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You've Got a Friend
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For other uses, see You've Got a Friend (disambiguation).
"You've Got a Friend"
Scandinavian single with "Beautiful" on the B-side
Song by Carole King
from the album Tapestry
Released
1971
Genre
Soft rock
Length
5:09
Label
Ode
A&M
Songwriter(s)
Carole King
Producer(s)
Lou Adler
Tapestry track listing
"Way Over Yonder"
(6) "You've Got a Friend"
(7) "Where You Lead"
(8)
"You've Got a Friend"
Single by James Taylor
from the album Mud Slide Slim and the Blue Horizon
B-side
"You Can Close Your Eyes"
Released
May 1971
Format
7-inch 45 rpm
Genre
Folk rock
soft rock
Length
4:29
Label
Warner Bros.
Songwriter(s)
Carole King
Producer(s)
Peter Asher
James Taylor singles chronology
"Country Road"
(1971) "You've Got a Friend"
(1971) "Long Ago and Far Away"
(1971)
"Country Road"
(1971) "You've Got a Friend"
(1971) "Long Ago and Far Away"
(1971)
Audio sample
file
help
"You've Got a Friend" is a 1971 song written by Carole King. It was first recorded by King, and included in her album Tapestry. Another well-known version is by James Taylor from his album Mud Slide Slim and the Blue Horizon. His was released as a single in 1971 reaching number 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 4 on the UK Singles Chart. The two versions were recorded simultaneously in 1971 with shared musicians.
"You've Got a Friend" won Grammy Awards both for Taylor (Best Male Pop Vocal Performance) and King (Song of the Year). Dozens of other artists have recorded the song over the years, including Dusty Springfield, Michael Jackson, Anne Murray and Donny Hathaway.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Reception
3 Chart history
3.1 Weekly charts
3.2 Year-end charts
4 Personnel
4.1 James Taylor version
5 Other versions
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
James Taylor and Carole King at the 2010 Troubadour Reunion Tour
"You've Got a Friend" was written by Carole King during the January 1971 recording sessions for her own album Tapestry, and James Taylor's album Mud Slide Slim and the Blue Horizon. King has stated that "the song was as close to pure inspiration as I've ever experienced. The song wrote itself. It was written by something outside myself, through me."[1] According to Taylor, King told him that the song was a response to a line in Taylor's earlier song "Fire and Rain" that "I’ve seen lonely times when I could not find a friend."[2][3] King's album was recorded in an overlap with Taylor's, and King, Danny Kortchmar, and Joni Mitchell perform on both. The song is included on both albums; King said in a 1972 interview that she "didn't write it with James or anybody really specifically in mind. But when James heard it he really liked it and wanted to record it".[4]
Taylor's version was released as a single, and reached number 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 4 on the UK Singles Chart. The James Taylor version also spent one week at the top of the Easy Listening charts.[5] Billboard ranked it as the No. 17 song for 1971.
During the recording process, Taylor also offered to his Apple Records labelmate Mary Hopkin a chance to record the song, which she turned down, a decision she later said she strongly regretted.[6][dubious – discuss]
James Taylor and Carole King performed "You've Got a Friend" together in 2010 during their Troubadour Reunion Tour. In 2015, Taylor performed an acoustic rendition of the song at Hôtel de Ville, Paris at the invitation of U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry and Paris mayor Anne Hidalgo in tribute to the victims of the January 2015 Île-de-France attacks.[7]
Reception[edit]
According to author James D. Perone, the song's themes include an expression of "a universal, sisterly/brotherly, agape-type love of one human being for another, regardless of gender."[8] The "reassuring" lyrics have long made the song popular with lonely people needing a boost of self-confidence.[9][10] The song's messages of friendship having no boundaries and a friend being there when you are in need has universal appeal.[11] For Taylor the lyrics had particular resonance due to the depression he had recovered from shortly before hearing King play the song.[9] The music moves between a major and minor key, which according to music critic Maury Dean gives the song a "sympathetic mood."[11]
In his review of Tapestry, Rolling Stone critic Jon Landau called "You've Got a Friend" Carole King's "most perfect new song."[12] He particularly praised how the melody and lyrics support each other, and the "gorgeous, righteous rock melody" of the ending lyrics.[12] Mojo considered the song to probably be "the core of Tapestry.[1] Allmusic critic Stewart Mason commented on the "plainspoken intimacy" of King's performance.[13] Mason finds that the "shyness" of King's voice gives her recording of the song a sincerity that he finds Taylor's to lack.[13] Mason also praises the "depth and shading" provided by the string instruments on King's recording.[13]
In his review of Mud Slide Slim and the Blue Horizon, Rolling Stone critic Ben Gerson described "You've Got a Friend" as an "affirmative song," but suggested that James Taylor's version was too similar to Carole King's original version to have been worth including on his album.[14] Music critic Maury Dean describes Taylor's performance style for the song as minimalist and folkish and comments on his "star-spangled sincerity."[11]
Chart history[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1971)
Peak
position
Australia (Kent Music Report)[15] 25
Canada RPM Top Singles[16] 2
Canada RPM Adult Contemporary[17] 12
Ireland (IRMA)[18] 3
Netherlands 14
UK (OCC) 4
US Billboard Hot 100[19] 1
US Billboard Easy Listening[20] 1
US Cash Box Top 100[21] 1
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1971)
Rank
Canada RPM Top Singles [22] 33
UK[citation needed] 32
US Billboard Hot 100[23] 16
US Cash Box [24] 27
Personnel[edit]
Carole King – piano, vocals, background vocals
Additional musicians
David Campbell – viola
Terry King – cello
Danny "Kootch" Kortchmar – conga, vocals
Charles "Charlie" Larkey – string bass
Joni Mitchell – background vocals
Barry Socher – violin
James Taylor – acoustic guitar, backing vocals
James Taylor version[edit]
James Taylor – vocals, acoustic guitar
Joni Mitchell – backing vocals
Danny Kortchmar – acoustic guitar, congas
Leland Sklar – bass guitar
Russ Kunkel – drums, congas, cabasa
Other versions[edit]
Dusty Springfield recorded the song in early 1971 during the sessions for her third Atlantic Records album Faithful. Her recording predates that of James Taylor, but it was shelved until 1999 when it was included as a bonus track on the 1999 Deluxe Edition of her first Atlantic album, the critically acclaimed Dusty in Memphis (which contained four Carole King compositions). Faithful went unreleased due to disputes between Springfield and Atlantic but the sessions were eventually issued as a standalone album in 2015.
