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Tirthankara
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Jain miniature painting of 24 Jain Tirthankaras, Jaipur, c. 1850
The 24 Tirthankaras forming the tantric meditative syllable Hrim, painting on cloth, Gujarat, c. 1800
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In Jainism, a tirthankara (Sanskrit: tīrthaṅkara; English: literally a 'Ford-maker') is a saviour and spiritual teacher of the dharma (righteous path).[1] The word tirthankara signifies the founder of a tirtha,[2] which is a fordable passage across the sea of interminable births and deaths, the saṃsāra. According to Jains, a tirthankara is a rare individual who has conquered the saṃsāra, the cycle of death and rebirth, on his own and made a path for others to follow. After understanding the true nature of the Self or soul, the Tīrthaṅkara attains Kevala Jnana (omniscience), and the first Tirthankara refounds Jainism. Tirthankara provides a bridge for others to follow the new teacher from saṃsāra to moksha (liberation).[3][1][4]
In Jain cosmology, the wheel of time is divided in two halves, Utsarpiṇī or ascending time cycle and avasarpiṇī, the descending time cycle (said to be current now). In each half of the cosmic time cycle, exactly twenty-four tirthankaras grace this part of the universe. There have been an infinite number of tirthankaras in the past time periods. The first tirthankara in this present time cycle was Rishabhanatha, who is credited for formulating and organising humans to live in a society harmoniously. The 24th and last tirthankara of present half-cycle was Mahavira (599–527 BC).[4][5] History records the existence of Mahavira and his predecessor, Parshvanath, the twenty-third tirthankara.[6]
A tirthankara organises the sangha, a fourfold order of male and female monastics, srāvakas (male followers) and śrāvikās (female followers).[7]
The tirthankara's teachings form the basis for the Jain canons. The inner knowledge of tirthankara is believed to be perfect and identical in every respect and their teachings do not contradict one another. However, the degree of elaboration varies according to the spiritual advancement and purity of the society during their period of leadership. The higher the spiritual advancement and purity of mind of the society, the lower the elaboration required.
While tirthankaras are documented and revered by Jains, their grace is said to be available to all living beings, regardless of religious orientation.[8]
Tīrthaṅkaras are arihants who after attaining kevalajñāna (pure infinite knowledge)[9] preach the true dharma. An Arihant is also called Jina (victor), that is one who has conquered inner enemies such as anger, attachment, pride and greed.[3] They dwell exclusively within the realm of their Soul, and are entirely free of kashayas, inner passions, and personal desires. As a result of this, unlimited siddhis, or spiritual powers, are readily available to them – which they use exclusively for the spiritual elevation of living beings. Through darśana, divine vision, and deshna, divine speech, they help others in attaining kevalajñana, and moksha (final liberation) to anyone seeking it sincerely.
Contents
[hide]
1 Meaning
2 Tīrthaṅkara-naam-karma
3 Panch Kalyanaka
4 Samavasarana
5 Tīrthaṅkaras of present cosmic age
6 List of the 24 tirthankaras
6.1 Present cosmic age
6.2 Next cosmic age
7 Iconography
8 In other religions
9 Gallery
10 See also
11 References
11.1 Citations
11.2 Sources
Meaning[edit]
Tirthankara images at Gwalior Fort
Rishabhanatha, the first Tirthankara
The word tirthankara signifies the founder of a tirtha which means a fordable passage across the sea of interminable births and deaths (called saṃsāra).[10][11][12][13] Tirthankaras are variously called "Teaching Gods", "Ford-Makers", "Crossing Makers" and "Makers of the River-Crossing.[14][13]
Tīrthaṅkara-naam-karma[edit]
Jain texts propound that a special type of karma, the tīrthaṅkara nama-karma, raises a soul to the supreme status of a Tīrthaṅkara. Tattvartha Sutra, a major Jain text, list down sixteen observances which lead to the bandha (bondage) of this karma:[15]
Purity of right faith
Reverence
Observance of vows and supplementary vows without transgressions
Ceaseless pursuit of knowledge
Perpetual fear of the cycle of existence
Giving gifts (charity)
Practising austerities according to one's capacity
Removal of obstacles that threaten the equanimity of ascetics
Serving the meritorious by warding off evil or suffering
Devotion to omniscient lords, chief preceptors, preceptors, and the scriptures
Practice of the six essential daily duties
Propagation of the teachings of the omniscient
Fervent affection for one's brethren following the same path.
Panch Kalyanaka[edit]
Main article: Panch Kalyanaka
Auspicious dreams seen by a tirthankara's mother during pregnancy
Five auspicious events called, Pañca kalyāṇaka marks the life of every tirthankara:[16]
Gārbha kalyāṇaka (conception): When ātman (soul) of a tirthankara comes into his mother's womb.[17]
Janma kalyāṇaka (birth): Birth of a tirthankara. Indra performs a ceremonial bath on tirthankara on Mount Meru.[18][19]
Dīkṣā kalyāṇaka (renunciation): When a tirthankara renounces all worldly possessions and become an ascetic.
