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Darkest Hour (film)
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This article is about the 2017 war drama film. For the 2011 science fiction film, see The Darkest Hour (film).
Darkest Hour
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Joe Wright
Produced by
Tim Bevan
Lisa Bruce
Eric Fellner
Anthony McCarten
Douglas Urbanski
Written by
Anthony McCarten
Starring
Gary Oldman
Kristin Scott Thomas
Lily James
Stephen Dillane
Ronald Pickup
Ben Mendelsohn
Music by
Dario Marianelli
Cinematography
Bruno Delbonnel
Edited by
Valerio Bonelli
Production
company
Perfect World Pictures
Working Title Films
Distributed by
Focus Features
Universal Pictures[1]
Release date
1 September 2017 (2017-09-01) (Telluride)
22 November 2017 (2017-11-22) (United States)
12 January 2018 (2018-01-12) (United Kingdom)
Running time
125 minutes[2]
Country
United Kingdom
United States[3]
Language
English
Budget
$30 million[4]
Box office
$144.1 million[5]
Darkest Hour is a 2017 war drama film directed by Joe Wright and written by Anthony McCarten. It stars Gary Oldman as Winston Churchill, and is an account of his early days as Prime Minister, as Nazi Germany swept across Western Europe, threatening to defeat the United Kingdom during World War II. It leads to friction at the highest levels of government between those who would make a peace treaty with Hitler and Churchill, who refused. The film also stars Kristin Scott Thomas, Lily James, Ben Mendelsohn, Stephen Dillane, and Ronald Pickup.
The film had its world premiere at the Telluride Film Festival on 1 September 2017,[6] and also screened at the Toronto International Film Festival.[7] It began a limited release in the United States on 22 November 2017, followed by general release on 22 December, and was released on 12 January 2018 in the United Kingdom.[8] The film has grossed $144 million worldwide and was well received by critics.
Many critics noted Gary Oldman's performance as one of the best of his career; he won the Academy Award for Best Actor, the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role, Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role for his work.[9] At the 90th Academy Awards the film earned six nominations, including Best Picture, and won for Best Actor and Best Makeup and Hairstyling. At the 71st British Academy Film Awards it received nine nominations including Best Film and Outstanding British Film.[10]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Reception
4.1 Box office
4.2 Critical response
5 Historical accuracy
6 Awards and honours
7 Sequel
8 Notes
9 References
10 External links
Plot[edit]
In May 1940, the opposition Labour Party in Parliament demands the resignation of British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain for being too weak in the face of the Nazi onslaught. Chamberlain tells Conservative Party advisers that he wants Lord Halifax as his successor, but Halifax does not want to become Prime Minister yet. Chamberlain must choose the only other man whom other parties will support: Winston Churchill, the First Lord of the Admiralty.
Churchill tries to dismiss his new secretary Elizabeth Layton for mis-hearing him, which earns him a rebuke from his wife Clementine. King George VI reluctantly invites Churchill to form a government including Chamberlain and Halifax.
Although he was right about the danger from Adolf Hitler, Churchill has a poor reputation because of his record in the Admiralty, the Gallipoli Campaign in the First World War, his views on India and his support for Edward VIII during the Abdication Crisis. Parliament reacts coolly to Churchill's first speech promising "Blood, toil, tears and sweat," for which he is chastised by the King. Churchill refuses to negotiate for peace, believing that the Germans are untrustworthy, but the French Prime Minister thinks him delusional for not admitting that the Allies are losing the Battle of France. Halifax and Chamberlain agree, keen to use Italian Ambassador Giuseppe Bastianini as intermediary to negotiate with Germany. They plan to resign from the government if Churchill refuses, to cause a vote of no confidence that will allow Halifax to become Prime Minister.
The British Expeditionary Force is trapped at Dunkirk and Calais. Against the advice of the War Cabinet, Churchill orders Brigadier Claude Nicholson in Calais to lead the 30th Infantry Brigade in a suicide attack to distract the enemy while the soldiers at Dunkirk evacuate.
Defeat in France causes the War Cabinet to support negotiating with Germany. George VI unexpectedly visits Churchill, the King, not wanting to rule in exile should Britain be invaded, encourages the Prime Minister to continue the war. Still uncertain of what to do, Churchill decides to ask London Underground passengers; the civilians want to continue to fight. Churchill meets with the Outer Cabinet[11] and other members of Parliament, who also support him. The evacuation of troops from Dunkirk, Operation Dynamo, is successful.
As Churchill prepares to address Parliament, Halifax asks Chamberlain to continue with their plan to resign, but Chamberlain decides to listen to the address first. Towards the end of his speech, Churchill proclaims that "We shall fight on the beaches" should the Germans invade. Chamberlain decides to support Churchill, and Parliament applauds the Prime Minister's defiance.
Cast[edit]
Gary Oldman as Winston Churchill
Kristin Scott Thomas as Clementine Churchill
Lily James as Elizabeth Layton
Ben Mendelsohn as King George VI
Stephen Dillane as Edward Wood, 3rd Viscount Halifax
Ronald Pickup as Neville Chamberlain
Nicholas Jones as John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon
Samuel West as Anthony Eden
David Schofield as Clement Attlee
Richard Lumsden as Major-General Hastings Ismay
Malcolm Storry as General Sir Edmund Ironside
Hilton McRae as Arthur Greenwood
Benjamin Whitrow as Sir Samuel Hoare
Joe Armstrong as John Evans
Adrian Rawlins as Air Chief Marshal Sir Hugh Dowding
David Bamber as Vice-Admiral Bertram Ramsay
David Strathairn as Franklin D. Roosevelt (voice only)
Jeremy Child as James Stanhope, 7th Earl Stanhope
Brian Pettifer as Sir Kingsley Wood
Michael Gould as Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 7th Marquess of Londonderry
John Atterbury as Sir Alexander Cadogan
Production[edit]
Filming took place at the John Rylands Library in Manchester, England as well as the Town Hall.
