text:
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (soundtrack)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Hunchback of Notre Dame: An Original Walt Disney Records Soundtrack
Soundtrack album by Various artists
Released
May 28, 1996
Recorded
1995–1996
Genre
Pop, musical theatre
Length
63:34
Label
Walt Disney
Producer
Alan Menken
Stephen Schwartz
Walt Disney Animation Studios chronology
Pocahontas
(1995)Pocahontas1995 The Hunchback of Notre Dame
(1996) Hercules
(1997)Hercules1997
Singles from The Hunchback of Notre Dame: An Original Walt Disney Records Soundtrack
"Someday"
Released: June 10, 1996
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source
Rating
Allmusic [1]
Filmtracks [2]
Sputnikmusic 4/5[3]
The Hunchback of Notre Dame: An Original Walt Disney Records Soundtrack is the soundtrack to the 1996 Disney animated feature film, The Hunchback of Notre Dame. It includes songs written by Alan Menken and Stephen Schwartz with vocals performed by Paul Kandel, David Ogden Stiers, Tony Jay, Tom Hulce, Heidi Mollenhauer, Jason Alexander, Mary Wickes, and Mary Stout, along with singles by All-4-One/Eternal, and the film's score composed by Alan Menken.
The single "Someday" originally performed by male R&B band All-4-One on the United States release, was redone by British R&B girl group Eternal for the U.K. release. Luis Miguel recorded the version in Spanish as "Sueña", which became a major hit in Latin America. The album was released on May 28, 1996 by Walt Disney Records, and went on to peak at No. 11 on the Billboard 200.
Contents
[hide]
1 Track listing
2 Sales and certifications
3 References
4 External links
Track listing[edit]
All lyrics written by Stephen Schwartz; all music composed by Alan Menken.
No.
Title
Artist(s)
Length
1. "The Bells of Notre Dame" Paul Kandel, David Ogden Stiers, Tony Jay & Chorus 6:24
2. "Out There" Tony Jay and Tom Hulce 4:25
3. "Topsy Turvy" Paul Kandel & Chorus 5:36
4. "Humiliation" Orchestra and Chorus 1:39
5. "God Help the Outcasts" Heidi Mollenhauer & Chorus 3:45
6. "The Bell Tower" Orchestra 3:05
7. "Heaven's Light/Hellfire" Tom Hulce, Tony Jay & Chorus 5:23
8. "A Guy Like You" Jason Alexander, Charles Kimbrough, Mary Wickes & Mary Stout 2:53
9. "Paris Burning" Orchestra and Chorus 1:56
10. "The Court of Miracles" Paul Kandel & Chorus 1:27
11. "Sanctuary!" Orchestra and Chorus 6:01
12. "And He Shall Smite the Wicked" Orchestra and Chorus 3:30
13. "Into the Sunlight" Orchestra 2:08
14. "The Bells of Notre Dame (Reprise)" Paul Kandel & Chorus 1:11
15. "Someday" All-4-One (US Soundtrack), Eternal (UK Soundtrack) 4:20
16. "God Help the Outcasts" Bette Midler 3:26
Sales and certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Argentina (CAPIF)[4]
for the Latin American soundtrack
Gold 30,000^
United States (RIAA)[5]
Platinum 1,000,000^
^shipments figures based on certification alone
References[edit]
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ link
Jump up ^ [2]
Jump up ^ Lannert, John (December 7, 1996). "Latin Notas". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. 108 (49): 36. Retrieved September 27, 2013.
Jump up ^ "American album certifications – HUNCHBACK OF NOTRE DAME". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Album, then click SEARCH
External links[edit]
[show]
v
t
e
The Hunchback of Notre-Dame by Victor Hugo
Characters
Quasimodo
Esmeralda
Claude Frollo
Captain Phoebus
Clopin Trouillefou
Pierre Gringoire
Films
Esmeralda (1905)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1911)
The Darling of Paris (1917)
Esmeralda (1922)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1939)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1956)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1966)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1977)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1982)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1986)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996)
The Hunchback (1997)
Quasimodo d'El Paris (1999)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame II (2002)
Opera
La Esmeralda (1836)
Esmeralda (1883)
Ballet
La Esmeralda (1844)
Notre Dame de Paris (1967)
Musicals
Notre-Dame de Paris (1998)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1999)
Klokkeren fra Notre Dame (2002)
Music
"The Bells of Notre Dame"
"Out There"
"Topsy Turvy"
"God Help the Outcasts"
"Heaven's Light"
"Hellfire"
"A Guy Like You"
"The Court of Miracles"
"Someday"
"Made of Stone"
Video games
Hunchback (1983)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame: Topsy Turvy Games (1996)
Disney's Animated Storybook: The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996)
Related
Disney franchise
[show]
v
t
e
Bette Midler
Discography
Filmography
Albums
Studio albums:
The Divine Miss M
Bette Midler
Songs for the New Depression
Broken Blossom
Thighs and Whispers
No Frills
Some People's Lives
Bette of Roses
Bathhouse Betty
Bette
Sings the Rosemary Clooney Songbook
Sings the Peggy Lee Songbook
Cool Yule
It's the Girls!
Soundtracks:
The Rose
Beaches
For the Boys
Gypsy
Live albums:
Live at Last
Divine Madness
Mud Will Be Flung Tonight
Compilations:
The Best of Bette
The Best of Bette (II)
Just Hits
Experience the Divine: Greatest Hits
(Jackpot!) The Best Bette
Memories of You
A Gift of Love
Video albums:
Divine Madness
The Bette Midler Show
Diva Las Vegas
The Showgirl Must Go On
Other albums:
In Harmony
Oliver & Company
Tonin'
The Hunchback of Notre Dame
The First Wives Club
That Old Feeling
Stardust: The Great American Songbook, Volume III
Singles
"Do You Want to Dance?"
"Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy"
"Friends"
"In the Mood"
"Strangers in the Night"
"Old Cape Cod"
"Buckets of Rain"
"Hang on in There Baby"
"Big Noise from Winnetka"
"When a Man Loves a Woman"
"The Rose"
"Chapel of Love"
"All I Need to Know"
"Favorite Waste of Time"
"Beast of Burden"
"Under the Boardwalk"
"Wind Beneath My Wings"
"From a Distance"
"Night and Day"
"In My Life"
"In This Life"
"You Don't Own Me"
"I'm Beautiful"
"White Christmas"
"Fever"
"Be My Baby"
Other songs:
"We Are the World"
"I Put a Spell on You"
"It's Gonna Take a Miracle"
"Somewhere Along the Way"
"Manhattan"
"The Greatest Ears in Town"
Tours
Experience the Divine
Diva Las Vegas
Kiss My Brass
The Showgirl Must Go On
Divine Intervention Tour
Books
The Saga of Baby Divine
Book
Category
Template
Portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame_(soundtrack)&oldid=769747197"
Categories:
Disney animation soundtracks
1996 soundtracks
Walt Disney Records soundtracks
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (Disney franchise)
Soundtracks produced by Alan Menken
Albums produced by Stephen Schwartz (composer)
Hidden categories:
Articles with hAudio microformats
Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters
Certification Table Entry usages for Argentina
Certification Table Entry usages for United States
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Italiano
Português
Edit links
This page was last edited on 11 March 2017, at 11:58.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: i

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: colspan class style

values: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-style: italic; background-color: gainsboro

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em .1em .2em 0

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em 0 .2em .1em

values: background: transparent; width: 100%; min-width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: float:right;width:24.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:center;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;padding:0;border-spacing:0

values:
/wiki/The_Billboard_200
mw-redirect
The Billboard 200

values:
col
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

attrs: scope data-sort-type class tabindex role title

values:
col
number
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values: Argentine Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms Producers

values: Recording Industry Association of America

values: wikitable sortable plainrowheaders jquery-tablesorter

values:
nofollow
https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/
external text

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values: Template talk:The Hunchback of Notre Dame

values:
/wiki/Pierre_Gringoire
mw-redirect
Pierre Gringoire

values: The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1966 TV series)

values: The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1977 TV series)

