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Ascot Racecourse
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For other uses, see Ascot Racecourse (disambiguation).
For the private housing development named Royal Ascot in Hong Kong, see Royal Ascot, Hong Kong.
Ascot Racecourse

Location
Ascot, Berkshire, England
Coordinates
51°24′58″N 0°40′37″W / 51.41611°N 0.67694°W / 51.41611; -0.67694
Owned by
Ascot Racecourse Ltd
Date opened
11 August 1711
Screened on
Racing UK
Course type
Flat
National Hunt
Notable races
The Gold Cup
Official website
Ascot Racecourse ("ascot" pronounced /ˈæskət/, often incorrectly pronounced /ˈæskɒt/) is a British racecourse, located in Ascot, Berkshire, England, which is used for thoroughbred horse racing. It is one of the leading racecourses in the United Kingdom, hosting 13 of Britain's 36 annual Group 1 horse races.[citation needed]
The course, owned by Ascot Racecourse Ltd,[1] enjoys close associations with the British Royal Family, being approximately 6 miles (9.7 km) from Windsor Castle.[citation needed]
Ascot currently stages 26 days of racing over the course of the year, comprising 18 flat meetings held between the months of May and October inclusive. It also stages important jump racing throughout the winter months. The Royal Meeting held each June, remains a major draw, its highlight being The Gold Cup. The most prestigious race is the King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes run over the course in July.[citation needed]
Contents
1 History
2 Royal Ascot
3 British Champions Day
4 Notable races
5 Shergar Cup
6 Royal Ascot Cricket Club and Ascot United
7 In popular culture
8 Gallery
9 References
10 External links
History[edit]
The Royal Enclosure on Cup Day, 1907
Ascot Racecourse was founded in 1711 by Queen Anne. The first race, "Her Majesty's Plate", with a purse of 100 guineas, was held on 11 August 1711. Seven horses competed. This first race comprised three separate four-mile (6437 m) heats. Handicap races started at Ascot, the first one being the Oatlands Handicap in 1791.[2]
In 1813 Parliament passed an Act to ensure that the grounds would remain a public racecourse. A new grandstand was opened in 1839 at a cost of £10000.[3] A further Act of Parliament of 1913 (Ascot Authority Act 1913 c.lxxxiv) establishing the Ascot Authority which entity manages the racecourse to this day. From its creation until 1945 the only racing that took place at Ascot was the Royal Meeting, a four-day event. Since that date, more fixtures have been introduced to the grounds, notably National Hunt racing in 1965. The National Hunt course was established using turf from Hurst Park Racecourse, which closed in 1962.[4]
Ascot's pre-2006 grandstand
Ascot racecourse closed for a period of twenty months on 26 September 2004, for a £185 million redevelopment funded by Allied Irish Bank and designed by Populous and Buro Happold. As owner of the Ascot estate, Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth reopened the racecourse on Tuesday 20 June 2006.
Upon re-opening the new grandstand attracted criticism for failing to provide sufficiently raised viewing for patrons to watch the racing, and devoting too much space to restaurants, bars and corporate hospitality facilities. At the end of 2006 a £10 million programme of further alterations was announced to improve the viewing from lower levels of the grandstand using an innovative steel composite product ("SPS" sandwich plate system) to reprofile the existing concrete terraces. However, the upper levels provide far less accommodation for the everyday racegoer than was present in the former stand.[5]
In March 2009 it was confirmed that the main sponsors of Ascot, William Hill would be ceasing their sponsorship deal, citing that the decision by the BBC to reduce live race coverage as the main reason in its decision making process.[6]
In July 2009 Ascot Racecourse also hosted the third round of the UAE President's Cup.[7]
Royal Ascot[edit]
The Royal Ascot is the centrepiece of Ascot's year and dates back to 1711 when it was founded by Queen Anne. Every year Royal Ascot is attended by Elizabeth II and other members of the British Royal Family such as The Prince of Wales, arriving each day in a horse-drawn carriage with the Royal procession taking place at the start of each race day and the raising of the Queen's Royal Standard. The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge also attend, as well as the Earl and Countess of Wessex [8]. It is a major event in the British social calendar, and press coverage of the attendees and what they are wearing often exceeds coverage of the actual racing. There are three enclosures attended by guests on Royal Ascot week. In 2005, whilst Ascot was closed for redevelopment, the Royal meeting was held at York Racecourse
The Royal carriages depart after The Queen's arrival at the races
The Royal Enclosure is the most prestigious of the three enclosures, with recent visits from the Queen and Royal Family members. Access to the Royal Enclosure is restricted, with high security on the day. First-time applicants must apply to the Royal Enclosure Office and gain membership from someone who has attended the enclosure for at least four years. For existing badgeholders, an invitation is sent out by Her Majesty's Representative[9] to request badges. The badgeholder's name is written onto the badge and can be used only by that person; the colours of the badges vary each day for one-day applicants. Those in the Royal Enclosure have the options of fine dining and hospitality, and a selection of bars. The dress code is strictly enforced. For women, only a day dress with a hat is acceptable, with rules applying to the length and style of the dress. In addition, women must not show bare midriffs or shoulders. For men, black or grey morning dress with top hat is required.
Over 300,000 people make the annual visit to Berkshire during Royal Ascot week, making this Europe’s best-attended race meeting. There are eighteen group races on offer, with at least one Group One event on each of the five days. The Gold Cup is on Ladies' Day on the Thursday.
In 2012, the Golden Jubilee Stakes was renamed the Diamond Jubilee Stakes, to commemorate Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee.[10]
In 2013, the Windsor Forest Stakes was renamed the Duke of Cambridge Stakes, with the Queen’s consent, recognising the new title given to Prince William.[11]
In 2015, the newly created Commonwealth Cup became the eighth Group One race at Royal Ascot, replacing the Buckingham Palace Stakes.[12]
In 2016, total prize money across the five days of Royal Ascot was £6,580,000.[13] This was £1,000,000 more than the prize money on offer at the meeting in 2015, representing an overall increase of 18%. Races with notable prize money increases for 2016 included the Prince of Wales's Stakes (£750,000 from £525,000), the Queen Anne Stakes (£600,000 from £375,000) and the Diamond Jubilee Stakes (£600,000 from £525,000), while the other Group One races all had their prize money increased to £400,000. The Gold Cup in 2016 was run as "The Gold Cup in Honour of The Queen's 90th Birthday".
