBN 0-914427-67-9.
Glatthaar, Joseph T. Forged in Battle: The Civil War Alliance of Black Soldiers and White Officers. New York: Free Press, 1990. ISBN 978-0-02-911815-3.
Hattaway, Herman, and Archer Jones. How the North Won: A Military History of the Civil War. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1983. ISBN 0-252-00918-5.
McPherson, James M. What They Fought For, 1861–1865. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1994. ISBN 978-0-8071-1904-4.
Further reading[edit]
Bledsoe, Andrew S. Citizen-Officers: The Union and Confederate Volunteer Junior Officer Corps in the American Civil War (LSU, 2015). xx, 322 pp. PhD dissertation version
Canfield, Daniel T. "Opportunity Lost: Combined Operations and the Development of Union Military Strategy, April 1861-April 1862." Journal of Military History 79.3 (2015).
Kahn, Matthew E., and Dora L. Costa. "Cowards and Heroes: Group Loyalty in the American Civil War." Quarterly journal of economics 2 (2003): 519-548. online version
Nevins, Allan. The War for the Union. Vol. 1, The Improvised War 1861–1862. The War for the Union. Vol. 2, War Becomes Revolution 1862–1863. Vol. 3, The Organized War 1863–1864. Vol. 4, The Organized War to Victory 1864–1865. (Charles Scribner's Sons, 1960-71. ISBN 1-56852-299-1.)
Prokopowicz, Gerald J. All for the Regiment: the Army of the Ohio, 1861-1862 (UNC Press, 2014). online
Shannon, Fred A. The Organization and Administration of the Union Army 1861–1865. 2 vols. Gloucester, MA: P. Smith, 1965. OCLC 428886. First published 1928 by A.H. Clark Co.
Welcher, Frank J. The Union Army, 1861–1865 Organization and Operations. Vol. 1, The Eastern Theater. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989. ISBN 0-253-36453-1; . The Union Army, 1861–1865 Organization and Operations. Vol. 2, The Western Theater. (1993). ISBN 0-253-36454-X.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Union Army.
Civil War Home: Ethnic groups in the Union Army
"The Common Soldier", HistoryNet
A Manual of Military Surgery, by Samuel D. Gross, MD (1861), the manual used by doctors in the Union Army.
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Office of Foreign Assets Control
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Office of Foreign Assets Control
Agency overview
Formed
December 1950
Preceding
Office of Foreign Funds Control
Headquarters
Washington, D.C.
Employees
Approximately 200 (2013)[1]
Annual budget
$30.9 million (2013)
Agency executive
John E. Smith, Director[2]
Parent department
Department of the Treasury
The Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) is a financial intelligence and enforcement agency of the U.S. Treasury Department. It administers and enforces economic and trade sanctions in support of U.S. national security and foreign policy objectives.[3] Under Presidential national emergency powers, OFAC carries out its activities against foreign states as well as a variety of other organizations and individuals, like terrorist groups, deemed to be a threat to U.S. national security.[4]
As a component of the U.S. Treasury Department, OFAC operates under the Office of Terrorism and Financial Intelligence and is primarily composed of intelligence targeters and lawyers. While many of OFAC's targets are broadly set by the White House, most individual cases are developed as a result of investigations by OFAC's Office of Global Targeting (OGT).[5]
Sometimes described as one of the "most powerful yet unknown" government agencies,[5][6] OFAC was founded in 1950 and has the power to levy significant penalties against entities that defy its directives, including imposing fines, freezing assets, and barring parties from operating in the United States. In 2014, OFAC reached a record $963 million settlement with the French bank BNP Paribas, which was a portion of an $8.9 billion penalty imposed in relation to the case as a whole.[7]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Authority and activities
3 Specially Designated Nationals
4 Sectoral Sanctions Identifications
5 Sanctions programs
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
Involvement of the U.S. Department of the Treasury in economic sanctions against foreign states dates to the War of 1812, when Secretary Albert Gallatin administered sanctions against Great Britain in retaliation for the impressment (harassment) of American sailors.[4][8]
