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Fifty Shades of Grey: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
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Fifty Shades of Grey: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
Soundtrack album by various artists
Released
February 10, 2015 (2015-02-10)
Recorded
2014
Length
61:41
Label
Republic
Producer
Mike Stevens
Annie Lennox
Emile Haynie
Stephan Moccio
Jason "DaHeala" Quenneville
Dave Okumu
Max Martin
Ali Payami
Boots
Beyoncé Knowles
Michael Diamond
Oliver Kraus
The Glimmer Twins
Aaron Bruno
Dave Cavanaugh
Barney Freeman
Ben Vella
Blythe Pepino
Mike Dean
Dan Heath
Danny Elfman
Leon "RoccStar" Youngblood
Ben Tanner
Fifty Shades soundtrack chronology
Fifty Shades of Grey
(2015) Fifty Shades of Grey2015 Fifty Shades Darker
(2017) Fifty Shades Darker2017
Singles from Fifty Shades of Grey: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
"Earned It"
Released: December 23, 2014
"Love Me like You Do"
Released: January 7, 2015
"Crazy in Love (2014 Remix)"
Released: September 4, 2015
Fifty Shades of Grey: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack album to the 2015 film Fifty Shades of Grey, an adaptation of E. L. James's eponymous novel; it was released through Republic Records on February 10, 2015. It was the seventh best-selling album of 2015 with 2.2 million copies sold worldwide.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Singles
2.1 Promotional singles
3 Reception
3.1 Commercial performance
3.2 Critical reception
4 Track listing
5 Credits
6 Charts
6.1 Weekly charts
6.2 Year-end charts
7 Certifications
8 See also
9 References
Background[edit]
Meetings about the album took place nearly two years prior the album's release when plans of a film were announced. Mike Knobloch, president of film music and publishing at Universal said: "We really wanted the songs to be part of the fiber of the film — nothing crowbarred in or just auxiliary to the experience. There was a very deliberate effort to create as much original material as possible, to tailor the production, the lyrics, and the performance."
Beyoncé was one of the first singers approached for the film. Knobloch said: "She thought it was an opportunity to do something that aligned nicely with her brand and agenda." Sia was approached by Knobloch and music supervisor Dana Sano with a scene they had in mind: "It’s a pivotal moment, when the two protagonists have an ecstatic and intimate first sexual encounter. [Sia] played us songs and we would say, ‘That’s good, but could it be more of this, or less of that?’. By the end we left her spinning her wheels about what she had to do to deliver just the right song to us for the film."[2] The Weeknd was involved in the project very early. Tom Mackay, a manager at Republic Records, explained: "He worked on a number of songs for a number of scenes. Some were working and some weren’t, but he just kept at it, and kept at it, and kept at it. In the end, he wrote ‘Earned It’ and it’s the biggest song of his career to date. It’s the only song that’s in the movie twice."[2]
On January 12, 2015, E.L. James announced the soundtrack would be released on February 10, 2015.[3][4]
Singles[edit]
The soundtrack was preceded by the release of two singles. "Earned It", performed by The Weeknd, was released as the album's lead single on December 23, 2014,[5] peaked at number three on the US Billboard Hot 100 and was included on his second album Beauty Behind the Madness.[6] Ellie Goulding's "Love Me like You Do" was released as the second single on January 7, 2015;[7] it reached number one on the national charts of 16 countries including the UK Singles Chart, and peaked at number three on the Hot 100 and was included on her third album Delirium. With Goulding and The Weeknd in the Hot 100's top 10 together, Fifty Shades of Grey is the latest soundtrack to generate concurrent top 10 hits.[8]
Promotional singles[edit]
"Salted Wound" by Sia was released as the first promotional single on January 27, 2015.[9] Two further promotional singles, "One Last Night" by Vaults and "I Know You" by Skylar Grey, were released on February 3, 2015. "I'm on Fire", a Bruce Springsteen cover performed by Awolnation, was released as the fourth promotional single on February 9, 2015.[10]
Reception[edit]
Commercial performance[edit]
