text:
Laura Hope Crews
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Laura Hope Crews
Laura Hope Crews c. 1902
Born
(1879-12-12)December 12, 1879
San Francisco, California, U.S.
Died
November 12, 1942(1942-11-12) (aged 62)
New York City, New York, U.S.
Occupation
Actress
Years active
1884–1942
Laura Hope Crews (December 12, 1879 – November 12, 1942) was a leading actress of the American stage in the first decades of the 20th century who is best remembered today for her later work as a character actress in motion pictures of the 1930s. Her best-known film role was Aunt Pittypat in Gone with the Wind.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Death
4 Filmography
5 References
6 External links
Early life[edit]
Laura Hope Crews was the daughter of stage actress Angelena Lockwood and backstage carpenter John Thomas Crews.[2] She had three older siblings. Crews started acting at age four. Her first stage appearance was at Woodward's Garden. She stopped acting to finish school and then returned to acting in 1898.
Career[edit]
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Laura Hope Crews and John Drew, Jr., in Much Ado About Nothing (1913)
Erskine Sanford, Dudley Digges and Laura Hope Crews in the Theatre Guild production of A. A. Milne's Mr. Pim Passes By (1921)
Crews appeared in plays written by A.A. Milne, who was particularly impressed by her work in his Mr. Pim Passes By (1921). The play was a big success and ran for 232 performances on Broadway.
Crews also starred as Judith Bliss in the original Broadway production of Noël Coward's Hay Fever, in 1925, which she co-directed with Coward. She also appeared in The Silver Cord, written by Sidney Howard, which was produced by the New York Theater Guild in 1926 and ran for 212 performances. When The Silver Cord was not being presented, there were matinee performances of Right You Are If You Think You Are by Luigi Pirandello.
The Silver Cord was later made into a 1933 RKO movie with Crews reprising her onstage role of the mother. The film co-starred Joel McCrea, Frances Dee, and Irene Dunne. In the late 1920s, Crews had been hired by Gloria Swanson to help with her transition to talking pictures.
George Cukor, who had directed her in Camille (1936), recommended her for the role of Aunt Pittypat in Gone With the Wind (1939) after Billie Burke declined it. Cukor wanted Crews to play the role "in a Billie Burke-ish manner" with "the same zany feeling".[3]
Her final stage appearance came in 1942, in the original Broadway run of Arsenic and Old Lace in which she replaced one of the original cast members. She stayed with the production for more than a year and a half on Broadway and in a touring company before she was forced to leave because of illness.
Death[edit]
Crews died in the LeRoy Sanitarium in New York City in 1942, following an illness of four months.[4] She had been admitted on October 15, suffering from a kidney ailment and was in serious condition for most of her time there. Laura Hope Crews was laid to rest at Cypress Lawn Memorial Park in Colma, California. Plot: Rose Mound, Lot 65.
Crews has a star at 6251 Hollywood Blvd on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.[5]
Filmography[edit]
Blackbirds, a 1915 silent film produced by Jesse Lasky.
Silent
The Fighting Hope (1915 Famous Players-Lasky / Paramount) - Anna Granger (Extant; incomplete, BFI London)
Blackbirds (1915 Famous Players-Lasky / Paramount) - Leonie Sobatsky (Extant; Library of Congress)
Sound
Charming Sinners (1929) - Mrs. Carr
New Morals for Old (1932) - Mrs. Thomas
Out All Night (1933) - Mrs. Jane Colgate
The Silver Cord (1933) - Mrs. Phelps
I Loved You Wednesday (1933) - Doc Mary Hanson
Blind Adventure (1933) - Lady Rockingham
Rafter Romance (1933) - Elise
Ever in My Heart (1933) - Grandma Caroline Archer
If I Were Free (1933) - Dame Evers
The Age of Innocence (1934) - Mrs. Welland
Lightning Strikes Twice (1934) - Aunt Jane Madison
Behold My Wife (1934) - Mrs. Hubert Carter
Escapade (1935) - Countess
The Melody Lingers On (1935) - Mother Superior
Her Master's Voice (1936) - Aunt Minnie Stickney
Camille (1936) - Prudence Duvernoy
The Road Back (1937) - Ernst's Aunt
Confession (1937) - Stella
Angel (1937) - Grand Duchess Anna Dmitrievna
Dr. Rhythm (1938) - Mrs. Minerva Twombling
The Sisters (1938) - Flora's Mother
Thanks for the Memory (1938) - Mrs. Kent
Idiot's Delight (1939) - Madame Zuleika
The Star Maker (1939) - Carlotta Salvini
The Rains Came (1939) - Lily Hoggett-Egburry
Reno (1939) - Mrs. Gardner
Remember? (1939) - Lettie Carruthers
Gone with the Wind (1939) - Aunt Pittypat Hamilton
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1939) - Minor Role (uncredited)
The Blue Bird (1940) - Mrs. Luxury
Girl from Avenue A (1940) - Mrs. Forrester
I'm Nobody's Sweetheart Now (1940) - Mrs. Lowell
Lady with Red Hair (1940) - Mrs. Dudley
The Flame of New Orleans (1941) - Auntie
One Foot in Heaven (1941) - Mrs. Preston Thurston
New York Town (1941) - Apple Annie (uncredited) (final film role)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Poseidon's Underworld: Oh What a Character! Part Seven: Crews Control, July 18, 2011
Jump up ^ Notable American women, 1607-1950: a biographical dictionary, Volume 2 by Edward T. James, Janet Wilson James, Paul S Boyer
Jump up ^ Wilson, Steve (2014). The Making of Gone With the Wind. University of Texas Press. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-292-76126-1.
