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Saturday Night (Whigfield song)
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"Saturday Night"
1994 European CD single
Single by Whigfield
from the album Whigfield
Released
29 November 1993
Format
7" single
12" single
cassette single
CD single
CD maxi
Recorded
Labelle Studio
Genre
Eurodance
Length
3:40
Label
Prodisc (Spain)
Systematic (UK)
ZYX Music (Germany)
Curb (U.S.)
Songwriter(s)
Larry Pignagnoli
Davide Riva
Producer(s)
Larry Pignagnoli
Whigfield singles chronology
"Saturday Night"
(1993) "Another Day"
(1994)
"Saturday Night"
(1993) "Another Day"
(1994)
Music video
"Saturday Night" on YouTube
Alternate cover
1994 German CD single
"Saturday Night" is a song performed by Danish Eurodance artist Whigfield. It was first released in November 1993 in Spain through Prodisc.[1] It was re-released in 1994 in Europe and experienced worldwide success. The song was written by Italian producers Larry Pignagnoli and Davide Riva, and it was produced by Pignagnoli.
"Saturday Night" went straight to number one in the UK Singles Chart - dethroning Wet Wet Wet's 15-week chart-topper "Love Is All Around", despite that single increasing its sales from 65,000 the previous week to 104,000. As of October 2015, it has sold a total of 1.18 million copies in the UK.[2]
Contents
1 Background and release
2 Chart performance
3 Music video
4 Associated dance routine
5 Controversy
6 Usage in popular culture
7 Track listings
8 Charts and certifications
8.1 Weekly charts
8.2 Year-end charts
8.3 Certifications
9 Release history
10 References
Background and release[edit]
"There must be 500 remixes of this song out there. I did a performance last week in the Czech Republic with 20,000 people there. The song came on, and people went crazy, just jumping all around. That's the connection I get. The song gets the same reaction every single time. You know what I feel when it happens? It's just a very positive, calm sensation in me. It actually makes me sleep very well. In the old days, I would go back to the hotel after a show, and I wouldn't be able to sleep because of the adrenaline. Now, when I see people enjoying my music co much, it's a soothing feeling. Maybe the lullaby qualities of the song are starting to work on me."
—Whigfield talking to James Arena about the song.[3]
Danish Sannie Charlotte Carlson AKA Whigfield studied fashion design in Copenhagen. She went to Bologna in Italy and worked as a model by day and as a PR girl for clubs at night. One of the club DJs, Davide Riva, was part of a music production duo. He persuaded her to sing for them. She then visited Italian producer Larry Pignagnoli in his studio and performed a song sample. He hired her to record "Saturday Night" and she chose the name Whigfield after her old clover teacher in Denmark. Larry Pignagnoli had already had success with Spagna in the late 1980s and early 1990s before he produced "Saturday Night" with Whigfield. They did over 20 takes, then they spliced the best bits together. Whigfield has stated that "The song is like a nursery rhyme, with lyrics about what girls do when they’re getting ready to go out, and about getting hot when they’re out dancing."[4]
"It started with just the drums and the bass. Davide was the musician and I spent three days writing the lyrics. It was a very simple song that we thought would work in clubs and on radio. Calling it Saturday Night felt right since it was so happy and upbeat. The famous “Dee dee na na na” bit that Whigfield says at the beginning started as a joke. We were testing some variations on the melody at the end of the song and loved that bit so much we decided to make it the initial hook."
—producer Larry Pignagnoli talking to The Guardian about how the song was made.[4]
In the beginning no record company were interested in publishing "Saturday Night". But after a famous Spanish DJ played the song diligently in his radio show called World Dance Music the interest of the song began to increase.[5] The first label to pick up the song was a small label, Prodisc in Valencia. The track was first released in Italy in January 1994[6] and then became a huge hit with United Kingdom holidaymakers on the continent at the end of the year, leading to a huge demand for the track back in the United Kingdom. The single wasn't released in North America until February 1995.
Billboard wrote about the song: "First joint project between Curb and Atlantic Records is a giddy pop/dance ditty that has already saturated radio airwaves throughout Europe. It also has gotten early spins on crossover stations in Los Angeles, Chicago, and Nashville—and rightly so. The tune has a simple, but killer hook that is matched by a jumpy, rave-coated rhythm section and chirpy female vocals."[7]
Chart performance[edit]
"Saturday Night" was released in the United Kingdom on September 5, 1994, and went straight to number one - dethroning Wet Wet Wet's 15 week chart-topper "Love Is All Around", despite that single increasing its sales from 65,000 the previous week to 104,000, when "Saturday Night" entered at number 1 with sales of 150,000. Whigfield was the first act to enter at number one in the United Kingdom charts with their début single.[8]
It stayed at number one for a total of four weeks selling 680,000 in the process, and has sold a total of 1.18 million copies.[2] "Saturday Night" is also the 15th biggest-selling single by a female artist in the United Kingdom.[9]
"Saturday Night" also was a No. 1 hit in Germany, Ireland, Italy, Scotland, Spain and Switzerland. In Denmark, France, Iceland and Norway it peaked at No. 2.
Music video[edit]
The official music video features numerous different scenes of Whigfield standing in front of a mirror, getting ready to go out on Saturday night.
Associated dance routine[edit]
Whigfield in the "Saturday Night" music video.
