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Game Boy
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For the entire Game Boy line of handheld consoles, see Game Boy family.
Game Boy
Manufacturer
Nintendo
Product family
Game Boy line
Type
Handheld game console
Generation
Fourth generation
Release date
JP: April 21, 1989[2]
NA: July 31, 1989[1]
EU: September 28, 1990
BR: April, 1994[3]
RUS: 1995
FRY: 1994[4]
Retail availability
1989–2003
Introductory price
Game Boy:
¥?/US$89.95[5]/AU$?
Discontinued
March 23, 2003[6]
Units sold
Worldwide: 118.69 million[6] (including Game Boy (Play it Loud!), Game Boy Pocket, Game Boy Light and Color units)
Media
ROM cartridge ("Game Pak")
CPU
Sharp LR35902 core @ 4.19 MHz
Display
LCD 160x144 pixels, 47x43 mm[7]
Best-selling game
Tetris, 30.26 million (pack-in/separately).[8]
Predecessor
Game & Watch
Successor
Game Boy Pocket (redesign)
Game Boy Light (redesign)
Game Boy Color (successor)[9]
The Game Boy (Japanese: ゲームボーイ, Hepburn: Gēmubōi) is an 8-bit handheld game console which was developed and manufactured by Nintendo and first released on the 100th anniversary of Nintendo in Japan on April 21, 1989 (1989-04-21), in North America on July 31, 1989 (1989-07-31) and in Europe on September 28, 1990 (1990-09-28). It is the first handheld console in the Game Boy line and was created and published by Satoru Okada and Nintendo Research & Development 1.[10] This same team, led by Gunpei Yokoi at the time, is credited with designing the Game & Watch series as well as several popular games for the Nintendo Entertainment System.[11] Redesigned versions were released in 1996 and 1998 in the form of Game Boy Pocket and Game Boy Light (Japan only), respectively.
The Game Boy is Nintendo's first handheld game console and it combined features from both the Nintendo Entertainment System and Game & Watch.[11] It was sold either as a standalone unit or bundled with the puzzle game Tetris.
During its early lifetime, the Game Boy mainly competed with Sega's Game Gear, Atari's Lynx, and NEC's TurboExpress. The Game Boy outsold its rivals and became a significant success.[12] The Game Boy and its successor, the Game Boy Color,[9] have sold over 118 million units worldwide.[6] Upon the Game Boy's release in the United States, its entire shipment of one million units was sold within a few weeks.[13] Production of the Game Boy and Game Boy Color were discontinued in the early 2000s, being replaced by the subsequent Game Boy Advance, released in 2001.[14]
Contents
1 History
1.1 Development
2 Launch titles
3 Hardware
3.1 Technical specifications
4 Revisions
4.1 Play It Loud!
4.2 Game Boy Pocket
4.3 Game Boy Light
5 Reception
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
Development[edit]
The original internal codename for the Game Boy was "Dot Matrix Game", which its initials came to be featured on the final product's model number, "DMG-01". The internal reception of the device was initially very poor; the DMG even earned from Nintendo employees the derogatory nickname "DameGame", dame being the Japanese for "hopeless" or "lame" in that context.[15]
Launch titles[edit]
Launch Title
Japan
North America
Europe
Super Mario Land Yes Yes Yes
Alleyway Yes Yes Yes
Baseball Yes Yes Yes
Yakuman Yes No[16] No[16]
Tetris No Yes Yes
Tennis No Yes No
Hardware[edit]
The standard gray cartridge for the original Game Boy games, although other colors and shapes exist.
The Game Boy has four operation buttons labeled "A", "B", "SELECT", and "START", as well as a directional pad.[17] There is a volume control dial on the right side of the device and a similar knob on the left side to adjust the contrast.[18] At the top of the Game Boy, a sliding on-off switch and the slot for the Game Boy cartridges are located.[19] The on-off switch includes a physical lockout to prevent users from either inserting or removing a cartridge while the unit is switched on. Nintendo recommends users leave a cartridge in the slot to prevent dust and dirt from entering the system.[20]
The Game Boy also contains optional input and/or output connectors. On the left side of the system is an external 3.5mm × 1.35mm DC power supply jack that allows users to use an external rechargeable battery pack or AC adapter (sold separately) instead of four AA batteries.[21] The Game Boy requires 6 V DC of at least 150 mA.[22] A 3.5 mm stereo headphone jack is located on the bottom side of the unit which allows users to listen to the audio with the bundled headphones or external speakers.[23]
The right-side of the device offers a port which allows a user to connect to another Game Boy system via a link cable, provided both users are playing the same game.[24] The port can also be used to connect a Game Boy Printer. The link cable was originally designed for players to play head-to-head two-player games such as in Tetris. However, game developer Satoshi Tajiri would later use the link cable technology as a method of communication and networking in the popular Pokémon video game series.[25]
Technical specifications[edit]
Main article: Comparison of Nintendo portable consoles
CPU Custom 8-bit Sharp LR35902 at 4.19 MHz. This processor is similar to an Intel 8080 in that none of the registers introduced in the Z80 are present. However, some of the Z80's instruction set enhancements over the 8080, particularly bit manipulation, are present. Still other instructions are unique to this particular flavor of 8080/Z80 CPU. Parity flag, half of conditional and all input-output instructions were removed from 8080 instruction set also. The IC also contains integrated sound generation.
RAM: 8 kB internal S-RAM (can be extended up to 32 kB)
Video RAM: 8 kB internal
ROM: On-CPU-Die 256-byte bootstrap;[26] 256 kb, 512 kb, 1 Mb, 2 Mb, 4 Mb and 8 Mb cartridges
Sound: 2 pulse wave generators, 1 PCM 4-bit wave sample (64 4-bit samples played in 1×64 bank or 2×32 bank) channel, 1 noise generator, and one audio input from the cartridge.[27] The unit only has one speaker, but headphones provide stereo sound.
Display: Reflective STN LCD[28] 160 × 144 pixels
Frame rate: Approximately 59.7 frames per second
Vertical blank duration: Approx 1.1 ms[29]
Screen size: 66 mm (2.6 in) diagonal
Color palette: 2-bit (4 shades of "gray" {light to very dark olive green})
Communication: 2 Game Boys can be linked together via built-in serial ports, up to 4 with a DMG-07 4-player adapter. And 16 in maximum.
Power: 6 V, 0.7 W (4 AA batteries provide 15–30+ hours)[28]
Dimensions: 90 mm (W) × 148 mm (H) × 32 mm (D) / 3.5″ × 5.8″ × 1.3″[28]
Weight: 220 g[30]
Revisions[edit]
Play It Loud![edit]
Play It Loud! Transparent Game Boy, North American Edition
On March 20, 1995, Nintendo released several Game Boy models with colored cases, advertising them in the "Play It Loud!" campaign[31] (Japanese name: Game Boy Bros. /ゲームボーイブロス Gēmu Bōi Burosu/ゲームボーイブラザース Gēmu Bōi Burazāsu). Specifications for this unit remain exactly the same as the original Game Boy, including the monochromatic screen. This new line of colored Game Boys would set a precedent for later Nintendo handhelds; every one of them since has been available in more than one color. Play It Loud! units were manufactured in red, green, black, yellow, white, blue, and clear (transparent) or sometimes called X-Ray in the UK. Most common are the yellow, red, clear and black, Green is fairly scarce but blue and white are the rarest. Blue was a Europe and Japan only release, White was a Japanese majority release with UK Toys R Us stores also getting it as an exclusive edition to them. The white remains the rarest of all the Play it Loud colors. A rare, limited edition Manchester United Game Boy is red, with the logos of the team emblazoned on it. It was released simultaneously with the Play it Loud! handhelds in the United Kingdom. The Play It Loud's screens also have a darker border than the normal Game Boy.
