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You Are Not Alone
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This article is about the Michael Jackson song. For other uses, see You're Not Alone (disambiguation).
"You Are Not Alone"
Standard artwork (U.S. CD single pictured)
Single by Michael Jackson
from the album HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I
B-side
"'Scream Louder'"
Released
August 15, 1995
Format
CD single
Cassette single
7"
12"
video promo
Recorded
November 1994
Chicago Recording Company
(Chicago, Illinois)[1]
Genre
R&B
Length
5:45 (Album version)
4:34 (Radio edit)
4:56 (Single version)
5:35 (Video edit)
6:01 (Extended version)
Label
Epic
Songwriter(s)
Robert Kelly
Producer(s)
R. Kelly
Michael Jackson
Michael Jackson singles chronology
"Scream/Childhood"
(1995) "You Are Not Alone"
(1995) "Earth Song"
(1995)
"Scream/Childhood"
(1995) "You Are Not Alone"
(1995) "Earth Song"
(1995)
Music video
"You Are Not Alone" on YouTube
Audio sample
file
help
"You Are Not Alone" is the second single from Michael Jackson's album HIStory. The R&B ballad was written by R. Kelly in response to difficult times in his personal life. He then forwarded a bare demo tape to Jackson, who liked the song and decided to produce it with Kelly. Jackson's interest in the song was also linked to recent events in his personal life. The song was later covered by Kelly himself as a hidden track on his 2010 studio album Love Letter, paying tribute to Jackson due to the latter's death a year prior.
The vast majority of critical reaction to "You Are Not Alone" was positive, although it did not attain unanimous praise. The song was the recipient of Grammy and American Music Award nominations. The corresponding music video, which featured Jackson and his then-wife Lisa Marie Presley was also notable for its scenes of semi-nudity.
Commercially, the song was a significant success. It holds a Guinness World Record as the first song in the 37-year history of the Billboard Hot 100 to debut at number one; it was later certified platinum by the RIAA. The song peaked highly in all major markets. "You Are Not Alone" was Michael Jackson's 13th and last number one hit song in the United States during his lifetime.
In 2011, a clip of the song was remixed with the song "I Just Can't Stop Loving You"; the final "Immortal Version" was released on the Immortal album.
Contents
[hide]
1 Production and Composition
2 Critical reaction
3 Chart performance
4 Music video
5 Live performances
6 Charts
6.1 Peak positions
6.2 Year-end charts
6.3 Certifications
7 Track listing
8 The X Factor UK 2009 finalists version
8.1 Music video
8.2 Charts
8.3 End-of-year charts
9 R. Kelly version
9.1 Reception
9.2 Track listing
10 References
10.1 Bibliography
11 External links
Production and Composition[edit]
"You Are Not Alone" is a R&B ballad about love and isolation.[2][3] The song was written by R. Kelly and produced by Kelly and Jackson.[2] Kelly wrote the song after losing close people in his life.[4] Kelly was delighted to be able to work with his idol, explaining "I was psyched ... I feel I could have done his whole album. Not being selfish. I was just that geeked about it. It was an experience out of this world ... It's amazing to know that five years ago I was writing songs in a basement in the ghetto and now I'm writing for Michael Jackson ... I'd be a fool not to say it's a dream come true."[5] Jackson contacted Kelly to see if he had any material available. Kelly forwarded a tape recording of the song and Jackson then agreed to work with Kelly on the piece.[5] On the tape sent to Jackson, Kelly sung "You Are Not Alone" mimicking Jackson's vocal style, explaining, "I think I am him. I become him. I want him to feel that as well." Jackson found the interpretation amusing.[6] They spent the last week of November 1994 together in the studio working on the track.[5]
Jackson explained that he instantly liked the song, but listened to it twice before making his final decision. Although the song was written by Kelly, Jackson was adamant that the production should be a collaborative effort amongst the two musicians.[4] The tape sent to him had no harmony or modulations, so Jackson added a choir in the final portion and added a sense of climax and structure to the final piece.[7] The song is written in the key of B major. The song has a tempo of 60 beats per minute, making it one of Jackson's slowest songs.[8]
In 2007, a Belgian court ruled that R. Kelly had plagiarized the 1993 song "If We Can Start All Over" when composing "You Are Not Alone". The court transferred rights of Jackson's hit to the twin composer brothers, Eddy and Danny Van Passel. The judgment is only recognized in Belgium and airplay of the hit has been banned there.[9][10][11]
Critical reaction[edit]
'You Are Not Alone' received positive views from music critics. James Hunter of Rolling Stone noted that, "the excellent current single 'Scream' or the first-rate R&B ballad 'You Are Not Alone' – manage to link the incidents of Jackson's infamous recent past to universal concepts, like injustice or isolation. When he bases his music in the bluntness of hip-hop, Jackson sketches funky scenarios denouncing greed, blanket unreliability and false accusation".[3] Jon Pareles of The New York Times said that it was the only conventional love song on the new material on HIStory. He compared it to Mariah Carey's song "Hero" and said it "sounds like a surefire hit".[2] In more recent years, Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic expressed the opinion that "You Are Not Alone" was amongst some of the best songs Jackson ever released, calling the song seductive.[12] The R&B critic and journalist Nelson George described the song as lovely and supple.[13]
Writer and journalist J. Randy Taraborrelli wrote of the song in 2004, "[it] remains among Michael's best songs ... On listening to 'You Are Not Alone', one wonders how many times Michael tried to tell himself, during his most desperate and anguished times, that he did have support in his life, from a higher power, or even friends and family, whether he actually believed it or not".[14] Fred Shuster of the Daily News of Los Angeles described it as the best song on the album.[15] Conversely, while Steve Holsey of Michigan Chronicle gave the album a positive review, he described the song as the worst on the album, calling the Kelly penned lyrics "trite" and below the standard set by Jackson's own lyrical skills.[16] "You Are Not Alone" received an American Music Award nomination and a Grammy nomination both for "Best Pop Vocal Performance".[17][18]
Chart performance[edit]
Commercially, "You Are Not Alone" remains one of Jackson's best selling singles and it is also his 13th number one hit. It holds the Guinness World Record for the first song ever to debut at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.[19] First week sales were 120,000 copies; it was certified platinum by the RIAA and sold one million copies domestically.[20][21][22][23] It broke the record set by his previous single "Scream/Childhood," which was the first song in the 37-year history of Billboard to debut at number five—where it peaked.[21] It peaked at number one in the UK after a debut at number three in the prior week.[21][24] The song also reached number one in Wallonia, France, New Zealand, Spain and Switzerland. In Canada it peaked at number 2.[25] With the exception of Italy, it became a top ten hit in every major market.[21][25]
Music video[edit]
Presley leans down towards her husband in the temple scene of the music video.