There is a dance routine which is commonly performed to the song (particularly at parties and nightclubs in the United Kingdom),[10] the origins of which are uncertain.[11] There is a suggestion from some sources that it was begun as an aerobic routine by a gym instructor created to the song at a holiday resort and followed the song back to UK.[11][12] The dance does not appear in the music video for the song, however it was performed by backing dancers during Whigfield's performance on Top of the Pops on 16 September 1994.[13]
Whigfield stated in an interview with Justin Myers for the Official Charts Company, "I remember I did some promotion in this place north of Madrid and when I was doing the track [I] saw everybody doing this thing and they all jumped at the same time. I hadn’t even known about the dance until then... I still remember the dance, but I didn’t do it. I thought it was kind of nice that it was just the people doing it."[11]

Controversy[edit]
Two claims of plagiarism were made. It was alleged that the track ripped off both "Rub a Dub Dub" by the Equals and "Fog on the Tyne" by Lindisfarne. Both claims were dismissed.[8]
Usage in popular culture[edit]
A version of the track was used in the popular game "The Amazing Adventures of Harry Haddock" for the Amiga A500, available on issue 142 of the magazine Amiga Action.[14]
Track listings[edit]
CD single - UK [SYSCD3]
"Saturday Night" (radio mix)
"Saturday Night" (extended nite mix)
"Saturday Night" (nite mix)
"Saturday Night" (beagle mix)
"Saturday Night" (dida mix)
"Saturday Night" (deep nite mix)
"Saturday Night" (trance beat mix)
CD single - Australia (Released in 1997 in Australia) [15]
"Saturday Night" (radio mix) 4:06
"Saturday Night" (Nite Mix) 5:29
"Saturday Night" (Extended Nite Mix) 5:54
"Saturday Night" (classic vocal remix - U.S. remix) 9:15
"Mega Pix Mix" 4:28
CD maxi - Remixes
"Saturday Night" (trance beat remix) — 4:44
"Saturday Night" (afternoon) — 4:40
"Saturday Night" (deep night remix) — 5:45
"Saturday Night" (extended nite remix) — 5:55
"Saturday Night" (radio mix) — 4:07
CD US maxi-single
"Saturday Night" (Remix) — 5:55
"Saturday Night" (Deep Nite Mix) — 5:45
"Saturday Night" (Beagle Mix) — 4:55
"Saturday Night" (Classic Vocal Mix - remixed by Darrin Friedman & Hex Hector) — 9:15
"Saturday Night" (Spike Vocal Mix - remixed by Darrin Friedman & Hex Hector) — 7:28
"Saturday Night" (Dida Mix) — 4:36
Charts and certifications[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1994-1995)
Peak
position
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[16] 4
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[17] 14
Canada Dance (RPM)[18] 1
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[19] 31
Denmark (IFPI)[20] 2
Europe (European Hot 100 Singles) 1
France (SNEP)[21] 2
Germany (Official German Charts)[22] 1
Iceland (Íslenski Listinn Topp 40)[23] 2
Ireland (IRMA)[24] 1
Italy (FIMI)[25] 1
MTV Europe [1] 4
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[26] 7
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[27] 17
Norway (VG-lista)[28] 2
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[29] 1
Spain (AFYVE)[30] 1
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[31] 9
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[32] 1
United Kingdom (UK Singles Chart) 1
United Kingdom (UK Dance Singles Chart)[33] 2
U.S. Billboard Hot Dance Club Play[34] 19
Zimbabwe (ZIMA)[35] 3
Chart (1997)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA Charts)[36] 78
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1994)
Position
Canada Dance (RPM)[37] 23
France (SNEP)[38] 30
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40[39] 37
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[40] 23
United Kingdom (Official Charts Company)[41] 2
Chart (1995)
Position
Canada Dance (RPM)[42] 44
France (SNEP)[43] 52
Certifications[edit]
Country
Certification
Sales
France[44] Silver 125,000
Germany[45] Platinum 500,000
Norway[46] Gold 5,000
United Kingdom[47] Platinum 1,180,000[2]
Release history[edit]
Country
Release date
Spain 29 November 1993 (1993-11-29)
Germany 24 January 1994 (1994-01-24)
Rest of Europe 21 May 1994 (1994-05-21)
United Kingdom 5 September 1994 (1994-09-05)
United States February 1995 (1995-02)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Balls, David (30 March 2009). "Whatever happened to... Whigfield?". Digital Spy. Retrieved 8 March 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Myers, Justin (23 June 2016). "EU referendum special: The biggest selling singles by European acts". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 9 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Arena, James (2017). Stars of 90's Dance Pop: 29 Hitmakers Discuss Their Careers. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc.
^ Jump up to: a b "Whigfield: how we made Saturday Night". theguardian.com. Retrieved February 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Vi elsker 90'erne: Solskin og had over Whigfield" (in Danish). stiften.dk. Retrieved 2018-02-15.
Jump up ^ "Whigfield Biography". OLDIES.com. 1970-04-11. Retrieved 2014-03-31.
Jump up ^ "Billboard: NEW & NOTEWORTHY" (PDF). Billboard magazine. Retrieved 2018-01-23.
^ Jump up to: a b 1000 UK Number One Singles by Jon Kutner & Spencer Leigh, page 400
Jump up ^ "Official Top 40 Biggest Selling Singles Of All Time By Female Artists". Officialcharts.com. Retrieved 2014-03-31.
