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The Star-Spangled Banner
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"Star-Spangled Banner" redirects here. For the flag that flew over Fort McHenry, see Star-Spangled Banner (flag). For the present flag, see Flag of the United States.
The Star-Spangled Banner
The earliest surviving sheet music of "The Star-Spangled Banner", from 1814.
National anthem of the
United States
Lyrics
Francis Scott Key, 1814
Music
John Stafford Smith, c. 1773
Adopted
March 4, 1931; 86 years ago (1931-03-04)[1]
Audio sample
"The Star-Spangled Banner" instrumental
file
help
v
t
e
"The Star-Spangled Banner" is the national anthem of the United States of America. The lyrics come from "Defence of Fort M'Henry",[2] a poem written on September 14, 1814, by the 35-year-old lawyer and amateur poet Francis Scott Key after witnessing the bombardment of Fort McHenry by British ships of the Royal Navy in Baltimore Harbor during the Battle of Baltimore in the War of 1812. Key was inspired by the large American flag, the Star-Spangled Banner, flying triumphantly above the fort during the American victory.
The poem was set to the tune of a popular British song written by John Stafford Smith for the Anacreontic Society, a men's social club in London. "To Anacreon in Heaven" (or "The Anacreontic Song"), with various lyrics, was already popular in the United States. Set to Key's poem and renamed "The Star-Spangled Banner", it soon became a well-known American patriotic song. With a range of 19 semitones, it is known for being difficult to sing. Although the poem has four stanzas, only the first is commonly sung today.
"The Star-Spangled Banner" was recognized for official use by the United States Navy in 1889, and by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson in 1916, and was made the national anthem by a congressional resolution on March 3, 1931 (46 Stat. 1508, codified at 36 U.S.C. § 301), which was signed by President Herbert Hoover.
Before 1931, other songs served as the hymns of American officialdom. "Hail, Columbia" served this purpose at official functions for most of the 19th century. "My Country, 'Tis of Thee", whose melody is identical to "God Save the Queen", the United Kingdom national anthem,[3] also served as a de facto anthem.[4] Following the War of 1812 and subsequent American wars, other songs emerged to compete for popularity at public events, among them "The Star-Spangled Banner", as well as "America the Beautiful".
Contents
[hide]
1 Early history
1.1 Francis Scott Key's lyrics
1.2 John Stafford Smith's music
1.3 National anthem
2 Modern history
2.1 Performances
2.2 200th anniversary celebrations
2.3 Adaptations
3 Lyrics
3.1 Additional Civil War period lyrics
3.2 Alternative lyrics
4 References in film, television, literature
5 Customs and federal law
6 Protests
6.1 1968 Olympics Black Power Salute
6.2 2016 protests
6.3 NAACP call to remove the national anthem
7 Translations
8 Media
9 See also
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
12.1 Historical audio
Early history[edit]
Francis Scott Key's lyrics[edit]
Francis Scott Key's original manuscript copy of his "Defence of Fort M'Henry" poem. It is now on display at the Maryland Historical Society.
On September 3, 1814, following the Burning of Washington and the Raid on Alexandria, Francis Scott Key and John Stuart Skinner set sail from Baltimore aboard the ship HMS Minden, flying a flag of truce on a mission approved by President James Madison. Their objective was to secure an exchange of prisoners, one of whom was Dr. William Beanes, the elderly and popular town physician of Upper Marlboro and a friend of Key's who had been captured in his home. Beanes was accused of aiding the arrest of British soldiers. Key and Skinner boarded the British flagship HMS Tonnant on September 7 and spoke with Major General Robert Ross and Vice Admiral Alexander Cochrane over dinner while the two officers discussed war plans. At first, Ross and Cochrane refused to release Beanes but relented after Key and Skinner showed them letters written by wounded British prisoners praising Beanes and other Americans for their kind treatment.
Because Key and Skinner had heard details of the plans for the attack on Baltimore, they were held captive until after the battle, first aboard HMS Surprise and later back on HMS Minden. After the bombardment, certain British gunboats attempted to slip past the fort and effect a landing in a cove to the west of it, but they were turned away by fire from nearby Fort Covington, the city's last line of defense.
An artist's rendering of the battle at Fort McHenry
During the rainy night, Key had witnessed the bombardment and observed that the fort's smaller "storm flag" continued to fly, but once the shell and Congreve rocket[5] barrage had stopped, he would not know how the battle had turned out until dawn. On the morning of September 14, the storm flag had been lowered and the larger flag had been raised.
During the bombardment, HMS Terror and HMS Meteor provided some of the "bombs bursting in air".
The 15-star, 15-stripe "Star-Spangled Banner" that inspired the poem
Key was inspired by the American victory and the sight of the large American flag flying triumphantly above the fort. This flag, with fifteen stars and fifteen stripes, had been made by Mary Young Pickersgill together with other workers in her home on Baltimore's Pratt Street. The flag later came to be known as the Star-Spangled Banner and is today on display in the National Museum of American History, a treasure of the Smithsonian Institution. It was restored in 1914 by Amelia Fowler, and again in 1998 as part of an ongoing conservation program.
Aboard the ship the next day, Key wrote a poem on the back of a letter he had kept in his pocket. At twilight on September 16, he and Skinner were released in Baltimore. He completed the poem at the Indian Queen Hotel, where he was staying, and titled it "Defence of Fort M'Henry".
Much of the idea of the poem, including the flag imagery and some of the wording, is derived from an earlier song by Key, also set to the tune of "The Anacreontic Song". The song, known as "When the Warrior Returns",[6] was written in honor of Stephen Decatur and Charles Stewart on their return from the First Barbary War. Absent elaboration by Francis Scott Key prior to his death in 1843, some have speculated in modern times about the meaning of phrases or verses. According to British historian Robin Blackburn, the words "the hireling and slave" allude to the thousands of ex-slaves in the British ranks organised as the Corps of Colonial Marines, who had been liberated by the British and demanded to be placed in the battle line "where they might expect to meet their former masters."[7] Nevertheless, Professor Mark Clague, a professor of musicology at the University of Michigan, argues that the "middle two verses of Key's lyric vilify the British enemy in the War of 1812" and "in no way glorifies or celebrates slavery."[8] Clague writes that "For Key ... the British mercenaries were scoundrels and the Colonial Marines were traitors who threatened to spark a national insurrection."[8] This harshly anti-British nature of Verse 3 led to its omission in sheet music in World War I, when Britain and the U.S. were allies.[8] Responding to the assertion of writer Jon Schwarz of The Intercept that the song is a "celebration of slavery,"[9] Clague said that: "The reference to slaves is about the use and in some sense the manipulation, of black Americans to fight for the British, with the promise of freedom. The American forces included African-Americans as well as whites. The term 'freemen,' whose heroism is celebrated in the fourth stanza, would have encompassed both."[10]
Others suggest that "Key may have intended the phrase as a reference to the British Navy's practice of impressment (kidnapping sailors and forcing them to fight in defense of the crown), or as a semi-metaphorical slap at the British invading force as a whole (which included a large number of mercenaries)."[11]
John Stafford Smith's music[edit]
Sheet music version Play (help·info)
The memorial to John Stafford Smith in Gloucester Cathedral, Gloucester, England
Key gave the poem to his brother-in-law Judge Joseph H. Nicholson who saw that the words fit the popular melody "The Anacreontic Song", by English composer John Stafford Smith. This was the official song of the Anacreontic Society, an 18th-century gentlemen's club of amateur musicians in London. Nicholson took the poem to a printer in Baltimore, who anonymously made the first known broadside printing on September 17; of these, two known copies survive.
