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California Dreamin'
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"California Dreaming" redirects here. For other uses, see California Dreamin' (disambiguation).
"California Dreamin'"
Single by The Mamas & the Papas
from the album If You Can Believe Your Eyes and Ears
B-side
"Somebody Groovy"
Released
December 8, 1965
Format
Vinyl record (7") 45 RPM
Recorded
November 4, 1965, Western Recorders, Hollywood
Genre
Sunshine pop[1]
folk rock[2]
Length
2:38
Label
Dunhill Records
Songwriter(s)
John Phillips, Michelle Phillips
Producer(s)
Lou Adler
The Mamas & the Papas singles chronology
"Go Where You Wanna Go"
(1965) "California Dreamin'"
(1965) "Monday, Monday"
(1966)
"Go Where You Wanna Go"
(1965) "California Dreamin'"
(1965) "Monday, Monday"
(1966)
Music video
"California Dreamin'" on YouTube
"California Dreamin'"
The Mamas & the Papas' "California Dreamin'" from their debut album, If You Can Believe Your Eyes and Ears.
Problems playing this file? See media help.
"California Dreamin'" is a song written by John Phillips and Michelle Phillips and was first recorded by Barry McGuire.[3] However, the best-known version is by the Mamas & the Papas, who sang backup on the original version and released as a single in 1965. The song is No. 89 in Rolling Stone's list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.[4] The lyrics of the song express the narrator's longing for the warmth of Los Angeles during a cold winter in New York City.
The song became a signpost of the California Myth[5] and the arrival of the nascent counterculture era.[6][7]
"California Dreamin'" was certified as a Gold Record (single) by the Recording Industry Association of America in June 1966[8] and was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 2001.[9]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Cover versions
2.1 America version
2.2 Beach Boys version
2.2.1 Personnel
2.3 Freischwimmer version
2.4 Other versions
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
History[edit]
The song was written in 1963 while John Phillips and Michelle Phillips were living in New York City.[10] He dreamed about the song and woke her up to help him write it.[11][12] At the time, John and Michelle Phillips were members of the folk group the New Journeymen, which evolved into the Mamas & the Papas.
They earned their first record contract after being introduced to Lou Adler, the head of Dunhill Records, by Barry McGuire. In thanks to Adler, they sang the backing vocals to "California Dreamin'" with members of the session band The Wrecking Crew[13] on McGuire's album This Precious Time. The Mamas & the Papas then recorded their own version using the same instrumental and backing vocal tracks to which they added new vocals[14] and an alto flute solo by Bud Shank, which was thought to be the inspiration for the main theme of Andrew Lloyd Webber's tune for "Memory".[citation needed] P. F. Sloan performed the guitar introduction.[15] McGuire's original vocal can be briefly heard on the left channel at the beginning of the record, having not been completely wiped.[16]
The single was released in late 1965 but was not an immediate breakthrough. After gaining little attention in Los Angeles upon its release, Michelle Phillips remembers that it took a radio station in Boston to break the song nationwide.[17] After making its chart debut in January 1966,[18] the song peaked at number 4 in March on both the Billboard Hot 100, lasting 17 weeks, and Cashbox, lasting 20 weeks.[19] "California Dreamin'" was the number 1 single of 1966 in Billboard[20] and tied for number 1 with "Ballad of the Green Berets" in Cashbox. "California Dreamin'" also reached number 23 on the UK charts upon its original release and re-charted after its use in a Carling Black Label commercial in 1997, peaking at number 9 there.[citation needed]
Cover versions[edit]
America version[edit]
"California Dreamin'"
Single by America
from the album
California Dreaming soundtrack
B-side
"See It My Way" (by F.D.R.)
Released
March 1979
Format
Vinyl
Recorded
Studio 55 (Hollywood) 1978
Genre
soft rock
Length
2:44
Label
American International
Songwriter(s)
John Phillips, Michelle Phillips
Producer(s)
Dewey Bunnell, Gerry Beckley
America singles chronology
"Don't Cry Baby"
(1977) "California Dreamin'"
(1979) "Only Game in Town"
(1979)
"Don't Cry Baby"
(1977) "California Dreamin"
(1979) "Only Game in Town"
(1979)
In the spring of 1979 the band America reached No. 56 on the Billboard Hot 100 with their remake of "California Dreamin'" which was the first studio recording by America as the duo of Gerry Beckley and Dewey Bunnell without third founding member Dan Peek who had departed the group in 1977. Bunnell – who sang lead – and Beckley – who sang background – self-produced the track which featured America's touring musicians: David Dickey, drummer Willie Leacox, guitarist Michael Woods, percussionist Tom Walsh, and Jim Calire who played keyboards and also saxophone.[21][22]
America had performed "California Dreamin'" at least on occasion in concert as early as 1974, [23] "California Dreamin'" being a sentimental favorite of the band's members having been a setlist staple of the cover band in which all three had performed while London Central High School students in the late 1960s.[24][25][26][27] The recording of "California Dreamin'" by America was specifically made for the soundtrack of the American International Pictures (AIP) movie release California Dreaming which had been shot in the final months of 1977:[28] Beckley and Bunnell agreed to record the song after being (at least partially) shown the movie – (Gerry Beckley quote:) "We liked what we saw"[22] – and the track was recorded in the 1978 sessions for the movie's soundtrack at Studio 55 (Hollywood): (Gerry Beckley quote:)"We did it more as a rock thing [compared to the original], [with] a full sound but reliant on the harmonies."[22]
Although the movie California Dreaming had a projected summer 1978 release date,[28] the release of the film – which featured America's "California Dreamin'" under its closing credits[29] – would be postponed until 16 March 1979: factoring into the movie's release was the agreement made by AIP in February 1978 for the California Dreaming soundtrack to be distributed by Casablanca Records which company had recently managed to bolster the modest success of the film Thank God It's Friday through a hit soundtrack album[30][31] and the recording of "California Dreamin'" by America was given parallel release with the movie, another soundtrack item: "See It My Way" by session group F.D.R., serving as B-side. Both the America single and (in April 1978) the soundtrack album were issued by AIP on its own label (distributed by Casablanca): outside the US and Canada, Casablanca acted as label of release.
