text:
Eosin methylene blue
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E. coli on EMB agar
Eosin methylene blue (EMB, also known as "Levine's formulation") is a selective stain for gram-negative bacteria.[1] EMB contains dyes that are toxic to gram-positive bacteria. EMB is the selective and differential medium for coliforms. It is a blend of two stains, eosin and methylene blue in the ratio of 6:1. A common application of this stain is in the preparation of EMB agar, a differential microbiological medium, which slightly inhibits the growth of Gram-positive bacteria and provides a color indicator distinguishing between organisms that ferment lactose (e.g., E. coli) and those that do not (e.g., Salmonella, Shigella).[2] Organisms that ferment lactose display "nucleated colonies"—colonies with dark centers.[3]
This medium is important in medical laboratories by distinguishing pathogenic microbes in a short period of time.[4]
Rapid lactose fermentation produces acids, which lower the pH. This encourages dye absorption by the colonies, which are now colored purple-black.
Lactose non-fermenters may increase the pH by deamination of proteins. This ensures that the dye is not absorbed. The colonies will be colorless.
On EMB if E. coli is grown it will give a distinctive metallic green sheen (due to the metachromatic properties of the dyes, E. coli movement using flagella, and strong acid end-products of fermentation). Some species of Citrobacter and Enterobacter will also react this way to EMB.[5] This medium has been specifically designed to discourage the growth of gram positive bacteria.[6]
EMB contains the following ingredients: peptone, lactose, dipotassium phosphate, eosin Y (dye), methylene blue (dye), and agar.
There are also EMB agars that do not contain lactose.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Levine, M (1918). "Differentiation of B. coli and B. aerogenes on a simplified eosin-methylene blue agar". J Infect Dis. 23: 43–47. doi:10.1086/infdis/23.1.43.
Jump up ^ "Biochemical Tests Explanation"
Jump up ^ Differential Media (Levine's Formulation)
Jump up ^ Bachoon, Dave S., and Wendy A. Dustman. Microbiology Laboratory Manual. Ed. Michael Stranz. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning, 2008. Exercise 8, "Selective and Differential Media for Isolation" Print.
Jump up ^ EMB Agar Growth Examples
Jump up ^ "Eosin-Methylene Blue Agar Plates Protocol". September 29, 2007. Archived from the original on November 30, 2011.
External links[edit]
Uses of EMB Agar
History of EMB Agar
Acumedia - EMB Agar
The Scientist - EMB Explanation
Microbugz - EMB Agar
[hide]
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t
e
Growth media / agar plates
Selective media
Gram positive
Actinobacteria
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Löwenstein–Jensen medium
Middlebrook 7H9 Broth
Middlebrook 7H10 Agar
Middlebrook 7H11 Agar
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Eaton's agar
Firmicutes
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Hoyle's agar
Enterococcus
Bile esculin agar
Lactobacillus
MRS agar
Lactococcus
M17 agar
Staphylococcus
Mannitol salt agar
Gram negative
Alphaproteobacteria
Brucella
Brucella agar
Farrell's medium
Betaproteobacteria
Neisseria
Thayer-Martin agar
Gammaproteobacteria
Bordetella
Bordet-Gengou agar
Enterobacteriaceae
VRBD agar
Haemophilus influenzae/Legionella pneumophila
Buffered charcoal yeast extract agar
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Cetrimide agar
Salmonella
XLT agar
DCA agar
Salmonella/Shigella
XLD agar
Differential media
Lactose fermenting gram negative
MacConkey agar/Sorbitol-MacConkey agar
Eosin methylene blue
Hektoen enteric agar
sulfur
Bismuth sulfite agar
Fungal media
Czapek medium
Dermatophyte test medium
Potato dextrose agar
Sabouraud agar
Nonselective media
Chocolate agar
Nutrient agar
Plate count agar
Other/ungrouped media
Cystine lactose electrolyte deficient agar
Cystine tryptic agar
Endo agar
Lysine iron agar slant
Müller-Hinton agar/PNP agar
R2a agar
Simmons' citrate agar
Trypticase soy agar
Tryptic soy broth
TSI slant
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The Waltons
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see The Waltons (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The Waltons
Genre
Family drama
Created by
Earl Hamner Jr.