Game Boy Pocket[edit]
The 1st release Game Boy Pocket
In 1996, Nintendo released the Game Boy Pocket: a smaller, lighter unit that required fewer batteries. It has space for two AAA batteries, which provide approximately 10 hours of game play.[32] The unit is also fitted with a 3 volt, 2.35mm x 0.75mm DC jack which can be used to power the system. The Pocket has a smaller link port, which requires an adapter to link with the older Game Boy. The port design is used on all subsequent Game Boy models, excluding the Game Boy Micro. The screen was changed to a true black-and-white display, rather than the "pea soup" monochromatic display of the original Game Boy.[33] Also, the Game Boy Pocket (GBP) has a larger screen than the Game Boy Color (GBC) that later superseded it. The GBP's screen has a 65 mm (2.56 in) diagonal, 48.5 mm (1.91 in) width, and 43.5 mm (1.71 in) height, compared to a 59 mm (2.32 in) diagonal for the GBC. Although, like its predecessor, the Game Boy Pocket has no backlight to allow play in a darkened area, it did notably improve visibility and pixel response-time (mostly eliminating ghosting).[34] The first version did not have a power LED. This was soon added due to public demand, along with new Game Boy Pocket units of different colors (released on April 28, 1997), some of them new to the Game Boy line. There were several limited-edition Game Boy Pockets including a metallic Ice Blue unit and a pink model exclusive to Japan.[citation needed] The Game Boy Pocket was not a new software platform and played the same software as the original Game Boy model.[35]
Game Boy Light
A clear 'skeleton' Famitsu edition appeared in 1997, which had only 5,000 units released, and a clear yellow edition.[citation needed]

See also: List of Game Boy Pocket colors and styles
Game Boy Light[edit]
The Game Boy Light was released on April 14, 1998, for ¥6,800 and was only available in Japan. The Game Boy Light is only slightly bigger than the Game Boy Pocket and features an electroluminescent backlight for low-light conditions. It uses 2 AA batteries, which gave it approximately 20 hours with the light off and 12 with it on. It was available in two standard colors, gold and silver.[36] It also received numerous special editions, including an Astro Boy edition with a clear case and a picture of Astro Boy on it,[37] an Osamu Tezuka World edition with a clear red case and a picture of his characters,[38] and a solid yellow Pokémon Center Tokyo version.
Reception[edit]
The original Game Boy lacked a backlight. Many third-party addons were created to improve the experience in low light conditions.
While technically inferior to the Lynx and other competitors, the Game Boy's excellent battery life, rugged hardware, and popularity of the bundled Tetris and other games made it much more successful.[39] In its first two weeks in Japan, from its release on April 21, 1989, the entire stock consisting of 300,000 units was sold; a few months later, the Game Boy's release in the United States on July 31, 1989, saw 40,000 units sold on its first day.[40] The Game Boy and Game Boy Color combined have sold 118.69 million units worldwide, with 32.47 million units in Japan, 44.06 million in the Americas, and 42.16 million in other regions.[6] By Japanese fiscal year 1997, before Game Boy Color's release in late-1998, the Game Boy alone had sold 64.42 million units worldwide.[6][41] At a March 14, 1994 press conference in San Francisco, Nintendo vice president of marketing Peter Main answered queries about when Nintendo was coming out with a color handheld system by stating that sales of the Game Boy were strong enough that it had decided to hold off on developing a successor handheld for the near future.[42]
In 1995, Nintendo of America announced that 46% of Game Boy players were female, which was higher than the percentage of female players for both the Nintendo Entertainment System (29%) and Super Nintendo Entertainment System (14%).[43] In 2009, the Game Boy was inducted into the National Toy Hall of Fame, 20 years after its introduction.[44] As of June 6, 2011, Game Boy and Game Boy Color games are available on the Virtual Console service on the Nintendo 3DS's Nintendo eShop.[45]
See also[edit]
Nintendo portal
1980s portal
1990s portal
List of Game Boy colors and styles
List of games for the original Game Boy
Game Boy accessories (description of some selected accessories)
Game Boy Advance
Game Boy line
Microvision, the first handheld to use cartridges
References[edit]
Jump up ^ White, Dave (July 1989). "Gameboy Club". Electronic Gaming Monthly (3): 68.
Jump up ^ "retrodiary: 1 April – 28 April". Retro Gamer. Bournemouth: Imagine Publishing (88): 17. April 2011. ISSN 1742-3155. OCLC 489477015.
Jump up ^ "Playtronic lança em abril Game Boy da Nintendo" [Playtronic launches Nintendo's Game Boy in April]. Folha de S. Paulo (in Portuguese). 1994-03-30.
Jump up ^ "Svet Kompjutera 1994 03 page 71".
Jump up ^ "Happy 20th b-day, Game Boy: here are 6 reasons why you're #1". Ars Technica. September 7, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Consolidated Sales Transition by Region" (PDF). Nintendo. April 26, 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 1, 2016. Retrieved 2016-10-23.
Jump up ^ https://www.nintendo.co.uk/Support/Game-Boy-Pocket-Color/Product-information/Technical-data/Technical-data-619585.html
Jump up ^ "ELSPA Sales Awards: Platinum". Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association. Archived from the original on May 15, 2009. Retrieved January 18, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Umezu; Sugino. "Nintendo 3DS (Volume 3 – Nintendo 3DS Hardware Concept)". Iwata Asks (Interview: Transcript). Interviewed by Satoru Iwata. Nintendo. Retrieved March 20, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Satoru Okada talks Game & Watch, Game Boy and Nintendo DS development". Issue 163. Retro Gamer Magazine. 2016. Retrieved January 1, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Beuscher, Dave. "Game Boy - Overview". Allgame. Archived from the original on December 12, 2014. Retrieved September 11, 2008. A team headed by Gumpei Yokoi [sic] designed the Game Boy. Yokoi had previously designed hand held games for Nintendo with the cartridge based Game & Watch system, introduced in 1980. His staff, called Research and Development (R and D) team #1, had designed the successful NES games Metroid and Kid Icarus. What Yokoi's team did was create a hybrid of the NES and the Game & Watch systems.
Jump up ^ "AtariAge - Lynx History". AtariAge. Retrieved November 22, 2016. Eventually the Lynx was squeezed out of the picture and the handheld market was dominated by the Nintendo GameBoy with the Sega Game Gear a distant second.
Jump up ^ Kent 2001, p. 416. "According to an article in Time magazine, the one million Game Boys sent to the United States in 1989 met only half the demand for the product. That allotment sold out in a matter of weeks and its black and white (except for Konami/Factor 5 games and SeaQuest DSV), was shown in color like the Game Gear version."
Jump up ^ Stuart, Keith. "Nintendo Game Boy – 25 facts for its 25th anniversary". The Guardian. Retrieved November 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ Audureau, William (2015-03-18). "NX, Ultra 64, Revolution… Petite histoire de Nintendo à travers ses noms de code". Le Monde.fr (in French). ISSN 1950-6244. Retrieved 2016-06-19.
