text:
Grass Ain't Greener
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"Grass Ain't Greener"
Single by Chris Brown
from the album Heartbreak on a Full Moon
Released
May 5, 2016
Format
Digital download
Length
3:21
Label
RCA
Songwriter(s)
Chris Brown
Prince Chrishan
Nikhil Seetharam
Lyrica Anderson
Producer(s)
Nikhil
Chris Brown singles chronology
"Wishing"
(2016) "Grass Ain't Greener"
(2016) "I'm the Man (Remix)"
(2016)
"Wishing"
(2016) "Grass Ain't Greener"
(2016) "I'm the Man (Remix)"
(2016)
"Grass Ain't Greener" is a song by American singer Chris Brown. It was released for digital download on May 5, 2016 as the lead single from his eight studio album, Heartbreak on a Full Moon with RCA Records. [1] The song was produced by Nikhil.[2] "Grass Ain't Greener" tells a story of how his side girl became his main girl and their relationship changed for the worse, combining passion and romance, even though Brown is wary of the intentions of his female liaisons.
Contents
[hide]
1 Composition and lyrics
2 Music video
2.1 Synopsis
2.2 Reception
3 Charts
3.1 Weekly charts
3.2 Year-end charts
4 Certifications
5 Release history
6 References
Composition and lyrics[edit]
"Grass Ain't Greener" is a mid-tempo song, with a bouncy tune,[3][4][5] The production of the song is based on a Roland TR-808. After the first two sung verses, Brown visits his rapping skills in the final verse of the song. Lyrically, the song tells a story of how his side girl became his main girl and their relationship changed for the worse, combining passion and romance, even though Brown is wary of the intentions of his female liaisons. The crooner calls out an ex for fronting and admits he's fed up with blowing up her phone, as he sings "I know what you want, but you're not gon' get it / You do what you want with somebody else / I'm gone, baby".[6][7][8]
Music video[edit]
On August 26, 2016 Brown uploaded the music video for "Grass Ain't Greener" on his YouTube and Vevo account.[9]
Synopsis[edit]
The video starts with Chris and his friends (one of them being Famous Fresh) driving on a lonely road in the dark. His friends tease him how he’s “always chasing girls” and mention that his ex may be where they’re headed. Then the guys finally arrive to foggy club with cool fluorescent lights, where dancers in lingerie laying in hoops that are hanging from the ceiling. Chris looks around while flashes of a girl (his ex) pop up in his mind. The girl is dressed in tribal-like clothing with her hair teased and white paint on her body. The dancers end up being vampires and the dancer takes a bite into Chris' neck. Chris starts to chase around a girl in a black bikini top and she looks like the same girl who took a bite out of his neck. He basically takes a trip to another world when he’s in a grey, forest-like setting where people are running and jumping through the trees. The video ends with the girl he was having flashes of in the beginning of the video. She seductively looks at the camera before she turns and walks away into the forest.[10]
Reception[edit]
Capital XTRA called the video "cinematic" and "dark".[11] A writer for Rap-Up described the video as "mysterious".[12] The sites 2DBZ and Urban Islandz noted that the girl that is supposed to be the ex-girlfriend of Brown in the video could be reportedly referred to Karrueche Tran.[13][14]
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (2016)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[15]
97
Australia Urban (ARIA)[16]
11
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[17]
100
UK R&B (Official Charts Company)[18]
31
US Billboard Hot 100[19]
71
US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[20]
23
US R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay (Billboard)[21]
15
US Rhythmic (Billboard)[22]
40
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2016)
Position
US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[23]
94
US R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay (Billboard)[24]
50
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
United States (RIAA)[25]
Gold 500,000
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
sales+streaming figures based on certification alone
Release history[edit]
Region
Date
Format
Label
Ref.