Jump up ^ ""Laura H. Crews of Stage Dies", Page D9". Oakland Tribune. November 13, 1942.
Jump up ^ "Laura Hope Crews". Walkoffame.com. Retrieved August 3, 2017.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Laura Hope Crews.
Laura Hope Crews photo gallery at NYP Library
Laura Hope Crews on IMDb
Laura Hope Crews at the Internet Broadway Database
Laura Hope Crews as a young stage actress
Laura Hope Crews page with rare stage photographs
Laura Hope Crews at Find a Grave
Laura Hope Crews stills Univ. of Washington Sayre Collection
Laura Hope Crews and Leo Ditrichstein in "The Phantom Rival" (1915)
Laura Hope Crews in The Havoc (1911) (Univ. of Washington Sayre Collection)
Crews on the cover of The Theatre magazine, August 1913
Laura Hope Crews, standing with feather in hat, c.1906 at the Nantucket home of actor Henry Woodruff holding cigar, with actor friends. Louise Closser Hale sits on right in white hat.
Tears: In Which Silent Pictures Actresses Tell Us How They Weep, article on crying in silent movies
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
BNE: XX5111384
GND: 1061891461
ISNI: 0000 0001 2129 4501
LCCN: n85151825
SNAC: w6t45qjd
VIAF: 40812028
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laura_Hope_Crews&oldid=841188393"
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Deaths from renal failure
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Official Secrets Act
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Official Secrets Acts 1911 to 1939 warning sign in Foulness, Essex.
"Official Secrets Act" is a term used in Hong Kong, India, Ireland, Malaysia, Singapore and the United Kingdom, and formerly in Canada and New Zealand for legislation that provides for the protection of state secrets and official information, mainly related to national security.
Contents
1 List
1.1 Jersey
1.2 India
1.3 New Zealand
1.4 Ireland
1.5 Singapore
1.6 United Kingdom
1.6.1 Other legislation
1.7 Canada
1.8 Hong Kong
1.9 Malaysia
2 Official Secrets Acts in other countries
3 See also
4 Notes and references
5 External links
List[edit]
Jersey[edit]
The Official Secrets (Jersey) Law 1952
India[edit]
The Official Secrets Act 1923
New Zealand[edit]
The Official Secrets Act 1951[1]
Ireland[edit]
The Official Secrets Act 1963[2]
Singapore[edit]
The Official Secrets Act (Cap. 213, 2012 Rev. Ed.) prohibits the disclosure of official documents and information.[3][4] The Act was first introduced to Singapore in 1935 as the Official Secrets Ordinance.[5] Section 5 of the Act prohibits the wrongful communication of information that is considered sensitive by the government.[6][7][8]
United Kingdom[edit]
Official Secrets Act 1889
The Official Secrets Acts 1911 and 1920 means the Official Secrets Act 1911 and the Official Secrets Act 1920.[9] The Official Secrets Acts 1911 to 1939 means the Official Secrets Acts 1911 and 1920 and the Official Secrets Act 1939.[10] The Official Secrets Acts 1911 to 1989 means the Official Secrets Acts 1911 to 1939 and the Official Secrets Act 1989.[11]
People working with sensitive information are commonly required to sign a statement to the effect that they agree to abide by the restrictions of the Official Secrets Act. This is popularly referred to as "signing the Official Secrets Act". Signing this has no effect on which actions are legal, as the act is a law, not a contract, and individuals are bound by it whether or not they have signed it. Signing it is intended more as a reminder to the person that they are under such obligations. To this end, it is common to sign this statement both before and after a period of employment that involves access to secrets (e.g. MI5/MI6).
Other legislation[edit]
In addition to the Official Secrets Acts, the Naval Discipline Act 1957 made it an offence punishable with life imprisonment to spy on-board Royal Navy ships or overseas bases.[12] This was a capital offence until 1981.
Canada[edit]
The (UK) Official Secrets Act 1889 (52 & 53 Vict. c. 52) was adopted in Canada with minor modifications in 1890. Its provisions became part of the Criminal Code in 1892.