The Division of Foreign Assets Control, the immediate predecessor to OFAC, was established in December 1950. Predecessor agencies of the Division of Foreign Assets Control include Foreign Funds Control, which existed from 1940 to 1947, and the Office of International Finance (1947 to 1950). OFAC's earliest predecessor, Foreign Funds Control, was established by Executive Order 8389 as a unit of the Office of the Secretary of the Treasury on April 10, 1940. The authority to establish Foreign Funds Control was derived from the Trading with the Enemy Act 1917. Among other operations, Foreign Funds Control administered wartime import controls over enemy assets and restrictions on trade with enemy states. It also participated in administering the Proclaimed List of Certain Blocked Nationals, or the "Black List", and took censuses of foreign-owned assets in the United States and American-owned assets abroad. Foreign Funds Control was abolished in 1947, with its functions transferred to the newly established Office of International Finance (OIF). In 1948, OIF activities relating to blocked foreign funds were transferred to the Office of Alien Property, an agency within the Department of Justice.[9]
The Division of Foreign Assets Control was established in the Office of International Finance by a Treasury Department order in 1950, following the entry of the People's Republic of China into the Korean War; President Harry S. Truman declared a national emergency and blocked all Chinese and North Korean assets subject to U.S. jurisdiction. In addition to blocking Chinese and North Korean assets, the Division administered certain regulations and orders issued under the amended Trading with the Enemy Act.[8] On October 15, 1962, by a Treasury Department order, the Division of Foreign Assets Control became the Office of Foreign Assets Control.[9]
John E. Smith served as OFAC director in both the Obama[10] and Trump administrations.[2]
Authority and activities[edit]
OFAC is headquartered in the Treasury Annex, located on the corner of Pennsylvania Avenue and Madison Place, N.W., in Washington, D.C.
In addition to the Trading with the Enemy Act and the various national emergencies currently in effect, OFAC derives its authority from a variety of U.S. federal laws regarding embargoes and economic sanctions.[11]
In enforcing economic sanctions, OFAC acts to prevent "prohibited transactions", which are described by OFAC as "trade or financial transactions and other dealings in which U.S. persons may not engage unless authorized by OFAC or expressly exempted by statute". OFAC has the authority to grant exemptions to prohibitions on such transactions, either by issuing a general license for certain categories of transactions, or by specific licenses issued on a case-by-case basis.[8] OFAC administers and enforces economic sanctions programs against countries, businesses or groups of individuals, using the blocking of assets and trade restrictions to accomplish foreign policy and national security goals. See United States embargoes for a list of affected countries.
Under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA), the U.S. President is empowered during national emergencies to block the removal of foreign assets under the jurisdiction of the United States. That mandate is executed by OFAC by issuing regulations that direct financial institutions accordingly.
Between 1994 and 2003, OFAC collected over $8 million in violations of the Cuban embargo, against just under $10,000 for terrorism financing violations. It had ten times more agents assigned to tracking financial activities relating to Cuba than to Osama Bin Laden.[12]
As part of its efforts to support the Iraq sanctions, in 2005, OFAC fined Voices in the Wilderness $20,000 for gifting medicine and other humanitarian supplies to Iraqis.[13] In a similar case, OFAC is still attempting to collect (as of 2011) a $10,000 fine, plus interest, against Bert Sacks for bringing medicine to residents of Basra.[14]
In October 2007, a set of Spanish travel agency websites had their domain name access disabled by eNom: the domain names had been on the OFAC blacklist.[15][16] When queried, the U.S. Treasury referred to a 2004 press release that claimed the company "had helped Americans evade restrictions on travel to Cuba".[15]
In the case of United States v. Banki, on June 5, 2010, a U.S. citizen was convicted of violating the Iran Trade Embargo for failing to request Iranian currency transfer licenses in advance from OFAC. On August 25, 2010, the Iranian American Bar Association announced that it would file an amicus curiae brief with the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit on United States v. Banki.[17] It has also hired lawyers to request further guidance from OFAC on import of goods from Iran.[18]
Appointment as director is not subject to Senate confirmation.[2]
Specially Designated Nationals[edit]
OFAC publishes a list of Specially Designated Nationals (SDNs), which lists people, organizations, and vessels with whom U.S. citizens and permanent residents are prohibited from doing business.[8] This list differs from the list maintained pursuant to Section 314(a) of the Patriot Act.[19]
When an entity or individual is placed on the SDN list it can petition OFAC to reconsider. But OFAC is not required to remove an individual or entity from the SDN list. Two federal court cases have found the current Treasury/OFAC process to be constitutionally deficient.
