text:
Jessy Schram
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Jessy Schram
Schram at MCM London Comic Con, 2013
Born
Jessica Schram
(1986-01-15) January 15, 1986 (age 32)
Skokie, Illinois, U.S.
Occupation
Actress, model
Years active
2004–present
Website
jessyschram.com
Jessica "Jessy" Schram (born January 15, 1986) is an American actress. Her most notable roles include Hannah Griffith in Veronica Mars, Rachel Seybolt in Life, Karen Nadler in Falling Skies and Cinderella/Ashley Boyd in Once Upon a Time.[1][2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Life and career
2 Other works
3 Filmography
3.1 Television
3.2 Film
4 References
5 External links
Life and career[edit]
Born in Skokie, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago, Schram modeled and appeared in television commercials as a child, and began performing in musical theatre at age 12. She resided in Buffalo Grove, Illinois and graduated from Buffalo Grove High School in 2004. Schram moved to Los Angeles after graduating at age 18 and began working in TV.[3] In 2005, she first played Susan Davis on Hallmark Channel's Jane Doe series of television movies. She also appeared in four episodes of the television series Veronica Mars as Hannah Griffith, daughter of a wealthy plastic surgeon, who becomes Logan Echolls' girlfriend.[4][5]
In 2008, she starred in the film Keith, with Jesse McCartney and Elisabeth Harnois and as Tracy on American Pie Presents: The Naked Mile. In this role, Maxim recognized her for her sex appeal in appearances on their website in their "Today's Girl" feature.[6][7] In the same year, she was cast as Lennie Priestley in the television pilot Split Decision, which was not picked up by The CW.
In 2010, she was cast in the TNT science-fiction series Falling Skies, which aired its first season in the summer of 2011. She returned for the second season in summer 2012. She plays Karen Nadler, the girlfriend of Hal Mason (Drew Roy), who is the son of Tom Mason (Noah Wyle), the series protagonist.
Schram appeared in Tony Scott's film Unstoppable, starring Denzel Washington and Chris Pine, in which she portrayed the wife of Pine's character. The film was released on November 12, 2010.
In 2011, 2014 and 2016, Schram guest starred on the ABC fantasy series Once Upon a Time, as Cinderella/Ashley Boyd. In 2013, she played the same role in the premiere of Once Upon A Time In Wonderland.
In 2012, she starred in ABC military drama series Last Resort. She played the wife of a naval officer, played by Scott Speedman. The series lasted for 13 episodes.[8]
Since 2015, she has had a recurring role as Cash Gray on ABC's Nashville.[9]
Other works[edit]
Schram has been in two commercials for Retin-A Micro. The first one debuted August 5, 2002. She has also been in commercials for Kentucky Fried Chicken. She was also featured in a music video for J.R. Richards' song "A Beautiful End".
Filmography[edit]
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2004 Drake & Josh Larissa Episode: "Number One Fan"
2005 Jane Doe: Vanishing Act Susan Davis Television film (Hallmark)
Jane Doe: Now You See It, Now You Don't Susan Davis Television film (Hallmark)
Jane Doe: Til Death Do Us Part Susan Davis Television film (Hallmark)
Jane Doe: The Wrong Face Susan Davis Television film (Hallmark)
2005–2007 Medium Young Allison 2 episode
2006 Jane Doe: Yes, I Remember It Well Susan Davis Television film (Hallmark)
Jane Doe: The Harder They Fall Susan Davis Television film (Hallmark)
Veronica Mars Hannah Griffith 4 episodes
Spilt Decision Lennie Priestley Unaired pilot
Boston Legal Claire Wilson Episode: "The Nutcrackers"
2007 House Leah Episode: "Needle in a Haystack"
Ghost Whisperer Rana Thomas Episode: "Mean Ghost"
Without a Trace Ella Neese Episode: "Two of Us"
CSI: Miami Candace Walker Episode: "Cyber-Lebrity"
Jane Doe: Ties That Bind Susan Davis Television film (Hallmark)
Jane Doe: How to Fire Your Boss Susan Davis Television film (Hallmark)
2007–2009 Life Rachel Seybolt 8 episodes
2008 Jane Doe: Eye of the Beholder Susan Davis Television film (Hallmark)
2009 Limelight Georgia Peech Television film
Saving Grace Sayre Hanadarko Episode: "Do You Believe in Second Chances?"
