text:
Siege of Yorktown
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This article is about the American Revolutionary War battle. For the American Civil War battle, see Siege of Yorktown (1862).
See also: Battle of the Chesapeake
Siege of Yorktown
Part of the American Revolutionary War

Surrender of Lord Cornwallis by John Trumbull, depicts the British surrendering to Benjamin Lincoln, flanked by French (left) and American troops. Oil on canvas, 1820.
Date
September 28 – October 19, 1781
Location
Yorktown, Virginia
37°14′21″N 76°30′38″W / 37.239301°N 76.510692°W / 37.239301; -76.510692Coordinates: 37°14′21″N 76°30′38″W / 37.239301°N 76.510692°W / 37.239301; -76.510692
Result
Decisive Franco-American victory
End of major land operations in North America
Beginning of peace negotiations
Belligerents
United States
Canadian auxiliaries
France
Great Britain
Loyalists
Hesse-Kassel
Ansbach[1]
Commanders and leaders
George Washington
Benjamin Lincoln
Henry Knox
Alexander Hamilton
Marquis de Lafayette
Baron von Steuben
Thomas Nelson
Moses Hazen
Comte de Rochambeau
Comte d'Aboville
Marquis de Choisy
Comte de Grasse
Lord Cornwallis
Charles O'Hara
Banastre Tarleton
Robert Abercromby
Thomas Dundas
Thomas Symonds
Matthew Fuchs
August Voight
Strength
French: 7,800–8,800 regulars
29 warships[2]
American: 8,000 regulars
3,100 militia[2]
Total: 18,900 9,000 (includes German troops)[3]
Casualties and losses
88 killed
301 wounded[4] 142–309 killed;
326–595 wounded prisoners;
7,416–7,685 captured[5]
show
v
t
e
Yorktown campaign
Richmond
Waters Creek
Cape Henry
Blandford
Spencer's Ordinary
Green Spring
Francisco
Chesapeake
Yorktown
(order of battle)
The Siege of Yorktown, also known as the Battle of Yorktown, the Surrender at Yorktown, German Battle or the Siege of Little York,[a][b] ending on October 19, 1781, at Yorktown, Virginia, was a decisive victory by a combined force of American Continental Army troops led by General George Washington and French Army troops led by the Comte de Rochambeau over a British Army commanded by British peer and Lieutenant General Charles Cornwallis. The culmination of the Yorktown campaign, the siege proved to be the last major land battle of the American Revolutionary War in the North American theater, as the surrender by Cornwallis, and the capture of both him and his army, prompted the British government to negotiate an end to the conflict. The battle boosted faltering American morale and revived French enthusiasm for the war, as well as undermining popular support for the conflict in Great Britain.[8]
In 1780, approximately 5,500 French soldiers landed in Rhode Island to assist their American allies in operations against British-controlled New York City. Following the arrival of dispatches from France that included the possibility of support from the French West Indies fleet of the Comte de Grasse, Washington and Rochambeau decided to ask de Grasse for assistance either in besieging New York, or in military operations against a British army operating in Virginia. On the advice of Rochambeau, de Grasse informed them of his intent to sail to the Chesapeake Bay, where Cornwallis had taken command of the army. Cornwallis, at first given confusing orders by his superior officer, Henry Clinton, was eventually ordered to build a defensible deep-water port, which he began to do in Yorktown, Virginia. Cornwallis' movements in Virginia were shadowed by a Continental Army force led by the Marquis de Lafayette.
The French and American armies united north of New York City during the summer of 1781. When word of de Grasse's decision arrived, both armies began moving south toward Virginia, engaging in tactics of deception to lead the British to believe a siege of New York was planned. De Grasse sailed from the West Indies and arrived at the Chesapeake Bay at the end of August, bringing additional troops and creating a naval blockade of Yorktown. He was transporting 500,000 silver pesos collected from the citizens of Havana, Cuba, to fund supplies for the siege and payroll for the Continental Army.[9] While in Santo Domingo, de Grasse met with Francisco Saavedra de Sangronis, an agent of Carlos III of Spain. De Grasse had planned to leave several of his warships in Santo Domingo. Saavedra promised the assistance of the Spanish navy to protect the French merchant fleet, enabling de Grasse to sail north with all of his warships.[10] In the beginning of September, he defeated a British fleet led by Sir Thomas Graves that came to relieve Cornwallis at the Battle of the Chesapeake. As a result of this victory, de Grasse blocked any escape by sea for Cornwallis. By late September Washington and Rochambeau arrived, and the army and naval forces completely surrounded Cornwallis.
After initial preparations, the Americans and French built their first parallel and began the bombardment. With the British defense weakened, on October 14, 1781 Washington sent two columns to attack the last major remaining British outer defenses. A French column under Wilhelm of the Palatinate-Zweibrücken took Redoubt No. 9 and an American column under Alexander Hamilton took Redoubt No. 10. With these defenses taken, the allies were able to finish their second parallel. With the American artillery closer and its bombardment more intense than ever, the British position began to deteriorate rapidly and Cornwallis asked for capitulation terms on October 17. After two days of negotiation, the surrender ceremony occurred on October 19; Lord Cornwallis was absent from the ceremony. With the capture of more than 7,000 British soldiers, negotiations between the United States and Great Britain began, resulting in the Treaty of Paris of 1783.
Contents
1 Prelude
1.1 Franco-American cooperation
1.2 March to Virginia
2 The siege
2.1 Initial movements
2.2 Bombardment
2.3 Assault on the redoubts
2.4 British surrender
2.5 Casualties
2.6 Article 10 controversy
2.7 Effect of disease
3 Aftermath
4 Legacy
5 Yorktown Victory Monument
6 Yorktown Sesquicentennial Celebration
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
9.1 Citations
9.2 Bibliography
10 External links
Prelude[edit]
Main article: Yorktown campaign
A plan of the Battle of Yorktown drawn in 1875
Franco-American cooperation[edit]
Main articles: Franco-American alliance and Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War
On December 20, 1780, Benedict Arnold sailed from New York with 1,500 troops to Portsmouth, Virginia. He first raided Richmond, defeating the defending militia, from January 5–7 before falling back to Portsmouth.[11] Admiral Destouches, who arrived in Newport, Rhode Island in July 1780 with a fleet transporting 5,500 soldiers, was encouraged by Washington and French Lieutenant General Rochambeau to move his fleet south, and launch a joint land-naval attack on Arnold's troops.[11] The Marquis de Lafayette was sent south with 1,200 men to help with the assault.[12] However, Destouches was reluctant to dispatch many ships, and in February sent only three. After they proved ineffective, he took a larger force of 8 ships in March 1781, and fought a tactically inconclusive battle with the British fleet of Marriot Arbuthnot at the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay. Destouches withdrew due to the damage sustained to his fleet, leaving Arbuthnot and the British fleet in control of the bay's mouth.[12]
On March 26, Arnold was joined by 2,300 troops under command of Major General William Phillips, who took command of the combined forces.[12] Phillips resumed raiding, defeating the militia at Blandford, then burning the tobacco warehouses at Petersburg on April 25. Richmond was about to suffer the same fate, but Lafayette arrived. The British, not wanting to engage in a major battle, withdrew to Petersburg on May 10.[12]
National Park Service map of the W3R Route
On May 20, Charles Cornwallis arrived at Petersburg with 1,500 men after suffering heavy casualties at the Battle of Guilford Courthouse. He immediately assumed command, as Phillips had recently died of a fever.[12][13] Cornwallis had not received permission to abandon the Carolinas from his superior, Henry Clinton, but he believed that Virginia would be easier to capture, feeling that it would approve of an invading British army.[12]
With the arrival of Cornwallis and more reinforcements from New York, the British Army numbered 7,200 men.[3] Cornwallis wanted to push Lafayette, whose force now numbered 3,000 men with the arrival of Virginia militia.[3] On May 24, he set out after Lafayette, who withdrew from Richmond, and linked forces with those under the command of Baron von Steuben and Anthony Wayne.[3] Cornwallis did not pursue Lafayette. Instead, he sent raiders into central Virginia, where they attacked depots and supply convoys, before being recalled on June 20. Cornwallis then headed for Williamsburg, and Lafayette's force of now 4,500 followed him.[14] General Clinton, in a confusing series of orders, ordered Cornwallis first to Portsmouth and then Yorktown, where he was instructed to build fortifications for a deep water port.[15][16]
On July 6, the French and American armies met at White Plains, north of New York City.[17] Although Rochambeau had almost 40 years of warfare experience, he never challenged Washington's authority, telling Washington he had come to serve, not to command.[18]
Washington and Rochambeau discussed where to launch a joint attack.[19] Washington believed an attack on New York was the best option, since the Americans and French now outnumbered the British defenders 3 to 1. Rochambeau disagreed, arguing the fleet in the West Indies under Admiral de Grasse was going to sail to the American coast, where easier options than attacking New York could be attempted.[19]
In early July, Washington suggested an attack be made at the northern part of Manhattan Island, but his officers and Rochambeau all disagreed.[20] Washington continued to probe the New York area until August 14, when he received a letter from de Grasse stating he was headed for Virginia with 29 warships and 3,200 soldiers, but could only remain there until October 14.[20] De Grasse encouraged Washington to move south so they could launch a joint operation. Washington abandoned his plan to take New York, and began to prepare his army for the march south to Virginia.[21]
March to Virginia[edit]