Month
DOW
Race Name
Grade
Distance
Age/Sex
June Tuesday Queen Anne Stakes Group 1 1m 4yo +
June Tuesday Coventry Stakes Group 2 6f 2yo only
June Tuesday King's Stand Stakes Group 1 5f 3yo +
June Tuesday St James's Palace Stakes Group 1 1m 3yo C only
June Tuesday Ascot Stakes Handicap 2m 4f 4yo +
June Tuesday Windsor Castle Stakes Listed 5f 2yo only
June Wednesday Jersey Stakes Group 3 7f 3yo only
June Wednesday Queen Mary Stakes Group 2 5f 2yo F only
June Wednesday Duke of Cambridge Stakes Group 2 1m 4yo + FM
June Wednesday Prince of Wales's Stakes Group 1 1m 2f 4yo +
June Wednesday Royal Hunt Cup Handicap 1m 3yo +
June Wednesday Sandringham Stakes Handicap 1m 3yo F only
June Thursday Norfolk Stakes Group 2 5f 2yo only
June Thursday Hampton Court Stakes Group 3 1m 2f 3yo only
June Thursday Ribblesdale Stakes Group 2 1m 4f 3yo F only
June Thursday Gold Cup Group 1 2m 4f 4yo +
June Thursday Britannia Stakes Handicap 1m 3yo CG only
June Thursday King George V Stakes Handicap 1m 4f 3yo only
June Friday Albany Stakes Group 3 6f 2yo F only
June Friday King Edward VII Stakes Group 2 1m 4f 3yo CG only
June Friday Commonwealth Cup Group 1 6f 3yo only
June Friday Coronation Stakes Group 1 1m 3yo F only
June Friday Duke of Edinburgh Stakes Handicap 1m 4f 3yo +
June Friday Queen's Vase Group 2 1m 6f 3yo only
June Saturday Chesham Stakes Listed 7f 2yo only
June Saturday Wolferton Stakes Handicap 1m 2f 4yo +
June Saturday Hardwicke Stakes Group 2 1m 4f 4yo +
June Saturday Diamond Jubilee Stakes Group 1 6f 4yo +
June Saturday Wokingham Stakes Handicap 6f 3yo +
June Saturday Queen Alexandra Stakes Conditions 2m 5f 159y 4yo +
British Champions Day[edit]
Main article: British Champions Day
Since 2011, Ascot has staged British Champions Day, the climax to the British Champions Series, an event designed to increase the sport's public profile and to rival Arc weekend and the Breeders' Cup in terms of attracting the best horses.[14] The first event was staged on 15 October 2011 and was generally regarded as a success, though overshadowed by controversy regarding new regulations on the use of the whip. Winners on British Champions Day have included Frankel, who won the Queen Elizabeth II Stakes in 2011, and in the final race of his unbeaten career, the Champion Stakes in 2012.
Family day at Ascot Racecourse
Month
DOW
Race Name
Grade
Distance
Age/Sex
October Saturday British Champions Sprint Stakes Group 1 6f 3yo +
October Saturday British Champions Long Distance Cup Group 2 2m 3yo +
October Saturday British Champions Fillies' and Mares' Stakes Group 1 1m 4f 3yo + fm
October Saturday Queen Elizabeth II Stakes Group 1 1m 3yo +
October Saturday Champion Stakes Group 1 1m 2f 3yo +
Notable races[edit]
Month
DOW
Race Name
Type
Grade
Distance
Age/Sex
January Saturday Holloway's Hurdle Hurdle Grade 2 2m 3f 110y 4yo +
January Saturday Clarence House Chase Chase Grade 1 2m 1f 5yo +
January Saturday Warfield Mares' Hurdle Hurdle Grade 2 3m 4yo + m
February Saturday Reynoldstown Novices' Chase Chase Grade 2 3m 5yo +
February Saturday Ascot Chase Chase Grade 1 2m 5f 110y 5yo +
February Saturday Weatherbys Chase Chase Handicap 3m 5yo +
April Wednesday Sagaro Stakes Flat Group 3 2m 4yo +
April Wednesday Pavilion Stakes Flat Group 3 6f 3yo only
April Wednesday Paradise Stakes Flat Listed 1m 4yo +
May Saturday Victoria Cup Flat Handicap 7f 4yo +
July Saturday Summer Mile Stakes Flat Group 2 1m 4yo +
July Saturday Princess Margaret Stakes Flat Group 3 6f 2yo only f
July Saturday King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes Flat Group 1 1m 4f 3yo +
July Saturday Pat Eddery Stakes Flat Listed 7f 2yo only
October Friday Noel Murless Stakes Flat Listed 1m 6f 3yo
October Saturday Bengough Stakes Flat Group 3 6f 3yo +
October Saturday Cumberland Lodge Stakes Flat Group 3 1m 4f 3yo +
October Saturday Cornwallis Stakes Flat Group 3 5f 2yo only
Oct / Nov Saturday Sodexo Gold Cup Chase Grade 3 3m 4yo +
November Saturday Ascot Hurdle Hurdle Grade 2 2m 3f 110y 4yo +
November Saturday Amlin 1965 Chase Chase Grade 2 2m 3f 4yo +
December Friday Championship Standard Open NH Flat Race N H Flat Listed 2m 4yo-6yo
December Friday Noel Novices' Chase Chase Grade 2 2m 3f 4yo +
December Friday Kennel Gate Novices' Hurdle Hurdle Grade 2 2m 4yo +
December Saturday Racing Welfare Handicap Hurdle Hurdle Grade 3 2m 4yo +
December Saturday Ascot Silver Cup Chase Handicap 3m 4yo +
December Saturday Long Walk Hurdle Hurdle Grade 1 3m 1f 4yo +
Shergar Cup[edit]
The Shergar Cup is an annual horse racing event held at Ascot, usually during early August. The event is named in honour of Shergar, the horse that won the 1981 Epsom Derby, and was originally sponsored by Shergar's owner, the Aga Khan. The event is currently sponsored by Dubai Duty Free.
Royal Ascot Cricket Club and Ascot United[edit]
The racecourse is also home to Royal Ascot Cricket Club, which was founded in 1897. The club's ground is situated in the middle of the racecourse. Ascot United F.C. is located towards the eastern side of the site.[15] A new clubhouse, stand and floodlighting have recently been erected.