Hawthorne Crystal Raymond Episode: "Night Moves"
Crash Kim 3 episodes
2010 Betwixt Morgan Brower Television film (The CW)
Night and Day Sarah Hollister Television film (TNT)
The Mentalist Rachel Bowman / Sherry Winger Episode: "Ball of Fire"
2011 Traffic Light Erica Episode: "Bonebag"
2011–2014 Falling Skies Karen Nadler Main cast: season 1; recurring: seasons 2 & 3; guest: season 4 (15 episodes)
2011- 2016 Once Upon a Time Ashley Boyd/Cinderella 4 episodes[10]
2012 A Smile As Big As the Moon Robynn Television film (Hallmark Hall of Fame)
2012–2013 Last Resort Christine Kendal Main role (13 episodes)
2013 Once Upon a Time in Wonderland Ashley Boyd / Cinderella Episode: "Down the Rabbit Hole"
Riding Shotgun Abby Video short
2014 Mad Men Bonnie Whiteside[11] 4 episodes
2015 The Lizzie Borden Chronicles Nance O'Keefe Recurring role
Major Crimes Courtney Henson[12] Episode: "Sorry I Missed You"
Harvest Moon Jen Stone Television film (Hallmark)
Reluctant Nanny Libby Prescott Television film
2015–2016 Nashville Cash Gray Recurring role (11 episodes)[13][14]
2017 Birthday Wish Gwen Turner Television film (Hallmark)[15]
A Royal New Year's Eve Caitlyn Television film (Hallmark)
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2006 I Want Someone to Eat Cheese With Fake Daughter
American Pie Presents: The Naked Mile Tracy Sterling
2008 Keith Courtney
2010 Unstoppable Darcy Colson
2015 The Submarine Kid Emily
Harvest Moon Jenny
2016 The Beautiful Ones Angela Morot
Shot Caller Jennifer
2017 The Birthday Wish Gwen Turner TV movie
Royal New Year's Eve Tv movie (Hallmark)
References [edit]
Jump up ^ "Excerpts from last week's Remote Access (The TV Blog)". The Journal News. Newsbank. 2008-11-10. Retrieved 2008-12-13.
Jump up ^ Lavalie, John. "Life". epguides.com. Retrieved 2008-12-13.
Jump up ^ Wagner, Curt (October 24, 2012). "'Last Resort' star Jessy Schram's TV juggling act". RedEye. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved April 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (2006-03-15). "Mystery is picking up on 'Veronica Mars'". The Kansas City Star. Newsbank. Retrieved 2008-12-13.
Jump up ^ Seitz, Matt Zoller (2006-03-29). "Love-hate relationship enlivens season two of 'Veronica'". The Star-Ledger. Newsbank. Retrieved 2008-12-13.
Jump up ^ "Today's Girl: Jessy Schram". Maxim. Alpha Media Group Inc. Retrieved 2008-12-13.
Jump up ^ "Jessy Schram". Maxim. Alpha Media Group Inc. Archived from the original on 2009-01-23. Retrieved 2008-12-13.
Jump up ^ "Jessy Schram Talks Falling Skies, Last Resort and Once Upon A Time". June 12, 2012.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (October 28, 2015). "Nashville Scoop: Once's Cinderella Joins Cast as [Spoiler]'s Daughter". TV Line. TV Line Media, LLC. Retrieved April 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ Once Upon a Time: Cinderella Returns — To Explore Two Past Connections TV Line, Retrieved July 23, 2016
Jump up ^ "Pete Campbell's Got a New Girlfriend on 'Mad Men' & She's Awesome". bustle.com. 21 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "'Major Crimes' taps 'Falling Skies,' 'Nurse Jackie' stars for season 4". Entertainment Weekly. 15 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (October 28, 2015). "Nashville Scoop: Once's Cinderella Joins Cast as [Spoiler]'s Daughter". TV Line. TV Line Media, LLC. Retrieved October 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ "'Nashville' Casts Jessy Schram In Recurring Role". deadline.com. 28 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "'The Birthday Wish': Hallmark Movie–TV Commercial Director Sees Visions Of Love After Birthday Wish, Starring Jessy Schram, Luke Macfarlane". theinquistr.com. 21 January 2017.