On August 19, the march to Yorktown led by Washington and Rochambeau began, which is known now as the "celebrated march."[21] 4,000 French and 3,000 American soldiers began the march in Newport, Rhode Island, while the rest remained behind to protect the Hudson Valley. Washington wanted to maintain complete secrecy of their destination.[22] To ensure this, he sent out fake dispatches that reached Clinton revealing that the Franco-American army was going to launch an attack on New York, and that Cornwallis was not in danger.[23]
The French and American armies marched through Philadelphia from September 2 to the 4th, where the American soldiers announced they would not leave Maryland until they received one month's pay in coin, rather than in the worthless Continental paper currency. General Rochambeau generously loaned Washington half of his supply of gold Spanish coins. This would be the last time the men would be paid. It significantly strengthened French and American relations[24] On September 5, Washington learned of the arrival of de Grasse's fleet off the Virginia Capes. De Grasse debarked his French troops to join Lafayette, and then sent his empty transports to pick up the American troops.[21] Washington made a visit to his home, Mount Vernon, on his way to Yorktown.[25]
In August, Admiral Sir Thomas Graves led a fleet from New York to attack de Grasse's fleet. Graves did not realize how large the French fleet was, and neither did Cornwallis.[25] The British fleet was defeated by de Grasse's fleet in the Battle of the Chesapeake on September 5, and forced to fall back to New York.[25] On September 14, Washington arrived in Williamsburg, Virginia.[25]
The siege[edit]
See also: Yorktown order of battle
Siège de Yorktown by Auguste Couder, c. 1836.[c] Rochambeau and Washington giving their last orders before the battle.
Initial movements[edit]
On September 26, transports with artillery, siege tools, and some French infantry and shock troops from Head of Elk, the northern end of the Chesapeake Bay, arrived, giving Washington command of an army of 7,800 Frenchmen, 3,100 militia, and 8,000 Continentals.[2] Early on September 28, Washington led the army out of Williamsburg to surround Yorktown.[26] The French took the positions on the left while the Americans took the position of honor on the right.[2] Cornwallis had a chain of seven redoubts and batteries linked by earthworks along with batteries that covered the narrows of the York River at Gloucester Point.[2] That day, Washington reconnoitered the British defenses and decided that they could be bombarded into submission.[27] The Americans and the French spent the night of the 28th sleeping out in the open, while work parties built bridges over the marsh. Some of the American soldiers hunted down wild hogs to eat.[28]
On September 29, Washington moved the army closer to Yorktown and British gunners opened fire on the infantry.[29] Throughout the day several British cannon fired on the Americans but there were few casualties. Fire was also exchanged between American riflemen and Hessian Jägers.[29]
Cornwallis pulled back from all of his outer defenses, except for the Fusilier's redoubt on the west side of the town and redoubts 9 and 10 in the east.[2] Cornwallis had his forces occupy the earthworks immediately surrounding the town because he had received a letter from Clinton that promised relief force of 5,000 men within a week and he wished to tighten his lines.[2][30] The Americans and the French occupied the abandoned defenses and began to establish their own batteries there.[31] With the British outer defenses in their hands, allied engineers began to lay out positions for the artillery. The men improved their works and deepened their trenches.[32] The British also worked on improving their defenses.[32]
On September 30, the French attacked the British Fusiliers redoubt.[33] The skirmish lasted two hours, in which the French were repulsed suffering several casualties. On October 1, the allies learned from British deserters that, to preserve their food, the British had slaughtered hundreds of horses and thrown them on the beach.[33] In the American camp, thousands of trees were cut down to provide wood for earthworks. Preparations for the parallel also began.[34]
As the allies began to put their artillery into place, the British kept up a steady fire to disrupt them.[35] British fire increased on the 2nd and the allies suffered moderate casualties. General Washington continued to make visits to the front, despite concern shown by several of his officers over the increasing enemy fire.[36] On the night of October 2, the British opened a storm of fire to cover up the movement of the British cavalry to Gloucester where they were to escort infantrymen on a foraging party.[36] On the 3rd, the foraging party, led by Banastre Tarleton, went out but collided with Lauzun's Legion, and John Mercer's Virginia militia, led by the Marquis de Choisy. The British cavalry quickly retreated back behind their defensive lines, losing 50 men.[37]
By October 5, Washington was almost ready to open the first parallel.[38] That night the sappers and miners worked, putting strips of pine on the wet sand to mark the path of the trenches.[38]
Bombardment[edit]
After nightfall on October 6, troops moved out in stormy weather to dig the first parallel: the heavily overcast sky negated the waning full moon and shielded the massive digging operation from the eyes of British sentries.[d] Washington ceremoniously struck several blows with his pick axe to begin the trench. The trench was to be 2,000 yards (1,800 m) long, running from the head of Yorktown to the York River.[40] Half of the trench was to be commanded by the French, the other half by the Americans. On the northernmost end of the French line, a support trench was dug so that they could bombard the British ships in the river.[40] The French were ordered to distract the British with a false attack, but the British were told of the plan by a French deserter and the British artillery fire turned on the French from the Fusiliers redoubt.[41]
Washington firing the first gun
On October 7, the British saw the new allied trench just out of musket-range.[41] Over the next two days the allies completed the gun placements and dragged the artillery into line. The British fire began to weaken when they saw the large number of guns the allies had.[42]
By October 9, all of the French and American guns were in place.[42] Among the American guns there were three twenty-four pounders, three eighteen pounders, two eight-inch (203 mm) howitzers and six mortars, totaling fourteen guns. At 3:00 pm, the French guns opened the barrage and drove the British frigate, HMS Guadeloupe across the York River, where she was scuttled to prevent capture. At 5:00 pm the Americans opened fire.[42] Washington fired the first gun; legend has it that this shot smashed into a table where British officers were eating. The Franco-American guns began to tear apart the British defenses.[43] Washington ordered that the guns fire all night so that the British could not make repairs.[43] All of the British guns on the left were soon silenced. The British soldiers began to pitch their tents in their trenches and soldiers began to desert in large numbers.[44] Some British ships were also damaged by cannonballs that flew across the town into the harbor.[44]
On October 10, the Americans spotted a large house in Yorktown.[45] Believing that Cornwallis might be stationed there, they aimed at it and quickly destroyed it. Cornwallis sank more than a dozen of his ships in the harbor. The French began to fire at the British ships and scored a hit on the British HMS Charon, which caught fire, and in turn set two or three other ships on fire.[46] Cornwallis received word from Clinton that the British fleet was to depart on October 12, however Cornwallis responded by saying that he would not be able to hold out for long.[47]
On the night of October 11, Washington ordered that the Americans dig a second parallel.[47] It was 400 yards (370 m) closer to the British lines, but could not be extended to the river because the British number 9 and 10 redoubts were in the way. During the night, the British fire continued to land in the old line; Cornwallis did not suspect that a new parallel was being dug.[47] By morning of the 12th, the allied troops were in position on the new line.[47]
Assault on the redoubts[edit]
Storming of Redoubt #10
The storming of Redoubt No. 10, by Eugene Lami
By October 14, the trenches were within 150 yards (140 m) of redoubts No. 9 and No. 10.[48] Washington ordered that all guns within range begin blasting the redoubts to weaken them for an assault that evening.[49] Washington planned to use the cover of a moonless night to gain the element of surprise.[e] To reinforce the darkness, he added silence, ordering that no soldier should load his musket until reaching the fortifications- the advance would be made with only "cold steel." Redoubt 10 was near the river and held only 70 men, while redoubt 9 was a quarter of a mile inland, and was held by 120 British and Germans.[49] Both redoubts were heavily fortified with rows of abatis surrounding them, along with muddy ditches that surrounded the redoubts at about 25 yards (23 m).[48] Washington devised a plan in which the French would launch a diversionary attack on the Fusiliers redoubt, and then a half an hour later, the French would assault redoubt 9 and the Americans redoubt 10.[49][51] Redoubt 9 would be assaulted by 400 French regular soldiers under the command of the German Lieutenant Colonel Wilhelm von Zweibrücken and redoubt 10 would be assaulted by 400 light infantry troops under the command of Alexander Hamilton.[51] There was briefly a dispute as to who should lead the attack on Redoubt No. 10. Lafayette named his aide, Jean-Joseph Sourbader de Gimat, who commanded a battalion of Continental light infantry. However, Hamilton protested, saying that he was the senior officer. Washington concurred with Hamilton and gave him command of the attack.[52][f]
Storming of Redoubt #9