On September 20, both the Baltimore Patriot and The American printed the song, with the note "Tune: Anacreon in Heaven". The song quickly became popular, with seventeen newspapers from Georgia to New Hampshire printing it. Soon after, Thomas Carr of the Carr Music Store in Baltimore published the words and music together under the title "The Star Spangled Banner", although it was originally called "Defence of Fort M'Henry". Thomas Carr's arrangement introduced the raised fourth which became the standard deviation from "The Anacreontic Song".[12] The song's popularity increased and its first public performance took place in October when Baltimore actor Ferdinand Durang sang it at Captain McCauley's tavern. Washington Irving, then editor of the Analectic Magazine in Philadelphia, reprinted the song in November 1814.
By the early 20th century, there were various versions of the song in popular use. Seeking a singular, standard version, President Woodrow Wilson tasked the U.S. Bureau of Education with providing that official version. In response, the Bureau enlisted the help of five musicians to agree upon an arrangement. Those musicians were Walter Damrosch, Will Earhart, Arnold J. Gantvoort, Oscar Sonneck and John Philip Sousa. The standardized version that was voted upon by these five musicians premiered at Carnegie Hall on December 5, 1917, in a program that included Edward Elgar's Carillon and Gabriel Pierné's The Children's Crusade. The concert was put on by the Oratorio Society of New York and conducted by Walter Damrosch.[13] An official handwritten version of the final votes of these five men has been found and shows all five men's votes tallied, measure by measure.[14]
National anthem[edit]
Commemorative plaque in Washington, D.C. marking the site at 601 Pennsylvania Avenue where "The Star-Spangled Banner" was first publicly sung
One of two surviving copies of the 1814 broadside printing of the "Defence of Fort M'Henry", a poem that later became the lyrics of "The Star-Spangled Banner", the national anthem of the United States.
The song gained popularity throughout the 19th century and bands played it during public events, such as July 4th celebrations.
A plaque displayed at Fort Meade, South Dakota, claims that the idea of making "The Star Spangled Banner" the national anthem began on their parade ground in 1892. Colonel Caleb Carlton, Post Commander, established the tradition that the song be played "at retreat and at the close of parades and concerts." Carlton explained the custom to Governor Sheldon of South Dakota who "promised me that he would try to have the custom established among the state militia." Carlton wrote that after a similar discussion, Secretary of War, Daniel E. Lamont issued an order that it "be played at every Army post every evening at retreat."[15]
In 1899, the US Navy officially adopted "The Star-Spangled Banner".[16] In 1916, President Woodrow Wilson ordered that "The Star-Spangled Banner" be played at military[16] and other appropriate occasions. The playing of the song two years later during the seventh-inning stretch of Game One of the 1918 World Series, and thereafter during each game of the series is often cited as the first instance that the anthem was played at a baseball game,[17] though evidence shows that the "Star-Spangled Banner" was performed as early as 1897 at opening day ceremonies in Philadelphia and then more regularly at the Polo Grounds in New York City beginning in 1898. In any case, the tradition of performing the national anthem before every baseball game began in World War II.[18]
On April 10, 1918, John Charles Linthicum, U.S. Congressman from Maryland, introduced a bill to officially recognize "The Star-Spangled Banner" as the national anthem.[19] The bill did not pass.[19] On April 15, 1929, Linthicum introduced the bill again, his sixth time doing so.[19] On November 3, 1929, Robert Ripley drew a panel in his syndicated cartoon, Ripley's Believe it or Not!, saying "Believe It or Not, America has no national anthem".[20]
In 1930, Veterans of Foreign Wars started a petition for the United States to officially recognize "The Star-Spangled Banner" as the national anthem.[21] Five million people signed the petition.[21] The petition was presented to the United States House Committee on the Judiciary on January 31, 1930.[22] On the same day, Elsie Jorss-Reilley and Grace Evelyn Boudlin sang the song to the Committee to refute the perception that it was too high pitched for a typical person to sing.[23] The Committee voted in favor of sending the bill to the House floor for a vote.[24] The House of Representatives passed the bill later that year.[25] The Senate passed the bill on March 3, 1931.[25] President Herbert Hoover signed the bill on March 4, 1931, officially adopting "The Star-Spangled Banner" as the national anthem of the United States of America.[1] As currently codified, the United States Code states that "[t]he composition consisting of the words and music known as the Star-Spangled Banner is the national anthem."[26]
Modern history[edit]
Main article: Performances and adaptations of The Star-Spangled Banner
Performances[edit]
This section may contain indiscriminate, excessive, or irrelevant examples. Please improve the article by adding more descriptive text and removing less pertinent examples. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for further suggestions. (November 2012)
Crowd performing the U.S. national anthem before a baseball game at Coors Field
The song is notoriously difficult for nonprofessionals to sing because of its wide range – a 12th. Humorist Richard Armour referred to the song's difficulty in his book It All Started With Columbus.
In an attempt to take Baltimore, the British attacked Fort McHenry, which protected the harbor. Bombs were soon bursting in air, rockets were glaring, and all in all it was a moment of great historical interest. During the bombardment, a young lawyer named Francis Off Key [sic] wrote "The Star-Spangled Banner", and when, by the dawn's early light, the British heard it sung, they fled in terror.