By the spring of 1979 America were involved in sessions for their Capitol Records debut album Silent Letter[32] and were either unable or uninterested in promoting their version of "California Dreamin'" which single proved unable to buoy its parent film's faltering box office take. However the publicity inherent in the film's release was evidently enough to afford minor hit status to America's soundtrack item (heard in the film's trailer, America's "California Dreamin'" was also cited in the movie's poster), and despite its lowly chart peak America's "California Dreamin'" remake would be more successful than any of their first five Capitol single releases none of which ranked in the Hot 100 (the band's sixth Capitol single release: "You Can Do Magic", would in 1982 afford the band a sole latterday Top Ten hit).[33][34]
"California Dreamin'" continued to be featured in America's live gigs eventually being established as a mandatory America concert title.[35] A live performance of the song by America is featured on In Concert the band's 1996 album release of a 1982 live gig.[36] The band's 1978 recording has been included on the 2000 America retrospective box set Highway: 30 Years Of America[37] also being featured in 2001 onThe Complete Greatest Hits.[38]
Beach Boys version[edit]
"California Dreamin'"
Single by The Beach Boys
from the album Made in U.S.A.
B-side
"Lady Liberty"
Released
1986
Format
Vinyl
Recorded
May 1986
Genre
Rock
Length
3:10
Label
Capitol
Songwriter(s)
John Phillips, Michelle Phillips
Producer(s)
Terry Melcher
The Beach Boys singles chronology
"Rock 'n' Roll to the Rescue"
(1986) "California Dreamin'"
(1986) "Happy Endings"
(1987)
"Rock 'n' Roll to the Rescue"
(1986) "California Dreamin"
(1986) "Happy Endings"
(1987)
(With Little Richard)
---
"Kokomo"
(1988)
The Beach Boys recorded a second version of "California Dreamin'" in 1986 for their greatest hits compilation Made in U.S.A.. It was produced by Terry Melcher and featured Roger McGuinn from The Byrds on 12-string guitar. Denny Doherty was on the East coast and declined; Cass Elliot had died in 1974. This version of the song was referenced in the lyrics of the Dead Milkmen's 1988 novelty hit "Punk Rock Girl".
Although the song only charted at a modest number 57 on the Billboard Hot 100, it reached No. 8 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary.[39] and it was supported by a music video that saw heavy rotation on MTV. The video featured the Beach Boys along with John Phillips, Michelle Phillips and Roger McGuinn.
Personnel[edit]
Carl Wilson - vocals
Al Jardine - vocals
Roger McGuinn - 12-string guitar
Freischwimmer version[edit]
A tropical house version by German DJ/remixer Freischwimmer was released in 2015. This version reached number one on the Billboard Dance Club Songs chart in its February 13, 2016 issue.[40][41] "Dreamin" had never before hit No. 1 on any ranking, making this version the first in its nearly 50-year history to reach the top spot on a Billboard chart.[42]
Other versions[edit]
Bobby Womack recorded a version of the song for his debut album Fly Me to the Moon in 1968. Released as a single, it reached number 43 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and number 20 on the Billboard Rhythn & Blues Singles chart.
In 1978, a disco version proved popular in European clubs for the Italian project Colorado, reaching 45 on the British charts,[43][44] and house cover versions have been released by DJ Sammy and Royal Gigolos.
The Liverpool folk quartet River City People recorded a version of "California Dreamin'" as a double A sided single with "Carry the Blame" in 1990, reaching number 13 on the official UK top 40 singles chart.
Sia recorded the song for the disaster film San Andreas. The song came out in May 2015 and was featured in the movie's trailers. The song reached the top 20 in Lebanon, peaking at No. 14 and becoming a big airplay gainer there, position no. 92 on the UK Singles Chart, No. 44 on the Scottish Singles Chart,[45] No. 87 on the chart SNEP Singles Chart.[46]
See also[edit]
List of number-one dance singles of 2016 (U.S.)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Encyclopaedia Universalis (October 27, 2015). Dictionnaire des Musiciens: (Les Dictionnaires d'Universalis). Encyclopaedia Universalis. p. 3635. ISBN 978-2-85229-140-9.
Jump up ^ Fontenot, Robert (October 29, 2015). "What is Folk-Rock Music?". ThoughtCo. About.com. Retrieved March 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Southern California Public Radio. "Take Two". Southern California Public Radio.
Jump up ^ "The RS 500 Greatest Songs of All Time". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on April 16, 2007. Retrieved April 6, 2012.
Jump up ^ Bisbort, Alan; Puterbaugh, Parke (2009). California Beaches: The Best Places to Swim, Play, Eat, and Stay. Avalon Travel. p. 172. ISBN 978-1-56691-614-1.
Jump up ^ "Eagles, Fleetwood Mac Selected for Hall of Fame | Music News". Rolling Stone. 1997-10-28. Retrieved 2014-02-03.
Jump up ^ Susan Stamberg (2002-07-08). "'California Dreamin,' Present at the Creation (Archived Radio Program)". NPR.org. NPR. Retrieved 2014-04-29.
Jump up ^ "California Dreamin'". RIAA.com. The Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 2014-07-11. The RIAA Database may require user input
Jump up ^ "California Dreamin'". grammy.org. The Recording Academy. Retrieved 2014-07-11. CALIFORNIA DREAMIN' The Mamas And The Papas Dunhill (1966) (Single) Inducted 2001
Jump up ^ 1995 Interview (5) - "California Dreaming" - Scott McKenzie
Jump up ^ "TRIBUT Presents: Monday Night Blues". Monday Night Blues.
Jump up ^ "California Dreamin' by The Mamas & the Papas Songfacts".
Jump up ^ Hartman, Kent (2012). The Wrecking Crew. St. Martin's Griffin. pp. 261–263. ISBN 978-1-250-03046-7.
Jump up ^ "Show 33 - Revolt of the Fat Angel: American musicians respond to the British invaders. [Part 1]". The University of North Texas Digital Library. Retrieved April 6, 2012.
