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Mount Rushmore
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This article is about the mountain. For the 1960s rock band, see Mount Rushmore (band).
Mount Rushmore National Memorial
IUCN category V (protected landscape/seascape)
Sculptures of George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt and Abraham Lincoln (left to right)
Location
Pennington County, South Dakota, United States
Nearest city
Keystone, South Dakota
Coordinates
43°52′44″N 103°27′35″W / 43.87889°N 103.45972°W / 43.87889; -103.45972Coordinates: 43°52′44″N 103°27′35″W / 43.87889°N 103.45972°W / 43.87889; -103.45972
Area
1,278 acres (5.17 km2)
Established
March 3, 1925
Visitors
2,185,447 (in 2012)[1]
Governing body
National Park Service
Website
Mount Rushmore National Memorial
Mount Rushmore National Memorial is a sculpture carved into the granite face of Mount Rushmore, a batholith in the Black Hills in Keystone, South Dakota, United States. Sculptor Gutzon Borglum created the sculpture's design and oversaw the project's execution from 1927 to 1941 with the help of his son, Lincoln Borglum. [2][3] Mount Rushmore features 60-foot (18 m) sculptures of the heads of four United States presidents: George Washington (1732–1799), Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826), Theodore Roosevelt (1858–1919), and Abraham Lincoln (1809–1865).[4] The memorial park covers 1,278.45 acres (2.00 sq mi; 5.17 km2)[5] and is 5,725 feet (1,745 m) above sea level.[6]
South Dakota historian Doane Robinson is credited with conceiving the idea of carving the likenesses of famous people into the Black Hills region of South Dakota in order to promote tourism in the region. Robinson's initial idea was to sculpt the Needles; however, Gutzon Borglum rejected the Needles because of the poor quality of the granite and strong opposition from Native American groups. They settled on Mount Rushmore, which also has the advantage of facing southeast for maximum sun exposure. Robinson wanted it to feature American West heroes like Lewis and Clark, Red Cloud,[7] and Buffalo Bill Cody,[8] but Borglum decided the sculpture should have broader appeal and chose the four presidents.
After securing federal funding through the enthusiastic sponsorship of "Mount Rushmore's great political patron" U.S. Senator Peter Norbeck,[9] construction on the memorial began in 1927, and the presidents' faces were completed between 1934 and 1939. Upon Gutzon Borglum's death in March 1941, his son Lincoln Borglum took over as leader of the construction project. Each president was originally to be depicted from head to waist. Lack of funding forced construction to end in late October 1941.[10]
Mount Rushmore has become an iconic symbol of the United States, and it has appeared in works of fiction, as well as being discussed or depicted in other popular works. It attracts over two million visitors annually.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Ecology
3 Geography
3.1 Geology
3.2 Soils
3.3 Climate
4 Tourism
5 Conservation
6 Controversy
7 In popular culture
8 Legacy and commemoration
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
History[edit]
See also: Construction of Mount Rushmore
Southwestern South Dakota
Sculpture
Mount Rushmore (National Memorial)
Crazy Horse
Geologic formations
Badlands (National Park)
Bear Butte (National Historic Landmark)
Needles
Black Hills
Spearfish Canyon
Mountains
Black Elk Peak
Iron Mountain
Caves
Wind Cave (National Park)
Jewel Cave (National Monument)
Forests and wildernesses
Custer (State Park)
Black Hills (National Forest)
Black Elk (Wilderness)
Buffalo Gap (National Grassland)
Lakes
Sylvan
Pactola
v
t
e
Mount Rushmore before construction, circa 1905.
A model at the site depicting Mount Rushmore's intended final design
Originally known to the Lakota Sioux as "The Six Grandfathers",[11] the mountain was renamed after Charles E. Rushmore, a prominent New York lawyer, during an expedition in 1885.[12] At first, the project of carving Rushmore was undertaken to increase tourism in the Black Hills region of South Dakota. After long negotiations involving a Congressional delegation and President Calvin Coolidge, the project received Congressional approval. The carving started in 1927 and ended in 1941 with no fatalities.[13]
As Six Grandfathers, the mountain was part of the route that Lakota leader Black Elk took in a spiritual journey that culminated at Black Elk Peak. Following a series of military campaigns from 1876 to 1878, the United States asserted control over the area, a claim that is still disputed on the basis of the 1868 Treaty of Fort Laramie (see section "Controversy" below). Among American settlers, the peak was known variously as Cougar Mountain, Sugarloaf Mountain, Slaughterhouse Mountain, and Keystone Cliffs. It was named Mount Rushmore during a prospecting expedition by Charles Rushmore, David Swanzey (husband of Carrie Ingalls), and Bill Challis.[14]
Historian Doane Robinson conceived the idea for Mount Rushmore in 1923 to promote tourism in South Dakota. In 1924, Robinson persuaded sculptor Gutzon Borglum to travel to the Black Hills region to ensure the carving could be accomplished. Borglum had been involved in sculpting the Confederate Memorial Carving, a massive bas-relief memorial to Confederate leaders on Stone Mountain in Georgia, but was in disagreement with the officials there.[15]
The original plan was to make the carvings in granite pillars known as the Needles. However, Borglum realized that the eroded Needles were too thin to support sculpting. He chose Mount Rushmore, a grander location, partly because it faced southeast and enjoyed maximum exposure to the sun. Borglum said upon seeing Mount Rushmore, "America will march along that skyline."[16] Congress authorized the Mount Rushmore National Memorial Commission on March 3, 1925.[16]
Construction of the Mount Rushmore monument
Between October 4, 1927, and October 31, 1941, Gutzon Borglum and 400 workers[17] sculpted the colossal 60 foot (18 m) high carvings of U.S. presidents George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt, and Abraham Lincoln to represent the first 130 years of American history. These presidents were selected by Borglum because of their role in preserving the Republic and expanding its territory.[16][18] The carving of Mount Rushmore involved the use of dynamite, followed by the process of "honeycombing", a process where workers drill holes close together, allowing small pieces to be removed by hand.[19] In total, about 450,000 short tons (410,000 t) of rock were blasted off the mountainside.[20] The image of Thomas Jefferson was originally intended to appear in the area at Washington's right, but after the work there was begun, the rock was found to be unsuitable, so the work on the Jefferson figure was dynamited, and a new figure was sculpted to Washington's left.[16]
The Chief Carver of the mountain was Luigi del Bianco, artisan and headstone carver in Port Chester, NY. Del Bianco emigrated to the U.S. from Friuli in Italy, and was chosen to work on this project because of his remarkable skill at etching emotions and personality into his carved portraits.[2][3]
In 1933, the National Park Service took Mount Rushmore under its jurisdiction. Julian Spotts helped with the project by improving its infrastructure. For example, he had the tram upgraded so it could reach the top of Mount Rushmore for the ease of workers. By July 4, 1934, Washington's face had been completed and was dedicated. The face of Thomas Jefferson was dedicated in 1936, and the face of Abraham Lincoln was dedicated on September 17, 1937. In 1937, a bill was introduced in Congress to add the head of civil-rights leader Susan B. Anthony, but a rider was passed on an appropriations bill requiring federal funds be used to finish only those heads that had already been started at that time.[21] In 1939, the face of Theodore Roosevelt was dedicated.
