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Consul (representative)
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"Consulate" and "honorary consul" redirect here. For the Graham Greene novel, see The Honorary Consul. For the uses of consul as the chief magistrate of a city-state, see Consul. For other uses, see Consul (disambiguation).
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A consul is an official representative of the government of one state in the territory of another, normally acting to assist and protect the citizens of the consul's own country, and to facilitate trade and friendship between the people of the two countries.[1] A consul is distinguished from an ambassador, the latter being a representative from one head of state to another. There can be only one ambassador from one country to another, representing the first country's head of state to that of the second, and his or her duties revolve around diplomatic relations between the two countries; however, there may be several consuls, one in each of several main cities, providing assistance with bureaucratic issues to both the citizens of the consul's own country traveling or living abroad and to the citizens of the country in which the consul resides who wish to travel to or trade with the consul's country.
Contents
[hide]
1 Antecedent: the Classical Greek proxenos
2 Historical development of the terms
3 Consulates and embassies
3.1 Consular rank
3.2 Authority and activities
3.2.1 Consular districts
3.3 Role in diplomatic missions
3.3.1 Hong Kong
4 Consuls general
5 Honorary consul
6 Historical role
6.1 Lübeck
6.2 Colonial and similar roles
6.3 Concessions and extraterritoriality
6.4 European consuls in the Ottoman Empire
6.5 U.S. consuls in the early years
7 See also
8 Footnotes
9 References
10 External links
Antecedent: the Classical Greek proxenos[edit]
In Classical Greece, some of the functions of the modern consul were fulfilled by a proxenos. Unlike the modern position, this was a citizen of the host polity (in Greece, a city state). The proxenos was usually a wealthy merchant who had socio-economic ties with another city and who helped its citizens when they were in trouble in his own city. The position of proxenos was often hereditary in a particular family. Modern honorary consuls fulfill a function that is to a degree similar to that of the ancient Greek institution.
Historical development of the terms[edit]
Consuls were the highest magistrates of the Roman Republic and Roman Empire. The term was revived by the Republic of Genoa, which, unlike Rome, bestowed it on various state officials, not necessarily restricted to the highest. Among these were Genoese officials stationed in various Mediterranean ports, whose role included duties similar to those of the modern consul, i. e. helping Genoese merchants and sailors in difficulties with the local authorities.
The Consolat de mar was an institution established under the reign of Peter IV of Aragon in the fourteenth century, and spread to 47 locations throughout the Mediterranean.[2] It was primarily a judicial body, administering maritime and commercial law as Lex Mercatoria. Although the Consolat de mar was established by the Corts General (parliament) of the Crown of Aragon, the consuls were independent from the King. This distinction between consular and diplomatic functions remains (at least formally) to this day. Modern consuls retain limited judicial powers to settle disputes on ships from their country (notably regarding the payment of wages to sailors).
The Consulado de mercaderes was set up in 1543 in Seville as a merchant guild to control trade with Latin America. As such, it had branches in the principal cities of the Spanish colonies.
The connection of "consul" with trade and commercial law is retained in French. In Francophone countries, a juge consulaire (consular judge) is a non-professional judge elected by the chamber of commerce to settle commercial disputes in the first instance (in France, sitting in panels of three; in Belgium, in conjunction with a professional magistrate).
Consulates and embassies[edit]
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"Consulate" redirects here. For the French government between 1799-1804, see French Consulate.
Consulate-General of Indonesia in Houston is Indonesia's representation in Houston, Texas, United States.
Consulate of Kazakhstan in Omsk, Russia
Consulate of Belgium in San Juan, Puerto Rico
Consulate of Portugal in Mindelo, Cape Verde
The office of a consul is termed a consulate, and is usually subordinate to the state's main representation in that foreign country, usually an embassy, or High Commission between Commonwealth countries, in the capital city of the host state. Like the term embassy, the word consulate may refer not only to the office of consul, but also to the building occupied by the consul and his or her staff. The consulate may share premises with the embassy itself.
Consular rank[edit]
A consul of the highest rank is termed a consul-general, and his or her office a consulate-general. He or she typically has one or several deputy consuls-general, consuls, vice-consuls and consular agents working under the consul-general. Consulates-general need not have their offices in the capital city. Many are in important or appropriate cities in terms of bilateral relations (commerce, travel, etc.) In the United States, for example, most countries have a consulate-general in New York City (the home of the United Nations), and some have consulates-general in several major cities. The same is the case for other large countries like Germany, the Russian Federation, Canada, Brazil and Australia.
Authority and activities[edit]
Consuls of various ranks may have specific legal authority for certain activities, such as notarizing documents. As such, diplomatic personnel with other responsibilities may receive consular letters patent (commissions). Aside from those outlined in the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, there are few formal requirements outlining what a consular official must do. For example, for some countries, consular officials may be responsible for the issue of visas; other countries may limit "consular services" to providing assistance to compatriots, legalization of documents, etc. Nonetheless, consulates proper will be headed by consuls of various ranks, even if such officials have little or no connection with the more limited sense of consular service.
Activities of a consulate include protecting the interests of their citizens temporarily or permanently resident in the host country, issuing passports; issuing visas to foreigners and public diplomacy. However, the principal role of a consulate lies traditionally in promoting trade—assisting companies to invest and to import and export goods and services both inwardly to their home country and outward to their host country. Although it is not admitted publicly, consulates, like embassies, may also gather intelligence information from the assigned country.
Consular districts[edit]
Main article: consular district
Role in diplomatic missions[edit]
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Contrary to popular belief, many of the staff of consulates may be career diplomats, but they do not generally have diplomatic immunity unless they are also accredited as such. Immunities and privileges for consuls and accredited staff of consulates (consular immunity) are generally limited to actions undertaken in their official capacity and, with respect to the consulate itself, to those required for official duties. In practice, the extension and application of consular privileges and immunities can differ widely from country to country.
Consulates are more numerous than diplomatic missions, such as embassies. Ambassadors are posted only in a foreign nation's capital (but exceptionally outside the country, as in the case of a multiple mandate; e.g., a minor power may accredit a single ambassador with several neighbouring states of modest relative importance that are not considered important allies). Consuls are posted in a nation's capital, and in other cities throughout that country, especially centres of economic activity and cities where large populations of citizens from the consul's home country reside (expatriates).
Consulates are subordinate posts of their home country's diplomatic mission (typically an embassy, in the capital city of the host country). Diplomatic missions are established in international law under the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, while consulates-general and consulates are established in international law under the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations. Formally, at least within the US system, the consular career (ranking in descending order: consul-general, consul, vice-consul, honorary consul) forms a different hierarchy from the diplomats in the strict sense. However, it is common for individuals to be transferred from one hierarchy to the other, and for consular officials to serve in a capital carrying out strictly consular duties within the consular section of a diplomatic post; e.g., within an embassy.
Between Commonwealth countries, both diplomatic and consular activities may be undertaken by a High Commission in the capital, although larger Commonwealth nations generally also have consulates and consulates-general in major cities. For example, Toronto in Canada, Sydney in Australia and Auckland, New Zealand, are of greater economic importance than their respective national capitals, hence the need for consulates there.