Jñāna kalyāṇaka: The event when a tirthankara attains kevalajñāna (infinite knowledge). A samavasarana (divine preaching hall) is erected from where he delivers sermons and restores sangha after that.
Nirvāṇa kalyāṇaka (liberation): When a tirthankara leaves his mortal body, it is known as nirvana. It is followed by the final liberation, moksha. Their souls dwells in Siddhashila after that.
Samavasarana[edit]
Samavasarana of Tirthankara Rishabha (Ajmer Jain temple)
Main article: Samavasarana
After attaining kevalajñāna, a tirthankara preaches the path to liberation in the samavasarana. According to Jain texts, the heavenly pavilion is erected by devas (heavenly beings) where devas, humans and animals assemble to hear the tirthankara.[20] A tirthankara's speech is heard by all humans and animals in their own language. It is believed that during this speech, there is no unhappiness for miles around the site.[21]
Tīrthaṅkaras of present cosmic age[edit]
Tirthankars of present cosmic age
Jainism postulates that time has no beginning or end. It moves like the wheel of a cart. The wheel of time is divided in two halves, Utsarpiṇī (ascending half cycle) and Avasarpiṇī (descending half cycle). 24 tirthankaras are born in each half of this cycle. In Jain tradition the tirthankaras were royal in their final lives, and Jain texts record details of their previous lives. Their clan and families are also among those recorded in very early, or legendary, Hindu history. Jain canons state that Rishabhanatha, the first tirthankara,[10] founded the Ikshvaku dynasty,[22] from which 21 other tirthankaras also rose over time. Two tirthankaras – Munisuvrata, the 20th, and Neminatha, the 22nd – belonged to the Harivamsa dynasty.[23]
In Jain tradition, the 20 tirthankaras attained moksha on mount Shikharji, in the present Indian state of Jharkhand. Rishabhanatha attained nirvana on Mount Kailash, presently located in Tibet, close to Indian border, Vasupujya at Champapuri in North Bengal, Neminatha on mount Girnar, Gujarat, and Mahavira, the last tirthankara, at Pawapuri, near modern Patna. Twenty-one of the tirthankaras are said to have attained moksha in the kayotsarga (standing meditation posture), while Rishabhanatha, Neminatha and Mahavira are said to have attained moksha in the Padmasana (lotus position).[14]
List of the 24 tirthankaras[edit]
Present cosmic age[edit]
Jain chaumukha sculpture at LACMA, 6th century
Famous idol of Mahavir Swami at Shri Mahavirji
The tirthankara Naminatha, 12th century, Government Museum, Mathura
In chronological order, the names, emblems and colours of the 24 tirthankaras of this age are mentioned below:[24][1][25][26] Dhanuṣa means "bow", hatha means "hands"[citation needed] and 1 Purva equals 8,400,000 x 8,400,000 or 70,560,000,000,000 years.[27]
No.
Name
Symbol
Colour
Height
Age
1 Rishabhanatha (Adinatha) Bull Golden 500 dhanuṣa 84,00,000 Purva
2 Ajitanatha Elephant Golden 450 dhanuṣa 72,00,000 Purva
3 Sambhavanatha Horse Golden 400 dhanuṣa 60,00,000 Purva
4 Abhinandananatha Monkey Golden 350 dhanuṣa 50,00,000 Purva
5 Sumatinatha Heron Golden 300 dhanuṣa 40,00,000 Purva
6 Padmaprabha Padma Red 250 dhanuṣa 30,00,000 Purva
7 Suparshvanatha Swastika Golden 200 dhanuṣa 20,00,000 Purva
8 Chandraprabha Crescent Moon White 150 dhanuṣa 10,00,000 Purva
9 Pushpadanta (Suvidhinath) Crocodile or Makara White 100 dhanuṣa 2,00,000 Purva
10 Shitalanatha Shrivatsa Golden 90 dhanuṣa 1,00,000 Purva
11 Shreyanasanatha Rhinoceros Golden 80 dhanuṣa 84,00,000 Years
12 Vasupujya Buffalo Red 70 dhanusa 72,00,000 Years
13 Vimalanatha Boar Golden 60 dhanusa 60,00,000 Years
14 Anantanatha Porcupine according to the Digambara
Falcon according to the Śvētāmbara Golden 50 dhanuṣa 30,00,000 Years
15 Dharmanatha Vajra Golden 45 dhanuṣa 10,00,000 Years
16 Shantinatha Antelope or deer Golden 40 dhanuṣa 1,00,000 Years
17 Kunthunatha Goat Golden 35 dhanuṣa 95,000 Years
18 Aranatha Nandyavarta or fish Golden 30 dhanuṣa 84,000 Years
19 Māllīnātha Kalasha Blue 25 dhanuṣa 55,000 Years
20 Munisuvrata Tortoise Black 20 dhanuṣa 30,000 Years
21 Naminatha Blue lotus Golden 15 dhanuṣa 10,000 Years
22 Neminatha Shankha Black 10 dhanuṣa 1000 Years
23 Parshvanatha Snake Blue 9 hath 100 Years
24 Mahavira Lion Golden 7 hath 72 Years
Next cosmic age[edit]
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The 24 tirthankaras of the present age (avasarpinī) are the ones listed above. The names of the next 24, which will be born in utsarpinī age are as follows.[citation needed] [Mentioned in the parentheses is one of the (previous human birth) of that soul.]
