text:
Pig Latin
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the language game. For the programming language, see Pig (programming tool).
Not to be confused with Dog Latin.
Pig Latin
Igpay Atinlay
Spoken in
English-speaking world
Classification
Language game or Argot
Spoken with
English
See also: Language games
Pig Latin is a language in which words in English are altered, usually by adding a fabricated suffix or by moving the onset or initial consonant or consonant cluster of a word to the end of the word and adding a vocalic syllable to create such a suffix. The objective is to conceal the words from others not familiar with the rules. The reference to Latin is a deliberate misnomer; Pig Latin is simply a form of argot or jargon unrelated to Latin, and the name is used for its English connotations as a strange and foreign-sounding language.
Contents
[hide]
1 Origins and history
2 Rules
3 In other languages
4 Notes
5 References
Origins and history[edit]
Early mentions of pig Latin or hog Latin describe what we would today call dog Latin, a type of parody Latin. Examples of this predate even Shakespeare, whose 1598 play, Love's Labour's Lost, includes a reference to dog Latin:[1]
Costard: Go to; thou hast it ad dungill, at the fingers' ends, as they say.
Holofernes: O, I smell false Latine; dunghill for unguem.
—  Love's Labour's Lost, William Shakespeare
An 1866 article describes a "hog latin" that has some similarities to current pig Latin. The article says, "He adds as many new letters as the boys in their 'hog latin,' which is made use of to mystify eavesdroppers. A boy asking a friend to go with him says, 'Wig-ge you-ge go-ge wig-ge me-ge?' The other, replying in the negative says, 'Noge, Ige woge.' "[2]
Another early mention of the name was in Putnam's Magazine in May 1869 "I had plenty of ammunition in reserve, to say nothing, Tom, of our pig Latin. 'Hoggibus, piggibus et shotam damnabile grunto,' and all that sort of thing," although the jargon is dog Latin.
The Atlantic January 1895 also included a mention of the subject: "They all spoke a queer jargon which they themselves had invented. It was something like the well-known 'pig Latin' that all sorts of children like to play with."
The modern version of pig Latin appears in a 1919 Columbia Records album containing what sounds like the modern variation, by a singer named Arthur Fields. The song, called Pig Latin Love, is followed by the subtitle "I-Yay Ove-Lay oo-yay earie-day".[3] The Three Stooges used it on multiple occasions, most notably Tassels in the Air, a 1938 short where Moe Howard attempts to teach Curley Howard how to use it, thereby conveying the rules to the audience. In an earlier (1934) episode, Three Little Pigskins, Larry Fine attempts to impress a woman with his skill in Pig Latin, but it turns out that she knows it, too. No explanation of the rules is given. A few months prior in 1934, in the Our Gang short film Washee Ironee, Spanky tries to speak to an Asian boy by using Pig Latin.[4] Ginger Rogers sang a verse of We're in the Money in pig Latin in an elaborate Busby Berkeley production number in the film Gold Diggers of 1933, ( Trippy Ginger Rogers Pig Latin. YouTube ). The film, the third highest grossing of that year, was inducted into the National Film Registry and that song included in the all time top 100 movie songs by the American Film Institute. Merle Travis ends his song When My Baby Double Talks To Me with the phrase, "What a aybybay", where the last word is Pig Latin for "baby".
A 1947 newspaper question and answer column describes the pig Latin as we understand it today. It describes moving the first letter to the end of a word and then adding "ay".[5]
Two Pig Latin words that have entered into mainstream American English are "ixnay" or "icksnay", the Pig Latin version of "nix" (itself a borrowing of Yiddish nichts[6]), which is used as a general negative; and "amscray", Pig Latin for "scram", meaning "go away" or "get out of here".[7][8][9][10]
Rules[edit]
For words that begin with consonant sounds, all letters before the initial vowel are placed at the end of the word sequence. Then, "ay" is added, as in the following examples:[11]
"pig" = "igpay"
"latin" = "atinlay"
"banana" = "ananabay"
"happy" = "appyhay"
"duck" = "uckday"
"me" = "emay"
"too" = "ootay"
"will" = "illway"
"real" = "ealray"
"simple" = "implesay"
"say" = "aysay"
"bagel" = "agelbay"
"fail" = "ailfay"
When words begin with consonant clusters (multiple consonants that form one sound), the whole sound is added to the end when speaking or writing.[12]
"cheers" = "eerschay"
"shesh" = "eshshay"
"smile" = "ilesmay"
"string" = "ingstray"
"thanks" = "anksthay"
"stupid" = "upidstay"
"glove" = "oveglay"
"trash" = "ashtray"
For words that begin with vowel sounds, one just adds "way" or "yay" to the end (or just "ay"). Examples are:
"eat" = "eatway" or "eatay"
"omelet" = "omeletway" or "omeletay"
"are" = "areway" or "areay"
"egg" = "eggway" or "eggay"
"explain" = "explainway"
"always" = "alwaysway" or "alwaysay"
"ends" = "endsway" or "endsay"
An alternative convention for words beginning with vowel sounds, one removes the initial vowel(s) along with the first consonant or consonant cluster. This usually only works for words with more than one syllable and offers a more unique variant of the words in keeping with the mysterious, unrecognizable sounds of the converted words. Examples are:
"every" = "eryevay"
"omelet" = "eletomay"
"another" = "otheranay"
"under" = "erunday"
"island" = "andislay"
"elegant" = "egantelay"
In other languages[edit]
In the German-speaking area, varieties of Pig Latin include Kedelkloppersprook, which originated around Hamburg harbour, and Mattenenglisch that was used in the Matte, the traditional working-class neighborhood of Bern. Though Mattenenglisch has fallen out of use since the mid-20th century, it is still cultivated by voluntary associations. A characteristic of the Mattenenglisch Pig Latin is the complete substitution of the first vowel by i, in addition to the usual moving of the initial consonant cluster and the adding of ee.
The Swedish equivalent of Pig Latin is Fikonspråket ("Fig language" – see Language game § List of common language games).
The Finnish Pig Latin is called Kontinkieli ("container language"). After each word you add the word kontti "container", then switch the first syllables. For example, wikipedia kontti --> kokipedia wintti. Minä rakastan sinua ("I love you") would result in konä mintti kokastan rantti konua sintti.
