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Theological differences between the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church
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For ecclesiastical differences between the two churches, see Ecclesiastical differences between the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.
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The Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church have been in a state of official schism from one another since the East–West Schism of 1054. This schism was caused by historical and linguistic developments, and the ensuing theological differences between the Western and Eastern churches.
Main points of discontent for the Catholic Church are the papal primacy[1][2][3] and the filioque clause.[1][2] For Eastern Orthodox the main point of discontent is voiced by neo-Palamism, which sees the essence-energy distinction, and the experiential vision of God as attained in theoria and theosis, as the main point of divergence between East and West.
Although the 20th century saw a growth of anti-western sentiments with the rise of neo-Palamism, "the future of East–West rapprochement appears to be overcoming the modern polemics of neo-scholasticism and neo-Palamism".[4] Since the Second Vatican Council, the Catholic Church has generally taken the approach that the schism is primarily ecclesiological in nature, that the doctrinal teachings of the Eastern Orthodox churches are generally sound, and that "the vision of the full communion to be sought is that of unity in legitimate diversity"[5] as before the division.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Areas of doctrinal agreement
2 East–West Schism
3 Papal primacy
4 Filioque
4.1 The filioque-clause
4.2 Inclusion and rejection
4.3 Consequences
5 Neo-Palamism: theoria and hesychasm
5.1 Neo-Palamism
5.2 Rational and mystical theology
5.3 Hesychasm
5.4 Hesychast controversy
5.5 Catholic views on Hesychasm
6 Future directions
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
10 Sources
11 Further reading
12 External links
Areas of doctrinal agreement[edit]
Both churches accept the decisions of the first seven Ecumenical Councils of the undivided Church. These are:
The Council of Nicea
The First Council of Constantinople
The First Council of Ephesus
The Council of Chalcedon
The Second Council of Constantinople
The Third Council of Constantinople and
The Second Council of Nicaea.
There is therefore doctrinal agreement on:
The divine and human natures of Jesus
Apostolic succession
The threefold ministry of bishops, priests and deacons
The broad structure of the visible church
The sinless life of the Blessed Virgin Mary and the honour due to her as Theotokos
Invocation of the saints
Acceptance of the seven sacraments
Confession to a priest
Use of icons in worship
Solemn celebration of the Eucharist and affirmation of its sacrificial nature as identical with the sacrifice of Christ
The Eucharistic bread and wine becoming the body and blood of Jesus Christ
Neither Church community subscribes to the Protestant teachings expressed in the five solae, especially regarding the teachings of salvation through faith alone (which these two communities understand as requiring no acts of love and charity) or of sola Scriptura (which they understand as excluding doctrinal teachings passed down through the Church from the apostles in the form of sacred tradition).
East–West Schism[edit]
Changes in extent of the Empire ruled from Constantinople.
476 End of the Western Empire; 550 Conquests of Justinian I; 717 Accession of Leo the Isaurian; 867 Accession of Basil I; 1025 Death of Basil II; 1095 Eve of the First Crusade; 1170 Under Manuel I; 1270 Under Michael VIII Palaiologos; 1400 Before the fall of Constantinople
The Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church have been in a state of official schism from one another since the East–West Schism of 1054. This schism was caused by historical and linguistics developments, and the ensuing theological differences between the Western and Eastern churches.
The Roman Empire was divided into a predominantly Greek speaking Eastern half and a Latin speaking Western half, resulting in a separation into two empires( even though none of the orthodox following states have anything in common with Greek culture or language,although popular books say so... orthodox books are written in Cyrillic while Greek people are still writing with their own alphabet from back in time.. meaning "it's easier to rob a state of their identity than rob their culture/ writings. The Greek head of church is not recognized as head of Orthodox Church inside the Orthodox states.) : The Western Empire and the Eastern Empire (also known as the Byzantine Empire or Byzantium) with the passing of Theodosius I in AD 395. With the fall of the Western Empire in 476 CE, the whole of what had been the western part of the empire was ruled by Germanic people. The subsequent mutual alienation of the Greek-speaking East and the Latin-speaking West led to increasing ignorance of the theological and ecclesiological developments of each tradition.
The Eastern Church and the Western Church used respectively Greek and Latin as its medium of communication. Translations did not always correspond exactly. This also lead to misunderstandings.
Papal primacy[edit]
Main article: Papal primacy
Papal primacy, also known as the "primacy of the Bishop of Rome," is an ecclesiastical doctrine concerning the respect and authority that is due to the pope from other bishops and their episcopal sees.
