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2018 College Football Playoff National Championship
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2018 College Football Playoff National Championship
Alabama Crimson Tide Georgia Bulldogs
(12–1) (13–1)
SEC SEC
26 23
Head coach:
Nick Saban Head coach:
Kirby Smart
AP Coaches CFP
4 4 4
AP Coaches CFP
3 3 3
1
2
3
4
OT
Total
Alabama 0 0 10 10 6 26
Georgia 0 13 7 0 3 23
Date
January 8, 2018
Season
2017
Stadium
Mercedes-Benz Stadium
Location
Atlanta, Georgia
MVP
Offensive: #13 QB Tua Tagovailoa, Fr. Alabama
Defensive: #94 DT Da'Ron Payne, Jr. Alabama
Favorite
Alabama by 3.5
National anthem
Zac Brown Band
Referee
Dan Capron (Big Ten)[1]
Halftime show
Georgia Redcoat Marching Band
Million Dollar Band
Attendance
77,430
United States TV coverage
Network
ESPN/ESPN Radio/ESPN Deportes
Announcers
Chris Fowler, Kirk Herbstreit, Maria Taylor and Tom Rinaldi (ESPN)
Sean McDonough, Todd Blackledge, Holly Rowe and Ian Fitzsimmons (ESPN Radio)
College Football Playoff National Championship
< 2017 2019 >
The 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship was a college football bowl game that determined the national champion in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision for the 2017 season. The Alabama Crimson Tide defeated the Georgia Bulldogs 26–23 in overtime. Alabama overcame a 13–0 deficit at halftime. Tua Tagovailoa and Da'Ron Payne were respectively named the offensive and defensive players of the game.
The College Football Playoff selection committee chose the semifinalists following the conclusion of the 2017 regular season. Alabama and Georgia advanced to the national championship after winning the semifinal games hosted by the Sugar Bowl and the Rose Bowl, respectively, on January 1, 2018. The championship game was played at Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta, Georgia on January 8, 2018.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 2018 College Football Playoff
3 Teams
3.1 Alabama
3.2 Georgia
4 Game summary
4.1 Scoring summary
4.2 Statistics
5 Broadcasting
6 Dispute
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Background[edit]
The 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship took place at Mercedes-Benz Stadium
The Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta, Georgia was announced as the host site for the fourth College Football National Championship on November 4, 2015.[2]
2018 College Football Playoff[edit]
Semifinals Championship
January 1 – Sugar Bowl
Mercedes-Benz Superdome, New Orleans
1 Clemson 6
4 Alabama 24 January 8 – National Championship
Mercedes-Benz Stadium, Atlanta
4 Alabama (OT) 26
January 1 – Rose Bowl
Rose Bowl, Pasadena 3 Georgia 23
2 Oklahoma 48
3 Georgia (2OT) 54
This bracket:
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The College Football Playoff (CFP) selected four teams to advance to the playoff: the Clemson Tigers, Oklahoma Sooners, Georgia Bulldogs, and Alabama Crimson Tide.[3]
Teams[edit]
Alabama[edit]
See also: 2017 Alabama Crimson Tide football team
The Alabama Crimson Tide defeated the Clemson Tigers in the 2018 Sugar Bowl by a score of 24–6 to reach the championship game. The Tide had a 12–1 season, becoming the SEC West Division co-champions with the Auburn Tigers. The Crimson Tide were coached by Nick Saban.[4]
Georgia[edit]
See also: 2017 Georgia Bulldogs football team
The Georgia Bulldogs defeated the Oklahoma Sooners in the 2018 Rose Bowl by a score of 54–48 in double overtime to reach the championship game. The Bulldogs had a 13–1 season claiming their 13th Southeastern Conference (SEC) championship with a win over Auburn Tigers, 28–7. The Bulldogs were coached by Kirby Smart.[5]
Game summary[edit]
After winning the coin toss, Alabama deferred to the second half and Georgia received the ball to begin the game. After two plays, quarterback Jake Fromm attempted a pass downfield and was intercepted by Tony Brown. Alabama began their first drive of the game, and, after eleven plays, that drive ended with kicker Andy Pappanastos missing a 40-yard field goal. The teams each had three-and-outs for the game's first two punts. During Georgia's ensuing drive, the quarter ended, with no score.[6]