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
Bette_Midler
fn
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em

values:
navbox-abovebelow
2
background: #EEEEEE;

values:
row
navbox-group
width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;

values: Bette Midler Sings the Rosemary Clooney Songbook

values: Bette Midler Sings the Peggy Lee Songbook

values: Category:Bette Midler compilation albums

values:
/wiki/Hang_on_in_There_Baby
mw-redirect
Hang on in There Baby

values: The Greatest Ears in Town: The Arif Mardin Story

values:
/wiki/Experience_the_Divine
mw-redirect
Experience the Divine

values: nowraplinks vcard hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Walt Disney Records soundtracks

values: Category:The Hunchback of Notre Dame (Disney franchise)

values: Category:Soundtracks produced by Alan Menken

values: Category:Albums produced by Stephen Schwartz (composer)

values: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

values: Category:Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters

values: Category:Certification Table Entry usages for Argentina

values: Category:Certification Table Entry usages for United States

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: The Hunchback of Notre Dame (colonna sonora) – Italian

values: O Corcunda de Notre Dame (trilha sonora) – Portuguese

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-The_Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame_soundtrack rootpage-The_Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame_soundtrack vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
DNA replication
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
DNA replication: The double helix is un'zipped' and unwound, then each separated strand (turquoise) acts as a template for replicating a new partner strand (green). Nucleotides (bases) are matched to synthesize the new partner strands into two new double helices.
In molecular biology, DNA replication is the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule. This process occurs in all living organisms and is the basis for biological inheritance. The cell possesses the distinctive property of division, which makes replication of DNA essential.
DNA is made up of a double helix of two complementary strands. During replication, these strands are separated. Each strand of the original DNA molecule then serves as a template for the production of its counterpart, a process referred to as semiconservative replication. Cellular proofreading and error-checking mechanisms ensure near perfect fidelity for DNA replication.[1][2]
In a cell, DNA replication begins at specific locations, or origins of replication, in the genome.[3] Unwinding of DNA at the origin and synthesis of new strands, accommodated by an enzyme known as ligase, results in replication forks growing bi-directionally from the origin. A number of proteins are associated with the replication fork to help in the initiation and continuation of DNA synthesis. Most prominently, DNA polymerase synthesizes the new strands by adding nucleotides that complement each (template) strand. DNA replication occurs during the S-stage of interphase.
DNA replication can also be performed in vitro (artificially, outside a cell). DNA polymerases isolated from cells and artificial DNA primers can be used to initiate DNA synthesis at known sequences in a template DNA molecule. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a common laboratory technique, cyclically applies such artificial synthesis to amplify a specific target DNA fragment from a pool of DNA.
Contents
[hide]
1 DNA structure
2 DNA polymerase
3 Replication process
3.1 Initiation
3.2 Elongation
3.3 Replication fork
3.3.1 Leading strand
3.3.2 Lagging strand
3.3.3 Dynamics at the replication fork
3.4 DNA replication proteins
3.5 Replication machinery
3.6 Termination
4 Regulation
4.1 Eukaryotes
4.1.1 Replication focus
4.2 Bacteria
5 Polymerase chain reaction
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
DNA structure[edit]
DNA usually exists as a double-stranded structure, with both strands coiled together to form the characteristic double-helix. Each single strand of DNA is a chain of four types of nucleotides. Nucleotides in DNA contain a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate, and a nucleobase. The four types of nucleotide correspond to the four nucleobases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine, commonly abbreviated as A, C, G and T. Adenine and guanine are purine bases, while cytosine and thymine are pyrimidines. These nucleotides form phosphodiester bonds, creating the phosphate-deoxyribose backbone of the DNA double helix with the nucleobases pointing inward (i.e., toward the opposing strand). Nucleobases are matched between strands through hydrogen bonds to form base pairs. Adenine pairs with thymine (two hydrogen bonds), and guanine pairs with cytosine (three hydrogen bonds).
DNA strands have a directionality, and the different ends of a single strand are called the "3' (three-prime) end" and the "5' (five-prime) end". By convention, if the base sequence of a single strand of DNA is given, the left end of the sequence is the 5' end, while the right end of the sequence is the 3' end. The strands of the double helix are anti-parallel with one being 5' to 3', and the opposite strand 3' to 5'. These terms refer to the carbon atom in deoxyribose to which the next phosphate in the chain attaches. Directionality has consequences in DNA synthesis, because DNA polymerase can synthesize DNA in only one direction by adding nucleotides to the 3' end of a DNA strand.
The pairing of complementary bases in DNA (through hydrogen bonding) means that the information contained within each strand is useless. phosphoodiester (intra-strand) bonds are stronger than hydrogen (inter-strand) bonds. This allows the strands to be separated from one another. The nucleotides on a single strand can therefore be used to reconstruct nucleotides on a newly synthesized partner strand.[4]
DNA polymerase[edit]
Main article: DNA polymerase
DNA polymerases adds nucleotides to the 3' end of a strand of DNA.[5] If a mismatch is accidentally incorporated, the polymerase is inhibited from further extension. Proofreading removes the mismatched nucleotide and extension continues.
DNA polymerases are a family of enzymes that carry out all forms of DNA replication.[6] DNA polymerases in general cannot initiate synthesis of new strands, but can only extend an existing DNA or RNA strand paired with a template strand. To begin synthesis, a short fragment of RNA, called a primer, must be created and paired with the template DNA strand.
DNA polymerase adds a new strand of DNA by extending the 3' end of an existing nucleotide chain, adding new nucleotides matched to the template strand one at a time via the creation of phosphodiester bonds. The energy for this process of DNA polymerization comes from hydrolysis of the high-energy phosphate (phosphoanhydride) bonds between the three phosphates attached to each unincorporated base. Free bases with their attached phosphate groups are called nucleotides; in particular, bases with three attached phosphate groups are called nucleoside triphosphates. When a nucleotide is being added to a growing DNA strand, the formation of a phosphodiester bond between the proximal phosphate of the nucleotide to the growing chain is accompanied by hydrolysis of a high-energy phosphate bond with release of the two distal phosphates as a pyrophosphate. Enzymatic hydrolysis of the resulting pyrophosphate into inorganic phosphate consumes a second high-energy phosphate bond and renders the reaction effectively irreversible.[Note 1]
In general, DNA polymerases are highly accurate, with an intrinsic error rate of less than one mistake for every 107 nucleotides added.[7] In addition, some DNA polymerases also have proofreading ability; they can remove nucleotides from the end of a growing strand in order to correct mismatched bases. Finally, post-replication mismatch repair mechanisms monitor the DNA for errors, being capable of distinguishing mismatches in the newly synthesized DNA strand from the original strand sequence. Together, these three discrimination steps enable replication fidelity of less than one mistake for every 109 nucleotides added.[7]
The rate of DNA replication in a living cell was first measured as the rate of phage T4 DNA elongation in phage-infected E. coli.[8] During the period of exponential DNA increase at 37 °C, the rate was 749 nucleotides per second. The mutation rate per base pair per replication during phage T4 DNA synthesis is 1.7 per 108.[9]
Replication process[edit]
Main articles: Prokaryotic DNA replication and Eukaryotic DNA replication
DNA replication, like all biological polymerization processes, proceeds in three enzymatically catalyzed and coordinated steps: initiation, elongation and termination.
Initiation[edit]
Role of initiators for initiation of DNA replication.
Formation of pre-replication complex.
For a cell to divide, it must first replicate its DNA.[10] This process is initiated at particular points in the DNA, known as "origins", which are targeted by initiator proteins.[3] In E. coli this protein is DnaA; in yeast, this is the origin recognition complex.[11] Sequences used by initiator proteins tend to be "AT-rich" (rich in adenine and thymine bases), because A-T base pairs have two hydrogen bonds (rather than the three formed in a C-G pair) and thus are easier to strand-separate.[12] Once the origin has been located, these initiators recruit other proteins and form the pre-replication complex, which unwinds the double-stranded DNA.
Elongation[edit]
DNA polymerase has 5'-3' activity. All known DNA replication systems require a free 3' hydroxyl group before synthesis can be initiated (note: the DNA template is read in 3' to 5' direction whereas a new strand is synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction—this is often confused). Four distinct mechanisms for DNA synthesis are recognized:
All cellular life forms and many DNA viruses, phages and plasmids use a primase to synthesize a short RNA primer with a free 3' OH group which is subsequently elongated by a DNA polymerase.