^ Jump up to: a b "Yakuman for Game Boy (1989) - MobyGames". Retrieved December 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ Owner's Manual, p. 5. "(12) Operation buttons — The controls for playing games. (See game manuals for button functions.)"
Jump up ^ Owner's Manual, pp. 4–5. "(5) Volume dial (VOL) — Adjusts the sound volume…(7)Contrast adjustment (CONTRAST) — Adjusts the contrast of the display."
Jump up ^ Owner's Manual, pp. 3–4. "(3) Game Pak slot — Insert the Nintendo GAME BOY Game Pak here. (See page 7 for instructions on inserting Game Pak)"
Jump up ^ Owner's Manual, p. 10. "To avoid dust and dirt getting in the Game Boy unit, always leave a Game Pak inserted when not in use."
Jump up ^ Owner's Manual, p. 4. "(2) External power supply jack — You can connect a Rechargeable Battery Pack (sold separately) for longer play."
Jump up ^ "Nintendo Game Boy (DMG-001)". Vidgame.net. 2006. Archived from the original on February 11, 2008. Retrieved August 22, 2006.
Jump up ^ Owner's Manual, p. 5. "(10) Headphone jack (PHONES) — Connect the stereo headphones that come with the GAME BOY to enjoy the impressive sounds of games without disturbing others around you...."
Jump up ^ Owner's Manual, pp. 4, 8. "(4) Extension connector (EXT CONNECTOR) — Connects to other GAME BOY…Do not insert different games in the interconnected Game Boys."
Jump up ^ Masuyama, Meguro (2002). "Pokémon as Japanese Culture?". In Lucien King. Game On. New York, NY: Universe Publishing. p. 39. ISBN 0-7893-0778-2. Pokémon allowed more than metaphorical communication; it made use of a system that created actual communication — a network game.
Jump up ^ GameBoy Development Wiki (November 12, 2009). "Gameboy Bootstrap ROM". Retrieved October 24, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Game Boy - 8bc Chiptune Wiki". November 5, 2008. Archived from the original on February 21, 2008. Retrieved March 26, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c Amos, Evan (1989). "GameBoy : User Manual, Page 12". Nintendo of America. Retrieved February 12, 2011.
Jump up ^ Fruttenboel Gameboy Section (August 22, 2009). "GameBoy : Using the GameBoy skeleton for serious business (Interrupt Descriptions)". Retrieved March 25, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Technical data". Nintendo of Europe GmbH. Retrieved 2018-02-04.
Jump up ^ "Color it loud with hot new Game Boys; Game Boy reflects players own style with five exciting new colors". Retrieved November 3, 2009.
Jump up ^ "The Incredible Shrinking Game Boy Pocket". Electronic Gaming Monthly. No. 84. Ziff Davis. July 1996. p. 16.
Jump up ^ "Game Boy Relaunched". Next Generation. No. 20. Imagine Media. August 1996. p. 26.
Jump up ^ "Pocket Cool". Electronic Gaming Monthly. No. 89. Ziff Davis. December 1996. p. 204.
Jump up ^ "Show Notes". GamePro. No. 95. IDG. August 1996. p. 16.
Jump up ^ ゲームボーイライト (in Japanese). Nintendo. Archived from the original on May 30, 1998. Retrieved November 3, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Clear case Astro Boy edition of Game Boy Light".
Jump up ^ McFerran, Damien (December 27, 2012). "Hardware Classics: Tezuka Osamu World Shop Game Boy Light". Nintendo Life. Gamer Network. Archived from the original on August 1, 2015. Retrieved June 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ Maher, Jimmy (2016-12-22). "A Time of Endings, Part 2: Epyx". The Digital Antiquarian.
Jump up ^ Fahs, Travis. "IGN Presents the History of Game Boy". IGN. IGN Entertainment, Inc. p. 2. Retrieved October 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ "A Brief History of Game Console Warfare: Game Boy". BusinessWeek. McGraw-Hill. Archived from the original on May 9, 2007. Retrieved July 30, 2008. Game Boy and Game Boy Color's combined lifetime sales reached 118.7 million worldwide, according to Nintendo's latest annual report.
Jump up ^ "Cart Queries". GamePro (61). IDG. August 1994. p. 14.
Jump up ^ "Makers Of Games Focus On Girls". The Gainesville Sun. Jan 15, 1995. p. 15. Retrieved March 18, 2012.
Jump up ^ "''Ball, Game Boy, Big Wheel enter toy hall of fame'', retrieved 5 Nov 2009". Rbj.net. Retrieved August 3, 2010.
Jump up ^ Reilly, Jim. "GDC: TurboGrafx 16, Game Gear Hit 3DS". IGN/com. Retrieved July 18, 2011.
"Game Boy Compact Video Game System Owner's Manual". Nintendo. 1989. DMG-GB-UKV.
Kent, Steven L. (2001). The Ultimate History of Video Games (1st ed.). Roseville, CA: Prima Publishing. ISBN 0-7615-3643-4.
Hand-held electronic game - Design patent for the case
External links[edit]
Media related to Game Boy at Wikimedia Commons
Official website
Game Boy at Nintendo.com (archived versions at the Internet Archive Wayback Machine)
Game Boy (original) games list at Nintendo.com (archived from the original at the Internet Archive Wayback Machine)
Game Boy at Curlie (based on DMOZ)
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text:
Jnanpith Award
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Jnanpith Award
Award for individual contributions to Literature
Instituted in 1961
Awarded for
Literary award in India
Sponsored by
Bharatiya Jnanpith
Reward(s)
₹11 lakh (equivalent to ₹12 lakh or US$18,000 in 2017)
First awarded
1965
Last awarded
2017
Most recent winner
Krishna Sobti
Highlights
Total awarded
58
First winner
G. Sankara Kurup
Website
Official website
The Jnanpith Award is an Indian literary award presented annually by the Bharatiya Jnanpith to an author for their "outstanding contribution towards literature". Instituted in 1961, the award is bestowed only on Indian writers writing in Indian languages included in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India and English,[a] with no posthumous conferral.[2]
From 1965 till 1981, the award was given to the authors for their "most outstanding work" and consisted of a citation plaque, a cash prize of ₹1 lakh (equivalent to ₹48 lakh or US$73,000 in 2017), and a bronze replica of Saraswati, the Hindu goddess of knowledge and wisdom.[3][4][5] The first recipient of the award was the Malayalam writer G. Sankara Kurup who received the award in 1965 for his collection of poems, Odakkuzhal (The Bamboo Flute), published in 1950.[6] The rules were revised in subsequent years to consider only works published during the preceding twenty years, excluding the year for which the award was to be given and the cash prize was increased to ₹1.5 lakh (equivalent to ₹22 lakh or US$33,000 in 2017) from 1981.[7]