After a failed third down conversion, on the second play of the second quarter, Georgia kicker Rodrigo Blankenship hit a 41-yard field goal to open the scoring and put Georgia in the lead by three. Alabama's ensuing drive went nowhere, as they gained four yards on three plays and punted. Georgia took the ball and drove down the field, and found themselves with a first and goal at the Alabama 10-yard-line; the Tide defense held, however, and the Bulldogs settled for a second field goal and took a 6–0 lead with just over seven and a half minutes until half. On Alabama's next drive, the Georgia defense held yet again and Alabama's JK Scott punted for the third time. Just prior to the punt, Georgia wide receiver Javon Wims was shown walking to the locker room, reportedly with a left shoulder injury. Both defenses then forced punts, and Georgia took back over with 1:19 remaining in the half on their own 31-yard-line. Nine plays later, on Alabama's 1-yard-line, Mecole Hardman took a direct snap, faked a handoff, and ran into the end zone for the game's first touchdown, putting Georgia up 13–0 going into halftime.[6]
Because they deferred the coin toss, Alabama received the ball first in the second half. They started their drive on their own 22-yard-line. Tua Tagovailoa, Alabama's backup quarterback, started the second half for the Tide; that drive quickly resulted in a three-and-out. The initial punt was blocked, but an offside call gave the Tide another chance to punt. Georgia started their drive on their own 36-yard-line, but punted on 4th & 17. Alabama took over on their own 44-yard-line.[6] The teams then traded touchdowns on consecutive drives; Alabama scored their first points of the game on a 6-yard pass from Tagovailoa to Ruggs, but Georgia immediately responded with an 80-yard touchdown connection from Fromm to Mecole Hardman, putting Georgia up 20–7. On the second play of Alabama's ensuing drive, Tagovailoa, while scrambling to the left, threw into traffic and was intercepted by Georgia's Deandre Baker. Up 13, the Bulldogs took over possession of the ball on Alabama's 39-yard-line. The Tide defense responded immediately, however, as Raekwon Davis intercepted a Jake Fromm pass on the first play of Georgia's drive, returning the pick to the UGA 40-yard-line. The Tide gained fifteen yards on six plays and kicker Andy Pappanastos avenged his earlier miss with a 43-yard field goal that put Bama within ten. The teams then traded punts. Just prior to Alabama's punt, it was announced that an Alabama defensive back, Kyriq McDonald, had collapsed on the sideline; the situation was described as a "serious medical emergency". He was loaded onto a medical stretcher awake and conscious. Georgia could not muster anything on offense that drive, and punted. The fourth quarter saw Tagovailoa lead the Tide to come back and tie the game at 20 with 3:49. With three seconds remaining in the game, Andy Pappanastos missed a potential game-winning 36-yard field goal to the left, sending the game to overtime.[6]
In overtime, Georgia scored on a 51-yard field goal. On Alabama's first offensive play in overtime, Tagovailoa was sacked for a 16-yard loss, but immediately followed that with a game-winning 41-yard touchdown pass to DeVonta Smith.[6] Tagovailoa was named the offensive player of the game, and Da'Ron Payne was named the defensive player of the game.[7]
Scoring summary[edit]
[hide]Scoring summary
Quarter
Time
Drive
Team
Scoring information
Score
Plays
Yards
TOP
Alabama
Georgia
2 14:14 14 55 7:40 Georgia 41-yard field goal by Rodrigo Blankenship 0 3
2 7:33 13 70 5:19 Georgia 27-yard field goal by Rodrigo Blankenship 0 6
2 0:07 9 69 1:12 Georgia Mecole Hardman 1-yard touchdown run, Rodrigo Blankenship kick good 0 13
3 8:52 7 56 1:59 Alabama Henry Ruggs III 6-yard touchdown reception from Tua Tagovailoa, Andy Pappanastos kick good 7 13
3 6:52 4 93 1:55 Georgia Mecole Hardman 80-yard touchdown reception from Jake Fromm, Rodrigo Blankenship kick good 7 20
3 5:20 6 15 1:06 Alabama 43-yard field goal by Andy Pappanastos 10 20
4 9:24 8 71 2:15 Alabama 30-yard field goal by Andy Pappanastos 13 20
4 3:49 8 66 3:21 Alabama Calvin Ridley 7-yard touchdown reception from Tua Tagovailoa, Andy Pappanastos kick good 20 20
OT 4 -9 Georgia 51-yard field goal by Rodrigo Blankenship 20 23
OT 2 25 Alabama DeVonta Smith 41-yard touchdown reception from Tua Tagovailoa 26 23
"TOP" = time of possession. For other American football terms, see Glossary of American football.