The album debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 with sales of 258,000 units (210,000 copies of traditional albums) in its first week behind Drake's If You're Reading This It's Too Late.[11] As of January 2017, it had sold 913,000 copies in the United States.[12]
The album debuted at number two on the Canadian Albums Chart, selling 18,000 copies.[13] As of July 2015, it had sold 89,000 copies in the country.[14]
Critical reception[edit]
Professional ratings
Aggregate scores
Source
Rating
Metacritic 65/100[15]
Review scores
Source
Rating
Allmusic [16]
Billboard [17]
New York Daily News [18]
New York Post [19]
Newsday B-[20]
Los Angeles Times [21]
Rolling Stone [22]
USA Today [23]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2015)
In contrast to the near-universal panning of the film, its soundtrack has received generally favorable reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the soundtrack received an average score of 65, based on 7 reviews. Kenneth Partridge of Billboard rated the soundtrack three-and-a-half out of five stars, writing that the soundtrack "wisely skews mainstream".[17] Chuck Arnold of Rolling Stone compared the soundtrack to those of The Twilight Saga and The Hunger Games while noting that The Weeknd's "Earned It" brings "Bond-theme drama" to the soundtrack.[22] However, AllMusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine described the soundtrack as "suitable for any romantic evening" and a seduction.[16] Jim Farber of the New York Daily News claimed that the lyrics speak of "romanticized sex", while highlighting the album's "soft-edged production".[24] Writing for ABC News, Allan Raible described the soundtrack as a collection of "sultry electro blues pop", but criticized the inclusions of older publications.[25] Mikael Wood of the Los Angeles Times called the soundtrack a "slog" and criticized the album's midtempo tracks, while comparing the album's commercial performance to that of Taylor Swift's 1989.[26]
Track listing[edit]
Fifty Shades of Grey — Standard edition
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Producer(s)
Length
1. "I Put a Spell on You" (performed by Annie Lennox) Screamin' Jay Hawkins
Mike Stevens
Annie Lennox
3:30
2. "Undiscovered" (performed by Laura Welsh)
Emile Haynie
Dev Hynes
Laura Welsh
Amanda Ghost
Haynie 2:53
3. "Earned It" (performed by The Weeknd)
Abel Tesfaye
Stephan Moccio
Jason "DaHeala" Quenneville
Ahmad Balshe
Moccio
Quenneville
4:10
4. "Meet Me in the Middle" (performed by Jessie Ware)
Dave Okumu
Jessie Ware
Aaron Ward
Okumu 5:08
5. "Love Me Like You Do" (performed by Ellie Goulding)
Max Martin
Savan Kotecha
Ilya Salmanzadeh
Ali Payami
Tove Nilsson
Martin
Payami
4:10
6. "Haunted" (performed by Beyoncé) (Michael Diamond Remix)
Boots
Beyoncé Knowles
Boots
Knowles[a]
Michael Diamond[b]
5:08
7. "Salted Wound" (performed by Sia)
Brian West
Gerald Eaton
Sia Furler
Oliver Kraus
Kraus 4:30
8. "Beast of Burden" (performed by The Rolling Stones)
Mick Jagger
Keith Richards
The Glimmer Twins 3:29
9. "I'm on Fire" (performed by Awolnation) Bruce Springsteen Aaron Bruno 2:34
10. "Crazy in Love (2014 Remix)" (performed by Beyoncé)
Knowles
Rich Harrison
Shawn Carter
Eugene Record
Boots[c] 3:46
11. "Witchcraft" (performed by Frank Sinatra)
Cy Coleman
Carolyn Leigh
Dave Cavanaugh 2:51
12. "One Last Night" (performed by Vaults)
Barnabas Freeman
Benjamin Vella
Blythe Pepino
Barney Freeman
Ben Vella
Pepino
3:19
13. "Where You Belong" (performed by The Weeknd)
Tesfaye
Mike Dean
Balshe
Dean 4:57
14. "I Know You" (performed by Skylar Grey)
Moccio
Skylar Grey
Dan Heath
Moccio[d]
4:58
15. "Ana and Christian" (performed by Danny Elfman) Danny Elfman Danny Elfman 3:24
16. "Did That Hurt?" (performed by Danny Elfman) Elfman Elfman 2:54
Total length: 61:41
[show]Fifty Shades of Grey — Target deluxe edition (bonus tracks)[27]
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Performer(s)
Length
17. "Rude" (performed by Terence Coles and Leon "RoccStar" Youngblood) Leon Youngblood Leon "RoccStar" Youngblood 3:30
18. "Call Me" (performed by St. Paul and The Broken Bones)
Paul Janeway
Jesse Phillips
Browan Lollar
Andrew Lee
Allen Branstetter
Ben Griner
Ben Tanner 2:51
Total length: 68:02
Notes
^[a] signifies a vocal producer
^[b] signifies a remixer
^[c] signifies a remixer and main producer
^[d] signifies a co-producer
"Crazy in Love (2014 Remix)" contains samples from "Are You My Woman (Tell Me So)", written by Eugene Record and performed by The Chi-Lities.