The Official Secrets Act (Canada) 1939 replaced the Criminal Code provisions and utilised the provisions of The Official Secrets Acts 1911 and 1920 (UK). Amendments were made in 1950, 1967, 1970 and 1973.
The Official Secrets Act (Canada) 1981 was the final version of the law adopted by the House of Commons.
In 2001, the Official Act was repealed and replaced by the Security of Information Act.
22 prosecutions occurred under the Official Secrets Act in Canada, over half of which were in relation to the Gouzenko Affair. In 1989, Stephen Joseph Ratkai was charged and convicted under the Act, of espionage in relation to the SOSUS network site at Naval Station Argentia in Newfoundland.
Hong Kong[edit]
The Official Secrets Ordinance 1997 (27 June 1997, L.N. 369 of 1997, Originally c. 62 of 1997)
Malaysia[edit]
Official Secrets Act 1972, Malaysia
Official Secrets Acts in other countries[edit]
The phrase official secrets act may also be used to refer to statutes of a similar nature in other countries. Canada's Official Secrets Act was replaced in 2001 by similar legislation titled the Security of Information Act (which was created in the wake of September 11th 2001 to replace the vaguely worded Official Secrets Act[13]).
The United States does not have a broad-reaching Official Secrets Act, although the Espionage Act of 1917 has similar components. Much of the Espionage Act remains in force, although some has been struck down by the Supreme Court as unconstitutional because of the First Amendment (See United States v. The Progressive, Brandenburg v. Ohio, New York Times Co. v. United States). 18 U.S.C. § 798, enacted in 1951, makes dissemination of secret information involving cryptography, espionage, and surveillance illegal for all people, and is thus an "official secrets act" limited to those subjects.
In the Republic of Ireland the Official Secrets Act, 1963 repealed previous British legislation of 1911 and 1920. The Official Secrets Act, as amended, applies to all civil servants and potentially anyone within the state. A suit may only be instigated at the approval of the Attorney General of Ireland, additionally proceedings may occur in camera but the verdict and any sentence must occur in public.
Malaysia has an Official Secrets Act (also referred to as the OSA) prohibiting the collection, possession or distribution of information marked as an official secret—an action which can be made by any public officer. The certification of a document as an official secret is not subject to judicial review, and a violation of the act is punishable with between one and seven years' imprisonment. The act has been controversial for its use to silence dissent and stifling anti-corruption activities.[14]
Australia has Part VII of the Crimes Act 1914 (Commonwealth), entitled Official Secrets and Unlawful Soundings.
See also[edit]
D-Notice
List of short titles
Notes and references[edit]
Jump up ^ This Act was repealed by section 51 of the Official Information Act 1982 with effect from 1 July 1983 (s.1(2))
Jump up ^ "Official Secrets Act, 1963". electronic Irish Statute Book. Government of Ireland. Retrieved 4 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Official Secrets Act (Chapter 213)". Government of Singapore.
Jump up ^ Tan, Kevin Y.L. (2011). Constitutional law in Singapore. Alphen aan den Rijn, The Netherlands: Kluwer Law International. ISBN 9789041136282.
Jump up ^ "Section 5 of the Official Secrets Act, Bridges and Beyond". ResearchGate.
Jump up ^ "Singapore Puts Top Prosecutor On News Leak".
Jump up ^ "HDB officer charged with giving 'confidential' info to ST reporter".
Jump up ^ "Official Secrets Act covers more than just secret information: Experts". www.todayonline.com. 14 November 2017. OSA “covers more than just information that is secret”, media law experts pointed out. “As long as the information in the latter category has one of the connecting factors mentioned, such as if it has been obtained by someone due to his position holding office under the Government, then it will be protected by the Act even if it is not secret,”
Jump up ^ The Official Secrets Act 1920, section 11(1).
Jump up ^ The Official Secrets Act 1939, section 2(1).
Jump up ^ The Official Secrets Act 1989, section 16(2).
Jump up ^ Naval Discipline Act 1957 (c. 53), Part III Provisions relating to civilians and civil authorities, Section 93. Accessed 15 January 2008.
Jump up ^ Don Butler, "Judge quashes law, warrants authorizing RCMP raid on Citizen reporter", The Province, October 19, 2006. Accessed 15 January 2008.
Jump up ^ Pauline Puah, "OSA stays, says Nazri", Malaysia Today, September 19, 2006.
External links[edit]
Troubled history of Official Secrets Act, BBC News Online
Canada's Security of Information Act
Christopher Moran, Classified: Secrecy and the State in Modern Britain (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012).
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Lunar Laser Ranging experiment
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The Lunar Laser Ranging Experiment from the Apollo 11 mission.
The ongoing Lunar Laser Ranging Experiment measures the distance between Earth and the Moon using laser ranging. Lasers on Earth are aimed at retroreflectors planted on the Moon during the Apollo program (11, 14, and 15) and the two Lunokhod missions.[1] The time for the reflected light to return is measured.