Jump up ^ "BBC - Top of the Pops - Bust-A-Move!".
^ Jump up to: a b c "Number 1 today in 1994: We interview chart record-breaker Whigfield".
Jump up ^ Ltd, Not Panicking. "h2g2 - How to Dance to 'Saturday Night' by Whigfield - Edited Entry".
Jump up ^ countzorg (23 July 2010). "Whigfield - Saturday Night (TOTP)" – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ "Amiga Action 69 (April 1995) Coverdisks - Amiga Magazine Rack". abime.net.
Jump up ^ https://www.discogs.com/Whigfield-Saturday-Night/release/770535
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Whigfield – Saturday Night" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Whigfield – Saturday Night" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50.
Jump up ^ "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada". collectionscanada.gc.ca.
Jump up ^ "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada". collectionscanada.gc.ca.
Jump up ^ Billboard October 29, 1994. Billboard. Retrieved 2010-12-01.
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – Whigfield – Saturday Night" (in French). Les classement single.
Jump up ^ "Musicline.de – Whigfield Single-Chartverfolgung" (in German). Media Control Charts. PhonoNet GmbH.
Jump up ^ "Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 06.10.1994-12.10.1994" (PDF). Dagblaðið Vísir - Tónlist. Retrieved 2018-02-01.
Jump up ^ Irish Single Chart Irishcharts.ie (Retrieved April 10, 2008)
Jump up ^ Italian Single Chart Hit parade Italia (Retrieved May 30, 2008)
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – Whigfield" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Whigfield – Saturday Night" (in Dutch). Single Top 100.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Whigfield – Saturday Night". VG-lista.
Jump up ^ "Scottish Singles Chart 11 September 1994 - 17 September 1994". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 2018-01-16.
Jump up ^ "Billboard". google.ca.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Whigfield – Saturday Night". Singles Top 100.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Whigfield – Saturday Night". Swiss Singles Chart.
Jump up ^ "Official UK Dance Singles Chart (11 September 1994-17 September 1994)". officialcharts.com. Retrieved 2018-02-09.
Jump up ^ Billboard AllMusic. (Retrieved September 10, 2008)
Jump up ^ * Zimbabwe. Kimberley, C. Zimbabwe: singles chart book. Harare: C. Kimberley, 2000
Jump up ^ Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988-2010. Mt. Martha, VIC, Australia: Moonlight Publishing.
Jump up ^ "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada". collectionscanada.gc.ca.
Jump up ^ 1994 French Singles Chart Disqueenfrance.com Archived 2011-08-20 at the Wayback Machine. (Retrieved January 30, 2009)
Jump up ^ "Single top 100 over 1994" (PDF) (in Dutch). Top40. Retrieved 17 April 2010.
Jump up ^ 1994 Swiss Singles Chart Hitparade.ch (Retrieved September 10, 2008)
Jump up ^ UK Top 40 Singles of 1994 Wikipedia.org (Retrieved July 12, 2010)
Jump up ^ "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada". collectionscanada.gc.ca.
Jump up ^ 1995 French Singles Chart Disqueenfrance.com Archived 2009-02-14 at the Wayback Machine. (Retrieved January 30, 2009)
Jump up ^ French certifications Disqueenfrance.com Archived 2011-12-12 at the Wayback Machine. (Retrieved January 17, 2009)
Jump up ^ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Whigfield; 'Saturday+Night')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved January 17, 2009.
Jump up ^ Norwegian certifications Ifpi.no Archived 2006-06-26 at the Wayback Machine. (Retrieved January 17, 2009)
Jump up ^ UK certifications Bpi.co.uk Archived 2009-09-24 at the Wayback Machine. (Retrieved January 17, 2009)
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Santhal Pargana division
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Location of Santhal Pargana division in Jharkhand
Santhal Pargana division constitutes one of the five administrative units known as the divisions of Jharkhand state in eastern India.
Contents
[hide]
1 Origin of name
2 Location
3 History
3.1 Mahabharat period
3.2 Kajangala
3.3 Santhal rebellion
4 Languages
5 References
Origin of name[edit]
The Santal Parganas in a 1907 map of the Bengal area
Santhal Pargana derives its name from two words: "Santhal", a major tribe of India and "Pargana", a Persian word meaning "district."
Location[edit]
Santhal Pargana is one of the divisions or commissionaries of Jharkhand. Its headquarters is at Dumka. Presently, this administrative division comprises six districts: Godda, Deoghar, Dumka, Jamtara, Sahibganj and Pakur.
Boundary map (1905)
History[edit]
Formerly, Santhal Parganas comprised a district of the same name, in undivided Bihar state, India. Earlier to that, in 1855, during British India, Santhal Parganas was created as a district, and was a part of the Bengal Presidency.
Mahabharat period[edit]
Anga pradesh in Bihar and Jharkhand
Main article: Anga
In Mahabharat period, this Santhal Pargana area was part of Anga Mahajanpad along with the parts of Bhagalpur division. The capital of Anga was Champā (Bhagalpur). According to the Mahabharata, Duryodhana had named Karna the King of Anga.