Another equivalent of Pig Latin is used throughout the Slavic-speaking parts of the Balkans. It is called "Šatra" (/sha-tra/)or "Šatrovački" (/shatro-vachki/) and was used in crime-related and street language. For instance, the Balkan slang name for marijuana (trava - meaning "grass") turns to "vutra"; the Balkan slang name for cocaine (belo - meaning "white") turns to lobe, a pistol (pištolj) turns to štoljpi, bro (brate) turns to tebra. In the past few years it has become widely used between teenage immigrants in former Yugoslavian countries.
In Italian, the alfabeto farfallino uses a similar encoding.
French has the loucherbem (or louchébem, or largonji[13]) coded language, which supposedly was originally used by butchers (boucher in French).[14] In loucherbem, the leading consonant cluster is moved to the end of the word (as in Pig Latin) and replaced by an L, and then a suffix is added at the end of the word (-oche, -em, -oque, etc., depending on the word). Example: combien (how much) = lombienquès. Similar coded languages are verlan and langue de feu (see fr:Javanais (argot). A few louchébem words have become usual French words: fou (crazy) = loufoque, portefeuille (wallet) = larfeuille, en douce (on the quiet) = en loucedé. Also similar is the widely used French argot verlan, in which the syllables of words are transposed. Verlan is a French slang that is quite similar to English pig Latin. It is spoken by separating a word into syllables and reversing the syllables.
Verlan was first documented as being used as far back as the 19th century. Back in the 19th century it was spoken as code by criminals in effort to conceal illicit activities within conversations around other people, even the police. Currently, Verlan has been increasingly used in areas just outside major cities mainly populated by migrant workers. This language has served as a language bridge between many of these migrant workers from multiple countries and origins and has been so widely and readily used that it has spread into advertising, film scripts, French rap and hip-hop music, media, in some French dictionaries and in some cases, words that have been Verlanned have actually replaced their original words. The new uses of Verlan and how it has become incorporated into the French culture has all happened within just a few decades.[15]
Here is an example of some French words that have been Verlanned and their English meaning:[16]
French
Verlan
English
bande deban group
bizarre zarbi weird
Black (Eng.) kebla black person
bloqué kéblo blocked
bonjour jourbon hello
bus sub bus
cable bleca trendy
café feca cafe
classe secla class
clope peclot cigarette
cool (Eng.) looc cool
démon mondé demon
disque skeud album
fais chier fais ieche it's boring
femme meuf woman
flic keuf cop
fou ouf crazy
français cefran French
jobard barjot crazy
l'envers verlan reverse
louche chelou shady
mec keum man
mère reum mother
métro tromé train
musique sicmu music
père reup father
piscine cinepi pool (swimming)
poulet lepou chicken (similar to "pig" in english; for police officer)
pourri ripou corrupt
rap pera rap (music)
truc keutru stuff
vas-y zyva go for it
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "What's the origin of pig Latin?". The Straight Dope.
Jump up ^ Wakeman, George (1886). Sound and Sense. The Galaxy: A Magazine of Entertaining Reading, Volume 1. p. 638. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
Jump up ^ I Always Wondered: Where did Pig Latin come from?
The consensus seems to be that the version of Pig Latin we know today, was born sometime in the 20th century. In 1919 Columbia records released an album with Arthur Fields singing “Pig Latin Love”. The Subtitle “I-Yay Ove-Lay oo-yay earie-day” indicates that this is the modern form of Pig Latin we recognize today. I was able to scrounge up a photograph of the 1919 sheet music on eBay. Below the Pig Latin subtitle is the translation, “(I love you dearie)”, suggesting that perhaps this form of Pig Latin hadn’t taken root among the general public yet.
Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fcMWkY-Wlkk#t=10m35s
Jump up ^ "Answers to Questions - The Haskins' Service". Reading Eagle. 28 January 1947. p. 12. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary, s.v.
Jump up ^ Blake, Barry J. (2010). Secret Language: Codes, Tricks, Spies, Thieves, and Symbols. OUP Oxford.
Jump up ^ Miller, D. Gary (2014). English Lexicogenesis. OUP Oxford.
Jump up ^ Hendrickson, Robert (1998). QPB Encyclopedia of Word and Phrase Origins. Facts on File.
Jump up ^ McGraw-Hill Education 3 MCAT Practice Tests, Third Edition. McGraw Hill Professional. 2017.
Jump up ^ "Useful phrases in Pig Latin (IgpaAtinlay)". www.omniglot.com. Retrieved 2017-01-03.
Jump up ^ "How to Speak Pig Latin".
Jump up ^ "LARGONJI : Définition de LARGONJI". Cnrtl.fr. Retrieved 2014-03-10.
Jump up ^ Françoise Robert l'Argenton. "Larlépem largomuche du louchébem. Parler l'argot du boucher" (in French). Parlures argotiques. pp. 113–125. Retrieved 2014-03-10.
Jump up ^ Stille, Alexander (2002-08-17). "Backward runs French. Reels the mind. Verlan, a kind of code among immigrants, both confuses and intrigues". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Davis, J.J. (Autumn 2004). "Autumn, 2004, Vol. 29 Issue 3, p7, 2 p". Verbatim. 29: 7.
References[edit]
Barlow, Jessica. 2001. "Individual differences in the production of initial consonant sequences in Pig Latin." Lingua 111:667-696.
Cowan, Nelson. 1989. "Acquisition of Pig Latin: A Case Study." Journal of Child Language 16.2:365-386.
Day, R. 1973. "On learning 'secret languages.'" Haskins Laboratories Status Report on Speech Research 34:141-150.
Haycock, Arthur. "Pig Latin." American Speech 8:3.81.
McCarthy, John. 1991. "Reduplicative Infixation in Secret Languages" [L'Infixation reduplicative dans les langages secrets]. Langages 25.101:11-29.
Vaux, Bert and Andrew Nevins. 2003. "Underdetermination in language games: Survey and analysis of Pig Latin dialects." Linguistic Society of America Annual Meeting, Atlanta.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pig_Latin&oldid=842363397"
Categories:
Language games
Classical ciphers
Obfuscation
English-based argots
Cant languages
Hidden categories:
CS1 French-language sources (fr)
Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages
Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Čeština
Deutsch
Español
Euskara
فارسی
Français
한국어
Italiano
עברית
Latina
Magyar
Nederlands
日本語
Polski
Русский
Scots
Simple English
Svenska
Українська
粵語
中文
12 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 22 May 2018, at 00:00.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: class id