Hong Kong[edit]
When Hong Kong was under British administration, diplomatic missions of Commonwealth countries, such as Canada,[3] Australia,[4] New Zealand,[5] India,[6] Malaysia,[7] and Singapore[8] were known as commissions. After the transfer of sovereignty to China in 1997, they were renamed consulates-general.[9] with the last commissioner becoming consul-general.[10] However, the Australian commission had been renamed the consulate-general in 1986.[11]
Owing to its status as a special administrative region of China, some countries' consulates-general in Hong Kong report directly to their respective foreign ministries, rather than to their embassies in Beijing, such as those of Canada,[12] the United Kingdom[13] and United States.[14]
Consuls general[edit]
A consul general is an official who heads a consulate general and is a consul of the highest rank serving at a particular location. A consul general may also be responsible for consular districts which contain other, subordinate consular offices within a country. The consul general serves as a representative who speaks on behalf of his or her state in the country to which he or she is located, although ultimate jurisdiction over the right to speak on behalf of a home country within another country ultimately belongs to the single ambassador. It is abbreviated "CG" and the plural form is consuls general. In most embassies, the consular section is headed by a consul general who is a diplomat and a member of the ambassador's country team.
Honorary consul[edit]
Home of Poland's honorary consul in Jerusalem
Some consuls are not career officials of the represented state at all; some are locally engaged staff with the nationality of the sending country,[15] and in smaller cities, or in cities that are very distant from full-time diplomatic missions, a foreign government which feels that some form of representation is nevertheless desirable may appoint a person who has not hitherto been part of their diplomatic service to fulfill this role. Such a consul may well combine the job with his or her own (often commercial) private activities, and in some instances may not even be a citizen of the sending country. Such consular appointments are usually given the title of honorary consul.
In addition, the U.S. Secretary of State (in a memo issued on August 6, 2003) states the following concerning honorary consuls:
"The United States Government appreciates that honorary consular officers provide important services both to the governments which they represent and to United States citizens and entities. Nevertheless, for reasons previously communicated to the missions, United States Government policy requires that the maintenance and establishment of consular posts headed by honorary consular officers must be supported by documentation which makes it possible for the Department of State to be assured that meaningful consular functions will be exercised by honorary consular officers on a regular basis and that such consular officers come under the supervision of, and are accountable to, the governments which they represent." [16]
As a matter of U.S. policy, honorary consular officers recognized by the U.S. Government are American citizens, or permanent resident aliens who perform consular services on a part-time basis. The limited immunity afforded honorary consular officers is specified in Article 71 of the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations (VCCR). Such individuals do not enjoy personal inviolability, and may be arrested pending trial if circumstances should otherwise warrant. However, appropriate steps are provided to accord to such officers the protection required by virtue of their official position. In addition, the consular archives and documents of a consular post headed by an honorary consular officer are inviolable at all times, and wherever they may be, provided they are kept separate from other papers and documents of a private or commercial nature relating to other activities of an honorary consular officer or persons working with that consular officer.
Despite their other roles, honorary consular officers (in the widest use of the term) in some instances also have responsibility for the welfare of citizens of the appointing country within their bailiwick.[17] For example, the Embassy of Finland states that the tasks of Finland's Honorary Consulate include: monitoring the rights of Finns and permanent residents of Finland residing in the area in which the consulate is located, providing advice and guidance for distressed Finnish citizens and permanent residents traveling abroad to that area, and assisting them in their contacts with local authorities or the nearest Finnish embassy or consulate. Certain types of notarized certificates can be acquired through an honorary consul. Together with diplomatic missions, an honorary consul promotes economic and cultural relations between Finland and the country in question, and takes part in strengthening Finland’s image abroad. An honorary consul can advise Finnish companies, for instance, in obtaining information about local business culture and in finding cooperation partners.[17]
Historical role[edit]
Lübeck[edit]
In the social life of 19th-century Lübeck as depicted in Thomas Mann's novel Buddenbrooks – based on Mann's thorough personal knowledge of his own birth place – an appointment as the consul of a foreign country was a source of considerable social prestige among the city's merchant elite. As depicted in the book, the position of a consul for a particular country was in practice hereditary in a specific family, whose mansion bore the represented country's coat of arms, and with that country confirming the consul's son or other heir in the position on the death of the previous consul. As repeatedly referenced by Mann, a consul's wife was known as "Consulin" and continued to bear that title even on the death of her husband. Characters in the book are mentioned as consuls for Denmark, the Netherlands and Portugal.
Colonial and similar roles[edit]
Main article: Administrative consul
Concessions and extraterritoriality[edit]
Main article: Consulates in extraterritorial jurisdictions
European consuls in the Ottoman Empire[edit]
Main article: History of European consuls in the Ottoman Empire
U.S. consuls in the early years[edit]
From 1798 to 1883 the foreign affairs of the United States were largely the responsibility of those wearing the gold braid of U.S. navy officers.[18] Since there were no formal diplomatic relationships with countries in many regions, the U.S. government often relied on those most experienced in trade relations – the consuls – to seize opportunities for commercial and diplomatic contacts. Early United States consuls were really chief merchant-agents, receiving but an administrative pittance (apart from "insider trading" information on port commerce) and issuing reports to the Department of State on their circumscribed duties in safeguarding American property and estates and caring for sailors and residents. American consuls undertook an informal kind of proto-diplomacy as they functioned mostly to support commerce, acting on their own authority in support of the trading community. The U.S. government, while underwriting such functions, did nothing to guarantee legal protection for American citizens or to accord judicial authority to consuls. In a notable case of 1821, an Italian sailor on the American ship Emily, Francis Terranova, accidentally killed a Chinese woman. Chinese authorities demanded that Terranova be turned over to them, and executed him when the Americans complied.