At 6:30 pm, gunfire announced the diversionary attack on the Fusiliers redoubt.[53] At other places in the line, movements were made as if preparing for an assault on Yorktown itself, which caused the British to panic.[53] With bayonets fixed, the Americans marched towards Redoubt No. 10. Hamilton sent Lieutenant Colonel John Laurens around to the rear of the redoubt to prevent the British from escaping.[54] The Americans reached the redoubt and began chopping through the British wooden defenses with their axes. A British sentry called a challenge, and then fired at the Americans.[54] The Americans responded by charging with their bayonets towards the redoubt. They hacked through the abatis, crossed a ditch and climbed the parapet into the redoubt.[55] The Americans forced their way into the redoubt falling into giant shell holes from the bombardment of the redoubts. The British fire was heavy, but the Americans overwhelmed them.[55] Someone in the front shouted, "Rush on boys! The fort's ours!" The British threw hand grenades at the Americans with little effect.[55] Men in the trench stood on the shoulders of their comrades to climb into the redoubt. The bayonet fight cleared the British out of the redoubt and almost the entire garrison was captured, including the commander of the redoubt, Major Campbell.[56] In the assault, the Americans lost 9 dead and 25 wounded.[56]
The French assault began at the same time, but they were halted by the abatis, which was undamaged by the artillery fire.[56] The French began to hack at the abatis and a Hessian sentry came out and asked who was there. When there was no response, the sentry opened fire as did other Hessians on the parapet.[57] The French soldiers fired back, and then charged the redoubt. The Germans charged the Frenchmen climbing over the walls but the French fired a volley, driving them back.[57] The Hessians then took a defensive position behind some barrels but threw down their arms and surrendered when the French prepared a bayonet charge.[57]
With the capture of redoubts 9 and 10, Washington was able to have his artillery shell the town from three directions and the allies moved some of their artillery into the redoubts.[58][59] On October 15, Cornwallis turned all of his guns onto the nearest allied position. He then ordered a storming party of 350 British troops under the command of Colonel Robert Abercromby to attack the allied lines and spike the American and French cannon (i.e., plug the touch hole with an iron spike).[60] The allies were sleeping and unprepared. As the British charged Abercromby shouted "Push on my brave boys, and skin the bastards!"[59] The British party spiked several cannon in the parallel and then spiked the guns on an unfinished redoubt.[61] A French party came and drove them out of the allied lines and back to Yorktown. The British had been able to spike six guns, but by the morning they were all repaired.[61] The bombardment resumed with the American and French troops engaged in competition to see who could do the most damage to the enemy defenses.[59]
On the morning of October 16, more allied guns were in line and the fire intensified.[61] In desperation, Cornwallis attempted to evacuate his troops across the York River to Gloucester Point.[59] At Gloucester Point the troops might be able to break through the allied lines and escape into Virginia and then march to New York.[62] One wave of boats made it across but a squall hit when they returned to take more soldiers across, making the evacuation impossible.[63]
British surrender[edit]
Overview of the capitulation of the British army at Yorktown, with the blockade of the French squadron
The fire on Yorktown from the allies was heavier than ever as new artillery pieces joined the line.[64] Cornwallis talked with his officers that day and they agreed that their situation was hopeless.[65]
On the morning of October 17, a drummer appeared followed by an officer waving a white handkerchief.[66] The bombardment ceased, and the officer was blindfolded and led behind the French and American lines. Negotiations began at the Moore House on October 18 between Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Dundas and Major Alexander Ross (who represented the British) and Lieutenant Colonel Laurens (who represented the Americans) and the Marquis de Noailles (who represented the French).[66] To make sure that nothing fell apart between the French and Americans at the last minute, Washington ordered that the French be given an equal share in every step of the surrender process.[66]
The surrender of Lord Cornwallis, October 19, 1781 at Yorktown
The articles of capitulation were signed on October 19, 1781.[66] Signatories included Washington, Rochambeau, the Comte de Barras (on behalf of the French Navy), Cornwallis, and Captain Thomas Symonds (the senior Royal Navy officer present).[67] Cornwallis' British men were declared prisoners of war, promised good treatment in American camps, and officers were permitted to return home after taking their parole. At 2:00 pm the allied army entered the British positions, with the French on the left and the Americans on the right.[66]
The British had asked for the traditional honors of war, which would allow the army to march out with flags flying, bayonets fixed, and the band playing an American or French tune as a tribute to the victors. However, Washington firmly refused to grant the British the honors that they had denied the defeated American army the year before at the Siege of Charleston.[68] Consequently, the British and Hessian troops marched with flags furled and muskets shouldered, while the band was forced to play "a British or German march."[g] American history books recount the legend that the British band played "The World Turn'd Upside Down", but the story may be apocryphal.[70][71]
Surrender of Cornwallis. At York-town, VA Oct. 1781, Nathaniel Currier. D'Amour Museum of Fine Arts
Cornwallis refused to attend the surrender ceremony, citing illness. Instead, Brigadier General Charles O'Hara led the British army onto the field. O'Hara first attempted to surrender to Rochambeau, who shook his head and pointed to Washington. O'Hara then offered his sword to Washington, who also refused and motioned to Benjamin Lincoln. The surrender finally took place when Washington's second-in-command accepted the sword of Cornwallis' deputy.[72][73][74]
The British soldiers marched out and laid down their arms in between the French and American armies, while many civilians watched.[75] At this time, the troops on the other side of the river in Gloucester also surrendered.[76] The British soldiers had been issued new uniforms hours before the surrender and until prevented by General O'Hara some threw down their muskets with the apparent intention of smashing them. Others wept or appeared to be drunk.[77] In all, 8,000 troops, 214 artillery pieces, thousands of muskets, 24 transport ships, wagons and horses were captured.[73]
Casualties[edit]
The French casualties were 60 killed and 194 wounded and the American casualties were 28 killed and 107 wounded: a grand total of 88 killed and 301 wounded.[4]
The British official casualty return for the siege listed 156 killed, 326 wounded and 70 missing. Cornwallis surrendered 7,087 officers and enlisted men in Yorktown when he capitulated and a further 840 sailors from the British fleet in the York River. Another 84 prisoners had been taken during the assault on the redoubts on October 16.[5] Since only 70 men were reported as missing, this would suggest that 14 of the men officially marked down as 'killed' had in fact been captured. This gives a grand total of 142 killed, 326 wounded prisoners and 7,685 other prisoners. Jerome A. Greene mentions a German account that gives much higher figures: 309 killed and 595 wounded.[4]
Article 10 controversy[edit]
George Washington refused to accept the Tenth Article of the Yorktown Articles of Capitulation, which granted immunity to American Loyalists, and Cornwallis failed to make any effort to press the matter. "The outcry against the Tenth Article was vociferous and immediate, as Americans on both sides of the Atlantic proclaimed their sense of betrayal."[78]
Effect of disease[edit]
Malaria was endemic in the marshlands of eastern Virginia during the time, and Cornwallis's army suffered greatly from the disease; he estimated during the surrender that half of his army was unable to fight as a result. The Continental Army enjoyed an advantage, in that most of their members had grown up with malaria, and hence had acquired resistance to the disease. As malaria has a month-long incubation period, most of the French soldiers had not begun to exhibit symptoms before the surrender.[79][80]
Aftermath[edit]
The victory at Yorktown was honored in a 1783 medallion minted in Paris and designed there by US Ambassador Benjamin Franklin.
Five days after the battle ended, on October 24, 1781, the British fleet sent by Clinton to rescue the British army arrived. The fleet picked up several Loyalists who had escaped on October 18, and they informed Admiral Thomas Graves that they believed Cornwallis had surrendered.[81] Graves picked up several more Loyalists along the coast, and they confirmed this fact. Graves sighted the French Fleet, but chose to leave because he was outnumbered by nine ships, and thus he sent the fleet back to New York.[82]
After the British surrender, Washington sent Tench Tilghman to report the victory to Congress.[83] After a difficult journey, he arrived in Philadelphia, which celebrated for several days. The British Prime Minister, Lord North, is reported to have exclaimed "Oh God, it's all over" when told of the defeat.[84] Washington moved his army to New Windsor, New York[85] where they remained stationed until the Treaty of Paris was signed on September 3, 1783, formally ending the war.[86]
Legacy[edit]
US Postage Stamp, 1931 issue, depicting Rochambeau, George Washington and De Grasse, commemorating 150th anniversary of the victory at Yorktown, 1781
On October 19, 1881, an elaborate ceremony took place to honor the battle's centennial. U.S. naval vessels floated on Chesapeake Bay, and special markers highlighted where Washington and Lafayette's siege guns were placed. President Chester Arthur, sworn in only thirty days before, following James Garfield's death, made his first public speech as president. Also present were descendants of Lafayette, Rochambeau, de Grasse, and Steuben. To close the ceremony, Arthur gave an order to salute the British flag.[87]