26
23
Statistics[edit]
1
2
3
4
OT
Total
No. 4 Crimson Tide 0 0 10 10 6 26
No. 3 Bulldogs 0 13 7 0 3 23
Statistics
Alabama
Georgia
First downs 20 22
Plays–yards 71–371 77–365
Rushes–yards 39–184 45–133
Passing yards 187 232
Passing: Comp–Att–Int 17–32–1 16–32–2
Time of possession 26:17 33:43
Sources: ESPN, StatBroadcast
Team
Category
Player
Statistics
Alabama Passing Tua Tagovailoa 14/24, 166 yds, 3 TD, 1 INT
Rushing Najee Harris 6 car, 64 yds
Receiving Calvin Ridley 4 rec, 32 yds, 1 TD
Georgia Passing Jake Fromm 16/32, 232 yds, 1 TD, 2 INT
Rushing Sony Michel 14 car, 98 yds
Receiving Riley Ridley 6 rec, 82 yds
Sources: ESPN, StatBroadcast
Broadcasting[edit]
The game was televised nationally by ESPN. On January 8, 2018, the network announced that its broadcast would feature a live performance by Kendrick Lamar during halftime. This performance was separate from the event proper at Mercedes-Benz Stadium (which featured a traditional halftime show with the marching bands of the participating teams), and originated from Centennial Olympic Park.[8]
Dispute[edit]
Following an undefeated season in the American Athletic Conference and their victory over the Auburn Tigers in the 2018 Peach Bowl, the UCF Knights claimed the national championship by virtue of being the only undefeated team in the FBS level of college football.[9] [3] UCF held a victory parade at Disney World[10] and hung a national championship banner at their stadium to celebrate this achievement.[11] The school also paid national championship bonuses to all of its assistant coaches, many of whom left UCF after the Peach Bowl to follow head coach Scott Frost to his new head coaching job at Nebraska; Frost himself (who coached UCF in the game) did not receive such a bonus because he had already been paid all of the bonuses allowed by his UCF contract.[12]
The selection committee controversially ranked undefeated UCF 12th at the end of the regular season, below a number of two-loss teams from the Power Five conferences, which left them out of the CFP. The AP Poll ranked Alabama No. 1 in its final poll, receiving 57 first-place votes, while UCF was ranked No. 6 and received four first-place votes — the first time in the CFP era that the AP poll did not have a unanimous No. 1 team.[13] Additionally, the Knights finished the 2017 football season as the No. 1 team in the Colley Bias Free Matrix Rankings. The Colley Matrix is recognized by the NCAA in its list of “national champion major selections.” [14]
See also[edit]
College football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Kirshner, Alex (January 8, 2018). "A Big Ten officiating crew is working the all-SEC National Championship". sbnation.com. SB Nation. Retrieved January 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ Alex Scarbrough (November 4, 2015). "Atlanta, Santa Clara and New Orleans land CFP title games for 2018–20". ESPN.com. Retrieved November 4, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Selection Committee Rankings: Final Top 25 Rankings" (PDF). College Football Playoff. December 3, 2017. Retrieved December 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Alabama's Sugar Bowl win against Clemson sets up all-SEC final: Final score, stats, analysis". nola.com. January 1, 2018. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ Emerson, Seth (January 1, 2018). "Georgia to play for national championship after Rose Bowl win in 2 OT". ajc.com. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Hoffman, Benjamin; Drape, Joe; Tracy, Marc (January 8, 2018). "National Championship Game: Georgia vs. Alabama Live Score". The New York Times. Retrieved January 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ Perez, A.J. (January 9, 2018). "CFP players of the game: Alabama's Tua Tagovailoa and Da'Ron Payne". USA Today. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Kendrick Lamar to Perform at College Football Playoff Title Game". Billboard. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ Baker, Matt (January 3, 2018). "UCF is really claiming a national championship". tampabay.com. Retrieved January 7, 2018.
Jump up ^ Rollins, Khadrice (January 2, 2018). "UCF Is Having a Parade at Disney World for National Championship Caliber Season". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved January 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ Gartland, Dan (January 3, 2018). "UCF Is Hanging a National Championship Banner at Its Stadium". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved January 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ Chavez, Chris (January 3, 2018). "UCF AD Says Coaches Will Be Paid National Championship Bonuses". SI.com. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ September 1, 2018 (January 9, 2018). "Alabama is No. 1 in final AP poll for 11th time; UCF 6th". Msn.com. Retrieved January 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ Roger Simmons (January 9, 2018). "National champions: UCF Knights finish season ranked No. 1 in Colley Matrix". orlandosentinel.com. Retrieved February 14, 2018.
External links[edit]
Media related to 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship at Wikimedia Commons
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text:
Do It Again (Steely Dan song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Do It Again"
Single by Steely Dan
from the album Can't Buy a Thrill
B-side
"Fire in the Hole"
Released
November 1972
Format
7" 45 RPM
Recorded
August 1972
at the Village Recorder, Santa Monica
Genre
Soft rock[1]
funk rock[2]
Length
4:14 (7" version)
5:56 (Album version)
Label
ABC (US)
EMI (Europe)
Songwriter(s)
Walter Becker
Donald Fagen
Producer(s)
Gary Katz
Steely Dan singles chronology
"Dallas"
(1972) "Do It Again"
(1972) "Reelin' In the Years"
(1973)
"Dallas"
(1972) "Do It Again"
(1972) "Reelin' In the Years"
(1973)
"Do It Again" is a song composed by Walter Becker and Donald Fagen, performed by American rock group Steely Dan, which was released as a single from their 1972 debut album Can't Buy a Thrill. The single version differed from the album version, shortening the intro and outro and omitting the organ solo.