In popular culture[edit]
The racecourse is the setting for a scene in the musical My Fair Lady and the subject for the song "Ascot Gavotte".
The racecourse was used as a filming location in the James Bond film A View to a Kill (1985), where Bond (played for the last time by Roger Moore) was beginning his mission to defeat the villainous Max Zorin (Christopher Walken), whose horse was racing there.
The James Bond production crew returned to Ascot Racecourse for Skyfall (2012), where it stood in for Shanghai Pudong International Airport.[16]
Gallery[edit]
The stand, completed in 2006 and designed by architects Populous and engineers Buro Happold and built by Laing O'Rourke
Main straight
Front entrance to the 2006 Ascot Stands
The redeveloped stand
The redeveloped stand from inside
Dress & conduct rules for racegoers at Ascot – see at full size.
AscotStand from north west
References[edit]
Horse racing portal
Jump up ^ "About Ascot Racecourse".
Jump up ^ Barrett, Norman, ed. (1995). The Daily Telegraph Chronicle of Horse Racing. Enfield, Middlesex: Guinness Publishing. p. 10.
Jump up ^ Whyte, James Christie (1840). History of the British turf, from the earliest period to the present day, Volume I. London: H. Colburn. pp. 199–200. Retrieved 1 May 2013.
Jump up ^ Dennis, Steve (24 November 2017). "Desert Orchid thriller the highlight of 50 years of jump racing at Ascot". Racing Post.
Jump up ^ www.ascot.co.uk
Jump up ^ "Hills to end backing for jump racing at Ascot". Racing Post. 15 March 2009. Retrieved 29 April 2009.
Jump up ^ Ascot Racecourse hosts UAE President's cup in England Archived 6 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine., wam.org.ae, 26 July 2009, accessed 6 August 2009.
Jump up ^ "Royal Family enjoy the sun on day one at Ascot". BBC. Retrieved 6 Feb 2018.
Jump up ^ Mosley, Charles (ed.) (2003). Burke's Peerage & Baronetage, 107th edn. London: Burke's Peerage & Gentry Ltd. p. 1332 (ERNE, E). ISBN 0-9711966-2-1.
Jump up ^ "Royal Ascot prepares for star names at Diamond Jubilee festival". BBC. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "Prize money for Royal Ascot hits £5 million". Racing Post. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "New Group One sprint at Royal Ascot to be named the Commonwealth Cup". ascot.co.uk. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "£1m boost to Royal Ascot prize fund". ascot.co.uk. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "2011 British Champions Series unveiled". Jockey Club. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "Ascot United". Retrieved 23 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Mathieson,, Amy. "Ascot racecourse to star in James Bond film". Horse and Hound. Archived from the original on 12 October 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ascot Racecourse.
Main Ascot website
Royal Ascot website
BBC Royal Ascot interactive guide
Course guide on GG.COM
Royal Ascot Guide
Royal Ascot Bloodline Interactive Tool
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Nuclear power proposed as renewable energy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Although nuclear power is considered a form of low-carbon power,[1][2] its legal inclusion with renewable energy power sources has been a subject of debate and classification. Statutory definitions of renewable energy usually exclude many present nuclear energy technologies, with notable exceptions in the states of Utah,[3] and Arizona in the United States,[4] where only a particular implementation of nuclear fission with "waste"/fuel recycling meets the state's criteria.[5] Dictionary sourced definitions of renewable energy technologies often omit or explicitly exclude mention to every nuclear energy source, with an exception made for the natural nuclear decay heat generated within the Earth/geothermal energy.[6][7]
The most common fuel used in conventional nuclear fission power stations, uranium-235 is "non-renewable" according to the Energy Information Administration, the organization however is silent on the recycled MOX fuel.[7] Similarly, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory does not mention nuclear power in its "energy basics" definition.[8]
In 1987, the Brundtland Commission (WCED) classified fission reactors that produce more fissile nuclear fuel than they consume (breeder reactors, and if developed, fusion power) among conventional renewable energy sources, such as solar and falling water.[9] The American Petroleum Institute likewise does not consider conventional nuclear fission as renewable, but that breeder reactor nuclear fuel is considered renewable and sustainable, and while conventional fission leads to waste streams that remain a concern for millennia, the waste from efficiently burnt up spent fuel requires a more limited storage supervision period of about thousand years.[10][11][12] The monitoring and storage of radioactive waste products is also required upon the use of other renewable energy sources, such as geothermal energy.[13]
Contents
[hide]
1 Definitions of renewable energy
2 Conventional fission, breeder reactors as renewable
3 Fuel supply
4 Fusion fuel supply
5 Legislation in the United States
6 Supporters
7 See also
8 References
Definitions of renewable energy[edit]
Renewable energy flows involve natural phenomena, which with the exception of tidal power, ultimately derive their energy from the sun (a natural fusion reactor) or from geothermal energy, which is heat derived in greatest part from that which is generated in the earth from the decay of radioactive isotopes, as the International Energy Agency explains:[14]
Renewable energy is derived from natural processes that are replenished constantly. In its various forms, it derives directly from the sun, or from heat generated deep within the earth. Included in the definition is electricity and heat generated from sunlight, wind, oceans, hydropower, biomass, geothermal resources, and biofuels and hydrogen derived from renewable resources.
Renewable energy resources exist over wide geographical areas, in contrast to other energy sources, which are concentrated in a limited number of countries.[14]
In ISO 13602-1:2002, a renewable resource is defined as "a natural resource for which the ratio of the creation of the natural resource to the output of that resource from nature to the technosphere is equal to or greater than one".
Conventional fission, breeder reactors as renewable[edit]
Nuclear fission reactors are a natural energy phenomenon, having naturally formed on earth in times past, for example a natural nuclear fission reactor which ran for thousands of years in present-day Oklo Gabon was discovered in the 1970s. It ran for a few hundred thousand years, averaging 100 kW of thermal power during that time.[15][16]
Conventional, human manufactured, nuclear fission power stations largely use uranium, a common metal found in seawater, and in rocks all over the world,[17] as its primary source of fuel. Uranium-235 "burnt" in conventional reactors, without fuel recycling, is a non-renewable resource, and if used at present rates would eventually be exhausted.
A cutaway model of the 2nd most powerful presently operating fast breeder reactor in the world. The (BN-600), at 600 MW of nameplate capacity is equivalent in power output to a natural gas CCGT. It dispatches 560 MW to the Middle Urals power grid. Construction of a second breeder reactor, the BN-800 reactor was completed in 2014.