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values:
/wiki/Pig_(programming_tool)
mw-redirect
Pig (programming tool)

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: caption

values:
/wiki/Latin_language
mw-redirect
Latin language

values:
/wiki/Curley_Howard
mw-redirect
Curley Howard

values:
/wiki/We%27re_in_the_Money
mw-redirect
We're in the Money

values:
/wiki/Negative_(language)
mw-redirect
Negative (language)

values: Kedelkloppersprook (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Slavic_language
mw-redirect
Slavic language

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.wikihow.com/Speak-Pig-Latin

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/largonji

values: refbegin columns references-column-count references-column-count-2

values: -moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;

values: Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)

values: Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages

values: Category:Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Pig_Latin
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pig_Latin
Pig Latin – Czech
cs
cs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pig_Latin
Pig Latin – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pig_Latin
Pig Latin – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pig_Latin
Pig Latin – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: پیگ لاتین – Persian

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pig_latin
Pig latin – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pig_Latin
Pig Latin – Hebrew
he
he
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pig_Latin
Pig Latin – Latin
la
la
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pig_Latin
Pig Latin – Hungarian
hu
hu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pig_Latin
Pig Latin – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: ピッグ・ラテン – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values: Поросячья латынь – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pig_Latin
Pig Latin – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values: Поросяча латина – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Pig_Latin rootpage-Pig_Latin skin-vector action-view