In the Eastern Orthodox Churches, some understand the primacy of the Bishop of Rome to be merely one of greater honour, regarding him as primus inter pares ("first among equals"), without effective power over other churches.[7] Other Orthodox Christian theologians, however, view primacy as authoritative power: the expression, manifestation and realization in one bishop of the power of all the bishops and of the unity of the Church.[8]
The Roman Catholic Church attributes to the primacy of the Pope "full, supreme, and universal power over the whole Church, a power which he can always exercise unhindered,"[9] a power that it attributes also to the entire body of the bishops united with the pope.[10] The power that it attributes to the pope's primatial authority has limitations that are official, legal, dogmatic, and practical.[11][12]
In the Ravenna Document, issued in 2007, representatives of the Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church jointly stated that both East and West accept the fact of the Bishop of Rome's primacy at the universal level, but that differences of understanding exist about how the primacy is to be exercised and about its scriptural and theological foundations.[13]
Filioque[edit]
Main article: Filioque
Differences over this doctrine and the question of papal primacy have been and remain primary causes of schism between the Eastern Orthodox and Western churches.[1][2] The term has been an ongoing source of conflict between Eastern Christianity and Western Christianity, contributing, in major part, to the East–West Schism of 1054 and proving to be an obstacle to attempts to reunify the two sides.[14]
The filioque-clause[edit]
Filioque (Ecclesiastical Latin: [filiˈɔkwe], literally "and [from] the Son"[15][discuss]) is a Latin term added to the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed (commonly known as the Nicene Creed). The Latin term Filioque describes the procession of the Holy Spirit as double, and is translated into the English clause "and the Son" in that creed:
I believe in the Holy Spirit, the Lord, the giver of life,
who proceeds from the Father ⟨and the Son⟩.
Who with the Father and the Son is adored and glorified.
or in Latin:
Et in Spiritum Sanctum, Dominium et vivificantem:
qui ex Patre ⟨Filioque⟩ procedit
Qui cum Patre, et Filio simul adoratur. et cum glorificatur
Inclusion and rejection[edit]
The Filioque is included in the form of the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed used in most Western Christian churches,[note 1] first appearing in the 6th century.[22][contradictory] It was accepted by the popes only in 1014 and is rejected by the Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Churches and Church of the East.
Consequences[edit]
Whether that term Filioque is included, as well as how it is translated and understood, can have important implications for how one understands the central Christian doctrine of the Holy Trinity. For some, the term implies a serious underestimation of the Father's role in the Trinity; for others, denial of what it expresses implies a serious underestimation of the role of the Son in the Trinity. Over time, the term became a symbol of conflict between Eastern Christianity and Western Christianity, although there have been attempts at resolving the conflict. Among the early attempts at harmonization are the works of Maximus the Confessor, who notably was canonised independently by both Eastern and Western churches.
Neo-Palamism: theoria and hesychasm[edit]
Neo-Palamism[edit]
See also: History of Eastern Orthodox theology in the 20th century
The 20th century saw the rise of neo-Palamism, c.q. "Neo-Orthodox Movement," in the Eastern Orthodox Churches. According to this point of view, which arose in defense of the Palamite distinction between essence and energia, western theology is dominated by rational philosophy, while Orthodox theology is based on the experiential vision of God and the highest truth. According to neo-Palamism, this is a main division between East and West.