The music video was directed by Wayne Isham on July 12, 1995 and begins with a large number of paparazzi taking photographs of Jackson. The plot then centers around two locations: a temple where Jackson appears in an affectionate semi-nude scene with his then-wife, Lisa Marie Presley, and a theater where Jackson performs the song to an empty hall. Jackson also appears alone in other locations such as deserts and along tide pools. The slightly extended version that appeared on HIStory on Film, Volume II was notable for a scene where special effects were used to give Jackson white, feathery, almost angelic wings. The other version of the video is included on Number Ones and Michael Jackson's Vision. The temple scenes were a homage to Maxfield Parrish's 1922 painting "Daybreak".[26] The theater scenes were filmed at the Pantages Theatre, in Los Angeles.
Live performances[edit]
Michael first performed "You Are Not Alone" at the 1995 Soul Train Music Awards, then at the 1995 BET Awards and also at the 1995 MTV Video Music Awards. At the latter awards ceremony, the song was performed without the second verse. Jackson then performed the song at the Royal Brunei concert in 1996 where it was performed as a complete song. Jackson also performed it during the HIStory World Tour as a complete song, during which one lucky girl was allowed to dance with him on stage, similar to the Soul Train Music Awards performance. Michael's next performance of "You Are Not Alone" was at the MJ & Friends concert in Seoul on June 25, 1999; this also turned out to be the song's last performance by Jackson himself, occurring ten years to the day of his death. The song was performed without the second verse, similar to the "1995 MTV Awards" performance. The song was also due to be performed at the This Is It concert series, however the shows were cancelled due to his untimely death.
Diana Ross recorded a version of this song on her international-only released album, "Voice of Love" produced by Nick Martinelli. Diana would also close her successful 2010-12 "More Today Than Yesterday: The Greatest Hits Tour" with this song as a tribute to Jackson.
Charts[edit]
Peak positions[edit]
Chart (1995–96)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[27] 7
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[28] 2
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[29] 3
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[30] 1
Canada Top Singles (RPM) 2
Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[31] 10
France (SNEP)[32] 1
Germany (Official German Charts)[33] 4
Iceland (Íslenski Listinn Topp 40)[34] 8
Ireland (IRMA)[35] 1
Italy (Hit Parade Italia)[36] 3
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[37] 6
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[38] 6
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[39] 1
Norway (VG-lista)[40] 9
Romania (Romanian Top 100)[41] 1
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[42] 1
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[43] 2
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[44] 1
UK Singles (The Official Charts Company)[21] 1
US Billboard Hot 100[45] 1
US Billboard Rhythmic Top 40[46] 1
US Billboard Top 40 Mainstream[46] 4
US Billboard Adult Top 40[46] 1
US Billboard R&B/Hip-Hop Songs[47] 1
US Billboard Adult Contemporary[46] 7
Chart (2009)
Peak
position
Danish Singles Chart[25] 1
French Digital Singles Chart[48] 1
New Zealand Singles Chart[49] 1
Swedish Singles Chart[50] 1
Swiss Singles Chart[51] 1
UK Singles Chart[52] 1
Canadian Hot Digital Songs[46] 1
U.S. Billboard Hot Digital Songs[53] 13
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1995)
Position
Australia ARIA Charts[54] 10
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[55] 96
Germany (Official German Charts)[56] 30
Italian Top Singles[57] 45
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[58] 15
Swiss Top Singles[59] 20
UK Singles Chart[60] 8
U.S. Billboard Hot 100[61] 21
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Australia (ARIA)[62]
Platinum 70,000^
Austria (IFPI Austria)[63]
Gold 25,000*
France (SNEP)[64]
Gold 250,000*
Germany (BVMI)[65]
Gold 250,000^
New Zealand (RMNZ)[66]
Gold 5,000*
Switzerland (IFPI Switzerland)[67]
Gold 25,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)[68]
Gold 724,000^
United States (RIAA)[22]
Platinum 1,000,000[23]
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
Preceded by
"Kiss from a Rose" by Seal Billboard Hot 100 number-one single
(Michael Jackson version)
September 2, 1995 Succeeded by
"Gangsta's Paradise" by Coolio featuring L.V.