Released in 1972, the song debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 on November 18, 1972, and reached number 6 on the US charts in 1973, making it Steely Dan's second highest charting single.[3]
On the 1972 release, the song was credited as "Trad" (for traditional), although it was actually written by Becker and Fagen.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
2 Personnel
3 Cover versions
4 Chart performance
4.1 Weekly charts
4.2 Year-end charts
5 References
6 External links
Structure[edit]
The original version of "Do It Again" is in the key of G minor, with Fagen on lead vocals. The song uses a large amount of syncopation in the vocal melody.[citation needed]
The tune features an electric sitar solo by Denny Dias. The "plastic organ" solo by Donald Fagen was performed on a Yamaha YC-30 with a sliding pitch-bending control.[5]
Personnel[edit]
Donald Fagen – Wurlitzer electric piano, Yamaha YC-30 organ and vocals
Denny Dias – electric sitar
Jeff Baxter – guitar
Walter Becker – bass guitar
Jim Hodder – drums
Victor Feldman – percussion
Cover versions[edit]
In 1983, Italian group Club House released "Do It Again Medley with Billie Jean," a mashup/medley of the track with Michael Jackson's "Billie Jean".[6] The song was later cover by the American studio group Slingshot.[6]
In 1997, Paul Hardcastle offered his version from the album Cover to Cover.[7]
In 2017, Lydia Lunch and Cypress Grove covered the song on their album Under the Covers.[8]
Chart performance[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1972–1973)
Peak
position
Australia (Kent Music Report)[9] 60
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[10] 6
Germany (Official German Charts)[11] 33
Italy (FIMI)[12] 29
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[13] 15
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[14] 10
US Billboard Hot 100[3] 6
US Cash Box[15] 7
US Record World[16] 8
Chart (1975)
Peak
position
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[17] 39
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1973)
Rank
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[18] 62
US Billboard Hot 100[19] 73
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Mason, Stewart. "Do It Again – Song Review". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved September 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ Hoffmann, Frank, ed. (2005). "Steely Dan". Encyclopedia of Recorded Sound. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-93835-X.
^ Jump up to: a b "Steely Dan – Awards". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved September 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Do It Again". American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Discography, or Who Played What On....?". Combo Organ. Retrieved September 5, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Halstead, Craig; Cadman, Chris (2003). Michael Jackson the Solo Years. Authors On Line Ltd. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-7552-0091-7.
Jump up ^ Yanow, Scott. "Paul Hardcastle – Cover to Cover". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved September 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ Van Isacker, Bernard (April 27, 2017). "Lydia Lunch & Cypress Grove cover The Doors, Tom Petty and lots more on 'Under the covers' cover album – available on vinyl too". Side-Line. Retrieved June 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992. St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
Jump up ^ "Top RPM Singles: Issue 5297." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved September 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Steely Dan – Do It Again". GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved September 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Indice per Interprete: S" (in Italian). Hit Parade Italia. Creative Commons. Retrieved September 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – Steely Dan - Do It Again search results" (in Dutch) Dutch Top 40. Retrieved September 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Steely Dan – Do It Again" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved September 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ "CASH BOX Top 100 Singles – Week ending FEBRUARY 17, 1973". Archived from the original on October 2, 2012. . Cash Box.
Jump up ^ "The Singles Chart" (PDF). Record World. February 24, 1972. p. 27. ISSN 0034-1622. Retrieved September 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved September 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Singles of '73". RPM. Vol. 20 no. 20. December 29, 1973. Retrieved August 31, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Hits for 1973". The Longbored Surfer. Retrieved September 5, 2014.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
[hide]
v
t
e
Steely Dan
Walter Becker
Donald Fagen
Jeff "Skunk" Baxter
Denny Dias
Jim Hodder
David Palmer
Royce Jones
Michael McDonald
Jeff Porcaro
Studio albums
Can't Buy a Thrill (1972)
Countdown to Ecstasy (1973)
Pretzel Logic (1974)
Katy Lied (1975)
The Royal Scam (1976)
Aja (1977)
Gaucho (1980)
Two Against Nature (2000)
Everything Must Go (2003)
Live albums
Alive in America (1995)
Plush TV Jazz-Rock Party (2000)
Singles
"Dallas"
"Do It Again"
"Reelin' In the Years"
"Show Biz Kids"
"My Old School"
"Rikki Don't Lose That Number"
"Pretzel Logic"
"Black Friday"
"Bad Sneakers"
"Kid Charlemagne"
"The Fez"
"Haitian Divorce"
"Peg"
"Deacon Blues"
"FM (No Static at All)"
"Josie"
"Hey Nineteen"
"Babylon Sisters"
"Cousin Dupree"
"Janie Runaway"
Album tracks
"Aja"
"Any Major Dude Will Tell You"
"Dirty Work"
Compilations
Greatest Hits (1978)
Steely Dan (1978)
Gold (1982/91)
A Decade of Steely Dan (1985)
Reelin' In the Years (1987)
Do It Again (1987)
Citizen Steely Dan (1993)
Then and Now (1993)
Showbiz Kids (2000)
The Definitive Collection (2006)
Related articles
Discography
Gary Katz
Marian McPartland's Piano Jazz with Steely Dan
Roger Nichols
Book
Category
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Do_It_Again_(Steely_Dan_song)&oldid=802860308"
Categories:
1972 singles
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text:
Aorta
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For the American band, see Aorta (band).
This article uses anatomical terminology; for an overview, see Anatomical terminology.