Various May 5, 2016 Digital download RCA [26]
United States
June 21, 2016 Rhythmic contemporary [27]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Listen to a 30-second teaser of Chris Brown's newly-released single "Grass Aint Greener."". hotnewhiphop. May 5, 2016. Retrieved May 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Chris Brown Teases New RnBass Song "Grass Ain't Greener"". rnbass.com. Retrieved May 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ http://hiphop-n-more.com/2016/08/new-video-chris-brown-grass-aint-greener/
Jump up ^ "New Music: Chris Brown – 'Grass Ain't Greener'". Rap-Up. May 5, 2016. Retrieved May 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Grass Ain’t Greener – Chris Brown - Free Android Ringtones". Retrieved 29 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Chris Brown - Grass Ain't Greener | Stream [New Song]". hotnewhiphop.com. Retrieved May 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Chris Brown Previews 'Heartbreak on a Full Moon' Album With New Single 'Grass Ain't Greener'". Billboard. Retrieved May 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Chris Brown Tells A Tale Of A Relationship Gone Wrong With 'Grass Ain't Greener'". 5 May 2016. Retrieved 29 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Chris Brown - Grass Ain't Greener". YouTube. August 26, 2016. Retrieved August 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ http://hollywoodlife.com/2016/08/26/chris-brown-grass-aint-greener-music-video-dance-bitten-watch/
Jump up ^ http://www.capitalxtra.com/artists/chris-brown/videos/official-grass-aint-greener/#zV4TqTflp7Jzov7D.97
Jump up ^ http://www.rap-up.com/2016/08/26/video-chris-brown-grass-aint-greener/
Jump up ^ http://2dopeboyz.com/2016/08/26/chris-brown-grass-aint-greener-video/
Jump up ^ http://urbanislandz.com/2016/08/26/chris-brown-finally-premiere-grass-aint-greener-video/
Jump up ^ Ryan, Gavin (May 14, 2016). "ARIA Singles: Drake 'One Dance' Still No 1". Noise11. Retrieved May 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Urban Singles Chart" (PDF). ARIA. May 15, 2015. Retrieved May 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved May 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Official R&B Singles Chart Top 40". Official Charts Company. Retrieved May 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Chris Brown – Chart history" Billboard Hot 100 for Chris Brown. Retrieved September 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Chris Brown – Chart history" Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs for Chris Brown. Retrieved September 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Chris Brown – Chart history" Billboard R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay for Chris Brown. Retrieved September 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Chris Brown – Chart history" Billboard Rhythmic Songs for Chris Brown. Retrieved April 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "R&B/Hip-Hop Songs - Year-End 2016". Billboard. Billboard. Retrieved December 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay Songs - Year-End 2016". Billboard. Billboard. Retrieved December 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – Chris Brown – Grass Ain't Greener". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved August 1, 2017. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
Jump up ^ *Australia: "Grass Ain't Greener - Single by Chris Brown". iTunes (AU). Retrieved May 6, 2016.
Brazil: "Grass Ain't Greener - Single by Chris Brown". iTunes (BR). Retrieved May 6, 2016.
Canada: "Grass Ain't Greener - Single by Chris Brown". iTunes (CA). Retrieved May 6, 2016.
Great Britain: "Grass Ain't Greener - Single by Chris Brown". iTunes (GB). Retrieved May 6, 2016.
Japan: "Grass Ain't Greener - Single クリス・ブラウン". iTunes (JP). Retrieved May 6, 2016.
New Zealand: "Grass Ain't Greener - Single by Chris Brown". iTunes (NZ). Retrieved May 6, 2016.
United States: "Grass Ain't Greener - Single by Chris Brown". iTunes (US). Retrieved May 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Top 40 Rhythmic Future Releases". All Access. Retrieved June 17, 2016.
[hide]
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Fan of a Fan: The Album
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Heartbreak on a Full Moon
"Grass Ain't Greener"
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"Privacy"
"Pills & Automobiles"
"Questions"
"High End"
Featured singles
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"Algo Me Gusta de Ti"
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"As Your Friend"
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"Show Me"
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"Hold You Down"
"Only"
"Post to Be"
"Waves (Robin Schulz Remix)"
"Hotel"
"Private Show"
"Five More Hours"
"You Changed Me"
"Do It Again"
"How Many Times"
"Fun"
"All Eyes on You"
"Body on Me"
"Moses"
"Play No Games"
"Player"
"Sorry"
"Gold Slugs"
"Paradise"
"Drifting"
"Wishing"
"Something New"
"I'm the Man (Remix)"