Credits[edit]
Credits for the soundtrack adapted from AllMusic.[28]
Graham Archer - additional production, programming
AWOLNATION - primary artist, vocals
Ahmad Balshe - composer
Steve Bartek - orchestration
Jonathan Martin Berry - guitar
Beyoncé - featured artist, primary artist
Jay Bicknell - engineer, programming
Alison Bjorkedal - harp, instrumentation, programming
Simon Bloor - guitar, keyboards
Boots - composer, engineer, instrumentation, producer, remix producer, string arrangements, vocals (background)
Richard Brook - percussion
Sandy Brummels - art direction, package design
Aaron Bruno - instrumentation, mixing, primary artist, producer, programming
David Bukovinszky - cello
Paul Bushnell - bass
Mattias Bylund - editing, engineer, string arrangements, strings
Peter Carlsson - vocal editing, vocals (background)
Shawn Carter - composer
Dave Cavanaugh - producer
Michael Chaves - guitar, instrumentation, omnichord, programming
Adam Christgau - instrumentation, percussion, programming
Philip Cohen - music business affairs
Cy Coleman - composer
Martin Cooke - engineer
Jason Cooper - drums, instrumentation, programming
Rich Costey - mixing
Mike Dean - composer, drums, engineer, guitar, keyboards, mixing, producer, programming
Michael Diamond - remixing
Derek Dixie - mixing consultant
Gerald Eaton - composer
Danny Elfman - composer, primary artist, producer
Mike Fennel - engineer
Simon Finch - trumpet
Nicolas Fournier - engineer
Robin Fredriksson - vocals (background)
Vanessa Freebairn-Smith - cello
Barnabas Freeman - composer
Barney Freeman - producer, programming
Sia Furler - composer, instrumentation, programming, vocals
Brian Gardner - mastering
Serban Ghenea - mixing
Amanda Ghost - composer
Oscar Görres - vocals (background)
Ellie Goulding - primary artist, vocals
Skylar Grey - composer, featured artist, primary artist, vocals
John Hanes - engineer
Rich Harrison - composer
Jay Hawkins - composer
Emile Haynie - composer, producer
Dan Heath - producer
Justin Hergett - mixing assistant
Chris Hill - guitar (bass)
Hit-Boy - drum programming
Sam Holland - engineer
Oscar Holter - vocals (background)
Ivan Hussey - cello
Stephen Hussey - orchestration, viola, violin
Devonté Hynes - composer
Mick Jagger - composer, vocals, vocals (background)
Mattias Johansson - violin
Jessica Kelly - art direction, package design
Mike Knobloch - executive in charge of music
Beyoncé Knowles - composer, producer, vocal producer
Savan Kotecha - composer, vocals (background)
Oliver Kraus - cello, composer, instrumentation, producer, programming
James Krausse - mixing assistant
Mattias Larsson - vocals (background)
Carolyn Leigh - composer
Annie Lennox - featured artist, percussion, piano, primary artist, string arrangements, vocals
Rachel Levy - music supervisor
Tom MacKay - A&R
Blake Mares - assistant engineer
Margot - string arrangements
Andre Marsh - A&R
Max Martin - bass, composer, drums, keyboards, percussion, producer, programming, vocals (background)
Tony Maserati - mixing
Stephan Moccio - arranger, composer, keyboards, piano, producer, programming
Yoad Nevo - mixing
Tove Nilsson - composer
Evin O'Cleary - assistant engineer
Dave Okumu - composer, engineer, instrumentation, producer, programming
Ali Payami - bass, composer, drums, keyboards, percussion, producer, programming, vocals (background)
Blythe Pepino - composer, producer, programming
Jason "DaHeala" Queeneville - composer, engineer, producer, vocal engineer
Eugene Record - composer
Dave Reitzas - mixing
Keith Richards - composer, guitar, vocals, vocals (background)
Ramon Rivas - engineer, mixing assistant
Eric Robinson - engineer
Kate Robinson - violin
The Rolling Stones - featured artist, primary artist
Ilya Salmanzadeh - composer, vocals (background)
Dana Sano - soundtrack producer
Sia - featured artist, primary artist
Jo Silverston - cello
Frank Sinatra - primary artist, vocals
Noah Snyder - engineer, mixing
Ludvig Söderberg - vocals (background)
Bruce Springsteen - composer
Eric Stenman - engineer, mixing
Mike Stevens - guitar, keyboards, mixing, organ (hammond), programming, string arrangements
Jordan Stilwell - engineer
Rob Suchecki - assistant engineer
Patricia Sullivan - mastering
Sean Tallman - engineer
Abel Tesfaye - composer, vocals
Nicol Thomson - trombone
Urban Soul Orchestra - string engineer
Vaults - primary artist
Ben Vella - producer, programming
Benjamin Vella - composer
Jessica Ware - composer
Jessie Ware - primary artist, vocals
Charlie Watts - drums
The Weeknd - primary artist, vocals
Laura Welsh - composer, primary artist, vocals
Brian West - composer
Stuart White - engineer, mixing, vocal engineer
Neal Wilkinson - drums
Ron Wood - guitar, vocals, vocals (background)
Bill Wyman - guitar (bass)
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (2015)
Peak
position
Argentinian Albums (CAPIF)[29]
4
Australian Albums (ARIA)[30]
1
Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)[31]
1
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[32]
1
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)[33]
5
Brazilian Albums (ABPD)[34]
5
Canadian Albums (Billboard)[35]
1
Czech Albums (ČNS IFPI)[36]
3
Danish Albums (Hitlisten)[37]
2
Dutch Albums (MegaCharts)[38]
7
Finnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista)[39]
13
French Albums (SNEP)[40]
3
German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[41]
1
Greek Albums (IFPI)[42]
2
Hungarian Albums (MAHASZ)[43]
3
Irish Compilation Albums (IRMA)[44]
1
Italian Compilation Albums (FIMI)[45]
2
Japanese Albums (Oricon)[46]
184
Mexican Albums (AMPROFON)[47]
1
New Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[48]
2
Norwegian Albums (VG-lista)[49]
2
Polish Albums (ZPAV)[50]
1
Russian Albums (2M)[51]
1
Spanish Albums (PROMUSICAE)[52]
4
Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[53]
1
UK Compilation Albums (OCC)[54]
1
US Billboard 200[55]
2
US Soundtrack Albums (Billboard)[56]
1
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2015)
Position
Australian Albums (ARIA)[57]
13
Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)[58]
16
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[59]
18
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)[60]
24
Canadian Albums (Billboard)[61]
11
Danish Albums (Hitlisten)[62]
17
Dutch Albums (MegaCharts)[63]
63
French Albums (SNEP)[64]
20
German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[65]
21
Hungarian Albums (MAHASZ)[66]