There is a belief that General Cornwallis's sword, surrendered by Charles O'Hara after the battle, is to this day on display at the White House. However, U.S. National Park Service historian Jerome Green, in his 2005 history of the siege, The Guns of Independence, concurs with the 1881 centennial account by Johnston, noting simply that when Brigadier General O'Hara presented the sword to Major General Lincoln, he held it for a moment and immediately returned it to O'Hara.[88]
The siege of Yorktown is also known in some German historiographies as "die deutsche Schlacht" ("the German battle"), because Germans played significant roles in all three armies, accounting for roughly one third of all forces involved. According to one estimate more than 2,500 German soldiers served at Yorktown with each of the British and French armies, and more than 3,000 German-Americans were in Washington's army.[89]
Four Army National Guard units (113th Inf,[90] 116th Inf,[91] 175th Inf[92] and 198th Sig Bn[93]) and one active Regular Army Field Artillery battalion (1–5th FA[94]) are derived from American units that participated in the Battle of Yorktown. There are thirty current U.S. Army units with lineages that go back the colonial era.
Yorktown Victory Monument[edit]
Yorktown Victory Monument
Five days after the British surrendered, Congress passed a resolution agreeing to erect a structure dedicated to commemorating those who participated in the battle.[95] Construction of the monument was delayed, however, as the Confederation government had several other financial obligations that were considered to be of a more urgent nature.[95] The battle's centennial sparked renewed enthusiasm in the resolution and prompted the government to begin building the monument in 1881 amid national support.[95] The structure was formally erected in 1884 and currently resides within Colonial National Historical Park.[95]
Yorktown Sesquicentennial Celebration[edit]
A four-day celebration to commemorate the 150th anniversary of the Siege took place in Yorktown from the 16th to the 19th October 1931. It was presided over by the Governor of Virginia John Garland Pollard and attended by then President, Herbert Hoover along with French representatives. The event included the official dedication of the Colonial National Historical Park.[96][97]
See also[edit]
American Revolutionary War portal
Colonial National Historical Park
List of American Revolutionary War battles
USS Yorktown, for a list of U.S. Navy ships named after the battle
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "He was again drafted for 3 months and served the time fully under the command of Capt. John Faulkner, and was in the Siege of Little York, when Lord Cornwallis surrendered..."[6]
Jump up ^ "...we were going by Gen. Washington and marched down to the siege of Little York"[7]
Jump up ^ Conserved in the Galerie des Batailles, Château de Versailles, France. A copy is displayed at the Colonial National Historical Park Visitors' Center in Yorktown.
Jump up ^ The moon had been full on 2 October.[39]
Jump up ^ The pitch dark of a new moon occurred 17 October 1781.[50]
Jump up ^ Hamilton (through his subordinate, Major Nicholas Fish), Gimat, and Colonel Laurens commanded the three (of six) battalions of light infantry in Lafayette's Light Division that participated in the assault on redoubt 10.
Jump up ^ Article 3 states that: "the garrison of York will march out to a place to be appointed in front of the posts, at two o'clock precisely, with shouldered arms, colors cased, and drums beating a British or German march. They are then to ground their arms, and return to their encampments, where they will remain until they are dispatched to the places of their destination."[69]
References[edit]
Citations[edit]
Jump up ^ "German Auxiliary Units at Yorktown". National Park Service. Retrieved July 28, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Lengel p. 337
^ Jump up to: a b c d Lengel p. 330
^ Jump up to: a b c Greene, p. 307
^ Jump up to: a b Greene, pp. 307–308
Jump up ^ Declaration of John Dunkley in open court, Halifax County, Virginia: Ancestry.com. U.S., Revolutionary War Pension and Bounty-Land Warrant Application Files, 1800–1900 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.; Original data: Revolutionary War Pension and Bounty-Land Warrant Application Files (NARA microfilm publication M804, 2,670 rolls). Records of the Department of Veterans Affairs, Record Group 15. National Archives, Washington, D.C., October 23, 1832
Jump up ^ Thornton Gentry (Georgia Chapter Director – DAR), Lelia (ed.). Historical Collections of the Georgia Chapters Daughters of the American Revolution. Vol. 1. Clearfield Publishing (original)/Genealogical Publishing Co (reprint). p. 147. Retrieved August 22, 2016. .
Jump up ^ Herring p. 26
Jump up ^ Chávez p. 225
Jump up ^ Mitchell p. 23
^ Jump up to: a b Lengel p. 328
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Lengel p. 329
Jump up ^ Ferling, p. 510
Jump up ^ Lengel p. 331
Jump up ^ Wickwire, p. 340
Jump up ^ Grainger, p. 44
Jump up ^ Davis p. 3
Jump up ^ Davis p. 14
^ Jump up to: a b Lengel p. 332
^ Jump up to: a b Lengel p. 333
^ Jump up to: a b c Lengel p. 335
Jump up ^ Davis p. 21
Jump up ^ Davis p. 36
Jump up ^ Vowell, Sarah (2015). Lafayette in the Somewhat United States. New York City: Riverhead Books. p. 229. ISBN 978-1-59463-174-0.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Lengel p. 336
Jump up ^ Davis p. 189
Jump up ^ Davis p. 193
Jump up ^ Davis p. 194
^ Jump up to: a b Davis p. 195
Jump up ^ Davis p. 197
Jump up ^ Lengelp. 337
^ Jump up to: a b Davis p. 199
^ Jump up to: a b Davis p. 202
Jump up ^ Davis p. 203
Jump up ^ Davis p. 204
^ Jump up to: a b Davis p. 205
Jump up ^ Davis p. 207
^ Jump up to: a b Davis p. 208
Jump up ^ Davis p. 214
^ Jump up to: a b Davis p. 215
^ Jump up to: a b Davis p. 216
^ Jump up to: a b c Davis p. 217
^ Jump up to: a b Davis p. 218
^ Jump up to: a b Davis p. 219
Jump up ^ Davis p. 221
Jump up ^ Davis p. 222
^ Jump up to: a b c d Davis p. 224
^ Jump up to: a b Lengel p. 338
^ Jump up to: a b c Davis p. 225
Jump up ^ NASA Eclipse Website – Phases of the Moon 1700–1799; accessed 4 October 2009; "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-10-04. Retrieved 2009-10-04.
^ Jump up to: a b Lengel p. 339
Jump up ^ Davis p. 225.
^ Jump up to: a b Lengel p. 340
^ Jump up to: a b Davis p. 227
^ Jump up to: a b c Davis p. 228
^ Jump up to: a b c Davis p. 229
^ Jump up to: a b c Davis p. 230
Jump up ^ Davis p. 232
^ Jump up to: a b c d Lengel p. 341
Jump up ^ Davis p. 234
^ Jump up to: a b c Davis p. 235
Jump up ^ Davis p. 236
Jump up ^ Davis p. 237
Jump up ^ Davis p. 255
Jump up ^ Fleming p. 16
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Lengel p. 342
Jump up ^ Morrissey, p. 73
Jump up ^ "George Washington on General Cornwallis' Surrender at Yorktown". The American Revolution, 1763–1783. Library of Congress. Retrieved 16 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Surrender of the British General Cornwallis to the Americans, October 19, 1781". The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History.
Jump up ^ Kennedy, David; Cohen, Lizabeth (2015). The American Pageant. Cengage Learning. p. 153. Cornwallis surrendered his entire force of seven thousand men on October 19, 1781, as his band appropriately played "The World Turn'd Upside Down."
Jump up ^ "Cornwallis' Surrender". Visiting Yorktown.com. American tradition has it that the British song played was "The World Turned Upside Down." However, there was no historical record of which song or songs were played by the band. The account of it being that particular song was added to the historical record almost a 100 years after the event.
Jump up ^ Davis p. 265
^ Jump up to: a b Lengel p. 343
Jump up ^ Manning, Jack (October 19, 2016). "Cornwallis surrenders at Yorktown". The American Patriotic Chronicle. Alabama Society, Sons of the American Revolution.
Jump up ^ Davis p. 267
Jump up ^ Davis p. 268
Jump up ^ Hibbert p. 330
Jump up ^ Skemp, Shiela L. (1990) William Franklin Oxford University Press p. 253
Jump up ^ McNeill, J.R. (October 18, 2010). "Malarial mosquitoes helped defeat British in battle that ended Revolutionary War". The Washington Post.
Jump up ^ Mann, Charles C. 1493:Uncovering the New World Columbus Created. Knopf: 2011
Jump up ^ Fleming p. 34
Jump up ^ Fleming p. 35
Jump up ^ Fleming p. 21
Jump up ^ "Yorktown Battlefield".
Jump up ^ Fleming p. 194
Jump up ^ Fleming p. 312
Jump up ^ Reeves p. 253
Jump up ^ Johnston, Henry Phelps. The Yorktown Campaign and the Surrender of Cornwallis, 1781. (New York: 1881) page 156; accessed 5 October 2009
Jump up ^ Cronau, pp. 243–244
Jump up ^ Department of the Army, Lineage and Honors, 113th Infantry. Reproduced in Sawicki 1981, pp. 221–223.
Jump up ^ Department of the Army, Lineage and Honors, 116th Infantry. Reproduced in Sawicki 1981, pp. 227–229.
Jump up ^ Department of the Army, Lineage and Honors, 175th Infantry. Reproduced in Sawicki 1982, pp. 343–345.
Jump up ^ Department of the Army, Lineage and Honors, 198th Signal Battalion.
Jump up ^ Department of the Army, Lineage and Honors, 1st Battalion, 5th Field Artillery.http://www.history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/fa/0005fa01bn.htm.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Yorktown Victory Monument". National Park Service. August 21, 2015. Retrieved July 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ "General Information on the Yorktown Sesquicentennial Celebration". Daily Press, Newport News. Newport, Virginia: Ancestry.com#Newspapers.com. 18 September 1931. p. 13. (Subscription required (help)). |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Bland, Schuyler Otis, The Yorktown Sesquicentennial, Proceedings of the United States Yorktown Sesquicentennial Commission, in connection with the Celebration of the Siege of Yorktown, 1781, United States Government Printing Office, Washington, 1932,Retrieved on 17 April 2018.
Bibliography[edit]
Alden, John (1969). A History of the American Revolution. New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-80366-6.
Anderson, Dale (2004). The Battle of Yorktown. Gareth Stevens Publishing.
Chávez, Thomas E. (2002). Spain and the Independence of the United States: An Intrinsic Gift. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 0-8263-2794-X.
Cronau, Rudolf (2010). Drei Jahrhunderte deutschen Lebens in Amerika (in German). Hamburg: Severus Verlag. ISBN 978-3-942382-31-1. OCLC 649506358.