Based on
The Homecoming
by Earl Hamner Jr.
Starring
Richard Thomas
Ralph Waite
Michael Learned
Ellen Corby
Will Geer
Judy Norton
Jon Walmsley
Mary Elizabeth McDonough
Eric Scott
David W. Harper
Kami Cotler
Peggy Rea
Joe Conley
Ronnie Claire Edwards
Leslie Winston
Patricia Neal (pilot)
Narrated by
Earl Hamner, Jr.
Composer(s)
Jerry Goldsmith (theme music)
Arthur Morton
Alexander Courage
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
9
No. of episodes
221 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Lee Rich
Earl Hamner Jr.
Rod Peterson
Producer(s)
Robert L. Jacks
Andy White
Rod Peterson
Claylene Jones
Running time
45–48 minutes
Production company(s)
Lorimar Productions
Distributor
Warner Bros. Television Distribution
Release
Original network
CBS
Picture format
480i
Audio format
Mono
Original release
September 14, 1972 (1972-09-14) – June 4, 1981 (1981-06-04)
Chronology
Preceded by
The Homecoming: A Christmas Story (1971)
Followed by
A Wedding on Walton's Mountain (1982)
External links
Website
www.the-waltons.com
The Waltons is an American television series created by Earl Hamner, Jr., based on his book Spencer's Mountain and a 1963 film of the same name, about a family in rural Virginia during the Great Depression and World War II.
The television movie The Homecoming: A Christmas Story was broadcast on December 19, 1971.[1] Based on its success, the broadcaster, CBS, ordered one season of episodes based on the same characters and that became the television series The Waltons.[2] Beginning in September 1972, the series subsequently aired on CBS for nine seasons. After the series was canceled by CBS in 1981, NBC aired three television movie sequels in 1982, with three more in the 1990s on CBS. The Waltons was produced by Lorimar Productions and distributed by Warner Bros. Domestic Television Distribution in syndication.
Contents
[hide]
1 Premise
1.1 Setting
1.2 Story
1.3 Episodes
2 Production
2.1 The Movie
2.2 Characters
2.3 Inspiration
2.4 Filming
3 Broadcast and release
4 Reception
4.1 Nielsen ratings
4.2 Accolades
5 Reunion movies
6 Home media
6.1 DVD releases
6.2 Streaming
7 Syndication
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Premise[edit]
Setting[edit]
The main story takes place in Walton's Mountain, a fictional town at the foot of a mountain in fictitious Jefferson County, Virginia.
The actual place upon which the stories are based is in Nelson County, Virginia, and is the community of Schuyler.
The time period is from 1933 to 1946, during the Great Depression and World War II, during the presidential administrations of Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S Truman. The year 1933 is suggested by a reference to the opening of the Century of Progress exposition in Chicago, a brief shot of an automobile registration, and it is divulged in episode 18 that the date is in the spring of 1933.[3] The last episode of season one, "An Easter Story", is set in February–April 1934. The year 1934 takes two seasons to cover, while some successive years are covered over the course of a few months.[4]
The series finale, "The Revel", revolves around a party and the invitation date is given as June 4, 1946. A span of 13 years is therefore covered in nine seasons. There are some chronological errors, which ostensibly do not hinder the storyline.
A Thanksgiving reunion show, A Walton Thanksgiving Reunion, filmed in 1993, is set in 1963, and revolves around President John F. Kennedy's assassination; A Walton Wedding, made in 1995, is set in 1964; and the latest reunion show, A Walton Easter, filmed in 1997, is set in 1969.
The series began relating stories that occurred 38 years in the past, and ended with its last reunion show set 28 years in the past.
Story[edit]
John, John-Boy, and Olivia Walton
The story is about the family of John Walton Jr. (known as John-Boy): his six siblings, his parents John and Olivia Walton, and the elder John's parents Zebulon "Zeb" and Esther Walton. John-Boy is the oldest of the children (17 years old in the beginning),[5] who becomes a journalist and novelist. Each episode is narrated at the opening and closing by a middle-aged John Jr. (voiced by author Earl Hamner on whom John-Boy is based). John Sr. manages to eke out a living for his family by operating a lumber mill with his sons' help as they grow older. The family income is augmented by some small-scale farming, and John occasionally hunts to put meat on the table. In the simpler days of their country youth, all of the children are rambunctious and curious, but as times grow tough and the Walton youths grow up to deal with them, the children slowly depart from the innocent, carefree days of walking everywhere barefoot while clad in overalls and hand-sewn pinafores, and into the harsh, demanding world of adulthood and responsibility.