Padmanabha (King Shrenika)[28]
Surdev (Mahavira's uncle Suparshva)
Suparshva (King Kaunik's son king Udayin)
Svamprabh (The ascetic Pottil)
Sarvanubhuti (Śrāvaka Dridhayadha)
Devshruti (Kartik's Shreshti)
Udaynath (Shravak Shamkha)
Pedhalputra (Shravak Ananda)
Pottil (Shravak Sunand)
Shatak (Sharavak Shatak)
Munivrat (Krishna's mother Devaki)
Amam (Krishna)
Shrinishkashay (Satyaki Rudhra also Satyaki of Mahabharata)
Nishpulak (Krishna's brother Balbhadra also known as Balrama)
Nirmam (Shravika Sulsa)
Chitragupta (Krishna's brother's mother Rohini Devi)
Samadhinath (Revati Gathapatni)
Samvarnath (Sharavak Shattilak)
Yashodhar (Rishi Dwipayan)
Vijay (Karna of Mahabharata)
Malyadev (Nirgranthaputra or Mallanarada)
Devachandra (Shravak Ambadh)
Anantvirya (Shravak Amar)
Shribhadrakar (Shanak)
Iconography[edit]
A tīrthaṅkara is represented either seated in lotus position (Padmasana) or standing in the meditation (Kayotsarga) posture.[29][30] Usually they are depicted seated with their legs crossed in front, the toes of one foot resting close upon the knee of the other, and the right hand lying over the left in the lap.[1] Tirthanakar idols looks similar and are differentiated on the basis of symbol or emblem (Lanchhana) belonging to each tirthanakar except Parshvanatha, statues of Parshvanath have snake crown on head. The first Tirthankara Rishabha can be identified with locks of hair falling on his shoulders. Sometimes Suparshvanath is shown with small snake-hood. The symbols are marked in centre or in the corner of the pedestal of statue. Both sects of Jainism Digambara and Svetambara have different depiction of idols. Digambara images are naked without any beautification whereas Svetambara ones are clothed and decorated with temporary ornaments.[31] The images are often marked with Srivatsa on the chest and Tilaka on fore head.[32] Srivatsa is one of the ashtamangala (auspicious symbol). It can look somewhat like a fleur-de-lis, an endless knot, a flower or diamond-shaped symbol.[33]
In other religions[edit]
The first Tirthankara, Rishabhanatha is mentioned in Hindu texts like the Rigveda,[34] Vishnupurana and Bhagwata Purana.[35] The Yajurveda mentions the name of three Tīrthaṅkaras – Ṛiṣhabha, Ajitnātha and Ariṣṭanemi.[36] The Bhāgavata Purāṇa includes legends about the Tirthankaras of Jainism particularly Rishabha.[37]
Champat Rai Jain, a 20th-century Jain writer, claimed that the "Four and Twenty Elders" mentioned in the Book of Revelation (the final book of the Christian Bible) are "Twenty-four Tirthankaras".[38]
Gallery[edit]
Image of Rishabhanatha, the first Tirthankara, 7th century
Tirthankara statue, late medieval period, The Prince of Wales Museum
Rishabhanatha (left) and Mahavira (right), 11th Century, British Museum
52.5 foot Image of Neminatha at Tirumalai
Image of Parshvanatha, Victoria and Albert Museum, 6th-7th Century
Jina Suparshvanatha from Karnataka, India, c. 900 CE, Norton Simon Museum
Idol of Chandraprabha at Saavira Kambada Basadi
Parshvanatha, at the Adinatha Temple in Ranakpur, Rajasthan
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tirthankara.
Mythological data of Tirthankara
God in Jainism
Tattva (Jainism)
Simandhar Swami
Kundakunda
References[edit]
Citations[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Britannica Tirthankar Definition, Encyclopædia Britannica
Jump up ^ Babb 1996, p. 5.
^ Jump up to: a b Sangave 2006, p. 16.