The retroelements (including retroviruses) employ a transfer RNA that primes DNA replication by providing a free 3′ OH that is used for elongation by the reverse transcriptase.
In the adenoviruses and the φ29 family of bacteriophages, the 3' OH group is provided by the side chain of an amino acid of the genome attached protein (the terminal protein) to which nucleotides are added by the DNA polymerase to form a new strand.
In the single stranded DNA viruses — a group that includes the circoviruses, the geminiviruses, the parvoviruses and others — and also the many phages and plasmids that use the rolling circle replication (RCR) mechanism, the RCR endonuclease creates a nick in the genome strand (single stranded viruses) or one of the DNA strands (plasmids). The 5′ end of the nicked strand is transferred to a tyrosine residue on the nuclease and the free 3′ OH group is then used by the DNA polymerase to synthesize the new strand.
The first is the best known of these mechanisms and is used by the cellular organisms. In this mechanism, once the two strands are separated, primase adds RNA primers to the template strands. The leading strand receives one RNA primer while the lagging strand receives several. The leading strand is continuously extended from the primer by a DNA polymerase with high processivity, while the lagging strand is extended discontinuously from each primer forming Okazaki fragments. RNase removes the primer RNA fragments, and a low processivity DNA polymerase distinct from the replicative polymerase enters to fill the gaps. When this is complete, a single nick on the leading strand and several nicks on the lagging strand can be found. Ligase works to fill these nicks in, thus completing the newly replicated DNA molecule.
The primase used in this process differs significantly between bacteria and archaea/eukaryotes. Bacteria use a primase belonging to the DnaG protein superfamily which contains a catalytic domain of the TOPRIM fold type.[13] The TOPRIM fold contains an α/β core with four conserved strands in a Rossmann-like topology. This structure is also found in the catalytic domains of topoisomerase Ia, topoisomerase II, the OLD-family nucleases and DNA repair proteins related to the RecR protein.
The primase used by archaea and eukaryotes, in contrast, contains a highly derived version of the RNA recognition motif (RRM). This primase is structurally similar to many viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerases, reverse transcriptases, cyclic nucleotide generating cyclases and DNA polymerases of the A/B/Y families that are involved in DNA replication and repair. In eukaryotic replication, the primase forms a complex with Pol α.[14]
Multiple DNA polymerases take on different roles in the DNA replication process. In E. coli, DNA Pol III is the polymerase enzyme primarily responsible for DNA replication. It assembles into a replication complex at the replication fork that exhibits extremely high processivity, remaining intact for the entire replication cycle. In contrast, DNA Pol I is the enzyme responsible for replacing RNA primers with DNA. DNA Pol I has a 5' to 3' exonuclease activity in addition to its polymerase activity, and uses its exonuclease activity to degrade the RNA primers ahead of it as it extends the DNA strand behind it, in a process called nick translation. Pol I is much less processive than Pol III because its primary function in DNA replication is to create many short DNA regions rather than a few very long regions.
In eukaryotes, the low-processivity enzyme, Pol α, helps to initiate replication because it forms a complex with primase.[15] In eukaryotes, leading strand synthesis is thought to be conducted by Pol ε; however, this view has recently been challenged, suggesting a role for Pol δ.[16] Primer removal is completed Pol δ[17] while repair of DNA during replication is completed by Pol ε.
As DNA synthesis continues, the original DNA strands continue to unwind on each side of the bubble, forming a replication fork with two prongs. In bacteria, which have a single origin of replication on their circular chromosome, this process creates a "theta structure" (resembling the Greek letter theta: θ). In contrast, eukaryotes have longer linear chromosomes and initiate replication at multiple origins within these.[18]
Replication fork[edit]
Scheme of the replication fork.
a: template, b: leading strand, c: lagging strand, d: replication fork, e: primer, f: Okazaki fragments
Many enzymes are involved in the DNA replication fork.
The replication fork is a structure that forms within the nucleus during DNA replication. It is created by helicases, which break the hydrogen bonds holding the two DNA strands together. The resulting structure has two branching "prongs", each one made up of a single strand of DNA. These two strands serve as the template for the leading and lagging strands, which will be created as DNA polymerase matches complementary nucleotides to the templates; the templates may be properly referred to as the leading strand template and the lagging strand template.
DNA is always synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction. Since the leading and lagging strand templates are oriented in opposite directions at the replication fork, a major issue is how to achieve synthesis of nascent (new) lagging strand DNA, whose direction of synthesis is opposite to the direction of the growing replication fork.
Leading strand[edit]
The leading strand is the strand of nascent DNA which is being synthesized in the same direction as the growing replication fork. A polymerase "reads" the leading strand template and adds complementary nucleotides to the nascent leading strand on a continuous basis.
Lagging strand[edit]
The lagging strand is the strand of nascent DNA whose direction of synthesis is opposite to the direction of the growing replication fork. Because of its orientation, replication of the lagging strand is more complicated as compared to that of the leading strand. As a consequence, the DNA polymerase on this strand is seen to "lag behind" the other strand.
The lagging strand is synthesized in short, separated segments. On the lagging strand template, a primase "reads" the template DNA and initiates synthesis of a short complementary RNA primer. A DNA polymerase extends the primed segments, forming Okazaki fragments. The RNA primers are then removed and replaced with DNA, and the fragments of DNA are joined together by DNA ligase.
Dynamics at the replication fork[edit]
The assembled human DNA clamp, a trimer of the protein PCNA.
As helicase unwinds DNA at the replication fork, the DNA ahead is forced to rotate. This process results in a build-up of twists in the DNA ahead.[19] This build-up forms a torsional resistance that would eventually halt the progress of the replication fork. Topoisomerases are enzymes that temporarily break the strands of DNA, relieving the tension caused by unwinding the two strands of the DNA helix; topoisomerases (including DNA gyrase) achieve this by adding negative supercoils to the DNA helix.[20]
Bare single-stranded DNA tends to fold back on itself forming secondary structures; these structures can interfere with the movement of DNA polymerase. To prevent this, single-strand binding proteins bind to the DNA until a second strand is synthesized, preventing secondary structure formation.[21]
Clamp proteins form a sliding clamp around DNA, helping the DNA polymerase maintain contact with its template, thereby assisting with processivity. The inner face of the clamp enables DNA to be threaded through it. Once the polymerase reaches the end of the template or detects double-stranded DNA, the sliding clamp undergoes a conformational change that releases the DNA polymerase. Clamp-loading proteins are used to initially load the clamp, recognizing the junction between template and RNA primers.[2]:274-5
DNA replication proteins[edit]
At the replication fork, many replication enzymes assemble on the DNA into a complex molecular machine called the replisome. The following is a list of major DNA replication enzymes that participate in the replisome:[22]
Enzyme
Function in DNA replication
DNA Helicase Also known as helix destabilizing enzyme. Helicase separates the two strands of DNA at the Replication Fork behind the topoisomerase.
DNA Polymerase The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the addition of nucleotide substrates to DNA in the 5' to 3' direction during DNA replication. Also performs proof-reading and error correction. There exist many different types of DNA Polymerase, each of which perform different functions in different types of cells.
DNA clamp A protein which prevents elongating DNA polymerases from dissociating from the DNA parent strand.
Single-Strand Binding (SSB) Proteins Bind to ssDNA and prevent the DNA double helix from re-annealing after DNA helicase unwinds it, thus maintaining the strand separation, and facilitating the synthesis of the nascent strand.
Topoisomerase Relaxes the DNA from its super-coiled nature.
DNA Gyrase Relieves strain of unwinding by DNA helicase; this is a specific type of topoisomerase
DNA Ligase Re-anneals the semi-conservative strands and joins Okazaki Fragments of the lagging strand.
Primase Provides a starting point of RNA (or DNA) for DNA polymerase to begin synthesis of the new DNA strand.
Telomerase Lengthens telomeric DNA by adding repetitive nucleotide sequences to the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes. This allows germ cells and stem cells to avoid the Hayflick limit on cell division.[23]
Replication machinery[edit]
Replication machineries consist of factors involved in DNA replication and appearing on template ssDNAs. Replication machineries include primosotors are replication enzymes; DNA polymerase, DNA helicases, DNA clamps and DNA topoisomerases, and replication proteins; e.g. single-stranded DNA binding proteins (SSB). In the replication machineries these components coordinate. In most of the bacteria, all of the factors involved in DNA replication are located on replication forks and the complexes stay on the forks during DNA replication. These replication machineries are called replisomes or DNA replicase systems. These terms are generic terms for proteins located on replication forks. In eukaryotic and some bacterial cells the replisomes are not formed.