Jump up ^ Dan Daily (July 1, 2004). "Classic Tracks: The Mamas & The Papas' "California Dreamin'"". Mix Magazine. Archived from the original on February 4, 2012. Retrieved April 6, 2012.
Jump up ^ Rock Family Trees, BBC, interview with McGuire, 1999. McGuire's original harmonica solo can also just be made out under the flute solo.
Jump up ^ "California Dreamin'". npr.org. July 8, 2002. Archived from the original on February 18, 2011. Retrieved April 6, 2012.
Jump up ^ Steve Sullivan (4 October 2013). Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings. Scarecrow Press. pp. 483–. ISBN 978-0-8108-8296-6.
Jump up ^ Bronson, Fred (1988). The Billboard Book of Number One Hits (Paperback ed.). New York: Billboard Publications, Inc. p. 195. ISBN 0-8230-7545-1.
Jump up ^ "Top Records of 1966" Billboard December 24, 1966: 34
Jump up ^ http://labibledelawestcoast.blogspot.ca/2016/11/
^ Jump up to: a b c http://www.accessbackstage.com/america/song/song157.htm
Jump up ^ https://www.setlist.fm/stats/songs/the-mamas-and-the-papas-bd6053e.html?song=California+Dreamin%27
Jump up ^ Peak, Dan (2004). An American Band: the America Story. Xulon Press. ISBN 1-594679-29-0.
Jump up ^ http://www.theslateonline.com/article/2018/02/eeoz41m20k5nn0i
Jump up ^ http://citizensvoice.com/news/america-brings-sounds-of-summer-to-casino-show-1.1725657
Jump up ^ http://ucaecho.net/news/america-performs-hit-a-horse-with-no-name/
^ Jump up to: a b http://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/MovieDetails/56231
Jump up ^ http://hornsection.blogspot.ca/2011/08/film-review-california-dreaming-1979.html
Jump up ^ Billboard Vol 91 #9 (3 Mar 1979) "Soundtrack lp for Casablanca" p. 19
Jump up ^ Harris, Larry (2009). And Party Every Day: the inside story of Casablanca Records. Milwaukee WI: Backbeat Books. ISBN 9781617133831.
Jump up ^ http://www.accessbackstage.com/america/hist04.htm
Jump up ^ http://www.musicvf.com/America.art
Jump up ^ http://www.45cat.com/artist/america
Jump up ^ http://www.conncerts.com/americareview.html
Jump up ^ https://www.allmusic.com/album/king-biscuit-flower-hour-mw0000178321
Jump up ^ https://www.allmusic.com/album/highway-30-years-of-america-mw0000086640
Jump up ^ https://www.allmusic.com/artist/america-mn0000019297
Jump up ^ "AllMusic 'Made in U.S.A' awards". AllMusic.
Jump up ^ "Billboard Dance Club Songs (February 13, 2016)"
Jump up ^ Chart history for Freischwimmer from Billboard
Jump up ^ "'California Dreamin' Hits No. 1 After 50 Years, Thanks to Dance Remix" from Billboard (February 4, 2016)
Jump up ^ "Colorado (2): California Dreaming/Space Lady Love". Discogs. Retrieved September 8, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Colorado". The Official Charts Company. Retrieved September 8, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Sia | The Official Charts Company". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 24 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – Sia – California Dreamin'". Les classement single (in French). Retrieved 25 May 2015.
External links[edit]
California Dreamin' at Myspace (streamed copy where licensed)
NPR's "Present at the Creation" segment on the origins of the song
Technical article describing how California Dreamin' was originally mixed
Facts and discussion about the song
Review Of California Dreaming
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
show
v
t
e
The Mamas & the Papas
Denny Doherty
Cass Elliot
John Phillips
Michelle Phillips
Jill Gibson
Studio albums
If You Can Believe Your Eyes and Ears (1966)
The Mamas & the Papas (1966)
The Mamas & The Papas Deliver (1967)
The Papas & The Mamas (1968)
People Like Us (1971)
Compilations
Farewell to the First Golden Era (1967)
Golden Era, Vol. 2 (1968)
Hits of Gold (1969)
16 Greatest Hits (1969)
20 Golden Hits (1973)
The Best Of (1982)
Greatest Hits (1998)
All the Leaves Are Brown (2001)
Singles
"Go Where You Wanna Go" (1965)
"California Dreamin'" (1965)
"Monday, Monday" (1966)
"I Saw Her Again" (1966)
"Words of Love" (1966)
"Dancing in the Street" (1966)
"Look Through My Window" (1966)
"Dedicated to the One I Love" (1967)
"Creeque Alley" (1967)
"My Girl" (1967)
"Glad to Be Unhappy" (1967)
"Dancing Bear" (1967)
"Twelve Thirty" (1967)
"Safe in My Garden" (1968)
"Dream a Little Dream of Me" (1968)
"For the Love of Ivy" (1968)
"Do You Wanna Dance" (1968)
"Step Out" (1972)
Related
Chynna Phillips
Mackenzie Phillips
Bijou Phillips
Wilson Phillips
The Beach Boys
Geneviève Waïte
The Journeymen
Book
show
v
t
e
The Beach Boys singles discography
1960s
1961
"Surfin'" / "Luau"
1962
"Surfin' Safari" / "409"
"Ten Little Indians" / "County Fair"
1963
"Surfin' U.S.A." / "Shut Down"
"Surfer Girl" / "Little Deuce Coupe"
"Be True to Your School" / "In My Room"
"Little Saint Nick" / "The Lord's Prayer"
1964
"Fun, Fun, Fun" / "Why Do Fools Fall in Love"
"I Get Around" / "Don't Worry Baby"
"When I Grow Up (To Be a Man)" / "She Knows Me Too Well"
"Dance, Dance, Dance" / "The Warmth of the Sun"
"The Man with All the Toys" / "Blue Christmas"
1965
"Do You Wanna Dance?" / "Please Let Me Wonder"
"Help Me, Rhonda" / "Kiss Me, Baby"
"California Girls"/ "Let Him Run Wild"
"The Little Girl I Once Knew" / "There's No Other (Like My Baby)"