^ Jump up to: a b Taliaferro & Marty 2010, p. 286.
Jump up ^ Sanghvi, Vir (14 September 2013), Rude Travel: Down The Sages, Hindustan Times
Jump up ^ Zimmer 1953, p. 182-183.
Jump up ^ Balcerowicz 2009, p. 17.
Jump up ^ Flügel, P. (2010). The Jaina Cult of Relic Stūpas. Numen: International Review For The History Of Religions, 57(3/4), 389–504. doi:10.1163/156852710X501351
Jump up ^ Sangave 2006, p. 164.
^ Jump up to: a b Upinder Singh 2016, p. 313.
Jump up ^ Balcerowicz 2009, p. 16.
Jump up ^ Sangave 2006, p. 169-170.
^ Jump up to: a b Champat Rai Jain 1930, p. 3.
^ Jump up to: a b Zimmer 1953, p. 212.
Jump up ^ Vijay K. Jain 2011, p. 91.
Jump up ^ Cort 2001, p. 110.
Jump up ^ "HereNow4U.net :: Glossary/Index – Terms – Eastern Terms – Chyavana Kalyanak", HereNow4u: Portal on Jainism and next level consciousness
Jump up ^ Wiley 2009, p. 200.
Jump up ^ Wiley 2009, p. 246.
Jump up ^ Vijay K. Jain 2015, p. 200.
Jump up ^ Pramansagar 2008, p. 39-43.
Jump up ^ Natubhai Shah 2004, p. 15.
Jump up ^ Vijay K. Jain 2015, p. 151.
Jump up ^ Doniger 1999, p. 550.
Jump up ^ Vijay K. Jain 2015, p. 181-208.
Jump up ^ Tirthankara (EMBLEMS OR SYMBOLS) pdf
Jump up ^ Structural View of the Universe – Time (Kal or Samaya)
Jump up ^ Dundas 2002, p. 276.
Jump up ^ Zimmer 1953, p. 209-210.
Jump up ^ Umakant P. Shah 1987, p. 79.
Jump up ^ Cort 2010.
Jump up ^ Red sandstone figure of a tirthankara
Jump up ^ Jain & Fischer 1978, p. 15, 31.
Jump up ^ George 2008, p. 318.
Jump up ^ Rao 2007, p. 13.
Jump up ^ Dr. K. R. Shah 2011, p. 9.
Jump up ^ Ravi Gupta and Kenneth Valpey (2013), The Bhagavata Purana, Columbia University Press, ISBN 978-0231149990, pages 151–155
Jump up ^ Champat Rai Jain 1930, p. 78.
Sources[edit]
Balcerowicz, Piotr (2009), Jainism and the definition of religion (1st ed.), Mumbai: Hindi Granth Karyalay, ISBN 978-81-88769-29-2
Cort, John E. (2010) [1953], Framing the Jina: Narratives of Icons and Idols in Jain History, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-538502-1
Cort, John E. (2001), Jains in the World: Religious Values and Ideology in India, Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780195132342
Doniger, Wendy, ed. (1999), Encyclopedia of World Religions, Merriam-Webster, ISBN 0-87779-044-2
Dundas, Paul (2002) [1992], The Jains (Second ed.), London and New York: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-26605-X
George, Vensus A. (2008), Paths to the Divine: Ancient and Indian, XII, The Council for Research in Values and Philosophy, ISBN 978-1-56518-248-6
Jain, Champat Rai (1930), Jainism, Christianity and Science, Allahabad: The Indian Press, This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
Jain, Jyotindra; Fischer, Eberhard (1978), Jaina Iconography, Part 12- Iconography of religions: Indian religions, BRILL, ISBN 978-9004052598
Jain, Vijay K. (2015), Acarya Samantabhadra's Svayambhustotra: Adoration of The Twenty-four Tirthankara, Vikalp Printers, ISBN 978-81-903639-7-6, This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
Jain, Vijay K. (2011), Acharya Umasvami's Tattvarthsutra (1st ed.), Uttarakhand: Vikalp Printers, ISBN 81-903639-2-1, This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
Pramansagar, Muni (2008), Jain Tattvavidya, India: Bhartiya Gyanpeeth, ISBN 978-81-263-1480-5
Rao, P Raghunadha (2007) [1988], Indian Heritage and Culture, Sterling Publishers, ISBN 9788120709300
Sangave, Vilas Adinath (2006) [1990], Aspects of Jaina religion (5 ed.), Bharatiya Jnanpith, ISBN 81-263-1273-4
Shah, K. R. (2011), The Philosophy of welfare economics of Dr. Amartya Sen and Jain Philosophy, Trafford Publishing, ISBN 978-1-4269-5023-0
Shah, Natubhai (2004) [First published in 1998], Jainism: The World of Conquerors, I, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 81-208-1938-1
Umakant Premanand Shah (1987), Jaina Rupa Mandana - Jaina Iconography, Abhinav Publication, ISBN 81-7017-218-7 , Wikidata Q40348271
Singh, Upinder (2016), A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century, Pearson Education, ISBN 978-93-325-6996-6
Taliaferro, Charles; Marty, Elsa J. (2010), A Dictionary of Philosophy of Religion, A&C Black, ISBN 1441111972
Wiley, Kristi L. (2009), The A to Z of Jainism, Scarecrow Press, ISBN 9780810868212
Zimmer, Heinrich (1953) [April 1952], Campbell, Joseph, ed., Philosophies Of India, London, E.C. 4: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd, ISBN 978-81-208-0739-6
Babb, Lawrence A. (1996), Absent Lord: Ascetics and Kings in a Jain Ritual Culture, University of California Press
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Chocolate Hills
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Chocolate Hills
Mga Bungtod sa Tsokolate
Mga Tsokolateng Burol
The Chocolate Hills in Carmen, Bohol
Highest point
Elevation
120 m (390 ft)
Geography
Chocolate Hills
Chocolate Hills