The Sculptor's Studio – a display of unique plaster models and tools related to the sculpting – was built in 1939 under the direction of Borglum. Borglum had planned to make a secret room behind the hairline of Abraham Lincoln which was supposed to be a doorway to a chamber originally intended to hold some of America's most treasured documents but was left unfinished due to his death.[22] Borglum died from an embolism in March 1941. His son, Lincoln Borglum, continued the project. Originally, it was planned that the figures would be carved from head to waist,[23] but insufficient funding forced the carving to end. Borglum had also planned a massive panel in the shape of the Louisiana Purchase commemorating in eight-foot-tall gilded letters the Declaration of Independence, U.S. Constitution, Louisiana Purchase, and seven other territorial acquisitions from Alaska to Texas to the Panama Canal Zone.[18] In total, the entire project cost US$989,992.32.[24] Unusually for a project of such size, no workers died during the carving.[25]
Side view of George Washington from rocky terrain at Mount Rushmore
Entrance to the site
On October 15, 1966, Mount Rushmore was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. A 500-word essay giving the history of the United States by Nebraska student William Andrew Burkett was selected as the college-age group winner in a 1934 competition, and that essay was placed on the Entablature on a bronze plate in 1973.[21][26] In 1991, President George H. W. Bush officially dedicated Mount Rushmore.[27]
In a canyon behind the carved faces is a chamber, cut only 70 feet (21 m) into the rock, containing a vault with sixteen porcelain enamel panels. The panels include the text of the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution, biographies of the four presidents and Borglum, and the history of the U.S. The chamber was created as the entrance-way to a planned "Hall of Records"; the vault was installed in 1998.[28]
Ten years of redevelopment work culminated with the completion of extensive visitor facilities and sidewalks in 1998, such as a Visitor Center, the Lincoln Borglum Museum, and the Presidential Trail. Maintenance of the memorial requires mountain climbers to monitor and seal cracks annually. Due to budget constraints, the memorial is not regularly cleaned to remove lichens. However, on July 8, 2005, Alfred Kärcher GmbH, a German manufacturer of pressure washing and steam cleaning machines, conducted a free cleanup operation which lasted several weeks, using pressurized water at over 200 °F (93 °C).[29]
Ecology[edit]
The Black Hills opposite Mount Rushmore.
Aerial NW direction view of Mount Rushmore National Memorial from a helicopter.
The flora and fauna of Mount Rushmore are similar to those of the rest of the Black Hills region of South Dakota. Birds including the turkey vulture, bald eagle, hawk, and meadowlark fly around Mount Rushmore, occasionally making nesting spots in the ledges of the mountain. Smaller birds, including songbirds, nuthatches, and woodpeckers, inhabit the surrounding pine forests.[30] Terrestrial mammals include the mouse, least chipmunk, red squirrel, skunk, porcupine, raccoon, beaver, badger, coyote, bighorn sheep, bobcat, elk, mule deer, yellow-bellied marmot, and American bison.[30][31] The striped chorus frog, western chorus frog, and northern leopard frog also inhabit the area,[32] along with several species of snake. Grizzly Bear Brook and Starling Basin Brook, the two streams in the memorial, support fish such as the longnose dace and the brook trout.[citation needed] Mountain goats are not indigenous to the region. Those living near Mount Rushmore are descendents of a tribe that Canada gifted to Custer State Park in 1924, which later escaped.[30][33][34]
At lower elevations, coniferous trees, mainly the ponderosa pine, surround most of the monument, providing shade from the sun. Other trees include the bur oak, the Black Hills spruce, and the cottonwood. Nine species of shrubs grow near Mount Rushmore. There is also a wide variety of wildflowers, including especially the snapdragon, sunflower, and violet. Towards higher elevations, plant life becomes sparser.[34] However, only approximately five percent of the plant species found in the Black Hills are indigenous to the region.[35]
The area receives about 18 inches (460 mm) of precipitation on average per year, enough to support abundant animal and plant life. Trees and other plants help to control surface runoff. Dikes, seeps, and springs help to dam up water that is flowing downhill, providing watering spots for animals. In addition, stones like sandstone and limestone help to hold groundwater, creating aquifers.[36]
A study of the fire scars present in tree ring samples indicates that forest fires occur in the ponderosa forests surrounding Mount Rushmore around every 27 years. Large fires are not common. Most events have been ground fires that serve to clear forest debris.[37] The area is a climax community. Recent[when?] pine beetle infestations have threatened the forest.[31]
Geography[edit]
Geology[edit]
Mount Rushmore, showing the full size of the mountain and the scree of rocks from the sculpting and construction.
Mount Rushmore is largely composed of granite. The memorial is carved on the northwest margin of the Black Elk Peak granite batholith in the Black Hills of South Dakota, so the geologic formations of the heart of the Black Hills region are also evident at Mount Rushmore. The batholith magma intruded into the pre-existing mica schist rocks during the Proterozoic, 1.6 billion years ago.[38] Coarse grained pegmatite dikes are associated with the granite intrusion of Black Elk Peak and are visibly lighter in color, thus explaining the light-colored streaks on the foreheads of the presidents.
The Black Hills granites were exposed to erosion during the Neoproterozoic, but were later buried by sandstone and other sediments during the Cambrian. Remaining buried throughout the Paleozoic, they were re-exposed again during the Laramide orogeny around 70 million years ago.[38] The Black Hills area was uplifted as an elongated geologic dome.[39] Subsequent erosion stripped the granite of the overlying sediments and the softer adjacent schist. Some schist does remain and can be seen as the darker material just below the sculpture of Washington.
The tallest mountain in the region is Black Elk Peak (7,242 ft or 2,207 m). Borglum selected Mount Rushmore as the site for several reasons. The rock of the mountain is composed of smooth, fine-grained granite. The durable granite erodes only 1 inch (25 mm) every 10,000 years, thus was more than sturdy enough to support the sculpture and its long-term exposure.[16] The mountain's height of 5,725 feet (1,745 m) above sea level[6] made it suitable, and because it faces the southeast, the workers also had the advantage of sunlight for most of the day.