"Barbara Ann" / "Girl Don't Tell Me"
1966
"Sloop John B" / "You're So Good to Me"
"Wouldn't It Be Nice" / "God Only Knows"
"Good Vibrations" / "Let's Go Away for Awhile"
1967
"Then I Kissed Her" / "Mountain of Love"
"Heroes and Villains" / "You're Welcome"
"Wild Honey" / "Wind Chimes"
"Darlin'" / "Here Today"
1968
"Friends" / "Little Bird"
"Do It Again" / "Wake the World"
"Bluebirds over the Mountain" / "Never Learn Not to Love"
1969
"I Can Hear Music" / "All I Want to Do"
"Break Away" / "Celebrate the News"
1970s
1970
"Add Some Music to Your Day" / "Susie Cincinnati"
"Cottonfields" / "The Nearest Faraway Place"
"Slip On Through" / "This Whole World"
"Tears in the Morning" / "It's About Time"
1971
"Cool, Cool Water" / "Forever"
"Wouldn't It Be Nice" (live) / "The Times They Are a-Changin'" (by Merry Clayton)
"Long Promised Road" / "Deirdre"
"Long Promised Road" / "'Til I Die"
"Surf's Up" / "Don't Go Near the Water"
1972
"You Need a Mess of Help to Stand Alone" / "Cuddle Up"
"Marcella" / "Hold On Dear Brother"
1973
"Sail On, Sailor" / "Only with You"
"California Saga: California" / "Funky Pretty"
1974
"Surfin' U.S.A." / "The Warmth of the Sun"
"Child of Winter (Christmas Song)" / "Susie Cincinnati"
1975
"Sail On, Sailor" / "Only with You"
1976
"Rock and Roll Music" / "T M Song"
"It's O.K." / "Had to Phone Ya"
"Everyone's in Love with You" / "Susie Cincinnati"
1977
"Honkin' Down the Highway" / "Solar System"
1978
"Peggy Sue" / "Hey Little Tomboy"
1979
"Here Comes the Night" / "Baby Blue"
"Good Timin'" / "Love Surrounds Me"
"Lady Lynda" / "Full Sail"
"It's a Beautiful Day" / "Sumahama"
1980s
1980
"Goin' On" / "Endless Harmony"
"Livin' with a Heartache" / "Santa Ana Winds"
1981
"The Beach Boys Medley" / "God Only Knows"
"Come Go with Me" / "Don't Go Near the Water"
1985
"Getcha Back" / "Male Ego"
"It's Gettin' Late" / "It's O.K."
"She Believes in Love Again" / "It's Just a Matter of Time"
1986
"Rock 'n' Roll to the Rescue" / "Good Vibrations" (live)
"California Dreamin'" / "Lady Liberty"
1987
"Happy Endings" (with Little Richard) / "California Girls" (live)
1988
"Kokomo" / "Tutti Frutti" (Little Richard)
1989
"Still Cruisin'" / "Kokomo"
1990s
1990
"Somewhere Near Japan" / "Kokomo"
"Problem Child" / "Problem Child (Instrumental)"
1992
"Hot Fun in the Summertime" / "Summer of Love"
1996
"I Just Wasn't Made for These Times" / "Wouldn't It Be Nice" / "Here Today"
2010s
2011
"Good Vibrations" / "Heroes and Villains"
"Don't Fight the Sea" / "Friends"
"Cabinessence" / "Wonderful"
2012
"That's Why God Made the Radio" / "That's Why God Made the Radio" (instrumental)
"Isn't It Time" / Live in Chicago
Book
Category
show
v
t
e
Sia singles
Awards and nominations
Discography
Songs
Healing Is Difficult
"Taken for Granted"
"Little Man"
"Drink to Get Drunk"
Colour the Small One
"Don't Bring Me Down"
"Breathe Me"
"Where I Belong"
Some People Have Real Problems
"The Girl You Lost to Cocaine"
"Soon We'll Be Found"
"Buttons"
We Are Born
"You've Changed"
"Clap Your Hands"
"Bring Night"
1000 Forms of Fear
"Chandelier"
"Eye of the Needle"
"Big Girls Cry"
"Elastic Heart"
"Fire Meet Gasoline"
This Is Acting
"Bird Set Free"
"Alive"
"Unstoppable"
"Cheap Thrills"
"Reaper"
"The Greatest"
"Move Your Body"
Everyday Is Christmas
"Santa's Coming for Us"
Soundtrack singles
"You're Never Fully Dressed Without a Smile (2014 Film Version)"
"California Dreamin'"
"Never Give Up"
"Angel by the Wings"
"To Be Human"
"Rainbow"
"Helium"
Featured singles
"Destiny"
"Somersault"
"I Love It"
"Titanium"
"Wild Ones"
"She Wolf (Falling to Pieces)"
"Battle Cry"
"Guts Over Fear"
"Déjà Vu"
"Golden"
"Bang My Head"
"Living Out Loud"
"Waterfall"
"Dusk Till Dawn"
"Flames"
Other songs
"Like a River Runs"
"Start a War"
"Wolves"
"Free Me"
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=California_Dreamin%27&oldid=845405223"
Categories:
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Meteoroid
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Not to be confused with Meteorite.
A meteoroid shown entering the atmosphere, becoming visible as a meteor and hitting the Earth's surface as a meteorite.
A meteoroid (/ˈmiːtiərɔɪd/)[1] is a small rocky or metallic body in outer space.
Meteoroids are significantly smaller than asteroids, and range in size from small grains to one-meter-wide objects.[2] Objects smaller than this are classified as micrometeoroids or space dust.[2][3][4] Most are fragments from comets or asteroids, whereas others are collision impact debris ejected from bodies such as the Moon or Mars.[5][6][7]
When a meteoroid, comet, or asteroid enters Earth's atmosphere at a speed typically in excess of 20 km/s (72,000 km/h; 45,000 mph), aerodynamic heating of that object produces a streak of light, both from the glowing object and the trail of glowing particles that it leaves in its wake. This phenomenon is called a meteor or "shooting star". A series of many meteors appearing seconds or minutes apart and appearing to originate from the same fixed point in the sky is called a meteor shower. If that object withstands ablation from its passage through the atmosphere as a meteor and impacts with the ground, it is then called a meteorite.