Preceded by
"Country House" by Blur UK Singles Chart number-one single
(Michael Jackson version)
September 3, 1995 – September 17, 1995 Succeeded by
"Boombastic" by Shaggy
Preceded by
"Boombastic" by Shaggy Billboard's Hot R&B Songs number-one single
(Michael Jackson version)
September 2, 1995 – September 23, 1995 Succeeded by
"Fantasy" by Mariah Carey
Preceded by
"XXL" by Mylène Farmer French number-one single
(Michael Jackson version)
September 30, 1995 – October 7, 1995 Succeeded by
"Je sais pas" by Céline Dion
Preceded by
"Fight For This Love" by Cheryl Cole Irish Singles Chart number-one single
(The X Factor Finalists 2009 version)
November 19, 2009 – December 3, 2009 Succeeded by
"Bad Romance" by Lady Gaga
Preceded by
"Meet Me Halfway" by Black Eyed Peas UK Singles Chart number-one single
(The X Factor Finalists 2009 version)
November 22, 2009 – November 28, 2009 Succeeded by
"The Official BBC Children in Need Medley" by Peter Kay
UK Download Chart number-one download
(The X Factor Finalists 2009 version)
November 22, 2009 – November 28, 2009 Succeeded by
"Whatcha Say" by Jason Derülo
Track listing[edit]
Canadian/United States single
"You Are Not Alone" – 4:56
"You Are Not Alone" (Radio Edit) – 4:34
"You Are Not Alone" (Franctified Club Mix) – 10:40
"Scream Louder" (Flyte Tyme Remix) Uncensored – 5:30
"MJ Megaremix" – 10:33
Brazilian single
"You Are Not Alone" (R. Kelly Remix Edit) – 4:30
"You Are Not Alone" (Classic Club Edit) – 4:59
"You Are Not Alone" (Jon B. Remix Edit) – 4:59
"You Are Not Alone" (R. Kelly Remix) (With Live Concert Outro) – 6:23
"You Are Not Alone" (Jon B. Main Mix) – 6:55
"Rock with You" (Frankie's Favorite Club Mix) – 7:45
Japanese single
"You Are Not Alone" – 4:56
"You Are Not Alone" (Radio Edit) – 4:34
"You Are Not Alone" (Franctified Club Mix) – 10:40
"You Are Not Alone" (R. Kelly Mix) – 6:23
"You Are Not Alone" (Franctified Club Mix Edit) – 7:40
"You Are Not Alone" (Jon B. Main Mix) – 6:55
"You Are Not Alone" (Jon B. Padapella Mix) – 6:55
Cassette single
"You Are Not Alone" – 4:56
"Scream Louder" (Flyte Tyme Remix) Uncensored – 5:30
German single
"You Are Not Alone" – 4:56
"You Are Not Alone" (Radio Edit) – 4:34
"You Are Not Alone" (Franctified Club Mix) – 10:40
"You Are Not Alone" (Classic Club Mix) – 7:40
"You Are Not Alone" (Jon B. Main Mix) – 6:55
"You Are Not Alone" (Jon B. Padapella Mix) – 6:55
"MJ Medley Aus Dem Vivawettbewerb" – 5:00
Dutch single
"You Are Not Alone" – 4:56
"You Are Not Alone" (Radio Edit) – 4:34
"You Are Not Alone" (Franctified Club Mix) – 10:40
"You Are Not Alone" (Classic Club Mix) – 7:40
"You Are Not Alone" (Jon B. Main Mix) – 6:55
"You Are Not Alone" (Jon B. Padapella Mix) – 6:55
"Magic Michael Jackson Mix" – 4:26
Visionary single
CD side
"You Are Not Alone" (Radio Edit) – 4:34
"You Are Not Alone" (Classic Club Mix) – 7:36
DVD side
"You Are Not Alone" (Music Video) – 5:35
"You Are Not Alone" (Music Video) – 5:32
The X Factor UK 2009 finalists version[edit]
"You Are Not Alone"
Single by The X Factor Finalists 2009
Released
November 15, 2009 (2009-11-15)
Format
CD single, digital single
Genre
Pop, R&B
Label
Syco
Songwriter(s)
R. Kelly
The X Factor finalists singles chronology
"Hero"
(2008) Hero2008 "You Are Not Alone"
(2009) You Are Not Alone2009 "Heroes"
(2010) Heroes2010
The final twelve acts from the sixth series of TV talent show The X Factor in the United Kingdom released a cover version of the song on November 15, 2009 in aid of Great Ormond Street Hospital.[69] The finalists premiered the song live on the November 15 edition of the programme; the single was available for digital download that day and a physical release followed the day after.[69] The release of the song follows a similar occurrence a year earlier, when the final twelve acts from the fifth series released a cover version of Mariah Carey's "Hero" in aid of Help for Heroes and raised over £1 million.[70] It has been confirmed to have sold over 400,000 copies, therefore achieving a Gold single certification.
Music video[edit]
The video is very similar to the video of the cover version of the charity single of the year before. It shows various contestants performing their part in front of a plain black background, then shows the 12 finalists together performing the song in front of a screen of photos. Photos and video footage of the finalists at the Great Ormond Street Hospital are shown throughout the video.
Charts[edit]
Chart (2009)
Peak
position
Irish Singles Chart[71] 1
UK Singles Chart[72] 1
Eurochart Hot 100[73] 10
End-of-year charts[edit]
Chart (2009)
Position
UK Singles Chart[74] 28
R. Kelly version[edit]
"You Are Not Alone"
Song by R. Kelly
from the album 'Love Letter'
Released
December 14, 2010 (2010-12-14)
Format
digital single
Recorded
2009
Genre
R&B, Soul
Length
4:29
Label
RCA
Songwriter(s)
R. Kelly
Producer(s)
R. Kelly
'Love Letter' track listing
"How Do I Tell Her?"
(14) "You Are Not Alone"
(15)
R. Kelly recorded his own version of the song and put it on his critically acclaimed 2010 album Love Letter, he recorded it as a tribute to Jackson following his death. The song was a hidden bonus song on the album, shown as the final song on the album's track list. The song starts with Kelly paying tribute to Jackson, saying "In loving memories of my hero... MJ".
Reception[edit]
The song has received positive reviews from critics and fans alike.[citation needed]
Track listing[edit]
Digital single from Love Letter
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Producer(s)
Length
15. "You Are Not Alone" R. Kelly R. Kelly 4:29
References[edit]
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Bibliography[edit]
Brown, Jake (2004). Your Body's Calling Me. Amber Books Publishing. ISBN 0-9727519-5-5.
Campbell, Lisa (1995). Michael Jackson: The King of Pops Darkest Hour. Branden. ISBN 0-8283-2003-9.
George, Nelson (2004). Michael Jackson: The Ultimate Collection. Sony BMG.