The song was recorded by Roberta Flack and Donny Hathaway for their 1972 album Roberta Flack & Donny Hathaway, and was released as the album's first single. The single was released a year before the album was, and coincidentally was released on the same date as James Taylor's single: May 29, 1971. The Flack and Hathaway version reached #29 on the Billboard Hot 100, and #8 on the R&B chart.[25]
The song was recorded by The Brand New Heavies for their 'Shelter' album in 1997 and was the third single to be released from the album, it reached #9 on the UK Singles Chart in October 1997.[26]
"You've Got a Friend" was performed by Celine Dion, Shania Twain, Gloria Estefan, and Carole King at the VH1 Divas Live concert in Beacon Theatre, New York, 1998.[27] It was released as a single and reached number 74 on the Belgian Flanders Airplay Chart.[28]
In 2004, English R&B singer Javine released her cover of the song as half of a double A-side single, along with a cover of "Don't Walk Away". Her recording was included in the soundtrack for the 2004 film Garfield.
In 2005 British pop rock band McFly's cover of this song charted at number one in the UK Singles Chart This was released as a Double-A side along with the band's song All About You. This was also the official 2005 Comic Relief single.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Tapestry". The Mojo Collection (4th ed.).
Jump up ^ "James Taylor: My Life in 15 Songs". Rolling Stone. August 13, 2015. pp. 23–25.
Jump up ^ White, T. (August 4, 2015). "James Taylor Looks Back on His Classics". Easy 93.1 FM. Retrieved 2015-08-10.
Jump up ^ Harvey Kubernik (2008). "Troubadours - Carole King's Monumental Tapestry Album | American Masters | PBS". pbs.org. Retrieved 20 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2002). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961-2001. Record Research. p. 239.
Jump up ^ Interview with Mary Hopkin, Record Collector nr. 108, August 1988
Jump up ^ Megan Gibson (2015-01-16). "Watch James Taylor Sings "You've Got a Friend" with John Kerry". Time.com. Retrieved 2016-07-20.
Jump up ^ Perone, J.D. (2006). The Words and Music of Carole King. Greenwood Publishing. p. 40. ISBN 9780275990275.
^ Jump up to: a b Halperin, Ian (2003). Fire and Rain: The James Taylor Story. Citadel. pp. 128–129. ISBN 978 0806523484.
Jump up ^ White, T. (2009). Long Ago and Far Away. Omnibus Press. p. 190. ISBN 9780857120069.
^ Jump up to: a b c Dean, M. (2003). Rock 'n' Roll Gold Rush. Algora. pp. 254–255. ISBN 0875862071.
^ Jump up to: a b Landau, J. (April 29, 1971). "Tapestry". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2014-04-13.
^ Jump up to: a b c Mason, S. "You've Got a Friend". Allmusic. Retrieved 2014-04-22.
Jump up ^ Gerson, B. (June 24, 1971). "Mud Slide Slim and the Blue Horizon". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2014-04-13.
Jump up ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970-1992. St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
Jump up ^ "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada". Collectionscanada.gc.ca. Missing or empty |url= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada". Collectionscanada.gc.ca. Missing or empty |url= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – You've Got a Friend". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved January 14, 2018.
Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955-1990 - ISBN 0-89820-089-X
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (1993). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961–1993. Record Research. p. 237.
Jump up ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles, August 7, 1971
Jump up ^ "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada". collectionscanada.gc.ca.
Jump up ^ Musicoutfitters.com
Jump up ^ Cash Box Year-End Charts: Top 100 Pop Singles, December 25, 1971
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). Top R&B/Hip-Hop Singles: 1942-2004. Record Research. p. 206.
