text:
Mama, I'm Coming Home
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"Mama, I'm Coming Home"
Single by Ozzy Osbourne
from the album No More Tears
B-side
"Don't Blame Me"
Released
March 12, 1992 (1992-03-12)
Recorded
1991
Genre
Hard rock, Blues Rock
Length
4:11
Label
Epic
Songwriter(s)
Ozzy Osbourne
Zakk Wylde
Lemmy Kilmister
Producer(s)
John Purdell
Duane Baron
Ozzy Osbourne singles chronology
"Road to Nowhere"
(1992) "Mama, I'm Coming Home"
(1992) "Mr. Tinkertrain"
(1992)
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source
Rating
AllMusic [1]
This table needs to be expanded using prose. See the guideline for more information.
"Mama, I'm Coming Home" is the third song on the 1991 album No More Tears by the English heavy metal singer Ozzy Osbourne. Sharon Osbourne has previously claimed that the song was written by Ozzy in tribute to her, however, the song was actually co-written by Lemmy Kilmister, Zakk Wylde (Osbourne's long-time guitarist) and multi-platinum producer/engineer Tom Fletcher. Lemmy was brought in as a songwriter for the No More Tears album, providing lyrics for the tracks "Mama I'm Coming Home" [2], "Hellraiser", "Desire", and "I Don't Want to Change the World."
The single is Osbourne's only solo Top 40 single on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, peaking at number 28; his only other top 40 hit was his duet with Lita Ford, "Close My Eyes Forever" which peaked at number 8.[3] It also reached number 2 on Billboard's Mainstream Rock Tracks.
Contents
[hide]
1 Music videos
2 Personnel
3 Charts
4 References
5 External links
Music videos[edit]
Two music videos were created for the single. The first was a surreal video that Osbourne did not like because he felt the video did not match the song. He then created a second music video with Samuel Bayer, which was more to his liking. Osbourne compared the effects in the second video to the hazy smoke effect seen in the video for Nirvana's "Smells Like Teen Spirit", which was also directed by Bayer.
Personnel[edit]
Ozzy Osbourne - vocals
Zakk Wylde - guitar
Bob Daisley - bass
Randy Castillo - drums
Tom Fletcher - producer
Lemmy Kilmister - lyrics
Charts[edit]
Chart (1992-1993)
Peak
position
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[4] 42
Germany (Official German Charts)[5] 27
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[6] 48
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[7] 62
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[8] 32
US Billboard Hot 100[9] 28
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Mama I'm Coming Home" - Ozzy Osbourne at AllMusic
Jump up ^ https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/ozzy-osbourne-remembers-lemmy-he-was-my-hero-20151229
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (1 July 2004). The Billboard book of top 40 hits. Billboard Books. p. 473. ISBN 978-0-8230-7499-0. Retrieved 5 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Ozzy Osbourne – Mama, I'm Coming Home" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40.
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Ozzy Osbourne – Mama, I'm Coming Home". GfK Entertainment Charts.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Ozzy Osbourne – Mama, I'm Coming Home". Top 40 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Ozzy Osbourne – Mama, I'm Coming Home". Swiss Singles Chart.
Jump up ^ "Archive Chart: 1991-09-29" UK Singles Chart.
Jump up ^ "Ozzy Osbourne – Chart history" Billboard Hot 100 for Ozzy Osbourne.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
"Mama I'm Coming Home" at AllMusic
Ozzy Osbourne - "Mama, I'm Coming Home" on YouTube
[show]
v
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Ozzy Osbourne
Ozzy Osbourne
Zakk Wylde
Rob "Blasko" Nicholson
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Tommy Clufetos
Studio albums
Blizzard of Ozz
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No Rest for the Wicked
No More Tears
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Down to Earth
Under Cover
Black Rain
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"Symptom of the Universe" (live)
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"Bark at the Moon"
"So Tired"
"Shot in the Dark"
"No More Tears"
"I Don't Want to Change the World"
"Time After Time"
"Road to Nowhere"
"Mama, I'm Coming Home"
"Mr. Tinkertrain"
"Changes" (live)
"Walk on Water"
"Back on Earth"
"Gets Me Through"
"Dreamer"
"Mississippi Queen"
"In My Life"
"I Don't Wanna Stop"
"Not Going Away"
"Black Rain"
"How?"