Soils[edit]
The Mount Rushmore area is underlain by well drained alfisol soils of very gravelly loam (Mocmount) to silt loam (Buska) texture, brown to dark grayish brown.[40]
Climate[edit]
Mount Rushmore has a humid continental climate (Dwb in the Koeppen climate classification). It is inside a USDA Plant Hardiness Zone of 5a, meaning certain plant life in the area can withstand a low temperature of no less than −20 °F (−29 °C).[41]
The two wettest months of the year are May and June. Orographic lift causes brief but strong afternoon thunderstorms during the summer.[42]
[hide]Climate data for Mount Rushmore National Memorial, 1981-2011 normals
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °F (°C)
68
(20) 68
(20) 78
(26) 85
(29) 93
(34) 99
(37) 100
(38) 99
(37) 97
(36) 86
(30) 75
(24) 67
(19) 100
(38)
Average high °F (°C)
36.3
(2.4) 36.7
(2.6) 43.2
(6.2) 50.7
(10.4) 60.7
(15.9) 71.0
(21.7) 79.1
(26.2) 78.1
(25.6) 67.8
(19.9) 54.9
(12.7) 42.9
(6.1) 35.3
(1.8) 54.7
(12.6)
Daily mean °F (°C)
27.5
(−2.5) 27.8
(−2.3) 33.9
(1.1) 41.4
(5.2) 51.1
(10.6) 61.1
(16.2) 69.0
(20.6) 67.9
(19.9) 58.0
(14.4) 45.7
(7.6) 34.5
(1.4) 26.7
(−2.9) 45.4
(7.4)
Average low °F (°C)
18.7
(−7.4) 19.0
(−7.2) 24.6
(−4.1) 32.0
(0) 41.6
(5.3) 51.3
(10.7) 58.9
(14.9) 57.7
(14.3) 48.2
(9) 36.5
(2.5) 26.0
(−3.3) 18.1
(−7.7) 36.0
(2.2)
Record low °F (°C)
−38
(−39) −29
(−34) −12
(−24) 1
(−17) 14
(−10) 27
(−3) 35
(2) 33
(1) 19
(−7) 1
(−17) −12
(−24) −31
(−35) −38
(−39)
Average precipitation inches (mm)
0.38
(9.7) 0.70
(17.8) 1.19
(30.2) 2.23
(56.6) 4.22
(107.2) 3.41
(86.6) 2.90
(73.7) 1.99
(50.5) 1.81
(46) 1.68
(42.7) 0.62
(15.7) 0.43
(10.9) 21.56
(547.6)
Average snowfall inches (cm)
5.8
(14.7) 7.9
(20.1) 10.4
(26.4) 10.8
(27.4) 1.2
(3) 0.1
(0.3) 0.0
(0) 0.0
(0) 0.6
(1.5) 3.6
(9.1) 6.2
(15.7) 5.8
(14.7) 52.4
(132.9)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01)
4.3 4.7 6.3 8.2 11.9 12.6 11.4 9.3 7.4 6.8 4.4 4.2 91.5
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1)
3.9 3.8 3.9 3.1 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 1.4 2.7 3.4 23.1
Source #1: [43]
Source #2: [44]
Tourism[edit]
Historical visitor count[1]
Year
Visitors
1941 393,000
1950 740,499
1960 1,067,000
1970 1,965,700
1980 1,284,888
1990 1,671,673
2000 1,868,876
2010 2,331,237
Tourism is South Dakota's second-largest industry, and Mount Rushmore is the state's top tourist attraction.[45] In 2012, 2,185,447 people visited the park.[1] In the 1950s and 1960s, Sioux Benjamin Black Elk (son of medicine man Black Elk) was the "Fifth Face of Mount Rushmore", posing for photographs with thousands of tourists. He became one of the most photographed people in the world.[46]
Conservation[edit]
Distant view of Mount Rushmore
The ongoing conservation of the site is overseen by the US National Park Service.[47] Physical efforts to conserve the monument have included replacement of the sealant applied originally by Gutzon Borglum, which had proved ineffective at providing water resistance (components include linseed oil, granite dust and white lead). A modern silicone replacement was used, disguised with granite dust.
In 1998, electronic monitoring devices were installed to track movement in the topology of the sculpture to an accuracy of 3 mm. The site has been subsequently digitally recorded using a terrestrial laser scanning methodology in 2009 as part of the international Scottish Ten project, providing a record of unprecedented resolution and accuracy to inform the conservation of the site. This data was made accessible online to be freely used by the wider community to aid further interpretation and public access.[48]
Controversy[edit]
The United States seized the area from the Lakota tribe after the Great Sioux War of 1876. The Treaty of Fort Laramie from 1868 had previously granted the Black Hills to the Lakota in perpetuity. Members of the American Indian Movement led an occupation of the monument in 1971, naming it "Mount Crazy Horse". Among the participants were young activists, grandparents, children and Lakota holy man John Fire Lame Deer, who planted a prayer staff atop the mountain. Lame Deer said the staff formed a symbolic shroud over the presidents' faces "which shall remain dirty until the treaties concerning the Black Hills are fulfilled."[49]
In 2004, the first Native American superintendent of the park, Gerard Baker, was appointed. Baker has stated that he will open up more "avenues of interpretation", and that the four presidents are "only one avenue and only one focus."[50]
The Crazy Horse Memorial is being constructed elsewhere in the Black Hills to commemorate the famous Native American leader as a response to Mount Rushmore. It is said to be larger than Mount Rushmore and has the support of Lakota chiefs; the Crazy Horse Memorial Foundation has rejected offers of federal funds. However, this memorial is likewise the subject of controversy, even within the Native American community.[51]
In popular culture[edit]
Roger Thornhill (Cary Grant) and Eve Kendall (Eva Marie Saint) dangle precariously from the sculpture of George Washington in the 1959 film North by Northwest
Mount Rushmore commemorative stamp of 1952
Main article: Mount Rushmore in popular culture
Because of its fame as a monument, Mount Rushmore has been depicted in multiple places in popular culture. It is often depicted as a cover for a secret location; shown with faces removed or modified (as in Superman II), or added; or parodied. Trey Parker and Matt Stone used the location as the headquarters for their movie Team America: World Police. The memorial was also famously used as the location of the climactic chase scene in Alfred Hitchcock's 1959 movie North by Northwest.[52]
Legacy and commemoration[edit]
On August 11, 1952, the U.S. Post Office issued the Mount Rushmore Memorial commemorative stamp on the 25th anniversary of the dedication of the Mt. Rushmore National Memorial in the Black Hills of South Dakota.[53] On January 2, 1974, a 26-cent airmail stamp depicting the monument was also issued.[54]
See also[edit]
List of colossal sculpture in situ
South Dakota portal
References[edit]
Notes
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Park Statistics". National Park Service. Retrieved January 4, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Roberts, Sam (June 28, 2016). "An Immigrant's Contribution to Mount Rushmore Is Recognized, 75 Years Later". New York Times. Retrieved September 19, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Andrews, John (May 2014). "Slight of Hand". South Dakota Magazine. Retrieved September 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mount Rushmore National Memorial. December 6, 2005.60 SD Web Traveler, Inc. Retrieved April 7, 2006.