As of 2015[update], the cash prize has been revised to ₹11 lakh (equivalent to ₹12 lakh or US$18,000 in 2017) and out of twenty-three eligible languages the award has been presented for works in fifteen languages: Hindi (eleven), Kannada (eight), Bengali (six), Malayalam (five), Gujarati, Marathi, Odia, and Urdu (four each), Telugu (three), Assamese, Punjabi, and Tamil (two each), Kashmiri, Konkani, and Sanskrit (one each). The award has been conferred upon fifty-seven writers including seven women authors. In 1976, Bengali novelist Ashapoorna Devi became the first woman to win the award and was honoured for the 1965 novel Pratham Pratisruti (The First Promise), the first in a trilogy.[b][8] The most recent recipient of the award is Hindi fiction writer and essayist Krishna Sobti who was awarded for the year 2017.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Rules and selection process
3 List of recipients
4 Explanatory notes
5 See also
6 References
7 Bibliography
8 Further reading
9 External links
Background[edit]
The Bharatiya Jnanpith, a research and cultural institute founded in 1944 by industrialist Sahu Shanti Prasad Jain of the Sahu Jain family, conceived an idea in May 1961 to start a scheme "commanding national prestige and of international standard" to "select the best book out of the publications in Indian languages".[3][7] Later in November, Rama Jain, the Founder President of the Bharatiya Jnanpith, invited a few literary experts to discuss various aspects of the scheme. Jain along with Kaka Kalelkar, Harivansh Rai Bachchan, Ramdhari Singh Dinkar, Jainendra Kumar, Jagdish Chandra Mathur, Prabhakar Machwe, Akshaya Kumar Jain, and Lakshmi Chandra Jain presented the initial draft to the then President of India Rajendra Prasad who had shown interest in the scheme's implementation. The idea was also discussed at the 1962 annual sessions of the All India Gujarati Sahitya Parishad and the Bharatiya Bhasha Parishad.[3]
On 2 April 1962, around 300 writers of various Indian languages were invited to Delhi for the two sessions conducted by Dharamvir Bharati in which the draft was finalised and later presented to Prasad. The first award selection committee meeting was scheduled on 16 March 1963 and Prasad was appointed as its president.[3] However, Prasad died on 28 February 1963 and thus the scheduled meeting was chaired by Kalelkar and Sampurnanand acted as president of the committee.[3][9]
The first Selection Board consisted of Kalelkar, Niharranjan Ray, Karan Singh, R. R. Diwakar, V. Raghavan, B. Gopal Reddy, Harekrushna Mahatab, Rama Jain, and Lakshmi Chandra Jain and was headed by Sampurnanand. Works that were published between 1921 and 1951 were considered for the first award. The nine language committees that were formed were to submit to the board nominations along with translations of the work into Hindi or English. The final round had four authors; Kazi Nazrul Islam (Bengali), D. V. Gundappa (Kannada), Viswanatha Satyanarayana (Telugu), and G. Sankara Kurup (Malayalam). On 19 November 1966, Kurup was presented with the citation, statue of Saraswati, and a cheque for prize of ₹1 lakh (US$1,500) at a ceremony held at Vigyan Bhavan, Delhi.[c] In his acceptance speech, Kurup appreciated the concept of the new award and thanked it for bringing "integration of the diverse people of this land on a spiritual plane".[10]
Rules and selection process[edit]
The nominations for the award are received from various literary experts, teachers, critics, universities, and numerous literary and language associations. Every three years, an advisory committee is constituted for each of the languages.[3] The language of the most recent recipient's work is not eligible for consideration for the next two years.[2] Each committee consists of three literary critics and scholars of their respective languages. All the nominations are scrutinised by the committee and their recommendations are submitted to the Jnanpith Award Selection Board (Pravara Parishad).[2][3]
The Selection Board consists of between seven and eleven members of "high repute and integrity". Each member is part of the committee for a term of three years which can also be extended further for two more terms.[3] The recommendations of all language advisory committees are evaluated by the board based on complete or partial translations of the selected writings of the proposed writers into Hindi or English. The recipient for a particular year is announced by the Selection Board, which has final authority in selection.[2]
List of recipients[edit]
Key
† Indicates a joint award for the given year
G. Sankara Kurup was the first recipient of the award.
Krishna Sobti is the most recent recipient of the award.
List of award recipients, showing the year, and language(s)[11]
Year
Recipient(s)
Language(s)
Refs./Notes
1965
(1st)
Kurup, G. SankaraG. Sankara Kurup
Malayalam !Malayalam [d][12]
1966
(2nd)
Bandyopadhyay, TarasankarTarasankar Bandyopadhyay
Bengali !Bengali [e][12]
1967
(3rd) †
Joshi, UmashankarUmashankar Joshi
Gujarati !Gujarati [f][12]
1967
(3rd) †
Puttappa 'Kuvempu', Kuppali VenkatappaKuppali Venkatappa Puttappa 'Kuvempu'
Kannada !Kannada [g][12]
1968
(4th)
Pant, SumitranandanSumitranandan Pant
Hindi !Hindi [h][12]
1969
(5th)
Gorakhpuri, FiraqFiraq Gorakhpuri
Urdu !Urdu [i][12]
1970
(6th)
Satyanarayana, ViswanathaViswanatha Satyanarayana
Telugu !Telugu [j][12]
1971
(7th)
Dey, BishnuBishnu Dey
Bengali !Bengali [k][12]
1972
(8th)
Singh 'Dinkar', RamdhariRamdhari Singh 'Dinkar'
Hindi !Hindi [l][12]
1973
(9th) †
Bendre, D. R.D. R. Bendre
Kannada !Kannada [m][12]
1973
(9th) †
Mohanty, GopinathGopinath Mohanty
Odia !Odia [n][12]
1974
(10th)
Khandekar, Vishnu SakharamVishnu Sakharam Khandekar
Marathi !Marathi [o][12]
1975
(11th)
, AkilanAkilan
Tamil !Tamil [p][12]
1976
(12th)
Devi, AshapoornaAshapoorna Devi
Bengali !Bengali [q][12]
1977
(13rd)
Karanth, K. ShivaramK. Shivaram Karanth
Kannada !Kannada [r][12]
1978
(14th)
Vatsyayan, SachchidanandaSachchidananda Vatsyayan
Hindi !Hindi [s][12]
1979
(15th)
Bhattacharya, Birendra KumarBirendra Kumar Bhattacharya
Assamese !Assamese [t][12]
1980
(16th)
Pottekkatt, S. K.S. K. Pottekkatt
Malayalam !Malayalam [u][12]
1981
(17th)
Pritam, AmritaAmrita Pritam
Punjabi !Punjabi [v][12]
1982
(18th)
Varma, MahadeviMahadevi Varma
Hindi !Hindi [13]
1983
(19th)
Iyengar, Masti VenkateshaMasti Venkatesha Iyengar
Kannada !Kannada [14]
1984
(20th)
Pillai, Thakazhi SivasankaraThakazhi Sivasankara Pillai
Malayalam !Malayalam [15]
1985
(21st)
Patel, PannalalPannalal Patel
Gujarati !Gujarati [16]
1986
(22nd)
Routray, SachidanandaSachidananda Routray
Odia !Odia [17]
1987
(23rd)
Shirwadkar 'Kusumagraj', Vishnu VamanVishnu Vaman Shirwadkar 'Kusumagraj'
Marathi !Marathi [18]
1988
(24th)
Reddy, C. NarayanaC. Narayana Reddy
Telugu !Telugu [19]
1989
(25th)
Hyder, QurratulainQurratulain Hyder
Urdu !Urdu [20]
1990
(26th)
Gokak, Vinayaka KrishnaVinayaka Krishna Gokak
Kannada !Kannada [21]
1991
(27th)
Mukhopadhyay, SubhashSubhash Mukhopadhyay
Bengali !Bengali [22]
1992
(28th)
Mehta, NareshNaresh Mehta
Hindi !Hindi [23]
1993
(29th)
Mahapatra, SitakantSitakant Mahapatra
Odia !Odia [24]
1994
(30th)
Ananthamurthy, U. R.U. R. Ananthamurthy
Kannada !Kannada [25]