On 5 February 2015, it was announced that Working Title Films had acquired Darkest Hour, a speculative screenplay by The Theory of Everything screenwriter Anthony McCarten, about Winston Churchill in the early days of World War II.[12]
On 29 March 2016, it was reported that Joe Wright was in talks to direct the film.[13] In April 2016, Gary Oldman was reported to be in talks to play Churchill.[14] On 6 September 2016, it was announced that Focus Features would release the film in the United States on 24 November 2017, while Ben Mendelsohn was set to play King George VI and Kristin Scott Thomas was cast as Clementine Churchill.[8] On 8 November 2016, Stephen Dillane joined the cast.[15]
By November 2016, Darkest Hour had begun principal photography,[16] and it was reported that Dario Marianelli would score the film.[17] For his role as Churchill, Oldman spent over 200 hours having make-up applied, and smoked over 400 cigars (worth about $20,000) during filming.[18][4] Filming took place in Manchester, England at both the Town Hall and John Rylands Library, both doubling for the Houses of Parliament and feature heavily in the film.[19]
John Hurt was initially cast as British prime minister Neville Chamberlain.[20] However, according to Oldman, Hurt was undergoing treatment for pancreatic cancer and was unable to attend the read-throughs.[21] Ronald Pickup assumed the role of Chamberlain instead. Hurt died from cancer in January 2017.[22]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
As of 18 March 2018[update], Darkest Hour has grossed $56.3 million in the United States and Canada, and $87.7 million in other countries (including $28.8 million in the UK), for a worldwide total of $144 million.[5]
In the United States and Canada, the film began a limited release on 22 November 2017. In its first five days, it grossed $246,761 from four theatres (an average of $61,690), finishing 21st at the box office over the weekend.[23] The film had its wide release on 22 December 2017, alongside the openings of Downsizing, Pitch Perfect 3 and Father Figures, and the wide release of The Shape of Water, and grossed $3.9 million from 804 theatres over that weekend, and $5.5 million over the four-day Christmas frame.[24] 85% of its audience was over the age of 25, with 30% being 50 or older.[25] The following weekend the film made $5.5 million, and a total of $7 million over the four-day New Years frame.[26] The weekend of 27 January 2018, following the announcement of the film's six Oscar nominations, it made $2.1 million.[27]
Critical response[edit]
Gary Oldman's performance as Winston Churchill garnered widespread critical acclaim and earned him the Academy Award for Best Actor.
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 86% based on 250 reviews, with an average rating of 7.3/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Darkest Hour is held together by Gary Oldman's electrifying performance, which brings Winston Churchill to life even when the movie's narrative falters."[28] On Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average rating to reviews, the film has a normalised score of 75 out of 100, based on 50 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[29]
Oldman received praise for his performance, with numerous critics labelling him a frontrunner to win the Academy Award for Best Actor, an award he would later go on to win.[30] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone wrote: "Get busy engraving Oldman's name on an Oscar... those fearing that Darkest Hour is nothing but a dull tableau of blowhard stuffed shirts will be relieved to know that they're in for a lively, provocative historical drama that runs on its own nonstop creative fire."[31] David Ehrlich of IndieWire praised Wright's direction and the musical score, writing: "Unfolding with the clockwork precision of a Broadway play... it's a deliciously unsubtle testament to the power of words and their infinite capacity to inspire."[32]
Conversely, Brian Tallerico of RogerEbert.com called the film "an acting exercise weighed down by costumes, make-up, and over-lighting", adding that "there's nothing new to the approach. It feels often like an obligation—a story that someone felt should be told again and a way to get a great actor his Oscar".[33]
Historical accuracy[edit]
Writing in Slate, historian and academic John Broich calls Darkest Hour "a piece of historical fiction that undertakes a serious historical task," presenting the British decision to fight Hitler as a choice, not as inevitable. The situation in 1940 was as dire as depicted, but liberties were taken with the facts.[34]
The on-screen shouting matches over possible peace negotiations were fictional. Churchill privately said he would consider terms offered by Hitler, but the film implies he never considered this. The ride on the London Underground was fictional, and there is historical evidence that most British people were not immediately inspired by Churchill's speeches. George Orwell believed that ordinary people already felt subjugated and might not object to a "new order."[34]
There is no conclusive evidence that Chamberlain and Lord Halifax were planning an imminent vote of no confidence, though that threat existed until early victories, and it is also historical fact that Churchill was an object of suspicion by his fellow Tories.[34]
Awards and honours[edit]
Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
Result
Ref(s)
AACTA International Awards
5 January 2018 Best Actor Gary Oldman Won [35]
Best Supporting Actor Ben Mendelsohn Nominated
Academy Awards