Jump up ^ http://www.officalcharts.com
Jump up ^ Glatzer, Jenna (2005). Céline Dion: For Keeps. Andrews McMeel Publishing. ISBN 0-7407-5559-5.
Jump up ^ Jaspers, Sam (2006). Ultratop 1995-2005. Book & Media Publishing. ISBN 90-5720-232-8.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of Andy Williams cover at MetroLyrics
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Grammy Award for Song of the Year
1959−1980
"Volare" – Domenico Modugno (songwriter) (1959)
"The Battle of New Orleans" – Jimmy Driftwood (songwriter) (1960)
"Theme from Exodus" – Ernest Gold (songwriter) (1961)
"Moon River" – Johnny Mercer & Henry Mancini (songwriters) (1962)
"What Kind of Fool Am I?" – Leslie Bricusse & Anthony Newley (songwriters) (1963)
"Days of Wine and Roses" – Johnny Mercer & Henry Mancini (songwriters) (1964)
"Hello, Dolly!" – Jerry Herman (songwriter) (1965)
"The Shadow of Your Smile" – Paul Francis Webster & Johnny Mandel (songwriters) (1966)
"Michelle" – John Lennon & Paul McCartney (songwriters) (1967)
"Up, Up, and Away" – Jimmy Webb (songwriter) (1968)
"Little Green Apples" – Bobby Russell (songwriter) (1969)
"Games People Play" – Joe South (songwriter) (1970)
"Bridge over Troubled Water" – Paul Simon (songwriter) (1971)
"You've Got a Friend" – Carole King (songwriter) (1972)
"The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face" – Ewan MacColl (songwriter) (1973)
"Killing Me Softly with His Song" – Norman Gimbel & Charles Fox (songwriters) (1974)
"The Way We Were" – Alan and Marilyn Bergman & Marvin Hamlisch (songwriters) (1975)
"Send In the Clowns" – Stephen Sondheim (songwriter) (1976)
"I Write the Songs" – Bruce Johnston (songwriter) (1977)
"Evergreen (Love Theme from A Star Is Born)" – Barbra Streisand & Paul Williams (songwriters) / "You Light Up My Life" – Joe Brooks (songwriter) (1978)
"Just the Way You Are" – Billy Joel (songwriter) (1979)
"What a Fool Believes" – Kenny Loggins & Michael McDonald (songwriters) (1980)
1981−2000
"Sailing" – Christopher Cross (songwriter) (1981)
"Bette Davis Eyes" – Donna Weiss & Jackie DeShannon (songwriters) (1982)
"Always on My Mind" – Johnny Christopher, Mark James & Wayne Carson (songwriters) (1983)
"Every Breath You Take" – Sting (songwriter) (1984)
"What's Love Got to Do with It" – Graham Lyle & Terry Britten (songwriters) (1985)
"We Are the World" – Michael Jackson & Lionel Richie (songwriters) (1986)
"That's What Friends Are For" – Burt Bacharach & Carole Bayer Sager (songwriters) (1987)
"Somewhere Out There" – James Horner, Barry Mann & Cynthia Weil (songwriters) (1988)
"Don't Worry, Be Happy" – Bobby McFerrin (songwriter) (1989)
"Wind Beneath My Wings" – Larry Henley & Jeff Silbar (songwriters) (1990)
"From a Distance" – Julie Gold (songwriter) (1991)
"Unforgettable" – Irving Gordon (songwriter) (1992)
"Tears in Heaven" – Eric Clapton & Will Jennings (songwriters) (1993)
"A Whole New World" – Alan Menken & Tim Rice (songwriters) (1994)
"Streets of Philadelphia" – Bruce Springsteen (songwriter) (1995)
"Kiss from a Rose" – Seal (songwriter) (1996)
"Change the World" – Gordon Kennedy, Wayne Kirkpatrick & Tommy Sims (songwriters) (1997)
"Sunny Came Home" – Shawn Colvin & John Leventhal (songwriters) (1998)
"My Heart Will Go On" – James Horner & Will Jennings (songwriters) (1999)
"Smooth" – Itaal Shur & Rob Thomas (songwriters) (2000)
2001−present
"Beautiful Day" – Adam Clayton, David Evans, Laurence Mullen & Paul Hewson (songwriters) (2001)
"Fallin'" – Alicia Keys (songwriter) (2002)
"Don't Know Why" – Jesse Harris (songwriter) (2003)
"Dance with My Father" – Richard Marx & Luther Vandross (songwriters) (2004)
"Daughters" – John Mayer (songwriter) (2005)
"Sometimes You Can't Make It on Your Own" – Adam Clayton, David Evans, Laurence Mullen & Paul Hewson (songwriters) (2006)
"Not Ready to Make Nice" – Emily Burns Erwin, Martha Maguire, Natalie Maines Pasdar & Dan Wilson (songwriters) (2007)