Apollo 15 LRRR
Apollo 15 LRRR schematic
The first successful tests were carried out in 1962 when a team from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology succeeded in observing laser pulses reflected from the Moon's surface using a laser with a millisecond pulse length.[2] Similar measurements were obtained later the same year by a Soviet team at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory using a Q-switched ruby laser.[3] Greater accuracy was achieved following the installation of a retroreflector array on July 21, 1969, by the crew of Apollo 11, and two more retroreflector arrays left by the Apollo 14 and Apollo 15 missions have also contributed to the experiment. Successful lunar laser range measurements to the retroreflectors were first reported by the 3.1 m telescope at Lick Observatory, Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories Lunar Ranging Observatory in Arizona, the Pic du Midi Observatory in France, the Tokyo Astronomical Observatory, and McDonald Observatory in Texas.
The unmanned Soviet Lunokhod 1 and Lunokhod 2 rovers carried smaller arrays. Reflected signals were initially received from Lunokhod 1, but no return signals were detected after 1971 until a team from University of California rediscovered the array in April 2010 using images from NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter.[4] Lunokhod 2's array continues to return signals to Earth.[5] The Lunokhod arrays suffer from decreased performance in direct sunlight—a factor considered in reflector placement during the Apollo missions.[6]
The Apollo 15 array is three times the size of the arrays left by the two earlier Apollo missions. Its size made it the target of three-quarters of the sample measurements taken in the first 25 years of the experiment. Improvements in technology since then have resulted in greater use of the smaller arrays, by sites such as the Côte d'Azur Observatory in Grasse, France; and the Apache Point Observatory Lunar Laser-ranging Operation (APOLLO) at the Apache Point Observatory in New Mexico.
Contents
[hide]
1 Details
2 Results
3 Photo gallery
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Details[edit]
The distance to the Moon is calculated approximately using this equation:
distance = (speed of light × time taken for light to reflect) / 2
In actuality, the round-trip time of about 2.5 seconds is affected by the location of the Moon in the sky, the relative motion of Earth and the Moon, Earth's rotation, lunar libration, weather, polar motion, propagation delay through Earth's atmosphere, the motion of the observing station due to crustal motion and tides, velocity of light in various parts of air and relativistic effects.[7] Nonetheless, the Earth–Moon distance has been measured with increasing accuracy for more than 35 years. The distance continually changes for a number of reasons, but averages 385,000.6 km (239,228.3 mi).[8]
At the Moon's surface, the beam is about 6.5 kilometers (4.0 mi) wide[9] and scientists liken the task of aiming the beam to using a rifle to hit a moving dime 3 kilometers (1.9 mi) away. The reflected light is too weak to see with the human eye. Out of 1017 photons aimed at the reflector, only one is received back on Earth every few seconds, even under good conditions. They can be identified as originating from the laser because the laser is highly monochromatic. This is one of the most precise distance measurements ever made, and is equivalent in accuracy to determining the distance between Los Angeles and New York to 0.25 mm (0.0098 in).[6][10] As of 2002[update], work is progressing on increasing the accuracy of the Earth–Moon measurements to near millimeter accuracy, though the performance of the reflectors continues to degrade with age.[6]
Results[edit]
Lunar laser ranging measurement data is available from the Paris Observatory Lunar Analysis Center,[11] and the active stations. Some of the findings of this long-term experiment are:
The Moon is spiraling away from Earth at a rate of 3.8 cm per year.[9] This rate has been described as anomalously high.[12]
The Moon probably has a liquid core of about 20% of the Moon's radius.[5]
The universal force of gravity is very stable. The experiments have constrained the change in Newton's gravitational constant G to a factor of (2±7)×10−13 per year.[13]
The likelihood of any "Nordtvedt effect" (a differential acceleration of the Moon and Earth towards the Sun caused by their different degrees of compactness) has been ruled out to high precision,[14][15] strongly supporting the validity of the Strong Equivalence Principle.
Einstein's theory of gravity (the general theory of relativity) predicts the Moon's orbit to within the accuracy of the laser ranging measurements.[5]
Gauge freedom plays a major role in a correct physical interpretation of the relativistic effects in the Earth-Moon system observed with LLR technique[16]
Photo gallery[edit]
Apollo 14 Lunar Ranging Retro Reflector (LRRR).
APOLLO Collaboration photon pulse return times
Laser ranging facility at Wettzell fundamental station, Bavaria, Germany.
Laser Ranging at Goddard Spaceflight Center.
See also[edit]
Moon portal
Apache Point Observatory Lunar Laser-ranging Operation
Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package
Tom Murphy (Physicist) (principal investigator of Apollo's reflector experiment)
Carroll Alley (previous principal investigator of Apollo's reflector experiment)
EME (communications)
Lidar
Lunar distance (astronomy)
Lunokhod programme
Satellite laser ranging
Space geodesy
Third-party evidence for Apollo Moon landings
List of retroreflectors on the Moon
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Chapront, J.; Chapront-Touzé, M.; Francou, G. (1999). "Determination of the lunar orbital and rotational parameters and of the ecliptic reference system orientation from LLR measurements and IERS data". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 343: 624–633. Bibcode:1999A&A...343..624C.