4 March 2018 Best Picture Tim Bevan, Eric Fellner, Lisa Bruce, Anthony McCarten and Douglas Urbanski Nominated [36]
Best Actor Gary Oldman Won
Best Production Design Sarah Greenwood and Katie Spencer Nominated
Best Cinematography Bruno Delbonnel Nominated
Best Makeup and Hairstyling Kazuhiro Tsuji, David Malinowski and Lucy Sibbick Won
Best Costume Design Jacqueline Durran Nominated
Alliance of Women Film Journalists
9 January 2018 Best Actor Gary Oldman Won [37]
American Society of Cinematographers
17 February 2018 Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Theatrical Releases Bruno Delbonnel Nominated [38]
Art Directors Guild
27 January 2018 Excellence in Production Design for a Period Film Sarah Greenwood Nominated [39]
Austin Film Critics Association
8 January 2018 Best Actor Gary Oldman Nominated [40]
Best Cinematography Bruno Delbonnel Nominated
British Academy Film Awards
18 February 2018 Best Film Tim Bevan, Lisa Bruce, Eric Fellner, Anthony McCarten and Douglas Urbanski Nominated [41]
Best Actor in a Leading Role Gary Oldman Won
Best Actress in a Supporting Role Kristin Scott Thomas Nominated
Best Cinematography Bruno Delbonnel Nominated
Best British Film Tim Bevan, Lisa Bruce, Eric Fellner, Anthony McCarten, Douglas Urbanski and Joe Wright Nominated
Best Film Music Dario Marianelli Nominated
Best Production Design Sarah Greenwood and Katie Spencer Nominated
Best Costume Design Jacqueline Durran Nominated
Best Makeup and Hair David Malinowski, Ivana Primorac, Lucy Sibbick and Kazuhiro Tsuji Won
Cinema For Peace Awards
19 February 2018 Most Valuable Film of the Year Darkest Hour Nominated [42]
Chicago Film Critics Association
12 December 2017 Best Actor Gary Oldman Nominated [43]
[44]
Critics' Choice Movie Awards
11 January 2018 Best Picture Darkest Hour Nominated [45]
[46]
[47]
Best Actor Gary Oldman Won
Best Score Dario Marianelli Nominated
Best Makeup Darkest Hour Won
Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association
13 December 2017 Best Film 10th Place [48]
Best Actor Gary Oldman Won
Detroit Film Critics Society
7 December 2017 Best Actor Nominated [49]
Dorian Awards
24 February 2018 Best Performance of the Year – Actor Nominated [50]
[51]
Empire Awards
18 March 2018 Best British Film Darkest Hour Pending [52]
[53]
Best Actor Gary Oldman Pending
Evening Standard British Film Awards
8 February 2018 Best Actor Nominated [54]
Florida Film Critics Circle
23 December 2017 Best Actor Runner-up [55]
[56]
Georgia Film Critics Association
12 January 2018 Best Actor Nominated [57]
Best Original Score Dario Marianelli Nominated
Golden Globe Awards
7 January 2018 Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama Gary Oldman Won [58]
Hollywood Film Awards
6 November 2017 Hollywood Career Achievement Award Won [59]
Hollywood Director Award Joe Wright Won
Hollywood Costume Design Award Jacqueline Durran[a] Won
IGN Awards
19 December 2017 Best Drama Movie Darkest Hour Nominated [60]
Best Lead Performer in a Movie Gary Oldman Nominated
IndieWire Critics Poll
19 December 2017 Best Actor 5th Place[b] [61]
London Film Critics' Circle
28 January 2018 Actor of the Year Nominated [62]
British/Irish Actor of the Year Nominated
Make-Up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild
24 February 2018 Feature Motion Picture: Best Period and/or Character Makeup Ivana Primorac and Flora Moody Won [63]
Feature Motion Picture: Best Period and/or Character Hair Ivana Primorac and Flora Moody Nominated
Feature Motion Picture: Best Special Makeup Effects Kazuhiro Tsuji, David Malinowski and Lucy Sibbick Won
New York Film Critics Online
10 December 2017 Best Actor Gary Oldman Won [64]
[65]
Online Film Critics Society
28 December 2017 Best Actor Won [66]
[67]
Palm Springs International Film Festival
2 January 2018 Desert Palm Achievement Award for Best Actor Won [68]
San Diego Film Critics Society
11 December 2017 Best Actor Nominated [69]
[70]
San Francisco Film Critics Circle
10 December 2017 Best Actor Nominated [71]
Satellite Awards
10 February 2018 Best Actor – Motion Picture Won[c] [72]
Best Cinematography Bruno Delbonnel Nominated
Best Original Score Dario Marianelli Nominated
Best Editing Valerio Bonelli Nominated
Best Sound (Editing and Mixing) Darkest Hour Nominated
Screen Actors Guild Awards
21 January 2018 Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role Gary Oldman Won [73]
[74]
Seattle Film Critics Society
18 December 2017 Best Actor Nominated [75]
Best Costume Design Jacqueline Durran Nominated
St. Louis Film Critics Association
17 December 2017 Best Actor Gary Oldman Won [76]
Best Supporting Actress Kristin Scott Thomas Nominated
Best Cinematography Bruno Delbonnel Nominated
Best Editing Valerio Bonelli Nominated
Toronto Film Critics Association
10 December 2017 Best Actor Gary Oldman Runner-up [77]
Vancouver Film Critics Circle
6 January 2018 Best Actor Nominated [78]
Visual Effects Society Awards
13 February 2018 Outstanding Supporting Visual Effects in a Photoreal Feature Stephane Naze, Warwick Hewitt, Guillaume Terrien, Benjamin Magana Nominated [79]
Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association
8 December 2017 Best Actor Gary Oldman Won [80]
Women Film Critics Circle
17 December 2017 Best Actor Won [81]
[82]
Sequel[edit]
Gary Oldman has said that there is talk of a sequel to Darkest Hour that could also include President Franklin D. Roosevelt (who had been voiced by David Strathairn in Darkest Hour) and take place during the Yalta Conference in 1945.[83]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Also credited for Beauty and the Beast.
Jump up ^ Tied with Daniel Kaluuya for Get Out.