Neo-Palamism has its roots in the Hesychast controversy or Palamite controversy (14th century),[23][24] in which Gregory Palamas provided a theological justification for the centuries-old Orthodox practice of hesychasm. The hesychast controversy lead to a further distinction between East and West, giving a prominent place to the contemplative practice and theology in the Eastern Orthodox Churches. The publication in 1782 of the Philokalia, which lead to a revival of hesychasm, accepted in particular by the Slav Orthodox churches. Together with the importance attached to it in the 20th century by the Paris school of Orthodox theology it has "led to hesychasm's becoming definitive for modern Orthodox theology as never before,"[25][26] with its Palamite Essence–energies distinction.[27]
Rational and mystical theology[edit]
According to these modern Eastern Orthodox theologians, western theology depends too much on kataphatic theology. According to Steenberg, Eastern theologians assert that Christianity in essence is apodictic truth, in contrast to the dialectic, dianoia or rationalised knowledge which is the arrived at truth by way of philosophical speculation.[28]
While Thomas Aquinas argued that kataphonic and apophatic theology need to balance each other, Vladimir Lossky argued, based on his reading of Dionysius the Areopagite and Maximus the Confessor, that positive theology is always inferior to negative theology.[29] According to Lossky mysticism, c.q. gnosiology, is the expression of dogmatic theology par excellence,[30] while positive theology is a step along the way to the superior knowledge attained by negation.[29] According to Lossky, the difference in East and West is due to the Catholic Church's use of pagan metaphysical philosophy, and its outgrowth, scholasticism, rather than the mystical, actual experience of God called theoria, to validate the theological dogmas of Catholic Christianity. Lossky argues that therefore the Eastern Orthodox and Catholics have become "different men,"[31] stating that "Revelation sets an abyss between the truth which it declares and the truths which can be discovered by philosophical speculation."[32]
Lossky had a strong influence on 20th century Orthodox theology, and influenced John Romanides, himself also an influential theologian on his own. Romanides saw a strong dichotomy between Orthodox and western views, arguing that the influence of the Franks, and western acceptance of Augustine's theology, is the starting point of western rational theology, and the dichotomy between east and west.[33][33][note 2]
This same sentiment was also expressed by the early Slavophile movements (19th century) in the works of Ivan Kireevsky and Aleksey Khomyakov. The Slavophiles sought reconciliation with all various forms of Christianity, as can be seen in the works of its most famous proponent Vladimir Solovyov.
Hesychasm[edit]
Main articles: Hesychasm, Theosis, Christian contemplation, and Mysticism
Hesychasm, "to keep stillness," is a mystical tradition of contemplative prayer in the Eastern Orthodox Church, which already existed in the fourth century CE with the Desert Fathers. It's aim is theosis, deification obtained through the practice of contemplative prayer,[39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46] the first stage of theoria, leading to the "vision of God".[28][47][48][note 3] It consists of three stages, namely catharsis, theoria, and completion of deification, c.q. theosis.[40]
The knowledge of God is attained by theoria, "the vision of God."[50][51][52][40][note 4] This is also referred to as experiencing the uncreated light[47] of God, the light of Tabor of Christ's Transfiguration[63][64] as was seen by the apostles at Mount Tabor.
Hesychast controversy[edit]
Main articles: Essence–energies distinction and Hesychast controversy
The Hesychast controversy was a theological dispute in the Byzantine Empire during the 14th century between supporters and opponents of Gregory Palamas. Gregory Palamas of Thessaloniki (1296-1359), provided a theological justification for the practice of hesychasm. Palamas stated that there is a distinction between the essence (ousia) and the energies (energeia) of God. While God in his essence is unknowable and indeterminible, the vision of God can be attained when his energy is seen with the eyes as the Uncreated Light. Palamas formulated his ideas on this distinction as part of his defense of the Athonite monastic practice of hesychasmos against the charge of heresy brought by the humanist scholar and theologian Barlaam of Calabria.[65][66]
Orthodox theologians generally regard this distinction as a real distinction, and not just a conceptual distinction.[67] Historically, Western Christian thought has tended to reject the essence-energies distinction as real in the case of God, characterizing the view as a heretical introduction of an unacceptable division in the Trinity and suggestive of polytheism.[68][69]
Catholic views on Hesychasm[edit]
The later 20th century saw a change in the attitude of Roman Catholic theologians to Palamas.[70] While some Western theologians see the theology of Palamas as introducing an inadmissible division within God, others have incorporated his theology into their own thinking,[71] maintaining that there is no conflict between his teaching and Roman Catholic thought.[72]
Sergey S. Horujy states that "hesychast studies may provide fresh look at some old interconfessional divisions, disclosing unexpected points of resemblance",[73] and Jeffrey D. Finch says that "the future of East-West rapprochement appears to be overcoming the modern polemics of neo-scholasticism and neo-Palamism".[74]