Jump up ^ Smullin, Louis D.; Fiocco, Giorgio (1962). "Optical Echoes from the Moon". Nature. 194 (4835): 1267. Bibcode:1962Natur.194.1267S. doi:10.1038/1941267a0.
Jump up ^ Bender, P. L.; et al. (1973). "The Lunar Laser Ranging Experiment: Accurate ranges have given a large improvement in the lunar orbit and new selenophysical information" (PDF). Science. 182 (4109): 229–238. Bibcode:1973Sci...182..229B. doi:10.1126/science.182.4109.229. PMID 17749298.
Jump up ^ McDonald, K. (April 26, 2010). "UC San Diego Physicists Locate Long Lost Soviet Reflector on Moon". UCSD. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c Williams, J. G.; Dickey, J. O. "Lunar Geophysics, Geodesy, and Dynamics" (PDF). ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2008-05-04. 13th International Workshop on Laser Ranging, October 7–11, 2002, Washington, D. C.
^ Jump up to: a b c "It's Not Just The Astronauts That Are Getting Older". Universe Today. March 10, 2010. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Seeber, Gunter. Satellite Geodesy 2nd Edition. de Gruyter, 2003, p. 439
Jump up ^ Murphy, T. W. (2013). "Lunar laser ranging: the millimeter challenge" (PDF). Reports on Progress in Physics. 76 (7): 2. arXiv:1309.6294  . Bibcode:2013RPPh...76g6901M. doi:10.1088/0034-4885/76/7/076901.
^ Jump up to: a b Espenek, F. (August 1994). "NASA - Accuracy of Eclipse Predictions". eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2008-05-04.
Jump up ^ "Apollo 11 Experiment Still Going Strong after 35 Years". www.jpl.nasa.gov. July 20, 2004. Retrieved 2008-05-04.
Jump up ^ "LUNAR LASER RANGING OBSERVATIONS FROM 1969 TO MAY 2013" SYRTE Paris Observatory, retrieved 3 June 2014
Jump up ^ Bills, B. G.; Ray, R. D. (1999). "Lunar Orbital Evolution: A Synthesis of Recent Results". Geophysical Research Letters. 26 (19): 3045–3048. Bibcode:1999GeoRL..26.3045B. doi:10.1029/1999GL008348.
Jump up ^ Müller, J.; Biskupek, L. (2007). "Variations of the gravitational constant from lunar laser ranging data". Classical and Quantum Gravity. 24 (17): 4533. doi:10.1088/0264-9381/24/17/017.
Jump up ^ Adelberger, E. G.; Heckel, B. R.; Smith, G.; Su, Y.; Swanson, H. E. (1990). "Eötvös experiments, lunar ranging and the strong equivalence principle". Nature. 347 (6290): 261–263. Bibcode:1990Natur.347..261A. doi:10.1038/347261a0.
Jump up ^ Williams, J. G.; Newhall, X. X.; Dickey, J. O. (1996). "Relativity parameters determined from lunar laser ranging". Physical Review D. 53 (12): 6730–6739. Bibcode:1996PhRvD..53.6730W. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.53.6730.
Jump up ^ Kopeikin, S.; Xie, Y. (2010). "Celestial reference frames and the gauge freedom in the post-Newtonian mechanics of the Earth–Moon system". Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy. 108 (3): 245–263. Bibcode:2010CeMDA.108..245K. doi:10.1007/s10569-010-9303-5.
External links[edit]
"Theory and Model for the New Generation of the Lunar Laser Ranging Data" by Sergei Kopeikin
Apollo 15 Experiments - Laser Ranging Retroreflector by the Lunar and Planetary Institute
"History of Laser Ranging and MLRS" by the University of Texas at Austin, Center for Space Research
"Lunar Retroreflectors" by Tom Murphy
Station de Télémétrie Laser-Lune in Grasse, France
Lunar Laser Ranging from International Laser Ranging Service
"UW researcher plans project to pin down moon's distance from Earth" by Vince Stricherz, UW Today, January 14, 2002
"What Neil & Buzz Left on the Moon" by Science@NASA, July 20, 2004
"Apollo 11 Experiment Still Returning Results" by Robin Lloyd, CNN, July 21, 1999
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Welsh Government
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"Government of Wales" redirects here. For an overview of the political system of Wales, see Politics of Wales.
Welsh Government
Welsh: Llywodraeth Cymru
Overview
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The Welsh Government (Welsh: Llywodraeth Cymru) is the devolved government of Wales.