The family shares hospitality with relatives and strangers as they are able. The small community named after their property is also home to folk of various income levels, ranging from the well-to-do Baldwin sisters, two elderly spinsters who distill moonshine that they call "Papa's recipe"; Ike Godsey, postmaster and owner of the general store with his somewhat snobbish wife Corabeth (a Walton cousin; she calls her husband "Mr. Godsey"); an African-American couple, Verdie and Harley Foster; Maude, a sassy octogenarian artist who paints on wood; Flossie Brimmer, a friendly though somewhat gossipy widow who runs a nearby boarding house; and Yancy Tucker, a good-hearted handyman with big plans but little motivation. Jefferson County sheriff Ep Bridges, who fought alongside John in World War I, keeps law and order in Walton's Mountain. The entire family (except for John) attends a Baptist church, of which Olivia and Grandma Esther are the most regular attendees. The church that the Hamners actually attended was Schuyler Baptist Church, near the Hamner homeplace and is still in operation.[6] The church has helped host several events honoring Earl Hamner, Jr., including one in 2014.
In the signature scene that closes almost every episode, the family house is enveloped in darkness, save for one, two or three lights in the upstairs bedroom windows. Through voice-overs, two or more characters make some brief comments related to that episode's events, and then bid each other goodnight, after which the lights go out.
After completing high school, John-Boy attends fictional Boatwright University in the fictional nearby town of Westham. He later goes to New York City to work as a journalist.
Grandma and John-Boy
During the latter half of the 1976–77 season, Grandma Esther Walton suffers a stroke and returns home shortly before the death of her husband, Grandpa Zeb Walton (reflecting Ellen Corby's real-life stroke and the death of Will Geer, the actors who portrayed the characters).
During the series' last few years, Mary Ellen and Ben start their own families; Erin, Jason and John-Boy are married in later television movie sequels. Conversely, the younger children Jim-Bob and Elizabeth, struggle to find and cement true love.
World War II deeply affects the family. All four Walton boys enlist in the military. Mary Ellen's physician husband, Curtis "Curt" Willard, is sent to Pearl Harbor and is reported to have perished in the Japanese attack on December 7, 1941. Years later, Mary Ellen hears of sightings of her "late" husband, investigates and finds him alive (played by another actor), but brooding over his war wounds and living under an assumed name. She divorces him and later remarries.
John-Boy's military plane is shot down, while Olivia becomes a volunteer at the VA hospital and is seen less and less; she eventually develops tuberculosis and enters an Arizona sanitarium. Olivia's cousin, Rose Burton, moves into the Walton house to look after the brood. Two years later, John Sr. moves to Arizona to be near Olivia. Grandma appears in only a handful of episodes during the eighth season (she was usually said to be visiting relatives in nearby Buckingham County).
Six feature-length movies were made after the series' run; set from 1947 to 1969, they aired between 1982 and 1997.
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of The Waltons episodes
Production[edit]
The Movie[edit]
The Homecoming: A Christmas Story (1971) was not made as a pilot for a series, but it was so popular that it led to the broadcaster, CBS, initially commissioning one season of episodes based on the same characters, and the result was The Waltons.[7] Except for the children and Grandma Walton, the actors for the movie were not the same as for the series. The musical score was by Oscar-winning composer Jerry Goldsmith (Goldsmith also scored several episodes of the first season, but the producers believed his TV movie theme was too gentle and requested he write a new theme for the series[8]) and was later released on an album by Film Score Monthly paired with James Horner's score for the 1982 TV movie Rascals and Robbers: The Secret Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn.
Patricia Neal (as Olivia) won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress - Television Series Drama. The movie was also nominated for three Emmys: Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie (Neal), Outstanding Writing Achievement in Drama - Adaptation (Earl Hamner), and Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Drama - A Single Program (Fielder Cook).[9]
Characters[edit]
Main article: List of The Waltons characters
Grandpa and Grandma Walton
The following is a brief summary of the main characters. See main article for a more complete list.