Pope John Paul II repeatedly emphasized his respect for Eastern theology as an enrichment for the whole Church. While from a Catholic viewpoint there have been tensions concerning some developments of the practice of hesychasm, the Pope said, there is no denying the goodness of the intention that inspired its defence.[75][76]
Future directions[edit]
Jeffrey D. Finch claims that "the future of East–West rapprochement appears to be overcoming the modern polemics of neo-scholasticism and neo-Palamism".[4]
The Catholic Church considers that the differences between Eastern and Western theology are complementary rather than contradictory, as stated in the decree Unitatis redintegratio of the Second Vatican Council, which declared:
In the study of revelation East and West have followed different methods, and have developed differently their understanding and confession of God's truth. It is hardly surprising, then, if from time to time one tradition has come nearer to a full appreciation of some aspects of a mystery of revelation than the other, or has expressed it to better advantage. In such cases, these various theological expressions are to be considered often as mutually complementary rather than conflicting. Where the authentic theological traditions of the Eastern Church are concerned, we must recognize the admirable way in which they have their roots in Holy Scripture, and how they are nurtured and given expression in the life of the liturgy. They derive their strength too from the living tradition of the apostles and from the works of the Fathers and spiritual writers of the Eastern Churches. Thus they promote the right ordering of Christian life and, indeed, pave the way to a full vision of Christian truth.[77]
The Catholic Church's attitude was also expressed by Pope John Paul II in the image of the Church "breathing with her two lungs".[78][79] He meant that there should be a combination of the more rational, juridical, organization-minded "Latin" temperament with the intuitive, mystical and contemplative spirit found in the east.[80]
The Catechism of the Catholic Church, citing documents of the Second Vatican Council and of Pope Paul VI, states:
"The Church knows that she is joined in many ways to the baptized who are honoured by the name of Christian, but do not profess the Catholic faith in its entirety or have not preserved unity or communion under the successor of Peter" (Lumen gentium 15). Those "who believe in Christ and have been properly baptized are put in a certain, although imperfect, communion with the Catholic Church" (Unitatis redintegratio 3). With the Orthodox Churches, this communion is so profound "that it lacks little to attain the fulness that would permit a common celebration of the Lord's Eucharist" (Paul VI, Discourse, 14 December 1975; cf. Unitatis redintegratio 13-18).[81]
On 10 July 2007 the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith published a document,[82] approved by Pope Benedict XVI, that stated that the Eastern churches are separated from Rome (the member churches of the Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodoxy and the Assyrian Church of the East) and for that very reason "lack something in their condition as particular churches", and that the division also means that "the fullness of universality, which is proper to the Church governed by the Successor of Peter and the Bishops in communion with him, is not fully realised in history."[83]
Pertinent to concerns of non-Catholicism is the idea that the autocephalous churches of Eastern Orthdoxy engage in phyletism, that they are often concerned with issues of ethnicity and nationalism to the detriment to ministry and religious practice.
See also[edit]
Eastern Christianity
Eastern Orthodox Christian theology
Eastern Orthodox opposition to papal supremacy
History of Eastern Orthodox Christian theology
History of Catholic Mariology
Catholic theology
Western Christianity
Western Rite Orthodoxy
Joint International Commission for Theological Dialogue Between the Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church
Council of Florence
H. Tristram Engelhardt Jr. has written extensively on the failure of Ecumenism[84]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The doctrine expressed by the Filioque is accepted by the Catholic Church,[16] by Anglicanism[17] and by Protestant churches in general.[18] Christians of these groups generally include it when reciting the Nicene Creed. Nonetheless, these groups recognize that Filioque is not part of the original text established at the First Council of Constantinople in 381[citation needed]and they do not demand that others too should use it when saying the Creed.[citation needed] Indeed, even in the liturgy for Latin Rite Catholics.[19] the Catholic Church does not add the phrase corresponding to Filioque (καὶ τοῦ Υἱοῦ) to the Greek text of the Creed, where it would be associated with the verb ἐκπορεύεσθαι, but adds it in Latin, where it is associated with the verb procedere, a word of broader meaning than ἐκπορεύεσθαι, and in languages, such as English,[20] in which the verb with which it is associated also has a broader meaning than ἐκπορεύεσθαι. Pope John Paul II has recited the Nicene Creed several times with patriarchs of the Eastern Orthodox Church in Greek according to the original text.[21]