This is also somewhat similar to the situation with a commonly classified renewable source, geothermal energy, a form of energy derived from the natural nuclear decay of the large, but nonetheless finite supply of uranium, thorium and potassium-40 present within the Earth's crust, and due to the nuclear decay process, this renewable energy source will also eventually run out of fuel. As too will the Sun, and be exhausted.[18][19]
Nuclear fission involving breeder reactors, a reactor which breeds more fissile fuel than they consume and thereby has a breeding ratio for fissile fuel higher than 1 thus has a stronger case for being considered a renewable resource than conventional fission reactors. Breeder reactors would constantly replenish the available supply of nuclear fuel by converting fertile materials, such as uranium-238 and thorium, into fissile isotopes of plutonium or uranium-233, respectively. Fertile materials are also nonrenewable, but their supply on Earth is extremely large, with a supply timeline greater than geothermal energy. In a closed nuclear fuel cycle utilizing breeder reactors, nuclear fuel could therefore be considered renewable. In 1983, physicist Bernard Cohen claimed that fast breeder reactors, fueled exclusively by natural uranium extracted from seawater, could supply energy at least as long as the sun's expected remaining lifespan of five billion years.[20] This was based on calculations involving the geological cycles of erosion, subduction, and uplift, leading to humans consuming half of the total uranium in the Earth’s crust at an annual usage rate of 6500 tonne/yr, which was enough to produce approximately 10 times the world's 1983 electricity consumption, and would reduce the concentration of uranium in the seas by 25%, resulting in an increase in the price of uranium of less than 25%.[20][21]
Proportions of the isotopes, U-238 (blue) and U-235 (red) found in natural uranium, versus grades that are enriched. light water reactors and the natural uranium capable CANDU reactors, are primarily powered only by the U-235 component, failing to extract much energy from U-238. While by contrast uranium breeder reactors mostly use U-238/the primary constituent of natural uranium as their fuel.[22]
Advancements at Oak Ridge National Laboratory and the University of Alabama, as published in a 2012 issue of the American Chemical Society, towards the extraction of uranium from seawater have focused on increasing the biodegradability of the process and reducing the projected cost of the metal if it was extracted from the sea on an industrial scale. The researchers' improvements include using electrospun Shrimp shell Chitin mats that are more effective at absorbing uranium when compared to the prior record setting Japanese method of using plastic amidoxime nets.[23][24][25][26][27][28] As of 2013 only a few kilograms (picture available) of uranium have been extracted from the ocean in pilot programs and it is also believed that the uranium extracted on an industrial scale from the seawater would constantly be replenished from uranium leached from the ocean floor, maintaining the seawater concentration at a stable level.[29] In 2014, with the advances made in the efficiency of seawater uranium extraction, a paper in the journal of Marine Science & Engineering suggests that with, light water reactors as its target, the process would be economically competitive if implemented on a large scale.[30] In 2016 the global effort in the field of research was the subject of a special issue in the journal of Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research.[31][32]
In 1987, the World Commission on Environment and Development(WCED), an organization independent from, but created by, the United Nations, published Our Common Future, in which a particular subset of presently operating nuclear fission technologies, and nuclear fusion were both classified as renewable. That is, fission reactors that produce more fissile fuel than they consume - breeder reactors, and when it is developed, fusion power, are both classified within the same category as conventional renewable energy sources, such as solar and falling water.[9]
Presently, as of 2014, only 2 breeder reactors are producing industrial quantities of electricity, the BN-600 and BN-800. The retired French Phénix reactor also demonstrated a greater than one breeding ratio and operated for ~30 years, producing power when Our Common Future was published in 1987. While human sustained nuclear fusion is intended to be proven in the International thermonuclear experimental reactor between 2020 and 2030, and there are also efforts to create a pulsed fusion power reactor based on the inertial confinement principle (see more Inertial fusion power plant).
Fuel supply[edit]
Estimates of Available Uranium-235, an isotope required for the present world fleet of light water reactors, that is, not the uranium-238 feedstock needed for some breeder reactor designs, one of which was discussed above. Available U-235 estimates depend on what ore resources are included in the simple extrapolations. The squares represent relative sizes of different estimates, whereas the numbers at the lower edge give an estimate on how long the given resource would last at present U-235 consumption rates, a consumption rate based upon the unrealistic assumption that old LWR generation II reactors will still be operating after their lifetimes are up, 30 years from now, and that no Generation III reactors or generation IV reactors replace these less efficient reactors.
██ Reserves in current mines[33]
██ Known economic reserves, a figure that has increased from 80 to over 100 years after this estimate was made in 2005.[34]
██ Conventional undiscovered resources[35]
██ Total ore resources at 2004 prices[33]
██ Unconventional resources (at least 4 billion tons, could last for millennia)[35]
The world's measured resources of uranium-235 in 2014 was estimated to be enough to last over 135 years at 2014 consumption rates.[34]
30,000 to 60,000 years is one estimated supply lifespan of fission-based conventional/light water reactor reserves if it is possible to extract all the uranium from seawater, assuming current world energy consumption.[36] Alternatively this is about 6,500 years with a potential nuclear reactor fleet of 3,000 GW, a quantity of electricity six to seven times higher than the current world civil nuclear power capacity.[37]
The OECD have also calculated that with fast breeder reactors such as the BN-800 and conceptual Integral Fast Reactor, which has a closed nuclear fuel cycle with a burn up of, and recycling of, all the uranium, plutonium and minor actinides; actinides which presently make up the most hazardous substances in nuclear waste, there is 160,000 years worth of natural uranium in total conventional land resources and phosphate ore.[38]
Thorium, an often overlooked alternative to fertile U-238 in breeder reactors, is several times (about 3 to 4)[39][40][41][42] more abundant in the earth crust than natural uranium-238, and about 400 times as common as uranium-235, the dominant fuel for power reactors, as uranium-235 only constitutes 0.72% of all uranium. The average concentration or occurrence of thorium in seawater however is over 1000 times lower, in the range of nanograms per liter compared to uranium which is about 3 micrograms per liter,[39][43][44][45] 3 mg (milligrams) per cubic meter/ton of water.[29]
In 1983, physicist Bernard Cohen calculated that fast breeder reactors, fueled exclusively by natural uranium extracted from seawater, could supply energy at least as long as the sun's expected remaining lifespan of five billion years.[20] This was based on calculations involving the geological cycles of erosion, subduction, and uplift, leading to humans consuming half of the total uranium in the Earth’s crust at an annual usage rate of 6500 tonne/yr (which would be enough to produce 6500 GW of electricity continually, approximately 10 times the world's 1983 electricity consumption and 2-3 times the world's current electricity consumption), and would reduce the concentration of uranium in the seas by 25%, resulting in an increase in the price of uranium of less than 25%.[20][21]
Fusion fuel supply[edit]
If it is developed, Fusion power would provide more energy for a given weight of fuel than any fuel-consuming energy source currently in use,[46] and the fuel itself (primarily deuterium) exists abundantly in the Earth's ocean: about 1 in 6500 hydrogen (H) atoms in seawater (H2O) is deuterium in the form of (semi-heavy water).[47] Although this may seem a low proportion (about 0.015%), because nuclear fusion reactions are so much more energetic than chemical combustion and seawater is easier to access and more plentiful than fossil fuels, fusion could potentially supply the world's energy needs for millions of years.[48][49]
In the deuterium + lithium fusion fuel cycle, 60 million years is the estimated supply lifespan of this fusion power, if it is possible to extract all the lithium from seawater, assuming current (2004) world energy consumption.[50] While in the second easiest fusion power fuel cycle, the deuterium + deuterium burn, assuming all of the deuterium in seawater was extracted and used, there is an estimated 150 billion years of fuel, with this again, assuming current (2004) world energy consumption.[50]
Legislation in the United States[edit]
Inclusion under the "renewable energy" classification as well as the low-carbon classification could render nuclear power projects eligible for development aid under more jurisdictions. Thus a key issue regarding this classification of nuclear power is inclusion in Renewable portfolio standard (RES).