"Rehab" – Amy Winehouse (songwriter) (2008)
"Viva la Vida" – Guy Berryman, Jonathan Buckland, William Champion & Christopher Martin (songwriters) (2009)
"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" – Thaddis "Kuk" Harrell, Beyoncé Knowles, Terius Nash & Christopher Stewart (songwriters) (2010)
"Need You Now" – Dave Haywood, Josh Kear, Charles Kelley & Hillary Scott (songwriters) (2011)
"Rolling in the Deep" – Adele Adkins & Paul Epworth (songwriters) (2012)
"We Are Young" – Jack Antonoff, Jeff Bhasker, Andrew Dost & Nate Ruess (songwriters) (2013)
"Royals" – Joel Little & Ella Yelich O'Connor (songwriters) (2014)
"Stay with Me" (Darkchild version) – James Napier, William Phillips & Sam Smith (songwriters) (2015)
"Thinking Out Loud" – Ed Sheeran & Amy Wadge (songwriters) (2016)
"Hello" – Adele Adkins & Greg Kurstin (songwriters) (2017)
"That's What I Like" – Christopher Brody Brown, James Fauntleroy, Philip Lawrence, Bruno Mars, Ray Charles McCullough II, Jeremy Reeves, Ray Romulus & Jonathan Yip (songwriters) (2018)
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James Taylor
Studio albums
James Taylor
Sweet Baby James
Mud Slide Slim and the Blue Horizon
One Man Dog
Walking Man
Gorilla
In the Pocket
JT
Flag
Dad Loves His Work
That's Why I'm Here
Never Die Young
New Moon Shine
Hourglass
October Road
Covers
Before This World
Live albums
Live/Best Live
One Man Band
Amchitka
Live at the Troubadour
Holiday albums
James Taylor: A Christmas Album
James Taylor at Christmas
Compilation albums
Greatest Hits
Classic Songs
Greatest Hits Volume 2
The Best of James Taylor
Extended plays
Other Covers
Singles
"Carolina in My Mind"
"Knocking 'Round the Zoo"
"Sweet Baby James"
"Fire and Rain"
"Country Road"
"You've Got a Friend"
"Long Ago and Far Away"
"Don't Let Me Be Lonely Tonight"
"One Man Parade"
"Hymn"
"Mockingbird (with Carly Simon)
"How Sweet It Is (To Be Loved by You)"
"Mexico"
"Shower the People"
"Woman's Gotta Have It"
"Handy Man"
"Your Smiling Face"
"Honey Don't Leave L.A."
"Devoted to You" (with Carly Simon)
"Up on the Roof"
"Her Town Too"
"Hard Times
"Everyday"
"It's Growing"
"Change"
Other songs
"Night Owl
"Something in the Way She Moves"
"Sunny Skies"
"Steamroller Blues"
"You Can Close Your Eyes"
"Highway Song"
"Bartender's Blues"
"Secret O' Life"
"Millworker"
"Summer's Here"
Related articles
Discography
James Taylor and the Original Flying Machine
Working
Vote for Change Tour
Troubadour Reunion Tour
Carly Simon
Ben Taylor
Sally Taylor
Kate Taylor
Livingston Taylor
Alex Taylor
Isaac M. Taylor
Two-Lane Blacktop
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Carole King
Studio albums
Writer
Tapestry
Music
Rhymes & Reasons
Fantasy
Wrap Around Joy
Thoroughbred
Simple Things
Welcome Home
Touch the Sky
Pearls: Songs of Goffin and King
One to One
Speeding Time
City Streets
Colour of Your Dreams
Love Makes the World
Compilations
Her Greatest Hits: Songs of Long Ago
The Legendary Demos
Live albums
In Concert
The Carnegie Hall Concert: June 18, 1971
The Living Room Tour
Live at the Troubadour
Other albums
A Holiday Carole
Singles
"It Might as Well Rain Until September"
"It's Too Late"/"I Feel the Earth Move"
"So Far Away"/"Smackwater Jack"
"You've Got a Friend"/"Beautiful" (Scandinavia only)
"Sweet Seasons"
"Been to Canaan"
"Jazzman"
"Nightingale"
"Only Love Is Real"
"One Fine Day"
"Now and Forever"
Other songs
"Wasn't Born to Follow"
"Goin' Back
"I Can't Hear You No More"
"Up on the Roof"
"Where You Lead"
"Will You Love Me Tomorrow"
"It's Going to Take Some Time"
"Some Kind of Wonderful"
"(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman"
Related articles
Discography
Troubadour Reunion Tour
A Natural Woman: A Memoir
Tapestry Revisited: A Tribute to Carole King
Beautiful: The Carole King Musical
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Category