text:
Be on You
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Be on You"
Single by Flo Rida featuring Ne-Yo
from the album R.O.O.T.S.
Released
October 6, 2009
Format
Digital download
CD single
Recorded
2009
Genre
Pop-rap
Label
Poe Boy
Atlantic
Songwriter(s)
Tor Erik Hermansen
Mikkel S. Eriksen
Shaffer Smith
Tramar Dillard
Producer(s)
Stargate
Ne-Yo
Flo Rida singles chronology
"Heartbreaker"
(2009) "Be on You"
(2009) "Bad Boys"
(2009)
"Heartbreaker"
(2009) "Be on You"
(2009) "Bad Boys"
(2009)
Ne-Yo singles chronology
"Part of the List"
(2009) Part of the List2009 "Be on You"
(2009) Be on You2009 "Baby by Me"
(2009) Baby by Me2009
"Be on You" is the fifth official single from Flo Rida's second album, R.O.O.T.S.. It features Ne-Yo and is produced by Stargate. Since July 2009, the single has been gaining airplay. Despite getting much airplay, the single wasn't officially released until October 2009, due to Flo Rida focusing on promoting his other single "Jump". It takes a famous line from the movie Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy and uses it as its chorus.
Contents
[hide]
1 Chart performance
2 Charts
3 References
4 External links
Chart performance[edit]
"Be on You" entered the US Billboard Hot 100 at number 75 in April 2009, even though it was not released as a single. On July 30, 2009, "Be on You" along with "Jump", re-entered the Billboard 100 at numbers 90 and 76, respectively. It peaked at 19 in the United States, making it Flo Rida's sixth top 20 hit on the Hot 100.
Charts[edit]
Chart (2009)
Peak
position
Brasil (Brasil Hot 100 Airplay)[1] 83
Brazilian Singles Chart (ABPD)[2] 21
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[3] 61
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[4] 51
US Billboard Hot 100[5] 19
US Hot Rap Songs (Billboard)[6] 6
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[7] 18
US Rhythmic (Billboard)[8] 3
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Brazil Hot 100 Airplay". Billboard Brazil (in Portuguese). Brazil: Nielsen Business Media, Inc. 79 (2). 2010-04-01.
Jump up ^ "Brazil" (PDF). ABPD. October 6, 2001. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Flo Rida Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)" Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "Flo Rida Chart History (Hot 100)" Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Flo Rida Chart History (Hot Rap Songs)" Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Flo Rida Chart History (Pop Songs)" Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Flo Rida Chart History (Rhythmic)" Billboard.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
[show]
v
t
e
Flo Rida singles
Discography
Mail on Sunday
"Low"
"Elevator"
"In the Ayer"
R.O.O.T.S.
"Right Round"
"Shone"
"Sugar"
"Jump"
"Be on You"
Only One Flo (Part 1)
"Club Can't Handle Me"
"Turn Around (5, 4, 3, 2, 1)"
"Who Dat Girl"
Wild Ones
"Good Feeling"
"Wild Ones"
"Whistle"
"I Cry"
"Sweet Spot"
"Let It Roll"
My House
"G.D.F.R."
"I Don't Like It, I Love It"
"My House"
Other songs
"Can't Believe It"
"How I Feel"
"Hello Friday"
"Zillionaire"
Featured singles
"Move Shake Drop"
"Starstruck"
"We Break the Dawn"
"Running Back"
"Feel It"
"Ruff Me Up"
"Bad Boys"
"Kick It Out"
"Heartbreaker"
"Good Girls Go Bad (Frank E Remix)"
"Feel It"
"iYiYi"
"You Make the Rain Fall"
"Boom Shacka"
"Higher"
"Dance with Me"
"Where Them Girls At"
"I'm Alright"
"Club Rocker"
"Hangover"
"Get Low"
"Goin' In"
"Troublemaker"
"Change Your Life"
"Say You're Just a Friend"
"Tonight Belongs to U!"
"Greenlight"
[show]
v
t
e
Ne-Yo
Discography
Awards and nominations
Studio albums
In My Own Words
Because of You
Year of the Gentleman
Libra Scale
R.E.D.
Non-Fiction
Good Man
Compilation albums
Ne-Yo: The Collection
Singles
"Stay"
"So Sick"
"When You're Mad"
"Sexy Love"
"Because of You"
"Do You"
"Can We Chill"
"Go On Girl"
"Closer"
"Miss Independent"
"Mad"
"Part of the List"
"Never Knew I Needed"
"Beautiful Monster"
"Champagne Life"
"One in a Million"
"Think Like a Man"
"Lazy Love"
"Let Me Love You (Until You Learn to Love Yourself)"
"Don't Make Em Like You"
"Forever Now"
"Money Can't Buy"
"She Knows"
"Coming with You"
"Earn Your Love"
"Another Love Song"
Featured singles
"Back Like That"
"Sexual Healing"
"Make Me Better"
"Hate That I Love You"
"Bust It Baby (Part 2)"
"Finer Things"
"Single"
"Camera Phone"
"She Got Her Own"
"By My Side"
"Knock You Down"
"Be on You"
"Baby by Me"
"Angels Cry"
"Super High"
"Give Me Everything"
"Turn All the Lights On"
"Leave You Alone"
"Let's Go"
"Turn Around"
"Play Hard"
"Tonight"
"Reason To Hate"
"Without You"
"Incredible"
"Time of Our Lives"
"Higher Place"
"Marry You"
Promotional singles
"The Way You Move"
Filmography
Save the Last Dance 2
Stomp the Yard
Battle: Los Angeles
Red Tails
Good Deeds
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Be_on_You&oldid=807207528"
Categories:
2009 singles
Flo Rida songs
Ne-Yo songs
Song recordings produced by Stargate (production team)
Songs written by Ne-Yo
Songs written by Tor Erik Hermansen
Songs written by Mikkel Storleer Eriksen
2009 songs
Songs written by Flo Rida
Hidden categories:
CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)
Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters
Singlechart usages for Canada
Singlechart called without song
Singlechart usages for UK
Singlechart called without artist
Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100
Singlechart usages for Billboardrapsongs
Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs
Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Español
Italiano
Polski
Português
Türkçe
Tiếng Việt
Edit links
This page was last edited on 26 October 2017, at 15:57.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: th

attrs: colspan class style

value: tr

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

value: td

attrs: colspan style

attrs: href title

value: i

values:
/wiki/Stargate_(production_team)
mw-redirect
Stargate (production team)

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em .1em .2em 0;

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding:.2em .1em;

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em 0 .2em .1em;

values: background: transparent; width: 100%; min-width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;

values: width:33%; padding:.2em .1em .2em 0; text-align: center;

values: width:33%; padding:.2em .1em; text-align: center;

values: width:33%; padding:.2em 0 .2em .1em; text-align: center;

values:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values: Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos

values:
nofollow
external text
http://asdfg-menezes.org/bookBR.pdf

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
Flo_Rida_singles
fn
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em

values:
navbox-abovebelow
2
background: #EEEEEE;

values:
row
navbox-group
width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;

values:
/wiki/Zillionaire_(song)
mw-redirect
Zillionaire (song)

values:
/wiki/Boom_Shacka
mw-redirect
Boom Shacka

values:
/wiki/I%27m_Alright_(Jean-Roch_song)
mw-redirect
I'm Alright (Jean-Roch song)

values: Change Your Life (Far East Movement song)

values: nowraplinks vcard collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: List of awards and nominations received by Ne-Yo

values:
/wiki/Good_Man_(Ne-Yo_album)
mw-redirect
Good Man (Ne-Yo album)

values:
/wiki/Think_Like_a_Man_(song)
mw-redirect
Think Like a Man (song)

values: Single (New Kids on the Block and Ne-Yo song)

values: Time of Our Lives (Pitbull and Ne-Yo song)

values: nowraplinks vcard hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Song recordings produced by Stargate (production team)

values: Category:Songs written by Tor Erik Hermansen

values: Category:Songs written by Mikkel Storleer Eriksen

values: Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)

values: Category:Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters

values: Category:Singlechart called without song

values: Category:Singlechart called without artist

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Billboardrapsongs

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Be_on_You
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be_on_You
Be on You – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be_on_You
Be on You – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be_on_You
Be on You – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be_on_You
Be on You – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be_on_You
Be on You – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be_on_You
Be on You – Vietnamese
vi
vi
interlanguage-link-target