Featured singles
"Close My Eyes Forever"
"Therapy"
"Changes"
"Crucify the Dead"
Other songs
"The Almighty Dollar"
"Dee"
"Diary of a Madman"
"Hellraiser"
"My Little Man"
"S.A.T.O."
"Suicide Solution"
Concert tours
Blizzard of Ozz Tour
Diary of a Madman Tour
Speak of the Devil Tour
Bark at the Moon Tour
The Ultimate Sin Tour
No Rest for the Wicked Tour
Theatre of Madness Tour
No More Tours Tour
Retirement Sucks Tour
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Ozzfest
Ozzfest lineups by year
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Ozzy and Friends Tour
Former band members
Guitarists
Randy Rhoads
Bernie Tormé
Brad Gillis
Jake E. Lee
Steve Vai
Alex Skolnick
Joe Holmes
Jerry Cantrell
Gus G
Bassists
Bob Daisley
Rudy Sarzo
Pete Way
Phil Soussan
Geezer Butler
Mike Inez
James LoMenzo
Robert Trujillo
Jason Newsted
Chris Wyse
Drummers
Lee Kerslake
Tommy Aldridge
Carmine Appice
Jimmy DeGrasso
Randy Castillo
Deen Castronovo
Mike Bordin
Brian Tichy
Roy Mayorga
Tommy Lee
Keyboardists
Don Airey
Mike Moran
John Sinclair
Rick Wakeman
Michael Beinhorn
Books
I Am Ozzy
Trust Me, I'm Dr. Ozzy
Related articles
Band members
Discography
Black Sabbath
Ozzfest
Jack Osbourne
Sharon Osbourne
Kelly Osbourne
Slash
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mama,_I%27m_Coming_Home&oldid=798875398"
Categories:
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Frederick Cooper (historian)
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Frederick Cooper is an American historian who specializes in colonialization, decolonialization, and African history. Cooper received his Doctor of Philosophy from Yale University in 1974 and is currently professor of history at New York University.
Cooper initially studied the labor movement in East Africa, but later moved on the a broader consideration of colonialism. One of his best known conceptual contributions is the concept of the gatekeeper state.
Contents
[hide]
1 Awards and honors
2 Selected publications
2.1 Books
2.2 Articles
3 References
4 External links
Awards and honors[edit]
1982 Melville Herskovits Prize, African Studies Association, From Slaves to Squatters
2010 World History Association Book Prize, Empires in World History
2015 George Louis Beer Prize, Citizenship between Empire and Nation[1]
Selected publications[edit]
Books[edit]
Cooper, F. (1977) Plantation Slavery on the East Coast of Africa (New Haven: Yale University Press)
Cooper, F. (1980) From Slaves to Squatters: Plantation Labor and Agriculture in Zanzibar and Coastal Kenya , 1890-1925 (New Haven: Yale University Press)
Cooper, F. (1996) Decolonization and African Society: The Labor Question in French and British Africa (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)
Cooper, F. (2002) Africa Since 1940: The Past of the Present (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press) ; French translation: L'Afrique depuis 1940 (Paris, Payot, 2008)
Cooper, F. (2005) Colonialism in Question: Theory, Knowledge History (Berkeley: University of California Press) ; French translation: Le Colonialisme en question. Théorie, connaissance, histoire (Paris, Payot, 2010)
in co-operation with Jane Burbank: Empires in World History. Power and the Politics of Difference, Princeton University Press, Princeton and Oxford 2010
Africa in the World: Capitalism, Empire, Nation-State (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2014)
Citizenship between Empire and Nation: Remaking France and French Africa, 1945-60
Articles[edit]
Cooper, F. (1996) "'Our Strike': Equality, Anticolonial Politics, and the French West African Railway Strike of 1947-48," Journal of African History, 37: 81-118.