1995
(31st)
Nair, M. T. VasudevanM. T. Vasudevan Nair
Malayalam !Malayalam [26]
1996
(32nd)
Devi, MahaswetaMahasweta Devi
Bengali !Bengali [27]
1997
(33rd)
Jafri, Ali SardarAli Sardar Jafri
Urdu !Urdu [28]
1998
(34th)
Karnad, GirishGirish Karnad
Kannada !Kannada [29]
1999
(35th) †
Verma, NirmalNirmal Verma
Hindi !Hindi [30]
1999
(35th) †
Singh, GurdialGurdial Singh
Punjabi !Punjabi [30]
2000
(36th)
Goswami, Mamoni RaisomMamoni Raisom Goswami
Assamese !Assamese [31]
2001
(37th)
Shah, RajendraRajendra Shah
Gujarati !Gujarati [32]
2002
(38th)
Jayakanthan, Jayakanthan
Tamil !Tamil [33]
2003
(39th)
Karandikar, VindaVinda Karandikar
Marathi !Marathi [34]
2004
(40th)
Rahi, RehmanRehman Rahi
Kashmiri !Kashmiri [35]
2005
(41st)
Narayan, KunwarKunwar Narayan
Hindi !Hindi [36]
2006
(42nd) †
Kelekar, RavindraRavindra Kelekar
Konkani !Konkani [36]
2006
(42nd) †
Shastri, Satya VratSatya Vrat Shastri
Sanskrit !Sanskrit [36]
2007
(43rd)
Kurup, O. N. V.O. N. V. Kurup
Malayalam !Malayalam [37]
2008
(44th)
Khan 'Shahryar', Akhlaq MohammedAkhlaq Mohammed Khan 'Shahryar'
Urdu !Urdu [38]
2009
(45th) †
Amarkant, Amarkant
Hindi !Hindi [39]
2009
(45th) †
Sukla, Sri LalSri Lal Sukla
Hindi !Hindi [39]
2010
(46th)
Kambara, ChandrashekharaChandrashekhara Kambara
Kannada !Kannada [40]
2011
(47th)
Ray, PratibhaPratibha Ray
Odia !Odia [41]
2012
(48th)
Bharadhwaja, RavuriRavuri Bharadhwaja
Telugu !Telugu [42]
2013
(49th)
Singh, KedarnathKedarnath Singh
Hindi !Hindi [43]
2014
(50th)
Nemade, BhalchandraBhalchandra Nemade
Marathi !Marathi [44]
2015
(51st)
Chaudhari, RaghuveerRaghuveer Chaudhari
Gujarati !Gujarati [45]
2016
(52nd)
Ghosh, ShankhaShankha Ghosh
Bengali !Bengali [46]
2017
(53rd)
Sobti, Krishna Krishna Sobti
Hindi !Hindi [47]
Explanatory notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India consists of twenty-two languages viz. Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, Dogri, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Maithili, Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Odia, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Santhali, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, and Urdu.[1]
Jump up ^ The trilogy consists of Pratham Pratisruti, Subarnalata, and Bakul Katha.
Jump up ^ The Malayalam language committee headed by N. V. Krishna Warrier submitted an undisputed nomination of Kurup's work Odakkuzhal although the Kerala Sahitya Akademi opined that no work in Malayalam language was worthy of the inaugural prize.[10]
Jump up ^ Awarded for Odakkuzhal.
Jump up ^ Awarded for Ganadevta.
Jump up ^ Awarded for Nishitha.
Jump up ^ Awarded for Sri Ramayana Darshanam.
Jump up ^ Awarded for Chidambara.
Jump up ^ Awarded for Gul-e-Naghma.
Jump up ^ Awarded for Ramayana Kalpavrukshamu.
Jump up ^ Awarded for Smriti Satta Bhavishyat.
Jump up ^ Awarded for Urvashi.
Jump up ^ Awarded for Nakutanti.
Jump up ^ Awarded for Matimatal.
Jump up ^ Awarded for Yayati.
Jump up ^ Awarded for Chitttrappavai.
Jump up ^ Awarded for Pratham Pratisruti.
Jump up ^ Awarded for Mookajjiya Kanasugalu.
Jump up ^ Awarded for Kitni Navon Men Kitni Bar.
Jump up ^ Awarded for Mrityunjay.
Jump up ^ Awarded for Oru Desathinte Katha.
Jump up ^ Awarded for Kagaj te Canvas.
See also[edit]
Moortidevi Award, another annual literary award conferred by the Bharatiya Jnanpith.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Constitution of India: Eighth Schedule" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs (India). p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Proposal for the 52nd Jnanpith Award" (PDF). Bharatiya Jnanpith. 18 April 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 May 2016. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "Jnanpith Award @ Bharatiya Jnanpith". Bharatiya Jnanpith. Archived from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Gujarati writer Raghuveer Chaudhary chosen for Jnanpith Award". The Hindu. New Delhi. 30 December 2015. Archived from the original on 16 December 2016. Retrieved 22 May 2016.
Bhattacharji, Jaya Rose (31 January 2015). "The prize is right?". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 3 February 2018. Retrieved 22 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Vasant Panchami, a celebration of Goddess Saraswati" (PDF). Government of Odisha. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 August 2014. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Natarajan, Nalini; Nelson, Emmanuel Sampath (1996). Natarajan, Nalini; Nelson, Emmanuel Sampath, eds. Handbook of Twentieth-century Literatures of India. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 187. ISBN 978-0-313-28778-7. Archived from the original on 7 July 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Datta, Amaresh (1987). Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature. Sahitya Akademi. p. 298. ISBN 978-81-260-1803-1. Archived from the original on 22 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Surendran, K. V. (1999). Indian Women Writers: Critical Perspectives. Sarup & Sons. p. 163. ISBN 978-81-7625-072-6. Archived from the original on 30 September 2017.
Ames, Roger T.; Kasulis, Thomas P.; Dissanayake, Wimal (1998). Ames, Roger T.; Kasulis, Thomas P.; Dissanayake, Wimal, eds. Self as Image in Asian Theory and Practice. SUNY Press. p. 163. ISBN 978-0-7914-2725-5. Archived from the original on 3 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Nation honours Dr Rajendra Prasad on his 53rd death anniversary". Rediff.com. 28 February 2016. Archived from the original on 2 May 2016. Retrieved 29 May 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Krishnakumar, Bhaskaramenon (2001). Sweet, Gentle, Radiant: Selected Poems of G. Sankara Kurup. Sahitya Akademi. p. xi. ISBN 978-81-260-1341-8. Archived from the original on 7 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Jnanpith Laureates". Bharatiya Jnanpith. Archived from the original on 14 July 2016. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s "The Jnanpith Award: All the past awardees from 1965 to now". Outlook India. 25 July 2003. Archived from the original on 11 June 2016. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Das Soumitra, Dey Sreyoshi, Chakraborty, Showli (5 May 2013). "Poet's visual expression". The Telegraph (Calcutta). Archived from the original on 29 June 2016. Retrieved 22 May 2016. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Vasudev, Chetana Divya (10 June 2015). "Literary Trust Launches Programme to Honour Masti". The New Indian Express. Gavipuram. Archived from the original on 11 June 2016. Retrieved 22 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Pillai, Sreedhar (4 January 2014). "Crowning achievement". India Today. Archived from the original on 24 June 2016. Retrieved 22 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Sabharwal 2007, p. 234.
