text:
Mission: Impossible – Fallout
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Mission: Impossible – Fallout
Teaser poster
Directed by
Christopher McQuarrie
Produced by
Tom Cruise
J. J. Abrams
Bryan Burk
David Ellison
Dana Goldberg
Don Granger
Christopher McQuarrie
Written by
Christopher McQuarrie
Based on
Mission: Impossible
by Bruce Geller
Starring
Tom Cruise
Rebecca Ferguson
Simon Pegg
Ving Rhames
Michelle Monaghan
Alec Baldwin
Sean Harris
Henry Cavill
Vanessa Kirby
Sian Brooke
Angela Bassett
Music by
Lorne Balfe
Cinematography
Rob Hardy
Edited by
Eddie Hamilton
Production
company
Bad Robot Productions
Skydance Media
Distributed by
Paramount Pictures
Release date
July 27, 2018 (2018-07-27) (United States)
Country
United States
Language
English
Mission: Impossible – Fallout is an upcoming American action spy film written, directed and produced by Christopher McQuarrie. It is the sixth installment in the Mission: Impossible film series and stars Tom Cruise, Rebecca Ferguson, Ving Rhames, Simon Pegg, Michelle Monaghan, Alec Baldwin, and Sean Harris who all reprise their roles from previous films. Henry Cavill, Wes Bentley, Vanessa Kirby, Sian Brooke, and Angela Bassett will join the franchise. The film is scheduled to be released on July 27, 2018, and will be the first in the series to be released in RealD 3D and IMAX 3D. The film will also have a 2D IMAX release. McQuarrie is also the first director to direct two films in the franchise.
Contents
[hide]
1 Premise
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Filming
4 Release
5 References
6 External links
Premise[edit]
When an IMF mission ends badly, the world is faced with dire consequences. As Ethan Hunt takes it upon himself to fulfill his original briefing, the CIA begins to question his loyalty and his motives. Hunt finds himself in a race against time, hunted by assassins and former allies while trying to prevent a global catastrophe.
Cast[edit]
Tom Cruise as Ethan Hunt[1]
Rebecca Ferguson as Ilsa Faust[2]
Ving Rhames as Luther Stickell[3]
Simon Pegg as Benjamin "Benji" Dunn[3]
Michelle Monaghan as Julia Meade-Hunt[4]
Alec Baldwin as Secretary Alan Hunley[3]
Sean Harris as Solomon Lane[3]
Henry Cavill[5] as August Walker[6]
Vanessa Kirby[7]
Sian Brooke[8]
Frederick Schmidt[9]
Angela Bassett[10]
Wes Bentley[11]
Production[edit]
On May 23, 2015, The Tracking Board reported that Paramount Pictures was developing a sixth Mission: Impossible film with Tom Cruise, J. J. Abrams for Bad Robot, and David Ellison and Dana Goldberg returning to produce the film for Skydance, along with Don Granger and Matt Grimm executive producing and Elizabeth Raposo overseeing development.[12] On July 28, 2015, Cruise confirmed on The Daily Show with Jon Stewart that a sixth film was already being developed, and he told Jon Stewart that the shooting of the film would start in summer 2016.[13] Later on August 2, 2015, Paramount's executive Rob Moore told Variety that the sequel was already in works, stating that they were "very happy to be developing this movie with Tom," and "there has to be another movie."[14] On November 19, 2015, it was announced that Paramount had hired again Christopher McQuarrie to write the film while it was possible that he would also direct the film, and the studio was moving fast with plans for shooting to start in August 2016.[15] On November 30, 2015, McQuarrie confirmed through his Twitter account that he would be back for directing duty as well, and would also produce the film along with Cruise.[16][17] On December 8, 2015, Showbiz411 confirmed that the fifth film's female lead, Rebecca Ferguson, would be returning for the sequel.[2]