Cooper, F. (2000) "Africa's Pasts and Africa's Historians," Canadian Journal of African Studies, 34: 298-336.
Cooper, F. (2001) "What Is the Concept of Globalization Good For? An African Historian's Perspective," African Affairs, 100: 189-213.
Cooper, F. (2004) "Empire Multiplied," Comparative Studies in Society and History, 46: 247-72.
Cooper, F. & Brubaker, R. (2000) "Beyond Identity," Theory and Society, 29: 1-47.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "George Louis Beer Prize Recipients". American Historical Association. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
External links[edit]
Frederick Cooper's web page at Department of History, New York University
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 97746993
LCCN: n80049910
ISNI: 0000 0001 2283 3044
GND: 132976137
SUDOC: 028464966
BNF: cb120295681 (data)

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Sarcoplasmic reticulum
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A cartoon section of skeletal muscle, showing t-tubules running deep into the centre of the cell between two terminal cisternae/junctional SR. The thinner projections, running horizontally between two terminal cisternae are the longitudinal sections of the SR.
The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is a membrane-bound structure found within muscle cells that is similar to the endoplasmic reticulum in other cells. The main function of the SR is to store calcium ions (Ca2+). Calcium ion levels are kept relatively constant, with the concentration of calcium ions within a cell being 100,000 times smaller than the concentration of calcium ions outside the cell.[1] This means that small increases in calcium ions within the cell are easily detected and can bring about important cellular changes (the calcium is said to be a second messenger; see calcium in biology for more details). Calcium is used to make calcium carbonate (found in chalk) and calcium phosphate, two compounds that the body uses to make teeth and bones. This means that too much calcium within the cells can lead to hardening (calcification) of certain intracellular structures, including the mitochondria,[2] leading to cell death. Therefore, it is vital that calcium ion levels are controlled tightly, and can be released into the cell when necessary and then remove from the cell.
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
2 Calcium absorption
3 Calcium storage
4 Calcium release
5 References
Structure[edit]
The sarcoplasmic reticulum is a network of tubules that extend throughout muscle cells, wrapping around (but not in direct contact with) the myofibrils (contractile units of the cell). Cardiac and skeletal muscle cells contain structures called transverse tubules (T-tubules), which are extensions of the cell membrane that travel into the centre of the cell. T-tubules are closely associated with a specific region of the SR, known as the terminal cisternae in skeletal muscle, with a distance of roughly 12 nanometers, separating them. This is the primary site of calcium release.[3] The longitudinal SR are thinner projects, that run between the terminal cisternae/junctional SR, and are the location where ion channels necessary for calcium ion absorption are most abundant.[4] These processes are explained in more detail below and are fundamental for the process of excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle.