Show map of Visayas Show map of Philippines Show all
Geology
Age of rock
Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene
Mountain type
Conical karst hill range
The Chocolate Hills (Cebuano: Mga Bungtod sa Tsokolate; Filipino: Mga Tsokolateng Burol) are a geological formation in the Bohol province of the Philippines.[1] There are at least 1,260 hills but there may be as many as 1,776 hills spread over an area of more than 50 square kilometres (20 sq mi).[2] They are covered in green grass that turns brown (like chocolate) during the dry season, hence the name.
The Chocolate Hills is a famous tourist attraction of Bohol. They are featured in the provincial flag and seal to symbolize the abundance of natural attractions in the province.[3] They are in the Philippine Tourism Authority's list of tourist destinations in the Philippines;[4] they have been declared the country's third National Geological Monument and proposed for inclusion in the UNESCO World Heritage List.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Description
1.1 Vegetation
1.2 Origin
1.3 Legend
2 Tourism
3 Protection
3.1 Legislation
3.2 Issues
4 Gallery
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
7.1 Articles
Description[edit]
Locator map of the Chocolate Hills. Dark brown indicates the greatest concentration of the Chocolate Hills in the Bohol municipalities of Sagbayan, Batuan, and Carmen. Light brown indicates a lesser concentration of the hills in Bilar, Sierra Bullones, and Valencia.
Historical marker explaining the geologic evolution of the area.
The Chocolate Hills form a rolling terrain of haycock hills – mounds of a generally conical and almost symmetrical shape.[5] Estimated to be from 1,268 to about 1,776 individual mounds, these cone-shaped or dome-shaped hills are actually made of grass-covered limestone. The domes vary in sizes from 30 to 50 metres (98 to 164 ft) high with the largest being 120 metres (390 ft) in height. Bohol's "main attraction", these unique mound-shaped hills are scattered by the hundreds throughout the towns of Carmen, Batuan and Sagbayan in Bohol.[6]
During the dry season, the grass-covered hills dry up and turn chocolate brown. This transforms the area into seemingly endless rows of "chocolate kisses". The branded confection is the inspiration behind the name, Chocolate Hills.[4]
Vegetation[edit]
The vegetation of the Chocolate Hills is dominated by grass species such as Imperata cylindrica and Saccharum spontaneum. Several Compositae and ferns also grow on them. In between the hills, the flat lands are cultivated with rice and other cash crops. However, the natural vegetation on the Chocolate Hills is now threatened by quarrying activities.[7]
Origin[edit]
The Chocolate Hills are conical karst hills similar to those seen in the limestone regions of Slovenia, Croatia, northern Puerto Rico, and Pinar del Río Province, Cuba. These hills consist of Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene, thin to medium bedded, sandy to rubbly marine limestones. These limestones contain the abundant fossils of shallow marine foraminifera, coral, mollusks, and algae.[8][9] These conical hills are geomorphological features called cockpit karst, which were created by a combination of the dissolution of limestone by rainfall, surface water, and groundwater, and their subaerial erosion by rivers and streams after they had been uplifted above sea level and fractured by tectonic processes. These hills are separated by well developed flat plains and contain numerous caves and springs. The Chocolate Hills are considered to be a remarkable example of conical karst topography.[10][11][12]
The origin for the conical karst of the Chocolate Hills is described in popular terms on the bronze plaque at the viewing deck in Carmen, Bohol. This plaque states that they are eroded formations of a type of marine limestone that sits on top of hardened clay.[13][14] The plaque reads:
The unique land form known as the Chocolate Hills of Bohol was formed ages ago by the uplift of coral deposits and the action of rain water and erosion.[13]
The plaque also makes reference to a fanciful explanation of the origin of the Chocolate Hills that is unsupported by any published scientific research, i.e. either Hillmer[8] or Travaglia and others,[9] when it states:
the grassy hills were once coral reefs that erupted from the sea in a massive geologic shift. Wind and water put on the finishing touches over hundreds of thousands of years.[13]
Self-published, popular web pages present a variety of fanciful and less credible explanations about how these hills formed. They include sub-oceanic volcanism; limestone covered blocks created by the destruction of an active volcano in a cataclysmic eruption;[15] coral reefs that were raised from the sea as the result of a massive geologic shift; and tidal movements.[16] The lack of any exposed or associated volcanic rocks anywhere in the Chocolate Hills refutes the popular theories involving volcanic eruptions. These theories involving either a sudden, massive geologic shift, coral reefs being erupted from the sea, or tidal movements lack any corroborating evidence and support among geologists.[8][9]