Jump up ^ McGeveran, William A. Jr. et al. (2004). The World Almanac and Book of Facts 2004. New York: World Almanac Education Group, Inc. ISBN 0-88687-910-8.
^ Jump up to: a b Mount Rushmore, South Dakota (November 1, 2004). Peakbagger.com. Retrieved March 13, 2006.
Jump up ^ '!, episode 5x08 "Mount Rushmore", May 10, 2007
Jump up ^ "Making Mount Rushmore | Mount Rushmore". Oh, Ranger!. Retrieved October 31, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Biography:Senator Peter Norbeck". American Experience: Mount Rushmore. PBS. Retrieved July 20, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Mount Rushmore". American Experience – TV's Most Watched History Series. PBS. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Untold Stories Discussion Guide: Baker and Mount Rushmore" (PDF). The National Parks: America's Best Idea. PBS. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 18, 2015. Mount Rushmore – a rocky outcropping the Lakota had called 'The Six Grandfathers,' named for the earth, the sky, and the four directions
Jump up ^ Belanger, Ian A.; Kennedy, Sally; Allison; McMeen, Melissa; Arnold, John (April 21, 2002). "Mt. Rushmore — presidents on the rocks". Archived from the original on May 14, 2006. Retrieved January 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Mount Rushmore National Memorial Frequently Asked Questions". National Park Service. Retrieved December 2, 2009.
Jump up ^ Keystone Area Historical Society Keystone Characters. Retrieved October 3, 2006.
Jump up ^ "People & Events: The Carving of Stone Mountain". American Experience. PBS. Archived from the original on April 13, 2010. Retrieved March 17, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Carving History (October 2, 2004). National Park Service.
Jump up ^ "Carving History". National Park Service. Retrieved February 22, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Albert Boime, "Patriarchy Fixed in Stone: Gutzon Borglum's 'Mount Rushmore'," American Art, Vol. 5, No. 1/2. (Winter – Spring, 1991), pp. 142–67.
Jump up ^ "Honeycombing process explained from". nps.gov. June 14, 2004. Archived from the original on August 1, 2008. Retrieved March 20, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Geology Fieldnotes". nps.gov. January 4, 2005. Retrieved October 22, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b American Experience "Timeline: Mount Rushmore" (2002). Retrieved March 20, 2006.
Jump up ^ "Mount Rushmore's Secret Chamber – History in the Headlines". HISTORY.com. Retrieved August 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mount Rushmore National Memorial.
Jump up ^ Mount Rushmore National Memorial. Tourism in South Dakota. Laura R. Ahmann. Retrieved March 19, 2006.
Jump up ^ Mount Rushmore National Memorial. Outdoorplaces.com. Retrieved June 7, 2006.
Jump up ^ "Text of 1934 Essay – History of the United States" (PDF). Retrieved August 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "George Bush: Remarks at the Dedication Ceremony of the Mount Rushmore National Memorial in South Dakota". The American Presidency Project. July 3, 1991. Retrieved August 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Hall of Records". Mount Rushmore National Memorial web site. National Park Service. June 14, 2004. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved July 4, 2007.
Jump up ^ "For Mount Rushmore, An Overdue Face Wash". Washington Post. July 11, 2005. Retrieved March 17, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Enjoy Wildlife......Safely" (PDF). National Park Service. National Park Service. Retrieved January 4, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Freeman, Mary. "Mount Rushmore, South Dakota for Tourists". USA Today. Tysons Corner, VA: Gannett Company. Retrieved January 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Amphibians". National Park Service. National Park Service. Retrieved January 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Nature & Science- Animals". NPS. November 26, 2006. Retrieved March 17, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Mount Rushmore- Flora and Fauna". American Park Network. 2001. Archived from the original on December 12, 2007. Retrieved January 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Nature & Science – Plants". NPS. December 6, 2006. Retrieved March 17, 2010.
Jump up ^ Nature & Science- Groundwater. National Park Service. Retrieved April 1, 2006.
Jump up ^ Nature & Science- Forests. National Park Service. Retrieved April 1, 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b Geologic Activity. National Park Service.
Jump up ^ Irvin, James R. Great Plains Gallery (2001). Retrieved March 16, 2006.
Jump up ^ "SoilWeb: An Online Soil Survey". University of California, Davis. Retrieved August 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "USDA Hardiness Zone Finder". The National Gardening Association. National Gardening Association. Retrieved January 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Weather History". National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. June 23, 2004. Archived from the original on July 6, 2008. Retrieved January 27, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Monthly Averages for Mount Rushmore Natl Memorial, SD". The Weather Channel. Retrieved January 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ "NOWData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Popular South Dakota Attractions >>South Dakota". southdakota.com. Retrieved March 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kilen Ode, Jeanne (1984). Dakota Images: Benjamin Black Elk (PDF). 14. South Dakota Historical Society.
Jump up ^ "Caring For A Monumental Sculpture" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved July 8, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Mount Rushmore National Memorial". CyArk. Retrieved July 8, 2013.
Jump up ^ Matthew Glass, "Producing Patriotic Inspiration at Mount Rushmore," Journal of the American Academy of Religion, Vol. 62, No. 2. (Summer, 1994), pp. 265–283.
Jump up ^ David Melmer (December 13, 2004). "Historic changes for Mount Rushmore". Indiancountrytoday. Archived from the original on August 8, 2010. Retrieved March 17, 2010.
Jump up ^ Lame Deer, John (Fire) and Richard Erdoes. Lame Deer Seeker of Visions. Simon and Schuster, New York, New York, 1972. Paperback ISBN 0-671-55392-5
Jump up ^ John Brady (1981). The Craft of the Screenwriter. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0671252291. , p. 201.
Jump up ^ "3c Mt. Rushmore single". Smithsonian National Postal Museum. Retrieved July 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ Scotts United States Stamp catalogue, 1982. Scott's Publishing Company. 1981. ISBN 0-89487-042-4. , p. 289.
Further reading
Larner, Jesse. Mount Rushmore: An Icon Reconsidered New York: Nation Books, 2002.