50
Italian Compilation Albums (FIMI)[67]
4
New Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[68]
24
Polish Albums (ZPAV)[69]
2
Russian Albums (2M)[70]
1
Spanish Albums (PROMUSICAE)[71]
48
Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[72]
10
US Billboard 200[73]
9
US Soundtrack Albums (Billboard)[74]
1
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Australia (ARIA)[75]
Gold 35,000^
Austria (IFPI Austria)[76]
2× Platinum 30,000*
Brazil (Pro-Música Brasil)[77]
2× Platinum 80,000*
Canada (Music Canada)[78]
Platinum 89,000[14]
Denmark (IFPI Denmark)[79]
Gold 10,000^
Germany (BVMI)[80]
Platinum 200,000^
Mexico (AMPROFON)[81]
Platinum 60,000^
Poland (ZPAV)[82]
3× Platinum 60,000*
United Kingdom (BPI)[83]
Gold 100,000^
United States (RIAA)[84]
Platinum 1,000,000[12]
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
See also[edit]
Danny Elfman discography
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ "Swiss Year-End Charts 2015". swisscharts.com. Hung Medien. Archived from the original on January 14, 2016. Retrieved January 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Top Billboard 200 Albums: Year End 2015". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved January 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Soundtracks: Year End 2015". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved January 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2015 Albums". Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved April 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Austrian album certifications – Div/OST – Fifty Shades of Grey" (in German). IFPI Austria. February 25, 2015. Retrieved January 16, 2016. Enter Div/OST in the field Interpret. Enter Fifty Shades of Grey in the field Titel. Select album in the field Format. Click Suchen
Jump up ^ "Universal Music Brasil - Fifty Shades of Grey - Gold". Universal Music Brasil. Retrieved March 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Canadian album certifications – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack – Fifty Shades of Grey". Music Canada. Retrieved July 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Danish album certifications – O.S.T. - Various – Fifty Shades of Grey". IFPI Denmark. Retrieved March 21, 2015. Click on næste to go to page if certification from official website
Jump up ^ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (O.S.T. - Various; 'Fifty Shades of Grey')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved January 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Certificados Musicales Amprofon". AMPROFON. Retrieved March 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Polish album certifications – Soundtrack – Fifty Shades of Grey" (in Polish). Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry. Retrieved November 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ "British album certifications – Original Soundtrack – Fifty Shades of Grey". British Phonographic Industry. February 27, 2015. Retrieved February 25, 2015. Enter Fifty Shades of Grey in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ "American album certifications – Various Artists – Fifty Shades of Grey (Original Motion Picture Soun". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Album, then click SEARCH
[show]
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Search box
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For help in using Wikipedia's search box, see Help:Searching.
This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
A search box, search field or search bar is a graphical control element used in computer programs, such as file managers or web browsers, and on web sites. A search box is usually a single-line text box or search icon ( which will transform into a search box on click activity) with the dedicated function of accepting user input to be searched for in a database. Search boxes on web pages are usually used to allow users to enter a query to be submitted to a Web search engine server-side script, where an index database is queried for entries that contain one or more of the user's keyword research.
Search boxes are commonly accompanied by a search button (sometime indicated only by a magnifying glass symbol) to submit the search. However, the search button may be omitted as the user may press the enter key to submit the search, or the search may be sent automatically to present the user with real-time results.
Common features[edit]
Depending on the particular implementation, a search box may be accompanied by a drop-down list to present the users with past searches or search suggestions. Search boxes may have other features to help the user, such as autocomplete, search suggestions, a spelling checker, etc. Search boxes are often also accompanied by drop-down menus or other input controls to allow the user to restrict the search or choose what type of content to search for.
In some cases, while users input search strings, the results of that string would also present on the content area too. However, if the page choose this way to show results to users, the loading time is pretty slow and sometimes it may cause freezing state or browser crash. Hence, it is not recommend for small and medium size webpage.
See also[edit]
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School prayer
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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School prayer, in the context of religious liberty, is state-sanctioned or mandatory prayer by students in public schools. Depending on the country and the type of school, state-sponsored prayer may be required, permitted, or prohibited. Countries which prohibit or limit school prayer often differ in their reasons for doing so: In the United States, school prayer cannot be required of students in accordance with the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. In Canada, school-sponsored prayer is disallowed under the concept of Freedom of conscience as outlined in the Canadian Charter on Rights & Fundamental Freedoms. School-sponsored prayer is disallowed in France as a byproduct of its status as a laïcist (religiously neutral) nation. Countries that allow or require school and other state-sponsored prayer include Greece, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Australia, Italy and the United Kingdom.