Davis, Burke (2007). The Campaign that Won America. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-8368-5393-3.
Ferling, John E (2007). Almost a miracle: the American victory in the War of Independence. New York: Oxford University Press US. ISBN 978-0-19-518121-0.
Fleming, Thomas (1970). The Perils of Peace. New York: The Dial Press. ISBN 978-0-06-113911-6.
Grainger, John (2005). The Battle of Yorktown, 1781: a reassessment. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. ISBN 978-1-84383-137-2. OCLC 232006312.
Greene, Jerome A. (2005). The Guns of Independence: The Siege of Yorktown, 1781. New York: Savas Beattie. ISBN 1-932714-05-7.
Herring, George C. (2011). From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations since 1776. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199765539.
Hibbert, Christopher (2002). Redcoats and Rebels. W. W. Norton & Company Paperbacks.
Lengel, Edward (2005). General George Washington. New York: Random House Paperbacks. ISBN 0-8129-6950-2.
Mitchell, Barbara (Spring 2007). "Bankrolling the Battle of Yorktown: Gold and silver from Havana enabled Washington's troops to trap Lord Cornwallis". MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History: 16–24.
Reeves, Thomas C (1975). Gentleman Boss. American Political Biography Press. ISBN 978-0-945707-03-5.
Morrissey, Brendan (1997). Yorktown 1781: the World Turned Upside Down. London: Osprey. ISBN 978-1-85532-688-0. OCLC 39028166.
Sawicki, James A. (1981). Infantry Regiments of the US Army. Dumfries, VA: Wyvern Publications. ISBN 978-0-9602404-3-2.
Wickwire, Franklin and Mary (1970). Cornwallis: The American Adventure. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. OCLC 62690.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Siege of Yorktown.
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Yorktown.
Yorktown Battlefield (National Park Service)
1931 Army War College history of the siege republished by the United States Army Center of Military History
Siege of Yorktown at Xenophon Group Military History Database
Articles of Capitulation at Yorktown.
The French Army in the American Revolution at the John Carter Brown Library
Animated History of The Siege of Yorktown
The Role of the Spanish and Cubans in the Siege of Yorktown
The Yorktown Campaign (George Washington's Mount Vernon)
Yorktown: Now or Never (George Washington's Mount Vernon)
show
v
t
e
George Washington
1st President of the United States, 1789–1797
Senior Officer of the Army, 1798–1799
Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army, 1775–1783
Second Continental Congress, 1775
First Continental Congress, 1774
Military career
Revolutionary War
Military career
French and Indian War
Jumonville Glen
Battle of Fort Necessity
Forbes Expedition
Washington and the American Revolution
Commander-in-chief, Continental Army
Aides-de-camp
Washington's headquarters
Boston campaign
Siege of Boston
New York and New Jersey campaign
Delaware River crossing
Battle of Trenton
Philadelphia campaign
Battle of Brandywine
Battle of Germantown
Battle of White Marsh
Valley Forge
Battle of Monmouth
Battles of Saratoga
Sullivan Expedition
Yorktown campaign
Siege of Yorktown
Culper spy ring
Newburgh Conspiracy
Newburgh letter
Resignation as commander-in-chief
Badge of Military Merit
Purple Heart
Washington Before Boston Medal
Horses: Nelson and Blueskin
Other U.S.
founding events
1769 Virginia Association
Continental Association
1774 Fairfax Resolves
Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture
1785 Mount Vernon Conference
Chairman, 1787 Constitutional Convention
Presidency
United States presidential election, 1788–89
1792
First inauguration
inaugural bible
Second inauguration
Title of "Mr. President"
Cabinet of the United States
Secretary of State
Attorney General
Secretary of the Treasury
Secretary of War
Judiciary Act of 1789
Nonintercourse Act
Whiskey Rebellion
Militia Acts of 1792
Coinage Act of 1792
United States Mint
Proclamation of Neutrality
Neutrality Act of 1794
Jay Treaty
Pinckney's Treaty
Slave Trade Act of 1794
Residence Act
Thanksgiving Proclamation
Farewell Address
State of the Union Address 1790
1791
1792
1793
1796
Cabinet
Federal judicial appointments
Views and
public image
Presidential library
The Washington Papers
Religious views
Washington and slavery
Town Destroyer
Legacy
Life and homes
Early life
Birthplace
Ferry Farm boyhood home
Mount Vernon
Gristmill
Woodlawn Plantation
Samuel Osgood House, First Presidential Mansion
Alexander Macomb House, Second Presidential Mansion
President's House, Philadelphia
Germantown White House
Custis estate
Potomac Company
James River and Kanawha Canal
Mountain Road Lottery
Congressional Gold Medal
Thanks of Congress
President-General of the Society of the Cincinnati
Washington College
Washington and Lee University
Electoral history of George Washington
Memorials and
depictions
Washington, D.C.
Washington state
Washington Monument
Mount Rushmore
Washington's Birthday
Purple Heart
The Apotheosis of Washington
George Washington (Houdon)
George Washington (Ceracchi)
George Washington (Trumbull)
Washington Crossing the Delaware
General George Washington at Trenton
Washington at Verplanck's Point
General George Washington Resigning His Commission
Unfinished portrait
Lansdowne portrait
The Washington Family portrait
Washington at Princeton painting
Point of View sculpture
George Washington University
Washington University
Washington Masonic National Memorial
George Washington Memorial Parkway
George Washington Bridge
Washington and Jefferson National Forests
Washington Monument, Baltimore
Washington, D.C. statue
List of memorials
U.S. Postage stamps
Washington-Franklin Issues
1932 bicentennial
Currency
Washington quarter
Washington dollar
Lafayette dollar
Silver bullion coins
Cultural depictions
George Washington (1984 miniseries
1986 sequel)
A More Perfect Union (1989 film)
Related
Bibliography
Founding Fathers of the United States
Republicanism
Federalist Party
Federalist Era
Virginia dynasty
Coat of arms
Cherry-tree anecdote
River Farm
Washington's Crossing
1751 Barbados trip
Category
Syng inkstand
General of the Armies
American Philosophical Society
American Revolution
patriots
Mount Vernon Ladies' Association
Ancestry
and family
Martha Washington (wife)
John Parke Custis (stepson)
George Washington Parke Custis (step-grandson, adopted son)
Eleanor Parke Custis (step-granddaughter, adopted daughter)
Augustine Washington (father)
Mary Ball Washington (mother)
Lawrence Washington (half-brother)
Augustine Washington Jr. (half-brother)
Betty Washington Lewis (sister)
Samuel Washington (brother)
John A. Washington (brother)
Charles Washington (brother)
Lawrence Washington (grandfather)
John Washington (great-grandfather)
Bushrod Washington (nephew)
John Adams →
Category
show
v
t
e
New York in the American Revolution
1765
Sons of Liberty
First Liberty Poles erected
Stamp Act Congress
1770
Battle of Golden Hill
1775
Capture of Fort Ticonderoga
Invasion of Canada
1776
New York and New Jersey campaign
Battle of Long Island
New York Prison Ships Begin
Submarine attack in New York Harbor
Staten Island Peace Conference
Landing at Kip's Bay
Battle of Harlem Heights
Great Fire of New York
Execution of Nathan Hale
Battle of Valcour Island
Battle of Pell's Point
Battle of White Plains
Battle of Fort Washington
1777
Meigs Raid
Saratoga campaign
Siege of Fort Ticonderoga
Battle of Fort Anne
Siege of Fort Stanwix
Battle of Oriskany
Battle of Bennington
Battle of Setauket
Battle of Staten Island
Battle of Freeman's Farm (1st Saratoga)
Battle of Forts Clinton and Montgomery
Battle of Bemis Heights (2nd Saratoga)
1778
Setauket Spy Ring Launched
Battle of Cobleskill
West Point established
Attack on German Flatts
Raid on Unadilla and Onaquaga
Carleton's Raid
Cherry Valley massacre
1779
Battle of Stony Point
Battle of Minisink
Sullivan Expedition
Battle of Newtown
Boyd and Parker ambush
1780
Battle of Young's House
First Purple Heart
Arnold–André conspiracy exposed
Battle of Klock's Field
Battle of Fort St. George
1781
HMS Culloden Runs Aground at Montauk
Washington Calls Off Invasion of New York
Battle of Fort Slongo
Battle of Johnstown
1782
Washington's Headquarters at Newburgh
Newburgh letter
1783
Newburgh Conspiracy
British Evacuate New York
Washington's Farewell to His Officers
show
v
t
e
Virginia in the American Revolution
Early
Virginia Resolves (1765)
Virginia Association (1769)
1774
Fairfax Resolves
First Virginia Convention
1775
Fincastle Resolutions
"Give me liberty, or give me death!"
Gunpowder Incident
Formation of Culpeper Minutemen
Dunmore's Proclamation
Formation of Ethiopian Regiment
Battle of Kemp's Landing
Battle of Great Bridge
Second Virginia Convention
Third Virginia Convention
Fourth Virginia Convention
1776
Burning of Norfolk
Virginia Declaration of Rights
Formation of Lee's Legion
Fifth Virginia Convention
1779
Chesapeake raid
1781
Raid of Richmond
Skirmish at Waters Creek
Battle of Cape Henry
Battle of Blandford
Action at Osborne's
Raid on Point of Fork
Battle of Spencer's Ordinary
Battle of Green Spring
Francisco's Fight
Battle of the Chesapeake
Siege of Yorktown
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Yorktown&oldid=853353615"
Categories:
Sieges of the American Revolutionary War involving France
Sieges of the American Revolutionary War
Sieges involving France
Virginia in the American Revolution
York County in the American Civil War
1781 in the United States
1781 in Virginia
Conflicts in 1781
Sieges of the Anglo-French War (1778–83)
Hidden categories:
CS1: Julian–Gregorian uncertainty
Pages containing links to subscription-only content
Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL
Good articles
Coordinates on Wikidata
CS1 German-language sources (de)
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Azərbaycanca
Български
Brezhoneg
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Français
한국어
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Magyar
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Polski
Português
Русский
Simple English
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Suomi
Svenska
Türkçe
Tiếng Việt
中文
24 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 4 August 2018, at 04:41 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: This is a good article. Follow the link for more information.