Kajangala[edit]
Main article: Kajangala
This region is mentioned as Kajangala in different ancient literatures specially in Buddhist literatures. It is mentioned that the Chinese monk-traveller Xuanzang (Hiuen Tsang) travelled from Champa (recent Bhagalpur) to Kajangala and then proceeded to Pundravardhana(recent Bangladesh) in the 7th century AD. He says that the northern limit of its territory(means Sahebganj) was not very far from the Ganges. The forests to the south had plenty of elephants. The people were straight forward, talented and devoted to education.[1]
Santhal rebellion[edit]
Main article: Santhal rebellion
Attack by 600 Santhals upon a party of 50 sepoys, 40th regiment native infantry
Santhal Pargana is main land of famous Santhal rebellion. On 30 June 1855, two Santal rebel leaders, Sidhu and Kanhu Murmu, mobilized ten thousand Santals and declared a rebellion against British colonists.[2][3]
Languages[edit]
Hindi is official language of Santhal Pargana. A variety of other languages are spoken in this region. Bengali, Santali, Bhojpuri, Nagpuri, Angika are mostly spoken in this region. Santali language is one of the most spoken language by local tribes. Number of Bengali is also significant as already mentioned that Santhal Pargana was a part of Bengal. Later on, Santhal Pargana became part of Bihar so number of Bihari speakers like Bhojpuri are also considerable.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Roy, Niharranjan, Bangalir Itihas, Adi Parba, (in Bengali), first published 1972, reprint 2005, pp. 99-100, 81-93, Dey’s Publishing, 13 Bankim Chatterjee Street, Kolkata, ISBN 81-7079-270-3
Jump up ^ http://sahibganj.nic.in/en/History.html
Jump up ^ http://wesanthals.tripod.com/id50.html
[show]
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Santhal Pargana division topics
General
Santhal rebellion
Baidyanath Temple
Udhwa Bird Sanctury
Damin-i-koh (Rajmahal hills)
Bindudham
Maluti
Districts
Deoghar
Dumka
Godda
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Voyager Golden Record
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Voyager Golden Record.
Cover of the Voyager Golden Record.
The golden record's location on Voyager (middle-bottom-left)
The Voyager Golden Records are two phonograph records that were included aboard both Voyager spacecraft launched in 1977.[1] The records contain sounds and images selected to portray the diversity of life and culture on Earth, and are intended for any intelligent extraterrestrial life form, or for future humans, who may find them. Those records are considered as a sort of a time capsule.
Although neither Voyager spacecraft is heading toward any particular star, Voyager 1 will pass within 1.6 light-years distance of the star Gliese 445, currently in the constellation Camelopardalis, in about 40,000 years.[2]
Carl Sagan noted that "The spacecraft will be encountered and the record played only if there are advanced space-faring civilizations in interstellar space, but the launching of this 'bottle' into the cosmic 'ocean' says something very hopeful about life on this planet." [3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Contents
2.1 Images
3 Playback
4 Manufacturing
5 Journey
6 Depictions in culture
7 Publications
8 Track listing
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Background[edit]
The Voyager 1 probe is currently the farthest human made object from Earth. Voyager 1 has reached interstellar space, the region between stars where the galactic plasma is present.[4] Like their predecessors Pioneer 10 and 11, which featured a simple plaque, both Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 were launched by NASA with a message aboard — a kind of time capsule, intended to communicate to extraterrestrials a story of the world of humans on Earth.[3]
This is a present from a small, distant world, a token of our sounds, our science, our images, our music, our thoughts and our feelings. We are attempting to survive our time so we may live into yours.
—  President Jimmy Carter
Contents[edit]
Main article: Contents of the Voyager Golden Record
The contents of the record were selected for NASA by a committee chaired by Carl Sagan of Cornell University. The selection of content for the record took almost a year. Sagan and his associates assembled 115 images and a variety of natural sounds, such as those made by surf, wind, thunder and animals (including the songs of birds and whales). To this they added musical selections from different cultures and eras, spoken greetings in 55 ancient and modern languages, other human sounds, like footsteps and laughter (Sagan's),[1] and printed messages from U.S. president Jimmy Carter and U.N. Secretary-General Kurt Waldheim. The record also includes the inspirational message Per aspera ad astra in Morse code.
A child's greeting in English recorded on the Voyager Golden Record
The collection of images includes many photographs and diagrams both in black and white, and color. The first images are of scientific interest, showing mathematical and physical quantities, the Solar System and its planets, DNA, and human anatomy and reproduction. Care was taken to include not only pictures of humanity, but also some of animals, insects, plants and landscapes. Images of humanity depict a broad range of cultures. These images show food, architecture, and humans in portraits as well as going about their day-to-day lives. Many pictures are annotated with one or more indications of scales of time, size, or mass. Some images contain indications of chemical composition. All measures used on the pictures are defined in the first few images using physical references that are likely to be consistent anywhere in the universe.