Taraborrelli, J. Randy (2004). The Magic and the Madness. Terra Alta, WV: Headline. ISBN 0-330-42005-4.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
[show]
v
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Michael Jackson songs
Discography
1970s
"Got to Be There"
"Ain't No Sunshine"
"I Wanna Be Where You Are"
"Rockin' Robin"
"Love Is Here and Now You're Gone"
"You've Got a Friend"
"Ben"
"Everybody's Somebody's Fool"
"My Girl"
"Shoo-Be-Doo-Be-Doo-Da-Day"
"We've Got a Good Thing Going"
"With a Child's Heart"
"All the Things You Are"
"Happy"
"Too Young"
"Doggin' Around"
"Music and Me"
"We're Almost There"
"One Day in Your Life"
"Just a Little Bit of You"
"You Can't Win"
"Ease on Down the Road"
"A Brand New Day"
"Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough"
"Rock with You"
"Working Day and Night"
"Get on the Floor"
"Off the Wall"
"Girlfriend"
"I Can't Help It"
"She's Out of My Life"
"It's the Falling in Love"
"Burn This Disco Out"
1980s
"Someone in the Dark"
"The Girl Is Mine"
"Can't Get Outta the Rain"
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text:
Republic of Texas
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Republic of Texas
República de Tejas (Spanish)
1836–1846
Flag
(1839–1845)
Seal
(1839-1845)
Map of the Republic of Texas. The disputed area is in light green, while the Republic is in dark green.
Capital
San Antonio de Bexar (Mexican Texas)
San Felipe de Austin (1835, provisional)
Washington-on-the-Brazos (1836, interim)
Harrisburg (1836, interim)
Galveston (1836, interim)
Velasco (1836, interim)
Columbia (1836–1837)
Houston (1837–1839)
Austin (1839–1846)
Languages English and Spanish (de facto)
French and German
Native languages (Caddo, Comanche) and Portuguese regionally
Government Constitutional republic
President1
• 1836 David G. Burnet
• 1836–38 Sam Houston, 1st term
• 1838–41 Mirabeau B. Lamar
• 1841–44 Sam Houston, 2nd term
• 1844–46 Anson Jones
Vice President1
• 1836 Lorenzo de Zavala
• 1836–38 Mirabeau B. Lamar
• 1838–41 David G. Burnet
• 1841–44 Edward Burleson
• 1844–45 Kenneth L. Anderson
Legislature Congress
Historical era Western Expansion
• Independence from Mexico March 2, 1836
• Annexation by the United States of America December 29, 1845
• Transfer of power February 19, 1846
Area
• 1840 1,007,935 km2 (389,166 sq mi)
Population
• 1840 est. 70,000
Density 0/km2 (0/sq mi)
Currency Republic of Texas Dollar
Preceded by Succeeded by
Coahuila y Tejas
First Mexican Republic
Louisiana
Texas
New Mexico Territory
Indian Territory
Second Federal Republic of Mexico
Cimarron Territory
Kansas Territory
Today part of United States
Mexico (shifting Rio Grande)
1Interim period (March 16 – October 22, 1836): President: David G. Burnet, Vice President Lorenzo de Zavala
The Burnet Flag used from December 1836 to January 1839 as the national flag until it was replaced by the Lone Star Flag, and as the war flag from January 25, 1839 to December 29, 1845[1]
Naval ensign of the Texas Navy from 1836–1839 until it was replaced by the Lone Star Flag[1]
The Lone Star Flag became the national flag on January 25, 1839 (identical to modern state flag)[1]
The Republic of Texas (Spanish: República de Tejas) was an independent sovereign country in North America that existed from March 2, 1836, to February 19, 1846. It was bordered by Mexico to the west and southwest, the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast, the two U.S. states of Louisiana and Arkansas to the east and northeast, and United States territories encompassing parts of the current U.S. states of Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, Wyoming, and New Mexico to the north and west. The citizens of the republic were known as Texians.
The Mexican province of Tejas (in English history books usually referred to as Mexican Texas) declared its independence from Mexico during the Texas Revolution in 1836. The Texas war of independence ended on April 21, 1836, but Mexico refused to recognize the independence of the Republic of Texas, and intermittent conflicts between the two states continued into the 1840s. The United States recognized the Republic of Texas in March 1837 but declined to annex the territory.[2]
The Republic-claimed borders were based upon the Treaties of Velasco between the newly created Texas Republic and Antonio López de Santa Anna of Mexico. The eastern boundary had been defined by the Adams–Onís Treaty of 1819 between the United States and Spain, which recognised the Sabine River as the eastern boundary of Spanish Texas and western boundary of the Missouri Territory. Under the Adams–Onís Treaty of 1819 the United States had renounced its claim to Spanish land to the east of the Rocky Mountains and to the north of the Rio Grande which it claimed to have acquired as part of the Louisiana Purchase of 1803.
The republic's southern and western boundary with Mexico continued to be disputed throughout the republic's existence. Texas claimed the Rio Grande as its southern boundary, while Mexico insisted that the Nueces River was the boundary. Texas was annexed by the United States on December 29, 1845 and was admitted to the Union as the 28th state on that day, with the transfer of power from the Republic to the new state of Texas formally taking place on February 19, 1846. However, the United States again inherited the southern and western border dispute with Mexico, which became a trigger for the Mexican–American War (1846–1848).