On August 19, 2016, The Hollywood Reporter reported that Paramount had halted pre-production on the film due to dispute over salary between Cruise and the studio, which Cruise wanted to get equal or more what he was being paid by Universal Studios for the film The Mummy.[18] On September 16, THR confirmed that Cruise's dispute over salary with the studio had been resolved and the production would now begin in Spring 2017.[1] In November, Jeremy Renner—who portrayed William Brandt in Ghost Protocol and Rogue Nation—stated that he was unsure if he would be part of the sixth film, due to scheduling conflicts with Marvel Studios' Avengers: Infinity War (2018) and its untitled sequel (2019).[19] His non-inclusion was confirmed in March 2017 at CinemaCon.[3]
In February, McQuarrie revealed that the film would include more backstory to Hunt's personal life.[20] On June 13, 2017, Michelle Monaghan was announced to return as Ethan Hunt's wife Julia Meade.[4]
Filming[edit]
Filming was slated to start in Paris on April 10.[21] Other locations include Britain, India, New Zealand and Norway.[22][23] Filming officially began on April 8, 2017.[24] Some of the filming was also taking place in New Zealand in July 2017.[25] The municipality of Forsand in Norway allowed the closing of Preikestolen for a time in autumn for the film's shoot; only crew members and cast were allowed to approach the mountain for nine consecutive days. They also were allowed up to 50 helicopter landings per day.[26] In August 2017, Cruise injured his right leg on the London set during filming.[27][28] Following his accident, the studio halted the production for at least nine weeks which would be taken to heal Cruise's broken ankle and other injuries, and released a statement saying that they would be keeping the July 2018 release date for the film.[29] Filming resumed in early October 2017, with Tom Cruise spotted on set seven weeks after his initial injury, and two weeks earlier than initially planned.[30] Reshoots for Cavill's Justice League coincided with the schedule for Fallout, for which he had grown a moustache which he was contracted to keep while filming, so Justice League's VFX team was forced to use special effects to digitally remove it in post-production.[31] On January 25, 2018, the title was revealed to be Mission: Impossible – Fallout.[32] Filming concluded on March 25, 2018 in United Arab Emirates.[33]
Release[edit]
Mission: Impossible – Fallout is scheduled to be released on July 27, 2018, by Paramount Pictures in RealD 3D, IMAX and IMAX 3D.[34] The first trailer was released on February 4, 2018 during Super Bowl LII.[citation needed]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Kit, Borys (September 16, 2016). "Tom Cruise Closes 'Mission: Impossible 6' Deal, Preproduction to Resume (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved September 17, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Friedman, Roger (December 8, 2015). "Mission Accomplished: Rebecca Ferguson First Tom Cruise Leading Lady Doing a Second "M:I"". Showbiz411. Retrieved December 10, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Mission: Impossible 6 Announces Cast, One Major Actor Won't Return". Cinema Blend. March 29, 2017. Retrieved March 29, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Patrick Hipes. "Michelle Monaghan Returning For 'Mission: Impossible 6'". Deadline.com. Retrieved June 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin (March 7, 2017). "Henry Cavill Joins Tom Cruise in 'Mission: Impossible 6'". Variety.
Jump up ^ "Henry Cavill reveals his character's name to be August Walker on The Graham Norton Show'". January 27, 2018.
Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin (March 3, 2017). "'The Crown' Star Vanessa Kirby Lands Lead Role in 'Mission: Impossible 6' (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety.
Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin (March 23, 2017). "'Sherlock' Star Sian Brooke Joins Tom Cruise in 'Mission: Impossible 6' (EXCLUSIVE)". BBC.