Jump up ^ Tied with Harry Dean Stanton for Lucky
References[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b "Darkest Hour (2017)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Hammond, Pete (31 August 2017). "'Darkest Hour', 'Battle of the Sexes', 'Lady Bird' Among World Premieres in 2017 Lineup – Telluride Film Festival". Deadline.com. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Toronto Film Festival 2017 Unveils Strong Slate". Deadline. Retrieved 25 July 2017.
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Jump up ^ to ensure that military decisions could be taken quickly without lengthy discussion, only a few chosen ministers sat in the small inner War Cabinet
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Jump up ^ Travers, Peter (21 November 2017). "'Darkest Hour' Review: Gary Oldman Gives Us a Fearsome, Oscar-Worthy Churchill". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 22 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Ehrlich, David (2 September 2017). "'Darkest Hour' Review: Gary Oldman Makes Joe Wright's Biopic as Rousing and Ferocious as Winston Churchill Was Himself". IndieWire. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Tallerico, Brian (13 September 2017). "Darkest Hour". RogerEbert.com. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Broich, John (8 December 2017). "What's Fact and What's Fiction in Darkest Hour". Slate. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
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Jump up ^ Hipes, Patrick (9 January 2018). "ASC Awards Noms: 'Blade Runner 2049', 'Darkest Hour', 'Dunkirk', 'The Shape of Water', 'Mudbound' On Marquee List". Deadline.com. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Giardina, Carolyn (4 January 2018). "Art Directors Guild Awards: 'Dunkirk,' 'Shape of Water,' 'Blade Runner 2049' Among Nominees". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Neglia, Matt (30 December 2017). "The 2017 Austin Film Critics Association (AFCA) Nominations". nextbestpicture.com. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Ritman, Alex (8 January 2018). "BAFTA Awards: 'Shape of Water,' 'Three Billboards,' 'Darkest Hour' Lead Pack of Nominations". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Nominations 2018". Cinema for Peace Foundation. Retrieved 2018-02-22.
Jump up ^ Childress, Erik (10 December 2017). "'Call Me By Your Name' and 'The Shape of Water' lead 2017 Chicago Film Critics Association Nominees". Chicago Film Critics Association. Archived from the original on 13 December 2017. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Childress, Erik (12 December 2017). "'Lady Bird,' 'Call Me By Your Name' win big for Chicago film critics". Chicago Film Critics Association. Archived from the original on December 13, 2017. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "'Shape of Water' Leads Critics' Choice Film Nominations". Variety. 7 December 2017. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Waddell, Lily; Chavez, Paul (January 12, 2018). "His finest week! Gary Oldman wins Best Actor at Critics' Choice Awards after scoring trophy at Golden Globes for work in British drama Darkest Hour". Daily Mail. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ Asian News International (January 12, 2018). "Gary Oldman wins Best Actor at Critics' Choice Awards". Free Press Journal. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
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Jump up ^ "The 2017 Detroit Film Critics Society Awards". Detroit Film Critics Society. 7 December 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
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Jump up ^ Nordyke, Kimberly (10 December 2017). "'The Florida Project,' 'Mudbound' Voted Best Picture by New York Film Critics Online". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
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Jump up ^ Neglia, Matt (12 December 2017). "The 2017 Women Film Critics Circle (WFCC) Nominations". Retrieved 13 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Benardello, Karen (23 December 2017). "The Women Film Critics Circle Awards 2017's Best Movies". Shockya.com. Retrieved 23 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Galloway, Stephen (February 26, 2018). "Gary Oldman Eyes A Post-'Darkest Hour' Return to Churchill". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved March 18, 2018.
External links[edit]
Official website
Darkest Hour on IMDb
[hide]
v
t
e
Joe Wright
Films
Pride & Prejudice (2005)
Atonement (2007)
The Soloist (2009)
Hanna (2011)
Anna Karenina (2012)
Pan (2015)
Darkest Hour (2017)
Television
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text:
U.S. history of alcohol minimum purchase age by state
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Minimum legal drinking age as of 1969 (two years before the 26th Amendment was passed):
Minimum age is 21
Minimum age is 20
Minimum age is 19 and 21
Minimum age is 19
Minimum age is 18 and 21
Minimum age is 18
Minimum legal drinking age as of 1975 (when almost all states had their lowest age limit):
Minimum age is 21
Minimum age is 20
Minimum age is 19 and 21; see below
Minimum age is 19
Minimum age is 18 and 21; see below
Minimum age is 18
show
Detail on dual age limits
Both age limits apply for following states:
Washington, D.C.: The legal drinking age is 18 for beer and wine, and 21 for liquor.
Illinois: The legal drinking age is 19 for beer and wine, and 21 for liquor.
Kansas: The legal drinking age is 18 for 3.2% ABW beer, and 21 for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor.
Maryland: The legal drinking age is 18 for beer and wine, and 21 for liquor.
North Carolina: The legal drinking age is 18 for beer and wine, and 21 for liquor.
Oklahoma: The legal drinking age is 18 for 3.2% ABW beer, and 21 for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor.
South Carolina: The legal drinking age is 18 for beer and wine, and 21 for liquor.
South Dakota: The legal drinking age is 18 for 3.2% ABW beer, and 21 for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor.
Virginia: The legal drinking age is 18 for beer and wine, and 21 for liquor.
Minimum legal drinking age as of 1983 (one year before the Drinking Age Act of 1984 was passed):
Minimum age is 21
Minimum age is 20
Minimum age is 19 and 21
Minimum age is 19
Minimum age is 18 and 21
Minimum age is 18
The alcohol laws of the United States regarding minimum age for purchase have changed over time. The history is given in the table below. Unless otherwise noted, if different alcohol categories have different minimum purchase ages, the age listed below is set at the lowest age given (e.g. if the purchase age is 18 for beer and 21 for wine or spirits, as was the case in several states, the age in the table will read as "18", not "21"). In addition, the purchase age is not necessarily the same as the minimum age for consumption of alcoholic beverages, although they have often been the same.