Jump up ^ "Sachidananda Routray passes away". The Hindu. Bhubaneswar. 22 August 2004. Archived from the original on 3 February 2018. Retrieved 22 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Sabharwal 2007, p. 222.
Jump up ^ "Telugu writer Ravuri Bharadwaja honoured with Jnanpith award". Deccan Chronicle. Hyderabad. Archived from the original on 24 September 2016. Retrieved 22 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Naim, C. M. (21 August 2007). "Aini Apa (1927–2007)". Outlook India. Archived from the original on 11 June 2016. Retrieved 22 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Jnanpith for 1990 awarded to well-known Kannada writer Vinayak Krishna Gokak". India Today. 30 November 1991. Archived from the original on 24 June 2016. Retrieved 22 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Everyman's poet bids final farewell: Obituary [Subhas Mukhopadhyay]". The Telegraph (Calcutta). 9 July 2003. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 22 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Sabharwal 2007, p. 250.
Jump up ^ Srivastava, K. K. (1 March 2015). "The Spirit of Poetry". The Pioneer. Bangalore. Archived from the original on 1 July 2016. Retrieved 22 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Rao, Sunitha. R. (22 August 2014). "UR Ananthamurthy, renowned Kannada writer, dies in Bangalore". The Times of India. Bangalore. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 22 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Sabharwal 2007, p. 262.
Jump up ^ "Mahasweta Devi and Habib Tanvir appointed as National Research Professors" (Press release). Press Information Bureau, India. 2 March 2006. Archived from the original on 11 June 2016. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Prime Minister Shri Atal Behari Vajpayee presenting the 33rd Jnanpith Award" (Press release). Press Information Bureau, India. 5 June 1998. Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Prime Minister Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee presenting the prestigious Jnanpith Award for the year 1998" (Press release). Press Information Bureau, India. 27 March 1999. Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
Menon, Parvathi (1999). "The multi-faceted playwright". Frontline. Vol. 16 no. 3. Bangalore: The Hindu. Archived from the original on 22 September 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Nirmal Verma, Gurdial Singh jointly get Jnanpith Award". The Hindu. New Delhi. 11 March 2000. Archived from the original on 3 February 2018. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Vice President Shri Krishan Kant presenting the 36th Bhartiya Jnanpith Award" (Press release). Press Information Bureau, India. 24 February 2002. Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Third Gujarati to win Jnanpith". The Hindu. New Delhi. 18 July 2003. Archived from the original on 29 February 2004. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Jnanpith award for Jayakanthan". The Times of India. New Delhi/Chennai. 20 March 2005. Archived from the original on 3 February 2018. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "President's address at the conferment of 39th Jnanpith Award for 2003" (Press release). Press Information Bureau, India. 10 August 2006. Archived from the original on 11 June 2016. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "40th Jnanpith Award to Eminent Kashmiri Poet Shri Rahman Rahi" (PDF) (Press release). Bharatiya Jnanpith. 9 March 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 April 2009. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "41st Jnanpith Award to Eminent Hindi Poet Shri Kunwar Narayan and 42nd Jnanpith Award jointly to Eminent Konkani Poet and Author Shri Ravindra Kelekar and Sanskrit Poet and Scholar Shri Satya Vrat Shastri" (PDF) (Press release). Bharatiya Jnanpith. 22 November 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 February 2010. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Prime Minister's Speech at The Conferment of 43rd Jnanpith Award at Thiruvananthapuram" (Press release). Press Information Bureau, India. 11 February 2011. Archived from the original on 11 June 2016. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Doyen of Urdu poetry Shahryar presented Jnanpith Award". The Hindu. New Delhi. 19 September 2011. Archived from the original on 20 June 2014. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Amar Kant, Shrilal Shukla, Kambar win Jnanpith Award". The Hindu. New Delhi. 20 September 2011. Archived from the original on 3 November 2012. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Address of the Hon'ble President on the Occasion of Conferring the Jnanapith Award for the Year 2010 on Dr.Chandrashekhara Kambar" (Press release). Press Information Bureau, India. 11 October 2012. Archived from the original on 10 June 2016. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Speech by the President of India, Shri Pranab Mukherjee at the presentation of 47th Jnanpith Award to Dr. Pratibha Ray" (Press release). Press Information Bureau, India. 22 May 2013. Archived from the original on 10 June 2016. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "48th Jnanpith Award to Eminent Telugu Littérateur Shri Ravuri Bharadhwaja" (PDF). Bharatiya Jnanpith. 17 April 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Kedarnath Singh chosen for Jnanpith". The Hindu. New Delhi. 21 June 2014. Archived from the original on 7 July 2014. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "50th Jnanpith Award to Eminent Marathi Littérateur Shri Bhalchandra Nemade" (PDF). Bharatiya Jnanpith. 6 February 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 June 2016. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "51st Jnanpith Award to Eminent Gujarati Littérateur Shri Raghuveer Chaudhari" (PDF). Bharatiya Jnanpith. 29 December 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 January 2016. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Acclaimed Bengali poet Shankha Ghosh to get 2016 Jnanpith Award". Daily News Analysis. 23 December 2016. Archived from the original on 23 December 2016. Retrieved 23 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Hindi writer Krishna Sobti chosen for Jnanpith Award". The Hindu. 3 November 2017. Archived from the original on 3 February 2018. Retrieved 6 November 2017.
Bibliography[edit]
Sabharwal, Gopa (2007). India Since 1947: The Independent Years. Penguin Books India. p. 392. ISBN 978-0-14-310274-8.
Further reading[edit]
Bandyopadhyay, Tarasankar (2009). Ganadevta (in Hindi) (17 ed.). Bhartiya Jnanpith. ISBN 978-81-263-1675-5.
Pant, Sumitranandan (1991). Chidambara (in Hindi). Rajkamal Prakashan. p. 353. ISBN 978-81-267-0491-0.
Gorakhpuri, Firaq (2008). Gul-e-Naghma (in Hindi). Translated by Raza, Jafar. Rajkamal Prakashan. p. 278. ISBN 978-81-8031-285-4.
Dinkar, Ramdhari Singh (2014). उर्वशी: खण्ड काव्य [Urvashi: Poetic Novel] (in Hindi). Bhartiya Sahitya. ISBN 978-1-61301-343-4.
Khandekar, Vishnu Sakharam (1978). Yayati: A Classic Tale of Lust. Translated by Kulkarni, Y. P. Orient Paperbacks. p. 258. ISBN 978-81-222-0428-5.
Devi, Ashapurna (2004). Pratham Pratisruti [The First Promise]. Translated by Chowdhury, Indira. Orient Blackswan. p. 541. ISBN 978-81-250-2650-1.
Karanth, K. Shivarama (2014). Mookajjiya Kanasugalu [Dreams of Mookajji] (in Kannada). Sapna Book House. p. 279. ISBN 978-81-7285-062-3.
Vatsyayan, Sachchidananda (2000). Kitni Navon Mein Kitni Baar (in Hindi). Bharatiya Jnanpith. p. 100. ISBN 978-81-263-0073-0.