A bill proposed in the South Carolina Legislature in 2007-2008 aimed to classify nuclear power as renewable energy. The bill listed as renewable energy: solar photovoltaic energy, solar thermal energy, wind power, hydroelectric, geothermal energy, tidal energy, recycling, hydrogen fuel derived from renewable resources, biomass energy, nuclear energy, and landfill gas.[51]
In 2009 the Utah state passed the bill ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT INCENTIVES FOR ALTERNATIVE ENERGY PROJECTS including incentives for renewable energy projects. It includes a direct reference to nuclear power: "Renewable energy" means the energy generation as defined in Subsection 10-19-102 (11) and includes generation powered by nuclear fuel. The bill passed the house with 72 yeas, 0 nays, and 3 absent, passed the senate with 24 yeas, 1 nay, and 4 absent, then received the governor's signature.[3]
In 2010 the Arizona Legislature included nuclear power in a proposed bill for electric utility renewable energy standards. The bill defined "renewable energy" as energy that is renewable and non-carbon emitting. It listed solar, wind, geothermal, biomass, hydroelectric, agricultural waste, landfill gas and nuclear sources.[4]
In 2015 the Arizona bill specified that "Nuclear energy from sources fueled by uranium fuel rods that include 80 percent or more of recycled nuclear fuel and natural thorium reactor resources under development" are renewable.[52]
Supporters[edit]
Nuclear energy has been referred to as "renewable" by the politicians George W. Bush,[53] Charlie Crist,[54] and David Sainsbury.[55][56] In 2006, speaking on the topics of economic growth and getting oil from parts of the world where "they simply don’t like us", US President Bush said: "Nuclear power is safe and nuclear power is clean and nuclear power is renewable".[53]
See also[edit]
Heather Willauer
Life-cycle greenhouse-gas emissions of energy sources
Non-renewable resource#Nuclear fuel
peat - a fuel that is variously classified as a "slow-renewable" by the IPCC or as a non-renewable fossil fuel by the UNFCC
peak uranium
Nuclear power debate
Nuclear fusion
Star lifting
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "CARBON FOOTPRINT OF ELECTRICITY GENERATION" (PDF). London: Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology. October 2006. Retrieved 26 May 2010.
Jump up ^ See "Life-cycle greenhouse-gas emissions of energy sources"
^ Jump up to: a b Utah House Bill 430, Session 198
^ Jump up to: a b Arizona House Bill 2701. By 2025 15% of electricity used by retail customers would have to come from the listed sources. [1]
Jump up ^ S. Smith, "Introduced Bill: Renewable Energy; Definition," Arizona State Senate, SB 1134, January 2015. nuclear energy from sources fueled by uranium fuel rods that include 80 percent or more of recycled nuclear fuel and natural thorium reactor resources under development
Jump up ^ "Renewable energy: Definitions from Dictionary.com". Dictionary.com website. Lexico Publishing Group, LLC. Retrieved 2007-08-25.
^ Jump up to: a b "Renewable and Alternative Fuels Basics 101". Energy Information Administration. Retrieved 2007-12-17.
Jump up ^ "Renewable Energy Basics". National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Retrieved 2007-12-17.
^ Jump up to: a b Brundtland, Gro Harlem (20 March 1987). "Chapter 7: Energy: Choices for Environment and Development". Our Common Future: Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development. Oslo. Retrieved 27 March 2013. Today's primary sources of energy are mainly non-renewable: natural gas, oil, coal, peat, and conventional nuclear power. There are also renewable sources, including wood, plants, dung, falling water, geothermal sources, solar, tidal, wind, and wave energy, as well as human and animal muscle-power. Nuclear reactors that produce their own fuel ('breeders') and eventually fusion reactors are also in this category
Jump up ^ American Petroleum Institute. "Key Characteristics of Nonrenewable Resources". Retrieved 2010-02-21.
Jump up ^ pg 15 see SV/g chart, without "TRU" or trans-uranics being present, the radioactivity of the waste decays to levels similar to the original uranium ore in about 300–400 years
Jump up ^ MIT spent fuel radioactivity comparison, table 4.3
Jump up ^ http://www.epa.gov/radiation/tenorm/geothermal.html Geothermal Energy Production Waste.
^ Jump up to: a b IEA Renewable Energy Working Party (2002). Renewable Energy... into the mainstream, p. 9.
Jump up ^ Meshik, A. P. (November 2005). "The Workings of an Ancient Nuclear Reactor". Scientific American.