As one can see in the table below, there has been much volatility in the states' drinking ages since the repeal of Prohibition in 1933. Shortly after the ratification of the 21st amendment in December, most states set their purchase ages at 21 since that was the Voting age at the time. Most of these limits remained constant until the early 1970s. From 1969 to 1976, some 30 states lowered their purchase ages, generally to 18. This was primarily because the voting age was lowered from 21 to 18 in 1971 with the 26th amendment. A lot of states started to lower their minimum drinking age in response, most of this occurring in 1972 or 1973.[1][2][3] Twelve states kept their purchase ages at 21 since repeal of Prohibition and never changed them.
From 1976 to 1983, several states voluntarily raised their purchase ages to 19 (or, less commonly, 20 or 21), in part to combat drunk driving fatalities.[citation needed] In 1984, Congress passed the National Minimum Drinking Age Act, which required states to raise their ages for purchase and public possession to 21 by October 1986 or lose 10% of their federal highway funds. By mid-1988, all 50 states and the District of Columbia had raised their purchase ages to 21 (but not Puerto Rico, Guam, or the Virgin Islands, see Additional Notes below). South Dakota and Wyoming were the final two states to comply with the age 21 mandate. The current drinking age of 21 remains a point of contention among many Americans, because of it being higher than the age of majority (18 in most states) and higher than the drinking ages of most other countries. The National Minimum Drinking Age Act is also seen as a congressional sidestep of the tenth amendment. Although debates have not been highly publicized, a few states have proposed legislation to lower their drinking age,[4] while Guam has raised its drinking age to 21 in July 2010.[5]
State
Pre-Prohibition
(prior to 1919)
Post-Prohibition
(after 1933)
1970s / 26th Amendment
(adopted in 1971)
1980s /
Drinking Age Act of 1984
21st century
Alabama
Pre 1881:
None
1881:
21 (none with consent of parent)[6] 21 1975:
Lowered to 19[7] 1986:
Raised to 21[8] 21 (no one underage is allowed consumption Section 28-1)
Alaska
? 21[7] 1970:
Lowered to 19[9] 1984:
Raised to 21 with grandfather clause (if born before January 1, 1965)[10][11] 21
Arizona
? 21[11] 1972:
Lowered to 19[12][13] 1985:
Raised to 21[8] 21
Arkansas
Pre 1925:
None[7]
1925:
21[7] 21 21[14] 21[8] 21
California
Pre 1891:
Regulated by municipality/county (common age was 16)[15][16][17]
1891:
18 (statewide)[18] 1933:
21[7] 21 21[8] 21 (except small amounts for religious ceremonies)
Colorado
None[11] 1945:
18: for beer
21: for wine and liquor[7] 18[19] Raised to 21 in 1987[8] 21
Connecticut
? 21[11] 1972:
Lowered to 18[20] 1982:
Raised to 19
1983:
Raised to 20
1985:
Raised to 21[21] 21 (exemptions: (1) a person over age eighteen who is an employee or permit holder under section 30-90a and who possesses alcoholic liquor in the course of such person’s employment or business, (2) a minor who possesses alcoholic liquor on the order of a practicing physician, or (3) a minor who possesses alcoholic liquor while accompanied by a parent, guardian or spouse of the minor, who has attained the age of twenty-one. Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to burden a person’s exercise of religion under section 3 of article first of the Constitution of the state in violation of subsection (a) of section 52-571b.[22]
Delaware
? 21[11] 1972:
Lowered to 20[13] 1984:
Raised to 21[8] 21
District of Columbia
? 18: for beer and wine[11]
21: for liquor[23][24] 18: for beer and wine[13][24]
21: for liquor 1986:
Raised to 21 with grandfather clause.[25][26] 21
Florida
? 18[7] 1980:
19[27] 1985:
Raised to 21 with grandfather clause[27] 21[28]
Georgia
? 21[11] 1972:
Lowered to 18[12] 1984:
Raised to 19[14]
1985:
Raised to 20[14]
1986:
Raised to 21[14] 21
Hawaii
? 21[7] 1972:
Lowered to 18[13] 1986:
Raised to 21[8] 21
Idaho
? 20: for beer[29][30]
21: for wine and liquor[11][31] 1972:
Lowered to 19 (all)[13][32] 1987:
Raised to 21 in 1987 (Apr 11) with grandfather clause[8][33] 21
Illinois
1872:
Age of majority
(none with written consent of parent)[34] pre 1961: Age of majority 1961: Raised to 21[35] 1973:
Lowered to 19: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[36] 1980:
Raised to 21[37] 21
Indiana
? Post-1934:
21[7] 21[14] 21[8] 21
Iowa
? 21[7] 1972:
Lowered to 19 in 1972 (Jul 1)
1973:
Lowered to 18 in 1973 (Jul 1)
1978:
Raised to 19 in 1978 (Jul 1)[38] 1986:
Raised to 21 in 1986 (Jul 1) with grandfather clause.[14][38] 21
Kansas
? 1949:
18: for beer and wine with less than 4% ABV
21: for liquor[7] 18: for beer and wine with less than 4% ABV[14]
21: for beer and wine with 4% ABV or more[14]
21: for liquor[14][19] 1985:
Raised to 21[8] 21 (However, anyone under 21 may consume cereal malt beverages with parental supervision on their own property)
Kentucky
? 1938:
21[7] 21[14] 21[8] 21
Louisiana
? As of 1948:
18[13] 18[19] 1987:
Raised to 21 de jure in 1987,[8]
but de facto age was still 18 until 1995 due to a sale loophole.