Early in the 1830s, as part of American interest in expanding competitively in the Pacific region and East Asia, President Andrew Jackson and Secretary of State Edward Livingston made initiatives toward strengthening the American consular role, with respect to remuneration and the coordination of commercial and naval interests. Both were greatly influenced by the "activist" reports of Edmund Roberts, former American consul in Demerara (scene of the Demerara rebellion of 1823 that attracted British attention to the need to abolish slavery,) and by John Shillaber, the American consul in Batavia (modern Jakarta).[19] Shillaber, a Massachusetts native, served as the American consul in Batavia between 1825 and 1832, officially resigning from that post in 1835 while in China. In 1826, in Batavia, he tried unsuccessfully to secure the authority to sign American treaties with Siam and other kingdoms in the East Indies, like Sumatra, where, in 1831, the native population attacked American shipping (which resulted in the US Navy's First Sumatran expedition a year later.) While on leave in 1831, at the request of the Department of State, he prepared treaty outlines dealing with Japan, expressing hopeful opinions about the future of U.S.-Japan relations. In 1832 Secretary of the Navy Levi Woodbury, a leading proponent of increased naval power in China, used his influence to have President Jackson appoint his friend Roberts, rather than Shillaber, as a special envoy to look into treaty possibilities. In 1832 Roberts was awarded the commission to negotiate treaties that Shillaber still expected to receive. Then in 1833 he wrote to Secretary Woodbury stating the need for a naval force in Chinese and Philippine waters to counteract the coastal piracy of the infamous Ladrones (Thieves Islands). Shillaber was discouraged at being passed over for the assignment to Siam secured by Roberts, so in 1834 he attempted to gain the even more prestigious consular post at Canton. In his letters to President Jackson and to Secretary Livingston describing the post-monopoly, pre-treaty political and commercial situation, Shillaber attempted to define himself as a "China expert" and diplomatic pundit. Shillaber's detailed correspondence preserved in his own hand among the U.S. consular despatches in the National Archives in Washington, is remarkably prescient with respect to the inevitability of Sino-British hostilities and the need to define a more assertive American position in China. He recommended that American consuls have official power to represent the government before the Chinese authorities, protect the property and rights of American citizens, make vigorous efforts to open more ports to trade, and that Americans maintain an armed naval presence in East Asian waters. Significantly, Shillaber felt that American policy should have another purpose, namely, to show the Chinese that Americans were a breed apart, different from other Westerners, especially the British, who came to do business, assume control, and wreak havoc in China.[20]
Following Roberts' treaty with Said bin Sultan, Sultan of Muscat and Oman,[21] Richard Waters, a native of Salem, Massachusetts, was appointed American consul from 1837 to 1845 in Zanzibar; Gilbert gives an account of the difficulties facing a neophyte American consul.[22]
See also[edit]
International relations portal
Agent general
Capitulation (treaty)
Consular corps
Diplomacy
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Consul (commercial)". Encyclopædia Britannica. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 20–22.
Jump up ^ "Consulados de Barcelona". La Vanguardia. 7 November 2008.
Jump up ^ 2 China Dissidents Granted Asylum, Fly to Vancouver, Los Angeles Times, 17 September 1992
Jump up ^ Australian Commission Office Requirements, Sydney Morning Herald, 18 August 1982
Jump up ^ NZer's credibility under fire in Hong Kong court, New Zealand Herald, 27 March 2006
Jump up ^ Indians in Limbo as 1997 Hand-over Date Draws Nearer, Inter Press Service, 12 February 1996
Jump up ^ Officials puzzled by Malaysian decision, New Straits Times, 3 July 1984
Jump up ^ Singapore Lure Stirs Crowds In Hong Kong, Chicago Tribune, 12 July 1989
Jump up ^ ABOUT THE CONSULATE-GENERAL Archived 8 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ In the swing of things, Embassy Magazine, September 2010
Jump up ^ Australian Foreign Affairs Record, Volume 56, Issues 7-12, Australian Government Public Service, 1985, page 1153
Jump up ^ Government of Canada, Foreign Affairs Trade and Development Canada. "Inspection reports". International.GC.ca. Retrieved 14 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Commons, The Committee Office, House of. "House of Commons - The UK's relations with Hong Kong: 30 years after the Joint Declaration - Foreign Affairs". Parliament.uk. Retrieved 14 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Christopher J. Marut Appointed as Director of the Taipei Office of the American Institute in Taiwan[permanent dead link], American Institute in Taiwan, May 8, 2012
Jump up ^ See Chapter 1, Section 1, Article 22 of convention
Jump up ^ https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/124944.pdf
^ Jump up to: a b "Honorary consulates of Finland in the U.S. – Embassy of Finland, Washington – Consulate Generals of Finland, New York, Los Angeles : Finland in the US : Finnish Honorary Consuls". Finland.org. 2011-12-15. Retrieved 2013-12-21.
Jump up ^ Long, David Foster (1988). Gold braid and foreign relations : diplomatic activities of U.S. naval officers, 1798-1883. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 9780870212284. Retrieved 29 April 2012. Lay summary (February 1990).
Jump up ^ See the diplomatic lists in Debates in Congress, 22nd Cong., 2nd sess., vol. 9 (appendix), pp. 131–132.
Jump up ^ Gedalecia, David (2002). "Letters from the Middle Kingdom : The Origins of America's China Policy". Prologue Magazine. U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. 34 (4). Retrieved 20 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Cotheal, Alexander I. (17 January 2008). "Treaty between the United States of America and the Sultân of Masḳaṭ: The Arabic Text". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 4 (1854): 341–343. JSTOR 592284.
Jump up ^ Gilbert, Wesley John (April 2011). Our Man in Zanzibar: Richard Waters, American Consul (1837-1845) (B.A. Thesis). Departmental Honors in History. thesis advisor, Professor Kirk Swinehart. Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
References[edit]
De Groot, Alexander (1978), The Ottoman Empire and the Dutch Republic: a History of the Earliest Diplomatic Relations, 1610-1630, Leiden: Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut Leiden/Istanbul, ISBN 978-90-6258-043-9
Dursteler, Eric R. (2001), "The Bailo in Constantinople: Crisis and Career in Venice's Early Modern Diplomatic Corps", Mediterranean Historical Review, 16 (2): 1–30, doi:10.1080/714004583, ISSN 0951-8967
Eldem, Edhem (1999), French Trade in Istanbul in the Eighteenth Century, Boston: Brill Academic Publishers, ISBN 978-90-04-11353-4
Epstein, Steven A. (2006), Purity Lost: Transgressing Boundaries in the Eastern Mediterranean 1000–1400, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN 978-0-8018-8484-9
Goffman, Daniel; Aksan, Virginia H. (2007), "Negotiation With the Renaissance State: The Ottoman Empire and the New Diplomacy", The Early Modern Ottomans: Remapping the Empire, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 61–74, ISBN 978-0-521-81764-6
Goffman, Daniel (2002), The Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe, New York: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-45280-9
Mattingly, Garrett (1963), Renaissance Diplomacy, The Bedford Historical Series, London: Cape, OCLC 270845938
Steensgaard, Neils (1967), "Consuls and Nations in the Levant From 1570 to 1650", The Scandinavian economic history review, 15 (1): 13–55, doi:10.1080/03585522.1967.10414351, ISSN 0358-5522
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Consulates.
Vienna Convention on Consular Relations (1963)
Conditions of the Ahd-name granted by Mehmed II to the Genoese of Galata
Gilbert, Wesley John (April 2011). Our Man in Zanzibar: Richard Waters, American Consul (1837-1845) (free) (B.A. Thesis). Departmental Honors in History. Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
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text:
List of Olympic medalists in curling
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Main article: Curling at the Winter Olympics
The medalists in the women's tournament at the 2010 Winter Olympics. Left to right: Canada (silver), Sweden (gold) and China (bronze).