"No Romeo No Juliet"
"Do You Mind"
"I Think of You"
"Whatever You Need"
"African Bad Gyal"
"Tone It Down"
"Pie"
"Either Way"
Other songs
"This Christmas"
"Dreamer"
"Sing Like Me"
"Bassline"
"Nobody's Business"
"X"
"Wrist"
"Anyway"
"Picture Me Rollin’"
"Little More (Royalty)"
Book:Chris Brown
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text:
Bifenthrin
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Bifenthrin
Names
IUPAC name
2-Methyl-3-phenylphenyl)methyl (1S,3S)-3-[(Z)-2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl]- 2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylate
Identifiers
CAS Number
82657-04-3 Y
3D model (JSmol)
Interactive image
Interactive image
ChemSpider
9114004 Y
ECHA InfoCard 100.120.070
KEGG
C10980 Y
PubChem CID
10938769
UNII
6B66JED0KN Y
InChI[show]
InChI=1S/C23H22ClF3O2/c1-14-16(10-7-11-17(14)15-8-5-4-6-9-15)13-29-21(28)20-18(22(20,2)3)12-19(24)23(25,26)27/h4-12,18,20H,13H2,1-3H3/b19-12-/t18-,20-/m1/s1 Y
Key: OMFRMAHOUUJSGP-JHEGMOCKSA-N Y
InChI=1/2C23H22ClF3O2/c2*1-14-16(10-7-11-17(14)15-8-5-4-6-9-15)13-29-21(28)20-18(22(20,2)3)12-19(24)23(25,26)27/h2*4-12,18,20H,13H2,1-3H3/b2*19-12-/t2*18-,20-/m10/s1
Key: OXCDWLBJSLVWHB-LKRLXIKPBY
SMILES[show]
Cc1c(cccc1c2ccccc2)COC(=O)C3C(C3(C)C)C=C(C(F)(F)F)Cl
Cl\C(=C/[C@@H]3[C@H](C(=O)OCc2cccc(c1ccccc1)c2C)C3(C)C)C(F)(F)F
Properties
Chemical formula
C23H22ClF3O2
Molar mass 422.87 g·mol−1
Solubility in water
0.1 mg/L
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Y verify (what is Y N ?)
Infobox references
Bifenthrin is a pyrethroid insecticide used primarily against the red imported fire ant by influencing its nervous system. It has a high toxicity to aquatic organisms. Although it is listed as a restricted use chemical in the United States, it is allowed to be sold for daily use, provided the product sold has a low concentration of bifenthrin. The chemical was discovered and developed by FMC Corporation. Products containing bifenthrin include Transport, Talstar, Maxxthor, Capture, Brigade, Bifenthrine, Ortho Home Defense Max, Bifen XTS, Bifen IT, Bifen L/P, Torant, Zipak, Scotts LawnPro Step 3, Wisdom TC Flowable, FMC 54800, Allectus, Ortho Max Pro and OMS3024 and mega wash from green planet.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Chemical properties
2 Toxicodynamics
3 Toxicokinetics
3.1 Biotransformation
4 Use
5 Toxicology
5.1 Toxicity in animals
5.2 Toxicity in mammals
6 Regulation
7 References
8 External links
Chemical properties[edit]
Bifenthrin is poorly soluble in water and often remains in soil. Its residual half-life in soil is between 7 days and 8 months, depending on the soil type, with a low mobility in most soil types. Bifenthrin has the longest known residual time in soil of insecticides currently on the market. It is a white, waxy solid with a faint sweet smell. It is chemically synthesized in various forms, including powder, granules and pellets. However, it is not naturally occurring.[1]
Like other pyrethroids, bifenthrin is chiral; it has different enantiomers which can have different effects. Bifenthrin is found in two enantiomers: 1S-cis-bifenthrin and 1R-cis-bifenthrin. 1S-cis-Bifenthrin is 3-4 times more toxic to humans than 1R-cis-bifenthrin, while the latter is more than 300 times more effective as a pesticide.[2]
Toxicodynamics[edit]
The two types of pyrethroids are the ones with an α-cyanogroup and the ones without an α-cyanogroup. The neurotoxicity of bifenthrin is based on the affinity with voltage-gated sodium channels (both in insects, as well as in mammals). The pyrethroids with an α-cyanogroup block the closing of the sodium-channel permanently, causing the membrane to be permanently depolarized. The resting potential will not be restored, and no further action potential can be generated. The pyrethroids without an α-cyanogroup, to which bifenthrin belongs, are only able to bind to the sodium channel transiently. This will result in after potentials and eventual continuous firing of axons. The resting potential is not affected by these pyrethroids.[2]
Bifenthrin will open the sodium channel for a shorter period than other pyrethroids. The mechanism in mammals and invertebrates is not different, but the effect on mammals is much less due to higher body temperature, higher body volume, and lower affinity of bifenthrin to sodium channels.[3]
Toxicokinetics[edit]
Numerous studies have been conducted on the half life of bifenthrin in soil, water, and air under different conditions, such as aerobic or anaerobic, and at different temperatures and pH.[4] It is more likely to remain in the soil and not so much in water (it is hydrophobic), nor in the air (it is unlikely to volatize because of its physical properties). Because of the water-insolubility of bifenthrin, it will not rapidly cause contamination of ground water. However, some contamination might occur by soil-bound bifenthrin to surface water through runoff. For an overview of the environmental degradation of bifenthrin, see figure below. The main path of degradation results in 4’-hydroxy bifenthrin.