—  Richard Armour
Professional and amateur singers have been known to forget the words, which is one reason the song is sometimes pre-recorded and lip-synced.[citation needed] Other times the issue is avoided by having the performer(s) play the anthem instrumentally instead of singing it. The pre-recording of the anthem has become standard practice at some ballparks, such as Boston's Fenway Park, according to the SABR publication The Fenway Project.[27]
"The Star-Spangled Banner" is traditionally played at the beginning of public sports events and orchestral concerts in the United States, as well as other public gatherings. The National Hockey League and Major League Soccer both require venues in both the U.S. and Canada to perform both the Canadian and American national anthems at games that involve teams from both countries (with the "away" anthem being performed first) .[28][better source needed] It is also usual for both American and Canadian anthems (done in the same way as the NHL and MLS) to be played at Major League Baseball and National Basketball Association games involving the Toronto Blue Jays and the Toronto Raptors (respectively), the only Canadian teams in those two major U.S. sports leagues, and in All Star Games on the MLB, NBA, and NHL. The Buffalo Sabres of the NHL, which play in a city on the Canada–US border and have a substantial Canadian fan base, play both anthems before all home games regardless of where the visiting team is based.[29]
Two especially unusual performances of the song took place in the immediate aftermath of the United States September 11 attacks. On September 12, 2001, the Queen broke with tradition and allowed the Band of the Coldstream Guards to perform the anthem at Buckingham Palace, London, at the ceremonial Changing of the Guard, as a gesture of support for Britain's ally.[30] The following day at a St. Paul's Cathedral memorial service, the Queen joined in the singing of the anthem, an unprecedented occurrence.[31]
200th anniversary celebrations[edit]
The 200th anniversary of the "Star-Spangled Banner" occurred in 2014 with various special events occurring throughout the United States. A particularly significant celebration occurred during the week of September 10–16 in and around Baltimore, Maryland. Highlights included playing of a new arrangement of the anthem arranged by John Williams and participation of President Obama on Defender's Day, September 12, 2014, at Fort McHenry.[32] In addition, the anthem bicentennial included a youth music celebration[33] including the presentation of the National Anthem Bicentennial Youth Challenge winning composition written by Noah Altshuler.
Adaptations[edit]
See also: The Star Spangled Banner (Whitney Houston recording)
O'er the ramparts we watch in a 1945 United States Army Air Forces poster
The first popular music performance of the anthem heard by the mainstream U.S. was by Puerto Rican singer and guitarist José Feliciano. He created a nationwide uproar when he strummed a slow, blues-style rendition of the song[34] at Tiger Stadium in Detroit before game five of the 1968 World Series, between Detroit and St. Louis.[35] This rendition started contemporary "Star-Spangled Banner" controversies. The response from many in the Vietnam War-era U.S. was generally negative. Despite the controversy, Feliciano's performance opened the door for the countless interpretations of the "Star-Spangled Banner" heard in the years since.[36] One week after Feliciano's performance, the anthem was in the news again when American athletes Tommie Smith and John Carlos lifted controversial raised fists at the 1968 Olympics while the "Star-Spangled Banner" played at a medal ceremony.
Marvin Gaye gave a soul-influenced performance at the 1983 NBA All-Star Game and Whitney Houston gave a soulful rendition before Super Bowl XXV in 1991, which was released as a single that charted at number 20 in 1991 and number 6 in 2001 (along with José Feliciano, the only times the anthem has been on the Billboard Hot 100). In 1993, Kiss did an instrumental rock version as the closing track on their album, Alive III. Another famous instrumental interpretation is Jimi Hendrix's version, which was a set-list staple from autumn 1968 until his death in September 1970, including a famous rendition at the Woodstock music festival in 1969. Incorporating sonic effects to emphasize the "rockets' red glare", and "bombs bursting in air", it became a late-1960s emblem. Roseanne Barr gave a controversial performance of the anthem at a San Diego Padres baseball game at Jack Murphy Stadium on July 25, 1990. The comedian belted out a screechy rendition of the song, and afterward, she attempted a gesture of ballplayers by spitting and grabbing her crotch as if adjusting a protective cup. The performance offended some, including the sitting U.S. President, George H. W. Bush.[37] Sufjan Stevens has frequently performed the "Star-Spangled Banner" in live sets, replacing the optimism in the end of the first verse with a new coda that alludes to the divisive state of the nation today. David Lee Roth both referenced parts of the anthem and played part of a hard rock rendition of the anthem on his song, "Yankee Rose" on his 1986 solo album, Eat 'Em and Smile. Steven Tyler also caused some controversy in 2001 (at the Indianapolis 500, to which he later issued a public apology) and again in 2012 (at the AFC Championship Game) with a cappella renditions of the song with changed lyrics.[38] A version of Aerosmith's Joe Perry and Brad Whitford playing part of the song can be heard at the end of their version of "Train Kept A-Rollin'" on the Rockin' the Joint album. The band Boston gave an instrumental rock rendition of the anthem on their Greatest Hits album. The band Crush 40 made a version of the song as opening track from the album Thrill of the Feel (2000).
In March 2005, a government-sponsored program, the National Anthem Project, was launched after a Harris Interactive poll showed many adults knew neither the lyrics nor the history of the anthem.[39]
Lyrics[edit]
O say can you see, by the dawn's early light,
What so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming,
Whose broad stripes and bright stars through the perilous fight,
O'er the ramparts we watched, were so gallantly streaming?
And the rockets' red glare, the bombs bursting in air,
Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there;
O say does that star-spangled banner yet wave
O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave?

On the shore dimly seen through the mists of the deep,
Where the foe's haughty host in dread silence reposes,
What is that which the breeze, o'er the towering steep,
As it fitfully blows, half conceals, half discloses?
Now it catches the gleam of the morning's first beam,
In full glory reflected now shines in the stream:
'Tis the star-spangled banner, O long may it wave
O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave.

And where is that band who so vauntingly swore
That the havoc of war and the battle's confusion,
A home and a country, should leave us no more?
Their blood has washed out their foul footsteps' pollution.
No refuge could save the hireling and slave
From the terror of flight, or the gloom of the grave:
And the star-spangled banner in triumph doth wave,
O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave.

O thus be it ever, when freemen shall stand
Between their loved homes and the war's desolation.
Blest with vict'ry and peace, may the Heav'n rescued land
Praise the Power that hath made and preserved us a nation!
Then conquer we must, when our cause it is just,
And this be our motto: 'In God is our trust.'
And the star-spangled banner in triumph shall wave
O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave![40]
Cover of sheet music for "The Star-Spangled Banner", transcribed for piano by Ch. Voss, Philadelphia: G. Andre & Co., 1862
Additional Civil War period lyrics[edit]
In indignation over the start of the American Civil War, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.[41] added a fifth stanza to the song in 1861, which appeared in songbooks of the era.[42]
When our land is illumined with Liberty's smile,
If a foe from within strike a blow at her glory,
Down, down with the traitor that dares to defile
The flag of her stars and the page of her story!
By the millions unchained who our birthright have gained,
We will keep her bright blazon forever unstained!
And the Star-Spangled Banner in triumph shall wave
While the land of the free is the home of the brave.