attrs: href title

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: p

value: th

attrs: class colspan style

value: tr

value: td

attrs: colspan style

values: Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Marquis_de_Lafayette
mw-redirect
Marquis de Lafayette

values:
/wiki/Baron_von_Steuben
mw-redirect
Baron von Steuben

values: Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau

values: Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis

values: Template:Campaignbox American Revolutionary War: Yorktown

values: Template talk:Campaignbox American Revolutionary War: Yorktown

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values: France in the American Revolutionary War

values:
/wiki/Comte_de_Grasse
mw-redirect
Comte de Grasse

values: Henry Clinton (American War of Independence)

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values: Edit section: Franco-American cooperation

values: Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War

values: Charles René Dominique Sochet, Chevalier Destouches

values:
/wiki/Marriot_Arbuthnot
mw-redirect
Marriot Arbuthnot

values:
/wiki/Battle_of_Guilford_Courthouse
mw-redirect
Battle of Guilford Courthouse

values:
/wiki/Admiral_de_Grasse
mw-redirect
Admiral de Grasse

values:
/wiki/Manhattan_Island
mw-redirect
Manhattan Island

values:
/wiki/Gloucester_Point
mw-redirect
Gloucester Point

values:
/wiki/J%C3%A4ger_(military)
mw-redirect
Jäger (military)

values:
/wiki/Lauzun%27s_Legion
mw-redirect
Lauzun's Legion

values:
/wiki/Eugene_Lami
mw-redirect
Eugene Lami

values:
/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Zweibr%C3%BCcken
mw-redirect
Wilhelm von Zweibrücken

values: Jacques-Melchior Saint-Laurent, Comte de Barras

values:
/wiki/Chester_Arthur
mw-redirect
Chester Arthur

values: Army National Guard and Active Regular Army Units with Colonial Roots

values: Edit section: Yorktown Sesquicentennial Celebration

values: Washington Crossing the Delaware by Emanuel Leutze, MMA-NYC, 1851.jpg

values: List of American Revolutionary War battles

values:
/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles
mw-redirect
Château de Versailles

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: lower-alpha;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.nps.gov/york/index.htm

values: The site requires a paid subscription to access this page.

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/649506358

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/232006312

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/39028166

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/62690

values: Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition

values: United States Army Center of Military History

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.bartleby.com/43/17.html

values: Commanding General of the United States Army

values: George Washington in the French and Indian War

values: George Washington in the American Revolution

values: List of Washington's Headquarters during the Revolutionary War

values: George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River

values: George Washington's resignation as commander-in-chief

values: Constitutional Convention (United States)

values: United States presidential election, 1788–89

values: United States presidential election, 1792

values: Second inauguration of George Washington

values: List of federal judges appointed by George Washington

values: Fred W. Smith National Library for the Study of George Washington

values: George Washington Birthplace National Monument

values: Cultural depictions of George Washington

values: General George Washington Resigning His Commission

values: George Washington Masonic National Memorial

values: George Washington and Jefferson National Forests

values: Lieutenant General George Washington (statue)

values: Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps

values: List of Presidents of the United States on currency

values: America the Beautiful Silver Bullion Coins

values: George Washington II: The Forging of a Nation

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values: Template:New York in the American Revolutionary War

values: Template talk:New York in the American Revolutionary War

values:
/wiki/Liberty_Pole
mw-redirect
Liberty Pole

values:
/wiki/Invasion_of_Canada_(1775)
mw-redirect
Invasion of Canada (1775)

values:
/wiki/American_Turtle
mw-redirect
American Turtle

values: Washington's Headquarters State Historic Site

values: Template:Virginia in the American Revolution

values: Template talk:Virginia in the American Revolution

values:
navbox-image
6
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/Raid_of_Richmond
mw-redirect
Raid of Richmond

values: Category:Sieges of the American Revolutionary War involving France

values: Category:Sieges of the American Revolutionary War

values: Category:Virginia in the American Revolution

values: Category:York County in the American Civil War

values: Category:Sieges of the Anglo-French War (1778–83)

values: Category:Pages containing links to subscription-only content

values: Category:Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL

values: Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: معركة يوركتاون – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values: Обсада на Йорктаун – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-br
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Πολιορκία του Γιόρκταουν – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values: 요크타운 전투 – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: המצור על יורקטאון – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: ヨークタウンの戦い – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values: Осада Йорктауна – Russian

values: Battle of Yorktown (1781) – Simple English

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values: Опсада Јорктауна – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: 約克鎮圍城戰役 – Chinese

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Siege_of_Yorktown rootpage-Siege_of_Yorktown skin-vector action-view