Biotransformation[edit]
Pyrethroids are much less toxic in mammals than they are in insects and fish, because mammals have the ability to rapidly break the ester bond in bifenthrin and break the substance into its inactive acid and alcohol components:[2] In humans and rats, bifenthrin is degraded by the cytochrome p450-family.[5]
Use[edit]
This section's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. (April 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
On a large scale, bifenthrin is often used against red imported fire ants. It is also effective against aphids, worms, ants, gnats, moths, beetles, earwigs, grasshoppers, mites, midges, spiders, ticks, yellow jackets, maggots, thrips, caterpillars, flies, fleas, and termites. It is mostly used in orchards, nurseries, and homes. In the agricultural sector, it is used in great amounts on certain crops, such as corn. About 70% of all hops and raspberries cultured in the United States are treated with bifenthrin.[1]
Bifenthrin is used by the textile industry to protect woollen products from insect attack. It was introduced as an alternative to permethrin-based agents, due to greater efficacy against keratinophagous insects, better wash-fastness, and lower aquatic toxicity.[6]
Bifenthrin is not at all toxic to plants. Though it does not have a large toxicological risk towards mammals or birds, bifenthrin is able to accumulate in food, so it might be dangerous to mammals or birds in some scenarios.
Toxicology[edit]
Toxicity in animals[edit]
Mosquitoes
Bifenthrin is an effective pesticide to use against malaria and filaria vector mosquitoes. It is still effective when a resistance to other pyrethroids is found. Mosquito nets and indoor walls can be treated with bifenthrin[7] to keep more mosquitoes away.[8] Bifenthrin is an effectively used insecticide, but the risk is high of it working only for a short time. Mosquitoes can develop a resistance to it, as well.[9]
Aquatic life
Bifenthrin is hardly soluble in water, so nearly all bifenthrin will stay in the sediment, but it is very harmful for the aquatic life. Even in small concentrations, fish and other aquatic animals are affected by bifenthrin.[4] One of the reasons for the high sensitivity of fish is fish have a slow metabolism. Bifenthrin will stay longer in the system of the fish. Another reason for the high sensitivity of fish is the effect of bifenthrin as ATPase-inhibitor. The gills need ATP to control the osmotic balance of oxygen. If the fish is no longer capable of taking up oxygen because ATP can no longer be used, the fish will die.[10] In cold water, bifenthrin is even more dangerous. pH and calcium concentration are also factors that influence the toxicity.[11] Vertebrates are less sensitive to the effects of bifenthrin as ATPase-inhibitor.
Bees
In bees, the lethal concentration (LC50) of bifenthrin is about 17 mg/l.[12] At sublethal concentrations, bifenthrin reduces the fecundity of bees, decreases the rate at which bee larvae develop into adults, and increases their immature periods.[12]
Table of LD50 values
Species
LD50
Female rats 54 mg/kg
Male rats 70 mg/kg
Mice 43 mg/kg
Mallard ducks 1280 ppm
Bobwhite quail 4450 ppm
Rainbow trout 0.00015 mg/l
Bluegill 0.00035 mg/l
Daphnia 0.0016 mg/l
[1][4]
Toxicity in mammals[edit]
Chemical consequences
Bifenthrin and other synthetic pyrethroids are being used in agriculture in increasing amounts because of the high efficiency of these substances in killing insects, the low toxicity for mammals, and good biodegradability. However, because of its success, they are being used more often (also indoors) and high exposure of bifenthrin to humans can occur.[medical citation needed]
Carcinogenicity
The U.S. EPA classified bifenthrin as a Category C, possible human carcinogen. This rating is based on an increased rate of urinary bladder tumors in mice, adenoma and adenocarcinoma of the liver in male mice, and bronchioalveolar adenomas and adenocarcinomas of the lung in some female mice.[13]
Neurotoxicity for humans
Exposure to bifenthrin can be achieved either by skin contact or ingestion. Skin contact is not toxic, apart from a slight tingling sensation on the specific location of contact. Ingestion is toxic, although only slightly. Commercially available bifenthrin (Ortho Home Defense Max, for example), however, can induce toxic effects in those concentrations, because the added chemicals which improve the sustainability either potentiate bifenthrin or are toxic on their own. Symptoms of excessive exposure are nausea, headaches, hypersensitivity for touch and sound, and irritation of the skin and the eyes.[14]
Regulation[edit]
The EPA monitors and regulates the use of pesticides in the United States. Bifenthrin is classified as a restricted-use pesticide, meaning it is allowed to be legally sold only by certified pesticide applicators. For everyday use, it is allowed to be sold in lower concentrations.