1995:
De facto age raised to 21 in 1995 when loophole was closed.[39]
1996:
In 1996, briefly lowered by Louisiana Supreme Court to 18 until it reversed its decision, raising to 21 three months later.[40]
Other exceptions still remain.[41] 21 (Exceptions to state law include:[42]

For an established religious purpose;
When a person under twenty-one years of age is accompanied by a parent, spouse, or legal guardian twenty-one years of age or older;
For medical purposes when purchased as an over the counter medication, or when prescribed or administered by a licensed physician, pharmacist, dentist, nurse, hospital, or medical institution;
In a private residence, which shall include a residential dwelling and up to twenty contiguous acres, on which the dwelling is located, owned by the same person who owns the dwelling;
The sale, handling, transport, or service in dispensing of any alcoholic beverage pursuant to lawful ownership of an establishment or to lawful employment of a person under twenty-one years of age by a duly licensed manufacturer, wholesaler, or retailer of beverage alcohol.)
Maine
? 21[7]
1969:
Lowered to 20 1972:
Lowered to 18[12]
1977:
Raised to 20[8][43] 1985:
Raised to 21[8] 21
Maryland
? 21[7] 1974:
Lowered to 18: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[44][45] 1982:
Raised to 21 with grandfather clause[8][46] 21 (however anyone can drink when parents, spouses, teachers are present)
Massachusetts
? 21[11] 1973:
Lowered to 18
1979:
Raised to 20 in 1979 (Apr 16)[47][48][49] Raised to 21 in 1985[8] 21
Michigan
? 21[7] 1972:
Lowered to 18 in 1972 (Jan 1)[50] 1978:
Raised to 19 in 1978 (Dec 3)[51][52]
1978:
Raised to 21 in 1978 (Dec 21), 18 days later.[8]
First state to raise age to 21 since it was lowered 21
Minnesota
? 21[11] 1973:
Lowered to 18 (June 1)
1976:
Raised to 19 (Sept 1)[53]
First state to raise age after lowering. 1986:
Raised to 21[54] 21
Mississippi
? 1966:
18: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[7]
(alcohol not legalized until 1966) 18[19] Raised to 21 in 1986[8] 21
Missouri
? 1945:
21[7] 21 21[8] 21
Montana
? 21[11] 1971:
Lowered to 19[55]
1973:
Lowered to 18[56][57]
1979:
Raised to 19 1987:
Raised to 21[8][58] 21
Nebraska
? 21[59]
1969:
Lowered to 20 1972:
Lowered to 19[59] 1980:
Raised to 20[14]
1985:
Raised to 21[14] 21
Nevada
? 1933:
21[7] 21 21[8] 21
New Hampshire
? 21[11] 1973:
Lowered to 18[60]
1979:
Raised to 20 1985:
Raised to 21[8][21] 21
New Jersey
Before 1880:
None
Post-1880:
18 (penalties only against businesses)[61][62][63] 21[citation needed] 1973:
Lowered to 18[12] 1980:
Raised to 19
1983:
Raised to 21[8][64] 21
New Mexico
? 1934:
21[7] 21[14] 21[8] 21
New York
21 18[65] 18 1982:
Raised to 19 in 1982 (Dec)
1985:
Raised to 21 in 1985 (Dec)[21][66][67] 21
North Carolina
? 18[11] 18: for beer and wine[19]
21: for liquor 1983:
19: for beer and wine
21: for liquor
1986:
Raised to 21 in 1986 (Sep 1)[8][26] 21
North Dakota
? 1936:
21[7] 21[14] 21[68] 21
Ohio
? 1935:
18: for 3.2% ABW beer
21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor[69] 18: for 3.2% ABW beer
21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor 1982 (Aug. 19 to Oct. 1):
19: for 3.2% ABW beer[14]
21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor[14]
1982 (From Oct. 1):
19: beer
21: wine and liquor[70]
1988:
21[14] 21 (However, anyone can drink with parents or legal-age spouse)
Oklahoma
? Men:
21
Women:
18: 3.2% ABW beer
21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor[71] 1976:
Lowered to 18 (for 3.2% ABW beer) for both sexes in 1976 (Dec)[72]
Last state to lower the drinking age. 1983:
Raised to 21[11][73] 21
Oregon
? 1933:
21[7] 21 21[8] 21
Pennsylvania
? 1935:
21[7] 21 21[8][52] 21
Rhode Island
? 21[11] 1970:
Lowered to 18[12][74] 1980:
Raised to 19
1981:
Raised to 20
1984:
Raised to 21[21] 21
South Carolina
21[75] 1935:
18: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[7] 18: for beer and wine[19]
21: for liquor 1984:
19: for beer and wine[7]
21: for liquor
1986:
Raised to 21[8] 21
South Dakota
? 1934:
21 (all)
1939:
Lowered to 18: for 3.2% beer
Raised to 19: for 3.2% beer[76] 1972:
18: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[13] 1984:
19: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[8]
1988:
Raised to 21[58] 21
Tennessee
Pre 1881:
None
1881:
21[77] 21[7]
1964:
Lowered to 18[7] 1979:
Raised to 19 1984:
Raised to 21[8] 21
Texas
Pre 1909:
21
None (with written permission of parent or guardian)
Post 1909:
21[78][79] 21[7] 1973:
Lowered to 18[80] 1981:
Raised to 19[81]
1986:
Raised to 21 in 1986 (Sep 1)[8][26] 21
Utah
? 1935:
21[7] 21[14] 21[8] 21
Vermont
? 21[7] 1971:
Lowered to 18[82][83] 1986:
Raised to 21[21][83] 21
Virginia
? 21[84] 1974:
Lowered to 18: for beer and wine
(21: for liquor remained)[84] 1981:
Raised to 19 for off-premises consumption
1983:
Raised to 19 (all beer)
1985:
Raised to 21[84] 21
Washington
"Age of majority"
since 1877[85] 21[citation needed] 21 21[8] 21
West Virginia
? 18: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[11] 1972:
Lowered to 18 (all)[86] 1983:
Raised to 19
(& 21 for non-residents)[8][43]
1986:
Raised to 21[8] 21
Wisconsin
1839–1866:
18: for wine and liquor
None: for beer
Post-1866:
21 (all)[87] 18: for beer
21: for wine and spirits
1957:
21: for residents of bordering states with age limit 21.[88]
1963:
Raised to 21 (off-premises beer sales, remained 18 for on-premises).[88] 1972:
Lowered to 18 (all) in 1972 (Mar)[88]
1977:
Border state restriction lifted.[88] 1984:
Raised to 19
1986:
Raised to 21 (September 1, 1986)[88] 21 (however anyone can drink when parents, spouses, teachers are present)[citation needed]
Wyoming
? 21[7] 1973:
Lowered to 19[13] 1988:
Raised to 21 in 1988 (Jul 1)[89][90]
Last state to raise de jure drinking age to 21 21
American Samoa
? ? ? 21? 21[91]
Northern Mariana Islands
– – ? 21? 21[92]
Puerto Rico
? 18 18 Kept at 18
despite 10% highway funding
penalty under Drinking Age Act. 18[93]
Virgin Islands
? ? ? 18 18[94]
Guam
? 21? 18 18 Raised to 21 in 2010[5]
Additional notes[edit]
Contrary to popular belief, since the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984, not all states specifically prohibit minors' and young adults' consumption of alcohol in private settings. That is because the federal law is concerned only with purchase and public possession, not private consumption, and contains several exceptions. As of January 1, 2007, 14 states and the District of Columbia ban underage consumption outright, 19 states do not specifically ban underage consumption outright, and 17 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage consumption laws. Federal law explicitly provides for religious, medical, employment and private club possession exceptions; as of 2005, 31 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage possession laws.[41]
In the 1960s the age for buying or drinking beer and wine in the District of Columbia (Washington, D.C.) was 18; the age for hard liquor was 21.[23][24] Residents from Virginia and Maryland would often drive to D.C. to obtain alcohol. In Louisiana, the 1987 law raising the age from 18 to 21 was deliberately written solely to comply with the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 to avoid losing highway funding, while still allowing 18- to 20-year-olds to drink as before. Not only did it still allow 18- to 20-year-olds to consume in private, it contained a major loophole allowing bars and stores to sell alcohol to 18- to 20-year-olds without penalty (despite purchase being technically illegal) which meant that the de facto age was still 18.[39] In other words, the drinking age was 21 only on paper. This loophole was closed in 1995, but in 1996 the Louisiana Supreme Court declared a drinking age of 21 unconstitutional.[39] That briefly lowered the de jure purchase age to 18, causing an uproar which prompted the Louisiana Supreme Court to reverse its decision, raising the age to 21 three months later.[40] Other exceptions still remain to this day, including drinking in a private residence,[41] and Louisiana still has some of the most liberal general alcohol laws of any state.
Some states were "dry" well before national Prohibition was enacted in 1919, in some cases since achieving statehood. Also, some states did not become fully "wet" until several years after the repeal of Prohibition in 1933 (e.g. Mississippi in 1966). Since 1966, all states and territories of the USA have been "wet", but dry counties and towns still exist in some states.
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ Keen, Judy (2008-04-01). "States weigh lowering drinking age". Usatoday.com. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
^ Jump up to: a b "Ramon Someros Oberiano Act" (PDF). 8 July 2010.
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^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad "A Statistical Analysis of the Effects of a Uniform Minimum Drinking Age" (PDF). ntl.bts.gov. April 1987. Retrieved 2014-11-17.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai "MLDA21 Law Effective Data-NHTSA". Nhtsa.dot.gov. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
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^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "Does the Minimum Drinking Age Save Lives? Jeffrey A. Miron and Elina Tetelbaum, 2007". Nber.org. 2007-07-12. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e New York Times, December 4, 1972, "State Braces for Lowering Drinking Age to 18 Jan. 1" (NYT online archive)
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h [1] link to fake reference (typical wikitrash)
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r MINIMUM DRINKING AGE LAWS, 1990
Jump up ^ "Daily Alta California, Volume 42, Number 14092: SELLING LIQUOR TO MINORS". cdnc.ucr.edu. California Digital Newspaper Collection. 1888. Retrieved October 31, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Daily Alta California, Volume 42, Number 13780: Selling Liquor to Minors". cdnc.ucr.edu. California Digital Newspaper Collection. 1887. Retrieved October 31, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Daily Alta California, Volume 37, Number 12646: THE NEXT GRAND JURY". cdnc.ucr.edu. California Digital Newspaper Collection. 1884. Retrieved October 31, 2015.
Jump up ^ "San Francisco Call, Volume 69, Number 144: NO LIQUOR FOR MINORS". cdnc.ucr.edu. California Digital Newspaper Collection. 1891. Retrieved October 31, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Behavioral Policies and Teen Traffic Safety on JSTOR". jstor.org.