Calcium absorption[edit]
The SR contains ion channel pumps, within its membrane that are responsible for pumping Ca2+ into the SR. As the calcium ion concentration within the SR is higher than in the rest of the cell, the calcium ions won't freely flow into the SR, and therefore pumps are required, that use energy, which they gain from a molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP). These calcium pumps are called Sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum ATPases (SERCA). There are a variety of different forms of SERCA, with SERCA 2a being found primarily in cardiac and skeletal muscle.[5]
SERCA consists of 13 subunits (labelled M1-M10, N, P and A). Calcium ions bind to the M1-M10 subunits (which are located within the membrane), whereas ATP binds to the N,P and A subunits (which are located outside the SR). When 2 calcium ions, along with a molecule of ATP, bind to the cytosolic side of the pump (i.e the region of the pump outside the SR), the pump opens. This occurs because ATP (which contains three phosphate groups) releases a single phosphate group (becoming adenosine diphosphate). The released phosphate group then binds to the pump, causing the pump to change shape. This shape change causes the cytosolic side of the pump to open, allowing the two Ca2+ to enter. The cytosolic side of the pump then closes and the sarcoplasmic reticulum side opens, releasing the Ca2+ into the SR.[6]
A protein found in cardiac muscle, called phospholamban (PLB) has been shown to prevent SERCA from working. It does this by binding to the SERCA and decreasing its attraction (affinity) to calcium, therefore preventing calcium uptake into the SR. Failure to remove Ca2+ from the cytosol, prevents muscle relaxation and therefore means that there is a decrease in muscle contraction too. However, molecules such as adrenaline and noradrenaline, can prevent PLB from inhibiting SERCA. When these hormones bind to a receptor, called a beta 1 adrenoceptor, located on the cell membrane, they produce a series of reactions (known as a cyclic AMP pathway) that produces an enzyme called protein kinase A (PKA). PKA can add a phosphate to PLB (this is known as phosphorylation), preventing it from inhibiting SERCA and allowing for muscle relaxation.[7]
Calcium storage[edit]
Located within the SR is a protein called calsequestrin. This protein can bind to around 50 Ca2+, which decreases the amount of free Ca2+ within the SR (as more is bound to calsequestrin).[8] Therefore, more calcium can be stored (the calsequestrin is said to be a buffer). It is primarily located within the junctional SR/terminal cisternae, in close association with the calcium release channel (described below).[9]
Calcium release[edit]
Calcium ion release from the SR, occurs in the junctional SR/terminal cisternae through a ryanodine receptor (RyR) and is known as a calcium spark.[10] There are three types of ryanodine receptor, RyR1 (in skeletal muscle), RyR2 (in cardiac muscle) and RyR3 (in the brain).[11] Calcium release through ryanodine receptors in the SR is triggered differently in different muscles. In cardiac and smooth muscle an electrical impulse (action potential) triggers calcium ions to enter the cell through an L-type calcium channel located in the cell membrane (smooth muscle) or T-tubule membrane (cardiac muscle). These calcium ions bind to and activate the RyR, producing a larger increase in intracellular calcium. In skeletal muscle, however, the L-type calcium channel is bound to the RyR. Therefore activation of the L-type calcium channel, via an action potential, activates the RyR directly, causing calcium release (see calcium sparks for more details).[12] Also, caffeine (found in coffee) can bind to and stimulate RyR. Caffeine works by making the RyR more sensitive to either the action potential (skeletal muscle) or calcium (cardiac or smooth muscle) therefore producing calcium sparks more often (this can result in increased heart rate, which is why we feel more awake after coffee).[13]
Triadin and Junctin are proteins found within the SR membrane, that are bound to the RyR. The main role of these proteins is to anchor calsequestrin (see above) to the ryanodine receptor. At ‘normal’ (physiological) SR calcium levels, calsequestrin binds to the RyR, Triadin and Junctin, which prevents the RyR from opening.[14] If calcium concentration within the SR falls too low, there will be less calcium bound to the calsequestrin. This means that there is more room on the calsequestrin, to bind to the junctin, triadin and ryanodine receptor, therefore it binds tighter. However, if calcium within the SR rises too high, more calcium binds to the calsequestrin and therefore it binds to the junctin-triadin-RyR complex less tightly. The RyR can therefore open and release calcium into the cell.[15]
In addition to the effects that PKA had on phospholamban (see above) that resulted in increased relaxation of the cardiac muscle, PKA (as well as another enzyme called calmodulin kinase II) can also phosphorylate ryanodine receptors. When phosphorylated, RyRs are more sensitive to calcium, therefore they open more often and for longer periods of time. This increases calcium release from the SR, increasing the rate of contraction.[16] Therefore, in cardiac muscle, activation of PKA, through the cyclic AMP pathway, results in increased muscle contraction (via RyR2 phosphorylation) and increased relaxation (via phospholamban phosphorylation), which increases heart rate.