Curling is a team sport that is contested at the Winter Olympic Games. A men's tournament was held at the 1924 Winter Olympics before the sport was removed from the official programme until the 1998 Games.[1] For 82 years, the 1924 tournament was considered a demonstration sport, so the medals were not officially counted by the International Olympic Committee (IOC).[2] The tournament was won by a team from the Royal Caledonian Curling Club in Scotland, who represented Great Britain.[3] In 2006, Scottish newspaper The Herald conducted an investigation that found evidence that curling had been part of the official programme.[4] The IOC subsequently recognized the top three teams as full medal winners.[5]
Although not part of the official programme, curling was contested as a demonstration sport in 1932, 1988 and 1992. Curling was re-added as a demonstration event in 1988 because the Olympics were being held in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, where the sport has a strong following.[6] In November 1992, the Nagano Winter Olympic Organizing Committee and IOC Coordination Committee reached an agreement to include curling in the official programme of the 1998 Games in Nagano, Japan.[7] Both the men's and women's tournaments have been held at every Winter Olympics since.[1]
In total, 132 athletes have won a medal in curling, and 11 have won two. In 2010, Anette Norberg, Eva Lund, Cathrine Lindahl and Anna Le Moine of Sweden won the gold medal in the women's tournament, becoming the first curlers to win consecutive gold medals.[8] Kaitlyn Lawes, John Morris (two gold), and Kevin Martin of Canada (one gold, one silver), Torger Nergård of Norway (one gold, one silver), John Shuster and Joe Polo of the United States (one gold, one bronze), and Mirjam Ott of Switzerland (two silver) have also won two medals. Norberg also won a silver in 1988 when curling was a demonstration sport.[9] According to the IOC, Carl August Kronlund of Sweden was the oldest Winter Olympics medallist, winning silver in 1924 at the age of 59. Robin Welsh of Great Britain was the oldest Winter Olympics gold medallist, winning in 1924 when he was 54.[10]
Teams from Canada have been successful in the sport since its return to the programme, winning two medals at each Olympics for a total of five gold, three silver and two bronze. Switzerland is the only other nation to win at least one medal at every Olympics since 1998 with one gold, two silver and one bronze. Teams from Norway, Sweden, Great Britain, and the United States have also won gold medals in the sport. A total of 27 medals (nine of each color) have been awarded since 1924 and have been won by teams from ten National Olympic Committees (NOC).
Contents
[hide]
1 Medalists
1.1 Men
1.2 Women
1.3 Mixed doubles
1.4 Notes
2 Athlete medal leaders
3 See also
4 References
4.1 Specific
4.2 General
5 External links
Medalists[edit]
Men[edit]
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze
1924 Chamonix
details Great Britain (GBR)1
William Jackson
Robin Welsh
Thomas Murray
Laurence Jackson
D. G. Astley Sweden (SWE)
Johan Petter Åhlén
Carl August Kronlund
Ture Ödlund
Carl Wilhelm Petersén
Carl Axel Pettersson
Erik Severin
Karl Wahlberg
Victor Wetterström France (FRA)
Henri Cournollet
Georges André
Armand Bénédic
Pierre Canivet
Robert Planque
Henri Aldebert
1928–1994 not included in the Olympic programme
1998 Nagano
details Switzerland (SUI)
Patrick Hürlimann
Patrik Lörtscher
Daniel Müller
Diego Perren
Dominic Andres Canada (CAN)
Mike Harris
Richard Hart
Collin Mitchell
George Karrys
Paul Savage Norway (NOR)
Eigil Ramsfjell
Jan Thoresen
Stig-Arne Gunnestad
Tore Torvbråten
Anthon Grimsmo
2002 Salt Lake City
details Norway (NOR)
Pål Trulsen
Lars Vågberg
Flemming Davanger
Bent Ånund Ramsfjell
Torger Nergård Canada (CAN)
Kevin Martin
Don Walchuk
Carter Rycroft
Don Bartlett
Ken Tralnberg Switzerland (SUI)
Andreas Schwaller
Christof Schwaller
Markus Eggler
Damian Grichting
Marco Ramstein
2006 Turin
details Canada (CAN)
Brad Gushue
Mark Nichols
Russ Howard
Jamie Korab
Mike Adam Finland (FIN)
Markku Uusipaavalniemi
Wille Mäkelä
Kalle Kiiskinen
Teemu Salo
Jani Sullanmaa United States (USA)
Pete Fenson
Shawn Rojeski
Joseph Polo
John Shuster
Scott Baird
2010 Vancouver
details Canada (CAN)
Kevin Martin
John Morris
Marc Kennedy
Ben Hebert
Adam Enright Norway (NOR)
Thomas Ulsrud
Torger Nergård
Christoffer Svae
Håvard Vad Petersson
Thomas Løvold Switzerland (SUI)
Ralph Stöckli
Jan Hauser
Markus Eggler
Simon Strübin
Toni Müller
2014 Sochi
details Canada (CAN)
Brad Jacobs
Ryan Fry
E. J. Harnden
Ryan Harnden
Caleb Flaxey Great Britain (GBR)
David Murdoch
Greg Drummond
Scott Andrews
Michael Goodfellow
Tom Brewster Sweden (SWE)
Niklas Edin
Sebastian Kraupp
Fredrik Lindberg
Viktor Kjäll
Oskar Eriksson
2018 Pyeongchang
details United States (USA)
John Shuster
Tyler George
Matt Hamilton
John Landsteiner
Joe Polo Sweden (SWE)
Niklas Edin
Oskar Eriksson
Rasmus Wranå
Christoffer Sundgren
Henrik Leek Switzerland (SUI)
Benoît Schwarz
Claudio Pätz
Peter de Cruz
Valentin Tanner
Dominik Märki
Medals:
[show]Rank
Nation
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
1 Canada 3 2 0 5
2 Norway 1 1 1 3
3 Great Britain 1 1 0 2
4 Switzerland 1 0 3 4
5 United States 1 0 1 2
6 Sweden 0 2 1 3
7 Finland 0 1 0 1
8 France 0 0 1 1
Total
7
7
7
21
Women[edit]
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze
1998 Nagano
details Canada (CAN)
Sandra Schmirler
Jan Betker
Joan McCusker
Marcia Gudereit
Atina Ford Denmark (DEN)
Helena Blach Lavrsen
Margit Pörtner
Dorthe Holm
Trine Qvist
Jane Bidstrup Sweden (SWE)
Elisabet Gustafson
Katarina Nyberg
Louise Marmont
Elisabeth Persson
Margaretha Lindahl
2002 Salt Lake City
details Great Britain (GBR)
Rhona Martin
Deborah Knox