Jump up ^ Gauthier-Lafaye, F.; Holliger, P.; Blanc, P.-L. (1996). "Natural fission reactors in the Franceville Basin, Gabon: a review of the conditions and results of a "critical event" in a geologic system". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 60 (25): 4831–4852. Bibcode:1996GeCoA..60.4831G. doi:10.1016/S0016-7037(96)00245-1.
Jump up ^ http://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/index.cfm?page=nuclear_home
Jump up ^ The end of the Sun
Jump up ^ Earth Won't Die as Soon as Thought
^ Jump up to: a b c d Cohen, Bernard L. (January 1983). "Breeder reactors: A renewable energy source" (PDF). American Journal of Physics. 51 (1): 75–76. Bibcode:1983AmJPh..51...75C. doi:10.1119/1.13440. Retrieved 2007-08-03.
^ Jump up to: a b McCarthy, John (1996-02-12). "Facts from Cohen and others". Progress and its Sustainability. Stanford. Retrieved 2007-08-03.
Jump up ^ Cohen, Fuel of the Future, Chapter 13
Jump up ^ "Nanofibers Extract Uranium from Seawater Hidden within the oceans, scientists have found a possible way to power nuclear reactors long after uranium mines dry up".
Jump up ^ "abstracts from papers for the ACS Extraction of Uranium from Seawater conference".
Jump up ^ "Advances in decades-old dream of mining seawater for uranium".
Jump up ^ "Shrimp 30,000 volts help UA start up land 1.5 million for uranium extraction. 2014".
Jump up ^ Details of the Japanese experiments with Amidoxime circa 2008, Archive.org
Jump up ^ Confirming Cost Estimations of Uranium Collection from Seawater, from Braid type Adsorbent. 2006
^ Jump up to: a b "The current state of promising research into extraction of uranium from seawater — Utilization of Japan's plentiful seas".
Jump up ^ Development of a Kelp-Type Structure Module in a Coastal Ocean Model to Assess the Hydrodynamic Impact of Seawater Uranium Extraction Technology. Wang et. al. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2014, 2(1), 81-92; doi:10.3390/jmse2010081
Jump up ^ Uranium Seawater Extraction Makes Nuclear Power Completely Renewable. Forbes. James Conca. July 2016
Jump up ^ April 20, 2016 Volume 55, Issue 15 Pages 4101-4362 In this issue:Uranium in Seawater
^ Jump up to: a b Herring, J. S. (2004). "Uranium and thorium resource assessment". In Cleveland, C. J. Encyclopedia of Energy. Boston University. pp. 279–298. doi:10.1016/B0-12-176480-X/00292-8. ISBN 0-12-176480-X.
^ Jump up to: a b NEA, IAEA (2016). Uranium 2016 – Resources, Production and Demand (PDF). OECD Publishing. doi:10.1787/uranium-2016-en. ISBN 978-92-64-26844-9.
^ Jump up to: a b Price, R.; Blaise, J. R. (2002). "Nuclear Fuel Resources: Enough to Last?" (PDF). NEA News. 20 (2): 10–13.
Jump up ^ Fetter, Steve (March 2006). "How long will the world's uranium supplies last?".
Jump up ^ "Presidential Committee recommends research on uranium recovery from seawater" (link to PDF). The President's Committee Of Advisors On Science And Technology. August 2, 1999. Retrieved 2008-05-10. ... this resource ... could support for 6,500 years 3,000 GW of nuclear capacity ... Research on a process being developed in Japan suggests that it might be feasible to recover uranium from seawater at a cost of $120 per lb of U3O8.[40] Although this is more than double the current uranium price, it would contribute just 0.5¢ per kWh to the cost of electricity for a next-generation reactor operated on a once-through fuel cycle—...
Jump up ^ "figure 4.10 pg 271" (PDF).
^ Jump up to: a b Isotopes of the Earth's Hydrosphere By V.I. Ferronsky, V.A. Polyakov, pg 399.
Jump up ^ "Radioactivity in Nature, see table".
Jump up ^ Lasers and Nuclei: Applications of Ultrahigh Intensity Lasers in Nuclear Science edited by Heinrich Schwoerer, Joseph Magill, Burgard Beleites, pg 182.
Jump up ^ Wickleder 2006, p. 53.
Jump up ^ "Toxicological profile for thorium - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry U.S. Public Health Service 1990, pg 76 "world average concentration in seawater is 0.05 μg/L (Harmsen and De Haan 1980)"" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "Determination of thorium concentration in seawater by neutron activation analysis C. A. Huh , M. P. Bacon Anal. Chem., 1985, 57 (11), pp 2138–2142 DOI: 10.1021/ac00288a030".
Jump up ^ "T H E P E R I O D I C T A B L E with SEAWATER ADDITIONs".
Jump up ^ Robert F. Heeter; et al. "Conventional Fusion FAQ Section 2/11 (Energy) Part 2/5 (Environmental)".
Jump up ^ Dr. Frank J. Stadermann. "Relative Abundances of Stable Isotopes". Laboratory for Space Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis. Archived from the original on 2011-07-20.
Jump up ^ J. Ongena and G. Van Oost. "Energy for Future Centuries" (PDF). Laboratorium voor Plasmafysica– Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas Koninklijke Militaire School– Ecole Royale Militaire; Laboratorium voor Natuurkunde, Universiteit Gent. pp. Section III.B. and Table VI.
Jump up ^ EPS Executive Committee. "The importance of European fusion energy research". The European Physical Society. Archived from the original on 2008-10-08.
^ Jump up to: a b Ongena, J; G. Van Oost. "Energy for future centuries - Will fusion be an inexhaustible, safe and clean energy source?" (PDF). Fusion Science and Technology. 2004. 45 (2T): 3–14.
Jump up ^ South Carolina State House, 117th Session, S. 360
Jump up ^ S. Smith, "Introduced Bill: Renewable Energy; Definition," Arizona State Senate, SB 1134, January 2015. nuclear energy from sources fueled by uranium fuel rods that include 80 percent or more of recycled nuclear fuel and natural thorium reactor resources under development
^ Jump up to: a b "Bush: U.S. must end dependence on foreign oil". MSNBC. Associated Press. September 4, 2006. Archived from the original on 2007-11-05. Retrieved 2007-03-11.
Jump up ^ "Governor Crist Opens Florida Summit on Global Climate Change". flgov.com. 2007-07-12. Retrieved 2007-08-03.