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Celine Dion English singles
Singles discography
Albums discography
1980s
"Listen to the Magic Man"
"Michael's Song"
"Can't Live with You, Can't Live Without You"
1990s
"(If There Was) Any Other Way"
"Unison"
"Where Does My Heart Beat Now"
"The Last to Know"
"Have a Heart"
"Beauty and the Beast"
"If You Asked Me To"
"Nothing Broken but My Heart"
"Love Can Move Mountains"
"Water from the Moon"
"Did You Give Enough Love"
"When I Fall in Love"
"The Power of Love"
"Misled"
"Love Lights the World"
"Think Twice"
"Only One Road"
"Calling You"
"Next Plane Out"
"Just Walk Away"
"To Love You More"
"(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman"
"Falling into You"
"Because You Loved Me"
"It's All Coming Back to Me Now"
"The Power of the Dream"
"All by Myself"
"Send Me a Lover"
"Call the Man"
"Make You Happy"
"Dreamin' of You"
"Tell Him"
"Be the Man"
"The Reason"
"My Heart Will Go On"
"Immortality"
"When I Need You"
"I Hate You Then I Love You"
"Miles to Go (Before I Sleep)"
"It's Hard to Say Goodbye"
"You've Got a Friend"
"I'm Your Angel"
"The Prayer"
"Treat Her Like a Lady"
"That's the Way It Is"
"Then You Look at Me"
2000s
"Live (for the One I Love)"
"The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face"
"I Want You to Need Me"
"If Walls Could Talk"
"Don't Save It All for Christmas Day"
"God Bless America"
"A New Day Has Come"
"I'm Alive"
"Goodbye's (The Saddest Word)"
"At Last"
"I Drove All Night"
"Have You Ever Been in Love"
"One Heart"
"Stand by Your Side"
"Faith"
"You and I"
"Beautiful Boy"
"Miracle"
"In Some Small Way"
"Taking Chances"
"Eyes on Me"
"A World to Believe In"
"Alone"
"My Love"
2010s
"Loved Me Back to Life"
"Breakaway"
"Incredible"
"Water and a Flame"
"Hymn"
"The Show Must Go On"
"Recovering"
"How Does a Moment Last Forever"
"Ashes"
Other
"Voices That Care"
"What More Can I Give"
"Come Together Now"
"Sing"
"We Are the World 25 for Haiti"
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Michael Jackson songs
Discography
1970s
"Got to Be There"
"Ain't No Sunshine"
"I Wanna Be Where You Are"
"Rockin' Robin"
"Love Is Here and Now You're Gone"
"You've Got a Friend"
"Ben"
"Everybody's Somebody's Fool"
"My Girl"
"Shoo-Be-Doo-Be-Doo-Da-Day"
"We've Got a Good Thing Going"
"With a Child's Heart"
"Morning Glow"
"All the Things You Are"
"Happy"
"Too Young"
"Doggin' Around"
"Music and Me"
"We're Almost There"
"One Day in Your Life"
"Just a Little Bit of You"
"You Can't Win"
"Ease on Down the Road"
"A Brand New Day"
"Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough"
"Rock with You"
"Working Day and Night"
"Get on the Floor"
"Off the Wall"
"Girlfriend"
"I Can't Help It"
"She's Out of My Life"
"It's the Falling in Love"
"Burn This Disco Out"
1980s
"She's Trouble"
"Someone in the Dark"
"The Girl Is Mine"
"Can't Get Outta the Rain"
"Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'"
"Baby Be Mine"
"Thriller"
"Beat It"
"Billie Jean"
"Human Nature"
"P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing)"
"The Lady In My Life"
"You've Really Got a Hold on Me"
"Here I Am (Come and Take Me)"
"I Hear a Symphony"
"Lonely Teardrops"
"That's What Love Is Made Of"
"I Was Made to Love Her"
"I Just Can't Stop Loving You"
"Todo Mi Amor Eres Tu"
"Bad"
"The Way You Make Me Feel"
"Speed Demon"
"Liberian Girl"
"Just Good Friends"
"Another Part of Me"
"Man in the Mirror"
"Dirty Diana"
"Smooth Criminal"
"Leave Me Alone"
"Twenty-Five Miles"
1990s
"Black or White"
"Jam"
"Why You Wanna Trip On Me"
"In the Closet"
"She Drives Me Wild"
"Remember the Time"
"Can't Let Her Get Away"
"Heal the World"
"Who Is It"
"Give In to Me"
"Will You Be There"
"Keep the Faith"
"Gone Too Soon"
"Dangerous"
"Come Together"
"Someone Put Your Hand Out"
"Scream"
"Childhood"
"They Don't Care About Us"
"Stranger in Moscow"
"This Time Around"
"Earth Song"
"D.S."