Jump up ^ N'Duka, Amanda (April 4, 2017). "'Mission: Impossible 6' Adds Frederick Schmidt; Golden Brooks Cast In 'The Darkest Minds'". Deadline. Retrieved April 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ Angela Bassett Boards ‘Mission: Impossible 6’
Jump up ^ http://collider.com/mission-impossible-6-trailer-fallout-tom-cruise/
Jump up ^ Chase, Lou (May 23, 2015). "{TB Exclusive} "Mission: Impossible 6" Already In Development At Paramount". The Tracking Board. Retrieved June 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ McNary, Dave (July 29, 2015). "Tom Cruise Announces Plans for 'Mission: Impossible 6'". Variety. Retrieved August 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ McNary, Dave (August 2, 2015). "'Mission: Impossible 6′: Paramount Backs Tom Cruise for Another Sequel". Variety. Retrieved August 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin (November 19, 2015). "Christopher McQuarrie Eyeing Return for 'Mission: Impossible 6' (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved November 28, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Christopher McQuarrie on Twitter". twitter.com. Retrieved December 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ Pedersen, Erik (November 30, 2015). "Christopher McQuarrie Back To Write & Direct 'Mission: Impossible 6'". Deadline.com. Retrieved December 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kit, Borys (August 19, 2016). "Tom Cruise 'Mission: Impossible 6' Pay Dispute Halts Preproduction". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Avengers: Infinity War May Force Jeremy Renner to Skip M:I 6". Comic Book Resources. Retrieved November 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ "How Mission: Impossible 6 Will Be Different From The Previous Movies". CINEMABLEND. February 17, 2017. Retrieved March 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Christopher McQuarrie Talks Mission: Impossible 6". Comingsoon.net. February 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Mission: Impossible 6 Shooting in IMAX 3D". Screen Rant. March 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Stenger Preikestolen i ni dager for Tom Cruise" . Aftenposten (in Norwegian). July 20, 2017. Retrieved December 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ Romano, Nick (April 8, 2017). "Mission: Impossible 6 director announces the start of filming". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved December 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Evry, Max (July 10, 2017). "Mission: Impossible 6 Cast Photo as New Zealand Shoot Ends". ComingSoon.net. Retrieved July 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Madshus, Karin; Karianne, Grindem (July 21, 2017). "Tom Cruise-innspilling på Preikestolen kan skuffe 350 maratonløpere". Dagbladet (in Norwegian). Retrieved December 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Tom Cruise Injured in 'Mission Impossible 6' Stunt". TMZ. August 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Tom Cruise hurt filming 'Mission: Impossible 6' roof-jumping stunt". The Los Angeles Times. August 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ Jr, Mike Fleming (August 16, 2017). "Tom Cruise Stunt Injury Shuts Down 'M:I 6 – Mission Impossible'". Deadline. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Tom Cruise Gets Back to Work on 'Mission: Impossible 6' After Set Injury". Collider. October 4, 2017. Retrieved October 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ "How much work it will take to digitally remove Henry Cavill's mustache for 'Justice League,' according to visual effects artists". Business Insider. July 28, 2017. Retrieved April 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ Travis, Ben (January 25, 2018). "Mission Impossible 6 Officially Named Fallout". Empire. Retrieved January 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Christopher McQuarrie (@christophermcquarrie) • Instagram photos and videos". www.instagram.com. Retrieved 2018-03-25.
Jump up ^ McClintock, Pamela (November 8, 2016). "Tom Cruise's 'Mission: Impossible 6' Lands Summer 2018 Release Date". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved November 9, 2016.
External links[edit]
Mission: Impossible – Fallout on IMDb
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text:
Relaxer
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the Alt-J album, see Relaxer (album).
A relaxer is a type of lotion or cream generally used by people with tight curls or very curly hair which makes hair easier to straighten by chemically "relaxing" the natural curls. The active agent is usually a strong alkali, although some formulations are based on ammonium thioglycolate instead.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 General usage
3 Types
3.1 Thio relaxers
3.2 Alkaline and lye relaxers
3.2.1 "Base" and "no base" formulas
3.3 "No lye" relaxers
3.4 Commercial sale
3.5 Down Perm
4 Risks
4.1 Uterine leiomyomata
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
The first documented history of the relaxer began with Garrett Augustus Morgan in 1909. His hair straighten cream was found accidentally when trying to find a solution to ease friction of sewing machine in his tailor shop. Morgan tested his cream on a neighboring dog's fur. With the success of the cream, he established G.A. Morgan Hair Refining Company and began selling his product to Black people.