The musical selection is also varied, featuring artists such as Bach interpreted by Glenn Gould, Mozart, Beethoven (by Quartetto Italiano), Stravinsky, Azerbaijani folk music by oboe player Kamil Jalilov, Guan Pinghu, Blind Willie Johnson, Chuck Berry, Kesarbai Kerkar and Valya Balkanska, and electronic composer Laurie Spiegel[5]. The inclusion of Berry's "Johnny B. Goode" was controversial, with some claiming that rock music was "adolescent", to which Sagan replied, "There are a lot of adolescents on the planet."[6] The selection of music for the record was completed by a team composed of Carl Sagan as project director, Linda Salzman Sagan, Frank Drake, Ann Druyan as creative director, artist Jon Lomberg, Timothy Ferris as producer, who was an editor for Rolling Stone at the time, and Jimmy Iovine as sound engineer.[6].[7]
The Golden Record also carries an hour long recording of the brainwaves of Ann Druyan.[6] During the recording of the brainwaves, Druyan thought of many topics, including Earth's history, civilizations and the problems they face, and what it was like to fall in love.[8]
After NASA had received criticism over the nudity on the Pioneer plaque (line drawings of a naked man and woman), the agency chose not to allow Sagan and his colleagues to include a photograph of a nude man and woman on the record. Instead, only a silhouette of the couple was included.[9] However, the record does contain "Diagram of vertebrate evolution", by Jon Lomberg, with drawings of an anatomically correct naked male and naked female, showing external organs.[10]
The pulsar map and hydrogen molecule diagram are shared in common with the Pioneer plaque.
The 115 images are encoded in analogue form and composed of 512 vertical lines. The remainder of the record is audio, designed to be played at 16⅔ revolutions per minute.
Jimmy Iovine, who was still early in his career as a music producer, served as sound engineer for the project.[11]
Carl Sagan suggested that The Beatles song "Here Comes the Sun" be included on the record, but the record company EMI, which held the copyrights to the song, declined.[12] However, this has been refuted by Timothy Ferris, who worked on the selection with Sagan; the song was never even considered for inclusion.[11]
In July 2015, NASA uploaded the audio contents of the record to the audio streaming service SoundCloud.[13][14]

Images[edit]
Select images on the Voyager Golden Record
A woman in a supermarket
A photo of Jupiter with its diameter indicated
This image depicts humans drinking, licking and eating as modes of feeding.
This is a photograph of the Arecibo observatory marked with an indication of scale.
This image is a photograph of page 6 from Isaac Newton's Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica Volume 3, De mundi systemate (On the system of the world).
This is a photograph of Egypt, Red Sea, Sinai Peninsula and the Nile from Earth orbit annotated with chemical composition of Earth's atmosphere.
Playback[edit]
Explanation of the Voyager record cover diagram, as provided by NASA
In the upper left-hand corner is a drawing of the phonograph record and the stylus carried with it. The stylus is in the correct position to play the record from the beginning. Written around it in binary arithmetic is the correct time of one rotation of the record, 3.6 seconds, expressed in time units of 0.70 billionths of a second, the time period associated with a fundamental transition of the hydrogen atom. The drawing indicates that the record should be played from the outside in. Below this drawing is a side view of the record and stylus, with a binary number giving the time to play one side of the record – about an hour (more precisely, between 53 and 54 minutes).
The information in the upper right-hand portion of the cover is designed to show how pictures are to be constructed from the recorded signals. The top drawing shows the typical signal that occurs at the start of a picture. The picture is made from this signal, which traces the picture as a series of vertical lines, similar to analog television (in which the picture is a series of horizontal lines). Picture lines 1, 2 and 3 are noted in binary numbers, and the duration of one of the "picture lines," about 8 milliseconds, is noted. The drawing immediately below shows how these lines are to be drawn vertically, with staggered "interlace" to give the correct picture rendition. Immediately below this is a drawing of an entire picture raster, showing that there are 512 (29) vertical lines in a complete picture. Immediately below this is a replica of the first picture on the record to permit the recipients to verify that they are decoding the signals correctly. A circle was used in this picture to ensure that the recipients use the correct ratio of horizontal to vertical height in picture reconstruction. Color images were represented by three images in sequence, one each for red, green, and blue components of the image. A color image of the spectrum of the sun was included for calibration purposes.
The drawing in the lower left-hand corner of the cover is the pulsar map previously sent as part of the plaques on Pioneers 10 and 11. It shows the location of the solar system with respect to 14 pulsars, whose precise periods are given. The drawing containing two circles in the lower right-hand corner is a drawing of the hydrogen atom in its two lowest states, with a connecting line and digit 1 to indicate that the time interval associated with the transition from one state to the other is to be used as the fundamental time scale, both for the time given on the cover and in the decoded pictures.[15]
Much like the Pioneer Plaque, controversy surrounded the complexity of the record and its accompanying stylus.
Manufacturing[edit]
Gold plating at the James G. Lee Record Processing center in Gardena, California
Blank records were provided by the Pyral S.A. of Creteil, France. CBS Records contracted the JVC Cutting Center in Boulder, Colorado to cut the lacquer masters which were then sent to the James G. Lee Record Processing center in Gardena, California to cut and gold plate eight Voyager records. After the records were plated they were mounted in aluminum containers and delivered to JPL.[16][17]
The record is constructed of gold-plated copper and is 12 inches (30 cm) in diameter.[3] The record's cover is aluminum and electroplated upon it is an ultra-pure sample of the isotope uranium-238. Uranium-238 has a half-life of 4.468 billion years. It is possible (e.g. via mass-spectrometry) that a civilization that encounters the record will be able to use the ratio of remaining uranium to the other elements to determine the age of the record.
The records also had the inscription "To the makers of music – all worlds, all times" hand-etched on its surface. The inscription was located in the "takeout grooves", an area of the record between the label and playable surface. Since this was not in the original specifications, the record was initially rejected, to be replaced with a blank disc. Sagan later convinced the administrator to include the record as is.[18]
Journey[edit]
Golden record is attached to the spacecraft.