Jump up ^ According to Romanides, both Thomas Aquinas' Aristoteleanism and Augustine's Neoplatonism mislead and dominated Western theology. According to Romanides, Augustine did not have theoria, and many of his theological conclusions are not based on a personal experience of God, but on philosophical or logical speculation and conjecture.[33] Romanides therefore reveres Augustine as a saint, but says he does not qualify as a theologian in the Eastern Orthodox church.[34]

According to John Romanides the Catholic Church, starting with Augustine, has removed the mystical experience (revelation) of God (theoria) from Christianity, and replaced it with the conceptualization of revelation through the philosophical speculation of metaphysics.[35][36] Romanides does not consider the metaphysics of Augustine to be Orthodox but Pagan mysticism.[35]

According to John Romanides, Augustinian theology is generally ignored in the Eastern Orthodox church.[37] According to John Romanides and George Papademetriou, some of Augustine's teachings, including his Platonic mysticism, has actually been condemned within the Eastern orthodox condemnation of Barlaam of Calabria, at the Hesychast or Fifth Council of Constantinople 1351.[35][38][subnote 1]
Jump up ^ Theosis has also been referred to as "glorification",[35] "union with God", "becoming god by Grace", "self-realization", "the acquisition of the Holy Spirit", "experience of the uncreated light"[40][49]
Jump up ^ In classical Greek philosophy, theoria was the "intellectual vision of truth,"[53] that is, an intuitive or comprehensive understanding and vision, as opposed to a mere rational and analytical understanding. Until the sixth century the practice of what is now called mysticism was referred to by the term contemplatio, c.q. theoria.[54] According to Johnson, "[b]oth contemplation and mysticism speak of the eye of love which is looking at, gazing at, aware of divine realities."[54]

Under the influence of Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite the mystical theology came to denote the investigation of the allegorical truth of the Bible,[55] and "the spiritual awareness of the ineffable Absolute beyond the theology of divine names."[56] Theoria enabled the Fathers to perceive depths of meaning in the biblical writings that escape a purely scientific or empirical approach to interpretation.[57] The Antiochene Fathers, in particular, saw in every passage of Scripture a double meaning, both literal and spiritual.[58][subnote 2][subnote 3]
Subnotes
Jump up ^ This claim is made by Romanides in the title of his Augustine's Teachings Which Were Condemned as Those of Barlaam the Calabrian by the Ninth Ecumenical Council of 1351
Jump up ^ The Antiochene use of theoria respected the literal meaning of Old Testament texts, while discerning in it a typological or spiritual sense, revealing in the things narrated "the face of Christ in the Old Testament".[59] According to Beck, for Clement and other Alexandrians the word theōria denoted the spiritual sense of a passage of Scripture as revealed by allegory, and they treated it as virtually synonymous with allēgoria.[60]
Jump up ^ As Frances Margaret Young notes, "Best translated in this context as a type of "insight", theoria was the act of perceiving in the wording and "story" of Scripture a moral and spiritual meaning,"[61] and may be regarded as a form of allegory,[62]

In Hesychasm, theoria is obtained by contemplative prayer, the ceaseless and mindfull repetition of the Jesus Prayer.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Larchet 2006, p. 188.
^ Jump up to: a b c WCCFO 1979.
Jump up ^ Jean-Louis Leuba, "Papacy, Protestantism and ecumenism - The World Council and the Christian World Communions";original text in French
^ Jump up to: a b Michael J. Christensen, Jeffery A. Wittung (editors), Partakers of the Divine Nature (Associated University Presses 2007 ISBN 0-8386-4111-3), p. 244
Jump up ^ Encyclical Ut unum sint, 54
Jump up ^ Orientale lumen, 18 Archived December 3, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Speciale 2011.
Jump up ^ Schmemann 1995, p. 165.
Jump up ^ "CCC, 882". Vatican.va.
Jump up ^ "CCC, 883". Vatican.va.
Jump up ^ Phan 2000, pp. 486–488.
Jump up ^ Conte 2006.
Jump up ^ Ravenna Document 2007, nn. 43–44.
Jump up ^ Congar 1959, p. 44; Meyendorff 1987, p. 181; NAOCTC 2003.
Jump up ^ "filioque, n". Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. September 2005. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church, 246-248
Jump up ^ Article 5 of the Thirty-Nine Articles
Jump up ^ Lutheranism (Book of Concord, The Nicene Creed and the Filioque: A Lutheran Approach), Presbyterianism (Union Presbyterian Church, Presbyterian Church of Aotearoa New Zealand Archived 2009-02-06 at the Wayback Machine., Reformed Presbyterian Church); Methodism (United Methodist Hymnal Archived 2008-05-11 at the Wayback Machine.)
Jump up ^ Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity: The Greek and the Latin Traditions regarding the Procession of the Holy Spirit (scanned image of the English translation on L'Osservatore Romano of 20 September 1995); also text with Greek letters transliterated and text omitting two sentences at the start of the paragraph that it presents as beginning with "The Western tradition expresses first ..."
Jump up ^ Nicene Creed Catholic encyclopedia
Jump up ^ Agreed Statement of the North American Orthodox-Catholic Theological Consultation, 25 October 2003
Jump up ^ Grudem, Wanye (1994). Systematic Theology. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan. p. 246. ISBN 978-0-31028670-7.