Fiona MacDonald
Janice Rankin
Margaret Morton Switzerland (SUI)
Luzia Ebnöther
Mirjam Ott
Tanya Frei
Laurence Bidaud
Nadia Röthlisberger Canada (CAN)
Kelley Law
Julie Skinner
Georgina Wheatcroft
Diane Nelson
Cheryl Noble
2006 Turin
details Sweden (SWE)
Anette Norberg
Eva Lund
Cathrine Lindahl
Anna Svärd
Ulrika Bergman Switzerland (SUI)
Mirjam Ott
Binia Beeli
Valeria Spälty
Michèle Moser
Manuela Kormann Canada (CAN)
Shannon Kleibrink
Amy Nixon
Glenys Bakker
Christine Keshen
Sandra Jenkins
2010 Vancouver
details Sweden (SWE)
Anette Norberg
Eva Lund
Cathrine Lindahl
Anna Le Moine
Kajsa Bergström Canada (CAN)
Cheryl Bernard
Susan O'Connor
Carolyn Darbyshire
Cori Bartel
Kristie Moore China (CHN)
Wang Bingyu
Liu Yin
Yue Qingshuang
Zhou Yan
Liu Jinli
2014 Sochi
details Canada (CAN)
Jennifer Jones
Kaitlyn Lawes
Jill Officer
Dawn McEwen
Kirsten Wall Sweden (SWE)
Margaretha Sigfridsson
Maria Prytz
Christina Bertrup
Maria Wennerström
Agnes Knochenhauer Great Britain (GBR)
Eve Muirhead
Anna Sloan
Vicki Adams
Claire Hamilton
Lauren Gray
2018 Pyeongchang
details Sweden (SWE)
Anna Hasselborg
Sara McManus
Agnes Knochenhauer
Sofia Mabergs
Jennie Wåhlin South Korea (KOR)
Kim Eun-jung
Kim Kyeong-ae
Kim Seon-yeong
Kim Yeong-mi
Kim Cho-hi Japan (JPN)
Satsuki Fujisawa
Chinami Yoshida
Yumi Suzuki
Yurika Yoshida
Mari Motohashi
Medals:
[show]Rank
Nation
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
1 Sweden 3 1 1 5
2 Canada 2 1 2 5
3 Great Britain 1 0 1 2
4 Switzerland 0 2 0 2
5 Denmark 0 1 0 1
South Korea 0 1 0 1
7 China 0 0 1 1
Japan 0 0 1 1
Total
6
6
6
18
Mixed doubles[edit]
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze
2018 Pyeongchang
details Canada (CAN)
Kaitlyn Lawes
John Morris Switzerland (SUI)
Jenny Perret
Martin Rios Norway (NOR)
Kristin Skaslien
Magnus Nedregotten
Medals:
[show]Rank
Nation
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
1 Canada 1 0 0 1
2 Switzerland 0 1 0 1
3 Norway 0 0 1 1
Total
1
1
1
3
Notes[edit]
^ The members of the 1924 British team vary depending on the source. William Jackson, Robin Welsh, Thomas Murray and Laurence Jackson are listed as the medallists by the British Olympic Association and International Society of Olympic Historians.[11][12] The Herald reports that those four are the only British curlers that played, and they received gold medals and certificates.[3] However, the IOC database omits Laurence Jackson and includes T. Aikman, D. G. Astley, W. Brown, R. Cousin and J. McLeod.[13] According to The Herald, the IOC believes that those five also received medals.[3] The World Curling Federation's list agrees with the BOA, but also lists John T. Robertson Aikman [incorrectly] as an alternate.[14]
Athlete medal leaders[edit]
Athlete
Nation
Olympics
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
Morris, JohnJohn Morris Canada (CAN) 2010, 2018 2 0 0 2
Norberg, AnetteAnette Norberg Sweden (SWE) 2006, 2010 2 0 0 2
Lawes, KaitlynKaitlyn Lawes Canada (CAN) 2014, 2018 2 0 0 2
Lund, EvaEva Lund Sweden (SWE) 2006, 2010 2 0 0 2
Lindahl, CathrineCathrine Lindahl Sweden (SWE) 2006, 2010 2 0 0 2
Le Moine, AnnaAnna Le Moine Sweden (SWE) 2006, 2010 2 0 0 2
Knochenhauer, AgnesAgnes Knochenhauer Sweden (SWE) 2014, 2018 1 1 0 2
Martin, KevinKevin Martin Canada (CAN) 2002, 2010 1 1 0 2
Nergård, TorgerTorger Nergård Norway (NOR) 2002, 2010 1 1 0 2
Shuster, JohnJohn Shuster United States (USA) 2006, 2018 1 0 1 2
Polo, JoeJoe Polo United States (USA) 2006, 2018 1 0 1 2
Ott, MirjamMirjam Ott Switzerland (SUI) 2002, 2006 0 2 0 2
Edin, NiklasNiklas Edin Sweden (SWE) 2014, 2018 0 1 1 2
Eriksson, OskarOskar Eriksson Sweden (SWE) 2014, 2018 0 1 1 2
See also[edit]
List of Paralympic medalists in wheelchair curling
List of men's World Curling champions
List of women's World Curling champions
References[edit]
Specific[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Curling equipment and history". International Olympic Committee. Archived from the original on 2010-02-26. Retrieved 2010-03-01.
Jump up ^ Thompson, Anna (2006-02-09). "GB curlers awarded belated gold". BBC Sport. Retrieved 2010-03-01.
^ Jump up to: a b c Gillon, Doug (2006-01-23). "The Herald sweeps Britain to curling gold medal". The Herald. Retrieved 2010-03-01.
Jump up ^ "Brits win curling gold 82 years late". ABC News. 2006-02-10. Retrieved 2010-03-01.
Jump up ^ "Britain taste 82-year-old gold". Australian Olympic Committee. 2006-02-10. Retrieved 2010-03-01.
Jump up ^ "Curling History". CBC Sports. Archived from the original on 2011-07-11. Retrieved 2010-03-08.
Jump up ^ "An Agreement By Nagano Games". The New York Times. 1992-11-29. Retrieved 2010-03-08.
Jump up ^ Hoogkamp, Paul (2010-02-26). "Gold medal thriller goes to Sweden". CTV Olympics. Retrieved 2010-03-03.
Jump up ^ Campigotto, Jesse (2010-02-15). "Bernard not the favourite in women's curling". CBC Sports. Retrieved 2010-03-03.
Jump up ^ "Factsheet: Records and medals at the Olympic Winter Games" (PDF). International Olympic Committee. February 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-04. Retrieved 2010-03-08.
Jump up ^ "Team GB medalists–Chamonix 1924". British Olympic Association. Retrieved 2010-03-03.
Jump up ^ "Great Britain Curling at the 1924 Chamonix Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2010-03-03.
Jump up ^ "1924 curling medallists". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2010-03-03.
Jump up ^ "Results & statistics – I. Olympic Winter Games 1924". World Curling Federation. Archived from the original on 2011-08-26. Retrieved 2010-03-03.
General[edit]
"Search all Olympic medalists". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2010-03-10.
"Results & statistics – Championships". World Curling Federation. Archived from the original on 2010-03-02. Retrieved 2010-03-03.