text:
Lot's wife
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This article is about the biblical person. For other uses, see Lot's wife (disambiguation).
Lot's wife
Lot's wife disobeyed God's warning by watching the destruction of Sodom and was punished by being turned into a "pillar of salt" while her husband, Lot and their daughters escape; from a depiction in the Monreale Cathedral mosaics
Information
Aliases
Ado
Spouse(s)
Lot
Children
2 daughters
Relatives
Haran (father-in-law)
Milcah (brother-in-law)
Iscah (sister-in-law)
Nahor (uncle)
Abraham (uncle)
Sarah (aunt)
Birth place
Ur Kaśdim
Death place
Sodom
The Sodom and Gomorrah motif from the Nuremberg Chronicle by Hartmann Schedel, 1493. Note Lot's wife, already transformed into a salt pillar, in the center.
In the Bible, Lot's wife is a figure first mentioned in Genesis 19. The Book of Genesis describes how she became a pillar of salt after she looked back at Sodom. She is not named in the Bible but is called "Ado" or "Edith" in some Jewish traditions. She is also referred to in the deuterocanonical books at Wisdom 10:7 and the New Testament at Luke 17:32. Islamic accounts also talk about the wife of Prophet Lut (Lot) when mentioning 'People of Lut'.
Contents
[hide]
1 Genesis narrative
2 Composition
3 Pillar of salt
4 Jewish commentaries
5 Islamic view
6 Other biblical references
7 See also
8 References
Genesis narrative[edit]
See also: Sodom and Gomorrah § Judgment
A rock formation near the Sanctuary of Agios Lot venerated as Lot’s wife as a pillar of salt
Salt deposits beside the Dead Sea
"Lot's Wife" pillar, Mount Sodom, Israel.
The 'Lot's wife' sea-stack, Marsden Bay, South Shields, North East England, United Kingdom located on the North Sea coast
The story of Lot's wife begins in Genesis 19 after two angels arrived in Sodom at eventide and were invited to spend the night at Lot's home. The Men of Sodom were exceedingly wicked and prompted Lot to offer up these Men/Angels; instead, Lot offered up his two daughters but they refused. As dawn was breaking, Lot's visiting angels urged him to get his family and flee, so as to avoid being caught in the impending disaster for the iniquity of the city. The command was given, "Flee for your life! Do not look behind you, nor stop anywhere in the Plain; flee to the hills, lest you be swept away."[1]:465 Lot's wife rejected the suggestion, so she was standing there while looking, and became a pillar of salt.[1]:466
Composition[edit]
The Hebrew verb used for Lot's wife "looking" back is תבט, tāḇeṭ. Her looking back at Sodom differs in word usage to Abraham "looking" שקף, šāqap toward Sodom in (18:16).[2]:49
Pillar of salt[edit]
The story appears to be based in part on a folk legend explaining a geographic feature.[3]
A pillar of salt named "Lot's wife" is located near the Dead Sea at Mount Sodom in Israel. The Mishnah states that a blessing should be said at the place where the pillar of salt is.[1]:467 Other pillars are said to be at the crossing of the Red Sea as well as at the Wall of Jericho.[1]:467[4]
The Jewish historian Josephus claimed to have seen the pillar of salt which was Lot's wife.[5] Its existence is also attested to by the early church fathers Clement of Rome and Irenaeus.[6]
Jewish commentaries[edit]
In Judaism, one common view of Lot's wife turning to salt was as punishment for disobeying the angels' warning. By looking back at the "evil cities," she betrayed her secret longing for that way of life. She was deemed unworthy to be saved and thus was turned to a pillar of salt.[7]
Another view in the Jewish exegesis of Genesis 19:26, is that when Lot's wife looked back, she turned to a pillar of salt upon the "sight of God," who was descending down to rain destruction upon Sodom and Gomorrah.[1]:467 One reason that is given in the tradition is that she turned back to look in order to see if her daughters, who were married to men of Sodom, were coming or not.[1]:467
Another Jewish legend says that because Lot's wife sinned with salt, she was punished with salt. On the night the two angels visited Lot, he requested that his wife prepare a feast for them. Not having any salt, Lot's wife asked her neighbors for salt, which alerted them to the presence of their guests, resulting in the mob action that endangered Lot's family.[1]:467
In the Midrash, Lot's wife's name is given as Edith.[1]:466
Islamic view[edit]
Lut fleeing the city with his daughters; his wife is killed by a rock.
Main article: Lot in Islam
Lut (Arabic: لوط) in the Quran is considered to be the same as Lot in the Hebrew Bible. He is considered to be a messenger of God and a prophet of God.[8]
In Islamic tradition, Lot (Lut, Arabic: لوط) lived in Ur and was a nephew of Ibrahim (Abraham). He migrated with Ibrahim to Canaan and was commissioned as a prophet to the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah.[9] He was commanded by Allah to go to the land of Sodom and Gomorrah to preach monotheism and to stop them from their lustful and violent acts. Lut's messages were ignored by the inhabitants, prompting Sodom and Gomorrah's destruction. Though Lut left the city, his wife looked behind and was destroyed.[9]
In the Quran, surah (chapter) 26 Ash-Shu`arā' (The Poets) –
So, We saved him and his family, all. Except an old woman among those who remained behind.
—  Quran 26:170–171
Commentary: This was his wife, who was a bad old woman. She stayed behind and was destroyed with whoever else was left. This is similar to what Allah says about them in Surat Al-A`raf and Surat Hud, and in Surat Al-Hijr, where Allah commanded him to take his family at night, except for his wife, and not to turn around when they heard the Sayhah as it came upon his people. So they patiently obeyed the command of Allah and persevered, and Allah sent upon the people a punishment which struck them all, and rained upon them stones of baked clay, piled up.
—  Tafsir ibn Kathir (Commentary by Ibn Kathir)[10]
Other biblical references[edit]
Lot's wife is named in Wisdom 10:7 and mentioned by Jesus at Luke 17:32[11] in the context of warning his disciples about difficult times in the future when the Son of Man would return; he told them to remember Lot's wife as a warning to not waver at that time.[12]
See also[edit]
List of names for the biblical nameless
Parashah Vayeira
Sodom and Gomorrah
Baucis and Philemon
Orpheus
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Schwartz, Howard (2004). Tree of Souls: The Mythology of Judaism. ISBN 9780195358704.
Jump up ^ Hamilton, Victor P. (1995). "looking (back)". The Book of Genesis: Chapters 18-50 (Google eBook) (2nd. ed.). Grand Rapids Michigan: Eerdmans. p. 49. ISBN 9780802823090.
Jump up ^ Hirsch, Emil G.; Seligsohn, M.; Schechter, Solomon; Jacobs, Joseph (1906). "Lot". Jewish Encyclopedia.
Jump up ^ (Talmud B. Ber. 54a)
Jump up ^ Josephus. Antiquities of the Jews. Book I. Chapter 11. Verse 4.
Jump up ^ Josephus. Antiquities of the Jews. Book I. Endnote Number 23
Jump up ^ Scharfstein, Sol (2008). Torah and commentary : the five books of Moses : translation, rabbinic and contemporary commentary. Jersey City, NJ: KTAV Publishing. p. 71, #26. ISBN 9781602800205.
Jump up ^ Quran 26:161
^ Jump up to: a b Hasan, Masudul (1987). History of Islam, Volume 1. Islamic Publications. p. 26. Retrieved July 9, 2012. Quote: Lut was a nephew of the Prophet Ibrahim. He migrated with Ibrahim from Iraq to Canaan in Palestine. He was commissioned as a prophet to the cities of Sodom and Gomarrah, situated to the east of the Dead Sea. The people of these cities were guilty of unspeakable crimes. They were addicted to homosexuality and highway robberies. Lut warned the people but they refused to listen to him. He prayed to Allah to punish the people. Lut left the city with his followers at night. As soon as he left, Allah raised a [shower of brim stones?]-end quote, text garbled.
Jump up ^ "Tafsir Ibn Kathir". Quran 26:170–171. qtafsir.com.
Jump up ^ "Lot". Catholic Encyclopedia.
Jump up ^ Carroll, John T. (2012). Luke a commentary (1st ed.). Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press. p. 351. ISBN 9781611642025.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lot's wife made into a pillar of salt.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lot%27s_wife&oldid=847319639"
Categories:
Biblical phrases
Book of Genesis people
Lot (biblical person)
Vayeira
Women in the Hebrew Bible
Hidden categories:
Pages using deprecated image syntax
Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields
Articles containing Arabic-language text
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Français
Bahasa Indonesia
עברית
Kaszëbsczi
日本語
Polski
Русский
اردو
Edit links
This page was last edited on 24 June 2018, at 13:37 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Lot%27s_wife_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Lot's wife (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

attrs: href class

values: /wiki/Pillar mw-redirect Pillar

values: /wiki/Mosaics mw-redirect Mosaics

values:
infobox
width:22em;border-spacing: 2px 5px;

values: font-size: 115%; font-family: 'Ezra SIL', 'Ezra SIL SR', 'Keter Aram Tsova', 'Taamey Ashkenaz', 'Taamey David CLM', 'Taamey Frank CLM', 'Frenk Ruehl CLM', 'Keter YG', 'Shofar', 'David CLM', 'Hadasim CLM', 'Simple CLM', 'Nachlieli', 'SBL BibLit', 'SBL Hebrew', Cardo, Alef, 'Noto Serif Hebrew', 'Noto Sans Hebrew', 'David Libre', David, 'Times New Roman', Gisha, Arial, FreeSerif, FreeSans;

values:
/wiki/Folk_legend
mw-redirect
Folk legend

values:
/wiki/Clement_of_Rome
mw-redirect
Clement of Rome

values:
/wiki/Jewish_exegesis
mw-redirect
Jewish exegesis

values:
/wiki/Arabic_language
mw-redirect
Arabic language

values:
/wiki/Hebrew_Bible
mw-redirect
Hebrew Bible

values:
/wiki/Messengers_of_Islam
mw-redirect
Messengers of Islam

values:
/wiki/Prophets_of_Islam
mw-redirect
Prophets of Islam

values:
/wiki/Islamic_view_of_Abraham
mw-redirect
Islamic view of Abraham

values:
/wiki/Tafsir_ibn_Kathir
mw-redirect
Tafsir ibn Kathir

values: commons:Category:Lot's wife made into a pillar of salt

values: Category:Pages using deprecated image syntax

values: Category:Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields

values: Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Lot%27s_wife
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: امرأة لوط – Arabic