Alternative lyrics[edit]
In a version hand-written by Francis Scott Key in 1840, the third line reads "Whose bright stars and broad stripes, through the clouds of the fight".[43]
References in film, television, literature[edit]
Several films have their titles taken from the song's lyrics. These include two films titled Dawn's Early Light (2000[44] and 2005);[45] two made-for-TV features titled By Dawn's Early Light (1990[46] and 2000);[47] two films titled So Proudly We Hail (1943[48] and 1990);[49] a feature (1977)[50] and a short (2005)[51] titled Twilight's Last Gleaming; and four films titled Home of the Brave (1949,[52] 1986,[53] 2004,[54] and 2006).[55] A 1936 short titled "The Song of a Nation" from Warner Brothers shows a version of the origin of the song.[56]
Customs and federal law[edit]
Plaque detailing how the custom of standing during the Anthem came about in Tacoma, Washington, on October 18, 1893, in the Bostwick building
When the National Anthem was first recognized by law in 1932, there was no prescription as to behavior during its playing. On June 22, 1942, the law was revised indicating that those in uniform should salute during its playing, while others should simply stand at attention, men removing their hats. (The same code also required that women should place their hands over their hearts when the flag is displayed during the playing of the Anthem, but not if the flag was not present.) On December 23, 1942, the law was again revised instructing men and women to stand at attention and face in the direction of the music when it was played. That revision also directed men and women to place their hands over their hearts only if the flag was displayed. Those in uniform were required to salute. On July 7, 1976, the law was simplified. Men and women were instructed to stand with their hands over their hearts, men removing their hats, irrespective of whether or not the flag was displayed and those in uniform saluting. On August 12, 1998, the law was rewritten keeping the same instructions, but differentiating between "those in uniform" and "members of the Armed Forces and veterans" who were both instructed to salute during the playing whether or not the flag was displayed. Because of the changes in law over the years and confusion between instructions for the Pledge of Allegiance versus the National Anthem, throughout most of the 20th century many people simply stood at attention or with their hands folded in front of them during the playing of the Anthem, and when reciting the Pledge they would hold their hand (or hat) over their heart. After 9/11, the custom of placing the hand over the heart during the playing of the Anthem became nearly universal.[57][58][59]
Since 1998, federal law (viz., the United States Code 36 U.S.C. § 301) states that during a rendition of the national anthem, when the flag is displayed, all present including those in uniform should stand at attention; Non-military service individuals should face the flag with the right hand over the heart; Members of the Armed Forces and veterans who are present and not in uniform may render the military salute; Military service persons not in uniform should remove their headdress with their right hand and hold the headdress at the left shoulder, the hand being over the heart; and Members of the Armed Forces and veterans who are in uniform should give the military salute at the first note of the anthem and maintain that position until the last note. The law further provides that when the flag is not displayed, all present should face toward the music and act in the same manner they would if the flag were displayed. Military law requires all vehicles on the installation to stop when the song is played and all individuals outside to stand at attention and face the direction of the music and either salute, in uniform, or place the right hand over the heart, if out of uniform. The law was amended in 2008, and since allows military veterans to salute out of uniform, as well.[60][61]
The text of 36 U.S.C. § 301 is suggestive and not regulatory in nature. Failure to follow the suggestions is not a violation of the law. This behavioral requirement for the national anthem is subject to the same First Amendment controversies that surround the Pledge of Allegiance.[62] For example, Jehovah's Witnesses do not sing the national anthem, though they are taught that standing is an "ethical decision" that individual believers must make based on their "conscience."[63][64][65]
Protests[edit]
Main article: U.S. national anthem protests
1968 Olympics Black Power Salute[edit]
Main article: 1968 Olympics Black Power Salute
The 1968 Olympics Black Power salute was a political demonstration conducted by African-American athletes Tommie Smith and John Carlos during their medal ceremony at the 1968 Summer Olympics in the Olympic Stadium in Mexico City. After having won gold and bronze medals respectively in the 200-meter running event, they turned on the podium to face their flags, and to hear the American national anthem, "The Star-Spangled Banner". Each athlete raised a black-gloved fist, and kept them raised until the anthem had finished. In addition, Smith, Carlos, and Australian silver medalist Peter Norman all wore human rights badges on their jackets. In his autobiography, Silent Gesture, Smith stated that the gesture was not a "Black Power" salute, but a "human rights salute". The event is regarded as one of the most overtly political statements in the history of the modern Olympic Games.[66]
2016 protests[edit]
Main article: U.S. national anthem protests (2016–present)
Politically motivated protests of the national anthem began in the National Football League (NFL) after San Francisco 49ers quarterback (QB) Colin Kaepernick sat during the anthem, as opposed to the tradition of standing, in response to police brutality in America, before his team's third preseason game of 2016. Kaepernick also sat during the first two preseason games, but he went unnoticed.[67]
NAACP call to remove the national anthem[edit]
In November 2017, the California Chapter of the NAACP called on Congress to remove The Star-Spangled Banner as the national anthem. Alice Huffman, California NAACP president said: "it's racist; it doesn't represent our community, it's anti-black."[68] The third stanza of the anthem, which is rarely sung and few know, contains the words, "No refuge could save the hireling and slave, From the terror of flight, or the gloom of the grave:", which some interpret as racist. The organization was still seeking a representative to sponsor the legislation in Congress at the time of their announcement.
Translations[edit]
As a result of immigration to the United States and the incorporation of non-English speaking people into the country, the lyrics of the song have been translated into other languages. In 1861, it was translated into German.[69] The Library of Congress also has record of a Spanish-language version from 1919.[70] It has since been translated into Hebrew[71] and Yiddish by Jewish immigrants,[72] Latin American Spanish (with one version popularized during immigration reform protests in 2006),[73] French by Acadians of Louisiana,[74] Samoan,[75] and Irish.[76] The third verse of the anthem has also been translated into Latin.[77]
With regard to the indigenous languages of North America, there are versions in Navajo[78][79][80] and Cherokee.[81]
Media[edit]
The Star-Spangled Banner (1915)
A 1915 recording of the Star-Spangled Banner as sung by Margaret Woodrow Wilson, daughter of Woodrow Wilson
The Star-Spangled Banner (1942)
Fred Waring and His Pennsylvanians sing The Star-Spangled Banner in 1942
The Star-Spangled Banner (1953)
A 1953 instrumental recording by the United States Marine Corps band
The Star Spangled Banner (circa 2000)
An instrumental recording by the United States Navy Band.
Problems playing these files? See media help.
Play media
(1944)
Play media
(1940)
See also[edit]
In God We Trust
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Music portal
United States portal
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b ""Star-Spangled Banner" Is Now Official Anthem". The Washington Post. March 5, 1931. p. 3.
Jump up ^ "Defence of Fort M'Henry | Library of Congress". Loc.gov. Retrieved 2017-04-18.
Jump up ^ "My country 'tis of thee [Song Collection]". The Library of Congress. Retrieved 2009-01-20.
Jump up ^ Snyder, Lois Leo (1990). Encyclopedia of Nationalism. Paragon House. p. 13. ISBN 1-55778-167-2.
Jump up ^ British Rockets at the US National Park Service, Fort McHenry National Monument, and Historic Shrine. Retrieved February 2008. Archived April 3, 2014, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "When the Warrior Returns - Key". Potw.org. Retrieved 2017-04-18.
Jump up ^ Blackburn, Robin (1988). The Overthrdow of Colonial Slavery, 1776–1848. pp. 288–290.
^ Jump up to: a b c Mark Clague (2016-08-31). "'Star-Spangled Banner' critics miss the point". CNN.com. Retrieved 2017-04-18.