External links[edit]
Official website
Jessy Schram on IMDb
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
BNF: cb15518008m (data)
ISNI: 0000 0001 1618 4957
LCCN: no2011030875
VIAF: 34761996
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jessy_Schram&oldid=843267119"
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text:
Chemical substance
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Chemical" redirects here. For other uses, see Chemical (disambiguation).
Steam and liquid water are two different forms of the same chemical substance, water.
A chemical substance[1] also known as a pure substance is a form of matter that has constant chemical composition and characteristic properties.[2] It cannot be separated into components by physical separation methods, i.e., without breaking chemical bonds.[3] Chemical substances can be chemical elements, chemical compounds, ions or alloys.
Chemical substances are often called 'pure' to set them apart from mixtures. A common example of a chemical substance is pure water; it has the same properties and the same ratio of hydrogen to oxygen whether it is isolated from a river or made in a laboratory. Other chemical substances commonly encountered in pure form are diamond (carbon), gold, table salt (sodium chloride) and refined sugar (sucrose). However, in practice, no substance is entirely pure, and chemical purity is specified according to the intended use of the chemical.
Chemical substances exist as solids, liquids, gases, or plasma, and may change between these phases of matter with changes in temperature or pressure. Chemical substances may be combined or converted to others by means of chemical reactions.
Forms of energy, such as light and heat, are not matter, and are thus not "substances" in this regard.
Contents
[hide]
1 Definition
2 History
3 Chemical elements
4 Chemical compounds
5 Substances versus mixtures
6 Chemicals versus chemical substances
7 Naming and indexing
8 Isolation, purification, characterization, and identification
9 See also
10 Notes and references
11 External links
Definition[edit]
Colors of a single chemical (Nile red) in different solvents, under visible and UV light, showing how the chemical interacts dynamically with its solvent environment.
A chemical substance (also called a pure substance) may well be defined as "any material with a definite chemical composition" in an introductory general chemistry textbook.[4] According to this definition a chemical substance can either be a pure chemical element or a pure chemical compound. But, there are exceptions to this definition; a pure substance can also be defined as a form of matter that has both definite composition and distinct properties.[5] The chemical substance index published by CAS also includes several alloys of uncertain composition.[6] Non-stoichiometric compounds are a special case (in inorganic chemistry) that violates the law of constant composition, and for them, it is sometimes difficult to draw the line between a mixture and a compound, as in the case of palladium hydride. Broader definitions of chemicals or chemical substances can be found, for example: "the term 'chemical substance' means any organic or inorganic substance of a particular molecular identity, including – (i) any combination of such substances occurring in whole or in part as a result of a chemical reaction or occurring in nature".[7]
In geology, substances of uniform composition are called minerals, while physical mixtures (aggregates) of several minerals (different substances) are defined as rocks. Many minerals, however, mutually dissolve into solid solutions, such that a single rock is a uniform substance despite being a mixture in stoichiometric terms. Feldspars are a common example: anorthoclase is an alkali aluminum silicate, where the alkali metal is interchangeably either sodium or potassium.
In law, "chemical substances" may include both pure substances and mixtures with a defined composition or manufacturing process. For example, the EU regulation REACH defines "monoconstituent substances", "multiconstituent substances" and "substances of unknown or variable composition". The latter two consist of multiple chemical substances; however, their identity can be established either by direct chemical analysis or reference to a single manufacturing process. For example, charcoal is an extremely complex, partially polymeric mixture that can be defined by its manufacturing process. Therefore, although the exact chemical identity is unknown, identification can be made to a sufficient accuracy. The CAS index also includes mixtures.