Contents
1 Countries that prohibit school-sponsored prayer
1.1 United States
1.1.1 School prayer prior to 1962
1.1.2 A Turning Point: The "Regents' Prayer" and Engel v. Vitale
1.1.3 1963 and after
1.1.4 Controversy
1.2 Canada
1.2.1 British Columbia
1.2.2 Ontario
1.2.3 Russow v. British Columbia
1.3 France
1.4 Turkey
2 Countries that permit school-sponsored prayer
2.1 United Kingdom
3 Ongoing debate
3.1 Arguments for and against school prayer
3.2 "Moment of silence"
4 See also
5 References
Countries that prohibit school-sponsored prayer[edit]
United States[edit]
Main articles: Education in the United States and Religion in the United States
In the United States, public schools are banned from conducting religious observances such as prayer. The legal basis for this prohibition is the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, which requires that
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof...
The first part of the amendment ("Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion") is known as the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment, while the second part ("or prohibiting the free exercise thereof") is known as the Free Exercise Clause.
Though each of these clauses originally applied only to the central US government, the Fourteenth Amendment extended the scope of the entire First Amendment to all levels of government, including the state level,[1] thus compelling states and their subject schools to adopt an equally detached approach to religion in schools.
School prayer prior to 1962[edit]
In the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries, it was common practice for public schools to open with an oral prayer or Bible reading.[2][not in citation given] Catholics would sometimes object to the distinct Protestant observations performed in the local schools. For instance, in the Edgerton Bible Case (Weiss v. District Board (1890)), the Wisconsin Supreme Court ruled in favor of Catholics who objected to the use of the King James Bible in Wisconsin public schools. This ruling was based on the state constitution and only applied in Wisconsin.
A Turning Point: The "Regents' Prayer" and Engel v. Vitale[edit]
The media and popular culture often erroneously credit atheist Madalyn Murray O'Hair with removing school prayer from US public schools, when the case against recitation of the Lord's Prayer in Baltimore schools was decided by the Supreme Court in 1963. A more significant case had reached the Supreme Court one year prior, suddenly changing the legal climate for school prayer in the US.[3]
In 1955, the New York Board of Regents developed a prayer recommended (but not required) for the school districts under its purview. The prayer was relatively short: "Almighty God, we acknowledge our dependence on Thee, and we beg Thy blessings upon us, our parents, our teachers, and our country."[1][4] The board stated that the prayer would "combat juvenile delinquency and counter the spread of Communism."[4]
Seven years later, Steven I. Engel, a Jew, was upset to see his son’s hands clasped and his head bent in prayer. He told his son that this was “not the way we say prayers.” Engel, a founding member of the New York Civil Liberties Union, brought action along with Daniel Lichtenstein, Monroe Lerner, Lenore Lyons, and Lawrence Roth, all parents of children in the Long Island, New York public school system, against Union Free School District No. 9 for its adoption and subsequent prescription of the so-called "Regent's prayer", arguing that it constituted the state-sponsored establishment of religion in violation of citizens’ First Amendment rights via the Fourteenth Amendment.[5]
Use of the Regent's prayer was initially upheld in both New York State Court and in the New York Court of Appeals, prompting Engels to petition the US Supreme Court in the Engel v. Vitale case in 1962. With its 8–1 vote to make public recitation of the Regents' Prayer in public schools unlawful, the U.S. Supreme Court made its first-ever decision on prayer in public schools. It made its second in 1963—the Abington School District v. Schempp ruling, which made the corporate reading of the Bible and recitation of the Lord's Prayer unlawful in public schools.[3]
1963 and after[edit]
In these two landmark decisions, Engel v. Vitale (1962) and Abington School District v. Schempp (1963), the Supreme Court established what is now the current prohibition on state-sponsored prayer in US schools. While the Engel decision held that the promulgation of an official state-school prayer stood in violation of the First Amendment’s Establishment Clause (thus overruling the New York Courts’ decisions), Abington held that Bible readings and other public school-sponsored religious activities were prohibited.[6] Madalyn Murray's lawsuit, Murray v. Curlett, contributed to the removal of compulsory Bible reading from the public schools of the United States, and has had lasting and significant effects.
Until the lawsuit, it was commonplace for students to participate in many types of religious activities while at school, including religious instruction itself. Nonreligious students were compelled to participate in such activities and were not usually given any opportunity to opt out. The Murray suit was combined with an earlier case, so the Court might have acted without Murray's intervention. With the success of the lawsuit, the intent of the Constitution with regard to the relationship between church and state again came under critical scrutiny and has remained there to this day. While students do continue to pray in public schools, even in organized groups such as "See You at the Pole", the lawsuit disallowed schools from including prayer as a compulsory activity required of every student. The success of O'Hair's lawsuit led to subsequent lawsuits by Mormon and Catholic families in Texas in 2000 to limit compulsory prayer at school-sponsored football games.
Following these two cases came the Court's decision in Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971), a ruling that established the Lemon test for religious activities within schools. The Lemon test states that, in order to be constitutional under the Establishment Clause, any practice sponsored within state-run schools (or other public state-sponsored activities) must adhere to the following three criteria:[7]
Have a secular purpose;
Must neither advance nor inhibit religion; and
Must not result in an excessive entanglement between government and religion.