Jump up ^ "Colin Kaepernick Is Righter Than You Know: The National Anthem Is a Celebration of Slavery". Theintercept.com. 2016-08-28. Retrieved 2017-04-18.
Jump up ^ "Is the National Anthem Racist? Beyond the Debate Over Colin Kaepernick". The New York Times. 3 September 2016. Retrieved 2017-04-18.
Jump up ^ "'The Star-Spangled Banner' and Slavery". Snopes.com. Retrieved 2017-04-18.
Jump up ^ Clague, Mark, and Jamie Vander Broek. "Banner moments: the national anthem in American life". University of Michigan, 2014. 4.
Jump up ^ "Oratorio Society of New York - Star Spangled Banner". Oratoriosocietyofny.org. Retrieved 2017-04-18.
Jump up ^ "Standardization Manuscript for "The Star Spangled Banner" | Antiques Roadshow". PBS. Retrieved 2017-04-18.
Jump up ^ Plaque, Fort Meade, erected 1976 by the Fort Meade V.A. Hospital and the South Dakota State Historical Society
^ Jump up to: a b Cavanaugh, Ray (July 4, 2016). "The Star-Spangled Banner: an American anthem with a very British beginning". The Guardian. Retrieved September 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Cubs vs Red Sox 1918 World Series: A Tradition is Born". Baseballisms.com. 2011-05-21. Retrieved 2017-04-18.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-02-22. Retrieved 2016-02-03.
^ Jump up to: a b c "National Anthem Hearing Is Set For January 31". The Baltimore Sun. January 23, 1930. p. 4.
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^ Jump up to: a b "5,000,000 Sign for Anthem: Fifty-Mile Petition Supports "The Star-Spangled Banner" Bill". The New York Times. January 19, 1930. p. 31.
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^ Jump up to: a b "'Star Spangled Banner' Is Voted National Anthem by Congress". The New York Times. March 4, 1931. p. 1.
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Further reading[edit]
Ferris, Marc. Star-Spangled Banner: The Unlikely Story of America's National Anthem. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2014. ISBN 9781421415185 OCLC 879370575
Leepson, Marc. What So Proudly We Hailed: Francis Scott Key, a Life. Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. ISBN 9781137278289 OCLC 860395373
External links[edit]
"New book reveals the dark history behind the Star Spangled Banner," CBS This Morning, September 13, 2014.
"Star-Spangled History: 5 Facts About the Making of the National Anthem," Biography.com.
"'Star-Spangled Banner' writer had a complex record on race," Mary Carole McCauley,' 'Baltimore Sun, July 26, 2014.
"The Man Behind The National Anthem Paid Little Attention To It." NPR's "Hear and Now," July 4, 2017.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Star-Spangled Banner.
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
The Star-Spangled Banner
Look up haughty or rampart in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Star-Spangled Banner (Memory): American Treasures of the Library of Congress
"How the National Anthem Has Unfurled; 'The Star-Spangled Banner' Has Changed a Lot in 200 Years." By WILLIAM ROBIN JUNE 27, 2014 The New York Times
C-SPAN American History TV tour of the Smithsonian National Museum of American History Star-Spangled Banner exhibit
Historical audio[edit]
The Star Spangled Banner, The Diamond Four, 1898
The Star Spangled Banner, Margaret Woodrow Wilson, 1915
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text:
Yellowstone (U.S. TV series)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Yellowstone
Genre
Drama
Created by
Taylor Sheridan
John Linson
Written by
Taylor Sheridan
Directed by
Taylor Sheridan
Starring
Kevin Costner
Luke Grimes
Kelly Reilly
Wes Bentley
Cole Hauser
Kelsey Asbille
Brecken Merrill
Jefferson White
Danny Huston
Gil Birmingham
Composer(s)
Brian Tyler
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
1
No. of episodes
9 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
John Linson
Art Linson
Taylor Sheridan
Kevin Costner
David C. Glasser
Producer(s)
John Vohlers
Michael Polaire
Cinematography
Ben Richardson
Editor(s)
Gary D. Roach
Evan Ahlgren
Camera setup
Single-camera
Running time
42–92 minutes
Production company(s)
Linson Entertainment
Bosque Ranch Productions
Treehouse Films
Release
Original network
Paramount Network
Original release
June 20, 2018 (2018-06-20) – present (present)
External links
Official website
Yellowstone is an American drama television series created by Taylor Sheridan and John Linson that premiered on June 20, 2018 on Paramount Network. It stars Kevin Costner, Wes Bentley, Kelly Reilly, Luke Grimes, Cole Hauser and Gil Birmingham. The series follows the conflicts along the shared borders of a large cattle ranch, an Indian reservation, land developers and Yellowstone National Park. On July 24, 2018, it was announced that Paramount Network had renewed the series for a second season to air in 2019.
Contents
1 Premise
2 Cast and characters
2.1 Main
2.2 Recurring
2.3 Guest
3 Episodes
4 Production
4.1 Development
4.2 Casting
4.3 Filming
4.4 Music
5 Release
5.1 Marketing
5.2 Premiere
6 Reception
6.1 Critical response
6.2 Ratings
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
Premise[edit]
Yellowstone follows "the Dutton family, led by John Dutton, who controls the largest contiguous ranch in the United States, under constant attack by those it borders—land developers, an Indian reservation, and America's first National Park. It is an intense study of a violent world far from media scrutiny—where land grabs make developers billions, and politicians are bought and sold by the world's largest oil and lumber corporations. Where drinking water poisoned by fracking wells and unsolved murders are not news: they are a consequence of living in the new frontier. It is the best and worst of America seen through the eyes of a family that represents both."[1]
Cast and characters[edit]
Main[edit]
Kevin Costner as John Dutton, the 6th generation patriarch of the Dutton family which controls the largest contiguous ranch in the United States. He is confronted with challenge of defending his land from those who would seek to take it from him while also overcoming the recent death of his son and a recent diagnosis of colon cancer. Josh Lucas portrays a young John Dutton in a recurring role.
Luke Grimes as Kayce Dutton, a former US Navy SEAL and one of John and Evelyn's sons. He lives on the local Indian reservation with his wife and son. Rhys Alterman portrays a young Kayce in a recurring role.
Kelly Reilly as Beth Dutton, a financier and the daughter of John and Evelyn. She is educated, highly intelligent, and a master manipulator. She is also, however, very unstable and suffers from a substance abuse problem. Kylie Rogers portrays a young Beth in a recurring role.
Wes Bentley as Jamie Dutton, an attorney, aspiring politician, and one of John and Evelyn's sons. Although completely loyal to his father and family, he is constantly frustrated at the current state of his family. He also has an intense love/hate relationship with his sister Beth. Dalton Baker portrays a young Jamie in a recurring role.
Cole Hauser as Rip Wheeler, the ranch foreman at Yellowstone and John's right-hand man and enforcer. Rip has worked on the ranch for many years since being taken in by a young John Dutton and is therefore fiercely loyal to John. He has an on-again, off-again relationship with Beth. Kyle Red Silverstein portrays a young Rip Wheeler in a guest appearance in the episode "The Unraveling: Pt. 1".