Polymers almost always appear as mixtures of molecules of multiple molar masses, each of which could be considered a separate chemical substance. However, the polymer may be defined by a known precursor or reaction(s) and the molar mass distribution. For example, polyethylene is a mixture of very long chains of -CH2- repeating units, and is generally sold in several molar mass distributions, LDPE, MDPE, HDPE and UHMWPE.
History[edit]
The concept of a "chemical substance" became firmly established in the late eighteenth century after work by the chemist Joseph Proust on the composition of some pure chemical compounds such as basic copper carbonate.[8] He deduced that, "All samples of a compound have the same composition; that is, all samples have the same proportions, by mass, of the elements present in the compound." This is now known as the law of constant composition.[9] Later with the advancement of methods for chemical synthesis particularly in the realm of organic chemistry; the discovery of many more chemical elements and new techniques in the realm of analytical chemistry used for isolation and purification of elements and compounds from chemicals that led to the establishment of modern chemistry, the concept was defined as is found in most chemistry textbooks. However, there are some controversies regarding this definition mainly because the large number of chemical substances reported in chemistry literature need to be indexed.
Isomerism caused much consternation to early researchers, since isomers have exactly the same composition, but differ in configuration (arrangement) of the atoms. For example, there was much speculation for the chemical identity of benzene, until the correct structure was described by Friedrich August Kekulé. Likewise, the idea of stereoisomerism - that atoms have rigid three-dimensional structure and can thus form isomers that differ only in their three-dimensional arrangement - was another crucial step in understanding the concept of distinct chemical substances. For example, tartaric acid has three distinct isomers, a pair of diastereomers with one diastereomer forming two enantiomers.
Chemical elements[edit]
Native sulfur crystals. Sulfur occurs naturally as elemental sulfur, in sulfide and sulfate minerals and in hydrogen sulfide.
Main article: Chemical element
See also: List of elements
An element is a chemical substance that is made up of a particular kind of atom and hence cannot be broken down or transformed by a chemical reaction into a different element, though it can be transmutated into another element through a nuclear reaction. This is so, because all of the atoms in a sample of an element have the same number of protons, though they may be different isotopes, with differing numbers of neutrons.
As of 2012, there are 118 known elements, about 80 of which are stable – that is, they do not change by radioactive decay into other elements. Some elements can occur as more than a single chemical substance (allotropes). For instance, oxygen exists as both diatomic oxygen (O2) and ozone (O3). The majority of elements are classified as metals. These are elements with a characteristic lustre such as iron, copper, and gold. Metals typically conduct electricity and heat well, and they are malleable and ductile.[10] Around a dozen elements,[11] such as carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen, are classified as non-metals. Non-metals lack the metallic properties described above, they also have a high electronegativity and a tendency to form negative ions. Certain elements such as silicon sometimes resemble metals and sometimes resemble non-metals, and are known as metalloids.
Chemical compounds[edit]
Potassium ferricyanide is a compound of potassium, iron, carbon and nitrogen; although it contains cyanide anions, it does not release them and is nontoxic.
Main article: Chemical compound
See also: List of organic compounds and List of inorganic compounds
A pure chemical compound is a chemical substance that is composed of a particular set of molecules or ions. Two or more elements combined into one substance through a chemical reaction form a chemical compound. All compounds are substances, but not all substances are compounds.
A chemical compound can be either atoms bonded together in molecules or crystals in which atoms, molecules or ions form a crystalline lattice. Compounds based primarily on carbon and hydrogen atoms are called organic compounds, and all others are called inorganic compounds. Compounds containing bonds between carbon and a metal are called organometallic compounds.
Compounds in which components share electrons are known as covalent compounds. Compounds consisting of oppositely charged ions are known as ionic compounds, or salts.