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Be_on_You rootpage-Be_on_You skin-vector action-view


text:
Compass rose
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the meteorological graphic, see Wind rose
A common compass rose as found on a nautical chart showing both true north and magnetic north with magnetic variation. Also notice the correspondence between the thirty-two point rose (inner circle) and the modern 0-360° graduations.
A compass rose, sometimes called a windrose, or Rose of the Winds, is a figure on a compass, map, nautical chart, or monument used to display the orientation of the cardinal directions: North, East, South, and West—and their intermediate points. It is also the term for the graduated markings found on the traditional magnetic compass. Today, the idea of a compass rose is found on, or featured in, almost all navigation systems, including nautical charts, non-directional beacons (NDB), VHF omnidirectional range (VOR) systems, global-positioning systems (GPS), and similar equipment.
Compass rose with the eight principal winds
The modern compass rose has eight principal winds. Listed clockwise, these are:
Compass point
Abbr.
Heading
Traditional wind
North N 0° Tramontane
North-East NE 45° (45°×1) Greco or Grecale
East E 90° (45°×2) Levante
South-East SE 135° (45°×3) Sirocco
South S 180° (45°×4) Ostro or Mezzogiorno
South-West SW 225° (45°×5) Libeccio or Garbino
West W 270° (45°×6) Ponente
North-West NW 315° (45°×7) Maestro or Mistral
Although modern compasses use the names of the eight principal directions (N, NE, E, SE, etc.), older compasses use the traditional Italianate wind names of Medieval origin (Tramontana, Greco, Levante, etc.)
4-point compass roses use only the four "basic winds" or "cardinal directions" (North, East, South, West), with angles of difference at 90°.
8-point compass roses use the eight principal winds—that is, the four cardinal directions (N, E, S, W) plus the four "intercardinal" or "ordinal directions" (NE, SE, SW, NW), at angles of difference of 45°.
16-point compass roses are constructed by bisecting the angles of the principal winds to come up with intermediate compass points, known as half-winds, at angles of difference of 22 1⁄2°. The names of the half-winds are simply combinations of the principal winds to either side, principal then ordinal. E.g. North-northeast (NNE), East-northeast (ENE), etc.
32-point compass roses are constructed by bisecting these angles, and coming up with quarter-winds at 11 1⁄4° angles of difference. Quarter-wind names are constructed with the names "X by Y", which can be read as "one quarter wind from X toward Y", where X is one of the eight principal winds and Y is one of the two adjacent cardinal directions. E.g. North-by-east (NbE) is one quarter wind from North towards East, Northeast-by-north (NEbN) is one quarter wind from Northeast toward North. Naming all 32 points on the rose is called "boxing the compass".
The 32-point rose has the uncomfortable number of 11 1⁄4° between points, but is easily found by halving divisions and may have been easier for those not using a 360° circle. Using gradians, of which there are 400 in a circle,[1] the sixteen-point rose will have twenty-five gradians per point.
A 4-point compass rose
An 8-point compass rose
A 16-point compass rose
A 32-point compass rose
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Classical compass rose
1.2 Sidereal compass rose
1.3 Mariner's compass rose
1.4 Depiction on Nautical Charts
2 Modern depictions
3 Usage
4 In popular culture
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
Linguistic anthropological studies have shown that most human communities have four points of cardinal direction. The names given to these directions are usually derived from either locally-specific geographic features (e.g. "towards the hills", "towards the sea") or from celestial bodies (especially the sun) or from atmospheric features (winds, temperature).[2] Most mobile populations tend to adopt sunrise and sunset for East and West and the direction from where different winds blow to denote North and South.
Classical compass rose[edit]
Main article: Classical compass winds
The ancient Greeks originally maintained distinct and separate systems of points and winds. The four Greek cardinal points (arctos, anatole, mesembria and dusis) were based on celestial bodies and used for orientation. The four Greek winds (Boreas, Notos, Eurus, Zephyrus) were confined to meteorology. Nonetheless, both systems were gradually conflated, and wind names came to eventually denote cardinal directions as well.[3]
In his meteorological studies, Aristotle identified ten distinct winds: two north-south winds (Aparctias, Notos) and four sets of east-west winds blowing from different latitudes—the Arctic circle (Meses, Thrascias), the summer solstice horizon (Caecias, Argestes), the equinox (Apeliotes, Zephyrus) and the winter solstice (Eurus, Lips). However, Aristotle's system was asymmetric. To restore balance, Timosthenes of Rhodes added two more winds to produce the classical 12-wind rose, and began using the winds to denote geographical direction in navigation. Eratosthenes deducted two winds from Aristotle's system, to produce the classical 8-wind rose.
The Romans (e.g. Seneca, Pliny) adopted the Greek 12-wind system, and replaced its names with Latin equivalents, e.g. Septentrio, Subsolanus, Auster, Favonius, etc. Uniquely, Vitruvius came up with a 24-wind rose.
According to the chronicler Einhard (c. 830), the Frankish king Charlemagne himself came up with his own names for the classical 12 winds.[4] He named the four cardinal winds on the roots Nord (etymology uncertain, could be "wet", meaning from the rainy lands), Ost (shining place, sunrise), Sund (sunny lands) and Vuest (dwelling place, meaning evening). Intermediate winds were constructed as simple compound names of these four (e.g. "Nordostdroni", the "northeasterly" wind). These Carolingian names are the source of the modern compass point names found in nearly all modern west European languages. (e.g. North, East, South and West in English; Nord, Est, Sud, Ouest in French, etc.)
The following table gives a rough equivalence of the classical 12-wind rose with the modern compass directions (Note: the directions are imprecise since it is not clear at what angles the classical winds are supposed to be with each other; some have argued that they should be equally spaced at 30 degrees each; for more details, see the article on Classical compass winds).
Classical 12-wind rose, with Greek (blue) and Latin (red) names (from Seneca)
Wind
Greek
Roman
Frankish
N Aparctias (ὰπαρκτίας) Septentrio Nordroni
NNE Meses (μέσης) or
Boreas (βoρέας) Aquilo Nordostroni
NE Caicias (καικίας) Caecias Ostnordroni
E Apeliotes (ὰπηλιώτης) Subsolanus Ostroni
SE Eurus (εΰρος) Vulturnus Ostsundroni
SSE Euronotus (εὺρόνοtος) Euronotus Sundostroni
S Notos (νόtος) Auster Sundroni