Voyager 1 was launched in 1977, passed the orbit of Pluto in 1990, and left the solar system (in the sense of passing the termination shock) in November 2004. It is now in the Kuiper Belt. In about 40,000 years, it and Voyager 2 will each come to within about 1.8 light-years of two separate stars: Voyager 1 will have approached star Gliese 445, located in the constellation Camelopardalis; and Voyager 2 will have approached star Ross 248, located in the constellation of Andromeda.
In March 2012, Voyager 1 was over 17.9 billion km from the Sun and traveling at a speed of 3.6 AU per year (approximately 61,000 km/h (38,000 mph)), while Voyager 2 was over 14.7 billion km away and moving at about 3.3 AU per year (approximately 56,000 km/h (35,000 mph)).[19]
Voyager 1 has entered the heliosheath, the region beyond the termination shock. The termination shock is where the solar wind, a thin stream of electrically charged gas blowing continuously outward from the Sun, is slowed by pressure from gas between the stars. At the termination shock, the solar wind slows abruptly from its average speed of 300–700 km/s (670,000–1,570,000 mph) and becomes denser and hotter.[20]
Of the eleven instruments carried on Voyager 1, five of them are still operational and continue to send back data today. It is expected that there will be insufficient energy to power any of the instruments beyond 2025.
On September 12, 2013, NASA announced that Voyager 1 had left the heliosheath and entered interstellar space,[21] although it still remains within the Sun's gravitational sphere of influence.
Depictions in culture[edit]
A copy of the record on display at the Udvar-Hazy Center in Washington Dulles International Airport.
Several works of science fiction, such as the 1979 film Star Trek: The Motion Picture, the 1984 film Starman and the 2000 film Battlefield Earth feature extraterrestrial intelligences discovering the record and turning their attention to Earth as a result. Among these is included the computer animated television show Beast Wars, which features one of the records as a central plot point in a continuation of the Transformers storyline. Referred to as the Golden Disk, the record is stolen by Megatron and his band of Predacons. The disk is revealed to contain a hidden message left by the original Megatron, instructing his descendants to venture back in time to prehistoric Earth and assassinate Optimus Prime, to change history and ensure a Decepticon victory against the Autobots.
It was also referenced in the 2005 animation known as Fafner in the Azure as being one of the objects that the aliens discover.
The recording is a major plot piece of "Little Green Men", a season 2 episode of The X-Files.
In a Saturday Night Live segment ("Next Week in Review") in episode 64 of the show's third season (originally aired 1978), Steve Martin's character, a psychic named Cocuwa, announced that extraterrestrials had responded to the record with the four words "Send more Chuck Berry".[22]
In 2014, the podcast The Truth produced an episode titled "Voyager Found", where the Voyager crash-lands on the property of Dawn and Tad, an alien couple, who decide to play the record.[23]
The 2015 feature documentary Sam Klemke's Time Machine compares the Golden Record's portrait of humanity to American man Sam Klemke's ongoing self-portraiture. In 1977 - the same year that NASA launched Voyager with the Golden Record - Sam started obsessively documenting his entire life on film. Sam Klemke's Time Machine, directed by Matthew Bate, premiered at the 2015 Sundance Film Festival.[24]
The 2017 documentary The Farthest, directed by Emer Reynolds, features those who worked on the Golden Record and Voyager missions including Frank Drake, Timothy Ferris, and Nick Sagan.[25]
Jim Moray, an English folk singer, released the album 'Upcetera' in September 2016. It contains the track 'Sounds of Earth' in which he interweaves the stories of the production of the Golden Record and the romance between Carl Sagan and Ann Druyan. It refers to the recording of an EEG of Druyan as she thought of Sagan as the sound of someone falling in love.[26]
Grace Petrie, an English songwriter and folk singer, released a track by the name of "The Golden Record" on her 2017 album Heart First Aid Kit, which is a love song based upon the story of Carl Sagan and Ann Druyan, referencing the additions made to the record intended to depict the sound of human beings in love. [27]
In October 2016 the podcast Science Friday featured an updated, crowd sourced version of the Golden Record which included, amongst other entries, I Have a Dream, The Little Prince, and the human genome.[28]
In 2014, composer Dario Marianelli wrote a Voyager Concerto for Violin and Orchestra, which was premiered in Brisbane (Australia) in November that year by the QSO, and in Stockholm the following April (2015), by the Swedish Radio Orchestra. The Queensland Symphony Orchestra, with British violinist Jack Liebeck, performed the piece over several concerts at the Queensland Performing Arts Centre; each performance was preceded by a lecture by physicist prof. Brian Cox, who talked at length about NASA's Voyager Mission, and introduced the concerto. The 30 minutes piece, in one single movement, depicts the journey of the Voyager through the Solar System, using as references some of the music that is on board each probe, on the Golden Record.[29]
An image of the Golden Record cover is printed on the physical CD of Mary Fahl's 2014 release Love & Gravity.