An estimated 15,000 tonnes of meteoroids, micrometeoroids and different forms of space dust enter Earth's atmosphere each year.[8]
Contents
1 Meteoroids
1.1 Composition
1.2 In the Solar System
1.3 Collision with Earth's atmosphere
2 Meteors
2.1 History
2.2 Fireball
2.3 Effect on atmosphere
2.3.1 Colours
2.3.2 Acoustic manifestations
2.4 Meteor shower
2.5 Notable meteors
2.6 Gallery of meteors
3 Meteorites
3.1 Frequency of impacts
3.2 Impact craters
3.3 Gallery of meteorites
4 See also
4.1 Relating to meteoroids
4.2 Relating to meteors
4.3 Relating to meteorites
5 References
6 External links
Meteoroids[edit]
See also: Micrometeoroid
Meteoroid embedded in aerogel; the meteoroid is 10 µm in diameter and its track is 1.5 mm long
2008 TC3 meteorite fragments found on February 28, 2009, in the Nubian Desert, Sudan
In 1961, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) defined a meteoroid as "a solid object moving in interplanetary space, of a size considerably smaller than an asteroid and considerably larger than an atom".[9][10] In 1995, Beech and Steel, writing in the Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, proposed a new definition where a meteoroid would be between 100 µm and 10 meters across.[11] In 2010, following the discovery of asteroids below 10 m in size, Rubin and Grossman proposed a revision of the previous definition of meteoroid to objects between 10 µm and 1 m in diameter in order to maintain the distinction.[2] According to Rubin and Grossman, the minimum size of an asteroid is given by what can be discovered from Earth-bound telescopes, so the distinction between meteoroid and asteroid is fuzzy. Some of the smallest asteroids discovered (based on absolute magnitude H) are 2008 TS26 with H = 33.2[12] and 2011 CQ1 with H = 32.1[13] both with an estimated size of 1 meter.[14] In April 2017, the IAU adopted an official revision of its definition, limiting size to between 30 µm and 1 m in diameter, but allowing for a deviation for any object causing a meteor.[15]
Objects smaller than meteoroids are classified as micrometeoroids and interplanetary dust. The Minor Planet Center does not use the term "meteoroid".
Composition[edit]
Almost all meteoroids contain extraterrestrial nickel and iron. They have three main classifications: iron, stone, and stony-iron. Some stone meteoroids contain grain-like inclusions known as chondrules and are called chondrites. Stony meteoroids without these features are called "achondrites", which are typically formed from extraterrestrial igneous activity; they contain little or no extraterrestrial iron.[16] The composition of meteoroids can be inferred as they pass through Earth's atmosphere from their trajectories and the light spectra of the resulting meteor. Their effects on radio signals also give information, especially useful for daytime meteors, which are otherwise very difficult to observe. From these trajectory measurements, meteoroids have been found to have many different orbits, some clustering in streams (see meteor showers) often associated with a parent comet, others apparently sporadic. Debris from meteoroid streams may eventually be scattered into other orbits. The light spectra, combined with trajectory and light curve measurements, have yielded various compositions and densities, ranging from fragile snowball-like objects with density about a quarter that of ice,[17] to nickel-iron rich dense rocks. The study of meteorites also gives insights into the composition of non-ephemeral meteoroids.
In the Solar System[edit]
Most meteoroids come from the asteroid belt, having been perturbed by the gravitational influences of planets, but others are particles from comets, giving rise to meteor showers. Some meteoroids are fragments from bodies such as Mars or our moon, that have been thrown into space by an impact.
Meteoroids travel around the Sun in a variety of orbits and at various velocities. The fastest move at about 42 kilometers per second through space in the vicinity of Earth's orbit. This is escape velocity from the sun, equal to the square root of 2 times Earth's speed, and is the upper speed limit of objects in the vicinity of Earth, unless they come from interstellar space. Earth travels at about 29.6 kilometers per second, so when meteoroids meet the atmosphere head-on (which only occurs when meteors are in a retrograde orbit such as the Eta Aquarids, which are associated with the retrograde Halley's Comet) the combined speed may reach about 71 kilometers per second (see Specific energy#Astrodynamics). Meteoroids moving through Earth's orbital space average about 20 km/s.[18]
On January 17, 2013 at 05:21 PST, a 1 meter-sized comet from the Oort cloud entered Earth atmosphere over California and Nevada.[19] The object had a retrograde orbit with perihelion at 0.98 ± 0.03 AU. It approached from the direction of the constellation Virgo (which was in the south about 50° above the horizon at the time), and collided head-on with Earth's atmosphere at 72 ± 6 km/s[19] vapourising more than 100 km above ground over a period of several seconds.
Collision with Earth's atmosphere[edit]
When meteoroids intersect with Earth's atmosphere at night, they are likely to become visible as meteors. If meteoroids survive the entry through the atmosphere and reach Earth's surface, they are called meteorites. Meteorites are transformed in structure and chemistry by the heat of entry and force of impact. A noted 4-meter asteroid, 2008 TC3, was observed in space on a collision course with Earth on 6 October 2008 and entered Earth's atmosphere the next day, striking a remote area of northern Sudan. It was the first time that a meteoroid had been observed in space and tracked prior to impacting Earth.[9] NASA has produced a map showing the most notable asteroid collisions with Earth and its atmosphere from 1994 to 2013 from data gathered by U.S. government sensors (see below).
Meteors[edit]
"Meteor" redirects here. For other uses, see Meteor (disambiguation).