Aorta
Schematic view of the aorta and its segments
Branches of the aorta
Details
Pronunciation
/eɪˈɔːrtə/
Precursor
Truncus arteriosus Fourth left branchial artery Paired dorsal aortae (combine into the single descending aorta)
Source
Left ventricle
Branches
Ascending aorta:
Right and left coronary arteries.
Arch of aorta (supra-aortic vessels):
Brachiocephalic trunk
Left common carotid artery
Left subclavian artery
Descending aorta, thoracic part:
Left bronchial arteries
esophageal arteries to the thoracic part of the esophagus
Third to eleventh Posterior intercostal arteries, and the Subcostal arteries
Descending aorta, abdominal part:
Parietal branches:
Inferior phrenic arteries
Lumbar arteries
Median sacral artery
Visceral branches:
Celiac trunk
Middle suprarenal arteries
Superior mesenteric artery
Renal arteries
Gonadal arteries testicular in males, ovarian in females
Inferior mesenteric artery
Terminal branches:
Common iliac arteries
Median sacral artery
Vein
Combination of coronary sinus, superior vena cava and inferior vena cava
Supplies
The systemic circulation
(entire body with exception of the respiratory zone of the lung which is supplied by the pulmonary circulation)
Identifiers
Latin
Aorta, arteria maxima
MeSH
D001011
TA
A12.2.02.001
FMA
3734
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
The aorta (/eɪˈɔːrtə/ ay-OR-tə) is the main artery in the human body, originating from the left ventricle of the heart and extending down to the abdomen, where it splits into two smaller arteries (the common iliac arteries). The aorta distributes oxygenated blood to all parts of the body through the systemic circulation.[1]
Contents
1 Structure
1.1 Sections
1.1.1 Ascending aorta
1.1.2 Aortic arch
1.1.3 Thoracic aorta
1.1.4 Abdominal aorta
1.2 Development
1.3 Microanatomy
1.4 Variation
2 Function
2.1 Blood flow and velocity
3 Clinical significance
4 Other animals
5 History
6 References
7 External links
Structure[edit]
Sections[edit]
Course of the aorta in the thorax (anterior view), starting posterior to the main pulmonary artery, then anterior to the right pulmonary arteries, the trachea and the esophagus, then turning posteriorly to course dorsally to these structures.
In anatomical sources, the aorta is usually divided into sections.[2][3][4][5]
One way of classifying a part of the aorta is by anatomical compartment, where the thoracic aorta (or thoracic portion of the aorta) runs from the heart to the diaphragm. The aorta then continues downward as the abdominal aorta (or abdominal portion of the aorta) diaphragm to the aortic bifurcation.
Another system divides the aorta with respect to its course and the direction of blood flow. In this system, the aorta starts as the ascending aorta then travels superiorly from the heart and then makes a hairpin turn known as the aortic arch. Following the aortic arch, the aorta then travels inferiorly as the descending aorta. The descending aorta has two parts. The aorta begins to descend in the thoracic cavity, and consequently is known as the thoracic aorta. After the aorta passes through the diaphragm, it is known as the abdominal aorta. The aorta ends by dividing into two major blood vessels, the common iliac arteries and a smaller midline vessel, the median sacral artery.[6]:18
Ascending aorta[edit]
Main article: Ascending aorta
The ascending aorta begins at the opening of the aortic valve in the left ventricle of the heart. It runs through a common pericardial sheath with the pulmonary trunk. These two blood vessels twist around each other, causing the aorta to start out posterior to the pulmonary trunk, but end by twisting to its right and anterior side.[7]:191,204 The transition from ascending aorta to aortic arch is at the pericardial reflection on the aorta.[8]:Plate 211
At the root of the ascending aorta, the lumen has three small pockets between the cusps of the aortic valve and the wall of the aorta, which are called the aortic sinuses or the sinuses of Valsalva. The left aortic sinus contains the origin of the left coronary artery and the right aortic sinus likewise gives rise to the right coronary artery. Together, these two arteries supply the heart. The posterior aortic sinus does not give rise to a coronary artery. For this reason the left, right and posterior aortic sinuses are also called left-coronary, right-coronary and non-coronary sinuses.[7]:191
Aortic arch[edit]
Main article: Aortic arch
The aortic arch loops over the left pulmonary artery and the bifurcation of the pulmonary trunk, to which it remains connected by the ligamentum arteriosum, a remnant of the fetal circulation that is obliterated a few days after birth. In addition to these blood vessels, the aortic arch crosses the left main bronchus. Between the aortic arch and the pulmonary trunk is a network of autonomic nerve fibers, the cardiac plexus or aortic plexus. The left vagus nerve, which passes anterior to the aortic arch, gives off a major branch, the recurrent laryngeal nerve, which loops under the aortic arch just lateral to the ligamentum arteriosum. It then runs back to the neck.
The aortic arch has three major branches: from proximal to distal, they are the brachiocephalic trunk, the left common carotid artery, and the left subclavian artery. The brachiocephalic trunk supplies the right side of the head and neck as well as the right arm and chest wall, while the latter two together supply the left side of the same regions.