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Texas prior to independence
1.2 Independent republic
1.2.1 Politics
1.2.2 Armed conflict
2 Government
3 Boundaries
4 Diplomatic relations
5 Presidents and vice presidents
6 Statehood
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
History[edit]
Texas prior to independence[edit]
See also: Spanish Texas and Mexican Texas
Texas had been one of the Provincias Internas of New Spain, a region known historiographically as Spanish Texas. Though claimed by Spain, it was not formally colonized by them until competing French interests at Fort St. Louis encouraged Spain to establish permanent settlements in the area.[3] Sporadic missionary incursions occurred into the area during the period from the 1690s–1710s, before the establishment of San Antonio as a permanent civilian settlement.[4] Owing to the area's high Native American populations and its remoteness from the population centers of New Spain, Texas remained largely unsettled by Europeans, although Spain maintained a small military presence to protect Christian missionaries working among Native American tribes, and to act as a buffer against the French in Louisiana and British North America. In 1762, France ceded to Spain most of its claims to the interior of North America, including its claim to Texas, as well as the vast interior that became Spanish Louisiana.[5] During the years 1799 to 1803, the height of the Napoleonic Empire, Spain returned Louisiana back to France, which promptly sold the territory to the United States. The status of Texas during these transfers was unclear and was not resolved until 1819, when the Adams–Onís Treaty ceded Spanish Florida to the United States, and established a clear boundary between Texas and Louisiana.[6]
Starting in 1810, the territories of New Spain north of the Isthmus of Panama (including Texas) sought independence in the Mexican War of Independence. Many Americans fought on the side of Mexico against Spain in filibustering expeditions. One of these, the Gutiérrez–Magee Expedition (also known as the Republican Army of the North) consisted of a group of about 130 Americans under the leadership of Bernardo Gutiérrez de Lara. Gutierrez de Lara initiated Mexico's secession from Spain with efforts contributed by Magee. Bolstered by new recruits, and led by Samuel Kemper (who succeeded Magee after his death in battle in 1813), the expedition gained a series of victories against soldiers led by the Spanish governor, Manuel María de Salcedo. Their victory at the Battle of Rosillo Creek convinced Salcedo to surrender on April 1, 1813; he was executed two days later. On April 6, 1813, the victorious Republican Army of the North drafted a constitution and declared the independent Republic of Texas, with Gutiérrez as its president.[7] Soon disillusioned with the Mexican leadership, the Americans under Kemper returned to the United States. The ephemeral Republic of Texas came to an end following the August 18, 1813 Battle of Medina, where the Spanish Army crushed the Republican Army of the North. The harsh reprisals against the Texas rebels created a deep distrust of the Royal Spanish authorities, and veterans of the Battle of Medina would later become leaders of the Texas Revolution and signatories of the Texas Declaration of Independence from Mexico some 20 years later.
Along with the rest of Mexico, Texas gained its independence from Spain in 1821 following the Treaty of Córdoba, and the new Mexican state was organized under the Plan of Iguala, which created Mexico as a constitutional monarchy under its first Emperor Agustín de Iturbide. During the transition from a Spanish territory to part of the independent country of Mexico, Stephen F. Austin led a group of American settlers known as the Old Three Hundred, who negotiated the right to settle in Texas with the Spanish Royal governor of the territory. Since Mexican independence had been ratified by Spain shortly thereafter, Austin would later travel to Mexico City to secure the support of the new country for his right to settle.[8] The establishment of Mexican Texas coincided with the Austin-led settlement, leading to animosity between Mexican authorities and ongoing American settlement of Texas. The First Mexican Empire was short lived, being replaced by a republican form of government in 1823. Following Austin's lead, additional groups of settlers, known as Empresarios, continued to colonize Mexican Texas from the United States. In 1830, Mexican President Anastasio Bustamante outlawed American immigration to Texas, following several conflicts with the Empresarios over the status of slavery in the region.[9] Angered at the interference of the Mexican government, the Empresarios held the Convention of 1832, which is considered the first formal step in what would later become the Texas Revolution.
On the eve of war, the American settlers in the area outnumbered Mexicans by a considerable margin.[10] Following a series of minor skirmishes between Mexican authorities and the settlers, the Mexican government, fearing open rebellion of their Anglo subjects, began to step up military presence in Texas throughout 1834 and early 1835. Mexican President Antonio López de Santa Anna revoked the 1824 Constitution of Mexico and began to consolidate power in the central government under his own leadership. The Texian leadership under Austin began to organize its own military, and hostilities broke out on October 2, 1835 at the Battle of Gonzales, the first engagement of the Texas Revolution.[11] In November, 1835 a provisional government known as the Consultation was established to oppose the Santa Anna regime (but stopped short of declaring independence from Mexico). On March 1, 1836 the Convention of 1836 came to order, and the next day declared independence from Mexico, establishing the Republic of Texas.[12]
Independent republic[edit]
Politics[edit]
Map of the Republic of Texas and the Adjacent Territories by C.F. Cheffins, 1841
The second Congress of the Republic of Texas convened in October 1836 at Columbia (now West Columbia). Stephen F. Austin, known as the Father of Texas, died December 27, 1836, after serving two months as Secretary of State for the new Republic.
In 1836, five sites served as temporary capitals of Texas (Washington-on-the-Brazos, Harrisburg, Galveston, Velasco and Columbia), before President Sam Houston moved the capital to Houston in 1837. The next president, Mirabeau B. Lamar, moved the capital to the new town of Austin in 1839.
The first flag of the republic was the "Burnet Flag" (a single gold star on an azure field), followed in 1839 by official adoption of the Lone Star Flag.
Internal politics of the Republic centred on two factions. The nationalist faction, led by Lamar, advocated the continued independence of Texas, the expulsion of the Native Americans (Indians), and the expansion of Texas to the Pacific Ocean. Their opponents, led by Houston, advocated the annexation of Texas to the United States and peaceful coexistence with the Indians, when possible. The Texas Congress even passed a resolution over Houston's veto claiming the Californias for Texas.[13] The 1844 presidential election split the electorate dramatically, with the newer western regions of the Republic preferring the nationalist candidate Edward Burleson, while the cotton country, particularly east of the Trinity River, went for Anson Jones.[14]
Armed conflict[edit]
The Comanche Indians furnished the main Indian opposition to the Texas Republic, manifested in multiple raids on settlements, capture and rape of female pioneers, torture killings, and trafficking in captive slaves.[15] In the late 1830s, Sam Houston negotiated a peace between Texas and the Comanches. Lamar replaced Houston as president in 1838 and reversed the Indian policies. He returned to war with the Comanches and invaded Comancheria itself. In retaliation, the Comanches attacked Texas in a series of raids. After peace talks in 1840 ended with the massacre of 34 Comanche leaders in San Antonio, the Comanches launched a major attack deep into Texas, known as the Great Raid of 1840. Under command of Potsanaquahip (Buffalo Hump), 500 to 700 Comanche cavalry warriors swept down the Guadalupe River valley, killing and plundering all the way to the shore of the Gulf of Mexico, where they sacked the towns of Victoria and Linnville. Houston became president again in 1841 and, with both Texians and Comanches exhausted by war, a new peace was established.[16]
Although Texas achieved self-government, Mexico refused to recognize its independence.[17] On March 5, 1842, a Mexican force of over 500 men, led by Ráfael Vásquez, invaded Texas for the first time since the revolution. They soon headed back to the Rio Grande after briefly occupying San Antonio. About 1,400 Mexican troops, led by the French mercenary general Adrián Woll, launched a second attack and captured San Antonio on September 11, 1842. A Texas militia retaliated at the Battle of Salado Creek while simultaneously, a mile and a half away, Mexican soldiers massacred a militia of fifty-three Texas volunteers who had surrendered after a skirmish.[18][19] That night, the Mexican Army retreated from the city of San Antonio back to Mexico.