It was established in 1999 as the Executive Committee of the National Assembly for Wales by the Government of Wales Act 1998, which created a devolved administration for Wales in line with the result of the 1997 referendum on Welsh devolution and formally separated from the assembly in 2007 as the Welsh Assembly Government by the Government of Wales Act 2006. The government consists of cabinet secretaries, who attend cabinet meetings, and ministers who do not, and also of a counsel general. It is led by the first minister, usually the leader of the largest party in the National Assembly, who selects cabinet secretaries, ministers and deputy ministers with the approval of the assembly. The government is responsible for tabling policy in devolved areas for consideration by the assembly and implementing policy that has been approved by it.[1][2]
Contents
1 History
1.1 Executive Committee of the National Assembly for Wales 1999 to 2007
1.2 After the 2007 election of the National Assembly for Wales
1.2.1 Legal separation
1.2.2 Transfer of functions
1.2.3 Welsh ministers
1.3 2011 referendum on law-making powers
1.3.1 Functions and areas of competence
1.4 Renaming
2 Cabinet Secretaries, Ministers and Counsel General
2.1 Cabinet
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3.1 Permanent secretary
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3.3 Strategic Delivery and Performance Board
3.4 Welsh Government sponsored bodies
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5 Budget
6 List of successive Welsh Governments
7 See also
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History[edit]
Executive Committee of the National Assembly for Wales 1999 to 2007[edit]
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As initially established, the Welsh Government had no independent executive powers in law (unlike, for instance, the Scottish ministers and British government ministers). The National Assembly was established as a body corporate by the Government of Wales Act 1998 and the executive, as a committee of the assembly, only had those powers that the assembly as a whole voted to delegate to ministers.
The Government of Wales Act 2006 formally separated the National Assembly for Wales and the Welsh Government, giving Welsh ministers independent executive authority, this taking effect after the May 2007 elections. Following separation, the Welsh ministers exercise functions in their own right. Further transfers of executive functions from the British government can be made directly to the Welsh ministers (with their consent) by an Order in Council approved by the British parliament.
Separation was designed to clarify the respective roles of the assembly and the government. Under the structures established by the Government of Wales Act 2006, the role of Welsh ministers is to make decisions; develop and implement policy; exercise executive functions and make statutory instruments. The 60 assembly members in the National Assembly scrutinise the government's decisions and policies; hold ministers to account; approve budgets for the Welsh Government's programmes; and enact acts of assembly on subjects that have been devolved to the Welsh administration.
The result mirrored much more closely the relationship between the British government and British parliament and that between the Scottish Government and the Scottish Parliament.
After the 2007 election of the National Assembly for Wales[edit]
Legal separation[edit]
The new arrangements provided for in the Government of Wales Act 2006 created a formal legal separation between the National Assembly for Wales, comprising 60 assembly members, and the Welsh Assembly Government, comprising the First Minister, Welsh ministers, deputy ministers and the counsel general. This separation between the two bodies took effect on the appointment of the First Minister by Queen Elizabeth II following the assembly election on 3 May 2007.
Separation was meant to clarify the respective roles of the assembly and the government. The role of the government is to make decisions; develop and implement policy; exercise executive functions and make statutory instruments. The 60 assembly members in the National Assembly scrutinise the Welsh Government's decisions and policies; hold ministers to account; approve budgets for the Welsh Government's programmes; and have the power to enact assembly measures on certain matters. Assembly measures can now go further than the subordinate legislation which the assembly had the power to make prior to 2007.
Transfer of functions[edit]
The assembly's functions, including that of making subordinate legislation, in the main, transferred to the Welsh ministers upon separation. A third body was also established under the 2006 Act from May 2007, called the National Assembly for Wales Commission. It employs the staff supporting the new National Assembly for Wales, and holds property, enters into contracts and provides support services on its behalf.
Welsh ministers[edit]
The 2006 Act made new provision for the appointment of Welsh ministers. The First Minister is nominated by the Assembly and then appointed by Her Majesty the Queen. The First Minister then appoints the Welsh Ministers and the Deputy Welsh Ministers, with the approval of Her Majesty. The Act created a new post of Counsel General for Wales, the principal source of legal advice to the Welsh Government. The Counsel General is appointed by the Queen, on the nomination of the First Minister, whose recommendation must be agreed by the National Assembly. The Counsel General may be, but does not have to be, an Assembly Member. The Act permits a maximum of 12 Welsh Ministers, which includes Deputy Welsh Ministers, but excludes the First Minister and the Counsel General. Accordingly, the maximum size of the Welsh Government is 14.