The aortic arch ends and the descending aorta begins at the level of the intervertebral disc between the fourth and fifth thoracic vertebrae.[7]:209
Thoracic aorta[edit]
Main article: Descending thoracic aorta
The thoracic descending aorta gives rise to the intercostal and subcostal arteries, as well as to the superior and inferior left bronchial arteries and variable branches to the esophagus, mediastinum, and pericardium. Its lowest pair of branches are the superior phrenic arteries, which supply the diaphragm, and the subcostal arteries for the twelfth rib.[9]:195
Abdominal aorta[edit]
Main article: Abdominal aorta
The abdominal aorta begins at the aortic hiatus of the diaphragm at the level of the twelfth thoracic vertebra.[10] It gives rise to lumbar and musculophrenic arteries, renal and middle suprarenal arteries, and visceral arteries (the celiac trunk, the superior mesenteric artery and the inferior mesenteric artery). It ends in a bifurcation into the left and right common iliac arteries. At the point of the bifurcation, there also springs a smaller branch, the median sacral artery.[9]:331
Development[edit]
The ascending aorta develops from the outflow tract which initially starts as a single tube connecting the heart with the aortic arches (which will form the great arteries) in early development, but then is separated into the aorta and the pulmonary trunk.
The aortic arches start as five pairs of symmetrical arteries connecting the heart with the dorsal aorta, and then undergo a significant remodelling[11] to form the final asymmetrical structure of the great arteries, with the 3rd pair of arteries contributing to the common carotids, the right 4th forming the base and middle part of the right subclavian artery and the left 4th being the central part of the aortic arch. The smooth muscle of the great arteries and the population of cells that form the aorticopulmonary septum that separates the aorta and pulmonary artery is derived from cardiac neural crest. This contribution of the neural crest to the great artery smooth muscle is unusual as most smooth muscle is derived from mesoderm. In fact the smooth muscle within the abdominal aorta is derived from mesoderm, and the coronary arteries, which arise just above the semilunar valves, possess smooth muscle of mesodermal origin. A failure of the aorticopulmonary septum to divide the great vessels results in persistent truncus arteriosus.
Microanatomy[edit]
A pig's aorta cut open, also showing some branching arteries.
The aorta is an elastic artery, and as such is quite distensible. The aorta consists of a heterogeneous mixture of smooth muscle, nerves, intimal cells, endothelial cells, fibroblast-like cells, and a complex extracellular matrix. The vascular wall consists of several layers known as the tunica externa, tunica media, and tunica intima. The thickness of the aorta requires an extensive network of tiny blood vessels called vasa vasorum, which feed the tunica externa and tunica media outer layers of the aorta.[12] The aortic arch contains baroreceptors and chemoreceptors that relay information concerning blood pressure and blood pH and carbon dioxide levels to the medulla oblongata of the brain. This information is processed by the brain and the autonomic nervous system mediates the homeostatic responses.
Within the tunica media, smooth muscle and the extracellular matrix are quantitatively the largest components of the aortic vascular wall. The fundamental unit of the aorta is the elastic lamella, which consists of smooth muscle and elastic matrix. The medial layer of the aorta consist of concentric musculoelastic layers (the elastic lamella) in mammals. The smooth muscle component does not dramatically alter the diameter of the aorta but rather serves to increase the stiffness and viscoelasticity of the aortic wall when activated. The elastic matrix dominates the biomechanical properties of the aorta. The elastic matrix forms lamellae, consisting of elastic fibers, collagens (predominately type III), proteoglycans, and glycoaminoglycans.[13]
Variation[edit]
Variations may occur in the location of the aorta, and the way in which arteries branch off the aorta. The aorta, normally on the left side of the body, may be found on the right in dextrocardia, in which the heart is found on the right, or situs inversus, in which the location of all organs are flipped.[9]:188
Variations in the branching of individual arteries may also occur. For example, the left vertebral artery may arise from the aorta, instead of the left common carotid artery.[9]:188
In patent ductus arteriosus, a congenital disorder, the fetal ductus arteriosis fails to close, leaving an open vessel connecting the pulmonary artery to the proximal descending aorta.[14]
Function[edit]
Major Aorta anatomy displaying Ascending Aorta, Brachiocephalic trunk, Left Common Carotid Artery, Left Subclavian Artery, Aortic Isthmus, Aortic Arch and Descending Thoracic Aorta
The aorta supplies all of the systemic circulation, which means that the entire body, except for the respiratory zone of the lung, receives its blood from the aorta. Broadly speaking, branches from the ascending aorta supply the heart; branches from the aortic arch supply the head, neck and arms; branches from the thoracic descending aorta supply the chest (excluding the heart and the respiratory zone of the lung); and branches from the abdominal aorta supply the abdomen. The pelvis and legs get their blood from the common iliac arteries.