Mexico's attacks on Texas intensified conflicts between political factions, including an incident known as the Texas Archive War. To "protect" the Texas national archives, President Sam Houston ordered them removed from Austin. The archives were eventually returned to Austin, albeit at gunpoint. The Texas Congress admonished Houston for the incident, and this episode in Texas history would solidify Austin as Texas's seat of government for the Republic and the future state.[20]
There were also domestic disturbances. The Regulator–Moderator War involved a land feud in Harrison and Shelby Counties in East Texas from 1839 to 1844. The feud eventually involved Nacogdoches, San Augustine, and other East Texas counties. Harrison County Sheriff John J. Kennedy and county judge Joseph U. Fields helped end the conflict, siding with the law-and-order party. Sam Houston ordered 500 militia to help end the feud.
Government[edit]
Sam Houston and Stephen F. Austin depicted on a 1936 US postage stamp commemorating 100th anniversary of the Texas Republic
After gaining their independence, the Texas voters had elected a Congress of 14 senators and 29 representatives in September 1836. The Constitution allowed the first president to serve for two years and subsequent presidents for 3 years. In order to hold an office or vote, a person needed to be a citizen of the Republic.[21]
However, it is important to note that citizenship was not granted to all previous inhabitants of Texas, and not all of them could even live legally within the limits of the Republic without the consent of Congress. In this regard, the Constitution of the Republic of Texas (1836) established major differences according to the ethnicity of each individual. Section 10 of the General Provisions of the constitution stated that all persons who were residing in Texas on the day of the Declaration of Independence were to be considered citizens of the Republic, excepting "Africans, the descendants of Africans, and Indians".[22] For new white immigrants, section 6 established that, in order to become citizens, they needed to live in the Republic for at least six months and take an oath. While regarding the black population, section 9 established that black persons who were brought to Texas as slaves were to remain slaves, and that not even their owner could emancipate them without the consent of Congress, while the Congress itself was not allowed to make laws affecting the slave trade or to declare emancipation. Section 9 also established that: "No free person of African descent, either in whole or in part, shall be permitted to reside permanently in the Republic, without the consent of Congress".[23]
The first Congress of the Republic of Texas convened in October 1836 at Columbia (now West Columbia). Stephen F. Austin, often referred to as the "Father of Texas," died on December 27, 1836, after serving just two months as the republic's secretary of state. Due mainly to the ongoing war for independence, five sites served as temporary capitals of Texas in 1836: (Washington-on-the-Brazos, Harrisburg, Galveston, Velasco and Columbia). The capital was moved to the new city of Houston in 1837.
In 1839, a small pioneer settlement situated on the Colorado River in central Texas was chosen as the republic's seventh and final capital. Incorporated under the name Waterloo, the town was renamed Austin shortly thereafter in honor of Stephen F. Austin.
The court system inaugurated by Congress included a Supreme Court consisting of a chief justice appointed by the president and four associate justices, elected by a joint ballot of both houses of Congress for four-year terms and eligible for re-election. The associates also presided over four judicial districts. Houston nominated James Collinsworth to be the first chief justice. The county-court system consisted of a chief justice and two associates, chosen by a majority of the justices of the peace in the county. Each county was also to have a sheriff, a coroner, justices of the peace, and constables to serve two-year terms. Congress formed 23 counties, whose boundaries generally coincided with the existing municipalities.
In 1839, Texas became the first nation in the world to enact a homestead exemption under which a person's primary residence could not be seized by creditors.
Boundaries[edit]
The Centralist Republic with the separatist movements generated by the dissolution of the Federal Republic.
Territory proclaimed its independence
Territory claimed by the Republic of Texas
Territory claimed by the Republic of the Rio Grande
Rebellions
The Texan leaders at first intended to extend their national boundaries to the Pacific Ocean, but ultimately decided to claim the Rio Grande as boundary, including much of New Mexico, which the Republic never controlled. They also hoped, after peace was made with Mexico, to run a railroad to the Gulf of California to give "access to the East Indian, Peruvian and Chilean trade."[24] When negotiating for the possibility of annexation to the US in late 1836, the Texan government instructed its minister Wharton in Washington that if the boundary were an issue, Texas was willing to settle for a boundary at the watershed between the Nueces River and Rio Grande, and leave out New Mexico.[25] In 1840 the first and only census of the Republic of Texas was taken, recording a population of about 70,000 people. San Antonio and Houston were recorded as the largest and second largest cities respectively.[citation needed]
Diplomatic relations[edit]
Main article: Foreign relations of the Republic of Texas
The Hôtel Bataille de Francès (now Hôtel de Vendôme), place Vendôme in Paris, housed the Embassy of the Republic of Texas
On March 3, 1837, US President Andrew Jackson appointed Alcée La Branche American chargé d'affaires to the Republic of Texas, thus officially recognizing Texas as an independent republic.[26] France granted official recognition of Texas on September 25, 1839, appointing Alphonse Dubois de Saligny to serve as chargé d'affaires. The French Legation was built in 1841, and still stands in Austin as the oldest frame structure in the city.[27] Conversely, the Republic of Texas embassy in Paris was located in what is now the Hôtel de Vendôme, adjacent to the Place Vendôme in Paris's 2e arrondissement.[28]
The Republic also received diplomatic recognition from Belgium, the Netherlands, and the Republic of Yucatán. The United Kingdom never granted official recognition of Texas due to its own friendly relations with Mexico, but admitted Texan goods into British ports on their own terms. In London, immediately opposite the gates to St. James's Palace, Sam Houston's original Embassy of the Republic of Texas to the Court of St. James's is now a hat shop, but is clearly marked with a large plaque and a nearby restaurant is called Texas Embassy.[29] A plaque on the exterior of 3 St. James's Street in London notes the upper floors of the building (which have housed the noted wine merchant Berry Brothers and Rudd since 1698) housed the Texas Legation.