SSW Libonotos (λιβόνοtος) Libonotus
or Austroafricus Sundvuestroni
SW Lips (λίψ) Africus Vuestsundroni
W Zephyrus (ζέφυρος) Favonius Vuestroni
NW Argestes (ὰργέστης) Corus Vuestnordroni
NNW Thrascias (θρασκίας) Thrascias or Circius Nordvuestroni
Sidereal compass rose[edit]
The "sidereal" compass rose demarcates the compass points by the position of stars in the night sky, rather than winds. Arab navigators in the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean, who depended on celestial navigation, were using a 32-point sidereal compass rose before the end of the 10th century.[5][6][7][8][9] In the northern hemisphere, the steady Pole Star (Polaris) was used for the N-S axis; the less-steady Southern Cross had to do for the southern hemisphere, as the southern pole star, Sigma Octantis, is too dim to be easily seen from Earth with the naked eye. The other thirty points on the sidereal rose were determined by the rising and setting positions of fifteen bright stars. Reading from North to South, in their rising and setting positions, these are:[10]
Point
Star
N Polaris
NbE "the Guards" (Ursa Minor)
NNE Alpha Ursa Major
NEbN Alpha Cassiopeiae
NE Capella
NEbE Vega
ENE Arcturus
EbN the Pleiades
E Altair
EbS Orion's belt
ESE Sirius
SEbE Beta Scorpionis
SE Antares
SEbS Alpha Centauri
SSE Canopus
SbE Achenar
S Southern Cross
The western half of the rose would be the same stars in their setting position. The true position of these stars is only approximate to their theoretical equidistant rhumbs on the sidereal compass. Stars with the same declination formed a "linear constellation" or kavenga to provide direction as the night progressed.[11]
A similar sidereal compass was used by Polynesian and Micronesian navigators in the Pacific Ocean, although different stars were used in a number of cases, clustering around the East-West axis.[12][13]
Mariner's compass rose[edit]
In Europe, the Classical 12-wind system continued to be taught in academic settings during the Medieval era, but seafarers in the Mediterranean came up with their own distinct 8-wind system. The mariners used names derived from the Mediterranean lingua franca—the Italian-tinged patois among Medieval sailors, composed principally of Ligurian, mixed with Venetian, Sicilian, Provençal, Catalan, Greek and Arabic terms from around the Mediterranean basin.
32-wind compass with traditional names (and traditional color code)
(N) Tramontana
(NE) Greco (or Bora)
(E) Levante
(SE) Scirocco (or Exaloc)
(S) Ostro (or Mezzogiorno)
(SW) Libeccio (or Garbino)
(W) Ponente
(NW) Maestro (or Mistral)
The exact origin of the mariner's eight-wind rose is obscure. Only two of its point names (Ostro, Libeccio) have Classical etymologies, the rest of the names seem to be autonomously derived. Two Arabic words stand out: Scirocco (SE) from al-Sharq (الشرق – east in Arabic) and the variant Garbino (SW), from al-Gharb (الغرب – west in Arabic). This suggests the mariner's rose was probably acquired by southern Italian seafarers not from their classical Roman ancestors, but rather from Norman Sicily in the 11th to 12th centuries.[14] The coasts of the Maghreb and Mashriq are SW and SE of Sicily respectively; the Greco (a NE wind), reflects the position of Byzantine-held Calabria-Apulia to the northeast of Arab Sicily, while the Maestro (a NW wind) is a reference to the Mistral wind that blows from the southern French coast towards northwest Sicily.[citation needed]
The 32-point compass used for navigation in the Mediterranean by the 14th century, had increments of 11 1⁄4° between points. Only the eight principal winds (N, NE, E, SE, S, SW, W, NW) were given special names. The eight half-winds just combined the names of the two principal winds, e.g. Greco-Tramontana for NNE, Greco-Levante for ENE, and so on. Quarter-winds were more cumbersomely phrased, with the closest principal wind named first and the next-closest principal wind second, e.g. "Quarto di Tramontana verso Greco" (literally, "one quarter wind from North towards Northeast", i.e. North by East), and "Quarto di Greco verso Tramontana" ("one quarter wind from NE towards N", i.e. Northeast by North). Boxing the compass (naming all 32 winds) was expected of all Medieval mariners.
Depiction on Nautical Charts[edit]
In the earliest Medieval portolan charts of the 14th century, compass roses were depicted as mere collections of color-coded compass rhumb lines: black for the eight main winds, green for the eight half-winds and red for the sixteen quarter-winds.[15] The average portolan chart had sixteen such roses (or confluence of lines), spaced out equally around the circumference of a large implicit circle.
The cartographer Cresques Abraham of Majorca, in his Catalan Atlas of 1375, was the first to draw an ornate compass rose on a map. By the end of the 15th century, Portuguese cartographers began drawing multiple ornate compass roses throughout the chart, one upon each of the sixteen circumference roses (unless the illustration conflicted with coastal details).[16]
The points on a compass rose were frequently labeled by the initial letters of the mariner's principal winds (T, G, L, S, O, L, P, M). However, from the outset, the custom also began to distinguish the north from the other points by a specific visual marker. Medieval Italian cartographers typically used a simple arrowhead or circumflex-hatted T (an allusion to the compass needle) to designate the north, while the Majorcan cartographic school typically used a stylized Pole Star for its north mark.[17] The use of the fleur-de-lis as north mark was introduced by Pedro Reinel, and quickly became customary in compass roses (and is still often used today). Old compass roses also often used a Christian cross at Levante (E), indicating the direction of Jerusalem from the point of view of the Mediterranean sea.[18]
The twelve Classical winds (or a subset of them) were also sometimes depicted on portolan charts, albeit not on a compass rose, but rather separately on small disks or coins on the edges of the map.
The compass rose was also depicted on traverse boards used on board ships to record headings sailed at set time intervals.
Early 32-wind compass rose, shown as a mere collection of color-coded rhumblines, from a Genoese nautical chart (c. 1325)
First ornate compass rose depicted on a chart, from the Catalan Atlas (1375), with the Pole Star as north mark.
More ornate compass rose, with letters of traditional winds and compass needle as north mark, from a nautical chart by Jorge de Aguiar (1492)
Highly ornate compass rose, with fleur-de-lis as north mark and cross pattée as east mark, from the Cantino planisphere (1502)
Modern depictions[edit]