Pritam, Amrita (1989). Kagaz Aur Canvas [Paper and Canvas] (in Hindi). Translated by Shanta. Rajkamal Prakashan. p. 155. ISBN 978-81-267-0492-7.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jnanpith Award.
Official website
[show]
v
t
e
Jnanpith Award recipients
1965–1985
G. Sankara Kurup (1965)
Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay (1966)
Kuvempu and Umashankar Joshi (1967)
Sumitranandan Pant (1968)
Firaq Gorakhpuri (1969)
Viswanatha Satyanarayana (1970)
Bishnu Dey (1971)
Ramdhari Singh Dinkar (1972)
D. R. Bendre and Gopinath Mohanty (1973)
Vishnu Sakharam Khandekar (1974)
Akilan (1975)
Ashapoorna Devi (1976)
K. Shivaram Karanth (1977)
Sachchidananda Vatsyayan (1978)
Birendra Kumar Bhattacharya (1979)
S. K. Pottekkatt (1980)
Amrita Pritam (1981)
Mahadevi Varma (1982)
Masti Venkatesha Iyengar (1983)
Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai (1984)
Pannalal Patel (1985)
1986–2000
Sachidananda Routray (1986)
Kusumagraj (1987)
C. Narayana Reddy (1988)
Qurratulain Hyder (1989)
Vinayaka Krishna Gokak (1990)
Subhas Mukhopadhyay (1991)
Naresh Mehta (1992)
Sitakant Mahapatra (1993)
U. R. Ananthamurthy (1994)
M. T. Vasudevan Nair (1995)
Mahasweta Devi (1996)
Ali Sardar Jafri (1997)
Girish Karnad (1998)
Gurdial Singh and Nirmal Verma (1999)
Mamoni Raisom Goswami (2000)
2001–present
Rajendra Shah (2001)
Jayakanthan (2002)
Vinda Karandikar (2003)
Rehman Rahi (2004)
Kunwar Narayan (2005)
Ravindra Kelekar and Satya Vrat Shastri (2006)
O. N. V. Kurup (2007)
Akhlaq Mohammed Khan (2008)
Amarkant and Sri Lal Sukla (2009)
Chandrashekhara Kambara (2010)
Pratibha Ray (2011)
Ravuri Bharadhwaja (2012)
Kedarnath Singh (2013)
Bhalchandra Nemade (2014)
Raghuveer Chaudhari (2015)
Shankha Ghosh (2016)
Krishna Sobti (2017)
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text:
Flowchart
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 19 February 2018.
Jump to: navigation, search
"Flow chart" redirects here. For the poem, see Flow Chart (poem). For the music group, see Flowchart (band).
A simple flowchart representing a process for dealing with a non-functioning lamp.
A flowchart is a type of diagram that represents an algorithm, workflow or process, showing the steps as boxes of various kinds, and their order by connecting them with arrows. This diagrammatic representation illustrates a solution model to a given problem. Flowcharts are used in analyzing, designing, documenting or managing a process or program in various fields.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 History
3 Types
4 Building blocks
4.1 Common symbols
4.2 Other symbols
5 Software
5.1 Diagramming
6 See also
6.1 Related diagrams
6.2 Related subjects
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
Overview[edit]
Flowchart of a for loop
Flowcharts are used in designing and documenting simple processes or programs. Like other types of diagrams, they help visualize what is going on and thereby help understand a process, and perhaps also find flaws, bottlenecks, and other less-obvious features within it. There are many different types of flowcharts, and each type has its own repertoire of boxes and notational conventions. The two most common types of boxes in a flowchart are:
a processing step, usually called activity, and denoted as a rectangular box
a decision, usually denoted as a diamond.
A flowchart is described as "cross-functional" when the page is divided into different swimlanes describing the control of different organizational units. A symbol appearing in a particular "lane" is within the control of that organizational unit. This technique allows the author to locate the responsibility for performing an action or making a decision correctly, showing the responsibility of each organizational unit for different parts of a single process.
Flowcharts depict certain aspects of processes and are usually complemented by other types of diagram. For instance, Kaoru Ishikawa defined the flowchart as one of the seven basic tools of quality control, next to the histogram, Pareto chart, check sheet, control chart, cause-and-effect diagram, and the scatter diagram. Similarly, in UML, a standard concept-modeling notation used in software development, the activity diagram, which is a type of flowchart, is just one of many different diagram types.
Nassi-Shneiderman diagrams and Drakon-charts are an alternative notation for process flow.
Common alternative names include: flow chart, process flowchart, functional flowchart, process map, process chart, functional process chart, business process model, process model, process flow diagram, work flow diagram, business flow diagram. The terms "flowchart" and "flow chart" are used interchangeably.
The underlying graph structure of a flowchart is a flow graph, which abstracts away node types, their contents and other ancillary information.
History[edit]
The first structured method for documenting process flow, the "flow process chart", was introduced by Frank and Lillian Gilbreth to members of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) in 1921 in the presentation "Process Charts: First Steps in Finding the One Best Way to do Work".[2] The Gilbreths' tools quickly found their way into industrial engineering curricula. In the early 1930s, an industrial engineer, Allan H. Mogensen began training business people in the use of some of the tools of industrial engineering at his Work Simplification Conferences in Lake Placid, New York.
A 1944 graduate of Mogensen's class, Art Spinanger, took the tools back to Procter and Gamble where he developed their Deliberate Methods Change Program. Another 1944 graduate, Ben S. Graham, Director of Formcraft Engineering at Standard Register Industrial, adapted the flow process chart to information processing with his development of the multi-flow process chart to display multiple documents and their relationships.[3] In 1947, ASME adopted a symbol set derived from Gilbreth's original work as the "ASME Standard: Operation and Flow Process Charts."[4]
Douglas Hartree in 1949 explained that Herman Goldstine and John von Neumann had developed a flowchart (originally, diagram) to plan computer programs.[5] His contemporary account is endorsed by IBM engineers[6] and by Goldstine's personal recollections.[7] The original programming flowcharts of Goldstine and von Neumann can be seen in their unpublished report, "Planning and coding of problems for an electronic computing instrument, Part II, Volume 1" (1947), which is reproduced in von Neumann's collected works.[8]
Flowcharts became a popular means for describing computer algorithms. The popularity of flowcharts decreased in the 1970s when interactive computer terminals and third-generation programming languages became common tools for computer programming. Algorithms can be expressed much more concisely as source code in such languages. Often pseudo-code is used, which uses the common idioms of such languages without strictly adhering to the details of a particular one.
Nowadays flowcharts are still used for describing computer algorithms.[9] Modern techniques such as UML activity diagrams and Drakon-charts can be considered to be extensions of the flowchart.
Types[edit]
Sterneckert (2003) suggested that flowcharts can be modeled from the perspective of different user groups (such as managers, system analysts and clerks) and that there are four general types:[10]
Document flowcharts, showing controls over a document-flow through a system
Data flowcharts, showing controls over a data-flow in a system
System flowcharts, showing controls at a physical or resource level
Program flowchart, showing the controls in a program within a system
Notice that every type of flowchart focuses on some kind of control, rather than on the particular flow itself.[10]
However, there are several of these classifications. For example, Andrew Veronis (1978) named three basic types of flowcharts: the system flowchart, the general flowchart, and the detailed flowchart.[11] That same year Marilyn Bohl (1978) stated "in practice, two kinds of flowcharts are used in solution planning: system flowcharts and program flowcharts...".[12] More recently Mark A. Fryman (2001) stated that there are more differences: "Decision flowcharts, logic flowcharts, systems flowcharts, product flowcharts, and process flowcharts are just a few of the different types of flowcharts that are used in business and government".[13]
In addition, many diagram techniques exist that are similar to flowcharts but carry a different name, such as UML activity diagrams.