In August 2009, a federal court ruling in KindHearts v. Treasury found that Treasury's seizure of KindHearts assets without notice or means of appeal is a violation of the Fourth and Fifth Amendments.[20]
On September 23, 2011, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals upheld a lower court's ruling that procedures used by Treasury to shut down the Oregon-based Al Haramain Islamic Foundation in 2004 was unconstitutional. The court said the Fifth Amendment's guarantee of due process required Treasury to give adequate notice of the reasons it puts a group on the terrorist list, as well as a meaningful opportunity to respond. In addition, the court ruled that freezing the group's assets amounts to a seizure under the Fourth Amendment, so that a court order is required.[21]
As of October 7, 2015, the SDN List had more than 15,200 entries from 155 countries. Of those, 178 entries were for aircraft and 575 entries were for ships ("vessels"). The remaining 14,467 entries were for designated individuals and organizations.[22] OFAC creates separate entries in the SDN list for each alias of a designee, so the number of entries does not reflect the number of designees.[4]
Sectoral Sanctions Identifications[edit]
OFAC publishes a list of Sectoral Sanctions Indentifications (SSI), which lists persons, companies, and entities in sectors of the Russian economy (especially energy, finance, and armaments) with whom United States persons and persons within the United States are prohibited from doing business.[23] This list is maintained following the issuance of EO 13662 Blocking Property of Additional Persons Contributing to the Situation in Ukraine on March 20, 2014, in accordance with 79 FR 16167.[24]
On August 13, 2014, the United States Department of Treasury issued guidance for entities under sectoral sanctions. United States increased the number of entities on the sectoral sanctions identifications list by adding subsidiaries of entities under sectoral sanctions that hold 50% or greater ownership by a entity under sectoral sanctions either individually or in the aggregate, either directly or indirectly. Also, US persons cannot use a third party intermediary and they must use caution during "transactions with a non-blocked entity in which one or more blocked persons has a significant ownership interest that is less than 50% or which one or more blocked persons may control by means other than a majority ownership interest."[25]
On December 22, 2015, the United States Department of Treasury explicitly listed all entities and their subsidiaries on the sectoral sanctions identifications list using a human readable search.[26][27][28]
Sanctions programs[edit]
This section needs expansion with: citations and dates for authorizations in table. You can help by adding to it. (November 2015)
As of November 10, 2015, OFAC was administering the following sanctions programs:[29]
Table note: The numbers of individuals, companies, vessels, and aircraft are taken from the SDN List. However, any single entry on that list may be a target of multiple sanctions programs, so summing lines of the table will inflate the true sum due to duplication.
Tag
Last updated
Sanctions program
Individuals
Companies
Vessels
Aircraft
31 CFR
CFR date
EO
EO
[561LIST] Iran Financial – – – – 561[30]
[BALKANS] Balkans related[31] 229 – – – 588[32] 13304[33]
[BELARUS] Belarus 208 – – – 548 13405
[BPI-PA] Patriot Act[34] – – – –
[BPI-SDNTK] Narcotics related[35] – – – – 598
[BURMA] Myanmar related 219 – – – 537 13448 13464
[CAR] Central African Republic 39 – – – 553
[COTED] Côte d'Ivoire 9 – – – 543
[CUBA] Cuban Assets Control 220 – 5 – 515
[CYBER] Computer hacking related – – – – 13694[36]
[DARFUR] Darfur 28 3 – – 546
[DPRK] North Korea 7 44 20 – 510 13551
[DPRK2] North Korea related 10 16 – – 13687
[DRCONGO] Democratic Republic of the Congo 106 27 – – 547
[EO13622] Iran related 17 6 – – 13622[37]
[EO13645] Iran related 9 10 9 – 13645[38]