Kelsey Asbille as Monica Dutton, Kayce's Native American wife with whom he lives on the local reservation, where she is a teacher at the school.
Brecken Merrill as Tate Dutton, the son of Kayce and Monica and John's only grandchild.
Jefferson White as Jimmy Hurdstrom, a ranch hand at Yellowstone.
Danny Huston as Dan Jenkins, a land developer with aspirations of building on parts of Yellowstone.
Gil Birmingham as Chief Thomas Rainwater, the chief of the nearby Indian reservation.
Recurring[edit]
Moses Brings Plenty as Rainwater's driver
Ian Bohen as Ryan, a cowboy wrangler
Denim Richards as Colby, a cowboy wrangler
Forrie J. Smith as Lloyd
Wendy Moniz as Governor Lynelle Perry, the Governor of Montana.
Atticus Todd as Ben Waters
Timothy Carhart as A.G. Stewart
Rudy Ramos as Felix Long
Tokala Black Elk as Sam Stands Alone
Michaela Conlin as Sarah Nguyen
Ryan Bingham as Walker
Luke Peckinpah as Fred Meyers
Walter C. Taylor III as Emmett Walsh
Fredric Lehne as Carl Reynolds
Savonna Spracklin as Alice Wahl
Robert Mirabal as Principle Littlefield
Heather Hemmens as Melody Prescott
Katherine Cunningham as Christina
John Aylward as Father Bob
Morningstar Angeline as Samantha Long
Bill Tangradi as Alan Keene
Michael Nouri as Bob Schwartz
Gretchen Mol as Evelyn Dutton, the late wife of John Dutton, mother to Jaime, Beth, Kayce, and stepmother to John's eldest son, Lee.
Barret Swatek as Victoria Jenkins, the wife of Dan Jenkins.
Hugh Dillon as Sheriff Donnie Haskell
Neal McDonough as Malcolm Beck (season 2)
Guest[edit]
Dave Annable as Lee Dutton ("Daybreak")
Jill Hennessy as Senator Huntington ("Daybreak"), an ally of Chief Rainwater.
Jeremiah Bitsui as Robert Long ("Daybreak")
Geno Segers as Danny Trudeau ("No Good Horses")
Taylor Sheridan as Travis Wheatley ("Coming Home")
Tinsel Korey as Emily Sessions ("A Monster Is Among Us")
Mike Faiola as Dr. Fielding ("A Monster Is Among Us")
Brian Unger as Dr. Stafford ("A Monster Is Among Us")
Hugh Dillon as Sheriff Donnie Haskell ("The Unravelling: Pt. 1")
Tanaya Beatty as Avery ("The Unravelling: Pt. 2")
James Pickens Jr. as Old Cowboy ("The Unravelling: Pt. 2")
Episodes[edit]
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)
1
"Daybreak" Taylor Sheridan Story by : Taylor Sheridan & John Linson
Teleplay by : Taylor Sheridan June 20, 2018 (2018-06-20) 2.83[2]
2
"Kill the Messenger" Taylor Sheridan Story by : Taylor Sheridan & John Linson
Teleplay by : Taylor Sheridan June 27, 2018 (2018-06-27) 2.07[3]
3
"No Good Horses" Taylor Sheridan Taylor Sheridan July 11, 2018 (2018-07-11) 2.17[4]
4
"The Long Black Train" Taylor Sheridan Taylor Sheridan July 18, 2018 (2018-07-18) 1.89[5]
5
"Coming Home" Taylor Sheridan Taylor Sheridan July 25, 2018 (2018-07-25) 1.95[6]
6
"The Remembering" Taylor Sheridan Taylor Sheridan August 1, 2018 (2018-08-01) 2.10[7]
7
"A Monster Is Among Us" Taylor Sheridan Taylor Sheridan August 8, 2018 (2018-08-08) 2.08[8]
8
"The Unravelling, Pt. 1" Taylor Sheridan Taylor Sheridan August 15, 2018 (2018-08-15) 2.13[9]
9
"The Unravelling, Pt. 2" Taylor Sheridan Taylor Sheridan August 22, 2018 (2018-08-22) 2.37[10]
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
In 2013, Taylor Sheridan began work on the series, having recently grown tired of acting and begun writing screenplays. Having lived in the rural parts of states such as Texas and Wyoming, Sheridan purposely set the series in Montana and went about writing the first scripts in Livingston.[11]
On May 3, 2017, it was announced that the Paramount Network had greenlit its first scripted series, Yellowstone. Paramount issued a series order for a first season consisting of ten episodes. The series was set to be written, directed, and executive-produced by Sheridan. Other executive producers were to include John Linson, Art Linson, Harvey Weinstein, and David Glasser. Production companies involved with the series were set to consist of Linson Entertainment and The Weinstein Company.[1]
On October 12, 2017, it was announced that following reports of sexual abuse allegations against producer Harvey Weinstein, his name would be removed from the series' credits as would The Weinstein Company as well.[12] On January 15, 2018, Kevin Kay, president of Paramount Network, clarified during the annual Television Critics Association's winter press tour that Yellowstone will not have The Weinstein Company's credits or logo on them, even though that company was involved in production. Furthermore, he stated that their intent is to replace Weinstein Television with the company's new name in the show's credits when available.[13] That same day, it was also announced that the series would premiere on June 20, 2018.[14]
On July 24, 2018, it was announced that Paramount Network had renewed the series for a second season that was expected to premiere in 2019.[15]
Casting[edit]
On May 15, 2017, it was announced that Kevin Costner had been cast in the series lead role of John Dutton.[16] In June 2017, it was reported that Luke Grimes, Cole Hauser, Wes Bentley, and Kelly Reilly had joined the cast as series regulars.[17][18] On July 13, 2017, it was announced that Kelsey Asbille had been cast in a main role.[19] In August 2017, it was reported that Dave Annable, Gil Birmingham, and Jefferson White had been added to the main cast while Wendy Moniz, Gretchen Mol, Jill Hennessy, Patrick St. Esprit, Ian Bohen, Denim Richards, and Golden Brooks were joining the cast in a recurring capacity.[20][21][22][23] In November 2017, it was announced that Michaela Conlin and Josh Lucas had been added to the cast in recurring roles.[24][25] On December 19, 2017, it was reported that Heather Hemmens was joining the cast in a recurring capacity.[26] On June 13, 2018, it was announced that Barret Swatek had been cast in a recurring role.[27] On September 14, 2018, it was announced that Neal McDonough was joining the cast of season two in a recurring capacity.[28]
Filming[edit]
Principal photography for the series began in August 2017 at the Chief Joseph Ranch in Darby, Montana, which stands in as the home of John Dutton. Filming also took place that month near Park City, Utah. The production used all three soundstages at the Utah Film Studio in Park City, which is a total of 45,000 square feet. The building also houses offices, editing, a huge wardrobe department and construction shops. By November 2017, the series had filmed in more than twenty locations in Utah, including the Salt Flats and Spanish Fork. Additionally, filming also took place at various locations in Montana. Production was reportedly set to last until December 2017.[29][30]
Music[edit]
The series' score was composed by Brian Tyler who worked with musicians from the London Philharmonia Orchestra and viola, cello, and violin soloists. On August 17, 2018, the soundtrack for the first season was released by Sony Music.[31]
Release[edit]
Marketing[edit]
On February 28, 2018, a teaser trailer for the series was released.[32] On April 26, 2018, the first full trailer was released.[33]
Premiere[edit]
On June 25, 2018, the series held a screening at Seriesfest, an annual international television festival, at the Red Rocks Amphitheatre in Denver, Colorado.[34][35]
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
The series was met with a mixed response from critics upon its premiere. On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the first season holds a 51% approval rating, with an average rating of 5.86 out of 10 based on 35 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "Yellowstone proves too melodramatic to be taken seriously, diminishing the effects of the talented cast and beautiful backdrops."[36] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the season a score of 53 out of 100 based on 26 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews."[37]
Ratings[edit]
The two-hour series premiere of Yellowstone averaged 2.8 million viewers in live + same day and became the most-watched original scripted series telecast ever on Paramount Network (or its predecessor Spike). The premiere audience grows to nearly 4 million when the two encore airings of the premiere are factored in. The premiere audience more than doubled that of Paramount Network's first scripted drama series, Waco and more than tripled the debut viewership of Paramount Network's new comedy series, American Woman.[38] It was later reported that the premiere's Live+3 Nielsen ratings revealed that 4.8 million viewers ultimately watched the premiere after delayed viewing was factored in.[39] By the series' third episode, it was reported that the show had become the second most watched television series on ad-supported cable to air in 2018, only behind AMC's The Walking Dead.[40]
No.