General usage[edit]
Hair relaxing, or lanthionization, colloquially known as a perm, can be performed by a professional cosmetologist in a salon, a professional barber in a barbershop or at home with relaxer kits. As with hair dye, the treated portion of the hair moves away from the scalp as the new growth of untreated hair sprouts up from the roots, requiring periodic retreatment (about every 8–10 weeks) to maintain a consistent appearance.
The relaxer is applied to the base of the hair shaft and remains in place for a "cooking" interval, during which it alters the hair's texture by a process of controlled damage to the protein structure. The hair can be significantly weakened by the physical overlap of excessive applications or by a single excessive one, leading to brittleness, breakage, or even widespread alopecia.
When the relaxer has worked to the desired degree, the hair is rinsed clean. Regardless of formula, relaxers are always alkaline to some degree, so it is prudent to neutralize or even slightly acidify the hair with a suitable shampoo immediately afterward. The prompt use of hair conditioner is also important in order to replace some of the natural oils that were stripped away by the process.
Types[edit]
Thio relaxers[edit]
Thio relaxers use ATG, or ammonium thioglycolate, which is also used in permanent waving, but at a much higher pH and concentration than used in permanent waves. It is usually higher than a pH of 10. These relaxers are also thicker with a higher viscosity, or thickness, which makes for an easier relaxer application. Thio relaxers break the disulfide bonds in hair, similar to the permanent waving process. When enough of the disulfide bonds in the hair are broken, the relaxer is rinsed from the hair and the hair is towel dried. After towel drying, a neutralizer of some sort is applied to the hair.
Alkaline and lye relaxers[edit]
Garrett Augustus Morgan observed that it is possible to change the basic structure of the hair shaft when certain chemicals penetrate the cortical layer. Hair relaxing products often require washing and combing with soap which had been made with excess lye. The scalp can suffer severe chemical burns if over exposed to lye or no-lye relaxers.
A lye relaxer consists of sodium hydroxide (also known as NaOH or lye) mixed with water, petroleum jelly, mineral oil, and emulsifiers to create a creamy consistency. On application, the caustic "lye cream" permeates the protein structure of the hair and weakens its internal bonds, causing the natural curls to loosen out as the entire fiber swells open. No special deactivation step is required after washing the lye cream out, other than the routine pH adjustment and hair-conditioning.
Manufacturers vary the sodium hydroxide content of the solution from 5% to 10% and the pH between 10 and 14.
"Base" and "no base" formulas[edit]
Entirely distinct from the chemical concept of base as a wider definition for "alkaline", lye relaxers may be labelled as "base" or "no base". In this instance, the "base" refers to a preliminary coating of petroleum jelly onto the scalp to protect it from being irritated or burned by the lye cream. "No base" creams have a lower concentration of lye and may be applied directly to the hair roots without requiring the protective "base" layer, although these weaker products may still irritate the skin of some people who must therefore coat their scalps beforehand anyway.
"No lye" relaxers[edit]
Because of increasing awareness of the potential dangers of sodium hydroxide found in traditional relaxer formulas, many women have begun abandoning them.[1] "No-lye" relaxers have become increasingly popular. "No-lye" relaxers are of three main types. One type operates on the same general principle as lye relaxers but uses a slightly weaker alkaline agent, such as potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, or guanidine hydroxide. The last of these is not pre-formulated, but rather is generated at the time of use by combining a cream containing calcium hydroxide (slaked lime) with an "activating solution" of guanidine carbonate.
Another type of "no-lye" relaxer uses ammonium thioglycolate, which is also known as perm salt for its use in permanent waves. Perm salt is a chemical reducing agent which selectively weakens the hair's cystine bonds instead of disrupting the entire protein, but strips out the natural oils even more thoroughly than the alkali hydroxide products. Afterward, the thioglycolate must be oxidized with a special solution of hydrogen peroxide or sodium bromate.