Since replication machineries do not move relatively to template DNAs such as factories, they are called a replication factory.[24] In an alternative figure, DNA factories are similar to projectors and DNAs are like as cinematic films passing constantly into the projectors. In the replication factory model, after both DNA helicases for leading strands and lagging strands are loaded on the template DNAs, the helicases run along the DNAs into each other. The helicases remain associated for the remainder of replication process. Peter Meister et al. observed directly replication sites in budding yeast by monitoring green fluorescent protein(GFP)-tagged DNA polymerases α. They detected DNA replication of pairs of the tagged loci spaced apart symmetrically from a replication origin and found that the distance between the pairs decreased markedly by time.[25] This finding suggests that the mechanism of DNA replication goes with DNA factories. That is, couples of replication factories are loaded on replication origins and the factories associated with each other. Also, template DNAs move into the factories, which bring extrusion of the template ssDNAs and nascent DNAs. Meister’s finding is the first direct evidence of replication factory model. Subsequent research has shown that DNA helicases form dimers in many eukaryotic cells and bacterial replication machineries stay in single intranuclear location during DNA synthesis.[24]
The replication factories perform disentanglement of sister chromatids. The disentanglement is essential for distributing the chromatids into daughter cells after DNA replication. Because sister chromatids after DNA replication hold each other by Cohesin rings, there is the only chance for the disentanglement in DNA replication. Fixing of replication machineries as replication factories can improve the success rate of DNA replication. If replication forks move freely in chromosomes, catenation of nuclei is aggravated and impedes mitotic segregation.[25]
Termination[edit]
Eukaryotes initiate DNA replication at multiple points in the chromosome, so replication forks meet and terminate at many points in the chromosome. Because eukaryotes have linear chromosomes, DNA replication is unable to reach the very end of the chromosomes. Due to this problem, DNA is lost each replication cycle from the end of the chromosome. Telomeres are regions of repetitive DNA close to the ends and help prevent loss of genes due to this shortening. Shortening of the telomeres is a normal process in somatic cells. This shortens the telomeres of the daughter DNA chromosome. As a result, cells can only divide a certain number of times before the DNA loss prevents further division. (This is known as the Hayflick limit.) Within the germ cell line, which passes DNA to the next generation, telomerase extends the repetitive sequences of the telomere region to prevent degradation. Telomerase can become mistakenly active in somatic cells, sometimes leading to cancer formation. Increased telomerase activity is one of the hallmarks of cancer.
Termination requires that the progress of the DNA replication fork must stop or be blocked. Termination at a specific locus, when it occurs, involves the interaction between two components: (1) a termination site sequence in the DNA, and (2) a protein which binds to this sequence to physically stop DNA replication. In various bacterial species, this is named the DNA replication terminus site-binding protein, or Ter protein.
Because bacteria have circular chromosomes, termination of replication occurs when the two replication forks meet each other on the opposite end of the parental chromosome. E. coli regulates this process through the use of termination sequences that, when bound by the Tus protein, enable only one direction of replication fork to pass through. As a result, the replication forks are constrained to always meet within the termination region of the chromosome.[26]
Regulation[edit]
Main articles: Cell division and Cell cycle
The cell cycle of eukaryotic cells.
Eukaryotes[edit]
Within eukaryotes, DNA replication is controlled within the context of the cell cycle. As the cell grows and divides, it progresses through stages in the cell cycle; DNA replication takes place during the S phase (synthesis phase). The progress of the eukaryotic cell through the cycle is controlled by cell cycle checkpoints. Progression through checkpoints is controlled through complex interactions between various proteins, including cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases.[27] Unlike bacteria, eukaryotic DNA replicates in the confines of the nucleus.[28]
The G1/S checkpoint (or restriction checkpoint) regulates whether eukaryotic cells enter the process of DNA replication and subsequent division. Cells that do not proceed through this checkpoint remain in the G0 stage and do not replicate their DNA.
Replication of chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes occurs independently of the cell cycle, through the process of D-loop replication.
Replication focus[edit]
In vertebrate cells, replication sites concentrate into positions called replication foci.[25] Replication sites can be detected by immunostaining daughter strands and replication enzymes and monitoring GFP-tagged replication factors. By these methods it is found that replication foci of varying size and positions appear in S phase of cell division and their number per nucleus is far smaller than the number of genomic replication forks.
P. Heun et al.(2001) tracked GFP-tagged replication foci in budding yeast cells and revealed that replication origins move constantly in G1 and S phase and the dynamics decreased significantly in S phase.[25] Traditionally, replication sites were fixed on spatial structure of chromosomes by nuclear matrix or lamins. The Heun’s results denied the traditional concepts, budding yeasts don't have lamins, and support that replication origins self-assemble and form replication foci.
By firing of replication origins, controlled spatially and temporally, the formation of replication foci is regulated. D. A. Jackson et al.(1998) revealed that neighboring origins fire simultaneously in mammalian cells.[25] Spatial juxtaposition of replication sites brings clustering of replication forks. The clustering do rescue of stalled replication forks and favors normal progress of replication forks. Progress of replication forks is inhibited by many factors; collision with proteins or with complexes binding strongly on DNA, deficiency of dNTPs, nicks on template DNAs and so on. If replication forks stall and the remaining sequences from the stalled forks are not replicated, the daughter strands have nick obtained un-replicated sites. The un-replicated sites on one parent's strand hold the other strand together but not daughter strands. Therefore, the resulting sister chromatids cannot separate from each other and cannot divide into 2 daughter cells. When neighboring origins fire and a fork from one origin is stalled, fork from other origin access on an opposite direction of the stalled fork and duplicate the un-replicated sites. As other mechanism of the rescue there is application of dormant replication origins that excess origins don't fire in normal DNA replication.
Bacteria[edit]
Dam methylates adenine of GATC sites after replication.
Most bacteria do not go through a well-defined cell cycle but instead continuously copy their DNA; during rapid growth, this can result in the concurrent occurrence of multiple rounds of replication.[29] In E. coli, the best-characterized bacteria, DNA replication is regulated through several mechanisms, including: the hemimethylation and sequestering of the origin sequence, the ratio of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and the levels of protein DnaA. All these control the binding of initiator proteins to the origin sequences.
Because E. coli methylates GATC DNA sequences, DNA synthesis results in hemimethylated sequences. This hemimethylated DNA is recognized by the protein SeqA, which binds and sequesters the origin sequence; in addition, DnaA (required for initiation of replication) binds less well to hemimethylated DNA. As a result, newly replicated origins are prevented from immediately initiating another round of DNA replication.[30]
ATP builds up when the cell is in a rich medium, triggering DNA replication once the cell has reached a specific size. ATP competes with ADP to bind to DnaA, and the DnaA-ATP complex is able to initiate replication. A certain number of DnaA proteins are also required for DNA replication — each time the origin is copied, the number of binding sites for DnaA doubles, requiring the synthesis of more DnaA to enable another initiation of replication.
See also: Plasmid, Plasmid copy number, and Plasmid partition system
Polymerase chain reaction[edit]
Main article: Polymerase chain reaction
Researchers commonly replicate DNA in vitro using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR uses a pair of primers to span a target region in template DNA, and then polymerizes partner strands in each direction from these primers using a thermostable DNA polymerase. Repeating this process through multiple cycles amplifies the targeted DNA region. At the start of each cycle, the mixture of template and primers is heated, separating the newly synthesized molecule and template. Then, as the mixture cools, both of these become templates for annealing of new primers, and the polymerase extends from these. As a result, the number of copies of the target region doubles each round, increasing exponentially.[31]
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to DNA replication.
Wikiversity has learning resources about DNA#DNA_Replication
Autopoiesis
Data storage device
Self-replication