2011 referendum on law-making powers[edit]
Functions and areas of competence[edit]
Following the "yes" vote in the referendum on further law-making powers for the assembly on 3 March 2011, the Welsh Government is now entitled to propose bills to the National Assembly for Wales on subjects within 20 fields of policy. Subject to limitations prescribed by the Government of Wales Act 2006, Acts of the National Assembly may make any provision that could be made by Act of Parliament. The 20 areas of responsibility devolved to the National Assembly for Wales (and within which Welsh ministers exercise executive functions) are:
Agriculture, fisheries, forestry and rural development
Ancient monuments and historical buildings
Culture
Economic development
Education and training
Environment
Fire and rescue services and promotion of fire safety
Food
Health and health services
Highways and transport
Housing
Local government
National Assembly for Wales
Public administration
Social welfare
Sport and recreation
Tourism
Town and country planning
Water and flood defences
Welsh language
Renaming[edit]
The Welsh Assembly Government was renamed Welsh Government (Llywodraeth Cymru) under the Wales Act 2014.[3]
Cabinet Secretaries, Ministers and Counsel General[edit]
The government is composed of cabinet secretaries and ministers. The counsel general attends cabinet meetings. The current government is formed by Welsh Labour, the sole Liberal Democrats Assembly Member, Kirsty Williams and Independent AM Dafydd Elis-Thomas.
Cabinet[edit]
Office
Name
Term
Party
Image
First Minister
Rt. Hon Carwyn Jones AM 2009– Labour
Cabinet Secretary for Economy and Transport
Ken Skates AM 2017– Labour
Cabinet Secretary for Health and Social Services
Vaughan Gething AM 2017– Labour
Cabinet Secretary for Education
Kirsty Williams AM 2016– Liberal Democrats
Cabinet Secretary for Local Government and Public Services
Alun Davies AM 2017– Labour
Cabinet Secretary for Finance
Mark Drakeford AM 2017– Labour
Cabinet Secretary for Energy, Planning and Rural Affairs
Lesley Griffiths AM 2017– Labour
Leader of the House and Chief Whip
Julie James AM 2017– Labour
Ministers
Minister for Children, Older People and Social Care
Huw Irranca- Davies AM 2017– Labour
Minister for Welsh Language & Lifelong Learning
Rt. Hon Eluned Morgan AM 2017– Labour
Minister for Environment
Hannah Blythyn AM 2017– Labour
Minister for Housing and Regeneration
Rebecca Evans AM 2017– Labour
Minister for Culture, Tourism and Sport
Rt. Hon Dafydd Elis-Thomas AM 2017- Independent
Counsel General
Counsel General for Wales
Jeremy Miles AM 2017– Labour
Civil service[edit]
The Welsh Government also includes a civil service that supports the Welsh ministers. As of March 2018, there are 5,015 full-time equivalent civil servants working across Wales.[4] The civil service is a matter reserved to the British parliament at Westminster: Welsh Government civil servants work within the rules and customs of Her Majesty's Civil Service, but serve the devolved administration rather than the British government.[5]
Permanent secretary[edit]
The permanent secretary heads the civil service of the Welsh Government and chairs the Strategic Delivery and Performance Board.
The permanent secretary is a member of Her Majesty's Civil Service, and therefore takes part in the permanent secretaries management group of the Civil Service[6] and is answerable to the most senior civil servant in Britain, the cabinet secretary, for his or her professional conduct. He or she remains, however, at the direction of the Welsh ministers.
Sir Jon Shortridge KCB (May 1999 to April 2008)
Dame Gillian Morgan DBE (May 2008 to August 2012)
Sir Derek Jones KCB (October 2012 to February 2017)[7]
Dame Shan Elizabeth Morgan DCMG (February 2017 to date)[7]
Directorates[edit]
Office of the First Minister & Brexit Group
Cabinet Division
Cabinet Office
Communications Division
European Transition Division
Welsh European Funding Office (WEFO)
Constitutional Affairs & Inter-Governmental Relations Division
Legal Services
Office of the Legislative Counsel
Permanent Secretary's Group
Finance
Welsh Treasury
Strategic Budgeting Division
Innovative Finance
Tax Policy and Legislation Development
Office of the Chief Economist
Governance & Performance
Corporate Services Directorate
Corporate Governance & Assurance Division
Economy, Skills & Natural Resources Group
Office of the Chief Scientific Adviser for Wales
Economic Infrastructure Directorate
International Relations, Trade and Investment Division
Economic Strategy & Decarbonisation Directorate
Business & Regions Directorate
Culture, Sport & Tourism Directorate
Office of the Chief Veterinary Officer
Agriculture & Food Direcrorate
Environment & Marine Directorate
Finance and Operations Directorate
Skills, Higher Education & Lifelong Learning Group
National Procurement Service & Value Wales
Education and Public Services Group
Education Directorate
Welsh Language Division
Local Government Directorate
Communities & Tackling Poverty Directorate
Office of the Chief Digital Officer
Housing & Regeneration Directorate
Care Inspectorate Wales
Health Inspectorate Wales
Health & Social Services Group
Population Health Directorate
Nursing Directorate
Social Services & Integration Directorate
NHS Delivery, Planning & Performance Directorate
NHS Finance Directorate
Mental Health, NHS Governance and Corporate Services Directorate
Mental Health and Vulnerable Groups Division
Substance Misuse Policy Division
Statistical Directorate
Office of the Chief Social Research Officer
Primary Care & Innovation Directorate
Workforce & Organisational Development Directorate
CAFCASS Cymru
Strategic Delivery and Performance Board[edit]
The Strategic Delivery and Performance Board translates the strategic direction set by the Welsh cabinet and its committees into work that is joined up across Welsh Government departments and makes the best use of its resources. The board is made up of four directors general, four directors and 4 non-executive directors, and is chaired by the permanent secretary.