External links[edit]
Curling – Olympics at Sports-reference.com
Olympic Review and Revue Olympique. LA84 Foundation
[show]
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Curling at the Winter Olympics
Summary by year
1924
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Women's events
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Mixed doubles
2018
List of medalists
List of venues
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v
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Olympic champions in men's curling
Demonstration events
1932: Burns, Bowman, Pow, Willis (CAN)
1988: Ramsfjell, Loen, Søgård, Bakke, Meland (NOR)
1992: U. Dick, J. Dick, Hürlimann, Kläy, Däppen (SUI)
Official events
1924: W. Jackson, Welsh, Murray, L. Jackson, Astley (GBR)
1998: Hürlimann, Lörtscher, Müller, Perren, Andres (SUI)
2002: Trulsen, Vågberg, Davanger, Ramsfjell, Nergård (NOR)
2006: Gushue, Nichols, Howard, Korab, Adam (CAN)
2010: Martin, Morris, Kennedy, Hebert, Enright (CAN)
2014: Jacobs, Fry, E. J. Harnden, R. Harnden, Flaxey (CAN)
2018: Shuster, George, Hamilton, Landsteiner, Polo (USA)
[show]
v
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e
Olympic champions in women's curling
Demonstration events
1988: Moore, Sparkes, D. Jones, Ryan, Vande (CAN)
1992: Schöpp, Mayer, Wagner, Huth, Scheibel (GER)
Official events
1998: Schmirler, Betker, McCusker, Gudereit, Ford (CAN)
2002: Martin, Knox, MacDonald, Rankin, Morton (GBR)
2006: Norberg, Lund, Lindahl, Svärd, Bergman (SWE)
2010: Norberg, Lund, Lindahl, Le Moine, Bergström (SWE)
2014: J. Jones, Lawes, Officer, McEwen, Wall (CAN)
2018: Hasselborg, McManus, Knochenhauer, Mabergs, Wåhlin (SWE)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Olympic_medalists_in_curling&oldid=836785036"
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values: Three groups of women holding bouquets stand on a podium. The group on the left are wearing red tops and black pants, and have silver medals around their necks. The group on the center are wearing yellow tops and black pants, and have gold medals around their necks. The group on the right are wearing mostly white tops with red pants, and have bronze medals around their necks.

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Fantastic Baby
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the single. For Big Bang's fan meeting tour, see Fantastic Babys.
"Fantastic Baby"
Single by Big Bang
from the album Alive
Released
March 7, 2012
Format
CD
Digital download
Genre
Electropop
EDM
hip hop
hip house
Length
3:51
Label
YG Entertainment
Songwriter(s)
G-Dragon
T.O.P
Teddy
Producer(s)
G-Dragon
Teddy
Big Bang singles chronology
"Bad Boy"
(2012) "Fantastic Baby"
(2012) "Monster"
(2012)
"Bad Boy"
(2012) "Fantastic Baby"
(2012) "Monster"
(2012)
Music video
"Fantastic Baby" on YouTube
"Fantastic Baby" is a song recorded by South Korean group Big Bang for their fourth extended play Alive (2012) and released as third single of the record by YG Entertainment. A music video for the song was released on March 7, 2012. The track was described as an electropop and EDM song with an anarchistic theme. Upon release, it peaked at number three on South Korea's Gaon Digital Chart and on Billboard World Digital Songs, as well as reaching the Top 10 on the Japan Hot 100.
"Fantastic Baby" is recognized as "one of the biggest K-pop hits ever",[1] being hailed a highlight of the K-pop part in spreading the Hallyu Wave internationally. Its music video broke several records for K-pop groups on YouTube, including being the first to surpass 200 and 300 million views and being the most-watched video. The song was well received by music critics, with Rolling Stone naming it one of the greatest boy band songs of all-time. The single went on to sell more than four million downloads in South Korea and over 6.5 million across Asia, becoming one of the best-selling digital singles of all-time and one of the best-selling singles in South Korea.
Contents
[hide]
1 Release and promotion
2 Composition
3 Commercial performance
4 Music video
4.1 Production and synopsis
4.2 Reception
5 Reception and impact
6 Credits and personnel
7 Charts
7.1 Weekly charts
7.2 Monthly charts
7.3 Year-end charts
8 Sales and certifications
8.1 Certifications
9 Awards and nominations
10 Release history
11 See also
12 References
13 External links
Release and promotion[edit]
"Fantastic Baby" was released as a single in March 2012. A teaser of the music video was released on the music show Inkigayo on March 4, 2012 and the full video was published on YouTube two days later.[2] The first performance of the song was made in their concert Big Show 2012 in Seoul. A Japanese-language version was released in March, on the Japanese version of Alive. The song was translated by the Korean-Japanese member of M-Flo, Verbal.[3] This version was also included in the 2014 greatest hits album The Best of Big Bang 2006-2014.
Composition[edit]
Written and produced by G-Dragon and Teddy Park, with additional rap parts penned by T.O.P, "Fantastic Baby" is an anarchistic dance,[4] EDM, hip hop and electropop track that was described as a "full-on banger" with a "boisterous, genre-blending sound."[5][6] NME compared the single's "boom shakalaka" refrain to music of the 1960s band Sly and the Family Stone.[7]
Commercial performance[edit]
After four days from releasing the album, the song debuted at number four in the Gaon Digital Chart, charting behind Big Bang's songs "Blue," "Bad Boy" and "Love Dust", selling 450,021 copies.[8][9] In the next week, the song rose to number three, selling 362,298 copies.[10][11] The single was the second best-selling song of March 2012, reaching 1,351,429 downloads[12] and charted first on the monthly Digital chart.[13] The song was the fifth best selling and sixth most streamed single of the year, with 3,339,871 copies sold and over 30 million streams in South Korea.[14][15] As of September 2016, Fantastic Baby reached 4 million downloads in South Korea, the best-selling boy group song on Gaon Music Chart.
Fantastic Baby is the longest charting K-Pop group song on Billboard's World Digital Songs, spending over 100 weeks on chart.[1] In September 2012, the song was certified gold by the RIAJ for PC downloads, one of only two K-Pop songs to achieve this in Japan in 2012.[16] In December 2013, the song was certified platinum.[17] Fantastic Baby charted for over 70 weeks on the Japan Hot 100.[18] "Fantastic Baby" has sold over 2,5 million downloads on Chinese download service KuGou.[19]
Music video[edit]
Production and synopsis[edit]
The music video shows the individuality of each member in a fashion style considered extravagant and urban.