Presidents and vice presidents[edit]
Main article: President of the Republic of Texas
Presidents and Vice Presidents of the Republic of Texas
№
Portrait
President
Term of Office
Party
Term
Previous Office
Vice President
— David G. Burnet
(1788-04-18)April 18, 1788 - (1870-12-05)December 5, 1870
(aged 82)
March 16, 1836
–
October 22, 1836 Nonpartisan Interim
Delegate to the
Convention of 1833 Lorenzo de Zavala
1 Sam Houston
(1793-03-02)March 2, 1793 - (1863-07-26)July 26, 1863
(aged 70)
October 22, 1836
–
December 10, 1838 Nonpartisan 1
(1836) Commander-in-Chief
of the Texian Army
(1836) Mirabeau B. Lamar
2 Mirabeau B. Lamar
(1798-08-16)August 16, 1798 - (1859-12-19)December 19, 1859
(aged 61) December 10, 1838
–
December 13, 1841 Nonpartisan 2
(1838) 1st
Vice President of the
Republic of Texas
(1836-1838) David G. Burnet
3 Sam Houston
(1793-03-02)March 2, 1793 - (1863-07-26)July 26, 1863
(aged 70) December 13, 1841
–
December 9, 1844 Nonpartisan 3
(1841) 1st
President of the
Republic of Texas
(1836-1838) Edward Burleson
4 Anson Jones
(1798-01-20)January 20, 1798 - (1858-01-09)January 9, 1858
(aged 59) December 9, 1844
–
February 19, 1846 Nonpartisan 4
(1844) 11th
Secretary of State
of the Republic of Texas
(1841-1844) Kenneth Anderson
December 9, 1844 - July 3, 1845
Statehood[edit]
Main article: Texas annexation
On February 28, 1845, the US Congress passed a bill that would authorize the United States to annex the Republic of Texas. On March 1, US President John Tyler signed the bill. The legislation set the date for annexation for December 29 of the same year. Faced with imminent American annexation of Texas, Charles Elliot and Alphonse de Saligny, the British and French ministers to Texas, were dispatched to Mexico City by their governments. Meeting with Mexico's foreign secretary, they signed a "Diplomatic Act" in which Mexico offered to recognize an independent Texas with boundaries that would be determined with French and British mediation. Texas President Anson Jones forwarded both offers to a specially elected convention meeting at Austin, and the American proposal was accepted with only one dissenting vote. The Mexican proposal was never put to a vote. Following the previous decree of President Jones, the proposal was then put to a vote throughout the republic.
Texas statehood 100th anniversary issue of 1945
Proposals for Texas's north and west boundaries in 1850 debate
On October 13, 1845, a large majority of voters in the republic approved both the American offer and the proposed constitution that specifically endorsed slavery and emigrants bringing slaves to Texas.[30] This constitution was later accepted by the US Congress, making Texas a US state on the same day annexation took effect, December 29, 1845 (therefore bypassing a territorial phase).[31] One of the motivations for annexation was the huge debts which the Republic of Texas government had incurred. As part of the Compromise of 1850, in return for $10,000,000 in Federal bonds, Texas dropped claims to territory which included parts of present-day Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Wyoming.
The resolution did include two unique provisions: First, it said up to four additional states could be created from Texas' territory with the consent of the State of Texas (and that new states north of the Missouri Compromise Line would be free states). Though the resolution did not make exceptions to the constitution,[32] the U.S. Constitution requires Congressional consent neither to the creation of new states to be ex post to applications nor to expire. To illustrate the strength of the latter caveat, the 27th Amendment was submitted to the states in 1789, yet was not ratified until 1992; thus, the expressed consent of Congress, via this resolution, to the creation of new states would not expire nor require renewal. Second, Texas did not have to surrender its public lands to the federal government. While Texas did cede all territory outside of its current area to the federal government in 1850, it did not cede any public lands within its current boundaries. Consequently, the lands in Texas owned by the federal government are those which were subsequently purchased by it. This also means the state government has control over oil reserves which were later used to fund the state's public university system through the Permanent University Fund.[33] In addition, the state's control over offshore oil reserves in Texas runs out to 3 nautical leagues (9 nautical miles, 10.357 statute miles, 16.668 km) rather than three nautical miles (3.45 statute miles, 5.56 km) as with other states.[34][35]
See also[edit]
Texas portal
California Republic
Vermont Republic
Timeline of the Republic of Texas
The Texas Legation
History of slavery in Texas
Republic of Texas (group), late 20th century
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Flags of Texas". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved June 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ Henderson (2008), p. 121.
Jump up ^ Weber, David J. (1992), The Spanish Frontier in North America, Yale Western Americana Series, New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, p. 149, ISBN 0-300-05198-0
Jump up ^ Chipman, Donald E. (2010) [1992], Spanish Texas, 1519–1821 (revised ed.), Austin: University of Texas Press, p. 126, ISBN 0-292-77659-4
Jump up ^ Weber (1992), p. 198.
Jump up ^ Lewis, James E. (1998), The American Union and the Problem of Neighborhood: The United States and the Collapse of the Spanish Empire, 1783–1829, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, p. 124, ISBN 0-8078-2429-1
Jump up ^ Weber (1992), p. 299.
Jump up ^ Edmondson, J.R. (2000). The Alamo Story-From History to Current Conflicts. Plano, TX: Republic of Texas Press. p. 63. ISBN 1-55622-678-0.