Jump up ^ A. N. Williams, The Ground of Union: Deification in Aquinas and Palamas, ISBN 978-0-19-512436-1
Jump up ^ An Overview of the Hsychastic Controversy by Archbishop Chrysostomos, English version: Archbishop Chrysostomos, Orthodox and Roman Catholic Relations from the Fourth Crusade to the Hesychastic Controversy (Etna, CA: Center for Traditionalist Orthodox Studies, 2001), pp. 199‒232 [1]
Jump up ^ Andrew Louth in the Oxford Companion to Christian Thought (Oxford University Press 2000 ISBN 0-19-860024-0), p. 88
Jump up ^ Gerald O'Collins, S.J. and Edward G. Farrugia, S.J., editors, A Concise Dictionary of Theology (Paulist Press 2000 ISBN 0-567-08354-3), article on Hesychasm and that on Neo-Palamism
Jump up ^ Finch 2007, p. 233.
^ Jump up to: a b Gregory Palamas: Knowledge, Prayer and Vision. Written by M.C. Steenberg [2]
^ Jump up to: a b Lossky 1997, p. 26.
Jump up ^ Lossky (1997), p. 9
Jump up ^ Lossky (1997), p. 21
Jump up ^ Lossky (1997), p. 49
^ Jump up to: a b c Franks, Romans, Feudalism, and Doctrine/Empirical theology versus speculative theology, Father John S. Romanides [3]
Jump up ^ [4]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Romanides' main points of view
Jump up ^ Romanides, Franks, Romans, Feudalism, p.67
Jump up ^ Franks, Romans, Feudalism, and Doctrine — [Part 3] by John Romanides [5]
Jump up ^ Rev. Dr. George C. Papademetriou, Saint Augustine in the Greek Orthodox Tradition
Jump up ^ Archbishop Chrysostomos, Orthodox and Roman Catholic Relations from the Fourth Crusade to the Hesychastic Controversy Etna, CA: Center for Traditionalist Orthodox Studies, 2001), pp. 199‒232 [6].
^ Jump up to: a b c d Orthodox Spirituality by Metropolitan Hierotheos [7]
Jump up ^ Rufus Goodwin, Give Us This Day: The Story of Prayer, p. 65
Jump up ^ Tony Jones, Soul Shaper: Exploring Spirituality and Contemplative Practices in Youth Ministry, p. 91
Jump up ^ Timothy J. Johnson, Franciscans at Prayer, p. 191
Jump up ^ Peter-Damian Belisle, The Privilege of Love: Camaldolese Benedictine Spirituality, p. 58
Jump up ^ Luke Dysinger in The Oblate Life, pp. 116-117
Jump up ^ Anna Ngaire Williams, The Divine Sense: The Intellect in Patristic Theology, p. 12
^ Jump up to: a b The Difference Between Orthodox Spirituality and Other Traditions by Metropolitan Hierotheos Vlachos [8]
Jump up ^ Knowledge and Vision of God in Cappadocian Fathers by Anita Strezova
Jump up ^ website owned and maintained by Photius Coutsoukis
Jump up ^ What Is prayer? by Theophan the Recluse cited in The Art of Prayer: An Orthodox Anthology, p.73, compiled by Igumen Chariton of Valamo, trans, E. Kadloubovsky and E.M. Palmer, ed. Timothy Ware, 1966, Faber & Faber, London.
Jump up ^ The Illness and Cure of the Soul by Metropolitan Hierotheos of Nafpaktos " [9] Publisher: Birth of Theotokos Monastery, Greece (January 1, 2005) ISBN 978-960-7070-18-0
Jump up ^ Orthodox Psychotherapy Section The Knowledge of God according to St. Gregory Palamas by Metropolitan Hierotheos Vlachos published by Birth of Theotokos Monastery, Greece (January 1, 2005) ISBN 978-960-7070-27-2
Jump up ^ Thomas Keating, Open Mind, Open Heart: The Contemplative Dimension of the Gospel, p. 19
^ Jump up to: a b Johnson 1997, p. 24.
Jump up ^ King 2002, p. 15.
Jump up ^ Dupré 2005, p. 6341.
Jump up ^ John Breck, Scripture in Tradition: The Bible and Its Interpretation in the Orthodox Church, St Vladimir's Seminary Press 2001, p. 11.