Lastly, in most relaxers sold for home use, the active agents are ammonium sulfite and ammonium bisulfite (the two compounds are interchangeable, depending on the surrounding pH). These also selectively reduce the cystine bonds, but are much weaker and work more slowly. Nevertheless, their mild action minimizes (but does not entirely eliminate) collateral irritation to the skin.
Commercial sale[edit]
Early in the 1900s hair relaxing products emerged, such as "G.A. brandi's hair Cream." Sale of "lye relaxers" began in 1917 by companies such as Proline. They also produced the first commercial "no lye relaxer" using potassium hydroxide in 1919.
A product falsely marketed as chemical-free in the 1990s, the Rio Hair Naturalizer System, led to a class action lawsuit against the manufacturer, the World Rio Corporation Inc., when the acidic chemicals it contained caused scalp damage and/or hair loss to thousands of users.[2][3] The product was eventually withdrawn from the market.[3]
Down Perm[edit]
A Down Perm (Korean: 다운 펌) is a type of hair relaxing product used in Asia with its origins in South Korea.[4] It is designed to relax Asian hair which tends to stick out, most noticeably after washing it.[5]
Risks[edit]
The hair of some Africans is elliptical in shape and therefore very tightly curled (Asian hair tends to be round and Caucasian hair is in-between). The relaxer cream breaks down the chemical bonds of the hair shaft, disrupting the elliptical shape and reconstructing the bonds in a different way. Though hair follicles themselves are not damaged, the hair can become very brittle and break off. There is also risks of scalp burns if the relaxer comes into contact with the skin. Some professionals apply a scalp base cream or protector prior to application to protect the client's scalp from chemical burns. Cosmetic products are not subject to pre-market approval by the Food and Drug Administration and a complete list of ingredients is not mandatory, however many brands of hair relaxers list phthalate directly as one of their chemical ingredients. Phthalates from cosmetic products can be inhaled or absorbed by the skin and these have been shown to have estrogenic effects in cell models and experimental animals.
Uterine leiomyomata[edit]
A correlation study published in 2012 showed a link between the use of relaxers by African-American women with an increased risk of uterine leiomyomata. The incidence of this disease is 2 to 3 times higher in African-Americans compared to Caucasian women.[6] However, the paper makes no causal connections between relaxers and uterine fibroids, even though some media outlets have reported otherwise.[7]
See also[edit]
Afro-textured hair
Hair iron
Hair straightening
Hot comb
Natural hair
Perm (hairstyle)
Garret Morgan
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Relaxer and Hair Loss In Women" retrieved November 26, 2009.
Jump up ^ Ayana D. Byrd; Lori L. Tharps (30 November 2006). Hair Story: Untangling the Roots of Black Hair in America. Diane Pub Co. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-7567-6982-6. Retrieved 23 September 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Kurtzweil, Paula (March 1996). "Hair relaxers destroyed after consumers complain – products sold by World Rio Corp", FDA Consumer.
Jump up ^ http://dusolbeauty.blogspot.com.au/2014/12/hair-advice-mens-down-perm.html
Jump up ^ http://www.hairplus.sg/latest/men-style-korean-down-perm
Jump up ^ Cozier, Yvette; Palmer, Julie. Reich, David. Rosenburg, Lynn. Wise, Julie. (March 2012). "Hair Relaxer use and the Risk of Uterine Leoimyomata". American Journal of Epidemiology. 175 (5): 432–440. PMC 3282879  . PMID 22234483. doi:10.1093/aje/kwr351. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ "Chemical relaxers linked to high uterine fibroid risk among African-American Women? I doubt it". Retrieved August 14, 2014.
Garrett Augustus Morgan Cleveland Business Man and Inventor. Rhode Island College [1]
External links[edit]
List of articles from National Library of Medicine and National Institutes of Health regarding relaxers
Hair Care: An Illustrated Dermatologic Handbook
Chemical and Physical Behavior of Human Hair
[2]
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This page was last edited on 11 October 2017, at 12:23.
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