"Money"
"You Are Not Alone"
"Tabloid Junkie"
"2 Bad"
"HIStory"
"Little Susie"
"Smile"
"Mind Is the Magic"
"Blood on the Dance Floor"
"Morphine"
"Superfly Sister"
"Ghosts"
"Is It Scary"
"On the Line"
2000s
"Speechless"
"You Rock My World"
"Carousel"
"Streetwalker"
"Fly Away"
"Unbreakable"
"Heartbreaker"
"Invincible"
"Heaven Can Wait"
"Butterflies"
"2000 Watts"
"You Are My Life"
"Privacy"
"Don't Walk Away"
"Cry"
"The Lost Children"
"Whatever Happens"
"Threatened"
"Shout"
"One More Chance"
"Cheater"
"Beautiful Girl"
"We've Had Enough"
"Sunset Driver"
"Scared of the Moon"
"We Are Here to Change the World"
"Monkey Business"
"Fall Again"
"In the Back"
"The Way You Love Me"
"For All Time"
"Got the Hots"
"This Is It"
2010s
"Breaking News"
"Hold My Hand"
"Hollywood Tonight"
"Keep Your Head Up"
"Monster"
"Best of Joy"
"(I Can't Make It) Another Day"
"Behind the Mask"
"Much Too Soon"
"Don't Be Messin' 'Round"
"I'm So Blue"
"Song Groove (aka Abortion Papers)"
"Free"
"Price of Fame"
"Al Capone"
"Je Ne Veux Pas La Fin De Nous"
"Love Never Felt So Good"
"Chicago"
"Loving You"
"A Place with No Name"
"Slave to the Rhythm"
"Do You Know Where Your Children Are"
"Blue Gangsta"
"Xscape"
"Blood on the Dance Floor x Dangerous"
Other
"We Are the World"
"What More Can I Give"
"Todo Para Ti"
"We Are the World 25 for Haiti"
Featured
"Save Me"
"Night Time Lover"
"Say Say Say"
"The Man"
"Somebody's Watching Me"
"Tell Me I'm Not Dreamin' (Too Good to Be True)"
"Get It"
"2300 Jackson Street"
"Do the Bartman"
"Whatzupwitu"
"Why"
"I Need You"
"We Be Ballin'"
"All in Your Name"
"There Must Be More To Life Than This"
"Low"
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Category
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Andy Williams
Studio albums
Andy Williams Sings Steve Allen
Andy Williams Sings Rodgers and Hammerstein
Two Time Winners
To You Sweetheart, Aloha
Lonely Street
The Village of St. Bernadette
Under Paris Skies
Danny Boy and Other Songs I Love to Sing
Moon River and Other Great Movie Themes
Warm and Willing
Days of Wine and Roses and Other TV Requests
The Andy Williams Christmas Album
The Wonderful World of Andy Williams
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"Emily"
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History of the periodic table
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 6 February 2018.
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A collection of historic documents that led to the development of the modern periodic table (clockwise from top left) – Lavoisier's 'Table of Simple substances'; de Chancourtois' 'Vis Tellurique'; Mendeleyev's hand-written periodic table; a modern periodic table; John Dalton's list of atomic weights & symbols.[1]
The periodic table is an arrangement of the chemical elements and are organized on the basis of their atomic numbers, electron configurations and recurring chemical properties. Elements are presented in order of increasing atomic number. The standard form of the table consists of a grid of elements with rows called periods and columns called groups
The history of the periodic table reflects over a century of growth in the understanding of chemical properties. The most important event in its history occurred in 1869, when the table was published by Dmitri Mendeleev,[2] who built upon earlier discoveries by scientists such as Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier and John Newlands, but who is nevertheless generally given sole credit for its development.
Contents
[hide]
1 Ancient times
1.1 Hennig Brand
1.2 Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier
2 19th century
2.1 Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner
2.2 Alexandre-Emile Béguyer de Chancourtois
2.3 John Newlands
2.4 Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev
2.5 Lothar Meyer
2.6 William Odling
3 20th century
3.1 Frederick Soddy
3.2 Henry Moseley
3.3 Glenn T. Seaborg
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Ancient times[edit]
Further information: Classical element
A number of physical elements (such as platinum, tin and zinc) have been known from antiquity, as they are found in their native form and are relatively simple to mine with primitive tools.[3] Around 330 BCE, the Greek philosopher Aristotle proposed that everything is made up of a mixture of one or more roots, an idea that had originally been suggested by the Sicilian philosopher Empedocles. The four roots, which were later renamed as elements by Plato, were earth, water, air and fire. Similar ideas about these four elements also existed in other ancient traditions, such as Indian philosophy. While Aristotle and Plato understood the concept of an element, their ideas did nothing to advance the understanding of the nature of matter.
Hennig Brand, as shown in The Alchemist Discovering Phosphorus
Hennig Brand[edit]
The history of the periodic table is also a history of the discovery of the chemical elements. The first person in history to discover a new element was Hennig Brand, a bankrupt German merchant. Brand tried to discover the Philosopher's Stone — a mythical object that was supposed to turn inexpensive base metals into gold. In 1649, his experiments with distilled human urine resulted in the production of a glowing white substance, which he named phosphorus.[4] He kept his discovery secret until 1680, when Robert Boyle rediscovered phosphorus and published his findings. The discovery of phosphorus helped to raise the question of what it meant for a substance to be an element.
In 1661, Boyle defined an element as "a substance that cannot be broken down into a simpler substance by a chemical reaction". This simple definition served for three centuries and lasted until the discovery of subatomic particles.
Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier[edit]
Antoine Laurent de Lavoisier
Lavoisier's Traité Élémentaire de Chimie (Elementary Treatise of Chemistry), which was written in 1789 and first translated into English by the writer Robert Kerr, is considered to be the first modern textbook about chemistry. It contained a list of "simple substances" that Lavoisier believed could not be broken down further, which included oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, phosphorus, mercury, zinc and sulfur, which formed the basis for the modern list of elements. Lavoisier's list also included 'light' and 'caloric', which at the time were believed to be material substances. He has classified these substances into metals and non metals. While many leading chemists refused to believe Lavoisier's new revelations, the Elementary Treatise was written well enough to convince the younger generation. However, Lavoisier's descriptions of his elements lack completeness, as he only classified them as metals and non-metals.