Controversy[edit]
Reactions to Engel and Abington were widely negative, and many school districts and states have attempted to reestablish school-sponsored prayer in different forms since 1962.[8] Since the 1990s, controversy in the courts has tended to revolve around prayer at school-sponsored extracurricular activities. Examples can be seen in the cases of Lee v. Weisman (1992) and Santa Fe Independent School Dist. v. Doe (2000), where public prayers at graduation ceremonies and those conducted via public address system prior to high school games (at state school facilities before a school-gathered audience) were, respectively, ruled unconstitutional.
Despite their attempts to present a clear stance on school-sponsored religious activity, Engel, Abington, and the cases for which these serve as precedent are cited by some proponents of school prayer as evidence of a contradiction between the Establishment and Free Exercise Clauses.[9] While the Establishment Clause proscribes the state sponsorship of religion, the Free Exercise Clause forbids state interference in individual religious exercise. Where a state entity moves to accommodate the right to individual religious expression under the latter clause, opponents of that "expression" may cite such accommodation as state "promotion" of one religious activity over another.[10] Regarding the Free Exercise Clause, the courts have consistently stated that students' setting forth of religious views through prayer cannot be forbidden unless such activity can be shown to cause disruption in the school, yet it remains beyond the scope of the state to require such practice.[11] Thus, anyone is allowed to pray in schools in the United States, as long as it is not officially sponsored by the school and it does not disrupt others from doing their work.
The United States Supreme Court: A Political and Legal Analysis discussed the results of a 1991 survey, stating that: "The Court's school prayer decisions were, and still are, deeply unpopular with the public, many politicians and most religions organizations. 95 percent of the population believe in God and some 60 percent belong to a religious organization. In a 1991 opinion poll, 78 percent of Americans support the reintroduction of school prayer."[12] As a result of public support for school prayer in the United States, The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States reports, "the public's support for school prayer was translated by various state legislatures into statutes aiding religious schools and practices."[13] Analysis of multiple polls since the 1970s by sociologist Philip Schwadel showed support for school prayer dipped slightly but remains popular with the majority of Americans, with a recent 2011 poll showing 65 percent support.[14]
Canada[edit]
British Columbia[edit]
Prior to 1944, in British Columbia, the Public Schools Act (1872) permitted the use of the Lord’s Prayer in opening or closing school. In 1944, the government of British Columbia amended the Public Schools Act to provide for compulsory Bible reading at the opening of the school day, to be followed by a compulsory recitation of the Lord’s Prayer. This amendment appeared as section 167 of the Public Schools Act, and read as follows:[15]
167. All public schools shall be opened by the reading, without explanation or comment, of a passage of Scripture to be selected from readings prescribed or approved by the Council of Public Instruction. The reading of the passage of Scripture shall be followed by the recitation of the Lord’s Prayer, but otherwise the schools shall be conducted on strictly secular and non-sectarian principles. The highest morality shall be inculcated, but no religious dogma or creed shall be taught. 1948, c.42, s.167
The compulsory nature of the Bible reading and prayer recitation was slightly modified by regulations drawn up by the Council of Public Instruction. These regulations provided that either a teacher or student who has conscientious ground for objecting to the religious observances may be excused from them. The procedure to be followed in such cases was outlined in the regulations, which follow in full:
Division (15)—Scripture Readings (Section 167)
15.01 Where a teacher sends a written notice to the Board of School Trustees or official trustee by whom he is employed that he has conscientious objections to conducting the. ceremony of reading prescribed selections from the Bible and reciting the Lord’s Prayer (as provided by Section 167 of the Public Schools Act), he shall be excused from such duty, and in such case it shall be the duty of the Board of School Trustees or official trustee concerned to arrange with the Principal to have the ceremony conducted by some other teacher in the school, or by a school trustee, or, where neither of these alternatives is possible, by one of the senior pupils of the school or by some other suitable person other than an ordained member of a religious sect or denomination.
15.02 Where the parent or guardian of any pupil attending a public school sends a written notice to the teacher of the pupil stating that for conscientious reasons he does not wish the pupil to attend the ceremony of reading prescribed selections from the Bible and reciting the Lord’s Prayer at the opening of school, the teacher shall excuse the pupil from attendance at such ceremony and at his discretion may assign the pupil some other useful employment at school during that period, but the pupil so excused shall not be deprived of any other benefits of the school by reason of his non-attendance at the ceremony.
In 1982, the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms received royal assent. Section 2 of the charter guaranteeing freedom of conscience and freedom of religion trumped Section 167 of the Public Schools Act (1872). Sixteen years later in 1996, based on precedent that would be established in Ontario (1989), required recitation of the Lord’s Prayer as outlined in the Public Schools Act would be held to violate the Charter of Rights and Freedoms.