Board members are appointed at the discretion of and by the permanent secretary. Membership is not wholly dependent on functional responsibilities; it is designed to provide balanced advice and support to the permanent secretary, and collective leadership to the organisation as a whole.[8]
Position
Name
Permanent Secretary Dame Shan Morgan, CMG
Director General, Education and Public Services Group Tracey Burke
Director General, Economy, Skills & Natural Resources Group Andrew Slade
Director General, Health & Social Services and Chief Executive of NHS Wales Dr. Andrew Goodall
Director General, Office of the First Minister & Brexit Group Desmond Clifford
Director, Legal Services Jeff Godfrey
Director, Governance David Richards
Director, Finance Gawain Evans
Director, HR Peter Kennedy
non-executive director Gareth Lynn
non-executive director Ann Keane
non-executive director Jeff Fararr
non-executive director Ellen Donovan
Head of Organisational Development and Engagement Natalie Pearson
Chair of Operations Committee -
Board Equality and Diversity Champion Gillian Baranski
Welsh Government sponsored bodies[edit]
Main article: Welsh Government sponsored bodies
The Welsh Government is responsible for a number of Welsh Government sponsored bodies (WGSBs). These are, respectively,
executive WGSBs, which are non-departmental public bodies such as the Arts Council of Wales;
advisory WGSBs, which are non-departmental public bodies; and
tribunals such as the Mental Health Review Tribunal for Wales.
WGSBs are staffed by public servants rather than civil servants.
The Welsh Government is also responsible for some public bodies that are not classed as WGSBs, such as NHS Wales, and the Welsh Offices of England and Wales legal offices.
Offices[edit]
The Welsh Government has a total of 22 core offices across Wales. It also has an office based in Westminster in London. The Government also has 15 offices located in 7 countries outside the United Kingdom, including China, India, United Arab Emirates and the United States.[9]
Historically, most Welsh Office staff were based in Cardiff, especially in Cathays Park. However, in 2002, the Fullerton Review concluded that "the Assembly could no longer sustain having the majority of its operational functions located in and around Cardiff".[10] Since 2004, Welsh Government civil servants have been relocated across Wales as part of the Location Strategy, which involved the creation of new offices at Merthyr Tydfil, Aberystwyth and Llandudno Junction.[11] In 2006, the mergers of ELWa, the Wales Tourist Board and the Welsh Development Agency into the Welsh Government brought these agencies' offices into the Welsh Government estate.
The office of the First Minister is in Tŷ Hywel in Cardiff Bay; an office is also kept at the Welsh Government building in Cathays Park where the majority of Cardiff-based Welsh Government civil servants are located.
The old Crown Building in Cathays Park – original home of the Welsh Office
The New Crown Building is today home to many of the Welsh Government's civil servants
Tŷ Hywel houses the offices of the cabinet
Budget[edit]
The Welsh Government receives a budget allocation from the UK Government[12] determined by the Barnett Formula.
List of successive Welsh Governments[edit]
Further information: List of Welsh Governments
See also[edit]
List of Wales-related topics
Government spending in the United Kingdom
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Welsh Government: a quick guide" (PDF). Welsh Government. 2015. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Welsh Government: about". Welsh Government. 2016. Retrieved 22 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Welsh assembly report damns Cardiff government for failure to cut poverty". The Guardian website. Guardian News & Media. 19 June 2015. Retrieved 15 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Welsh Government | Number of staff at the Welsh Government". gov.wales. Retrieved 2018-01-27.
Jump up ^ "Welsh Government civil service: how we work". Welsh Government. 11 November 2013. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Civil Service. PSMG Membership".
^ Jump up to: a b "Diplomat to be new Welsh Government permanent secretary". BBC News. 2016-11-09. Retrieved 2017-02-03.
Jump up ^ Welsh Government | Membership. Wales.gov.uk (18 March 2013). Retrieved on 24 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "Welsh Government | State of the estate report 2016-2017". gov.wales. Retrieved 2018-01-27.
Jump up ^ "Welsh Government – Update on Location Strategy".
Jump up ^ "Welsh Government – Location Strategy".
Jump up ^ Welsh Government | Budgets. Wales.gov.uk (8 July 2013). Retrieved on 24 August 2013.
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