Legend[edit]
Three legends explain the formation of the Chocolate Hills. The first tells the story of two feuding giants who hurled rocks, boulders, and sand at each other. The fighting lasted for days, and exhausted the two giants. In their exhaustion, they forgot about their feud and became friends, but when they left they forgot to clean up the mess they had made during their battle, hence the Chocolate Hills.[13][17]
A more romantic legend tells of a giant named Arogo who was extremely powerful and youthful. Arogo fell in love with Aloya, who was a simple mortal. Aloya's death caused Arogo much pain and misery, and in his sorrow he could not stop crying. When his tears dried, the Chocolate Hills were formed.[18]
The third legend tells of a town being plagued by a giant carabao, who ate all of their crops. Finally having had enough, the townsfolk took all of their spoiled food and placed it in such a way that the carabao would not miss it. Sure enough, the carabao ate it, but his stomach couldn't handle the spoiled food, so he defecated, leaving behind him a mound of feces, until he had emptied his stomach of the food. The feces then dried, forming the Chocolate Hills.
Tourism[edit]
Tourists in Chocolate Hills.
This article is written like a travel guide rather than an encyclopedic description of the subject. Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style. If a travel guide is intended, use of Wikivoyage is strongly suggested. (September 2012)
Of the 1,247 hills, two have been developed into resorts for tourism as of 2006.[19][20]
The original viewing station of the Chocolate Hills is a government-owned and operated resort called "Chocolate Hills Complex" located in Carmen, Bohol, about 55 km (34 miles) from Tagbilaran[21] The other way to view the Chocolate Hills is at Sagbayan Peak, a mountain resort in Sagbayan town. It is 18 km (11 miles) away from the Chocolate Hills complex in neighboring Carmen.[20]
Protection[edit]
Legislation[edit]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The National Committee on Geological Sciences declared the Chocolate Hills of Bohol a National Geological Monument on June 18, 1988, in recognition of its special characteristics, scientific importance, uniqueness, and high scenic value. As such, this included the Chocolate Hills among the country's protected areas. More protection was provided by Proclamation No. 1037 signed by then President Fidel V. Ramos upon the recommendation of the DENR on July 1, 1997 which establish the Chocolate Hills and the areas within, around, and surrounding them located in the Municipalities of Carmen, Batuan and Sagbayan, Bilar, Valencia and Sierra Bullones, Province of Bohol as a natural monument to protect and maintain its natural beauty and to provide restraining mechanisms for inappropriate exploitation. As such, they are covered under the National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) with the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) as the lead implementing agency for its protection.[22]
Land use conflict prompted Philippine President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo to sign an amendment to Proclamation 468 dated September 26, 1994 declaring the land around or in between Chocolate Hills as no longer part of the national monument during the Bohol Sandugo Celebration on July 17, 2002. This amendment allowed the tracts of land surrounding and within the famous tourist spot to be developed by the provincial government and other entities that have control over the area. Further, the amended proclamation ensures that the areas that have to be preserved are preserved, while those that could be developed would be excluded from the national monument area and classified as alienable and disposable by the government. The President initially decided on the issue during the joint meeting of the Regional Development Council-Regional Peace and Order Council (RDC-RPOC) of Region VII which was conducted at the Bohol Tropics Resort.[23]
Bills have been filed aiming to strengthen protection of the hills. On July 6, 2004, the Philippine House of Representatives introduced House Bill No. 01147 entitled "an act declaring the Chocolate Hills as national patrimony and geological monuments, penalizing their plunder, destruction or defacement, and for other purposes." The house bill is authored by Congressman Eladio "Boy" Jala and co-authored by Congressman Roilo Z. Golez and Edgar M. Chatto.[22] Though this has not been passed into law.