Meteor seen from the site of the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA)[20]
World map of large meteoric events (also see Fireball below) [21]
A meteor, known colloquially as a shooting star or falling star, is the visible passage of a glowing meteoroid, micrometeoroid, comet or asteroid through Earth's atmosphere, after being heated to incandescence by collisions with air molecules in the upper atmosphere,[9][22][23] creating a streak of light via its rapid motion and sometimes also by shedding glowing material in its wake. Although a meteor may seem to be a few thousand feet from the Earth,[24] meteors typically occur in the mesosphere at altitudes from 76 to 100 km (45 to 60 mi).[25] The root word meteor comes from the Greek meteōros, meaning "high in the air".[22]
Millions of meteors occur in Earth's atmosphere daily. Most meteoroids that cause meteors are about the size of a grain of sand, i.e. they are usually millimeter-sized or smaller. Meteoroid sizes can be calculated from their mass and density which, in turn, can be estimated from the observed meteor trajectory in the upper atmosphere. [26] Meteors may occur in showers, which arise when Earth passes through a stream of debris left by a comet, or as "random" or "sporadic" meteors, not associated with a specific stream of space debris. A number of specific meteors have been observed, largely by members of the public and largely by accident, but with enough detail that orbits of the meteoroids producing the meteors have been calculated. All of the orbits passed through the asteroid belt.[27] The atmospheric velocities of meteors result from the movement of Earth around the Sun at about 30 km/s (18 miles/second),[28] the orbital speeds of meteoroids, and the gravity well of Earth.
Meteors become visible between about 75 to 120 km (45 to 75 mi) above Earth. They usually disintegrate at altitudes of 50 to 95 km (30 to 60 mi).[29] Meteors have roughly a fifty percent chance of a daylight (or near daylight) collision with Earth. Most meteors are, however, observed at night, when darkness allows fainter objects to be recognized. For bodies with a size scale larger than 10 cm to several meters meteor visibility is due to the atmospheric ram pressure (not friction) that heats the meteoroid so that it glows and creates a shining trail of gases and melted meteoroid particles. The gases include vaporised meteoroid material and atmospheric gases that heat up when the meteoroid passes through the atmosphere. Most meteors glow for about a second.
History[edit]
Although meteors have been known since ancient times, they were not known to be an astronomical phenomenon until early in the nineteenth century. Prior to that, they were seen in the West as an atmospheric phenomenon, like lightning, and were not connected with strange stories of rocks falling from the sky. In 1807, Yale University chemistry professor Benjamin Silliman investigated a meteorite that fell in Weston, Connecticut.[30] Silliman believed the meteor had a cosmic origin, but meteors did not attract much attention from astronomers until the spectacular meteor storm of November 1833.[31] People all across the eastern United States saw thousands of meteors, radiating from a single point in the sky. Astute observers noticed that the radiant, as the point is now called, moved with the stars, staying in the constellation Leo.[32]
The astronomer Denison Olmsted made an extensive study of this storm, and concluded that it had a cosmic origin. After reviewing historical records, Heinrich Wilhelm Matthias Olbers predicted the storm's return in 1867, which drew the attention of other astronomers to the phenomenon. Hubert A. Newton's more thorough historical work led to a refined prediction of 1866, which proved to be correct.[31] With Giovanni Schiaparelli's success in connecting the Leonids (as they are now called) with comet Tempel-Tuttle, the cosmic origin of meteors was now firmly established. Still, they remain an atmospheric phenomenon, and retain their name "meteor" from the Greek word for "atmospheric".[33]
Fireball[edit]
Main article: List of bolides
Play media
Footage of a superbolide, a very bright fireball that exploded over Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia in 2013
A fireball is a brighter-than-usual meteor. The International Astronomical Union (IAU) defines a fireball as "a meteor brighter than any of the planets" (apparent magnitude −4 or greater).[34] The International Meteor Organization (an amateur organization that studies meteors) has a more rigid definition. It defines a fireball as a meteor that would have a magnitude of −3 or brighter if seen at zenith. This definition corrects for the greater distance between an observer and a meteor near the horizon. For example, a meteor of magnitude −1 at 5 degrees above the horizon would be classified as a fireball because, if the observer had been directly below the meteor, it would have appeared as magnitude −6.[35]
Fireballs reaching apparent magnitude −14 or brighter are called bolides.[36] The IAU has no official definition of "bolide", and generally considers the term synonymous with "fireball". Astronomers often use "bolide" to identify an exceptionally bright fireball, particularly one that explodes. They are sometimes called detonating fireballs (also see List of meteor air bursts). It may also be used to mean a fireball which creates audible sounds. In the late twentieth century, bolide has also come to mean any object that hits Earth and explodes, with no regard to its composition (asteroid or comet).[37] The word bolide comes from the Greek βολίς (bolis) [38] which can mean a missile or to flash. If the magnitude of a bolide reaches −17 or brighter it is known as a superbolide.[36][39] A relatively small percentage of fireballs hit Earth's atmosphere and then pass out again: these are termed Earth-grazing fireballs. Such an event happened in broad daylight over North America in 1972. Another rare phenomena is a meteor procession, where the meteor breaks up into several fireballs traveling nearly parallel to the surface of Earth.
A steadily growing number of fireballs are recorded at the American Meteor Society every year.[40] There are probably more than 500,000 fireballs a year,[41] but most will go unnoticed because most will occur over the ocean and half will occur during daytime.
Fireball Sightings reported to the American Meteor Society [40]
Year
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
Number 724 668 941 1,653 2,172 3,556 3,778 4,233 5,371 5,470 4,301[42]
Effect on atmosphere[edit]
"Ionization trail" and "Dark flight (astronomy)" redirect here. For the movie, see Dark Flight.
Ionization trail of a Perseid meteor seen against the constellation Corona Borealis with its ring of stars
The entry of meteoroids into Earth's atmosphere produces three main effects: ionization of atmospheric molecules, dust that the meteoroid sheds, and the sound of passage. During the entry of a meteoroid or asteroid into the upper atmosphere, an ionization trail is created, where the air molecules are ionized by the passage of the meteor. Such ionization trails can last up to 45 minutes at a time.