Title
Air date
Rating
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)
1 "Daybreak" June 20, 2018 0.4 2.83[2] 0.5 2.48 0.9 5.31[41]
2 "Kill the Messenger" June 27, 2018 0.3 2.07[3] 0.4 2.22 0.7 4.29[42][a]
3 "No Good Horses" July 11, 2018 0.4 2.17[4] 0.5 3.05 0.9 5.22[43]
4 "The Long Black Train" July 18, 2018 0.3 1.89[5] 0.5 2.75 0.8 4.64[44]
5 "Coming Home" July 25, 2018 0.3 1.95[6] 0.6 3.03 0.9 4.98[45]
6 "The Remembering" August 1, 2018 0.4 2.10[7] 0.4 2.20 0.8 4.31[46][a]
7 "A Monster Is Among Us" August 8, 2018 0.4 2.08[8] 0.4 2.35 0.8 4.43[47][a]
8 "The Unravelling, Pt. 1" August 15, 2018 0.4 2.13[9] 0.6 2.94 1.0 5.07[48]
9 "The Unravelling, Pt. 2" August 22, 2018 0.4 2.37[10] 0.5 2.44 0.9 4.81[49][a]
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Live +7 ratings were not available, so Live +3 ratings have been used instead.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Andreeva, Nellie (May 3, 2017). "Paramount Network Orders First Scripted Drama Series: Family Saga 'Yellowstone' From Taylor Sheridan & Weinstein Co". Deadline. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (June 21, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 6.20.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved June 21, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (June 28, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 6.27.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (July 12, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 7.11.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved July 12, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (July 19, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 7.18.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved July 19, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (July 26, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 7.25.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved July 26, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (August 2, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 8.1.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved August 2, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (August 9, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 8.8.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved August 9, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (August 16, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 8.15.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved August 16, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (August 23, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 8.22.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved August 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ Walsh, Cory (December 10, 2017). "Costner: 'Yellowstone' TV series will be 'postcard for Montana'". Missoulian. Retrieved February 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ Pierce, Scott (October 12, 2017). "Harvey Weinstein's name removed from credits as made-in-Utah TV show 'Yellowstone' kicks off cast auditions". The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved January 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (January 15, 2018). "Paramount Network Boss Addresses Harvey Weinstein's Involvement In TWC Series 'Waco' & 'Yellowstone'". Deadline. Retrieved January 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (January 15, 2018). "'Yellowstone': Taylor Sheridan On Working After 'Wind River' & Paramount Network Boss On Moving Away From Weinstein Co". Deadline. Retrieved January 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (July 24, 2018). "'Yellowstone' Renewed For Second Season By Paramount Network". Deadline. Retrieved July 24, 2018.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (May 15, 2017). "Kevin Costner To Topline Par Network Drama Series 'Yellowstone' From Taylor Sheridan & The Weinstein Co". Deadline. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Lang, Brent (June 23, 2017). "Luke Grimes Starring in 'Yellowstone' With Kevin Costner (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved March 31, 2018.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (June 28, 2017). "Cole Hauser, Wes Bentley & Kelly Reilly Join Paramount Network's 'Yellowstone'". Deadline. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Hipes, Patrick (July 13, 2017). "Kelsey Asbille Joins Paramount Network's 'Yellowstone' In Reteam With Taylor Sheridan". Deadline. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (August 3, 2017). "'Yellowstone': Dave Annable, Gil Birmingham Set As Leads, Wendy Moniz To Recur In Paramount Network Series". Deadline. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (August 11, 2017). "'Yellowstone': Jefferson White Cast As Regular, Gretchen Mol To Recur In Paramount Network Series". Deadline. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (August 14, 2017). "'Yellowstone': Jill Hennessy, Patrick St. Esprit, More Set To Recur In Paramount Network Series". Deadline. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Otterson, Joe (August 10, 2017). "Paramount Network's 'Yellowstone' Casts 'Girlfriends' Alum Golden Brooks (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved March 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (November 3, 2017). "Michaela Conlin Joins 'Yellowstone'; 'Carnival Row' Casts Ariyon Bakare". Deadline. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (November 30, 2017). "'Yellowstone': Josh Lucas Set To Recur In Paramount Network Series". Deadline. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (December 19, 2017). "'Yellowstone' Casts Heather Hemmens; Mike Dopud Joins 'The 100'". Deadline. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (June 13, 2018). "Barret Swatek Joins 'Yellowstone'; Tony Curran In 'Ray Donovan'". Deadline. Retrieved June 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (September 14, 2018). "'Yellowstone' Casts Neal McDonough; Jay Reeves Joins 'All American'". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved September 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ Pierce, Scott (August 17, 2017). "Kevin Costner's new TV series begins production in Utah". The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Pierce, Scott (November 17, 2017). "Kevin Costner's new TV series 'Yellowstone' is filming, and spending tons of money, all over Utah". The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Chitwood, Adam (August 22, 2018). "Exclusive: Watch 'Yellowstone' Composer Brian Tyler Record the Theme". Collider. Retrieved August 29, 2018.