[FSE-IR] Iran sanctions evaders 3 2 – – 13608[39]
[FSE-SY] Syria sanctions evaders – – – – 13608[39]
[FSE-WMD] WMD related[40] – – – – 13608[39]
[FSE-SDGT] Terrorism related[41] – – – – 13608[39]
[FTO] Terrorism related[42] – 552 – – 597
[HRIT-IR] Iran human rights – 26 – – 13606[43]
[HRIT-SY] Syria human rights 2 6 – – 13606[43]
[IFCA] Iran related[44] – – – –
[IFSR] Iranian Financial 239 857 – 60 561
[IRAN] Iranian Transactions 19 416 175 – 560
[IRAN-HR] Iran related 54 37 – – 13553[45]
[IRAN-TRA] Iran related 16 45 – – 13628[46]
[IRAQ2] Iraq related 287 84 – – 13315 13350
[IRAQ3] Iraq related 102 48 – – 13438
[IRGC] Iranian Financial 112 120 – 38 561
[ISA] Iran Act 3 17 – – 13574
[JADE] Myanmar Jade[47] – – – –
[LEBANON] Lebanon 13 – – – 549 13441
[LIBERIA] Former Liberian Regime of Charles Taylor 45 70 – – 593
[LIBYA2] Libya related 134 3 – – 570
[MAGNIT] Magnitsky Act[48] 54 – – –
[NPWMD] WMD related[49] 211 892 351 76 544
[NS-ISA] Iran related[50] – – – – 13574
[NS-PLC] Palestinian License[51] – – – – 594[52]
[SDGT] Terrorism related[53] 3,015 1,963 – 101 594
[SDNT] Narcotics related[54] 436 511 – – 536
[SDNTK] Narcotics related[55] 2102 1125 5 – 598
[SDT] Terrorism 63 143 – – 595
[SOMALIA] Somalia 199 20 – – 551
[SUDAN] Sudan related – 223 – – 538
[SOUTH SUDAN] South Sudan – – – – 558 13664
[SYRIA] Syria related 235 180 10 38 542 13399 13460
[TCO] Transnational Criminal Organizations 201 41 – – 590 13581[56]
[UKRAINE-EO13660] Ukraine related 193 31 – – 13660[57]
[UKRAINE-EO13661] Ukraine related 95 144 – – 13661[58]
[UKRAINE-EO13662] Ukraine related – – – – 13662[59]
[UKRAINE-EO13685] Ukraine related – 42 – – 13685[60]
[VENEZUELA] Venezuela related 7 – – – 13692[61]
[YEMEN] Yemen 23 – – – 552
[ZIMBABWE] Zimbabwe 121 119 – – 541[62] 13391 13469
See also[edit]
Anti-money laundering
Hawala
Title 31 of the Code of Federal Regulations
U.S. sanctions against Iran
United States embargoes
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Klimasinska, Kasia, Dakin Campbell and Ian Katz. Banks Woo Treasury Sanctions Pros to Navigate Complex U.S. Rules, Bloomberg, August 13, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Rubenfeld, Samuel, "U.S. Treasury Appoints OFAC Director Without Fanfare", Wall Street Journal, March 17, 2017. First public mention: March 14, 2017. Retrieved 2017-03-17.
Jump up ^ Tom C.W. Lin (April 2016). "Financial Weapons of War" (PDF). Minnesota Law Review. 100 (4): 1377–1440.
^ Jump up to: a b c Zarate, Juan C. (2013). Treasury's War. New York: PublicAffairs. ISBN 9781610391153.
^ Jump up to: a b Yukhananov, Anna, and Warren Strobel, "After Success on Iran, U.S. Treasury's Sanctions Team Faces New Challenges", Reuters, April 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ Rubenfeld, Samuel. "OFAC Rises as Sanctions Become A Major Policy Tool", Wall Street Journal, February 5, 2014
Jump up ^ "Treasury Reaches Largest Ever Sanctions-Related Settlement with BNP Paribas SA for $963 Million", U.S. Department of the Treasury, June 30, 2014
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Frequently Asked Questions". Office of Foreign Assets Control. Archived from the original on 2007-10-18. Retrieved 2007-09-17.
^ Jump up to: a b "Records of the Office of Foreign Assets Control". The National Archives. Retrieved 2007-09-17.
Jump up ^ "Treasury Announces Additional Sanctions Against Iranian Engineering and Shipping Firms". Press release by OFAC Director Adam J. Szubin. March 28, 2012. Retrieved April 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ For example Executive Order 12957, Executive Order 12938, etc.
Jump up ^ CounterPunch, "How the Patriot Act Perpetuates Official Robberies" Archived 2010-01-23 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Voices in the Wilderness Ordered to Pay $20K for Bringing Aid to Iraq". Democracy Now!. 2005-08-16. Retrieved 2011-06-08.
Jump up ^ "Timeline". Fined For Helping Iraqi Kids. Retrieved 2011-06-08.