The mechanism behind the termination of calcium release through the RyR is still not fully understood. Some researchers believe it is due to the random closing of ryanodine receptors (known as stochastic attrition), or the ryanodine receptors becoming inactive after a calcium spark,[17] while others believe that a decrease in SR calcium, triggers the receptors to close (see calcium sparks for more details).
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Bronner, F. (2003) ‘Extracellular and intracellular regulation of calcium homeostasis’, TheScientificWorldJournal., 1, pp. 919–25.
Jump up ^ Trump, B., Berezesky, I., Laiho, K., Osornio, A., Mergner, W. and Smith, M. (1980) ‘The role of calcium in cell injury. A review’, Scanning electron microscopy., , pp. 437–62.
Jump up ^ The anatomy of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in vertebrate skeletal muscle: Its implications for excitation contraction coupling’, Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung. Section C, Biosciences., 37, pp. 665–78.
Jump up ^ Arai, M.; Matsui, H.; Periasamy, M. (1994-04-01). "Sarcoplasmic reticulum gene expression in cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure". Circulation Research. 74 (4): 555–564. doi:10.1161/01.RES.74.4.555. ISSN 0009-7330. PMID 8137493.
Jump up ^ Periasamy, M. and Kalyanasundaram, A. (2007) ‘SERCA pump isoforms: Their role in calcium ion transport and disease’, Muscle & nerve., 35(4), pp. 430–42.
Jump up ^ Kekenes-Huskey, P.M., Metzger, V.T., Grant, B.J. and McCammon, A.J. (2012b) ‘Calcium binding and allosteric signaling mechanisms for the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase’, 21(10).
Jump up ^ Akin, B., Hurley, T., Chen, Z. and Jones, L. (2013) ‘The structural basis for phospholamban inhibition of the calcium pump in sarcoplasmic reticulum’, The Journal of Biological Chemistry., 288(42), pp. 30181–91.
Jump up ^ Beard, N. A.; Laver, D. R.; Dulhunty, A. F. (2004-05-01). "Calsequestrin and the calcium release channel of skeletal and cardiac muscle". Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology. 85 (1): 33–69. doi:10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2003.07.001. ISSN 0079-6107. PMID 15050380.
Jump up ^ MacLennan, DH; Wong, PT (1971). "Isolation of a calcium-sequestering protein from sarcoplasmic reticulum". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 68 (6): 1231–1235. doi:10.1073/pnas.68.6.1231. PMC 389160  .
Jump up ^ Cheng, H.; Lederer, W. J.; Cannell, M. B. (1993-10-29). "Calcium sparks: elementary events underlying excitation-contraction coupling in heart muscle". Science. 262 (5134): 740–744. doi:10.1126/science.8235594. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 8235594.
Jump up ^ Lanner, J.T., Georgiou, D.K., Joshi, A.D. and Hamilton, S.L. (2010b) ‘Ryanodine receptors: Structure, expression, molecular details, and function in calcium release’, 2(11).
Jump up ^ Cheng, H. and Lederer, W. (2008) ‘Calcium sparks’, Physiological Reviews., 88(4), pp. 1491–545.
Jump up ^ Sitsapesan R, Williams AJ. Mechanisms of caffeine activation of single calcium-release channels of sheep cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum. J Physiol (Lond) 1990;423:425– 439]
Jump up ^ Zhang, L; Kelley, J; Schmeisser, G; Kobayashi, YM; Jones, LR (1997). "Complex formation between junctin, triadin, calsequestrin, and the ryanodine receptor: proteins of the cardiac junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane". J Biol Chem. 272 (37): 23389–23397. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.37.23389.
Jump up ^ Györke, I., Hester, N., Jones, L.R. and Györke, S. (2004) ‘The role of Calsequestrin, Triadin, and Junctin in conferring cardiac Ryanodine receptor responsiveness to Luminal calcium’, 86(4).