Ontario[edit]
The challenges to Christian opening and closing exercises occurred mainly in Ontario with the crucial case being fought in The Ontario Court of Appeal in 1988.[16]
Zylberberg v. Sudbury Board of Education (Director) The Ontario Court of Appeal ruled that the use of the Lord’s Prayer in opening exercises in public schools offended the Charter s. 2(a). 1988. (1988), 65 O.R. (2d) 641, 29 O.A.C. 23 (C.A.). Education regulations did not require the use of the Lord's Prayer and there was an exemption provision. The Ontario Court of Appeal ruled that the regulation infringed religious freedom because schools could use only the Lord's Prayer rather than a more inclusive approach. It was argued that the exemption provision effectively stigmatized children and coerced them into a religious observance which was offensive to them.
The Ontario Court of Appeal was persuaded by the argument that the need to seek exemption from Christian exercises is itself a form of religious discrimination. The judges described as insensitive the position of the respondents that it was beneficial for the minority children to confront the fact of their difference from the majority.
Russow v. British Columbia[edit]
In 1989, Joan Russow challenged, in the British Columbia Supreme Court, the Public Schools Act’s requirement that in British Columbia all public schools were to be opened with the Lord’s Prayer and a Bible reading. The argument was similar to the Zylberberg case and the result was the same: The offending words in the Public Schools Act were removed as being inconsistent with freedom of conscience and religion guarantees in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Further following the Zylberberg case to strike down use of the Lord’s Prayer in schools,[17] the British Columbia Supreme Court incorporated the Ontario Court of Appeal's decision in Zylberberg in its entirety.
From 1871 to 1989, observance of school prayer had declined.
With the unfavorable court decision, the requirement for Christian morning exercises was replaced with the following clauses found in the School Act (1996) in British Columbia.[18]
Conduct:
76 (1) All schools and Provincial schools must be conducted on strictly secular and nonsectarian principles.
(2) The highest morality must be inculcated, but no religious dogma or creed is to be – taught in a school or Provincial school.
France[edit]
As a declared 'laïque' (roughly 'religiously neutral', secular) state, France has no school prayers. Instead, public servants are advised to keep their religious faith private, and may be censured if they display it too openly. The French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools goes beyond restricting prayer in schools and bans the wearing of conspicuous religious symbols by pupils in public primary and secondary schools.
Turkey[edit]
The predominantly Muslim country of Turkey is in the public sphere a strongly secular nation. In this regard, it is much like France, on whose system of laïcism its founder Mustafa Kemal Atatürk modelled the rules on religion when he reformed his country in the early 20th century. School prayer is therefore unknown, and suspected religious motivations can cause serious difficulties for public servants. Despite its primarily secular stance, however, courses of religion and morals (which are dominantly Islamic) are compulsory to all students during the last years of elementary and throughout high school. In these instances, various Islamic prayers and verses are both taught and tested for.
Countries that permit school-sponsored prayer[edit]
United Kingdom[edit]
Main articles: Education in the United Kingdom and Religion in the United Kingdom
This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (March 2018)
In England and Wales, the School Standards and Framework Act 1998 states that all pupils in state schools must take part in a daily act of collective worship, unless their parents request that they be excused from attending.[19] The majority of these acts of collective worship are required to be "wholly or mainly of a broadly Christian character", with two exceptions:
Religious schools, which should provide worship appropriate to the school's religion (although most religious schools in the UK are Christian.)
Schools where the local education authority's Standing Advisory Council on Religious Education has determined that Christian worship would not be appropriate for part or all of the school.
Despite this statutory requirement for schools to hold a daily act of collective worship, most do not. Ofsted's 2002-03 annual report, for example, stated that 80% of secondary schools were not providing daily worship for all pupils.[20]
Ongoing debate[edit]
Arguments for and against school prayer[edit]
The issue of school prayer remains contentious even where courts as diverse as those in Canada, the United States, Russia, and Poland attempt to strike a balance between religious and secular activity in state-sponsored arenas.[11] Some arguments have held that religion in schools is both an effective sociomoral tool[21][22] as well as a valuable means to psychological stability.[23] On the opposing side, others have argued that prayer has no place in a classroom where impressionable students are continually subject to influence by the majority.[16] The latter view holds that, to the extent that a public school itself promotes the majority religion, the state is guilty of coercive interference in the lives of the individual.[24]
In recent years, programs derived from yoga, a Hindu religious practice, have been introduced into public schools in the U.S. Advocates for the programs say they help children to relax and concentrate, but critics counter that the programs violate the separation of church and state.[25][26]
"Moment of silence"[edit]
Despite ongoing debate, there are some instances where religious freedom and secular stability have been temporarily balanced. In the United States, some administrations have introduced a "moment of silence" or "moment of reflection" in which a student may, if he or she wishes to, offer a silent prayer. The US Supreme Court decision in Wallace v. Jaffree (1984) held that a moment of silence in schools for the purpose of individual prayer or meditation constituted a valid application of the Free Exercise Clause, while a moment of silence for the clear intended purpose of a state-approved devotional activity constituted a violation of the Establishment Clause.[8] In this same case, the issue of school prayer was further complicated by a distinction made between a public assembly attended by participants of their own free will, and a public event where attendance is legally required. A voluntarily attended Congress may open sessions with a prayer, but schools full of public pupils may not. Here the US Supreme Court has interpreted the issue as revolving around the degree of a government’s ability to indoctrinate its citizens.[8] If it appears that participants at a state-sponsored event are more likely to influence the State itself, courts may treat prayer as "legislative prayer". If, on the other hand, the State is more likely to influence participants at its events, courts may treat prayer as "state-sponsored" prayer and thereby rule it unconstitutional.[27]
See also[edit]
Freedom of religion
Moment of silence
Madalyn Murray O'Hair
Separation of church and state
Status of religious freedom by country
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Marshall, W. P. (1999). The School Prayer Decisions. Constitutional Commentary, 16(3), 535. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.