John "John-Boy" Walton Jr. (Richard Thomas, seasons 1–5, guest season 6, three movie sequels; Robert Wightman, seasons 8–9 and one movie sequel), the eldest of the seven children
John Walton Sr. (Ralph Waite), the family patriarch
Olivia Walton (Michael Learned, seasons 1–7, guest season 8, and four movies), the matriarch
Zebulon "Grandpa" Walton (Will Geer, seasons 1–6), John's father
Esther "Grandma" Walton (Ellen Corby, seasons 1–5 & 7, sporadically in other seasons, and in five movies), John's mother
Jason Walton (Jon Walmsley, entire series and six movies ), second-oldest brother; musically talented
Mary Ellen Walton (Judy Norton Taylor, entire series and six movies), headstrong oldest daughter; becomes a nurse
Erin Walton (Mary Elizabeth McDonough, entire series and six movies), second Walton daughter; works as a telephone operator and as manufacturing supervisor
Benjamin "Ben" Walton (Eric Scott, entire series and six movies), third Walton son; has an entrepreneurial spirit
James Robert "Jim-Bob" Walton (David W. Harper, entire series and six movies), youngest Walton son; mechanically inclined
Elizabeth Walton (Kami Cotler, entire series and six movies), youngest of the seven children
Cindy Walton (Leslie Winston), seasons 7-9 and four of the reunion movies, Ben's wife
Rose Burton (Peggy Rea, seasons 8–9 and one sequel), Olivia's matronly cousin who fills in as matriarch during Olivia's absence
Inspiration[edit]
Earl Hamner's rural childhood growing up in the unincorporated community of Schuyler, Virginia, provided the basis for the setting and many of the storylines of The Waltons. His family and the community provided many life experiences which aided in the characters, values, area, and human-interest stories of his books, movies, and television series. Hamner provided the voice-over of the older John-Boy, usually heard at the beginning and end of each episode.
John-Boy Walton's fictional alma mater, Boatwright University, is patterned after Richmond College, which became part of the University of Richmond on Boatwright Drive near Westham Station in The West End of Richmond, Virginia, about seventy miles east of Schuyler.
Filming[edit]
The town of Walton's Mountain was built in the rear area of the Warner Bros. Studios, but the mountain itself was part of the range opposite Warner studios in Burbank, California. The Waltons' house facade was built in the back of the Warner Brothers lot. After the series concluded, the set was destroyed. For the reunion shows, a replica Waltons' house facade was built on the Here Come the Brides set on the Columbia Ranch studio, now part of the Warner Brothers studios. The Waltons' house is still used as scenery at Warner Brothers. For example, it served as the Dragonfly Inn on The Gilmore Girls.
Broadcast and release[edit]
Some sources indicate CBS put the show on its Fall 1972 schedule in response to congressional hearings on the quality of television. Backlash from a 1971 decision to purge most rural-oriented shows from the network lineup may have also been a factor. The network gave The Waltons an undesirable timeslot – Thursdays at 8 p.m., opposite two popular programs: The Flip Wilson Show on NBC and The Mod Squad on ABC.[10] "The rumor was that they put it against Flip Wilson and The Mod Squad because they didn't think it would survive. They thought, 'We can just tell Congress America doesn't want to see this'," Kami Cotler, who played Elizabeth Walton, said in a 2012 interview.[10] However, CBS had enough faith in the show to devise a full-page newspaper ad flanked with the show's positive reviews, urging people to watch the show. This ad was attributed to saving The Waltons, causing the ratings to radically increase.[11]