Jump up ^ Breck, Scripture in Tradition, p. 37).
Jump up ^ John Breck, The Power of the Word in the Worshiping Church (St Vladimir's Seminary Press 1986 ISBN 0-89281-153-6), pp. 75-76
Jump up ^ Breck, p. 73
Jump up ^ Frances Margaret Young, Biblical exegesis and the Formation of Christian Culture (Cambridge University Press 1997 ISBN 0-521-58153-2), p. 175
Jump up ^ John J. O'Keefe, Russell R. Reno, Sanctified Vision (JHU Press 2005 ISBN 978-0-8018-8088-9), p. 15).
Jump up ^ The Uncreated Light: An Iconographiocal Study of the Transfiguration In the Eastern Church by Solrunn Nes Wm. pg 97 - 103 B. Eerdmans Publishing Company ISBN 978-0-8028-1764-8
Jump up ^ Partakers of God by Panayiotis Christou Holy Cross Orthodox Press, Brookline Mass 1984. [10]
Jump up ^ "accusing Gregory Palamas of Messalianism" – Antonio Carile, Η Θεσσαλονίκη ως κέντρο Ορθοδόξου θεολογίας -προοπτικές στη σημερινή Ευρώπη Thessaloniki 2000, pp. 131–140, (English translation provided by the Apostoliki Diakonia of the Church of Greece).
Jump up ^ Notes on the Palamite Controversy and Related Topics by John S. Romanides, The Greek Orthodox Theological Review, Volume VI, Number 2, Winter, 1960–61. Published by the Holy Cross Greek Orthodox Theological School Press, Brookline, Massachusetts.
Jump up ^ Nichols, Aidan (1995). Light from the East: Authors and Themes in Orthodox Theology, Part 4. Sheed and Ward. p. 50.
Jump up ^ "No doubt the leaders of the party held aloof from these vulgar practices of the more ignorant monks, but on the other hand they scattered broadcast perilous theological theories. Palamas taught that by asceticism one could attain a corporal, i.e. a sense view, or perception, of the Divinity. He also held that in God there was a real distinction between the Divine Essence and Its attributes, and he identified grace as one of the Divine propria making it something uncreated and infinite. These monstrous errors were denounced by the Calabrian Barlaam, by Nicephorus Gregoras, and by Acthyndinus. The conflict began in 1338 and ended only in 1368, with the solemn canonization of Palamas and the official recognition of his heresies. He was declared the 'holy doctor' and 'one of the greatest among the Fathers of the Church', and his writings were proclaimed 'the infallible guide of the Christian Faith'. Thirty years of incessant controversy and discordant councils ended with a resurrection of polytheism" (Simon Vailhé, "Greek Church" in Catholic Encyclopedia (New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909)
Jump up ^ John Meyendorff (editor), Gregory Palamas – The Triads, p. xi. Paulist Press, 1983, ISBN 978-0809124473. Retrieved on 12 September 2014.
Jump up ^ John Meyendorff (editor),Gregory Palamas - The Triads, p. xi
Jump up ^ Kallistos Ware in Oxford Companion to Christian Thought (Oxford University Press 2000 ISBN 0-19-860024-0), p. 186
Jump up ^ "Several Western scholars contend that the teaching of St. Gregory Palamas himself is compatible with Roman Catholic thought on the matter" (Michael J. Christensen, Jeffery A. Wittung (editors), Partakers of the Divine Nature (Associated University Presses 2007 ISBN 0-8386-4111-3), p. 243).
Jump up ^ Cite error: The named reference orthodox.cn was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
Jump up ^ J. Christensen, Jeffery A. Wittung (editors), Partakers of the Divine Nature (Associated University Presses 2007 ISBN 0-8386-4111-3), p. 244
Jump up ^ Pope John Paul II and the East Pope John Paul II. "Eastern Theology Has Enriched the Whole Church" (11 August 1996). English translation
Jump up ^ Original text (in Italian)
Jump up ^ Unitatis Redintegratio Archived March 6, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. 17
Jump up ^ Ut unum sint, 54
Jump up ^ Constitution Sacri Canones
Jump up ^ Obituary of Pope John Paul II
Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church, 838
Jump up ^ Responses to Some Questions Regarding Certain Aspects of the Doctrine on the Church Archived August 13, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Catholic Church only true church, Vatican says" (CBC News 10 July 2007)
Jump up ^ [11]
Sources[edit]
Congar, Yves (1959). After nine hundred years: the background of the schism between the Eastern and Western churches. Translated. New York: Fordham University Press. ISBN 978-0-58523800-5.