Taliaferro, John. Great White Fathers: The Story of the Obsessive Quest to Create Mount Rushmore. New York: PublicAffairs, c2002. ISBN 9781586482053. Puts the creation of the monument into a historical and cultural context.
Coutant, Arnaud, "Les Visages de l'Amérique, les constructeurs d'une démocratie fédérale", Mare et Martin, 2014 (ISBN 9782849341605). French Study about the Four Presidents, Life, presidency, influence about American political evolution. http://www.mareetmartin.com/livre/_les-visages-de-l-amerique
The National Parks: Index 2001–2003. Washington: United States Department of the Interior
"Making Mount Rushmore". Oh, Ranger!. APN Media. Retrieved January 27, 2013.
Dobrzynski, Judith H. (July 15, 2006). "A Monumental Achievement". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved January 27, 2013.
Buckingham, Matthew (Summer 2002). "The Six Grandfathers, Paha Sapa, in the Year 502,002 C.E". Cabinet Magazine. Immaterial Incorporated. Retrieved January 27, 2013.
"Luigi Del Bianco: chief stone carver on Mount Rushmore, 1933–1940". Lou Del Bianco. Retrieved January 27, 2013.
"Caring For A Monumental Sculpture" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved July 8, 2013.
External links[edit]
Media related to Mount Rushmore National Memorial at Wikimedia Commons
Mount Rushmore National Memorial travel guide from Wikivoyage
Official website
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"Lift Every Voice and Sing"
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"Anchors Aweigh"
"Marines' Hymn"
"Semper Fidelis"
"The Air Force Song"
"Semper Paratus"
"National Emblem"
"The Washington Post March"
"The Battle Hymn of the Republic"
"Yankee Doodle"
"You're a Grand Old Flag"
"When Johnny Comes Marching Home"
Mottos
In God We Trust
E Pluribus Unum
Novus ordo seclorum
Annuit cœptis
Landmarks
Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World)
Liberty Bell
Mount Rushmore
National Mall
West Potomac Park
[show]
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Black Hills of South Dakota and Wyoming
Attractions
Bear Butte
Black Elk Wilderness
Black Hills Central Railroad
Black Hills National Forest
Black Elk Peak
Black Hills Playhouse
Chapel in the Hills
Crazy Horse Memorial
Custer State Park
Devils Tower
Dinosaur Park
Flintstones Bedrock City
Homestake Mine
Jewel Cave National Monument
Mammoth Site
Minuteman Missile National Historic Site
Mount Rushmore National Memorial
Mystic Miner Ski Resort
Needles
Pactola Lake
Reptile Gardens
Rushmore Cave
Sheridan Lake
Sitting Bull Crystal Caverns
Sturgis Motorcycle Rally
Sylvan Lake
Terry Peak ski area
Wind Cave National Park with bison herd
Scenic routes
Roads
Norbeck Scenic Byway
Iron Mountain Road
Needles Highway
Spearfish Canyon Scenic Byway
Trails
Mickelson Centennial Trail
Populated places
Cities
Belle Fourche
Central City
Custer
Deadwood
Edgemont
Hot Springs
Hill City
Lead
Newcastle
Rapid City
Spearfish
Sturgis
Whitewood
Towns
Buffalo Gap
Fairburn
Hermosa
Keystone
Pringle
Sundance
Unincorporated
Dewey
Four Mile
Galena
Hanna
Johnson Siding
Nemo
Rochford
Rockerville
Silver City
Three Forks
History and people
Native American
Cheyenne people
Lakota people
Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868) established the Great Sioux Reservation
Black Hills War, or Great Sioux War (1876)
Black Elk
Sitting Bull
Crazy Horse
Lone Horn
Red Cloud
Spotted Tail
Old West
Dakota Territory (1861–1889)
Black Hills Expedition (1874)
Black Hills Gold Rush (1874)
Newton–Jenney Party (1875)
Cheyenne-Black Hills Stage Route (1876-1887)
Sidney-Black Hills Stage Road (1876-1887)
Rapid City, Black Hills and Western Railroad (1893–1947)
Seth Bullock and Martha Bullock
General George Armstrong Custer
Dora DuFran
Wild Bill Hickok
Calamity Jane
Historian Doane Robinson
Sol Star
Al Swearengen
Charlie Utter
Ghost towns
Addie Camp
Bismuth
Blacktail
Burdock
Cambria
Carbonate
Etta
Flatiron
Greenwood
Maitland
Myers City
Nahant
Novak
Pactola
Sheridan
Spokane
Terraville
Tigerville
Tinton
Trojan
Modern
Fossil Cycad National Monument (1922-1957)
Stratobowl (1934-1959)
Black Hills flood (1972)
Sculptors Gutzon Borglum and Lincoln Borglum
Author Joseph Bottum
Politician Francis H. Case
Poet Charles Badger Clark
Historian Watson Parker
Road junctions
Carlile Junction
Cheyenne Crossing
Four Corners
Four Mile
Keystone Wye
Maverick Junction
Mule Creek Junction
Related
Mount Rushmore in popular culture
[show]
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George Washington
1st President of the United States, 1789–1797
Senior Officer of the Army, 1798–1799
Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army, 1775–1783
Second Continental Congress, 1775
First Continental Congress, 1774
Military career
Revolutionary War
Military career
French and Indian War
Jumonville Glen
Battle of Fort Necessity
Forbes Expedition
Washington and the American Revolution
Commander-in-chief, Continental Army
Aides-de-Camp
Washington's headquarters
Boston campaign
Siege of Boston
New York and New Jersey campaign
Delaware River crossing
Battle of Trenton
Philadelphia campaign
Battle of Brandywine
Battle of Germantown
Battle of White Marsh
Valley Forge
Battle of Monmouth
Battles of Saratoga
Sullivan Expedition
Yorktown campaign
Siege of Yorktown
Culper spy ring
Newburgh Conspiracy
Newburgh letter
Badge of Military Merit
Purple Heart
Washington Before Boston Medal
Horses: Nelson and Blueskin
Other U.S.
founding events
1769 Virginia Association
Continental Association
1774 Fairfax Resolves
Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture
1785 Mount Vernon Conference
Chairman, 1787 Constitutional Convention
Presidency
United States presidential election, 1788–89
1792
First inauguration
inaugural bible
Second inauguration
Title of "Mr. President"
Cabinet of the United States
Secretary of State
Attorney General
Secretary of the Treasury
Secretary of War
Judiciary Act of 1789
Nonintercourse Act
Whiskey Rebellion
Militia Acts of 1792
Coinage Act of 1792
United States Mint
Proclamation of Neutrality
Neutrality Act of 1794
Jay Treaty
Pinckney's Treaty
Slave Trade Act of 1794
Residence Act
Thanksgiving Proclamation
Farewell Address
State of the Union Address 1790
1791
1792
1793
1796
Cabinet
Federal judicial appointments
Views and
public image
Presidential library
The Washington Papers
Religious views
Washington and slavery
Town Destroyer
Legacy
Life and homes
Early life
Birthplace
Ferry Farm boyhood home
Mount Vernon
Gristmill
Woodlawn Plantation
Samuel Osgood House, First Presidential Mansion
Alexander Macomb House, Second Presidential Mansion
President's House, Philadelphia
Germantown White House
Custis estate
Potomac Company
James River and Kanawha Canal
Mountain Road Lottery
Congressional Gold Medal
Thanks of Congress
President-General of the Society of the Cincinnati
Washington College
Washington and Lee University
Electoral history of George Washington
Memorials and
depictions
Washington, D.C.