Bifenthrin has been approved for use against the Rasberry crazy ant in the Houston, Texas, area, under a special "crisis exemption" from the Texas Department of Agriculture and the EPA. The chemical is only approved for use in Texas counties experiencing "confirmed infestations" of the newly imported, invasive ant species.[15]
The EPA has classified bifenthrin as a class C carcinogen, a possible human carcinogen based on a test with mice, which showed increased development of certain tumors.[4]
An acute and chronic reference dose (RfD) for bifenthrin has been established, based on animal studies. The reference dose resembles the estimated quantity of a chemical which a person could be exposed to every day (or a one-time exposure for the acute RfD) without any appreciable risk of adverse health effects. The acute reference dose (RfD) for bifenthrin is 0.328 mg/kg bodyweight/day. The chronic reference dose (RfD) for bifenthrin is 0.013 mg/kg bodyweight/day.[4]
Bifenthrin was included in a biocide ban proposed by the Swedish Chemicals Agency, because of its carcinogenic effect.[16] This was approved by the European Parliament in 2009.[17] Pesticides containing bifenthrin were withdrawn from use in the European Union.[18] They have since been reinstated.[19]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d [1], Toxipedia
^ Jump up to: a b c Liu Huigang, Zhao Meirong, Zhang Cong, Ma Yun, Liu Weiping (2008). "Enantioselective cytotoxicity of the insecticide bifenthrin on a human amnion epithelial (FL) cell line". Toxicology. 253 (1-3): 89–96. doi:10.1016/j.tox.2008.08.015. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Lund Albert E., Narahashi Toshio (1983). "Kinetics of sodium channel modification as the basis for the variation in the nerve membrane effects of pyrethroids and DDT analogs". Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 20 (2): 203–216. doi:10.1016/0048-3575(83)90025-1.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e [2], Bifenthrin Technical Fact Sheet, NPIC
Jump up ^ [3], In Vitro Metabolism of Pyrethroid Pesticides by Rat and Human Hepatic Microsomes and Cytochrome P450 Isoforms
Jump up ^ Ingham P. E., McNeil S. J., Sunderland M. R. (2012). "Functional finishes for wool – Eco considerations". Advanced Materials Research. 441: 33–43. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.441.33. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Al-Amin (2011). "
Evaluation of Bifenthrin 80 SC, as a wall treatment against Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae), a vector of Wuchereria bancrofti Cobbold, an etiological agent of Human Lymphatic Filariasis
". Terrestrial Arthropod Reviews. 4 (3): 183–202. doi:10.1163/187498311X577405.
Jump up ^ [4], Bifenthrin: A Useful Pyrethroid Insecticide for Treatment of Mosquito Nets
Jump up ^ [5], Efficacy of bifenthrin-impregnated bednets against Anopheles funestus and pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles gambiae in North Cameroon
Jump up ^ [6], Extension Toxicology Network
Jump up ^ [7], Effects of acute exposure to bifenthrin on some haematological, biochemical and histopathological parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
^ Jump up to: a b Dai, Ping-Li; Wang, Qiang; Sun, Ji-Hu; Liu, Feng; Wang, Xing; Wu, Yan-Yan; Zhou, Ting (2010). "Effects of sublethal concentrations of bifenthrin and deltamethrin on fecundity, growth, and development of the honeybeeApis mellifera ligustica". Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 29 (3): 644–9. PMID 20821489. doi:10.1002/etc.67.
Jump up ^ "National Pesticide Information Center: Bifenthrin Technical Information Fact Sheet" (PDF). Retrieved 2015-02-09.
Jump up ^ [8], Pesticide Action Network
Jump up ^ [9], Urban Entomology
Jump up ^ [10], List of active substances in plant protection products which have been banned or withdrawn in Sweden during the period 1966 to 2000.
Jump up ^ http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?language=en&type=IM-PRESS&reference=20090112IPR45936
Jump up ^ http://news.agropages.com/News/NewsDetail---1433.htm
Jump up ^ http://www.bizjournals.com/philadelphia/blog/natalie-kostelni/2012/07/bifenthrin-is-back-european-union.html
External links[edit]
Bifrenthrin general fact sheet - National Pesticide Information Center
Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids Fact Sheet - National Pesticide Information Center
Bifenthrin in the Pesticide Properties DataBase (PPDB)
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