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The energetics of this process may also help explain the directionality of synthesis—if DNA were synthesized in the 3' to 5' direction, the energy for the process would come from the 5' end of the growing strand rather than from free nucleotides. The problem is that if the high energy triphosphates were on the growing strand and not on the free nucleotides, proof-reading by removing a mismatched terminal nucleotide would be problematic: Once a nucleotide is added, the triphosphate is lost and a single phosphate remains on the backbone between the new nucleotide and the rest of the strand. If the added nucleotide were mismatched, removal would result in a DNA strand terminated by a monophosphate at the end of the "growing strand" rather than a high energy triphosphate. So strand would be stuck and wouldn't be able to grow anymore. In actuality, the high energy triphosphates hydrolyzed at each step originate from the free nucleotides, not the polymerized strand, so this issue does not exist.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Imperfect DNA replication results in mutations. Berg JM, Tymoczko JL, Stryer L, Clarke ND (2002). "Chapter 27: DNA Replication, Recombination, and Repair". Biochemistry. W.H. Freeman and Company. ISBN 0-7167-3051-0. External link in |chapter= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P (2002). "5DNA Replication, Repair, and Recombination". Molecular Biology of the Cell. Garland Science. ISBN 0-8153-3218-1. External link in |chapter= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b Berg JM, Tymoczko JL, Stryer L, Clarke ND (2002). "Chapter 27, Section 4: DNA Replication of Both Strands Proceeds Rapidly from Specific Start Sites". Biochemistry. W.H. Freeman and Company. ISBN 0-7167-3051-0. External link in |chapter= (help)
Jump up ^ Alberts, B., et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, Garland Science, 4th ed., 2002, pp. 238–240 ISBN 0-8153-3218-1
Jump up ^ Allison, Lizabeth A. Fundamental Molecular Biology. Blackwell Publishing. 2007. p.112 ISBN 978-1-4051-0379-4
Jump up ^ Berg JM, Tymoczko JL, Stryer L, Clarke ND (2002). Biochemistry. W.H. Freeman and Company. ISBN 0-7167-3051-0. Chapter 27, Section 2: DNA Polymerases Require a Template and a Primer
^ Jump up to: a b McCulloch, Scott D; Kunkel, Thomas A (January 2008). "The fidelity of DNA synthesis by eukaryotic replicative and translesion synthesis polymerases". Cell Research. 18 (1): 148–161. doi:10.1038/cr.2008.4. PMC 3639319  . PMID 18166979.
Jump up ^ McCarthy, David; Minner, Charles; Bernstein, Harris; Bernstein, Carol (October 1976). "DNA elongation rates and growing point distributions of wild-type phage T4 and a DNA-delay amber mutant". Journal of Molecular Biology. 106 (4): 963–981. doi:10.1016/0022-2836(76)90346-6. PMID 789903.
Jump up ^ Drake JW (1970) The Molecular Basis of Mutation. Holden-Day, San Francisco ISBN 0816224501 ISBN 978-0816224500
Jump up ^ Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P (2002). Molecular Biology of the Cell. Garland Science. ISBN 0-8153-3218-1. Chapter 5: DNA Replication Mechanisms
Jump up ^ Weigel C, Schmidt A, Rückert B, Lurz R, Messer W (November 1997). "DnaA protein binding to individual DnaA boxes in the Escherichia coli replication origin, oriC". The EMBO Journal. 16 (21): 6574–83. doi:10.1093/emboj/16.21.6574. PMC 1170261  . PMID 9351837.
Jump up ^ Lodish H, Berk A, Zipursky LS, Matsudaira P, Baltimore D, Darnell J (2000). Molecular Cell Biology. W. H. Freeman and Company. ISBN 0-7167-3136-3. 12.1. General Features of Chromosomal Replication: Three Common Features of Replication Origins
Jump up ^ Aravind, L.; Leipe, D. D.; Koonin, E. V. (1998). "Toprim—a conserved catalytic domain in type IA and II topoisomerases, DnaG-type primases, OLD family nucleases and RecR proteins". Nucleic Acids Research. 26 (18): 4205–4213. doi:10.1093/nar/26.18.4205. PMC 147817  . PMID 9722641.
Jump up ^ Frick, David; Richardson, Charles (July 2001). "DNA Primases". Annual Review of Biochemistry. 70: 39–80. doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.70.1.39. PMID 11395402.
Jump up ^ Barry, Elizabeth R.; Bell, Stephen D. (8 December 2006). "DNA Replication in the Archaea". Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 70 (4): 876–887. doi:10.1128/MMBR.00029-06. PMC 1698513  . PMID 17158702.
Jump up ^ Stillman, Bruce (July 2015). "Reconsidering DNA Polymerases at the Replication Fork in Eukaryotes". Molecular Cell. 59 (2): 139–141. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2015.07.004. PMC 4636199  . PMID 26186286.
Jump up ^ Distinguishing the pathways of primer removal during Eukaryotic Okazaki fragment maturation Contributor Author Rossi, Marie Louise. Date Accessioned: 2009-02-23T17:05:09Z. Date Available: 2009-02-23T17:05:09Z. Date Issued: 2009-02-23T17:05:09Z. Identifier Uri: http://hdl.handle.net/1802/6537. Description: Dr. Robert A. Bambara, Faculty Advisor. Thesis (PhD) – School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester. UR only until January 2010. UR only until January 2010.
Jump up ^ Huberman, Joel A.; Riggs, Arthur D. (March 1968). "On the mechanism of DNA replication in mammalian chromosomes". Journal of Molecular Biology. 32 (2): 327–341. doi:10.1016/0022-2836(68)90013-2. PMID 5689363.
Jump up ^ Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P (2002). Molecular Biology of the Cell. Garland Science. ISBN 0-8153-3218-1. DNA Replication Mechanisms: DNA Topoisomerases Prevent DNA Tangling During Replication
Jump up ^ Reece, Richard J.; Maxwell, Anthony; Wang, James C. (26 September 2008). "DNA Gyrase: Structure and Function". Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 26 (3-4): 335–375. doi:10.3109/10409239109114072. PMID 1657531.
Jump up ^ Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P (2002). Molecular Biology of the Cell. Garland Science. ISBN 0-8153-3218-1. DNA Replication Mechanisms: Special Proteins Help to Open Up the DNA Double Helix in Front of the Replication Fork
Jump up ^ Griffiths A.J.F.; Wessler S.R.; Lewontin R.C.; Carroll S.B. (2008). Introduction to Genetic Analysis. W. H. Freeman and Company. ISBN 0-7167-6887-9. [Chapter 7: DNA: Structure and Replication. pg 283–290]
Jump up ^ "Will the Hayflick limit keep us from living forever?". Howstuffworks. Retrieved January 20, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b James D. Watson et al. (2008), "Molecular Biology of the gene", Pearson Education: 237
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Peter Meister, Angela Taddei1, Susan M. Gasser(June 2006), "In and out of the Replication Factory", Cell 125 (7): 1233–1235
Jump up ^ TA Brown (2002). Genomes. BIOS Scientific Publishers. ISBN 1-85996-228-9. 13.2.3. Termination of replication
Jump up ^ Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P (2002). Molecular Biology of the Cell. Garland Science. ISBN 0-8153-3218-1. Intracellular Control of Cell-Cycle Events: S-Phase Cyclin-Cdk Complexes (S-Cdks) Initiate DNA Replication Once Per Cycle
Jump up ^ Brown, TA (2002). "13". Genomes (2nd ed.). Oxford: Wiley-Liss.
Jump up ^ Tobiason DM, Seifert HS (2006). "The Obligate Human Pathogen, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Is Polyploid". PLoS Biology. 4 (6): e185. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040185. PMC 1470461  . PMID 16719561.
Jump up ^ Slater, Steven; Wold, Sture; Lu, Min; Boye, Erik; Skarstad, Kirsten; Kleckner, Nancy (September 1995). "E. coli SeqA protein binds oriC in two different methyl-modulated reactions appropriate to its roles in DNA replication initiation and origin sequestration". Cell. 82 (6): 927–936. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(95)90272-4. PMID 7553853.
Jump up ^ Saiki, Randall; Gelfand, David H.; Stoffel, Susanne; Scharf, Stephen J.; Higuchi, Russell; Horn, Glenn T.; Mullis, Kary B.; Erlich, Henry A. (29 January 1988). "Primer-directed enzymatic amplification of DNA with a thermostable DNA polymerase". Science. 239 (4839): 487–491. Bibcode:1988Sci...239..487S. doi:10.1126/science.2448875. PMID 2448875. Retrieved 7 April 2016.
[hide]
v
t
e
DNA replication (comparing Prokaryotic to Eukaryotic)
Initiation
Prokaryotic
(initiation)
Pre-replication complex
dnaC
Cdc6
Helicase
dnaA
dnaB
T7
Primase
dnaG
Eukaryotic
(preparation in
G1 phase)
Pre-replication complex
Origin recognition complex
ORC1
ORC2
ORC3
ORC4
ORC5
ORC6
Cdc6
Cdt1
Minichromosome maintenance
MCM2
MCM3
MCM4
MCM5
MCM6
MCM7
Licensing factor
Autonomously replicating sequence
Single-strand binding protein
SSBP2
SSBP3
SSBP4
RNase H
RNASEH1
RNASEH2A
Helicase: HFM1
Primase: PRIM1
PRIM2
Both
Origin of replication/Ori/Replicon
Replication fork
Lagging and leading strands
Okazaki fragments
Primer
Replication
Prokaryotic
(elongation)
DNA polymerase III holoenzyme
dnaC
dnaE
dnaH
dnaN
dnaQ
dnaT
dnaX
holA
holB
holC
holD
holE
Replisome
DNA ligase
DNA clamp
Topoisomerase
DNA gyrase
Prokaryotic DNA polymerase: DNA polymerase I
Klenow fragment
Eukaryotic
(synthesis in
S phase)
Replication factor C
RFC1
Flap endonuclease
FEN1
Topoisomerase
Replication protein A
RPA1
Eukaryotic DNA polymerase:
alpha
POLA1
POLA2
PRIM1
PRIM2
delta
POLD1
POLD2
POLD3
POLD4
epsilon
POLE
POLE2
POLE3
POLE4
DNA clamp
PCNA
Control of chromosome duplication
Both
Movement: Processivity
DNA ligase
Termination
Telomere: Telomerase
TERT
TERC
DKC1
Molecular and cellular biology portal
Authority control
GND: 4153174-7
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DNA_replication&oldid=828243714"
Categories:
DNA replication
Senescence
Hidden categories:
CS1 errors: external links
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
বাংলা
Башҡортса
Беларуская
Български
Bosanski
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Galego
한국어
Հայերեն
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
Basa Jawa
ქართული
Қазақша
Kreyòl ayisyen
Кыргызча
Lietuvių
Magyar
Македонски
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Occitan
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Scots
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
کوردی
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
தமிழ்
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
Tiếng Việt
中文
48 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 1 March 2018, at 11:54.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: img