Washington state
Washington Monument
Mount Rushmore
Washington's Birthday
Purple Heart
The Apotheosis of Washington
George Washington (Houdon)
George Washington (Ceracchi)
George Washington (Trumbull)
Washington Crossing the Delaware
General George Washington at Trenton
Washington at Verplanck's Point
Unfinished portrait
Lansdowne portrait
The Washington Family portrait
Washington at Princeton painting
Point of View sculpture
George Washington University
Washington University
Washington Masonic National Memorial
George Washington Memorial Parkway
George Washington Bridge
Washington and Jefferson National Forests
Washington Monument, Baltimore
Washington, D.C. statue
List of memorials
U.S. Postage stamps
Washington-Franklin Issues
1932 bicentennial
Currency
Washington quarter
Washington dollar
Cultural depictions
George Washington (1984 miniseries
1986 sequel)
Related
Bibliography
Founding Fathers of the United States
Republicanism
Federalist Party
Federalist Era
Virginia dynasty
Coat of arms
Cherry-tree anecdote
River Farm
Washington's Crossing
1751 Barbados trip
Category
Syng inkstand
General of the Armies
American Philosophical Society
American Revolution
patriots
Mount Vernon Ladies' Association
Ancestry
and family
Martha Washington (wife)
John Parke Custis (stepson)
George Washington Parke Custis (step-grandson, adopted son)
Eleanor Parke Custis (step-granddaughter, adopted daughter)
Augustine Washington (father)
Mary Ball (mother)
Lawrence Washington (half-brother)
Augustine Washington Jr. (half-brother)
Betty Washington Lewis (sister)
Samuel Washington (brother)
John A. Washington (brother)
Charles Washington (brother)
Lawrence Washington (grandfather)
John Washington (great-grandfather)
Bushrod Washington (nephew)
John Adams →
Category
[show]
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Thomas Jefferson
3rd President of the United States (1801–1809)
2nd U.S. Vice President (1797–1801)
1st U.S. Secretary of State (1790–1793)
U.S. Minister to France (1785–1789)
2nd Governor of Virginia (1779–1781)
Delegate, Second Continental Congress (1775–1776)
Founding
documents of
the United States
A Summary View of the Rights of British America (1774)
Initial draft, Olive Branch Petition (1775)
Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms (1775)
1776 Declaration of Independence
Committee of Five
authored
physical history
"All men are created equal"
"Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness"
"Consent of the governed"
1786 Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom
freedom of religion
French Revolution
Co-author, Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789)
Presidency
Inaugural Address (1801
1805)
Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves
Louisiana Purchase
Lewis and Clark Expedition
Corps of Discovery
timeline
Empire of Liberty
Red River Expedition
Pike Expedition
Cumberland Road
Embargo Act of 1807
Chesapeake–Leopard Affair
Non-Intercourse Act of 1809
First Barbary War
Native American policy
Marbury v. Madison
West Point Military Academy
State of the Union Addresses (texts
1801
1802
1805)
Cabinet
Federal judicial appointments
Other noted
accomplishments
Early life and career
Founder, University of Virginia
history
Land Ordinance of 1784
Northwest Ordinance 1787
Anti-Administration party
Democratic-Republican Party
Jeffersonian democracy
First Party System
republicanism
Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage, Weights, and Measure of the United States (1790)
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
A Manual of Parliamentary Practice (1801)
Jeffersonian
architecture
Barboursville
Farmington
Monticello
gardens
Poplar Forest
University of Virginia
The Rotunda
The Lawn
Virginia State Capitol
White House Colonnades
Other writings
Notes on the State of Virginia (1785)
1787 European journey memorandums
Indian removal letters
Jefferson Bible (1895)
Jefferson manuscript collection at the Massachusetts Historical Society
Related
Age of Enlightenment
American Enlightenment
American Philosophical Society
American Revolution
patriots
Member, Virginia Committee of Correspondence
Committee of the States
Founding Fathers of the United States
Franco-American alliance
Jefferson and education
Religious views
Jefferson and slavery
Jefferson and the Library of Congress
Jefferson disk
Jefferson Pier
Pet mockingbird
National Gazette
Residence Act
Compromise of 1790
Sally Hemings
Jefferson–Hemings controversy
Betty Hemings
Separation of church and state
Swivel chair
The American Museum magazine
Virginia dynasty
Elections
United States Presidential election 1796
1800
1804
Legacy
Bibliography
Jefferson Memorial
Mount Rushmore
Birthday
Thomas Jefferson Building
Thomas Jefferson Center for the Protection of Free Expression
Jefferson Lecture
Jefferson National Expansion Memorial
Thomas Jefferson Star for Foreign Service
Jefferson Lab
Monticello Association
Jefferson City, Missouri
Jefferson College
Thomas Jefferson School of Law
Thomas Jefferson University
Washington and Jefferson National Forests
Other placenames
Currency depictions
Jefferson nickel
Two-dollar bill
U.S. postage stamps
Popular culture
Ben and Me (1953 short)
1776 (1969 musical
1972 film)
Jefferson in Paris (1995 film)
Thomas Jefferson (1997 film)
Liberty! (1997 documentary series)
Liberty's Kids (2002 animated series)
John Adams (2008 miniseries)
Jefferson's Garden (2015 play)
Hamilton (2015 musical)
Jefferson–Eppes Trophy
Wine bottles controversy
Family
Peter Jefferson (father)
Jane Randolph Jefferson (mother)
Lucy Jefferson Lewis (sister)
Randolph Jefferson (brother)
Isham Randolph (grandfather)
William Randolph (great-grandfather)
Martha Jefferson (wife)
Martha Jefferson Randolph (daughter)
Mary Jefferson Eppes (daughter)
Harriet Hemings (daughter)
Madison Hemings (son)
Eston Hemings (son)
Thomas J. Randolph (grandson)
Francis Eppes (grandson)
George W. Randolph (grandson)
John Wayles Jefferson (grandson)
Thomas Mann Randolph Jr. (son-in-law)
John Wayles Eppes (son-in-law)
John Wayles (father-in-law)
Dabney Carr (brother-in-law)
Dabney Carr (nephew)
← John Adams
James Madison →
Category
[show]
v
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Abraham Lincoln
16th President of the United States (1861–1865)
U.S. Representative from Illinois (1847–1849)
Presidency
First inauguration
Perpetual Union
Lincoln Bible
Second inauguration
Civil War
Confiscation Acts
President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers
War based income tax
Seaports blockade
RMS Trent Affair
Habeas Corpus suspended
Emancipation Proclamation
West Virginia statehood
Overland Campaign strategy
Hampton Roads Conference
Tour of Richmond
Ten percent plan
Reconstruction
13th Amendment abolishing slavery
Dakota War of 1862
Department of the Northwest
Homestead Act of 1862
National Banking Acts
Thanksgiving Day
Birchard Letter
Bixby letter
National Academy of Sciences
Department of Agriculture
Pardons
State of the Union Address, 1863
1864
Cabinet
Judicial appointments
Assassination
Funeral and burial
Lincoln Catafalque
Speeches
Lyceum address (1838)
Peoria speech (1854)
"Lost Speech" (1856)
House Divided speech (1858)
Lincoln-Douglas debates (1858)
Cooper Union Address (1860)
Farewell Address (1861)
First inaugural address (1861)
Gettysburg Address (1863
event)
Second inaugural address (1865)
Life
and views
Early life and career
Black Hawk War
Matson Trial
Spot Resolutions
Boat lifting patent
Hurd v. Rock Island Bridge Co.