Building blocks[edit]
Common symbols[edit]
The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) set standards for flowcharts and their symbols in the 1960s.[14] The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) adopted the ANSI symbols in 1970.[15] The current standard was revised in 1985.[16] Generally, flowcharts flow from top to bottom and left to right.[17]
ANSI/ISO Shape
Name
Description
Flowline (Arrowhead)[15] Shows the program's order of operation. A line coming from one symbol and ending at another.[14] Arrowheads are added if the flow is not the standard top-to-bottom, left-to right.[15]
Terminal[14] Beginning or ending of a program or sub-process. Represented as a stadium,[14] oval or rounded (fillet) rectangle. They usually contain the word "Start" or "End", or another phrase signaling the start or end of a process, such as "submit inquiry" or "receive product".
Process[15] Set of operations that change value, form, or location of data. Represented as a rectangle.[15]
Decision[15] Conditional operation determining which of two paths the program will take.[14] The operation is commonly a yes/no question or true/false test. Represented as a diamond (rhombus).[15]
Input/Output[15] Input and output of data,[15] as in entering data or displaying results. Represented as a parallelogram.[14]
Annotation[14] (Comment)[15] Additional information about a step the program. Represented as an open rectangle with a dashed or solid line connecting it to the corresponding symbol in the flowchart.[15]
Predefined Process[14] Named process which is defined elsewhere. Represented as a rectangle with double-struck vertical edges.[14]
On-page Connector[14] Pairs of labeled connectors replace long or confusing lines on a flowchart page. Represented by a small circle with a letter inside.[14][18]
Off-page Connector[14] A labeled connector for use when the target is on another page. Represented as a home plate-shaped pentagon.[14][18]
Other symbols[edit]
The ANSI/ISO standards include symbols beyond the basic shapes. Some are:[17][18]
Data File or Database represented by a cylinder (disk drive).
Document represented as a rectangle with a wavy base.
Manual input represented by quadrilateral, with the top irregularly sloping up from left to right like the side view of a keyboard.
Manual operation represented by a trapezoid with the longest parallel side at the top, to represent an operation or adjustment to process that can only be made manually.
Parallel Mode represented by two horizontal lines at the beginning or ending of simultaneous operations[17]
Preparation or Initialization represented by an elongated hexagon, originally used for steps like setting a switch or initializing a routine.
For parallel and concurrent processing the Parallel Mode horizontal lines[19] or a horizontal bar[20] indicate the start or end of a section of processes that can be done independently:
At a fork, the process creates one or more additional processes, indicated by a bar with one incoming path and two or more outgoing paths.
At a join, two or more processes continue as a single process, indicated by a bar with several incoming paths and one outgoing path. All processes must complete before the single process continues.[20]
Software[edit]
Diagramming[edit]
Flowgorithm
Any drawing program can be used to create flowchart diagrams, but these will have no underlying data model to share data with databases or other programs such as project management systems or spreadsheet. Some tools such as yEd, Inkscape and Microsoft Visio offer special support for flowchart drawing. Many software packages exist that can create flowcharts automatically, either directly from a programming language source code, or from a flowchart description language.
There are several applications and visual programming languages[21] that use flowcharts to represent and execute programs. Generally these are used as teaching tools for beginner students. Examples include Flowgorithm, Raptor. LARP, Visual Logic, and VisiRule.
See also[edit]
Related diagrams[edit]
Activity diagram
Control flow diagram
Control flow graph
Data flow diagram
Deployment flowchart
Drakon-chart
Flow map
Functional flow block diagram
Nassi–Shneiderman diagram
State diagram
Warnier/Orr diagram
Related subjects[edit]
Augmented transition network
Business process mapping
Interactive EasyFlow
Process architecture
Pseudocode
Recursive transition network
Unified Modeling Language (UML)
Workflow
References[edit]
Jump up ^ SEVOCAB: Software Systems Engineering Vocabulary. Term: Flow chart. Retrieved 31 July 2008.
Jump up ^ Frank Bunker Gilbreth, Lillian Moller Gilbreth (1921) Process Charts. American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
Jump up ^ Graham, Jr., Ben S. (10 June 1996). "People come first". Keynote Address at Workflow Canada.
Jump up ^ American Society of Mechanical Engineers (1947) ASME standard; operation and flow process charts. New York, 1947. (online version)
Jump up ^ Hartree, Douglas (1949). Calculating Instruments and Machines. The University of Illinois Press. p. 112.
Jump up ^ Bashe, Charles (1986). IBM's Early Computers. The MIT Press. p. 327.
Jump up ^ Goldstine, Herman (1972). The Computer from Pascal to Von Neumann. Princeton University Press. pp. 266–267. ISBN 0-691-08104-2.
Jump up ^ Taub, Abraham (1963). John von Neumann Collected Works. 5. Macmillan. pp. 80–151.
Jump up ^ Bohl, Rynn: "Tools for Structured and Object-Oriented Design", Prentice Hall, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Alan B. Sterneckert (2003) Critical Incident Management. p. 126
Jump up ^ Andrew Veronis (1978) Microprocessors: Design and Applications. p. 111
Jump up ^ Marilyn Bohl (1978) A Guide for Programmers. p. 65.
Jump up ^ Mark A. Fryman (2001) Quality and Process Improvement. p. 169.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m Gary B. Shelly; Misty E. Vermaat (2011). Discovering Computers, Complete: Your Interactive Guide to the Digital World. Cengage Learning. pp. 691–693. ISBN 1-111-53032-7.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Harley R. Myler (1998). "2.3 Flowcharts". Fundamentals of Engineering Programming with C and Fortran. Cambridge University Press. pp. 32–36. ISBN 978-0-521-62950-8.
Jump up ^ "ISO 5807:1985". International Organization for Standardization. February 1985. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Flowcharting Techniques GC20-8152-1. IBM. March 1970. p. 10.
^ Jump up to: a b c "What do the different flowchart shapes mean?". RFF Electronics. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Jonathan W. Valvano (2011). Embedded Microcomputer Systems: Real Time Interfacing. Cengage Learning. pp. 131–132. ISBN 1-111-42625-2.
^ Jump up to: a b Robbie T. Nakatsu (2009). Reasoning with Diagrams: Decision-Making and Problem-Solving with Diagrams. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 68–69. ISBN 978-0-470-40072-2.
Jump up ^ Myers, Brad A. "Visual programming, programming by example, and program visualization: a taxonomy." ACM SIGCHI Bulletin. Vol. 17. No. 4. ACM, 1986.
Further reading[edit]
ISO (1985). Information processing -- Documentation symbols and conventions for data, program and system flowcharts, program network charts and system resources charts. International Organization for Standardization. ISO 5807:1985.
ISO 10628: Flow Diagrams For Process Plants - General Rules
ECMA 4: Flowcharts (withdrawn - list of withdrawn standards)
Schultheiss, Louis A., and Edward M. Heiliger. "Techniques of flow-charting." (1963); with introduction by Edward Heiliger.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flow chart.
Flowcharting Techniques An IBM manual from 1969 (5MB PDF format)
FlowChart Symbols List
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