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^ Jump up to: a b c d e U.S. Department of Transportation final report (DOT HS 809 348) "Determine Why There Are Fewer Young Alcohol-Impaired Drivers," section III.B., "What happened: regional & state experience."
Jump up ^ "Chapter 545 - Liquor Control Act". Cga.ct.gov. Retrieved 2016-09-10.
^ Jump up to: a b "D.C. debate continuing on alcohol". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. UPI. September 29, 1966. p. 10C.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Bill filed to lower drinking age to 18". The Day. New London, CT. January 22, 1971. p. 9.
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^ Jump up to: a b c "Texas and North Carolina Raise Drinking Age to 21". New York Times. Associated Press. September 1, 1986.
^ Jump up to: a b "For Some, New Drinking Law Hard To Swallow". sun-sentinel.com. June 30, 1985. Retrieved 2015-05-28.
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Jump up ^ "Idaho's legislature: Young jurors". Lewiston (ID) Morning Tribune. January 18, 1972. p. 3.
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Jump up ^ "Idaho drinking: new law will allow some under 21 to keep imbibing". Spokane Chronicle. April 10, 1987. p. 3.
Jump up ^ "The new Northwest. (Portland, Or.) 1871-1887, March 15, 1872, Image 4: The Illinois Temperance Law". oregonnews.uoregon.edu. University of Oregon Libraries. Retrieved November 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ Chicago Daily Tribune, August 3, 1961, "Girl, 19, sues for right to have a drink" (ProQuest archive)
Jump up ^ Chicago Tribune, June 14, 1973, "Beer at 19 Signed by Walker." (ProQuest archive)
Jump up ^ "History of DUI Laws In Illinois", Illinois Secretary of State website
^ Jump up to: a b "State of Iowa Alcoholic Beverages Division, Historical Highlights". iowaabd.com.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bragg, Rick (1996-03-23). "Louisiana Stands Alone on Drinking at 18". New York Times. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
^ Jump up to: a b AP (1996-07-03). "Louisiana Court Upholds Drinking Age of 18". New York Times. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
^ Jump up to: a b c [2] Exceptions to Minimum Age of 21 for Possession of Alcohol as of January 1, 2010, Alcohol Policy Information System
Jump up ^ http://www.legis.la.gov/legis/Law.aspx?d=78725
^ Jump up to: a b "Drinking ages set by the states". New York Times. June 27, 1984.
Jump up ^ The Years of the Rat. Magazine.loyola.edu (2009-08-18). Retrieved on 2011-06-22.
Jump up ^ Effects of Drunk Driving. Drivingdrunk.org. Retrieved on 2011-06-22.
Jump up ^ "Maryland increases drinking age to 21". Gettysburg Times. Associated Press. February 26, 1982. p. 3.
Jump up ^ "Legal drinking age going up". Eugene Register-Guard. Associated Press. April 15, 1979. p. 16A.
Jump up ^ "Senate of Massachusetts Sets 19 as Drinking Age". New York Times. February 18, 1979.
Jump up ^ Hingson, RW; Scotch, N; Mangione, T; Meyers, A; Glantz, L; Heeren, T; Lin, N; Mucatel, M; Pierce, G (1983). "Impact of legislation raising the legal drinking age in Massachusetts from 18 to 20". American Journal of Public Health. 73 (2): 163–170. doi:10.2105/AJPH.73.2.163. PMC 1650505  . PMID 6849474.
Jump up ^ Chicago Daily Defender, January 4, 1972, "Drinking age lowered in Michigan" (ProQuest archive).
Jump up ^ 1978 State Ballot Issues. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2011-06-22.
^ Jump up to: a b Daily Collegian, March 16, 1979, "Pennsylvania drinking age follows national trend." (Penn State library ActivePaper online archive [3])
Jump up ^ Resources on Minnesota Legislative Issues, Legal Age in Minnesota, 2009. Leg.state.mn.us. Retrieved on 2011-06-22.
Jump up ^ Twin Cities.com, Pioneer Press, August 20, 2008 – B8 Editorial, "A lower legal drinking age?" [4] (twincities.com website)
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Jump up ^ "Drinking age opposed". Spokesman-Review. Associated Press. October 23, 1975. p. 14.
Jump up ^ Platform plank: Dems want to lower drinking age to 18. Helenair.com (2008-07-27). Retrieved on 2011-06-22.
^ Jump up to: a b New York Times, March 10, 1987, "Drinking age is fiery issue in West" (ProQuest archive).
^ Jump up to: a b "Drinking Age History", Nebraska Liquor Control Commission
Jump up ^ AlcoholEdu: Above the Law. The Dartmouth Review 2002 Archived December 4, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
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Jump up ^ Barbanel, Josh (May 28, 1984). "Raising New York Drinking Age to 21". New York Times.
Jump up ^ "Drinking Age of 21 Gains in Jersey". New York Times. June 11, 1982. Retrieved 2010-01-30. "New York will raise its legal age of 18 to 19 on Dec. 4.
Jump up ^ "New York raising its drinking age to 21 in December". New York Times. June 19, 1985. Retrieved 2012-08-20. The minimum legal drinking age in New York State is rising from 19 to 21 on Dec. 1.
Jump up ^ "North Dakota Century Code TITLE 5 ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES CHAPTER 5-01-08" (PDF). nd.gov.
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Jump up ^ Winckler, Suzanne. "The Street of Vrrrrmmmms" (in "The Reporter"). Texas Monthly. Emmis Communications, January 1984. Volume 12, No. 1. ISSN 0148-7736. Start: p. 74. CITED: p. 76.
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94. Citation for Wisconsin drinking law: https://www.revenue.wi.gov/Pages/FAQS/ise-atundrg.aspx
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