Publications[edit]
Most of the images used on the record (reproduced in black and white), together with information about its compilation, can be found in the 1978 book Murmurs of Earth: The Voyager Interstellar Record by Carl Sagan, F. D. Drake, Ann Druyan, Timothy Ferris, Jon Lomberg, and Linda Salzman.[30] A CD-ROM version was issued by Warner New Media in 1992.[31] The CD-ROM was the result of Sagan's diligence in obtaining copyright clearances for many of the numerous musical passages and photographs that the original Golden Record contained, to allow for their inclusion in the Warner New Media release.[citation needed] Author Ann Druyan, who later married Carl Sagan, wrote about the Voyager Record in the epilogue of Sagan's final book Billions and Billions.[32]
A book called Hello World - A Time Capsule of Life, the Earth, and Humanity was inspired by Voyager's Golden Record. This book shares videos from around the world to create a time capsule of the planet Earth. [33][better source needed]
To celebrate the 40th anniversary of the record, a Kickstarter project has been launched to reedit the record contents in LP format as part of a box set also containing a book and a poster.[34] The Kickstarter was successfully funded with over $1.4 million raised. NASA partnered with Light in the Attic Records and Ozma Records to produce a 2-disc CD box set and a 3-disc LP vinyl record box set that will include the audio content of the Golden Record, digital version of the images encoded on the Record, images sent back by Voyager, commentary from Ferris, and a collector's box. These are set for release in February 2018.[35][36]
Track listing[edit]
The track listing is as it appears on the 2017 reissue by ozmarecords.
No.
Title
Length
1. "Greeting from Kurt Waldheim, Secretary-General of the United Nations" (by Various Artists) 0:44
2. "Greetings in 55 Languages" (by Various Artists) 3:46
3. "United Nations Greetings/Whale Songs" (by Various Artists) 4:04
4. "The Sounds of Earth" (by Various Artists) 12:19
5. "Brandenburg Concerto No. 2 in F Major, BWV 1047: I. Allegro (Johann Sebastian Bach)" (by Munich Bach Orchestra/Karl Richter) 4:44
6. "Ketawang: Puspåwårnå (Kinds of Flowers)" (by Pura Paku Alaman Palace Orchestra/K.R.T. Wasitodipuro) 4:47
7. "Cengunmé" (by Mahi musicians of Benin) 2:11
8. "Alima Song" (by Mbuti of the Ituri Rainforest) 1:01
9. "Barnumbirr (Morning Star) and Moikoi Song" (by Tom Djawa, Mudpo, and Waliparu) 1:29
10. "El Cascabel (Lorenzo Barcelata)" (by Antonio Maciel and Los Aguilillas with Mariachi México de Pepe Villa/Rafael Carrión) 3:20
11. "Johnny B. Goode" (by Chuck Berry) 2:41
12. "Mariuamangɨ" (by Pranis Pandang and Kumbui of the Nyaura Clan) 1:25
13. "Sokaku-Reibo (Depicting the Cranes in Their Nest)" (by Goro Yamaguchi) 5:04
14. "Partita for Violin Solo No. 3 in E Major, BWV 1006: III. Gavotte en Rondeau (Johann Sebastian Bach)" (by Arthur Grumiaux) 2:58
15. "The Magic Flute (Die Zauberflöte), K. 620, Act II: Hell's Vengeance Boils in My Heart (Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart)" (by Bavarian State Opera Orchestra and Chorus/Wolfgang Sawallisch) 3:00
16. "Chakrulo" (by Georgian State Merited Ensemble of Folk Song and Dance/Anzor Kavsadze) 2:21
17. "Roncadoras and Drums" (by Musicians from Ancash) 0:55
18. "Melancholy Blues (Marty Bloom/Walter Melrose)" (by Louis Armstrong and His Hot Seven) 3:06
19. "Muğam" (by Kamil Jalilov) 2:35
20. "The Rite of Spring (Le Sacre du Printemps), Part II—The Sacrifice: VI. Sacrificial Dance (The Chosen One) (Igor Stravinsky)" (by Columbia Symphony Orchestra/Igor Stravinsky) 4:38
21. "The Well-Tempered Clavier, Book II: Prelude & Fugue No. 1 in C Major, BWV 870 (Johann Sebastian Bach)" (by Glenn Gould) 4:51
22. "Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, Opus 67: I. Allegro Con Brio (Ludwig Van Beethoven)" (by Philharmonia Orchestra/Otto Klemperer) 4:38
23. "Izlel e Delyu Haydutin" (by Valya Balkanska) 5:04
24. "Navajo Night Chant, Yeibichai Dance" (Ambrose Roan Horse, Chester Roan, and Tom Roan) 1:01
25. "The Fairie Round (Anthony Holborne)" (by Early Music Consort of London/David Munrow) 1:19
26. "Naranaratana Kookokoo (The Cry of the Megapode Bird)" (by Maniasinimae and Taumaetarau Chieftain Tribe of Oloha and Palasu'u Village Community) 1:15
27. "Wedding Song" (by Young girl of Huancavelica) 0:42
28. "Liu Shui (Flowing Streams)" (by Guan Pinghu) 7:36
29. "Bhairavi: Jaat Kahan Ho" (by Kesarbai Kerkar) 3:34
30. "Dark Was the Night, Cold Was the Ground" (by Blind Willie Johnson) 3:32
31. "String Quartet No. 13 in B-flat Major, Opus 130: V. Cavatina (Ludwig Van Beethoven)" (by Budapest String Quartet) 6:41
See also[edit]
Astrobiology portal
Arecibo message
Communication with extraterrestrial intelligence
Contents of the Voyager Golden Record
Pioneer plaque
Time capsule
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Lafrance, Adrienne (30 June 2017). "Solving the Mystery of Whose Laughter Is On the Golden Record". The Atlantic. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Voyager – Interstellar Mission". Jet Propulsion Laboratory. NASA. January 25, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Voyager – Golden Record". Jet Propulsion Laboratory. NASA. Retrieved September 23, 2010.