Blood flow and velocity[edit]
The pulsatile nature of blood flow creates a pulse wave that is propagated down the arterial tree, and at bifurcations reflected waves rebound to return to semilunar valves and the origin of the aorta. These return waves create the dicrotic notch displayed in the aortic pressure curve during the cardiac cycle as these reflected waves push on the aortic semilunar valve.[15] With age, the aorta stiffens such that the pulse wave is propagated faster and reflected waves return to the heart faster before the semilunar valve closes, which raises the blood pressure. The stiffness of the aorta is associated with a number of diseases and pathologies, and noninvasive measures of the pulse wave velocity are an independent indicator of hypertension. Measuring the pulse wave velocity (invasively and non-invasively) is a means of determining arterial stiffness. Maximum aortic velocity may be noted as Vmax or less commonly as AoVmax.
Mean arterial pressure (MAP) is highest in the aorta and the MAP decreases across the circulation from aorta to arteries to arterioles to capillaries to veins back to atrium. The difference between aortic and right atrial pressure accounts for blood flow in the circulation.[16] When the left ventricle contracts to force blood into the aorta, the aorta expands. This stretching gives the potential energy that will help maintain blood pressure during diastole, as during this time the aorta contracts passively. This Windkessel effect of the great elastic arteries has important biomechanical implications. The elastic recoil helps conserve the energy from the pumping heart and smooth out the pulsatile nature created by the heart. Aortic pressure is highest at the aorta and becomes less pulsatile and lower pressure as blood vessels divide into arteries, arterioles, and capillaries such that flow is slow and smooth for gases and nutrient exchange.
Clinical significance[edit]
Aortic aneurysm – mycotic, bacterial (e.g. syphilis), senile, genetic, associated with valvular heart disease
Aortic coarctation – pre-ductal, post-ductal
Aortic dissection
Aortic stenosis
Aortitis, inflammation of the aorta that can be seen in trauma, infections, and autoimmune disease
Atherosclerosis
Ehlers–Danlos syndrome
Marfan syndrome
Trauma, such as traumatic aortic rupture, most often thoracic and distal to the left subclavian artery[17] and often quickly fatal[18]
Transposition of the great vessels, see also dextro-Transposition of the great arteries and levo-Transposition of the great arteries
Other animals[edit]
All amniotes have a broadly similar arrangement to that of humans, albeit with a number of individual variations. In fish, however, there are two separate vessels referred to as aortas. The ventral aorta carries de-oxygenated blood from the heart to the gills; part of this vessel forms the ascending aorta in tetrapods (the remainder forms the pulmonary artery). A second, dorsal aorta carries oxygenated blood from the gills to the rest of the body, and is homologous with the descending aorta of tetrapods. The two aortas are connected by a number of vessels, one passing through each of the gills. Amphibians also retain the fifth connecting vessel, so that the aorta has two parallel arches.[19]
History[edit]
The word 'Aorta' stems from the Late Latin aorta from Classical Greek aortē (ἀορτή), from aeirō, "I lift, raise" (ἀείρω)[20] This term was first applied by Aristotle when describing the aorta and describes accurately how it seems to be 'suspended' above the heart.[21]
The function of the aorta has been documented in the Talmud, where it is noted as one of three major vessels entering or leaving the heart, and where perforation is linked to death.[22]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Maton, Anthea; Jean Hopkins; Charles William McLaughlin; Susan Johnson; Maryanna Quon Warner; David LaHart; Jill D. Wright (1995). Human Biology Health. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-981176-1.
Jump up ^ Tortora, Gerard J. (1995). Principles of Human Anatomy (Seventh ed.). Harper Collins. pp. 341, 367, 369. ISBN 0-673-99075-3.
Jump up ^ Tortora, Gerard J.; Grabowski, Sandra Reynolds (1996). Principles of Anatomy and Physiology (Eighth ed.). Harper Collins. p. 634. ISBN 0-673-99355-8.
Jump up ^ Hole, John W., Jr.; Koos, Karen A. (1994). Human Anatomy (Second ed.). Wm. C. Brown. p. 479. ISBN 0-697-12252-2.
Jump up ^ De Graaff, Van (1998). Human Anatomy (Fifth ed.). WCB McGraw-Hill. pp. 548–549. ISBN 0-697-28413-1.
Jump up ^ Putz, R.; Pabst, R., eds. (2006). Atlas van de menselijke anatomie (Translated from German (Atlas der Anatomie des Menschen)) (in Dutch) (3rd ed.). Bohn Stafleu van Loghum. ISBN 90-313-4712-4.
^ Jump up to: a b c Drake, Richard L.; Vogl, Wayn A.; Mitchell, Adam W. M. (2010). Gray's Anatomy for Students (2nd ed.). Churchill Livingstone (Elsevier). ISBN 978-0-443-06952-9.
Jump up ^ Netter, Frank H. (2003). Atlas of Human Anatomy (3rd ed.). ICON Learning Systems. ISBN 1-929007-21-3.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Drake, Richard L.; Vogl, Wayne; Tibbitts, Adam W.M. Mitchell; illustrations by Richard; Richardson, Paul (2005). Gray's anatomy for students. Philadelphia: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone. ISBN 978-0-8089-2306-0.