Filmed in an abandoned warehouse,[20] the music video for "Fantastic Baby" was directed by Seo Hyun-seung.[21] Described as an "visual stunner,"[22] the video's theme is "the fight for the freedom."[23] The members are seen wearing powerful fashion statements, such as futuristic helmets, metal shoulder embellishments and jewelled crowns, wearing dark make-up and unique hairstyles.[21][23] The background dancers act as "rebels colliding with oppressors," wearing masks in stylish sets containing wreckage, spraying wires and waves of smoke, while dancing saja-nori (Korean lion dance).[22][23] Big Bang released a Japanese version of the music video focused on the group’s scenes while they are in a warehouse setting. Some individual scenes were removed and there are no extras in this version.[24]
In "Fantastic Baby," the story starts with a clear revolution aimed at stopping music symbolized by the simplified version of the Big Bang skull logo with a slash. The black masked persons refer to the ones who capitalized on the past controversies and tried to discourage, discredit and ultimately disband the group. The white masked persons refer to the fans who continued to defend and protect the Big Bang. In the video there is three frames of T.O.P. wearing a variety of outfits reminiscent of historical world revolutionaries such as George Washington and Napoleon Bonaparte represent Big Bang as K-Pop's musical revolutionaries. The image of Daesung in chains is a clear representation of the emotional and psychological torture he experienced a year before during the aftermath of his car accident. The images of a frozen Taeyang, a scarred Seungri, and a seemingly silenced G-Dragon, portrays the publicity nightmare the boys faced in the past.[25] However, the video shows as they strained to change the world around. Things came to an end with a giant dance party and Big Bang being crowned kings upon thrones.[26]
Reception[edit]
Kevin Perry from the British music publication NME compared the music video's outfits to Lady Gaga's style.[7] When commenting about "Gangnam Style"'s success, The Daily Telegraph recommended "Fantastic Baby" to its readers, highlighting the video's "fashionista eccentricity and excess."[27] Francois Marchand from The Vancouver Sun felt that "Fantastic Baby is easily one of the most colourfully twisted pop videos we've seen in a while, combining RPG style art, riot gear, steampunk elements and street pop swagger."[28] Tamar Herman of Billboard praised the video's "stimulating visual feast" when "promoting music as a form of rebellion."[5] The Guardian named "Fantastic Baby" the best K-pop music video of 2012, claiming that the "supremely demented" video "establishes global equilibrium."[29] The music video for "Fantastic Baby" won the World Music Awards for "Video of the Year"[30] and the MTV Video Music Awards Japan for "Best Dance Video."[31]
As of March 2014, the official music video for "Fantastic Baby" on YouTube surpassed 100 million views,[32] making it the fourth Korean video to do so, after PSY's Gangnam Style and Gentleman, and Girls' Generation's Gee,[33] and the first by a boy band.[34] In 2016, the music video became the first from a K-Pop group to reach 200 million views and later the song became the first Korean group music video to surpass one million likes on YouTube.[35][36]
As of 9 October 2017, "Fantastic Baby" has accrued 320 million views on YouTube; it is the first music video by K-pop group to reach 300 million views.[37]
Reception and impact[edit]
Big Bang performing "Fantastic Baby" during K-Collection fashion show.
Writing about the single's influence, Tamar Herman from Billboard recognized that "'Fantastic Baby' was the first song to cross international boundaries with it's then-groundbreaking EDM style" and that it "took K-Pop to a whole new level." The author also praised the song for being "nothing short of fantastic".[6][5] Kaitlin Miller from the Sun-Times called the track one of Big Bang's best songs, hailing it a "quintessential K-Pop song" for being able to reach an international audience.[38] Rolling Stone stated that "this instantly accessible single from K-Pop phenomenon Big Bang blew off many doors of American crossover with little effort on the band's part" and labeled "Fantastic Baby" as a "modern-day essential" for showcasing "K-pop's genre-bending, visually-oriented charms."[39] Smith Sonian included the track as one of the highlights of Korean music in the Hallyu Wave.[40]
"Fantastic Baby" was featured in the American TV show Glee[41] and included in the trailer for the movie Pitch Perfect 2, which was described as a "win for Korean music that has seemingly penetrated yet another traditional media source."[1] The members' look in the music video, especially G-Dragon's long red-streaked side hair, have been parodied several times, including by Running Man cast members and by Dynamic Duo.[42][43] The South Korean network Arirang TV considered the song as part of Big Bang's "mega hits".[44]
Accolades
Publication
List
Rank
Ref
Rolling Stone 50 Greatest Boy Band Songs of All Time 22 [39]
Stereogum 20 Best K-Pop Videos 2 [45]
The Dong-a Ilbo Top Male Idol Songs in the Past 20 Years 6 [46]
Watch Mojo Top 10 Iconic K-Pop Songs 1 [47]
Billboard 10 Best Big Bang Songs 1 [48]
Credits and personnel[edit]
Adapted from Qobuz (Korean edition).[49]
Big Bang – performer
Teddy Park – composer, writer
G-Dragon – composer, writer
T.O.P – writer
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart
Peak
position
South Korea (Gaon Weekly Single Chart)[10] 3
South Korea (Gaon Weekly Download Chart)[11] 2
South Korea (Gaon Weekly Streaming Chart)[50] 1
Korea K-Pop Hot 100 (Billboard)[51] 2
Japan Hot 100 (Billboard)[52] 8
US World Digital Singles (Billboard)[53] 3
Monthly charts[edit]
Monthly Charts (March - 2012)
Peak
position
South Korea (Gaon Monthly Single Chart)[54] 1
South Korea (Gaon Monthly Download Single Chart)[55] 1
South Korea (Gaon Monthly Steaming Single Chart)[56] 2
Year-end charts[edit]
Year-End Chart (2012)
Peak
position
South Korea - 2012 (Gaon Yearly Digital Chart)[57] 5
South Korea - 2012 (Gaon Yearly Download Single Chart)[58] 5
South Korea - 2012 (Gaon Yearly Steaming Single Chart)[59] 6
Korea K-Pop Hot 100 - 2012 (Billboard)[60] 9
US World Digital Singles - 2012 (Billboard)[61] 6
Year-End Chart (2013–16)
Position
US World Digital Singles - 2013 (Billboard)[61] 11
US World Digital Singles - 2014 (Billboard)[61] 24
Japan Hot 100 - 2016 (Billboard)[62] 37
Sales and certifications[edit]
Chart
Sales
South Korean' Gaon 4,036,298[63]
China's Kugou 2,570,000[19]
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Japan (RIAJ)
2× Platinum[64] 500,000*
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
Awards and nominations[edit]
Year
Award-Giving Body
Category
Result
Ref
2012 Cyworld Digital Music Awards Song of the Month (March) Won [65]
Gaon Chart K-Pop Awards Song of the Month (March) Won [66]
MelOn Music Awards Song of the Year Nominated [67]
Global Star Award Nominated
Netizen Popularity Battle Award Nominated
2013 Seoul Music Awards Bonsang Won [68]
MTV Video Music Awards Japan Best Dance Video Won [31]
2014 World Music Awards World's Best Video of the Year Won [30]
Release history[edit]
Region
Date
Format
Label
South Korea February 29, 2012 digital download YG Entertainment
Worldwide
Japan March 28, 2012 YG Entertainment, YGEX
See also[edit]
List of best-selling singles worldwide
List of best-selling singles in South Korea
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Jeff Benjamin (April 16, 2015). "New "Picht Perfect 2" Trailer Features BIGBANG's Kpop Meha Hit "Fantastic Baby"". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Big Bang releases "Fantastic Baby" MV preview on Inkigayo!". Retrieved February 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ "FANTASTIC BABY". J-Lyric. 2012. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ "K-Pop Mixtape: 9 most definitive Big Bang Songs". KpopStarz. August 23, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Herman, Tamar (March 7, 2017). "5 years of BIGBANG's 'Fantastic Baby'". Billboard.
^ Jump up to: a b "BIGBANG 10 must listen songs". Billboard. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Beyond 'Gangnam Style' - A Beginners Guide To K-Pop". NME. Archived from the original on October 6, 2012. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "2012 Digital Chart Week 10". Gaon Chart. Gaon Chart. Retrieved May 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ "2012 Download Chart Week 10". Gaon Chart. Gaon Chart. Retrieved May 28, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "2012 Digital Chart Week 11". Gaon Chart. Gaon Chart. Retrieved May 28, 2016.