^ Jump up to: a b Liptak, Adam (2008-03-04). "A Wave of the Watch List, and Speech Disappears". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 August 2012. 80 of his Web sites stopped working, thanks to the United States government ... eNom told him it did so after a call from the Treasury Department
Jump up ^ "SDN by Programs". treasury.gov. 2006. Archived from the original on 2006-09-24. Retrieved 23 August 2012. GO CUBA PLUS (a.k.a. T&M INTERNATIONAL LTD.; a.k.a. TOUR & MARKETING INTERNATIONAL LTD. ...)
Jump up ^ "IABA to File Amicus Brief in Appeal Before Second Circuit" Archived 2010-10-27 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ IABA Hires Lawyers to Request Further Guidance from OFAC Archived 2010-10-27 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Erich Ferrari, "IP Services Under The ITSR: A Broad Exception?", Sanction Law, Ferrari & Associates, 12 February 2018
Jump up ^ "KindHearts for Charitable Humanitarian Development, Inc. v. Geithner et al.". ACLU. November 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Al Haramain v. Department of Treasury" (PDF). U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
Jump up ^ "Specially Designated Nationals List (SDN)". U.S. Department of Treasury.
Jump up ^ "Sectoral Sanctions Identifications (SSI) List". US Department of Treasury: OFAC. January 26, 2018. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Blocking Property of Additional Persons Contributing to the Situation in Ukraine". Federal Register. 2014-03-24. Retrieved 2018-02-04.
Jump up ^ "Revised Guidance on Entities Owned by Persons Whose Property and Interests in Property Are Blocked" (PDF). United States Department of Treasury. August 13, 2014. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Treasury Sanctions Individuals and Entities for Sanctions Evasion and Other Activities Related to Russia and Ukraine: Underscores U.S. Commitment To Work With The EU To Maintain The Efficacy Of Existing Sanctions Until Russia Fully Complies With Its International Obligations With Respect To Ukraine". US Department of the Treasury. December 22, 2015. Retrieved February 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Russia/Ukraine-related Sanctions and Identifications: Specially Designated Nationals List Update". US Department of the Treasury. December 22, 2015. Retrieved February 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Executive Order - Blocking Property of Additional Persons Contributing to the Situation in Ukraine". The White House - Office of the Press Secretary. Retrieved February 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Sanctions programs and country information". treasury.gov. US Department of Treasury. November 10, 2015. Retrieved November 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Part 561 — Iranian Financial Sanctions Regulations". Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. Retrieved November 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Western Balkans Stabilization"
Jump up ^ "Part 588 — Western Balkans Stabilization Regulations". Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. Retrieved November 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ Bush, George W. (May 23, 2003). "Executive Order 13304 – Termination of Emergencies With Respect to Yugoslavia and Modification of Executive Order 13219 of June 26, 2001" (pdf). Federal Register. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office (published May 29, 2003). 68 (103). Retrieved November 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ Blocked pending investigation
Jump up ^ "Foreign Narcotics Kingpin", blocked pending investigation
Jump up ^ Obama, Barack (April 1, 2015). "Executive Order 13694 – Blocking the Property of Certain Persons Engaging in Significant Malicious Cyber-Enabled Activities" (pdf). Federal Register. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 80 (63). Retrieved November 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ Obama, Barack (July 30, 2012). "Executive Order 13622 – Authorizing Additional Sanctions With Respect to Iran" (pdf). Federal Register. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office (published August 2, 2012). 77 (149). Retrieved November 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ Obama, Barack (June 3, 2013). "Executive Order 13645 – Authorizing the Implementation of Certain Sanctions Set Forth in the Iran Freedom and Counter-Proliferation Act of 2012 and Additional Sanctions With Respect To Iran" (pdf). Federal Register. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office (published June 5, 2013). 78 (108). Retrieved November 12, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Obama, Barack (May 1, 2012). "Executive Order 13608 – Prohibiting Certain Transactions With and Suspending Entry Into the United States of Foreign Sanctions Evaders With Respect to Iran and Syria" (pdf). Federal Register. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office (published May 3, 2012). 77 (86). Retrieved November 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Non Proliferation sanctions evaders"
Jump up ^ "Anti-terrorism sanctions evaders"
Jump up ^ "Foreign Terrorist Organizations"