Jump up ^ Ramos, Dino-Ray (February 28, 2018). "'Yellowstone' Trailer: Kevin Costner Navigates The Best And Worst Of Frontier Life In Paramount Network Drama". Deadline. Retrieved February 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ Pedersen, Erik (April 26, 2018). "'Yellowstone' Trailer: Kevin Costner's Back Home On The Range In Paramount Network's Neo-Western Drama". Deadline. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ Wenzel, John (May 15, 2018). "Lady Antebellum will make its Red Rocks debut as part of this year's SeriesFest". The Know. Retrieved May 29, 2018.
Jump up ^ Ramos, Dino-Ray (May 30, 2018). "SeriesFest Unveils Initial Lineup, Sets World Premiere Of NBC Drama 'New Amsterdam'". Deadline. Retrieved May 31, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Yellowstone: Season 1". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango. Retrieved August 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Yellowstone: Season 1". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved July 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (June 22, 2018). "'Yellowstone' Premiere Draws All-Time High Viewership For Paramount Network". Deadline. Retrieved June 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ Otterson, Joe (June 25, 2018). "'Yellowstone' Premiere Ratings Nearly Double in Delayed Viewing". Variety. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (July 16, 2018). "'Yellowstone' Becomes Second Most Watched Scripted Series On Basic Cable, Hits New Ratings Highs". Deadline. Retrieved July 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (July 5, 2018). "'Yellowstone' premiere scores in cable Live +7 ratings for June 18–24". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas (July 6, 2018). "Live+3 Weekly Ratings: 'Code Black' Leads All Telecasts in Viewer Lifts; 'Big Brother 20' Debuts in Three of Top 4 Among Adults 18-49 Gains". Programming Insider. Retrieved July 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (July 29, 2018). "'Yellowstone' and 'Preacher' score big gains in cable Live +7 ratings for July 9–15". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 29, 2018.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (August 2, 2018). "'Teen Mom II' doubles in 18-49, 'Snowfall' gets big viewers boost cable Live +7 ratings for July 16–22". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (August 11, 2018). "'American Woman' scores big viewer gains in cable Live +7 ratings for July 23–29". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas (August 10, 2018). "Live+3 Weekly Ratings: 'The Sinner' Season Premiere More Than Doubles its Live+Same Day Figures in Overall Gains". Programming Insider. Retrieved August 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas (August 17, 2018). "Live+3 Weekly Ratings: 'Better Call Saul' Season Premiere Leads Scripted Telecasts in Raw Adults 18-49 Gains". Programming Insider. Retrieved August 17, 2018.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (August 31, 2018). "'Better Call Saul' and 'The Sinner' score biggest gains in cable Live +7 ratings for August 13-19". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 31, 2018.
Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas (August 31, 2018). "Live+3 Weekly Ratings: 'Yellowstone' Season Finale Tops All Telecasts in Raw Viewer Gains". Programming Insider. Retrieved August 31, 2018.
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If I Loved You
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the Rodgers and Hammerstein 1945 showtune. For the 2014 Rufus Wainright concert show, see If I Loved You: Gentlemen Prefer Broadway. For the 2012 song from the EP "Chasing Twisters", see Delta Rae.
This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
"If I Loved You"
Song from Carousel
Published
1945
Songwriter(s)
Oscar Hammerstein II
Composer(s)
Richard Rodgers
"If I Loved You" is a show tune from the 1945 Rodgers and Hammerstein musical Carousel.
The song was introduced by John Raitt as "Billy Bigelow" and Jan Clayton as "Julie" in the original Broadway production.
The song was performed in the 1956 film version Carousel by Gordon MacRae and Shirley Jones.
In the show, the characters of Billy Bigelow and Julie Jordan sing this song as they hesitantly declare their love for one another, yet are too shy to express their true feelings.
The song was in turn inspired by lines of dialogue from Ferenc Molnár's original Liliom, the source material for the musical.
References[edit]
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
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Oklahoma!
Carousel
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I Remember Mama
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"It's a Scandal! It's a Outrage!"
"People Will Say We're in Love"
"Lonely Room"
"The Farmer and the Cowman"
"All Er Nuthin'"
"Oklahoma"
"If I Loved You"
"Soliloquy"
"You'll Never Walk Alone"
"It Might as Well Be Spring"
"That's for Me"
"A Fellow Needs a Girl"
"So Far"
"Some Enchanted Evening"
"There Is Nothing Like a Dame"
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"I'm in Love with a Wonderful Guy"
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"Hello, Young Lovers"
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"Shall We Dance?"
"No Other Love"
"I Enjoy Being a Girl"
"The Sound of Music"
"Maria"
"My Favorite Things"
"Do-Re-Mi"
"Sixteen Going on Seventeen"
"The Lonely Goatherd"
"Climb Ev'ry Mountain"
"So Long, Farewell"
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"Edelweiss"
Related articles
"Something Good"
The Sound of Music (1965 soundtrack)
The Sound of Music: Music from the NBC Television Event
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Ferenc Molnár's Liliom
Films
Liliom (1930)
Liliom (1934)
Carousel (1955)
Other
Carousel (1945 musical)
Carousel (2002 ballet)
Carousel Music
"If I Loved You"
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"You'll Never Walk Alone"
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Sin of a Beautiful Woman
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Harry James
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"Woo-Woo"
"I Found a New Baby"
"Ciribiribin"
"The Flight of the Bumblebee"
"You Made Me Love You"
"Misirlou"
"I Don't Want to Walk Without You"
"Easter Parade"
"Sleepy Lagoon"
"Skylark"
"I Remember You"
"But Not for Me"
"I Cried for You"
"Mr. Five by Five"
"I Had the Craziest Dream"
"Manhattan Serenade"
"I've Heard That Song Before"
"Moonlight Becomes You"
"All or Nothing at All"
"I'll Get By (As Long as I Have You)"
"On a Little Street in Singapore"
"Memphis Blues"
"I'm Beginning to See the Light"
"Guess I'll Hang My Tears Out to Dry"
"The More I See You"
"If I Loved You"
"It's Been a Long, Long Time"
"I Can't Begin to Tell You"
"I'm Always Chasing Rainbows"
"Who's Sorry Now"
"Heartaches"
"Jalousie (Jealousy)"
"Stella by Starlight"
"Mona Lisa"
"Would I Love You (Love You, Love You)"
"You'll Never Know"
Albums
Boogie Woogie
Harry James And His Orchestra 1948-49
Young Man with a Horn
Wild About Harry!
The New James
Harry's Choice!
Related articles
"Everything but You"
Louise Tobin
Betty Grable
Book:Harry James
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=If_I_Loved_You&oldid=836249663"
Categories:
1945 songs
Songs with music by Richard Rodgers
Songs with lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II
Shirley Jones songs
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Songs from Rodgers and Hammerstein musicals
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This page was last edited on 13 April 2018, at 16:07.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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