Ralph Waite was reluctant to audition for the part of John Walton because he didn't want to be tied to a long-running TV series, but his agent persuaded him by saying, "It will never sell. You do the pilot. You pick up a couple of bucks and then you go back to New York."[10]
The cast at the 40th Anniversary of the show in 2012
Reception[edit]
Nielsen ratings[edit]
Season
Time slot (ET)
Rank
Rating
1 (1972–73) Thursday at 8:00-9:00 pm (Episodes 1-24)
Thursday at 9:00-10:00 pm (Episode 25) #20[12] 20.6 (tied with The Partridge Family and Medical Center)
2 (1973–74) Thursday at 8:00-9:00 pm (Episodes 1-10, 12-25)
Thursday at 9:00-10:00 pm (Episode 11) #2[13] 28.1
3 (1974–75) Thursday at 8:00-9:00 pm (Episodes 1, 3-25)
Thursday at 9:00-10:00 pm (Episode 2) #8[14] 25.5
4 (1975–76) Thursday at 8:00-9:00 pm (Episodes 1-18, 20-25)
Thursday at 9:00-10:00 pm (Episode 19) #14[15] 22.9 (tied with M*A*S*H)
5 (1976–77) Thursday at 8:00-9:00 pm (Episodes 1-7, 9-25)
Thursday at 9:00-10:00 pm (Episode 8) #15[16] 22.3 (tied with Little House on the Prairie)
6 (1977–78) Thursday at 8:00-9:00 pm (Episodes 1-7, 9-11, 14-21, 23, 25-26)
Thursday at 9:00-10:00 pm (Episodes 8, 22, 24)
Monday at 8:00-9:00 pm (Episode 12)
Monday at 9:00-10:00 pm (Episode 13) #21[17] 20.8 (tied with ABC Sunday Night Movie)
7 (1978–79) Thursday at 8:00-9:00 pm (Episodes 1, 3-24)
Thursday at 9:00-10:00 pm (Episode 2) Not in the Top 30[18] N/A
8 (1979–80) Thursday at 8:00-9:00 pm (Episodes 1, 3-24)
Thursday at 9:00-10:00 pm (Episode 2) Not in the Top 30[19]
9 (1980–81) Thursday at 8:00-9:00 pm (Episodes 1, 3-22)
Thursday at 9:00-10:00 pm (Episode 2) #30[20] 18.6
Accolades[edit]
The Waltons won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series in 1973. Also in 1973 Richard Thomas won the Emmy for Lead Actor in a Drama Series. Michael Learned won the Emmy for Lead Actress in a Drama Series three times (1973, 1974, and 1976). Ellen Corby was also a three-time winner in the Supporting Actress category, winning in 1973, 1975, and 1976. Will Geer was awarded the Supporting Actor Emmy in 1975. Veteran actress Beulah Bondi won an Emmy in 1977 for Lead Actress in a Single Performance for her guest appearance as Martha Corrine Walton in the episode "The Pony Cart" (Episode #111). She first appeared in The Waltons episode "The Conflict" (Episode #51) as the widow of Zeb Walton's brother.
The series also earned a Peabody Award for its first season.[21]
In 2013, TV Guide ranked The Waltons No. 34 on its list of the 60 Best Series of All Time.[22]
In 2017, from March 20 to March 24 INSP network remembered the life of Earl Hamner Jr. (who had died in 2016) by featuring clips of interviews (once per episode) with him about his time involved with The Waltons during the breaks while its syndicated reruns aired from 3-5PM and again at 7PM.
Reunion movies[edit]
The Walton's Reunion Movie Collection:
1. A Wedding on Walton's Mountain (1982)
2. Mother's Day on Walton's Mountain (1982)
3. A Day for Thanks on Walton's Mountain (1982)
4. A Walton Thanksgiving Reunion (1993)
5. A Walton Wedding (1995)
6. A Walton Easter (1997)
Home media[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
DVD releases[edit]
Warner Home Video has released all nine seasons and six TV movies of The Waltons on DVD in Region 1. Seasons 1–4 have been released in Region 2. The pilot movie, The Homecoming: A Christmas Story, was released by Paramount Home Entertainment. Lorimar produced the series, CBS produced the pilot film, which is why Paramount, under CBS Home Entertainment, handles home video rights for The Homecoming.
German-release DVDs provide German or English sound-track options, with dubbed German voices, or the original English soundtrack, although episode titles, in German, are not always either literal or precise translations of the original English-language titles.