Small, sand-grain sized meteoroids are entering the atmosphere constantly, essentially every few seconds in any given region of the atmosphere, and thus ionization trails can be found in the upper atmosphere more or less continuously. When radio waves are bounced off these trails, it is called meteor burst communications. Meteor radars can measure atmospheric density and winds by measuring the decay rate and Doppler shift of a meteor trail. Most meteoroids burn up when they enter the atmosphere. The left-over debris is called meteoric dust or just meteor dust. Meteor dust particles can persist in the atmosphere for up to several months. These particles might affect climate, both by scattering electromagnetic radiation and by catalyzing chemical reactions in the upper atmosphere.[43] Meteoroids or their fragments may achieve dark flight after deceleration to terminal velocity.[44] Dark flight starts when they decelerate to about 2–4 km/s (4,500–8,900 mph).[45] Larger fragments will fall further down the strewn field.
Colours[edit]
A meteor of the Leonid meteor shower, the photograph shows the meteor, afterglow, and wake as distinct components
The visible light produced by a meteor may take on various hues, depending on the chemical composition of the meteoroid, and the speed of its movement through the atmosphere. As layers of the meteoroid abrade and ionize, the colour of the light emitted may change according to the layering of minerals. Colours of meteors depend on the relative influence of the metallic content of the meteoroid versus the superheated air plasma, which its passage engenders:[46]
Orange-yellow (sodium)
Yellow (iron)
Blue-green (magnesium)
Violet (calcium)
Red (atmospheric nitrogen and oxygen)
Acoustic manifestations[edit]
Sound generated by a meteor in the upper atmosphere, such as a sonic boom, typically arrives many seconds after the visual light from a meteor disappears. Occasionally, as with the Leonid meteor shower of 2001,"crackling", "swishing", or "hissing" sounds have been reported,[47] occurring at the same instant as a meteor flare. Similar sounds have also been reported during intense displays of Earth's auroras.[48][49][50][51]
Theories on the generation of these sounds may partially explain them. For example, scientists at NASA suggested that the turbulent ionized wake of a meteor interacts with Earth's magnetic field, generating pulses of radio waves. As the trail dissipates, megawatts of electromagnetic power could be released, with a peak in the power spectrum at audio frequencies. Physical vibrations induced by the electromagnetic impulses would then be heard if they are powerful enough to make grasses, plants, eyeglass frames, and other conductive materials vibrate.[52][53][54][55] This proposed mechanism, although proven to be plausible by laboratory work, remains unsupported by corresponding measurements in the field. Sound recordings made under controlled conditions in Mongolia in 1998 support the contention that the sounds are real.[56] (Also see Bolide.)
Meteor shower[edit]
Main articles: Meteor shower and List of meteor showers
Multiple meteors photographed over an extended exposure time during a meteor shower
Meteor shower on chart
A meteor shower is the result of an interaction between a planet, such as Earth, and streams of debris from a comet or other source. The passage of Earth through cosmic debris from comets and other sources is a recurring event in many cases. Comets can produce debris by water vapor drag, as demonstrated by Fred Whipple in 1951,[57] and by breakup. Each time a comet swings by the Sun in its orbit, some of its ice vaporizes and a certain amount of meteoroids will be shed. The meteoroids spread out along the entire orbit of the comet to form a meteoroid stream, also known as a "dust trail" (as opposed to a comet's "dust tail" caused by the very small particles that are quickly blown away by solar radiation pressure).
The frequency of fireball sightings increases by about 10-30% during the weeks of vernal equinox.[58] Even meteorite falls are more common during the northern hemisphere's spring season. Although this phenomenon has been known for quite some time, the reason behind the anomaly is not fully understood by scientists. Some researchers attribute this to an intrinsic variation in the meteoroid population along Earth's orbit, with a peak in big fireball-producing debris around spring and early summer. Others have pointed out that during this period the ecliptic is (in the northern hemisphere) high in the sky in the late afternoon and early evening. This means that fireball radiants with an asteroidal source are high in the sky (facilitating relatively high rates) at the moment the meteoroids "catch up" with Earth, coming from behind going in the same direction as Earth. This causes relatively low relative speeds and from this low entry speeds, which facilitates survival of meteorites.[59] It also generates high fireball rates in the early evening, increasing chances of eye witness reports. This explains a part, but perhaps not all of the seasonal variation. Research is in progress for mapping the orbits of the meteors to gain a better understanding of the phenomenon.[60]
Notable meteors[edit]
See also: Near-Earth object § Notable objects
1992—Peekskill, New York
The Peekskill Meteorite was filmed on October 9, 1992 by at least 16 independent videographers.[61] Eyewitness accounts indicate the fireball entry of the Peekskill meteorite started over West Virginia at 23:48 UT (±1 min). The fireball, which traveled in a northeasterly direction, had a pronounced greenish colour, and attained an estimated peak visual magnitude of −13. During a luminous flight time that exceeded 40 seconds the fireball covered a ground path of some 700 to 800 km.[62] One meteorite recovered at Peekskill, New York, for which the event and object gained their name, had a mass of 12.4 kg (27 lb) and was subsequently identified as an H6 monomict breccia meteorite.[63] The video record suggests that the Peekskill meteorite had several companions over a wide area. The companions are unlikely to be recovered in the hilly, wooded terrain in the vicinity of Peekskill.
2009—Bone, Indonesia
A large fireball was observed in the skies near Bone, Indonesia on October 8, 2009. This was thought to be caused by an asteroid approximately 10 meters in diameter. The fireball contained an estimated energy of 50 kilotons of TNT, or about twice the Nagasaki atomic bomb. No injuries were reported.[64]
2009—Southwestern US
A large bolide was reported on 18 November 2009 over southeastern California, northern Arizona, Utah, Wyoming, Idaho and Colorado. At 00:07 local time a security camera at the high altitude W. L. Eccles Observatory (2930 m above sea level) recorded a movie of the passage of the object to the north.[65][66] Of particular note in this video is the spherical "ghost" image slightly trailing the main object (this is likely a lens reflection of the intense fireball), and the bright fireball explosion associated with the breakup of a substantial fraction of the object. An object trail can be seen to continue northward after the bright fireball event. The shock from the final breakup triggered seven seismological stations in northern Utah; a timing fit to the seismic data yielded a terminal location of the object at 40.286 N, -113.191 W, altitude 27 km.[citation needed] This is above the Dugway Proving Grounds, a closed Army testing base.