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Jump up ^ "2012년 03월 Download Chart". Gaon Chart. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
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Jump up ^ レコード協会調べ　9月度有料音楽配信認定 [Record Association Investigation: September Digital Music Download Certifications]. RIAJ (in Japanese). October 19, 2013. Retrieved March 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ レコード協会調べ　11月度有料音楽配信認定 [Record Association Investigation: November Digital Music Download Certifications]. RIAJ (in Japanese). December 20, 2013. Retrieved December 23, 2013.
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^ Jump up to: a b "酷狗单曲畅销榜" (in Chinese). KuGou. Retrieved December 8, 2017.
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^ Jump up to: a b "Big Bang Fantastic Baby M/V Revealed! [Video]". KpopStarz. Retrieved February 14, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Big Bang Releases 'Fantastic Baby' MV". M Wave. Retrieved February 14, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "THE BIZARRE, CREATIVE AND DEVASTATING. BIGBANG'S TOP 5 MUSIC VIDEOS". K-Ville Entertainment. Retrieved February 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Big Bang Releases "Fantastic Baby" Japanese -Ver. 0- Music Video". soompi. Retrieved February 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ Catherine Deen (March 12, 2012). "K-Pop royalty Big Bang speaks to fans with 'Fantastic Baby'". Yahoo! Philippines. Retrieved May 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Tamar Herman (March 7, 2017). "5 Years of BIGBANG's 'Fantastic Baby'". Billboard. Retrieved May 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ "South Korea: a rough guide to Gangnam style". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
Jump up ^ March, Francois; March, More from Francois; 16, Published on: March; Pdt, 2012 4:18 Pm (16 March 2012). "K-pop sensation Big Bang's latest video is fantastic, baby". Vancouver Sun. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Robinson, Peter (27 December 2012). "The 2012 pop video awards". The Guardian. Retrieved April 15, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "World Music Awards :: G-Dragon Wins "World's Best Entertainer" and "World's Best Album" Awards". World Music Awards. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Big Bang and 2PM Win at the ′MTV VMAJ 2013′". Mnet. Retrieved 2017-03-04.
Jump up ^ BIGBANG (6 March 2012). "BIGBANG - FANTASTIC BABY M/V". You Tube. Retrieved 4 June 2016 – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ "#BigBang100M Big Bang's 'Fantastic Baby' MV reaches 100 million views". DKPop News. March 27, 2014. Retrieved March 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Big Bang's 'Fantastic Baby' Becomes First Video By A Male K-Pop Group To Surpass 100 Million Views YG Claims". KPopStarz. March 27, 2014. Retrieved March 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Big Bang's 'Fantastic Baby' is the first K-Pop group's MV to reach 200 million views on YouTube!". AllKpop. Retrieved May 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ "'Fantastic Baby' Becomes 1st Non-Psy Song To Surpass 1 Million Likes On YouTube". Kpop Starz. Retrieved May 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ "빅뱅 '판타스틱 베이비' 유튜브 3억뷰 돌파...특별 포스터 공개" [Big Bang 'Fantastic Baby' exceeds 300 million views on Youtube... Special poster released]. Dong-a Sports (in Korean). June 23, 2017. Retrieved June 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ Miller, Kaitlin (2015-05-02). "Big Bang's 10 best songs of the past 10 years". Sun-Times. Archived from the original on 2016-11-22. Retrieved 2017-02-20.
^ Jump up to: a b "50 Greatest Boy Band Songs of All Time". Rolling Stone. 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2017-01-10.
Jump up ^ Sonian, Smith. Music: The Korean Wave. Penguin Books. p. 372.
Jump up ^ "Big Bang's "Fantastic Baby" & Psy's "Gangnam Style" featured on GLEE". allkpop. 2012-11-30. Retrieved 2016-12-30.
Jump up ^ "[MV] Dynamic Duo (다이나믹듀오) _ Jam (꿀잼)". YouTube. Retrieved 2017-03-04.
Jump up ^ "'Running Man' Members Transform As Big Bang Members". Korea Portal. Retrieved 2017-03-04.
Jump up ^ Foundation, arirang, Arirang International Broadcasting. "Art and Culture2". Arirang. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "The 20 Best K-Pop Videos". Stereogum. 2012-03-22. Retrieved 2016-05-24.
Jump up ^ ""반짝반짝 눈이 부셔"… 빅뱅-소녀시대 역대 최고 아이돌 원문보". The Dong-a Ilbo (in Korean). Retrieved 2017-02-16.
Jump up ^ "Top 10 Iconic K-Pop Songs". Watch Mojo. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
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Jump up ^ "2012 Monthly Digital Chart - March". Gaon Chart. Gaon Chart. Retrieved May 28, 2016.
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^ Jump up to: a b c List of K-pop on the Billboard charts
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"Online Download – July 2015". Gaon Chart. Archived from the original on 15 August 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
"Online Download – August 2015". Gaon Chart. Archived from the original on 7 October 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
"Online Download – September 2015". Gaon Chart. Archived from the original on 15 August 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
"Online Download – Week 42 of 2015". Gaon Chart. Archived from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
"Online Download – Week 43 of 2015". Gaon Chart. Archived from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
"Online Download – Week 45 of 2015". Gaon Chart. Archived from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
"Online Download – Week 09 of 2016". Gaon Chart. Archived from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
"Online Download – March 2016". Gaon Chart. Archived from the original on 8 October 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
"Online Download – April 2016". Gaon Chart. Archived from the original on 15 August 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
"Online Download – May 2016". Gaon Chart. Archived from the original on 15 August 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
"Online Download – June 2016". Gaon Chart. Archived from the original on 8 October 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
"Online Download – July 2016". Gaon Chart. Archived from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
"Online Download – August 2016". Gaon Chart. Archived from the original on 17 September 2016. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
"Online Download – Week 37 - 2016". Gaon Chart. Archived from the original on 9 October 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
"Online Download – Week 38 - 2016". Gaon Chart. Archived from the original on 9 October 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
"Online Download – Week 39 - 2016". Gaon Chart. Archived from the original on 2 October 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "レコード協会調べ　8月度有料音楽配信認定" [Record Association Investigation: August Digital Music Download Certifications] (in Japanese). Recording Industry Association of Japan. September 18, 2015. Retrieved September 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Song of the Month". Cyworld. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "국내 대표 음악 차트 가온차트!". Gaon. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Winners from the '2012 MelOn Music Awards'! - allkpop.com". Allkpop. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Winners from the '22nd Seoul Music Awards' - allkpop.com". Allkpop. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
External links[edit]
Official Site
YG Entertainment
Big Bang Japan Official Site
Preceded by
"Blue" by Big Bang South Korea Singles Chart monthly number-one single
March, 2012 Succeeded by
"Cherry Blossom Ending" by Busker Busker
[hide]
v
t
e
Big Bang songs
Discography
Videography
Korean
Bigbang Vol.1
"We Belong Together"
"La La La"
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Always
"Lies"
Hot Issue
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Tonight
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"Fantastic Baby"
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Made
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"We Like 2 Party"
"If You"
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"Let's Not Fall in Love"
"Fxxk It"
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Others
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Japanese
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fantastic_Baby&oldid=818823680"
Categories:
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