DVD name
Episodes
Region 1
Region 2 (UK)
The Homecoming: A Christmas Story N/A September 23, 2003 N/A
The Complete 1st Season 24 May 11, 2004 November 1, 2004
The Complete 2nd Season 24 April 26, 2005 July 3, 2006
The Complete 3rd Season 24 April 25, 2006 September 11, 2006
The Complete 4th Season 24 January 23, 2007 March 5, 2007
The Complete 5th Season 24 May 8, 2007 September 12, 2007
The Complete 6th Season 22 January 8, 2008 March 20, 2008
The Complete 7th Season 23 April 29, 2008 N/A
The Complete 8th Season 24 January 6, 2009 N/A
The Complete 9th Season 22 April 28, 2009 N/A
TV Movie Collection (not including the original movie) 6 January 26, 2010 N/A
Streaming[edit]
Seasons 1–9 are available via streaming in SD as well as HD through services such as Amazon Video.[23]
Syndication[edit]
Lorimar sold the distribution rights of The Waltons to Warner Bros. Television to avoid a lawsuit owing to the similarities between the series and the film Spencer's Mountain, which Warners owned.[24] Warner Bros. acquired Lorimar in 1989, and has continued to syndicate the series ever since. Reruns currently air in the U.S. on INSP, the Hallmark Channel. In Canada, The Waltons airs on Vision TV and BookTelevision.
In the UK, the series was broadcast on BBC 1 and BBC 2 during the 1970s/1980s - the first three seasons were broadcast on BBC 2 from February 18, 1974[25] to May 17, 1976,[26] on Mondays at 20.00 GMT, and seasons 4 and 5 were shown on BBC One from September 5, 1976[27] to August 30, 1977,[28] on Sundays at 16.10 in 1976 and Tuesdays at 19.00 through 1977. After that, seasons 6-9 would be broadcast on BBC 2 again, starting on April 30, 1979[29] and concluding in April 1983.[30] The three reunion TV movies filmed in 1982 were also shown on BBC 2 from December 21 to December 28, 1983.[31][32][33] The show was repeated on Channel 4 in the 1990s; it currently airs on True Entertainment in the UK.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Waltons" The Homecoming: A Christmas Story (1971) on IMDb
Jump up ^ "All About The Creator". All About The Waltons. Retrieved 28 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Courtship", Season one, episode 18
Jump up ^ A significant anachronism occurs in the first season. In the first episode, the Waltons listen to Edgar Bergen and Charlie McCarthy's radio program (in tribute to Bergen, who played Grandpa in the pilot film). However, Bergen's radio show did not begin airing until 1937.
Jump up ^ "The Foundling", season one, episode one
Jump up ^ "Home - Schuyler Baptist Church, Schuyler, Virginia". Schuyler Baptist Church, Schuyler, Virginia.
Jump up ^ Crump, William D. (2013). The Christmas encyclopedia (Third edition. ed.). p. 434. ISBN 9780786468270.
Jump up ^ Jon Burlingame, p. 153, TV's Biggest Hits: The Story Of Television Themes From "Dragnet" To "Friends", Schirmer Books, 1996, ISBN 0-02-870324-3
Jump up ^ "The Homecoming-A Christmas Story".
^ Jump up to: a b c King, Susan (2012-09-28). "40th anniversary celebration of 'The Waltons'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2016-04-30.
Jump up ^ IV, J. Garland Pollard. "Earl Hamner and the CBS Brand | BrandlandUSA". Retrieved 2017-03-12.
Jump up ^ "ClassicTVHits.com: TV Ratings > 1970's". www.classictvhits.com.
Jump up ^ "ClassicTVHits.com: TV Ratings > 1970's". www.classictvhits.com.
Jump up ^ "ClassicTVHits.com: TV Ratings > 1970's". www.classictvhits.com.
Jump up ^ "ClassicTVHits.com: TV Ratings > 1970's". www.classictvhits.com.
Jump up ^ "ClassicTVHits.com: TV Ratings > 1970's". www.classictvhits.com.
Jump up ^ "ClassicTVHits.com: TV Ratings > 1970's". www.classictvhits.com.
Jump up ^ "ClassicTVHits.com: TV Ratings > 1970's". www.classictvhits.com.
Jump up ^ "ClassicTVHits.com: TV Ratings > 1970's". www.classictvhits.com.
Jump up ^ "ClassicTVHits.com: TV Ratings > 1980's". www.classictvhits.com.
Jump up ^ "The Waltons". peabodyawards.com. Retrieved December 18, 2012.