Jump up ^ Minister declares nuclear 'renewable' — UK Times
Jump up ^ "UK To Redefine Nuclear Energy As Renewable?". WISE/NIRS Nuclear Monitor. 2005-11-04. Retrieved 2007-08-03.
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Jimmy Garoppolo
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Jimmy Garoppolo
Garoppolo with the Patriots in 2015
No. 10 – San Francisco 49ers
Position:
Quarterback
Personal information
Born:
(1991-11-02) November 2, 1991 (age 26)
Arlington Heights, Illinois
Height:
6 ft 2 in (1.88 m)
Weight:
225 lb (102 kg)
Career information
High school:
Rolling Meadows (IL)
College:
Eastern Illinois
NFL Draft:
2014 / Round: 2 / Pick: 62
Career history
New England Patriots (2014–2017)
San Francisco 49ers (2017–present)
Roster status:
Active
Career highlights and awards
2× Super Bowl champion (XLIX, LI)
Walter Payton Award (2013)
OVC Offensive Player of the Year (2013)
First-team All-OVC (2013)
Second-team All-OVC (2012)
Career NFL statistics as of 2017
Passing attempts:
272
Passing completions:
183
Percentage:
67.3
Passing yards:
2,250
TD–INT:
12–5
Passer rating:
99.7
Player stats at NFL.com
Player stats at PFR
James Richard Garoppolo[1] (born November 2, 1991) is an American football quarterback for the San Francisco 49ers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Eastern Illinois and was drafted in the second round of the 2014 NFL Draft by the New England Patriots, with whom he won two Super Bowls as the backup to Tom Brady.
As a senior in 2013, Garoppolo broke Tony Romo's school records for career passing touchdowns, career passing yards, and passing touchdowns in a season.[2][3][4] That season, he also won the Walter Payton Award as the best offensive player in the Football Championship Subdivision (FCS).[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Early years
2 College career
2.1 Statistics
3 Professional career
3.1 New England Patriots
3.1.1 2014–2015: Draft and early career
3.1.2 2016–2017: Playing time and trade rumors
3.2 San Francisco 49ers
3.3 Career statistics
4 References
5 External links
Early years[edit]
Garoppolo was born and raised in Arlington Heights, Illinois, and attended Rolling Meadows High School in Rolling Meadows, Illinois. He is from a "tight-knit, big Italian family," and is the third of four sons born to Denise and Tony Garoppolo.[6]
College career[edit]
Garoppolo played football for the Eastern Illinois Panthers from 2010 to 2013. In his freshman year, he started eight games, passing for 1,639 yards and 14 touchdowns and earning All-Ohio Valley Conference Newcomer Team honors playing under head coach Bob Spoo. He went on to start every remaining game during his time at Eastern Illinois, passing for 2,644 yards and 20 touchdowns in 2011, 3,823 yards and 31 touchdowns in 2012, and 5,050 yards and 53 touchdowns in 2013, breaking the school record for career pass completions previously held by former Dallas Cowboys quarterback Tony Romo.
In his senior season, Garoppolo won the Walter Payton Award, given to the most outstanding offensive player in the Division I Football Championship Subdivision under head coach Dino Babers with his uptempo no huddle offense. As a result of his successful senior season, he was named the 2013–14 OVC Male Athlete of the Year[7] and the 2013 College Football Performance FCS National Quarterback of the Year.[8]
Statistics[edit]
Year
Team
Passing
Cmp
Att
Pct
Yds
Y/A
TD
Int
Rtg
2010
Eastern Illinois
124 211 58.8 1,639 7.8 14 13 133.6
2011
Eastern Illinois
217 349 62.2 2,644 7.6 20 14 136.7
2012
Eastern Illinois
331 540 61.3 3,823 7.1 31 15 134.2
2013
Eastern Illinois
375 568 66.0 5,050 8.9 53 9 168.3
Career
1,047
1,668
62.8
13,156
7.9
118
51
146.3
Source:[9]
Professional career[edit]
New England Patriots[edit]
2014–2015: Draft and early career[edit]
Garoppolo was considered one of the better quarterback prospects for the 2014 NFL Draft.[10][11][12] The New England Patriots drafted Garoppolo in the second round of the 2014 NFL Draft, with the 62nd pick overall. Garoppolo was the first player from the Football Championship Subdivision drafted in 2014, and the highest-drafted quarterback New England had selected since Drew Bledsoe was picked first overall in 1993.[13]
In 2014, Garoppolo made his regular season debut in the fourth quarter of the Patriots' Week 4 41–14 road loss to the Kansas City Chiefs on Monday Night Football. He led the Patriots on a scoring drive, which led to his first career passing touchdown on a 13-yard pass to tight end Rob Gronkowski on his first drive. He finished the game completing six of seven passes for 70 yards and one touchdown, with a passer rating of 147.9.[14]
In his rookie season, Garoppolo played in 6 games. He completed 19 of 27 passes for 182 yards and a touchdown with a 101.2 passer rating and had 10 rushing attempts for 9 yards.[15] While Garoppolo did not take any snaps in the Patriots' Super Bowl XLIX victory, he was credited with helping to prepare the Patriots defense for Seattle Seahawks quarterback Russell Wilson.[16]
In 2015, Garoppolo appeared in five games in relief roles. He completed 1 of 4 passes for 6 yards on the season.[17]
2016–2017: Playing time and trade rumors[edit]
After starting quarterback Tom Brady was suspended by the league for four games for Deflategate, head coach Bill Belichick named Garoppolo the starting quarterback for the first game of the 2016 season, and he was expected to stand in for Brady for all four games.[18][19] Garoppolo completed 24 of 33 passes for 264 yards and a touchdown in a 23–21 Week 1 victory over the Arizona Cardinals on NBC Sunday Night Football.[20] He threw for 234 yards and three touchdowns in Week 2 against the Miami Dolphins before being sidelined with a shoulder injury in the second quarter. He sprained his AC joint after a hit by Dolphins' linebacker Kiko Alonso that kept him out the next two games, giving the starting job to rookie Jacoby Brissett before Brady returned from his suspension in Week 5.[21][22] In Super Bowl LI, Garoppolo was active for the Patriots' 34–28 overtime victory over the Atlanta Falcons; he was the only active Patriot who did not play in the game.[23][24]
In the 2017 offseason, Garoppolo was the subject of several trade rumors, with the Chicago Bears and Cleveland Browns being cited most commonly as potential suitors.[25][26][27] Ultimately, no trade occurred and Garoppolo remained with the Patriots going into the season.