^ Jump up to: a b Obama, Barack (April 22, 2012). "Executive Order 13606 – Blocking the Property and Suspending Entry Into the United States of Certain Persons With Respect to Grave Human Rights Abuses by the Governments of Iran and Syria via Information Technology" (pdf). Federal Register. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office (published April 24, 2012). 77 (79). Retrieved November 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ Iran Freedom and Counter-Proliferation Act of 2012, PL 112-239
Jump up ^ Obama, Barack (September 28, 2010). "Executive Order 13553 – Blocking Property of Certain Persons With Respect to Serious Human Rights Abuses by the Government of Iran and Taking Certain Other Actions" (pdf). Federal Register. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office (published October 10, 2010). 75 (190). Retrieved November 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ Obama, Barack (October 9, 2012). "Executive Order 13628 – Authorizing the Implementation of Certain Sanctions Set Forth in the Iran Threat Reduction and Syria Human Rights Act of 2012 and Additional Sanctions With Respect to Iran" (pdf). Federal Register. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office (published October 12, 2012). 77 (198). Retrieved November 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ Lantos, Tom (July 29, 2008). "Block Burmese Jade (Junta's Anti-Democratic Efforts) Act Of 2008" (pdf). Public Law. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 110 (286). Retrieved November 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ Sergei Magnitsky Rule of Law Accountability Act of 2012, PL 112-208
Jump up ^ "Weapons of Mass Destruction Proliferators"
Jump up ^ Non-SDN Iranian Act
Jump up ^ Hammerle, Barbara (April 12, 2006). "General License No. 4 – Transactions with entities under the control of the Palestinian President and certain other entities" (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Office Of Foreign Assets Control. Retrieved November 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Part 594 — Global Terrorism Sanctions Regulations". Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. Retrieved November 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Global Terrorism"
Jump up ^ "Narcotics Trafficking"
Jump up ^ "Foreign Narcotics Kingpin"
Jump up ^ Obama, Barack (July 24, 2011). "Executive Order 13581 – Blocking Property of Transnational Criminal Organizations" (pdf). Federal Register. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office (published July 27, 2011). 76 (144). Retrieved November 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ Obama, Barack (March 6, 2014). "Executive Order 13660 — Blocking Property of Certain Persons Contributing to the Situation in Ukraine" (pdf). Federal Register. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office (published March 10, 2014). 79 (46). Retrieved November 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ Obama, Barack (March 16, 2014). "Executive Order 13661 — Blocking Property of Additional Persons Contributing to the Situation in Ukraine" (pdf). Federal Register. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office (published March 19, 2014). 79 (53). Retrieved November 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ Obama, Barack (March 20, 2014). "Executive Order 13662 — Blocking Property of Additional Persons Contributing to the Situation in Ukraine" (pdf). Federal Register. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office (published March 24, 2014). 79 (56). Retrieved November 12, 2015. "Directive 1 (as amended) under executive order 13662" (pdf). OFAC. September 12, 2014. Retrieved November 12, 2015. "Directive 2 (as amended) under executive order 13662" (pdf). OFAC. September 12, 2014. Retrieved November 12, 2015. "Directive 3 under executive order 13662" (pdf). OFAC. September 12, 2014. Retrieved November 12, 2015. "Directive 4 under executive order 13662" (pdf). OFAC. September 12, 2014. Retrieved November 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ Obama, Barack (December 19, 2014). "Executive Order 13685 — Blocking Property of Certain Persons and Prohibiting Certain Transactions With Respect to the Crimea Region of Ukraine" (pdf). Federal Register. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office (published December 24, 2014). 79 (247). Retrieved November 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ Obama, Barack (March 8, 2015). "Executive Order 13692 — Blocking Property and Suspending Entry of Certain Persons Contributing to the Situation in Venezuela" (PDF). Federal Register. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office (published March 11, 2015). 80 (47). Archived from the original (pdf) on March 10, 2016. Retrieved November 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ also 70 FR 71201 and 73 FR 43841
External links[edit]
Office of Foreign Assets Control
Specially Designated Nationals (SDN) List
Office of Foreign Assets Control in the Federal Register
List of sanctions programs including nations
Free OFAC Search
[hide]
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Office of Terrorist Financing and Financial Crimes
Office of Intelligence and Analysis
Office of Foreign Assets Control
Financial Crimes Enforcement Network
Treasury Executive Office for Asset Forfeiture
Treasurer of the United States
Bureau of Engraving and Printing
United States Mint
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Office_of_Foreign_Assets_Control&oldid=840103686"
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This page was last edited on 7 May 2018, at 19:04.
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