Baltimore Plot
Lincoln's beard
Medical and mental health
Poetry
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Slavery
Homes
and places
Lincoln Birthplace
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Petersen House
Lincoln Tomb
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1860
1864
National Union Party
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1864
1860 campaign song
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Presidential Library and Museum
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Lincoln/Net
Bibliography
Lincoln Memorial
sculpture
reflecting pool
Mount Rushmore
Lincoln's Birthday
Lincoln, Nebraska
statue
Abraham Lincoln (Healy painting)
Abraham Lincoln sculpture, Washington D.C.
Abraham Lincoln: The Man statue
Lincoln Park
Abraham Lincoln: The Head of State statue
Lincoln Trail State Memorial
Lincoln the Lawyer statue
Kentucky statue
The Peacemakers painting
Lincoln Highway
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Photographs
Cultural depictions
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postage stamps
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Illinois Centennial half dollar
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Lincoln Prize
Abraham Lincoln Association
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Aircraft Carrier USS Abraham Lincoln
Family
Family tree
Mary Todd Lincoln (wife)
Robert Todd Lincoln (son)
Edward Baker Lincoln (son)
William Wallace Lincoln (son)
Thomas "Tad" Lincoln (son)
Mary Todd "Mamie" Lincoln (granddaughter)
Abraham Lincoln II (grandson)
Jessie Lincoln (granddaughter)
Thomas Lincoln (father)
Nancy Hanks Lincoln (mother)
Sarah Bush Lincoln (stepmother)
Sarah Lincoln Grigsby (sister)
Abraham Lincoln (paternal grandfather)
Mordecai Lincoln (paternal uncle)
Mary Lincoln Crume (paternal aunt)
John Hanks (maternal cousin)
Joseph Hanks (great-grandfather)
Samuel Lincoln (17th-century ancestor)
Mary Lincoln Beckwith (great-granddaughter)
Robert Todd Lincoln Beckwith (great-grandson)
Timothy Lincoln Beckwith (great-great-grandson)
Old Bob (horse)
← James Buchanan
Andrew Johnson →
Book
Category
Outline
[show]
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Theodore Roosevelt
26th President of the United States, 1901–1909
25th Vice President of the United States, 1901
33rd Governor of New York, 1899–1900
Assistant Secretary of the Navy, 1897–1898
New York City Police Commissioner, 1895–1897
New York State Assemblyman, 1882
1883
1884
Presidency
First inauguration
historic site
Second inauguiration
"Square Deal"
Booker T. Washington dinner
Conservation
Newlands Reclamation Act
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Antiquities Act
Pelican Island
Devils Tower National Monument
Muir Woods National Monument
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United States Forest Service,
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Roosevelt Arch
Conference of Governors
Northern Securities Company breakup
court case
Coal strike of 1902
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Food and Drug Administration
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Elkins Act
Hepburn Act
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Federal Employers Liability Act
Kinkaid Act
Big Stick ideology
Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty
Panama Canal Zone
Panama Canal
Venezuelan crisis
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Russo-Japanese War
Treaty of Portsmouth
1906 Nobel Peace Prize
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Bureau of Investigation
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"Bull Moose" Progressive Party
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Life and
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Birthplace, boyhood home replica
Sagamore Hill Home and Museum
Oyster Bay
Elkhorn Ranch
Maltese Cross Cabin
Pine Knot cabin
Gravesite
Writings
and speeches
Theodore Roosevelt bibliography
The Naval War of 1812 (1882 book)
"The Strenuous Life" (1899 speech)
"Citizenship in a Republic" (1910 speech)
"I have just been shot" (1912 speech)
The Forum magazine articles
Theodore Roosevelt Cyclopedia
Archival collections
Elections
New York state election, 1898
Republican National Convention, 1900
1904
1912
1916
United States presidential election, 1900
1904
1912
Legacy
Mount Rushmore
Theodore Roosevelt Center and Digital Library
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Theodore Roosevelt National Park
Theodore Roosevelt Wilderness
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Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Park
Monument Assemblage
Roosevelt River
Theodore Roosevelt Award
Roosevelt Road
U.S. Postage stamps
Theodore Roosevelt, Rough Rider sculpture
Equestrian statue
Popular
culture
Teddy bear
"Speak softly, and carry a big stick"
Books
Films
Roosevelt in Africa 1910 documentary
The Roosevelts 2014 documentary
Related
Political positions
"Bully pulpit"
Ananias Club
"Nature fakers"
Progressive Era
A Guest of Honor
Porcellian Club
"Muckraker"
National Collegiate Athletic Association
"Roosevelt Republican"
Family
Alice Hathaway Lee (first wife)
Edith Kermit Carow (second wife)
Alice Lee Roosevelt (daughter)
Theodore Roosevelt III (son)
Kermit Roosevelt (son)
Ethel Carow Roosevelt (daughter)
Archibald Roosevelt (son)
Quentin Roosevelt (son)
Theodore Roosevelt Sr. (father)
Martha Stewart Bulloch (mother)
Anna Roosevelt (sister)
Elliott Bulloch Roosevelt (brother)
Corinne Roosevelt (sister)
Cornelius Roosevelt (grandfather)
James Stephens Bulloch (grandfather)
James A. Roosevelt (uncle)
Robert Roosevelt (uncle)
James Dunwoody Bulloch (half-uncle)
Irvine Bulloch (uncle)
Theodore Douglas Robinson (nephew)
Corinne Robinson (niece)
Anna Eleanor Roosevelt (niece)
Hall Roosevelt (nephew)
← William McKinley
William Howard Taft →
Category
[show]
v
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e
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
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Lists by associated states
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Portal
[show]
v
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Protected areas of South Dakota
Federal
National Parks
Badlands
Wind Cave
National Historic Sites
and Memorials
Minuteman Missile NHS
Mount Rushmore NMem
National Monument
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National Forests
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State