2013—Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia
The Chelyabinsk meteor was an extremely bright, exploding fireball, known as superbolide, measuring about 17 to 20 meters across, with an estimated initial mass of 11,000 tonnes, as the relatively small asteroid entered Earth's atmosphere.[67][68] It was the largest known natural object to have entered Earth's atmosphere since the Tunguska event in 1908. Over 1,500 people were injured mostly by glass from shattered windows caused by the air burst approximately 25 to 30 km above the environs of Chelyabinsk, Russia on 15 February 2013. An increasingly bright streak was observed during morning daylight with a large contrail lingering behind. At no less than 1 minute and up to at least 3 minutes after the object peaked in intensity (depending on distance from trail), a large concussive blast was heard that shattered windows and set-off car alarms, which was followed by a number of smaller explosions.[69]
Gallery of meteors[edit]
Orionid meteor
Sporadic bolide over the desert of Central Australia and a Lyrid (top edge)
Meteor (center) seen from the International Space Station
Possible meteor (center) photographed from Mars, March 7, 2004, by MER Spirit
Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 colliding with Jupiter: The sequence shows fragment W turning into a fireball on the planet's dark side
Meteorites[edit]
Main article: Meteorite
Murnpeowie meteorite, an iron meteorite with regmaglypts resembling thumbprints (Australia, 1910)
A meteorite is a portion of a meteoroid or asteroid that survives its passage through the atmosphere and hits the ground without being destroyed.[70] Meteorites are sometimes, but not always, found in association with hypervelocity impact craters; during energetic collisions, the entire impactor may be vaporized, leaving no meteorites. Geologists use the term, "bolide", in a different sense from astronomers to indicate a very large impactor. For example, the USGS uses the term to mean a generic large crater-forming projectile in a manner "to imply that we do not know the precise nature of the impacting body ... whether it is a rocky or metallic asteroid, or an icy comet for example".[71]
Meteoroids also hit other bodies in the solar system. On such stony bodies as the Moon or Mars that have little or no atmosphere, they leave enduring craters.
Frequency of impacts[edit]
See also: Planet Earth collision probability with near-Earth objects
The diameter of the largest impactor to hit Earth on any given day is likely to be about 40 centimeters (16 inches), in a given year about 4 meters, and in a given century about 20 meters. These statistics are obtained by the following:
Over at least the range from 5 centimeters (2.0 inches) to roughly 300 meters (980 feet), the rate at which Earth receives meteors obeys a power-law distribution as follows:
N ( > D ) = 37 D − 2.7 {\displaystyle N(>D)=37D^{-2.7}\ }
where N (>D) is the expected number of objects larger than a diameter of D meters to hit Earth in a year.[72] This is based on observations of bright meteors seen from the ground and space, combined with surveys of near-Earth asteroids. Above 300 meters in diameter, the predicted rate is somewhat higher, with a two-kilometer asteroid (one million-megaton TNT equivalent) every couple of million years — about 10 times as often as the power-law extrapolation would predict.
Impact craters[edit]
Main article: Impact crater
Meteoroid collisions with solid Solar System objects, including the Moon, Mercury, Callisto, Ganymede, and most small moons and asteroids, create impact craters, which are the dominant geographic features of many of those objects. On other planets and moons with active surface geological processes, such as Earth, Venus, Mars, Europa, Io, and Titan, visible impact craters may become eroded, buried, or transformed by tectonics over time. In early literature, before the significance of impact cratering was widely recognised, the terms cryptoexplosion or cryptovolcanic structure were often used to describe what are now recognised as impact-related features on Earth.[73] Molten terrestrial material ejected from a meteorite impact crater can cool and solidify into an object known as a tektite. These are often mistaken for meteorites.
Gallery of meteorites[edit]
Two tektites, molten terrestrial ejecta from a meteorite impact
A partial slice of the Esquel pallasite
Willamette Meteorite, from Oregon, USA
Meteorite, which fell in Wisconsin in 1868
Marília Meteorite, a chondrite H4, which fell in Marília, Brazil (1971)
Children posing behind the Tucson Meteorite at the Arizona Museum of Natural History
Meteorite with brecciation and carbon inclusions from Tindouf, Algeria[74]
See also[edit]
Glossary of meteoritics
Relating to meteoroids[edit]
Interplanetary dust
Micrometeoroid
Near-Earth object
Relating to meteors[edit]
American Meteor Society
Bolide
Desert Fireball Network
Green fireballs
Hydrometeor
International Meteor Organization
Leonids
List of meteor air bursts
List of meteor showers
Lyrids
North American Meteor Network
Orionids
Perseids
Tollmann's hypothetical bolide
Relating to meteorites[edit]
Baetylus—Sacred stones made from meteorites
Impact crater
Impact event
Interplanetary dust cloud § Collecting interplanetary dust on Earth
Meteorite
Micrometeorite
Tektite
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "meteoroid Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary". dictionary.cambridge.org.
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External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Meteor.
Wikisource has original works on the topic: Meteoroids
Look up meteoroid or meteor in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
A History of Meteors and Other Atmospheric Phenomena
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Minor Planet Center: Asteroid Hazards, Part 2: The Challenge of Detection on YouTube (min. 7:14)
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Chicora meteor

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List of meteorite falls

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values: Метеорно тяло – Bulgarian

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Meteoroid – Czech
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Awyrfaen – Welsh
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Meteoroid – Danish
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Meteoroid – German
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Meteoroid – Croatian
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Meteoro – Ido
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Meteoroid – Indonesian
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values: Метеор – Kazakh

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Kimondo – Swahili
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Meteoroid – Luxembourgish
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Meteoroid – Hungarian
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Meteoroid – Malay
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Meteoroid – Uzbek
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Meteoroid – Polish
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Meteoroid – Romanian
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Meteoroid – Slovak
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Meteoroid – Slovenian
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Meteoroid – Serbian
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Meteoroid – Serbo-Croatian
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Meteoroid – Swedish
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Meteoroid – Tagalog
tl
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