Jump up ^ "TV Guide Magazine's 60 Best Series of All Time". 23 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Amazon Video: The Waltons: The Complete First Season Retrieved October 22, 2013
Jump up ^ Lee Rich Interview: Archive of American Television. Retrieved on June 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ "BBC Two England - 18 February 1974 - BBC Genome". genome.ch.bbc.co.uk.
Jump up ^ "BBC Two England - 17 May 1976 - BBC Genome". genome.ch.bbc.co.uk.
Jump up ^ "BBC One London - 5 September 1976 - BBC Genome". genome.ch.bbc.co.uk.
Jump up ^ "BBC One London - 30 August 1977 - BBC Genome". genome.ch.bbc.co.uk.
Jump up ^ "BBC Two England - 30 April 1979 - BBC Genome". genome.ch.bbc.co.uk.
Jump up ^ "BBC Two England - 29 March 1983 - BBC Genome". genome.ch.bbc.co.uk.
Jump up ^ "BBC Two England - 21 December 1983 - BBC Genome". genome.ch.bbc.co.uk.
Jump up ^ "BBC Two England - 23 December 1983 - BBC Genome". genome.ch.bbc.co.uk.
Jump up ^ "BBC Two England - 28 December 1983 - BBC Genome". genome.ch.bbc.co.uk.
Further reading[edit]
Conley, Joe (2010). Ike Godsey of Walton's Mountain. Albany, BearManor Media. ISBN 978-1-59393-508-5.
External links[edit]
The Waltons on IMDb
The Waltons at TV.com
The Shed Waltons Mountain
The Waltons at the Encyclopedia of Television
Walton's Mountain Museum official website
All About The Waltons
The Waltons website
The Illustrated Waltons Episode Guide
Rockfish-river.com
The Surviving Waltons: Where Are They Now?
A Walk with Grandpa Walton and the Walton family
The Waltons at HallmarkChannel.com
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Construction of Mount Rushmore
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Coordinates: 43°52′58.41″N 103°27′20.13″W / 43.8828917°N 103.4555917°W / 43.8828917; -103.4555917
This article's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. Please discuss this issue on the article's talk page. (August 2017)
Gutzon Borglum, the sculptor of the memorial.
The construction of Mount Rushmore National Memorial took 14 years, from 1927 to 1941.
Contents
[hide]
1 Designing the monument
2 Construction
2.1 George Washington
2.2 Thomas Jefferson
2.3 Abraham Lincoln
2.4 Theodore Roosevelt
2.5 Hall of Records
3 Present day
4 References
5 External links
Designing the monument[edit]
Doane Robinson of the South Dakota Historical Society wanted a monument to be built in South Dakota in order to help the economy of the state by attracting tourism. In 1923, he proposed that this monument should be built from the granite cliffs in the Black Hills of South Dakota. Senator Peter Norbeck of South Dakota approved the proposal, and federal funding helped the project. Robinson asked architect and sculptor Gutzon Borglum to sculpt and design the monument. Borglum decided to use Mount Rushmore for the sculpture, since it seemed to be the easiest and most stable of the cliffs to work on.[1]
Having decided on the location of the sculpture, Borglum decided to make the monument of four presidents of the United States. He chose the two most famous presidents in American history, George Washington and Abraham Lincoln. He chose Thomas Jefferson because Jefferson nearly doubled the size of the United States in the 1803 Louisiana Purchase (which included the land that became South Dakota). The last president Borglum chose was Theodore Roosevelt, suggested by President Calvin Coolidge (who insisted that at least there be two Republicans and at least one Democrat represented)[2] because of Theodore Roosevelt's introduction of the National Park Service.
Borglum's original design was a sculpture of each president intended to go down to their waists, but time constraints and funding only provided for their heads.[3] Ivan Houser, father of John Sherrill Houser, was assistant sculptor to Gutzon Borglum during the early years of carving; he began working with Borglum shortly after the inception of the monument and was with Borglum for a total of seven years. When Houser left Gutzon to devote his talents to his own work, Borglum's son, Lincoln, became assistant sculptor.
Construction[edit]
Workers used harnesses attached to steel cables while sculpting.
Mount Rushmore before construction around 1905.