19th century[edit]
Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner[edit]
In 1817, Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner, a chemist, began to formulate one of the earliest attempts to classify the elements. In 1829, he found that he could form some of the elements into groups of three, with the members of each group having related properties. He termed these groups triads.
Definition of Triad law:-"Chemically analogous elements arranged in increasing order of their atomic weights formed well marked groups of three called Triads in which the atomic weight of the middle element was found to be generally the arithmetic mean of the atomic weight of the other two elements in the triad.
chlorine, bromine, and iodine
calcium, strontium, and barium
sulfur, selenium, and tellurium
lithium, sodium, and potassium
Alexandre-Emile Béguyer de Chancourtois[edit]
Alexandre-Emile Béguyer de Chancourtois, a French geologist, was the first person to notice the periodicity of the elements — similar elements occurring at regular intervals when they are ordered by their atomic weights. In 1862 he devised an early form of periodic table, which he named Vis tellurique (the 'telluric helix'), after the element tellurium, which fell near the center of his diagram.[5][6] With the elements arranged in a spiral on a cylinder by order of increasing atomic weight, de Chancourtois saw that elements with similar properties lined up vertically. His 1863 publication included a chart (which contained ions and compounds, in addition to elements), but his original paper in the Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences used geological rather than chemical terms and did not include a diagram. As a result, de Chancourtois' ideas received little attention until after the work of Dmitri Mendeleev had been publicised.[7]
John Newlands[edit]
Newlands' law of octaves
In 1864, the English chemist John Newlands classified the sixty-two known elements into eight groups, based on their physical properties.[8][9][6]
Newlands noted that many pairs of similar elements existed, which differed by some multiple of eight in mass number, and was the first to assign them an atomic number.[1] When his 'law of octaves' was printed in Chemistry News, likening this periodicity of eights to the musical scale, it was ridiculed by some of his contemporaries. His lecture to the Chemistry Society on 1 March 1866 was not published, the Society defending their decision by saying that such 'theoretical' topics might be controversial[citation needed].
The importance of Newlands' analysis was eventually recognised by the Chemistry Society with a Gold Medal five years after they recognised Mendeleev's work. It was not until the following century, with Gilbert N. Lewis's valence bond theory (1916) and Irving Langmuir's octet theory of chemical bonding (1919), that the importance of the periodicity of eight would be accepted.[10][11] The Royal Chemistry Society acknowledged Newlands' contribution to science in 2008, when they put a Blue Plaque on the house where he was born, which described him as the "discoverer of the Periodic Law for the chemical elements".[1]
He contributed the word 'periodic' in chemistry.
Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev[edit]
Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev
Zeitschrift für Chemie (1869, pages 405–6), in which Mendeleev's periodic table is first published outside Russia.
Mendeleev's 1871 periodic table. Dashes: unknown elements. Group I-VII: modern group 1–2 and 3–7 with transition metals added; some of these extend into a group VIII. Noble gases unknown (and unpredicted).
The Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev was the first scientist to make a periodic table similar to the one used today.[citation needed] Mendeleev arranged the elements by atomic mass, corresponding to relative molar mass. It is sometimes said that he played 'chemical solitaire' on long train journeys, using cards with various facts about the known elements.[12] On March 6, 1869, Mendeleev gave a formal presentation, The Dependence Between the Properties of the Atomic Weights of the Elements, to the Russian Chemical Society. In 1869, the table was published in an obscure Russian journal and then republished in a German journal, Zeitschrift für Chemie.[13] In it, Mendeleev stated that:
The elements, if arranged according to their atomic mass, exhibit an apparent periodicity of properties.
Elements which are similar as regards to their chemical properties have atomic weights which are either of nearly the same value (e.g., Pt, Ir, Os) or which increase regularly (e.g., K, Rb, Cs).
The arrangement of the elements, or of groups of elements in the order of their atomic masses, corresponds to their so-called valencies, as well as, to some extent, to their distinctive chemical properties; as is apparent among other series in that of Li, Be, B, C, N, O, and F.
The elements which are the most widely diffused have small atomic weights.
The magnitude of the atomic weight determines the character of the element, just as the magnitude of the molecule determines the character of a compound body.
We must expect the discovery of many yet unknown elements – for example, elements analogous to aluminium and silicon – whose atomic weight would be between 65 and 75.
The atomic weight of an element may sometimes be amended by a knowledge of those of its contiguous elements. Thus the atomic weight of tellurium must lie between 123 and 126, and cannot be 128.
Certain characteristic properties of elements can be foretold from their atomic masses.
Scientific benefits of Mendeleev's table
It enabled Mendeleev to predict the discovery of new elements and left spaces for them, namely eka-silicon (germanium, discovered in 1885), eka-aluminium (gallium, 1875), and eka-boron (scandium, 1879).[6] Thus, there was no disturbance in the periodic table.