The contemporary compass rose appears as two rings, one smaller and set inside the other. The outside ring denotes true cardinal directions while the smaller inside ring denotes magnetic cardinal directions. True north refers to the geographical location of the north pole while magnetic north refers to the direction towards which the north pole of a magnetic object (as found in a compass) will point. The angular difference between true and magnetic north is called variation, which varies depending on location.[19] The angular difference between magnetic heading and compass heading is called deviation which varies by vessel and its heading.
Usage[edit]
The NATO symbol uses a four pointed rose.
Outward Bound uses the compass rose as the logo for various schools around the world.
An 8-point compass rose was the logo of Varig, the largest airline in Brazil for many decades until its bankruptcy in 2006.
An 8-point compass rose is a prominent feature in the logo of the Seattle Mariners Major League Baseball club.
Hong Kong Correctional Services's crest uses four point star.
The compass rose is used as the symbol of the worldwide Anglican Communion of churches.[20]
A 16-point compass rose was IBM's logo for the System/360 product line.
A 16-point compass rose is the official logo of the Spanish National University of Distance Education (Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia or UNED).[21]
A 16-point compass rose is present on the seal and the flag of the Central Intelligence Agency of the Federal government of the United States (the CIA).
In popular culture[edit]
HMS Compass Rose is a fictional Royal Navy Flower class corvette in the novel The Cruel Sea.
In the adventure game, Beyond Zork, a compass rose is a flower that can control the direction of the wind.
The Compass Rose is the name of a significant tavern in Mercedes Lackey's Valdemar fantasy novels.
The Compass Rose is a 1982 collection of short stories by Ursula K. Le Guin.
In Diablo III the Compass Rose is a legendary set item.
In Marvel Comics, Captain Marvel (Mar-Vell) and his successors, including most recently Carol Danvers, wear the Hala Star emblazoned upon their chests. This star takes the form of an eight pointed compass rose, with four major and four minor points.
Edith Pattou's 2003 novel East uses the eight-pointed compass rose (called the wind rose in the novel, due to the sixteenth-century setting) as a recurring motif, both as a metaphor that one's life can go in many different directions and relating to the protagonist's arduous physical journey. The protagonist, Rose, is named for it by her mapmaker father, who creates a new compass rose design for each of his children.
Compass Rose, a song by the Japanese boy band Hey!Say!JUMP in their album S3ART, written by Hikaru Yaotome
Sportswear company —Stone Island implement a compass rose design in their logo bearing similarities to others including NATO's.
See also[edit]
Atlas portal
Pelorus (instrument)
Wind Rose
Rhumbline network
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Patrick Bouron (2005). Cartographie: Lecture de Carte (PDF). Institut Géographique National. p. 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-04-15. Retrieved 2011-07-07.
Jump up ^ Brown, C.H. (1983) "Where do Cardinal Direction Terms Come From?", Anthropological Linguistics, Vol. 25 (2), p. 121-61.
Jump up ^ D'Avezac, M.A.P. (1874) Aperçus historiques sur la rose des vents: lettre à Monsieur Henri Narducci. Rome: Civelli
Jump up ^ Einhard, Vita Karoli Imp., [Lat: (Eng.(p.22)(p.68)
Jump up ^ Saussure, L. de (1923) "L'origine de la rose des vents et l'invention de la boussole", Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles, vol. 5, no.2 & 3, pp.149-81 and 259-91.
Jump up ^ Taylor, E.G.R. (1956) The Haven-Finding Art: A history of navigation from Odysseus to Captain Cook, 1971 ed., London: Hollis and Carter., p.128-31.
Jump up ^ Tolmacheva, M. (1980) "On the Arab System of Nautical Orientation", Arabica, vol. 27 (2), p.180-92.
Jump up ^ Tibbets, G.R. (1971) Arab Navigation in the Indian Ocean before the coming of the Portuguese, London: Royal Asiatic Society.
Jump up ^ J. Lagan (2005) The Barefoot Navigator: Navigating with the skills of the ancients. Dobbs Ferry, New York: Sheridan House.
Jump up ^ List comes from Tolmacheva (1980:p.183), based "with some reservations" on Tibbets (1971: p.296, n.133). The sidereal rose given in Lagan (2005: p.66) has some differences, e.g. placing Orion's belt in East and Altair in EbN.
Jump up ^ M.D. Halpern (1985) The Origins of the Carolinian Sidereal Compass, Master's thesis, Texas A & M University
Jump up ^ Goodenough, W. H. (1953). Native Astronomy in the Central Carolines. Philadelphia: University Museum, University of Philadelphia. p. 3.
Jump up ^ Lewis, David (1972). We, the Navigators. Canberra: Australian National University Press. p. 62. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Taylor, E.G. R. (1937) "The 'De Ventis' of Matthew Paris", Imago Mundi, vol. 2, p. 25.
Jump up ^ Wallis, H.M. and J.H. Robinson, editors (1987) Cartographical Innovations: An international handbook of mapping terms to 1900. London: Map Collector Publications.
Jump up ^ A.E. Nordenskiöld (1896) "Résumé of an Essay on the Early History of Charts and Sailing Directions", Report of the Sixth International Geographical Congress: held in London, 1895. London: J. Murray. (p.693)
Jump up ^ Winter, Heinrich (1947) "On the Real and the Pseudo-Pilestrina Maps and Other Early Portuguese Maps in Munich", Imago Mundi, vol. 4, p. 25-27.
Jump up ^ Dan Reboussin (2005). Wind Rose. University of Florida. Retrieved on 2009-04-26.
Jump up ^ John Rousmaniere, Mark Smith (1999). The Annapolis book of seamanship. Simon and Schuster. p. 233. ISBN 978-0-684-85420-5. Retrieved 2011-07-07.
Jump up ^ "About the Compass Rose Society". Compassrosesociety.org. Archived from the original on 2011-10-07. Retrieved 2011-12-18.
Jump up ^ "Descripción del Escudo de la UNED (Description of the UNED emblem)". Retrieved 2013-08-08.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Compass roses.
Origins of the Compass Rose
The Rose of the Winds, an example of a rose with 26 directions.
Compass Rose of Piedro Reinel, 1504, an example of a 32-point rose with cross for east (the Christian Holy Land) and fleur-di-lis for north.[dead link]
The Compass Rose in St. Peter's Square
Brief compass rose history info
Floor Compass Roses
Quilting Patterns Inspired by Compass Rose
Compass Rose in Stained Glass
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Compass_rose&oldid=804983017"
Categories:
Navigation
Cartography
Hidden categories:
Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from August 2009
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Български
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Furlan
Galego
Bahasa Indonesia
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
Latina
Lumbaart
Magyar
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Simple English
Српски / srpski
Svenska
తెలుగు
Українська
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 12 October 2017, at 09:31.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Magnetic_north
mw-redirect
Magnetic north