A few hundred workers, most of whom were miners, sculptors, or rock climbers, used dynamite, jackhammers, and chisels to remove material from the mountain. A stairway was constructed to the top of the mountain, where ropes were fixed. Workers were supported by harnesses attached to the ropes.
The irises of the eyes were sculpted as holes. A cube of granite was left in each to represent the reflection highlight thereby making the appearance of the eyes more realistic.
Construction began on October 4, 1927. In 1935 Borglum appointed Italian immigrant Luigi Del Bianco as chief carver.[4]
George Washington[edit]
Construction on the George Washington portrait at Mount Rushmore, c. 1932.
George Washington's head was started first. Due to the economic instability of the United States caused by the Great Depression, it was completed in seven years, and dedicated to the public on Independence Day 1934. A large American flag was placed over Washington's head before it was revealed, and this became a tradition for each of the presidents' heads.
Thomas Jefferson[edit]
Thomas Jefferson's head was started next, to the right of Washington. Before the head was complete, Borglum requested that it should be blasted off due to poor rock quality. Jefferson's head was restarted on Washington's left. Jefferson's head was dedicated in 1936.
Abraham Lincoln[edit]
Abraham Lincoln's head was the most challenging because of his beard, but his head was completed on the far right of the cliff. Lincoln's face was finally dedicated on September 17, 1937, which was the 150th anniversary of the signing of the Constitution of the United States in 1787.
Theodore Roosevelt[edit]
While Roosevelt's head was being constructed, accommodations for tourists were being built, including plumbing, lighting, and a visitor center. Not finding suitable rock, the sculptors cut farther back into the mountain, causing concerns about how far they were cutting. Roosevelt's head was dedicated on July 2, 1939.
Hall of Records[edit]
Due to unforeseen vulnerabilities in the granite, Lincoln and Jefferson were moved from the locations in Borglum's original design. Lincoln was shifted to the spot that Borglum had planned to include an 80-by-100-foot inscription in the shape of the Louisiana Purchase.
To replace the inscription, Borglum conceived another grand addition to the monument of similar proportions: the Hall of Records. The Hall of Records was to include a grand entrance to an 80-by-100-foot vault carved directly into the granite face of the small canyon behind Lincoln’s head. Borglum imagined 800 granite steps leading from his studio to the entrance of the Hall.
In 1938, Borglum and his crew began to carve this grand hall, where he envisaged the original Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution should eventually be stored. But a combination of unexpectedly hard granite, looming war in Europe, and lack of funding conspired against Borglum’s last dream, though his plans became more elaborate as his team rushed to complete this work. They had reached 70 feet into the granite by March 1941, when Borglum unexpectedly died. The monument was deemed complete and all work shut down on October 31 of the same year. Though Borglum’s children tried over the years to renew interest in their father’s last dream, it was not until 1998 that the National Park System, together with the Borglum Family, put “finishing touches” on the Hall of Records. A titanium vault was installed in the granite floor of the unfinished hall, and filled with 16 porcelain enamel panels that include the United States Constitution and other important historical documents. The Hall of Records entrance can be seen from west-facing aerial photographs of the monument.[5][6]
Present day[edit]
The granite remains from the construction of Mount Rushmore are still visible below the heads of the Presidents.
The Presidential Trail, a walking trail and boardwalk, starts at Grandview Terrace and travels through the forests to the sculptor's studio, now a museum with information about the construction of the monument and the tools used by workers.[7]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ People & Events: Doane Robinson (1856-1946)
Jump up ^ Fite, Gilbert C. Mount Rushmore (May 2003). ISBN 0-9646798-5-X.
Jump up ^ Rushmore Archived 2010-01-15 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Italian immigrant finally gets his due as Rushmore's chief carver". New York Times. July 11, 2016. Retrieved July 11, 2016 – via Minneapolis Star Tribune.
Jump up ^ Park - see Hall of Records
Jump up ^ Mount Rushmore Natl. Memorial, SD - Bing Maps
Jump up ^ Rushmore's Story | Junk Worth Knowing Archived 2011-07-13 at the Wayback Machine..
External links[edit]
Booknotes interview with John Taliaferro on Great White Fathers: The Story of the Obsessive Quest to Create Mt. Rushmore, December 15, 2002.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Construction_of_Mount_Rushmore&oldid=832800040"
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Mount Rushmore
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