Conte, Ronald L. (2006-03-03). "The limits of the magisterium". catholicplanet.com. Archived from the original on 2006-06-15.
Dupré, Louis (2005), "Mysticism (first edition)", in Jones, Lindsay, MacMillan Encyclopedia of Religion, MacMillan
Finch, Jeffrey D. (2007), "Neo-Palamism, Divinizing Grace, and the Breach between East and West", in Christensen, Michael J.; Wittung, Jeffery A., Partakers of the Divine Nature: The History and Development of Deificiation in the Christian Traditions, Fairleigh Dickinson University Press
Johnson, William (1997), The Inner Eye of Love: Mysticism and Religion, HarperCollins, ISBN 0-8232-1777-9
King, Richard (2002), Orientalism and Religion: Post-Colonial Theory, India and "The Mystic East", Routledge
Larchet, Jean-Claude (2006), "The question of the Roman primacy in the thought of Saint Maximus the Confessor", in Kasper, Walter, The Petrine ministry: Catholics and Orthodox in dialogue: academic symposium held at the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity, Translated by Brian Farrell, Paulist Press, ISBN 978-0-80-914334-4
Lossky, Vladimir (1997) [1976]. The Mystical Theology of the Eastern Church. SVS Press. ISBN 0-913836-31-1.
Meyendorff, John (1987) [©1983]. Byzantine Theology: historical trends and doctrinal themes (2nd rev. ed.). New York: Fordham University Press. pp. 60–61, 91–94, 106–113, 181, 188–189. ISBN 978-0-8232-0967-5.
Parsons, William Barclay (2011), Teaching Mysticism, Oxford University Press
Phan, Peter C. (2000). "A North American ecclesiology: the achievement of Patrick Granfield". In Phan, Peter C. The gift of the church: a textbook on ecclesiology in honor of Patrick Granfield, O.S.B. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press. ISBN 978-0-8146-5931-1.
Joint International Commission for the Theological Dialogue between the Roman Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church (2007-10-13). Written at Ravenna, IT. Ecclesiological and canonical consequences of the sacramental nature of the church: ecclesial communion, conciliarity and authority. Tenth Plenary Session, October 8–15, 2007. Vatican City. Archived from the original on 2007-11-17.
Schmemann, Alexander. "The idea of primacy in Orthodox ecclesiology". In Meyendorff (1995).
Speciale, Alessandro (2011-09-25). "Ratzinger's Ecumenism between light and shadows". vaticaninsider.lastampa.it. Turin, IT: La Stampa. Archived from the original on 2013-07-31.
World Council of Churches. Commission on Faith and Order. "[Klingenthal Memorandum:] The Filioque clause in ecumenical perspective [1979]". In Kinnamon & Cope (1997), p. 172.
Further reading[edit]
Joseph P. Farrell God, History, & Dialectic: The Theological Foundations of the Two Europes and Their Cultural Consequences. Bound edition 1997. Electronic edition 2008.
Aidan Nichols, Rome and the Eastern Churches second edition, Ignatius Press 2010 ISBN 978-1-58617-282-4
Tomáš Špidlík, The Spirituality of the Christian East: A systematic handbook, Cistercian Publications, Kalamazoo, Michigan, 1986. ISBN 0-87907-879-0
G.E.H. Palmer (Translator) Philip Sherrard (Translator) Kallistos Ware (Translator) The Philokalia, Volume 4: The Complete Text; Compiled by St. Nikodimos of the Holy Mountain & St. Markarios of Corinth ISBN 978-0-571-19382-0
External links[edit]
Joint Catholic-Orthodox Declaration of Pope Paul VI and Ecumenical Patriarch Athenagoras I, 7 December 1965
BBC Radio 4 round table: In Our Time: Schism (16 October 2003) (audio)
IOCS link for interfaith discussions at University of Cambridge
Orthodox response to allegations of being Platonistic and or NeoPlatonism
Dialogue with the Eastern Orthodox Churches on the Vatican website.
NeoThomism by N. Berdyaev
Timeline of Orthodox Church and Roman Catholic relations at OrthodoxWiki.
Trinity theology Stanford
Twelve Differences Between the Orthodox and the Catholic Churches at the Vivificat blog.
Differences by Orthodox theologian Michael Azkoul
Orthodoxy and Catholicism Compared by Archpriest Gregory Hallam - Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch
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