On May 16, 2006, the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) submitted the Chocolate Hills to the UNESCO World Heritage for inclusion in the list of Natural Monuments because of its outstanding universal value, falling under criteria vii – superlative natural phenomena or areas of exceptional natural beauty and aesthetic importance. The protection, management, authenticity and integrity of properties are also important considerations.[4]
Amidst reports that quarrying has leveled off some of the mounds, Governor Erico Aumentado, the governor of Bohol, issued Administrative Order No. 3, series of 2006, which prohibits the issuance of quarry permits and favorable endorsements of mining permit applications in Carmen, Batuan and Sagbayan towns to forestall any degradation of the Chocolate Hills – no matter who applies for such.[24]
The hills are already declared geological monuments and are covered under the National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) for which the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) is the lead implementing agency. Aumentado said:
The provincial government is exerting every effort to preserve and maintain the natural wonder – including the plains between, connecting and surrounding them – since they are the major attractions in Bohol's tourism industry and a heritage to be shared with the world.[24]
As such, he ordered the prohibition of any quarrying and mining activities in the three towns. He tasked the Bohol Environment and Management Office (BEMO) to ensure that quarry permit applications or renewal thereof and requests for favorable endorsements of mining permit applications therein shall be denied due course, and to ensure compliance and enforcement of the order.[25] He also enjoined the Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB) of DENR to refuse all mining permit applications or renewals in the named towns.[24]
Issues[edit]
This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: several sentences within this paragraph are irrelevant to the topic Chocolate Hills Please help improve this article if you can. (October 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
This section contains information of unclear or questionable importance or relevance to the article's subject matter. Please help improve this section by clarifying or removing superfluous information. If importance cannot be established, the section is likely to be moved to another article, pseudo-redirected, or removed.
Find sources: "Chocolate Hills" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Balancing their protection, resource utilization and tourism are the challenges faced by the Chocolate Hills. Before they were designated national geological monuments, some of the hills (about 310,455 ha (1,200 sq miles)) were classified as alienable and disposable[26] or private lands such that they were titled to some locals. The declaration consequently caused some social unrest, resulting in almost simultaneous civil uprising, led by the long-established New People's Army (generally described as Maoist guerrillas) establishing a new front, known as the Chocolate Hills Command.[11] To some farmers, the proclamation is a government scheme which suppresses their right to own lands. As such, conflicts between the New People's Army group and government military forces escalated, culminating in two major engagements.[11]
Being alienable and disposable lands, the Chocolate Hills are seen as quarrying assets and source of income for small-scale miners, as well as quarry materials for the province's construction projects. The challenge is how the national and local officials can harmonize the current needs of small-scale miners, the construction sector and the tourism sector with the preservation of the Chocolate Hills.[27]
Even with their protected status, mining permits continue to be granted by DENR and local government units or LGUs.[24] Hence, mining and quarrying are still taking place. Because of this, the provincial government of Bohol has requested for the transfer of jurisdiction over the Chocolate Hills from the DENR to the provincial government of Bohol.[11]
Meanwhile, the provincial government has itself suggested that the legislation defining the Natural Monument should be changed, which will require that the proclamation be redrafted and ratified by both the Philippine House and Senate. This is a cumbersome and costly process, on which no progress has been made to date.[11]
There are also mounting complaints of mismanagement and poor service at the government-owned and operated Chocolate Hills complex and restaurant.[24] Added to this is the increase in the number of tourists visiting the Chocolate Hills which has caused traffic problems and safety issues, particularly in the Chocolate Hills complex in Carmen, Bohol.[28]
Future development and investment challenges within the Chocolate Hills area include: obtaining the national government's sanction for the project; persuading landowners to sell; convincing the Protected Areas Management Board or PAMB, which has jurisdiction over the hills, not to use its veto power over any investment requiring physical facilities.[29]
Since the natural monument proclamation bans "activity of any kind which will alter, mutilate, deface or destroy the hills." A 2003 amendment regulates activity among the privately owned areas "in between hills"
Filipinos are sensitive to perceived desecrations of so-called heritage sites. In 2003, a public outcry forced a construction firm to stop quarrying at the Chocolate Hills, and it was required to restore one defaced hill to its original shape.[29]
Investment challenges include speculators bidding up property prices in the area, raising the potential cost of a proposed project.[29] Persuading investors to put their money into the poorer parts of Bohol is complicated by communist guerrillas who extort money from local officials.[29] Following his refusal to pay the extortion, Mayor Torrefranca of Sagbayan, Bohol has survived two assassination attempts since 1998.[29] In the 1998 elections, his car was torched due to his failure to pay the "permit to campaign fee".[30]
Gallery[edit]
Sagbayan Peak
Aerial view of the Chocolate Hills.
The Chocolate Hills
Chocolate Hills covered with fog
View of the Chocolate Hills from Sagbayan Peak
See also[edit]
List of protected areas of the Philippines
Breast-shaped hill
Bohol portal
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Eye on the Philippines Archived 2006-12-08 at the Wayback Machine. Global Eye Retrieved 22 December 2006.