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istri_Lot
Istri Lot – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values: אשת לוט – Hebrew

values: ロトの妻の塩柱 – Japanese

values: Жена Лота – Russian

values: واعلہ (زوجہ لوط) – Urdu

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Lot_s_wife rootpage-Lot_s_wife skin-vector action-view


text:
Short Skirt/Long Jacket
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Short Skirt/Long Jacket"
Single by Cake
from the album Comfort Eagle
Released
August 14, 2001
Format
CD
Recorded
2000
Genre
Alternative rock, funk rock
Length
3:24
Label
Columbia
Songwriter(s)
John McCrea
Producer(s)
Cake
Cake singles chronology
"Sheep Go to Heaven"
(2001) "Short Skirt/Long Jacket"
(2001) "Arco Arena"
(2001)
"Sheep Go to Heaven"
(2001) "Short Skirt/Long Jacket"
(2001) "Arco Arena"
(2001)
"Short Skirt/Long Jacket" is the first single by American alternative rock band Cake from their 2001 album Comfort Eagle.
Contents
[hide]
1 Lyrics
2 Music video
3 Track listing
4 Chart positions
5 Covers
6 Uses in other media
7 References
8 External links
Lyrics[edit]
The lyrics begin to describe an ideal fantasy woman beginning with the simple desire for a woman with a short skirt and a long jacket and go on to become much more elaborate and very specific, as if to tell a story about a particular woman.
The details range from mundane (At Citibank we will meet accidentally/We'll start to talk when she borrows my pen) to archetypical and hyperbolically poetic (With fingernails that shine like justice/And a voice that is dark like tinted glass.). The woman is likened to an investment portfolio on the stock-market, in that she should have the "right allocations", "with uninterrupted prosperity", "with a smooth liquidation" and "good dividends". The lyrics suggest a girl who has left the party lifestyle and joined corporate America, switching from an expensive sports car to a more affordable family car. (She's changing her name from Kitty to Karen/She's trading her MG for a white Chrysler LeBaron).
John McCrea said the song was "about prosperity and depression" and the strange behavior of the human mating ritual.[1]
Music video[edit]
The associated music vox pop video is composed entirely of people listening to the song on headphones and their reactions. Responses include enthusiasm, critique, and apathy; some dance, while one Ralph Walbridge, poet, gives the headphones back partway through, stating "uh... I've heard it all a million times, all the way back to all of the old records - which were much better - when they first came out, back in the 1940s." Other comments include Dr. Bruce L. Thiessen's (aka Dr. B.L.T.) "as a psychologist, I'd have to say it has therapeutic value because it releases something deep inside". The video was nominated for Groundbreaking Music Video of the Year at the 2002 MTV Video Music Awards, but the White Stripes ultimately secured the award.
MuchMusic released an official "Canadian" version of the video that uses footage of people in Toronto, near its headquarters. The video humorously censors some foreign words spoken by non-English speakers due to the words' strange pronunciations.
There were various versions of this music video. Additional versions were filmed after the record company suggested the first video would not hold up well to repeated viewing. The videos filmed for an estimated cost of less than $20,000.[2] The Mexican version was directed by Alejandro "Chicle" and edited by Alejandro Davalos Cantu.
Track listing[edit]
Initial pressing
No.
Title
Length
1. "Short Skirt/Long Jacket" 3:24
2. "Arco Arena" (vocal version) 2:10
3. "Short Skirt/Long Jacket" (video) 3:45
Alternate pressing
No.
Title
Length
1. "Short Skirt/Long Jacket" (LP version) 3:24
2. "Short Skirt/Long Jacket" (radio mix) 3:23
Chart positions[edit]
Chart (2001)
Position
Brazilian Singles Chart (ABPD)[3] 25
UK Singles (OCC)[4] 63
US Bubbling Under the Hot 100 19
US Adult Top 40 31
US Modern Rock Tracks 7
Covers[edit]
Hugh Sheridan covered this song on his 2009 debut album, Speak Love.[5]
Uses in other media[edit]
An instrumental version of "Short Skirt/Long Jacket" is used as the theme song for the NBC series Chuck.
"Short Skirt/Long Jacket" was used in the film Waitress starring Keri Russell, Nathan Fillion, and Andy Griffith.
The instrumental section (similar to its usage in Chuck) was used in the films All About Steve, The Change Up, and Date Night.
Apple used the song in an advertisement for their 6th generation iPod nano.[6]
"Short Skirt/Long Jacket" was used in the 2001 episode of the TV series ER titled "Blood, Sugar, Sex, Magic".[7]
"Short Skirt/Long Jacket" was used in a Fastrack commercial for Summer Bags.[citation needed]
"Short Skirt/Long Jacket" is a playable song in the video game Rock Band 4.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Hodges, Brad (August 7, 2001). "Cake finds 'Comfort,' sells product". CNN. Retrieved September 14, 2010.
Jump up ^ Wiederhorn, Jon (August 1, 2001). "Cake Concoct New Versions Of Hit Video; New variations of 'Short Skirt/Long Jacket' filmed in New York, Mexico City". MTV News. Retrieved September 14, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Brazil" (PDF). ABPD. October 6, 2001. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ "CAKE Chart History". Official Charts. Official Charts Company. Retrieved 8 February 2017.
Jump up ^ http://www.heraldsun.com.au/entertainment/packed-to-the-rafters-hugh-sheridan-is-hoping-to-break-into-music-like-john-legend/story-e6frf9hf-1225809083826
Jump up ^ Tim Nudd (September 1, 2010). "Apple spots celebrate new iPod touch, nano". AdWeek.com. Archived from the original on 2011-05-07.
Jump up ^ "ER (TV Series) Blood, Sugar, Sex, Magic (2001) Soundtracks".
External links[edit]
"Short Skirt/Long Jacket" Official music video on YouTube
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
[show]
v
t
e
Cake
John McCrea
Vince DiFiore
Xan McCurdy
Gabe Nelson
Paulo Baldi
Greg Brown
Victor Damiani
Shon Meckfessel
Pete McNeal
Todd Roper
Frank French
Studio albums
Motorcade of Generosity
Fashion Nugget
Prolonging the Magic
Comfort Eagle
Pressure Chief
Showroom of Compassion
Other albums
Extra Value
Wheels
B-Sides and Rarities
Live from the Crystal Palace
Singles
"Rock 'n' Roll Lifestyle"
"I Will Survive"
"The Distance"
"Perhaps, Perhaps, Perhaps"
"Never There"
"Let Me Go"
"Sheep Go to Heaven"
"Short Skirt/Long Jacket"
"No Phone"
"Carbon Monoxide"
"Sick of You"
Related articles
Discography
Upbeat Records
Book: Cake
Category: Cake
Portal:Alternative rock
[show]
v
t
e
Chuck
Characters
Primary
Chuck Bartowski
Sarah Bartowski
John Casey
Morgan Grimes
Devon Woodcomb
Ellie Woodcomb
Spies
Mary Elizabeth Bartowski
Stephen J. Bartowski
Diane Beckman
Langston Graham
Bryce Larkin
Jill Roberts
Daniel Shaw
Alexei Volkoff
Other characters
Organizations
Fulcrum
The Ring
Volkoff Industries
Miscellaneous
Episodes
Season 1
2
3
4
5
Cast list
Theme song
Jeffster!
The Intersect
Buy More
Gadgets
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Short_Skirt/Long_Jacket&oldid=796936447"
Categories:
2001 singles
Cake (band) songs
Chuck (TV series)
Television theme songs
2001 songs
Songs written by John McCrea (musician)
Columbia Records singles
Hidden categories:
Articles with hAudio microformats
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Čeština
Dansk
Polski
Edit links
This page was last edited on 23 August 2017, at 23:38.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: colspan class style

values: A small girl playing a large according, in a black ink line drawing style.

value: i

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em .1em .2em 0;

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding:.2em .1em;

values:
/wiki/Arco_Arena_(song)
mw-redirect
Arco Arena (song)

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em 0 .2em .1em;

values: background: transparent; width: 100%; min-width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;

values: width:33%; padding:.2em .1em .2em 0; text-align: center;

values: width:33%; padding:.2em .1em; text-align: center;

values: width:33%; padding:.2em 0 .2em .1em; text-align: center;

values:
tlheader mbox-text
3
text-align:left;background-color:#fff

values:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values: Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos

values:
/wiki/Bubbling_Under_the_Hot_100
mw-redirect
Bubbling Under the Hot 100

values:
/wiki/Modern_Rock_Tracks
mw-redirect
Modern Rock Tracks

values:
/wiki/The_Change_Up
mw-redirect
The Change Up

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://asdfg-menezes.org/bookBR.pdf

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
navbox-abovebelow
2
background: #EEEEEE;

values:
row
navbox-group
width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;

values:
/wiki/Extra_Value
mw-redirect
Extra Value

values:
/wiki/Wheels_(Cake_EP)
mw-redirect
Wheels (Cake EP)

values:
/wiki/Carbon_Monoxide_(Cake_song)
mw-redirect
Carbon Monoxide (Cake song)

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: nowraplinks vcard hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/The_Intersect
mw-redirect
The Intersect

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Songs written by John McCrea (musician)

values: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Short_Skirt/Long_Jacket
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Short_Skirt_Long_Jacket rootpage-Short_Skirt_Long_Jacket skin-vector action-view