values:
/wiki/Magnetic_variation
mw-redirect
Magnetic variation

attrs: class style

value: b

values:
/wiki/Magnetic_compass
mw-redirect
Magnetic compass

values:
/wiki/Principal_winds
mw-redirect
Principal winds

values:
/wiki/Grecale_(wind)
mw-redirect
Grecale (wind)

values:
/wiki/Cardinal_directions
mw-redirect
Cardinal directions

values:
/wiki/Ordinal_directions
mw-redirect
Ordinal directions

values:
/wiki/Boxing_the_compass
mw-redirect
Boxing the compass

values:
/wiki/Grad_(angle)
mw-redirect
Grad (angle)

values:
/wiki/Arctic_circle
mw-redirect
Arctic circle

values:
/wiki/Latin_language
mw-redirect
Latin language

values:
/wiki/Southern_Cross
mw-redirect
Southern Cross

values:
/wiki/Capella_(star)
mw-redirect
Capella (star)

values:
/wiki/Mediterranean_lingua_franca
mw-redirect
Mediterranean lingua franca

values:
/wiki/Ligurian_language_(Romance)
mw-redirect
Ligurian language (Romance)

values:
/wiki/Mistral_wind
mw-redirect
Mistral wind

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2013)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: Edit section: Depiction on Nautical Charts

values:
/wiki/Rhumb_lines
mw-redirect
Rhumb lines

values:
/wiki/Cresques_Abraham
mw-redirect
Cresques Abraham

values:
/wiki/Flower_class_corvette
mw-redirect
Flower class corvette

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
/wiki/Texas_A_%26_M_University
mw-redirect
Texas A & M University

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Category:Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013

values: Category:All articles with dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from August 2009

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Compass_rose
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: وردة البوصلة – Arabic

values: Роза на компаса – Bulgarian

values: Ανεμολόγιο – Greek

values: שושנת הרוחות – Hebrew

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windroos
Windroos – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values: Роза ветров (картография) – Russian

values: Ружа географских смерова – Serbian

values: అష్ట దిక్కులు – Telugu

values: Роза вітрів – Ukrainian

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Compass_rose rootpage-Compass_rose vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view