Jump up ^ Edgerton Bible Case (Weiss v. District Board [1890]): case in 1890 centering around in-school prayer.
^ Jump up to: a b LAATS, ADAM. "Our Schools, Our Country: American Evangelicals, Public Schools, And The Supreme Court Decisions Of 1962 And 1963." Journal of Religious History 36.3 (2012): 319-334. Academic Search Complete. Web. 28 Oct. 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Boston, Rob. "How Five New York Families Ended Coercive Prayer In America's Public Schools." Church & State 65.6 (2012): 12. MasterFILE Complete. Web. 28 Oct. 2013.
Jump up ^ Engel v. Vitale. (1999). Supreme Court Cases: The Dynamic Court (1930–1999), N.PAG. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.
Jump up ^ School District of Abington Township, Pennsylvania v. Schempp. (1999). Supreme Court Cases: The Dynamic Court (1930–1999), N.PAG. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.
Jump up ^ Lemon v. Kurtzman. (1999). Supreme Court Cases: The Dynamic Court (1930–1999), N.PAG. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.
^ Jump up to: a b c Wallace v. Jaffree. Great American Court Cases. Ed. Mark Mikula and L. Mpho Mabunda. Vol. 1: Individual Liberties. Detroit: Gale, 1999. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 7 Sep. 2011.
Jump up ^ Lee v. Weisman. Great American Court Cases. Ed. Mark Mikula and L. Mpho Mabunda. Vol. 1: Individual Liberties. Detroit: Gale, 1999. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 7 Sep. 2011.
Jump up ^ Establishment Clause. (2006). In L. J. Fundukian & J. Wilson (Eds.), American Law Yearbook 2005 (pp. 60-64). Detroit: Gale.
^ Jump up to: a b Preface to "Does Separation of Church and State Threaten Religious Liberty?" (2003). In J. D. Torr (Ed.), Current Controversies. Civil Liberties. San Diego: Greenhaven Press.
Jump up ^ McKeever, Robert J. The United States Supreme Court: A Political and Legal Analysis. Manchester University Press. 1997. p 34.
Jump up ^ Hall, Kermit. Ely, James W. Grossman, Joel B. The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States. Oxford University Press. 2005. p 1061.
Jump up ^ Jason Koebler. "Study: Catholic, Protestant Support for In-School Prayer Falls". US News & World Report.
Jump up ^ "BCCLA Position Paper Religion in public schools, 1969" Archived 2010-01-10 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved December 04,2006
^ Jump up to: a b *"Charter section 2(a) cases" Archived 2007-07-15 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved December 04, 2006
Jump up ^ Zylberberg v. Sudbury Board of Education [Director], 1989, and Russow v. AG [BC], 1989)
Jump up ^ "School Act". British Columbia Revised School Statues.
Jump up ^ ""Collective Worship" and school assemblies: your rights". British Humanist Association. Archived from the original on 2009-04-23. Retrieved 2009-04-21.
Jump up ^ "Standards and Quality 2002/03". Ofsted. 2004-02-04. Archived from the original on 2010-10-30. Retrieved 2009-04-22.
Jump up ^ There Should Be Prayer and Bible Study in Public Schools. (2009). In B. Rosenthal (Ed.), Opposing Viewpoints. Atheism. Detroit: Greenhaven Press.
Jump up ^ "The U.S. Supreme Court Should Not Limit the Role of Religion in Public Life" by Robert Bork. The U.S. Supreme Court. Margaret Haerens, Ed. Opposing Viewpoints Series. Greenhaven Press, 2010. Robert Bork, Coercing Virtue: The Worldwide Rule of Judges. Washington, DC: The AEI Press, 2003
Jump up ^ Francis, L. J., Robbins, M., Lewis, C., & Barnes, L. (2008). Prayer and psychological health: A study among sixth-form pupils attending Catholic and Protestant schools in Northern Ireland. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 11(1), 85-92.
Jump up ^ Dierenfield, B. J. (2007). "The Most Hated Woman in America": Madalyn Murray and the Crusade against School Prayer. Journal of Supreme Court History, 32(1), 62-84. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5818.2007.00150.x.
Jump up ^ "Yoga causes controversy in public schools". Associated Press. January 28, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Parents, Religious Leaders Want Yoga Out of New York High School". Associated Press. October 2, 2008.
Jump up ^ School Board Meeting Prayer Ruled Unconstitutional. (2011). Education Week, 31(1), 4. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.
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