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Double_helix
mw-redirect
Double helix

attrs: href title

attrs: class style

value: b

value: p

values:
/wiki/Proofreading_(Biology)
mw-redirect
Proofreading (Biology)

values:
/wiki/Ligase_enzyme
mw-redirect
Ligase enzyme

values:
/wiki/Replication_fork
mw-redirect
Replication fork

values:
/wiki/Phosphodiester_bonds
mw-redirect
Phosphodiester bonds

values:
/wiki/Hydrogen_bonding
mw-redirect
Hydrogen bonding

values:
/wiki/Okazaki_fragment
mw-redirect
Okazaki fragment

values: Edit section: Dynamics at the replication fork

values:
/wiki/Trimer_(biochemistry)
mw-redirect
Trimer (biochemistry)

values:
/wiki/Single-strand_binding_protein
mw-redirect
Single-strand binding protein

values:
/wiki/DNA_Helicase
mw-redirect
DNA Helicase

values:
/wiki/Replication_Fork
mw-redirect
Replication Fork

values:
/wiki/DNA_Polymerase
mw-redirect
DNA Polymerase

values:
/wiki/Okazaki_Fragments
mw-redirect
Okazaki Fragments

values:
/wiki/Budding_yeast
mw-redirect
Budding yeast

values:
/wiki/Tus_protein
mw-redirect
Tus protein

values:
/wiki/Data_storage_device
mw-redirect
Data storage device

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1038%2Fcr.2008.4

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18166979

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/789903

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1093%2Femboj%2F16.21.6574

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9351837

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2F26.18.4205

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9722641

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11395402

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1128%2FMMBR.00029-06

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17158702

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26186286

values:
nofollow
external text
http://hdl.handle.net/1802/6537

values:
nofollow
external free
http://hdl.handle.net/1802/6537

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5689363

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1657531

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16719561

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7553853

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.2448875

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2448875

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/T7_DNA_Helicase
mw-redirect
T7 DNA Helicase

values:
/wiki/Leading_strand
mw-redirect
Leading strand

values:
/wiki/Prokaryotic_DNA_polymerase
mw-redirect
Prokaryotic DNA polymerase

values:
/wiki/Eukaryotic_DNA_polymerase
mw-redirect
Eukaryotic DNA polymerase

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
noprint metadata navbox
navigation
Portals
font-weight:bold;padding:0.4em 2em

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/4153174-7

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/DNA_replication
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: تضاعف الحمض النووي الريبوزي منقوص الأكسجين – Arabic

values: ডিএনএ অনুলিপন – Bangla

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

values: Репликация (ДНК-ның икеләтә артыуы) – Bashkir

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ba
display: none;

values: Рэплікацыя ДНК – Belarusian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: Репликация на ДНК – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Αντιγραφή του DNA – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values: همانندسازی – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: ԴՆԹ-ի կրկնապատկում – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-jv
display: none;

values: დნმ-ის რეპლიკაცია – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values: ДНҚ репликациясы – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ht
display: none;

values: Репликация – Kyrgyz

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ky
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values: Репликација на ДНК – Macedonian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Репликация ДНК – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values: دووھێندبوونی دی ئێن ئەی – Central Kurdish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb
display: none;

values: Репликација ДНК – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: டி. என். ஏ இரட்டித்தல் – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: การถ่ายแบบดีเอ็นเอ – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Реплікація ДНК – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: ڈی این اے تنسخ – Urdu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-DNA_replication rootpage-DNA_replication skin-vector action-view