Jump up ^ Bers, D.M. (2006) ‘Cardiac ryanodine receptor phosphorylation: Target sites and functional consequences’, 396(1).
Jump up ^ Sham, J. S. K.; et al. (1998). "Termination of Ca2+ release by a local inactivation of ryanodine receptors in cardiac myocytes". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 95 (25): 15096–15101. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.25.15096. PMC 24581  . CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
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Standard Occupational Classification System
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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See also: National Occupational Classification
The Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) System is a United States government system of classifying occupations. It is used by U.S. federal government agencies collecting occupational data, enabling comparison of occupations across data sets. It is designed to cover all occupations in which work is performed for pay or profit, reflecting the current occupational structure in the United States. The 2010 SOC includes 840 occupational types.[1]
Users of occupational data include government program managers, industrial and labor relations practitioners, students considering career training, job seekers, vocational training schools, and employers wishing to set salary scales or locate a new plant.
The SOC codes have a hierarchical format, so for example the code "15-0000" refers to occupations in the "Computer and Mathematical Occupations" category, and "15-1130" is a subset for "Software Developers and Programmers".[2]
The SOC does not categorize industries or employers. There are parallel category systems for industries used with SOC data, most commonly NAICS.
Contents
1 Other countries
2 Classifications
3 History
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Other countries[edit]
National variants of the SOC are used by the governments of the United Kingdom,[3] Canada,[4] Spain[5] the Philippines,[6] and Singapore (link broken).[7]
Classifications[edit]
Management occupations
Business and financial operations occupations
Computer and mathematical occupations
Architecture and engineering occupations
Life, physical, and social science occupations
Community and social services occupations
Legal occupations
Education, training, and library occupations
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
Healthcare support occupations
Protective service occupations
Food preparation and serving related occupations
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
Personal care and service occupations
Sales and related occupations
Office and administrative support occupations
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
Construction and extraction occupations
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
Production occupations
Transportation and material moving occupations
Military specific occupations
History[edit]
The SOC was established in 1977, and revised by a committee representing specialists from across U.S. government agencies in the 1990s. [8] SOC codes were updated again in 2010, and on November 28, 2017, the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) published a Federal Register notice detailing the final decisions for the 2018 SOC.[9]
See also[edit]
Designation of workers by collar color
Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT) First Published 1938. Last complete update 1977. Last revised edition published (DOT, 4th ed.) in 1991. Now out of print, the DOT is used by Administrative Law Judges (as required by statute) to encode physical requirements of occupations to make Occupational Law determinations, and for research using its detail over the period covered.
International Standard Classification of Occupations
National Occupational Classification (NOC) (in Canada)
Occupational Information Network (O*NET) Comprehensive information based largely on input from individuals who have personally performed over 970 'data-level' occupational categories; taxonomic information about 40 'non-data-level' categories (970+ 40 = a total of 1010 occupations); includes 840 SOC categories and many specialized O*NET-SOC categories.
Occupational Outlook Handbook (OOH) Created and maintained by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Standard Occupational Classification System (SOC), U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
Jump up ^ http://www.bls.gov/soc/major_groups.htm 2010 SOC Major Groups] at bls.gov
Jump up ^ http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/classifications/current-standard-classifications/soc2010/index.html
Jump up ^ http://www.statcan.ca/english/concepts/occupation.htm
Jump up ^ http://www.ine.es/clasifi/cnoh.htm
Jump up ^ http://www.nscb.gov.ph/csd/psoc1.asp
Jump up ^ http://www.singstat.gov.sg/stats/ssc/ssoc.html
Jump up ^ Revising the Standard Occupational Classification System, June 1999, pages iii, 1.
Jump up ^ https://www.bls.gov/soc/2018/home.htm
U.S. Department of Labor (2000). Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) Manual (2000 ed.). Washington, D.C.
External links[edit]
The Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) System
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standard_Occupational_Classification_System&oldid=849584770"
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