In organic chemistry, there can be more than one chemical compound with the same composition and molecular weight. Generally, these are called isomers. Isomers usually have substantially different chemical properties, may be isolated and do not spontaneously convert to each other. A common example is glucose vs. fructose. The former is an aldehyde, the latter is a ketone. Their interconversion requires either enzymatic or acid-base catalysis. However, there are also tautomers, where isomerization occurs spontaneously, such that a pure substance cannot be isolated into its tautomers. A common example is glucose, which has open-chain and ring forms. One cannot manufacture pure open-chain glucose because glucose spontaneously cyclizes to the hemiacetal form. Materials may also comprise other entities such as polymers. These may be inorganic or organic and sometimes a combination of inorganic and organic.
Substances versus mixtures[edit]
Cranberry glass, while it looks homogeneous, is a mixture consisting of glass and gold colloidal particles of ca. 40 nm diameter, which give it a red color.
Main article: Mixture
All matter consists of various elements and chemical compounds, but these are often intimately mixed together. Mixtures contain more than one chemical substance, and they do not have a fixed composition. In principle, they can be separated into the component substances by purely mechanical processes. Butter, soil and wood are common examples of mixtures.
Grey iron metal and yellow sulfur are both chemical elements, and they can be mixed together in any ratio to form a yellow-grey mixture. No chemical process occurs, and the material can be identified as a mixture by the fact that the sulfur and the iron can be separated by a mechanical process, such as using a magnet to attract the iron away from the sulfur.
In contrast, if iron and sulfur are heated together in a certain ratio (1 atom of iron for each atom of sulfur, or by weight, 56 grams (1 mol) of iron to 32 grams (1 mol) of sulfur), a chemical reaction takes place and a new substance is formed, the compound iron(II) sulfide, with chemical formula FeS. The resulting compound has all the properties of a chemical substance and is not a mixture. Iron(II) sulfide has its own distinct properties such as melting point and solubility, and the two elements cannot be separated using normal mechanical processes; a magnet will be unable to recover the iron, since there is no metallic iron present in the compound.
Chemicals versus chemical substances[edit]
While the term chemical substance is a precise technical term that is synonymous with "chemical" for professional chemists, the meaning of the word chemical varies for non-chemists within the English speaking world or those using English. For industries, government and society in general in some countries,[12] the word chemical includes a wider class of substances that contain many mixtures of such chemical substances, often finding application in many vocations.[13] In countries that require a list of ingredients in products, the "chemicals" listed would be equated with "chemical substances".[14]
Within the chemical industry, manufactured "chemicals" are chemical substances, which can be classified by production volume into bulk chemicals, fine chemicals and chemicals found in research only:
Bulk chemicals are produced in very large quantities, usually with highly optimized continuous processes and to a relatively low price.
Fine chemicals are produced at a high cost in small quantities for special low-volume applications such as biocides, pharmaceuticals and speciality chemicals for technical applications.
Research chemicals are produced individually for research, such as when searching for synthetic routes or screening substances for pharmaceutical activity. In effect, their price per gram is very high, although they are not sold.
The cause of the difference in production volume is the complexity of the molecular structure of the chemical. Bulk chemicals are usually much less complex. While fine chemicals may be more complex, many of them are simple enough to be sold as "building blocks" in the synthesis of more complex molecules targeted for single use, as named above. The production of a chemical includes not only its synthesis but also its purification to eliminate by-products and impurities involved in the synthesis. The last step in production should be the analysis of batch lots of chemicals in order to identify and quantify the percentages of impurities for the buyer of the chemicals. The required purity and analysis depends on the application, but higher tolerance of impurities is usually expected in the production of bulk chemicals. Thus, the user of the chemical in the US might choose between the bulk or "technical grade" with higher amounts of impurities or a much purer "pharmaceutical grade" (labeled "USP", United States Pharmacopeia). "Chemicals" in the commercial and legal sense may also include mixtures of highly variable composition, as they are products made to a technical specification instead of particular chemical substances. For example, gasoline is not a single chemical compound or even a particular mixture: different gasolines can have very different chemical compositionsl, as "gasoline" is primarily defined through source, properties and octane rating.
Naming and indexing[edit]
Every chemical substance has one or more systematic names, usually named according to the IUPAC rules for naming. An alternative system is used by the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS).