Jump up ^ Chocolate Hills Seven Natural Wonders. Retrieved 10 December 2011.
Jump up ^ The Bohol Flag and Seal Archived 2007-04-08 at the Wayback Machine. www.bohol.gov.ph Retrieved 15 November 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Chocolate Hills Natural Monument UNESCO World Heritage Centre Retrieved 14 November 2006.
Jump up ^ Bohol: The Jewel Paradise of the Philippine Islands www.bohol.net Retrieved 15 November 2006.
Jump up ^ Bohol Archived 2006-11-17 at the Wayback Machine. www.dotpcvc.gov.ph Retrieved 15 November 2006.
Jump up ^ Bohol Island Herbarium www.pnh.com.ph. Retrieved 14 November 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b c Hillmer, G., 1987, Zur geologie und morphologie der straandterrassen von Cebu und Bohol Philippinen. Berliner geographische Studien. v. 25, p. 363–376.
^ Jump up to: a b c Travaglia, C., R. Peebles, E. Bate, and A. Ferrer, 1987, Reconnaissance groundwater appraisal of Bohol Island, Philippines, by satellite data analysis. RSC Series no. 38. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
Jump up ^ Restificar, S. D. F., M. J. Day, and P. B. Urlich, 2006, Protection of Karst in the Philippines (Varstvo Krasa na Filipinih)., 788 KB PDF version. Acta Carsologica. v. 35, no. 2, p. 121-130.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Urlich, P. B., M. J. Day, and F. Lynagh, 2001, Policy and practice in karst landscape protection: Bohol, the Philippines. The Geographical Journal. v. 167, no. 4, pp. 305-323.
Jump up ^ Leman, S. L., A, Reedman, and C. S. Pei, 2008, Geoheritage of East and Southeast Asia., 5.7 MB PDF version. The CCOP-Institute for Environment and Development, Universiti Kebangsaan, Bangi Selangor, Malaysia.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Chocolate Hills: Philippines Vacation www.philippinesvacation.org Retrieved 15 November 2006.
Jump up ^ Bohol www.philippines.hvu.nl. Retrieved 15 November 2006.
Jump up ^ Bohol www.tambuli.com. Retrieved 15 November 2006.
Jump up ^ "Move over Boracay: Panglao Island beckons". inq7.net. Archived from the original on 2004-12-17. Retrieved 2008-10-14.
Jump up ^ Bohol Chocolate Hills legend will bring a tear to your eye www.philippines-travel-guide.com. Retrieved 15 November 2006.
Jump up ^ The Chocolate Hills www.bohol.ph. Retrieved 14 November 2006
Jump up ^ Bohol God's little Paradise library.thinkquest.org. Retrieved 22 December 2006
^ Jump up to: a b Chito A. Fuentes. "Sagbayan Peak: A View from the Top". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on 2005-11-10. Retrieved 2008-10-14.
Jump up ^ Bohol Island Sightseeing Bohol Island Hotels Travel Guide. Retrieved 15 November 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b House Bill 001147 Archived 2006-03-28 at the Wayback Machine. www.congress.gov.ph. Retrieved 14 November 2006.
Jump up ^ GMA seeks development of parts of Chocolate Hills www.gov.ph. Retrieved 14 November 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "The Official Website of The Bohol Chronicle". Boholchronicle.com. Archived from the original on December 7, 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-13.
Jump up ^ Gov issues orders to protect Choco Hills Bohol Sunday Post Retrieved 14 November 2006.
Jump up ^ "Bohol Philippines - Splendour Underwater And Over Hills". TravelOnline Inc. 2000. Archived from the original on March 31, 2007. Retrieved 2008-10-13.
Jump up ^ CV gh Context of PA 21 www.neda7.net.ph. Retrieved 17 November 2006.
Jump up ^ PNP takes action on Choco traffic www.boholchronicle.com. Retrieved 15 November 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Toontown comes to Bohol's Nature Park Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine. www.newsflash.org. Retrieved 14 November 2006.
Jump up ^ Bagaipio, Kit (2007-02-18). "Army commander warns politicians from giving to "rebel" extortionists". The Bohol Chronicle. Archived from the original on September 5, 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-14.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chocolate Hills.
UNESCO World Heritage: Chocolate Hills Natural Monument
Chocolate Hills, Bohol
Articles[edit]
Chocolate Hills Chocolate hills travel information
The Chocolate Hills
"Guv issues orders to protect Choco Hills, aid brgy workers", Bohol Sunday Post, 06/11/06
Bohol Chocolate Hills
House Bill 001147
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Coordinates: 9°55′N 124°10′E / 9.917°N 124.167°E / 9.917; 124.167
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