Jump up ^ Lech, C; Swaminathan, A (November 2017). "Abdominal Aortic Emergencies". Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America. 35 (4): 847–67. doi:10.1016/j.emc.2017.07.003. PMID 28987432.
Jump up ^ Bamforth, Simon D.; Chaudhry, Bill; Bennett, Michael; Wilson, Robert; Mohun, Timothy J.; Van Mierop, Lodewyk H.S.; Henderson, Deborah J.; Anderson, Robert H. (2013-03-01). "Clarification of the identity of the mammalian fifth pharyngeal arch artery". Clinical Anatomy. 26 (2): 173–182. doi:10.1002/ca.22101. ISSN 1098-2353. PMID 22623372.
Jump up ^ Ritman, E; Lerman, A (2007). "The dynamic vasa vasorum". Cardiovascular Research. 75 (4): 649–658. doi:10.1016/j.cardiores.2007.06.020. ISSN 0008-6363. PMC 2121590  . PMID 17631284.
Jump up ^ Tsamis, A.; Krawiec, J. T.; Vorp, D. A. (2013). "Elastin and collagen fibre microstructure of the human aorta in ageing and disease: a review". Journal of The Royal Society Interface. 10 (83): 20121004–20121004. doi:10.1098/rsif.2012.1004. ISSN 1742-5689. PMC 3645409  .
Jump up ^ MedlinePlus > Patent ductus arteriosus Update Date: 21 December 2009
Jump up ^ Seeley, Rod; Stephens, Trent; Philip Tate (1992). "20". In Allen, Deborah. Anatomy and physiology (2 ed.). Mosby-Year Book, Inc. p. 631. ISBN 0-8016-4832-7.
Jump up ^ Nichols WW, O'Rourke MF. McDonald's Blood Flow in Arteries: Theoretical, Experimental and Clinical Principles. 4th ed. London, UK: Edward Arnold; 1998
Jump up ^ Samett EJ. http://www.emedicine.com/radio/topic44.htm Aorta, Trauma. eMedicine.com. Accessed on: April 24, 2007.
Jump up ^ Tambyraja, A; Scollay, JM; Beard, D; Henry, JM; Murie, JA; Chalmers, RT (2006). "Aortic Trauma in Scotland - A Population Based Study". European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery. 32 (6): 686–689. doi:10.1016/j.ejvs.2006.04.006. PMID 16750920.
Jump up ^ Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 419–421. ISBN 0-03-910284-X.
Jump up ^ Illustrated Steadman's Dictionary, 24th ed.
Jump up ^ Harper, Douglas. "Aorta". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 5 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Rosner, Fred (1995). Medicine in the Bible and the Talmud: Selections from classical Jewish sources (Augm. ed.). Hoboken, NJ: KTAV Pub. House. pp. 87–96. ISBN 9780881255065.
External links[edit]
The dictionary definition of aorta at Wiktionary
Media related to Aorta at Wikimedia Commons
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https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aorta
Aorta – Azerbaijani
az
az
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aorta
Aorta – Bosnian
bs
bs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aorta
Aorta – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aorta
Aorta – Czech
cs
cs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aorta
Aorta – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aorta
Aorta – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

values: އެއޯޓާ – Divehi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-dv
display: none;

values:
https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aort
Aort – Estonian
et
et
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Αορτή – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aorta
Aorta – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aorto
Aorto – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aorte
Aorte – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fr
display: none;

values:
https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aorta
Aorta – Irish
ga
ga
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values:
https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aorta
Aorta – Galician
gl
gl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values: महाधमनी – Hindi

values:
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aorta
Aorta – Croatian
hr
hr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aorto
Aorto – Ido
io
io
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-io
display: none;

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aorta
Aorta – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aorta
Aorta – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: אבי העורקים – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aorta
Aorta – Javanese
jv
jv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-jv
display: none;

values: Қолқа – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values:
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aorta
Aorta – Swahili
sw
sw
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sw
display: none;

values:
https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aw%C3%B2t
Awòt – Haitian Creole
ht
ht
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ht
display: none;

values: Толто (аорта) – Kyrgyz

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ky
display: none;

values:
https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aorta
Aorta – Latin
la
la
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aorta
Aorta – Latvian
lv
lv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aorta
Aorta – Lithuanian
lt
lt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aorta
Aorta – Hungarian
hu
hu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values:
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aorta
Aorta – Malay
ms
ms
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aorta
Aorta – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aorta
Aorta – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values:
https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aorta
Aorta – Uzbek
uz
uz
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uz
display: none;

values:
https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aorta
Aorta – Low German
nds
nds
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nds
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aorta
Aorta – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values:
https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aorta
Aorta – Scots
sco
sco
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aorta
Aorta – Albanian
sq
sq
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sq
display: none;

values:
https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aorta
Aorta – Slovak
sk
sk
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aorta
Aorta – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aorta
Aorta – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortta
Aortta – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aorta
Aorta – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: பெருந்தமனி – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: เอออร์ตา – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values: Аорта – Tajik

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tg
display: none;

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aort
Aort – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Aorta rootpage-Aorta skin-vector action-view