text:
List of North Carolina hurricanes
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Hurricane Floyd ten hours prior to its North Carolina landfall in mid September 1999; Floyd caused the worst modern disaster in the state[1]
The list of North Carolina hurricanes includes 413 known tropical or subtropical cyclones that have affected the U.S. state of North Carolina. Due to its location, many hurricanes have hit the state directly, and numerous hurricanes have passed near or through North Carolina in its history; the state is ranked fourth, after Florida, Texas, and Louisiana, in the number of cyclones that produced hurricane-force winds in a U.S. state.[2][3] Hurricanes in North Carolina history are responsible for over $11 billion in damage (2008 USD) and almost 1,000 total fatalities.
Contents
1 Climatology
2 Pre-1900
3 1900–1949
4 1950–1979
5 1980–Present
6 North Carolina major hurricanes
7 Deadly storms
8 See also
9 References
Climatology[edit]
As to statistical hurricane research between 1883 and 1996 by the North Carolina State Climatology Office, a tropical cyclone makes landfall along the coastline about once every four years. An estimated 17.5 percent of all North Atlantic tropical cyclones have affected the state.[4] Additionally, the remnants of a few Pacific tropical cyclones struck the state.[5] Cape Hatteras is most affected by storms within the state, though Cape Lookout and Cape Fear are also regularly affected; the increased activity in three areas is because it protrudes from elsewhere along the Atlantic coastline.[4] After Southern Florida, Cape Hatteras has the lowest return period, or the frequency at which a certain intensity or category of hurricane can be expected within 86 mi (139 km) of a given location, in the country.[6] As the Outer Banks are a narrow strip of low-lying land, hurricanes occasionally leave portions of the land partially or fully submerged.[7] Additionally, the remnants of inland tropical cyclones have produced flooding and landslides in the state's western region.[8]
Tropical cyclones have affected North Carolina in every month between May and December; about 35 percent of the storms struck the state in September, and 80 percent affected the state between August and October, which coincides with the peak of the hurricane season. The earliest storm to affect the state was Subtropical Storm Andrea on May 7, 2007, and the latest was a tropical storm that moved across the Outer Banks on December 2, 1925. The strongest storm to strike the state was Hurricane Hazel on October 15, 1954, which made landfall as a Category 4 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale.[9]
Pre-1900[edit]
Topographic map of North Carolina
Main article: List of North Carolina hurricanes (pre-1900)
The list of North Carolina hurricanes before 1900 encompasses 139 tropical cyclones that affected the U.S. state of North Carolina. Collectively, cyclones in North Carolina during the time period resulted in over 775 direct fatalities during the period. Seven cyclones affected the state in the 1893 season, which was the year with the most tropical cyclones devastating the state during the time period. From the beginning of the official Atlantic hurricane record in 1851 to 1899, there were 12 years without a known tropical cyclone affecting the state.
Historical data prior to 1700 is sparse due to lack of significant European settlements along the coastline; the few storms listed are largely records from Roanoke Colony and later the Province of Carolina. Modern meteorologists believe early storms were tropical cyclones, though due to the time period confirmation is impossible.[10] One theory explaining the disappearance of Roanoke Colony suggests a hurricane destroyed the village, though there is no evidence to prove the theory. It is considered unlikely due to lack of damage to a fence around the village, on which the villagers left an inscription.[11]
1900–1949[edit]
Damage from 1933 Outer Banks hurricane
Main article: List of North Carolina hurricanes (1900–1949)
Between 1900 and 1949, 75 tropical cyclones or their remnants affected the state. Collectively, cyclones in North Carolina during that time period resulted in 53 total fatalities during the period, as well as about $328 million in damage (2008 USD). Tropical cyclone affected the state in all but nine seasons. In the 1916 season, five storms affected the state, which was the season with the most storms devastating the state. The strongest hurricanes to affect the state during the time period were the 1933 Outer Banks hurricane and the 1944 Great Atlantic Hurricane, which produced winds of Category 3 status on the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale within the state.[2] The 1933 Outer Banks hurricane was the deadliest hurricane in the state during the time period, which killed 21 people.[12] The remnants of a hurricane in 1940 dropped heavy rainfall in the state, which caused over $150 million in damage (2008 USD) from flooding and landslides.[13]
1950–1979[edit]
Radar image of Hurricane Connie near North Carolina
Main article: List of North Carolina hurricanes (1950–1979)
A total of 79 tropical or subtropical cyclones affected North Carolina between 1950 and 1979. Collectively, cyclones during the time period resulted in 37 total fatalities during the period, as well as about $3 billion in damage (2008 USD). A cyclone affected the state in every year during the time period, and in three seasons a total of five cyclones assailed the state. The strongest hurricane to hit the state during the time period was Hurricane Hazel, which struck the state as a Category 4 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale. Hazel was both the costliest and deadliest cyclone during the period, causing over $1 billion in damage (2008 USD) and 19 deaths.[14] Most storms affected the state in September, though cyclones lashed the state between May and October.
1980–Present[edit]
New inlet created by Hurricane Isabel (USGS)
Main articles: List of North Carolina hurricanes (1980–1999) and List of North Carolina hurricanes (2000–present)
The period from 1980 to the present encompasses 120 tropical or subtropical cyclones that affected the state. Collectively, cyclones in North Carolina during the time period resulted in over $10 billion in damage (2010 USD), primarily from hurricanes Fran and Floyd. Additionally, tropical cyclones in North Carolina were responsible for 77 direct fatalities and at least 44 indirect casualties during the period. Eight cyclones affected the state in the 1985 season, which was the year with the most tropical cyclones striking the state. Every year included at least one tropical cyclone affecting the state.
The strongest hurricane to hit the state during the time period was Hurricane Fran in 1996, which struck near Wilmington as a Category 3 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale; Hurricane Emily in 1993 brushed the Outer Banks also as a Category 3 hurricane.[2] The deadliest hurricane during the period was Hurricane Floyd in 1999, which caused 35 fatalities and record–breaking flooding in the eastern portion of the state.[15][16] Hurricane Irene hit the Outer Banks on August 27th 2011 as a Category 1, making it the first of its kind to make landfall since Hurricane Ike in 2008.
North Carolina major hurricanes[edit]
The following major hurricanes either made landfall on the state or brought winds of Category 3 status to the state. Storms are listed since 1851, which is the official start of the Atlantic hurricane database.[2]
Storm
Saffir–Simpson
Category
Date of landfall
Year
Landfall intensity
(in knots)
Landfall location
Unnamed 3 August 19 1879 100 Cape Lookout
San Ciriaco 3 August 18 1899 105 Hatteras
Unnamed 3 September 16 1933 100 Ocracoke
Great Atlantic Hurricane 3 September 14 1944 100 Cape Hatteras
Hurricane Hazel 4 October 15 1954 115 Near South Carolina/
North Carolina state line
Hurricane Connie 3 August 12 1955 100 Portsmouth
Hurricane Ione 3 September 19 1955 100 Morehead City
Hurricane Helene 3 September 27 1958 100 Offshore Outer Banks
Hurricane Donna 3 September 12 1960 100 Emerald Isle
Hurricane Diana 3 September 13 1984 100 Cape Fear
Hurricane Emily 3 August 31 1993 100 Offshore Hatteras Island
Hurricane Fran 3 September 5 1996 100[17] Cape Fear
Deadly storms[edit]
The table lists hurricanes by death tolls of over 20 fatalities. Direct deaths are those that are directly caused by the storm passage, such as drownings or deaths from being struck by windblown objects. Indirect deaths, which are not included in the toll of Hurricane Floyd, are those that are related to the storm, but not directly from its storm effects. Due to lack of data, many early hurricanes have overall death tolls that do not specify indirect or direct.
Total deaths
Name
Year
Number of deaths
"San Ciriaco" 1899 20+
"Outer Banks Hurricane" 1933 21
Hurricane Matthew 2016 28
Hurricane Florence 2018 39
Unnamed 1772 50
Unnamed 1883 53
Hurricane Floyd 1999 57
"Racer's Storm" 1837 90
"Independence Hurricane" 1775 163
Unnamed 1857 424
See also[edit]
Tropical cyclones portal
Climate of North Carolina
Geography of North Carolina
Hazard mitigation in the Outer Banks
List of United States hurricanes
List of wettest known tropical cyclones in North Carolina
List of Atlantic hurricanes
show
v
t
e
North Carolina hurricanes
Pre-1900
1900–49
1950–79
1980–99
2000–present
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Federal Emergency Management Agency (2000). "Approaching One Year, North Carolina Floyd Assistance More Than $1.9 Billion". Archived from the original on 2007-10-31. Retrieved 2007-12-14.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Hurricane Research Division (2008). "Chronological List of All Hurricanes which Affected the Continental United States: 1851–2005". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 2008-09-21. Retrieved 2008-04-03.
Jump up ^ Hurricane Research Division (2006). "Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 2011-06-04. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
^ Jump up to: a b State Climate Office of North Carolina (2006). "Hurricanes in North Carolina". Archived from the original on 2010-03-30. Retrieved 2008-04-03.
Jump up ^ Roth, David M; Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. "Tropical Cyclone Rainfall in the Southeastern United States". Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Point Maxima. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Retrieved June 5, 2012.
Jump up ^ National Hurricane Center (2006). "Tropical Cyclone Climatology". Retrieved 2007-10-02.
Jump up ^ Sprol.com (2005-09-15). "When will a Category Five Hurricane strike the Outer Banks?". Archived from the original on 2007-10-14. Retrieved 2008-03-04.
Jump up ^ William Haggard; Thaddeus Bilton & Harold Crutcher (1973). "Maximum Rainfall from Tropical Cyclone Stems which Cross the Appalachians" (PDF). Journal of Applied Meteorology. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-03-25. Retrieved 2008-03-23.
Jump up ^ "Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)". Hurricane Research Division (Database). National Hurricane Center. May 1, 2018. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ James E. Hudgins (2000). "Tropical Cyclones Affecting North Carolina since 1566 – An Historical Perspective". Blacksburg, Virginia National Weather Service. Archived from the original on 2007-03-11. Retrieved 2007-12-18.
Jump up ^ JG. "The Lost Colony of Roanoke, 1588". Retrieved 2007-12-18.
Jump up ^ Mary Souder (1933). "Severe Local Storms, September 1933" (PDF). U.S. Weather Bureau. Retrieved 2008-03-28.
Jump up ^ Millsboro Daily News (1940-08-16). "Floods Surge Toward Surge". Archived from the original on 2016-01-14. Retrieved 2008-03-23.
Jump up ^ NOAA Coastal Services Center (1999). "New Hanover County, North Carolina Case Study on Hurricane Hazel". Archived from the original on 2008-02-11. Retrieved 2008-02-16.
Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Commerce (2000). "Hurricane Floyd Floods of September 1999" (PDF). NOAA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-08-07. Retrieved 2007-12-13.
Jump up ^ National Climatic Data Center (1999). "Climate-Watch, September 1999". Archived from the original on 2001-10-24. Retrieved 2007-12-22.
Jump up ^ Service, US Department of Commerce, NOAA, National Weather. "National Weather Service". www.weather.gov. Retrieved 14 September 2018.
show
v
t
e
List of United States hurricanes
By state
Arizona
California
Delaware
Florida
pre-1900
1900–49
1950–74
1975–99
2000–present
Hawaii
Louisiana
2000–present
Maryland
1950–present
New England
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
pre-1900
1900–49
1950–79
1980–99
2000–present
Pennsylvania
Texas
pre-1900
1900–49
1950–79
1980–present
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_North_Carolina_hurricanes&oldid=865061995"
Categories:
Atlantic hurricanes
Lists of tropical cyclones in the United States
North Carolina-related lists
Hurricanes in North Carolina
Hidden categories:
Featured lists
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 21 October 2018, at 13:21 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: This is a featured list. Click here for more information.

attrs: class id

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: sup

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values:
/wiki/Landfall_(meteorology)
mw-redirect
Landfall (meteorology)

values:
/wiki/North_Atlantic_tropical_cyclones
mw-redirect
North Atlantic tropical cyclones

values:
/wiki/Statute_mile
mw-redirect
Statute mile

values:
/wiki/1944_Great_Atlantic_Hurricane
mw-redirect
1944 Great Atlantic Hurricane

values: Georgia-South Carolina Hurricane of 1940

values: Edit section: North Carolina major hurricanes

values:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
/wiki/1899_Hurricane_San_Ciriaco
mw-redirect
1899 Hurricane San Ciriaco

values:
/wiki/1837_Racer%27s_Storm
mw-redirect
1837 Racer's Storm

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values: List of wettest tropical cyclones in the United States

values:
/wiki/List_of_Atlantic_hurricanes
mw-redirect
List of Atlantic hurricanes

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.nc-climate.ncsu.edu/print/8