San Francisco 49ers[edit]
Garoppolo plays against the Tennessee Titans in Week 15 of 2017
On October 30, 2017, the Patriots traded Garoppolo to the San Francisco 49ers in exchange for the 49ers' second-round pick in the 2018 NFL Draft.[28] He made his 49ers debut in Week 12 in the final minute of the 49ers' game against the Seattle Seahawks after starter C. J. Beathard suffered an injury; those were his first snaps of 2017, as he did not take the field with the Patriots in 2017. On his first play as a 49er, he rushed for six yards; on the final play of the game, he threw a 10-yard touchdown to Louis Murphy. He finished the game 2 for 2 for 18 yards and a touchdown.[29] On November 28, 2017, Garoppolo was named the starter for the 49ers' Week 13 game against the Chicago Bears.[30] Making his first start for the 49ers on December 3, 2017, Garoppolo finished with 293 passing yards and an interception as the 49ers won 15–14.[31] He also earned wins in Week 14, 15, 16 and 17 against the Houston Texans, Tennessee Titans, Jacksonville Jaguars and Los Angeles Rams to go 7–0 in his first seven starts (including his two starts for New England), making him the first quarterback to do so since Ben Roethlisberger accomplished the same feat in 2004.
Career statistics[edit]
Year
Team
Games
Passing
Rushing
Sacked
Fumbles
Record
G
GS
Cmp
Att
Pct
Yds
Y/A
TD
Int
Rtg
Att
Yds
Avg
TD
Sck
Yds
Fum
Lost
W–L
2014
NE
6 0 19 27 70.4 182 6.7 1 0 101.2 10 9 0.9 0 5 36 0 0 0–0
2015
NE
5 0 1 4 25.0 6 1.5 0 0 39.6 5 −5 −1.0 0 0 0 0 0 0–0
2016
NE
6 2 43 63 68.3 502 8.0 4 0 113.3 10 6 0.6 0 3 15 2 1 2–0
2017
SF
6 5 120 178 67.4 1,560 8.8 7 5 96.2 15 11 0.7 1 8 57 1 0 5–0
Total
23
7
183
272
67.3
2,250
8.3
12
5
99.7
40
21
0.5
1
16
108
3
1
7–0
Source:[32]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Killion, Ann (December 13, 2017). "Jimmy Garoppolo can make Levi's Stadium his own". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Eastern Illinois' Jimmy Garoppolo has 35 TD passes this season". NFL.com.
Jump up ^ "Tony Romo, Sean Payton have prais for QB Jimmy Garoppolo". NFL.com.
Jump up ^ EIU QB JIMMY GAROPPOLO BREAKS TD, YARDS RECORD
Jump up ^ "Eastern Illinois QB Jimmy Garoppolo wins Walter Payton Award". tribunedigital-chicagotribune.
Jump up ^ https://www.bostonglobe.com/sports/2014/05/13/jimmy-garoppolo-awed-introduction-patriots/PvmBw5ptD74P1rFG6N3yFO/story.html
Jump up ^ "E Illinois QB named OVC male athlete of the year". USA TODAY. May 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Eastern Illinois Panthers – Garoppolo, Lora Win CFPA National Awards".
Jump up ^ "Jimmy Garoppolo". sports.yahoo.com. Archived from the original on October 3, 2016. Retrieved September 12, 2016. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "Jimmy Garoppolo – Eastern Illinois, QB : 2014 NFL Draft Scout Player Profile".
Jump up ^ From FCS to the NFL? The path of Eastern Illinois' Jimmy Garoppolo
Jump up ^ "Eastern Illinois: Everyone notices Jimmy Garoppolo now". tribunedigital-chicagotribune.
Jump up ^ "From the Hall: Garoppolo's Place in Patriots Draft history". New England Patriots. 2014-05-16. Retrieved 2017-11-08.
Jump up ^ "New England Patriots at Kansas City Chiefs - September 29th, 2014". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2017-11-01.
Jump up ^ "Jimmy Garoppolo". Pro-Football-Reference.com.
Jump up ^ "Super Bowl backup QBs must do more than wait for chance". USA TODAY. January 31, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Jimmy Garoppolo: Game Logs at NFL.com".
Jump up ^ "Keys to the Starting Lineup presented by CarMax: Jimmy Garoppolo's time is now". New England Patriots. September 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Joseph, Andrew (September 12, 2016). "How Jimmy Garoppolo went from an unknown high school QB to Tom Brady's stand in". USA Today.
Jump up ^ "Jimmy Garoppolo passes first test as Patriots edge Cardinals". sports.yahoo.com. September 12, 2016. Archived from the original on September 19, 2016. Retrieved September 19, 2016. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "X-Rays Reportedly Negative, But Garoppolo Likely Out For 6 Weeks". boston.cbslocal.com. September 18, 2016. Archived from the original on September 19, 2016. Retrieved September 19, 2016. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ Gantt, Darin (September 18, 2016). "Patriots hang on without Jimmy Garoppolo to beat Dolphins". profootballtalk.nbcsports.com. Retrieved September 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ Wesseling, Chris. "New England Patriots win Super Bowl LI". NFL. Retrieved February 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Super Bowl LI - New England Patriots vs. Atlanta Falcons - February 5th, 2017". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 6 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Wells, Adam. "Jimmy Garoppolo Trade Rumors: Latest News and Speculation on Patriots QB". Bleacher Report. Retrieved 2017-07-03.
Jump up ^ "Both Browns and Patriots blew it with lack of Jimmy Garoppolo trade on draft day". Sporting News. 2017-05-04. Retrieved 2017-07-03.
Jump up ^ Nathan, Alec. "Jimmy Garoppolo Trade Rumors: Browns Inquired About QB During 1st Round of Draft". Bleacher Report. Retrieved 2017-07-03.
Jump up ^ Shook, Nick (October 31, 2017). "Niners acquire Jimmy Garoppolo in trade with Patriots". NFL.com.
Jump up ^ "Jimmy Garoppolo replaces injured Beathard, throws TD". NFL.com. Retrieved November 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Sessler, Marc (November 28, 2017). "Jimmy Garoppolo to make first 49ers start vs. Bears". NFL.com.
Jump up ^ "San Francisco 49ers at Chicago Bears - December 3rd, 2017". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2017-12-05.
Jump up ^ "Jimmy Garoppolo". NFL.com.
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