Jump up ^ Manchaca, Martha (2001). Recovering History, Constructing Race: The Indian, Black, and White Roots of Mexican Americans. The Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long Series in Latin American and Latino Art and Culture. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. p. 200. ISBN 0-292-75253-9.
Jump up ^ Manchaca (2001), pp. 172, 201.
Jump up ^ Hardin, Stephen L. (1994). Texian Iliad. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. p. 12. ISBN 0-292-73086-1.
Jump up ^ Lack, Paul D. (1992). The Texas Revolutionary Experience: A Political and Social History 1835–1836. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press. pp. 86–87. ISBN 0-89096-497-1.
Jump up ^ #Fehrenbach, page 263
Jump up ^ #Fehrenbach, page 265
Jump up ^ This had also been their policy toward neighboring tribes before the arrival of the settlers. Gwinnett, S.C. Empire of the Summer Moon: Quanah Parker and the Rise and Fall of the Comanches, the Most Powerful Indian Tribe in American History. ISBN 1-4165-9106-0.
Jump up ^ Hämäläinen 2008, pp. 215–217.
Jump up ^ Jack W. Gunn, "MEXICAN INVASIONS OF 1842," Handbook of Texas Online [1], accessed May 24, 2011. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.
Jump up ^ Thomas W. Cutrer, "SALADO CREEK, BATTLE OF," Handbook of Texas Online <http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/qfs01>, accessed May 24, 2011. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.
Jump up ^ "Dawson Massacre". Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved Sep.24, 2006.
Jump up ^ "The Archives War". Texas Treasures – The Republic. The Texas State Library and Archives Commission. November 2, 2005. Retrieved January 3, 2009.
Jump up ^ Davis, William C. (2006). Lone Star Rising. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press. p. 295. ISBN 978-1-58544-532-5. originally published 2004 by New York: Free Press
Jump up ^ "General Provisions - Constitution of the Republic of Texas (1836)". tarlton.law.utexas.edu. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved February 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ "General Provisions - Constitution of the Republic of Texas (1836)". tarlton.law.utexas.edu. Retrieved 2016-02-26.
Jump up ^ George Rives, The United States and Mexico vol. 1, page 390
Jump up ^ Rives, p. 403
Jump up ^ "LA BRANCHE, ALCÉE LOUIS". Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved Apr.7, 2010.
Jump up ^ Museum Info, French Legation Museum.
Jump up ^ "PARIS 2e: The Paris Embassy of Texas". Parisdeuxieme.com. June 28, 2007. Retrieved July 10, 2013.
Jump up ^ "DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS OF THE REPUBLIC OF TEXAS".
Jump up ^ "Article VIII: Slaves - Constitution of Texas (1845) (Joining the U.S.)". Archived from the original on January 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Avalon Project : Documents in Law, History and Diplomacy". Archived from the original on December 5, 2006.
Jump up ^ "Joint Resolution for Annexing Texas to the United States Approved March 1, 1845 - TSLAC".
Jump up ^ Texas Annexation : Questions and Answers, Texas State Library & Archives Commission.
Jump up ^ Overview of US Legislation and Regulations Affecting Offshore Natural Gas and Oil Activity
Jump up ^ "United States v. Louisiana :: 363 U.S. 1 (1960) :: Justia U.S. Supreme Court Center". Justia Law.
References[edit]
Part of a series on the
History of Texas
Timeline
Pre-Columbian Texas
Early Spanish explorations 1520–
French Texas 1684–1689
Spanish Texas 1690–1821
Mexican Texas 1821–1836
Republic of Texas 1836–1845
Statehood 1845–1860
Civil War Era 1861–1865
Reconstruction 1865–1899
State of Texas
Texas portal
v
t
e
Huson, Hobart (1974), Captain Phillip Dimmitt's Commandancy of Goliad, 1835–1836: An Episode of the Mexican Federalist War in Texas, Usually Referred to as the Texan Revolution, Austin, TX: Von Boeckmann-Jones Co
Hämäläinen, Pekka (2008), The Comanche Empire, Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0-300-12654-9
Lack, Paul D. (1992), The Texas Revolutionary Experience: A Political and Social History 1835–1836, Texas A&M University Press, ISBN 0-89096-497-1
Fehrenbach, T. R. (2000), Lone Star: a history of Texas and the Texans, Da Capo Press, ISBN 978-0-306-80942-2
Republic of Texas Historical Resources
Republic of Texas from the Handbook of Texas Online
Hosted by Portal to Texas History:
Texas: the Rise, Progress, and Prospects of the Republic of Texas, Vol. 1, by William Kennedy, published 1841
Texas: the Rise, Progress, and Prospects of the Republic of Texas, Vol. 2, published 1841
Laws of the Republic, 1836–1838 from Gammel's Laws of Texas, Vol. I.[permanent dead link]
Laws of the Republic, 1838–1845 from Gammel's Laws of Texas, Vol. II.
The Avalon Project at Yale Law School: Texas – From Independence to Annexation
Early Settlers and Indian Fighters of Southwest Texas by Andrew Jackson Sowell 1900
Further reading[edit]
Hardin, Stephen L.; Wade, Mary Dodson (1998). Lone Star: The Republic of Texas, 1836–1846. Discovery Enterprises. ISBN 978-1-878668-63-9.
Hogan, William Ransom (2007). The Texas Republic: A Social and Economic History. Texas State Historical Association. ISBN 978-0-87611-220-5.
Howell, Kenneth W. and Charles Swanlund, eds. Single Star of the West: The Republic of Texas, 1836-1845 (U of North Texas Press; 2017) 550 pages; essays by scholars on its founders, defense, diplomacy, economy, and society, with particular attention to Tejanos, African-Americans, American Indians, and women.
Lankevich, George J. (1979). The Presidents of the Republic of Texas: Chronology, Documents, Bibliography. Oceana Publications. ISBN 978-0-379-12085-1.
Weems, John Edward; Weems, Jane (1971). Dream of Empire: A Human History of the Republic of Texas, 1836–1846. Simon and Schuster.
External links[edit]
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