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.sprol.com/?p=259

values:
nofollow
external text
http://theshadowlands.net/roanoke.htm

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.weather.gov

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: List of Florida hurricanes (2000–present)

values: List of Louisiana hurricanes (2000–present)

values: List of Maryland hurricanes (1950–present)

values: List of North Carolina hurricanes (1900–49)

values: List of North Carolina hurricanes (1950–79)

values: List of North Carolina hurricanes (1980–99)

values: Category:Lists of tropical cyclones in the United States

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/List_of_North_Carolina_hurricanes
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-List_of_North_Carolina_hurricanes rootpage-List_of_North_Carolina_hurricanes skin-vector action-view


text:
Jarasandha
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about semi-mythical king of Magadha. For the Kannada film, see Jarasandha (film).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Jarasandha
Painting showing Bhima slaying Jarasandha
Brihadratha King
Predecessor
Brihadratha
Successor
Sahadeva
Issue
Sahadeva
Dynasty
Brihadratha
Father
Brihadratha
According to the Hindu epic Mahabharata, Jarasandha (Sanskrit: जरासन्ध) was the king of Magadha. He was a descendant of King Brihadratha, the founder of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha. He was also a great devotee of the Hindu god Shiva. He was a great senapati and a Maharathi, but he is generally held in a negative light owing to his enmity with the Yadava clan in the Mahabharata.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 Legend about his birth
3 Fight with Karna
4 Notes
5 References
Etymology[edit]
The word Jarasandha is a combination of two Sanskrit words, Jara (जरा) and sandha (सन्ध), "joining". Jara was a demoness who put the two halves of Jarasandha together after finding them by a tree. In return for saving Brihadratha's son, he named Jarasandha after her. The meaning of Jarasandha is 'the one who is joined by Jara'.[1][better source needed]
Legend about his birth[edit]
Birth of Jarasandha
Jara merges two parts of Jarasandha
Jarasandha's father king Brihadratha was married to the twin daughters of the King of Kashi. Brihadratha loved both his wives equally, but had no sons. Once sage Chandakaushika visited his kingdom and gave a mango to the king as a boon. The king divided the mango equally and gave to his both the wives. Soon, both wives became pregnant and gave birth to two halves of a human body. These two lifeless halves were very horrifying to view. So, Brihadratha ordered these to be thrown in the forest. A Rakshasi (demoness) named Jara (or Barmata) found the two pieces and held each of them in her two palms. Incidentally, when she brought both of her palms together, the two pieces joined giving rise to a living child. The child cried loudly which created panic for Jara. Not having the heart to eat a living child, the demoness gave it to the king and explained to him all that had happened. The father was overjoyed to see him.[2]
Chandakaushika arrived at the court and saved the child. He prophesied to Brihadratha that his son would be specially gifted and would be a great devotee of the god Shiva.[3]
Battle between Balarama and Jarasandha. Illustration from a Bhagavata Purana series.
Fight with Karna[edit]
Karna helped Duryodhana marry the Princess Bhanumati of Kalinga. Duryodhana abducted Princess Bhanumati from her Swayamvara ceremony in a chariot and Karna fought with the rest of the suitors. Many legendary rulers like Shishupala, Jarasandha, Bhishmaka, Vakra, Kapotaroman, Nila, Rukmi, Sringa, Asoka, Satadhanwan etc. were defeated by Karna. The ashamed Jarasandha, later challenged Karna to a one-on-one fight. Karna and Jarasandha fought continuously with different weapons until Karna defeated Jarasandha by trying to tear him apart during a wrestling fight. Jarasandha conceded defeat and Karna spared his life. Jarasandha gifted the city of Malini to Karna as a token of appreciation. The victory over Jarasandha made Karna famous on all over the world.[citation needed]
Jarasandha had also participated in the Swayamvara of Draupadi, and after being unable to lift the bow, left the place.[4]
Bhima and Jarasandh Wrestling
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "Jarasandha was a very powerful king of Magadha, and the history of his birth and activities is also very interesting - Vaniquotes". vaniquotes.org. Retrieved 2015-12-31.
Jump up ^ Chandrakant, Kamala (1977). Krishna and Jarasandha. India Book House Ltd. pp. 3–5. ISBN 81-7508-080-9.
Jump up ^ "Slaying of Jarasandha - Indian Mythology". www.apamnapat.com. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
Jump up ^ Squarcini, Frederico (2011). Boundaries, Dynamics, and Constructions of Traditions in South Asia. 244 Madison Ave, #116, New York,NY: Anthem Press. p. 117. ISBN 9780857284303.
References[edit]
Doniger, Wendy (1993), Purana Perennis: Reciprocity and Transformation in Hindu and Jaina Texts, SUNY Press, ISBN 0-7914-1381-0
Gibbs,Laura. Ph.D. Jarasandha Modern Languages MLLL-4993. Indian Epics.
Dowson, John (1820–1881). A classical dictionary of Hindu mythology and religion, geography, history, and literature. London: Trübner, 1879 [Reprint, London: Routledge, 1979]. ISBN 0-415-24521-4
Original Mahabharata by Shri Ved Vyasa
Gita press,Gorakhpur edition of Mahābhārata
Ramanand Sagar's "SHRI KRISHNA" serial
MRITYUNJAY-the story of Karna.
[show]
v
t
e
Mahabharata
Books (parvas)
Adi
Sabha
Vana
Virata
Udyoga
Bhishma
Drona
Karna
Shalya
Sauptika
Stri
Shanti
Anushasana
Ashvamedhika
Ashramavasika
Mausala
Mahaprasthanika
Svargarohana
Harivamsa
Kuru Kingdom
Shantanu
Ganga
Bhishma
Satyavati
Chitrāngada
Vichitravirya
Ambika
Ambalika
Vidura
Dhritarashtra
Gandhari
Pandu
Kunti
Madri
Pandavas
Yudhisthira
Bhima
Arjuna
Nakula
Sahadeva
Draupadi
Kauravas
Duryodhana
Dushasana
Vikarna
Yuyutsu
Dushala
Hidimbi
Ghatotkacha
Ahilawati
Subhadra
Uttarā
Ulupi
Chitrāngadā
Abhimanyu
Iravan
Babruvahana
Barbarika
Upapandavas
Parikshit
Janamejaya
Other characters
Amba
Ashwatthama
Balarama
Bhagadatta
Brihannala
Chitrasena
Dhrishtadyumna
Drona
Drupada
Durvasa
Ekalavya
Hidimba
Jarasandha
Jayadratha
Kali (demon)
Karna
Kichaka
Kindama
Kripa
Krishna
Kritavarma
Mayasura
Sanjaya
Satyaki
Shakuni
Shalya
Shikhandi
Shishupala
Bahlika
Sudeshna
Uttara Kumara
Virata
Vrishasena
Vyasa
Related articles
Avatars
Hastinapur
Indraprastha
Kingdoms
Kurukshetra War
Bhagavad Gita
Vedic-Puranic chronology
Category
[show]
v
t
e
Hindu deities and texts
Gods
Trimurti
Brahma
Vishnu
Rama
Krishna
Shiva
Ganesha
Kartikeya
Hanuman
Indra
Surya
more
Goddesses
Tridevi
Saraswati
Lakshmi
Sita
Radha
Parvati
Sati
Kali
Adi Parashakti
Mahavidya
Durga
Shakti
Navadurga
Matrikas
more
Texts
Vedas
Rig
Sama
Yajur
Atharva
Upanishads
Puranas
Ramayana
Mahabharata
Bhagavad Gita
Yoga Sutras of Patanjali
more
Hinduism
Hindu mythology
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jarasandha&oldid=807836826"
Categories:
Characters in the Mahabharata
Salakapurusa
Hidden categories:
Use dmy dates from December 2015
Use Indian English from December 2015
All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English
Articles needing additional references from August 2014
All articles needing additional references
Articles containing Sanskrit-language text
All articles lacking reliable references
Articles lacking reliable references from October 2017
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Español
ગુજરાતી
हिन्दी
Bahasa Indonesia
Basa Jawa
ಕನ್ನಡ
മലയാളം
मराठी
नेपाली
Português
Русский
සිංහල
Basa Sunda
தமிழ்
తెలుగు
Українська
Edit links
This page was last edited on 30 October 2017, at 11:41.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: td

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

value: span

value: small

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background-color: #cbe; font-size: 125%

values:
/wiki/Sanskrit_language
mw-redirect
Sanskrit language

values: This claim needs references to better sources. (October 2017)

values: noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2017)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/The_18_parvas
mw-redirect
The 18 parvas

values:
navbox-image
4
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/Vedic-Puranic_chronology
mw-redirect
Vedic-Puranic chronology

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: navigation navbox Mahabharata padding:3px

values:
navbox-image
3
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/Sati_(goddess)
mw-redirect
Sati (goddess)

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Use dmy dates from December 2015

values: Category:Use Indian English from December 2015

values: Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from August 2014

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:Articles containing Sanskrit-language text

values: Category:All articles lacking reliable references

values: Category:Articles lacking reliable references from October 2017

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Jarasandha
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: जरासन्ध – Hindi

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarasanda
Jarasanda – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values: ಜರಾಸಂಧ – Kannada

values: ജരാസന്ധൻ – Malayalam

values: जरासंध – Marathi

values: जरासन्ध – Nepali

values: Джарасандха – Russian

values: ජරාසන්ධ – Sinhala

values:
https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarasanda
Jarasanda – Sundanese
su
su
interlanguage-link-target

values: ஜராசந்தன் – Tamil

values: జరాసంధుడు – Telugu

values: Джарасандха – Ukrainian

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Jarasandha rootpage-Jarasandha vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view