State Parks
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Bear Butte
Custer
Fisher Grove
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Good Earth
Hartford Beach
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Newton Hills
Oakwood Lakes
Palisades
Roy Lake
Sica Hollow
Union Grove
State Recreation Areas
Angostura
Beaver Creek
Big Sioux
Big Stone Island
Burke Lake
Buryanek
Chief White Crane
Cow Creek
Farm Island
George S. Mickelson Trail
Indian Creek
LaFramboise Island
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Lewis and Clark
Little Moreau
Llewellyn Johns
Mina Lake
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North Wheeler
Oahe Downstream
Okobojo Point
Pease Creek
Pelican Lake
Pickerel Lake
Pierson Ranch
Platte Creek
Randall Creek
Richmond Lake
Sandy Shore
Shadehill
Snake Creek
Spirit Mound Historic Prairie
Springfield
Swan Creek
Walker's Point
West Bend
West Pollack
West Whitlock
[show]
v
t
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Mountains of South Dakota
Black Hills
Bear Butte
Bear Mountain
Black Elk Peak
Cicero Peak
Elk Mountains
Iron Mountain
Mount Rushmore
Terry Peak
Others
Black Horse Butte
Castle Rock Butte
Deers Ears Butte
Dogie Butte
Eagle Butte
Granite Peak
Grindstone Butte
Hump Butte
Polo Peak
Turtle Butte
White Butte
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mount_Rushmore&oldid=808009676"
Categories:
IUCN Category V
Mount Rushmore
National Memorials of the United States
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Mountains of South Dakota
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Ayo & Teo
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Ayo & Teo Bowles
Born
(1996-10-30) October 30, 1996 (age 21) (Ayo)
(1999-08-29) August 29, 1999 (age 18) (Teo)
Origin
Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
Genres
Hip hop
trap
dance
Occupation(s)
Dancers
choreographers
Rappers
Years active
2016-present
Labels
Columbia, Zone 4[1]
Associated acts
Polow da Don
Usher
Chris Brown
Lil Yachty
Members
Ayleo Bowles (Ayo)
Mateo Bowles (Teo)
Ayleo and Mateo Bowles (born October 30, 1996 [Ayo] and August 29, 1999 [Teo]), commonly known as Ayo & Teo are a duo of dancers from Ann Arbor, Michigan[2]. They have appeared in music videos for Usher's "No Limit" and Chris Brown's "Party". Their song "Rolex" peaked at number 20 on the US Billboard Hot 100.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early Life
2 Rise to fame
3 Discography
3.1 Singles
4 References
5 External links
Early Life[edit]
Ayleo Bowles (Ayo) was born on October 30, 1996 and Mateo Bowles (Teo) was born on August 29, 1999 in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Ayo, being the older of the two, began dancing at an early age, in which Teo soon joined in. The two never took official dance classes and were mostly self taught.
As well as dancing, the two became fascinated by music and Ayo taught himself how to play piano, drums, and the trombone. After finishing high school, Ayo went on to attend Washtenaw Community College. The two uploaded their first YouTube video on November 6, 2014 of themselves dancing at their High School's talent show.
Rise to fame[edit]
American sibling duo Ayo & Teo scored a viral hit in 2017 with their single "Rolex." Born Ayleo and Mateo Bowles in Ann Arbor, Michigan, the pair grew up with the sounds of Michael Jackson, Usher, Missy Elliot, and Chris Brown. They honed their dancing skills in elementary school, later establishing a popular social media page that issued viral dance challenges. "Rolex" happened to be one of these hits, eventually racking up over 30 million streams on YouTube and storming the Billboard Hot 100. Wearing their trademark bear facemasks, they issued their first single, "In Reverse," in 2016. They danced in Usher's video for "No Limit" and at the 2016 BET Awards, later signing with Columbia Records. "Lit Right Now" arrived in early 2017, but was soon eclipsed by the infectious anthem "Rolex," which echoed similar trap-influenced pop hits like Migos' "Bad and Boujee," Rae Sremmurd's "Black Beatles," and D.R.A.M.'s "Broccoli." In 2018, Ayo & Teo returned with the BL$$D-produced single "Hold My Sauce."
Discography[edit]
Singles[edit]
List of singles, with selected chart positions, and showing year released
Title
Year
Peak chart positions
Certifications
Album
US
[3]
CAN
[4]
US R&B
[5]
US Rap
[6]
PHI
[7]
"In Reverse"[8]
2016 — — — — Non-album singles
"Lit Right Now"[9]
2017 — — — — —
"Rolex"[10]
20 33 10 7 15
RIAA: Platinum[11]
"Better Off Alone"[12]
— — — —
"Like Us"[13]
— — — — —
"—" denotes items which failed to chart.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Rolex". Beatport. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ayo & Teo Biography & History". AllMusic. Retrieved 26 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Ayo & Teo - Chart History (Billboard Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ayo & Teo - Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ayo & Teo - Chart History (Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ayo & Teo - Chart History (Hot Rap Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ "BillboardPH Hot 100". Billboard Philippines. November 20, 2017. Retrieved March 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ "In Reverse - Single by Ayo & Teo on Apple Music". iTunes. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Lit Right Now - Single by Ayo & Teo on Apple Music". iTunes. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Rolex - Single by Ayo & Teo on Apple Music". iTunes. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – Ayo & Teo – Rolex". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
Jump up ^ "Better Off Alone - Single by Ayo & Teo on Apple Music". iTunes. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Like Us - Single by Ayo & Teo on Apple Music". iTunes. Retrieved January 1, 2018.
External links[edit]
Mateo Bowles Speeds The Dancing Career
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayo_%26_Teo&oldid=845950754"
Categories:
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American male dancers
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Family musical groups
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This page was last edited on 15 June 2018, at 07:33.
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p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

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