Many compounds are also known by their more common, simpler names, many of which predate the systematic name. For example, the long-known sugar glucose is now systematically named 6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,3,4,5-tetrol. Natural products and pharmaceuticals are also given simpler names, for example the mild pain-killer Naproxen is the more common name for the chemical compound (S)-6-methoxy-α-methyl-2-naphthaleneacetic acid.
Chemists frequently refer to chemical compounds using chemical formulae or molecular structure of the compound. There has been a phenomenal growth in the number of chemical compounds being synthesized (or isolated), and then reported in the scientific literature by professional chemists around the world.[15] An enormous number of chemical compounds are possible through the chemical combination of the known chemical elements. As of May 2011, about sixty million chemical compounds are known.[16] The names of many of these compounds are often nontrivial and hence not very easy to remember or cite accurately. Also it is difficult to keep the track of them in the literature. Several international organizations like IUPAC and CAS have initiated steps to make such tasks easier. CAS provides the abstracting services of the chemical literature, and provides a numerical identifier, known as CAS registry number to each chemical substance that has been reported in the chemical literature (such as chemistry journals and patents). This information is compiled as a database and is popularly known as the Chemical substances index. Other computer-friendly systems that have been developed for substance information, are: SMILES and the International Chemical Identifier or InChI.
Identification of a typical chemical substance
Common name
Systematic name
Chemical formula
Chemical structure
CAS registry number
InChI
Alcohol, or
ethyl alcohol Ethanol C2H5OH
[64-17-5] 1/C2H6O/c1-2-3/h3H,2H2,1H3
Isolation, purification, characterization, and identification[edit]
Often a pure substance needs to be isolated from a mixture, for example from a natural source (where a sample often contains numerous chemical substances) or after a chemical reaction (which often give mixtures of chemical substances).
See also[edit]
Chemistry portal
Chemical safety signs
IUPAC nomenclature
Prices of elements and their compounds
Notes and references[edit]
Jump up ^ IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "Chemical Substance".
Jump up ^ Hale, Bob (2013-09-19). Necessary Beings: An Essay on Ontology, Modality, and the Relations Between Them. OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780191648342.
Jump up ^ Hunter, Lawrence E. (2012-01-13). The Processes of Life: An Introduction to Molecular Biology. MIT Press. ISBN 9780262299947.
Jump up ^ Hill, J. W.; Petrucci, R. H.; McCreary, T. W.; Perry, S. S. General Chemistry, 4th ed., p5, Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 2005
Jump up ^ "Pure Substance – DiracDelta Science & Engineering Encyclopedia". Diracdelta.co.uk. Retrieved 2013-06-06.
Jump up ^ Appendix IV: Chemical Substance Index Names
Jump up ^ "What is the TSCA Chemical Substance Inventory?". US Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 2009-10-19.
Jump up ^ Hill, J. W.; Petrucci, R. H.; McCreary, T. W.; Perry, S. S. General Chemistry, 4th ed., p37, Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 2005.
Jump up ^ Law of Definite Proportions Template:Web-archive
Jump up ^ Hill, J. W.; Petrucci, R. H.; McCreary, T. W.; Perry, S. S. General Chemistry, 4th ed., pp 45–46, Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 2005.
Jump up ^ The boundary between metalloids and non-metals is imprecise, as explained in the previous reference.
Jump up ^ "What is a chemical". Nicnas.gov.au. 2005-06-01. Archived from the original on 2013-06-16. Retrieved 2013-06-06.
Jump up ^ "BfR – Chemicals". Bfr.bund.de. 1980-09-18. Retrieved 2013-06-06.
Jump up ^ There is only one definition for "chemical", that of a substance, in the US Unabridged Edition of the Random House Dictionary of the English Language, New York, 1966.
Jump up ^ Joachim Schummer. "Coping with the Growth of Chemical Knowledge: Challenges for Chemistry Documentation, Education, and Working Chemists". Rz.uni-karlsruhe.de. Archived from the original on 2013-09-17. Retrieved 2013-06-06.
Jump up ^ "Chemical Abstracts substance count". Cas.org. Retrieved 2013-06-06.
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