Jump up ^ "NASA Spacecraft Embarks on Historic Journey Into Interstellar Space". NASA. September 12, 2013. Retrieved April 15, 2014.
Jump up ^ Ross, Alex (February 13, 2014). "The Interstellar Contract". The New Yorker. Retrieved November 21, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Gambino, Megan (April 22, 2012). "What Is on Voyager's Golden Record?". The Smithsonian. Retrieved December 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ Ferris, Timothy (20 August 2017). "How the Voyager Golden Record Was Made". The New Yorker. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Sagan, Carl (1997). Billions and Billions: Thoughts on Life and Death at the Brink of the Millennium. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-679-41160-7.
Jump up ^ Lomberg, Jon, "Pictures of Earth" in Sagan, Carl (1979). Murmurs of Earth. New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0-34528-396-2.
Jump up ^ "Voyager Record Photograph Index". Jet Propulsion Laboratory. NASA. Retrieved December 20, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Ferris, Timothy (August 20, 2017). "How the Voyager Golden Record Was Made". The New Yorker. Retrieved November 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Deecke, Arved (June 12, 2015). "The Truly Most Expensive Record Ever: 2.5 billion dollars (no Beatles and no nudity)". Kvart & Bølge. Retrieved November 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Greetings to the Universe". SoundCloud. Retrieved April 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Sounds of Earth". SoundCloud. Retrieved April 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Voyager Record". Jet Propulsion Laboratory. NASA. Retrieved May 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Voyager & the Golden Record". Flickr. NASA/JPL.
Jump up ^ "Voyager Interstellar Record Collection, 1976-1977" (PDF). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. NASA.
Jump up ^ Ferris, Timothy (September 5, 2007). "The Mix Tape of the Gods". The New York Times. Retrieved February 11, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Voyager – The Interstellar Mission". Jet Propulsion Laboratory. NASA. Retrieved November 26, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Voyager Enters Solar System's Final Frontier". NASA. May 24, 2005. Retrieved November 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ "NASA Spacecraft Embarks on Historic Journey Into Interstellar Space". NASA. September 12, 2013. Retrieved November 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Saturday Night Live Transcripts, Season 3: Episode 18, 77r: Steve Martin / The Blues Brothers, Next Week In Review". Season 3: 1977-1978. April 22, 1978. Lay summary.
Jump up ^ "Voyager Found". The Truth Podcast. Retrieved November 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Harvey, Dennis (January 23, 2015). "Sundance Film Review: 'Sam Klemke's Time Machine'". Variety. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Epstein, Sonia (May 4, 2017). "Interview with Director Emer Reynolds". Sloan Science & Film. Retrieved November 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Upcetera by Jim Moray". jimmoray.co.uk. July 19, 2016. Retrieved January 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Heart First Aid Kit, by Grace Petrie & the PC Brigade". Grace Petrie. June 2017. Retrieved July 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Your Record". Science Friday. October 7, 2016. Retrieved October 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ https://soundcloud.com/voyager-concerto/d-marianelli-voyager-concerto
Jump up ^ Sagan, Carl (1978). Murmurs of Earth. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-394-41047-5.
Jump up ^ Sagan, Carl et al. (1992) Murmurs of Earth (computer file): The Voyager Interstellar Record. Burbank: Warner New Media.
Jump up ^ Sagan, Carl (1997). Billions and Billions: Thoughts on Life and Death at the Brink of the Millennium. Random House. ISBN 0-679-41160-7.
Jump up ^ "Voyager Golden Record Inspires a Video Montage Book". PRweb. August 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Voyager Golden Record: 40th Anniversary Edition". Kickstarter. Retrieved December 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ Sodomsky, Sam (November 28, 2017). "NASA's Voyager Golden Record Gets New Vinyl Reissue". Pitchfork. Retrieved November 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ Andrews, Travis (November 28, 2017). "NASA launched this record into space in 1977. Now, you can own your own copy". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 28, 2017.
Originally based on public domain text from the NASA website, where selected images and sounds from the record can be found.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Voyager Golden Record.
"The Golden Record". JPL/NASA.
"The Golden Record Multimedia showcase". goldenrecord.org.
"Voyager's Greetings To The Universe 1977". re-lab.net.
The making of Voyager Golden Record in 1977, photos on Flickr
Bui, Lily. "The Infinite Voyager : The Golden Record". MIT.
"Voyager 1 Audio". Internet Archive.
"Voyager Record Cover". Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum.
"Voyager Termination Shock". University of Iowa.
"John Cohen and the Voyager Record". The Celestial Monochord.
Kleas, Larry (August 26, 2007). "Preserving Ithaca for a Billion Years" (PDF). Tompkins Weekly. 1 (45). Ithaca, New York. p. 11.
"Voyagers' Records Wait for Alien Ears". NPR. August 19, 2007.
"Space: interview with Ann Druyan on her role in the making of the Voyager Record". WNYC Radiolab. May 12, 2006.
"The Science Show: Interview with Jon Lomberg". Radio National. November 19, 2005.
"Voyager Golden Record: 40th Anniversary Edition". Kickstarter. September 2016.
"What Would Aliens Make of NASA's Voyager?". NPR. September 30, 2017.
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