It could be used by Mendeleev to point out that some of the atomic weights being used at the time were incorrect.
It provided for variance from atomic weight order.
Shortcomings of Mendeleev's table
The table was not able to predict the existence of the noble gases, but did, however, leave spaces for yet to be discovered elements to slot into. Time proved this audacious calculation correct. However, when this entire family of elements was discovered, William Ramsay was able to add them to the table as Group 0, without the basic concept of the periodic table being disturbed.
A single position could not be assigned to hydrogen, which could be placed either in the alkali metals group, the halogens group or separately above the table between boron and carbon.[14]
The lanthanides were difficult to fit into the table.[6]
Polonium and radium, discovered by Marie Curie in 1898, also were difficult to fit into the table.[6]
Lothar Meyer[edit]
Unknown to Mendeleev, a German chemist, Lothar Meyer, was also working on a periodic table.[6] Although his work was published in 1864, and was done independently of Mendeleev, few historians regard him as an equal co-creator of the periodic table. Meyer's table only included twenty-eight elements, which were not classified by atomic weight, but by valence, and he never reached the idea of predicting new elements and correcting atomic weights. A few months after Mendeleev published his periodic table of the known elements, predicted new elements to help complete his table and corrected the atomic weights of some of the elements, Meyer published a virtually identical periodic table.
Meyer and Mendeleev are considered by some historians of science to be the co-creators of the periodic table, but Mendeleev's accurate prediction of the qualities of undiscovered elements enables him to have the larger share of the credit.
William Odling[edit]
In 1864, the English chemist William Odling also drew up a table that was remarkably similar to the table produced by Mendeleev. Odling overcame the tellurium-iodine problem and even managed to get thallium, lead, mercury and platinum into the right groups, which is something that Mendeleev failed to do at his first attempt. Odling failed to achieve recognition, however, since it is suspected[by whom?] that he, as Secretary of the Chemical Society of London, was instrumental in discrediting Newlands' earlier work on the periodic table.
20th century[edit]
Frederick Soddy[edit]
By 1912 almost 50 different radioactive elements were found, too many for the periodic table. Frederick Soddy in 1913 found that although they emitted different radiation, many elements were alike in their chemical characteristics so shared the same place on the table. They became known as isotopes, from the Greek eisos topos ("same place").[6]
Henry Moseley[edit]
Henry Moseley
In 1914, a year before he was killed in action at Gallipoli, the English physicist Henry Moseley found a relationship between the X-ray wavelength of an element and its atomic number. He was then able to re-sequence the periodic table by nuclear charge, rather than by atomic weight. Before this discovery, atomic numbers were sequential numbers based on an element's atomic weight. Moseley's discovery showed that atomic numbers were in fact based upon experimental measurements.
Using information about their X-ray wavelengths, Moseley placed argon (with an atomic number Z=18) before potassium (Z=19), despite the fact that argon's atomic weight of 39.9 is greater than the atomic weight of potassium (39.1). The new order was in agreement with the chemical properties of these elements, since argon is a noble gas and potassium is an alkali metal. Similarly, Moseley placed cobalt before nickel and was able to explain that tellurium occurs before iodine, without revising the experimental atomic weight of tellurium, as had been proposed by Mendeleev.
Moseley's research showed that there were gaps in the periodic table at atomic numbers 43 and 61, which are now known to be occupied by technetium and promethium respectively.
Glenn T. Seaborg[edit]
During his Manhattan Project research in 1943, Glenn T. Seaborg experienced unexpected difficulties in isolating the elements americium and curium. Seaborg wondered if these elements belonged to a different series, which would explain why their chemical properties were different from what was expected. In 1945, against the advice of colleagues, he proposed a significant change to Mendeleev's table: the actinide series.
Seaborg's actinide concept of heavy element electronic structure, predicting that the actinides form a transition series analogous to the rare earth series of lanthanide elements, is now well accepted and included in the periodic table. The actinide series is the second row of the f-block (5f series). In both the actinide and lanthanide series, an inner electron shell is being filled. The actinide series comprises the elements from actinium to lawrencium. Seaborg's subsequent elaborations of the actinide concept theorized a series of superheavy elements in a transactinide series comprising elements from 104 to 121 and a superactinide series of elements from 122 to 153.
See also[edit]
Alternative periodic tables
History of chemistry
Periodic Systems of Small Molecules
Prout's hypothesis
The Mystery of Matter: Search for the Elements (PBS film)
Timeline of chemical element discoveries
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c John Newlands, Chemistry Review, November 2003, pp15-16
Jump up ^ IUPAC article on periodic table Archived 2008-02-13 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Scerri, E. R. (2006). The Periodic Table: Its Story ad Its Significance; New York City, New York; Oxford University Press.
Jump up ^ "A Brief History of the Development of Periodic Table".
Jump up ^ Chancourtois, Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, volume 55, p. 600.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Ley, Willy (October 1966). "The Delayed Discovery". For Your Information. Galaxy Science Fiction. pp. 116–127.
Jump up ^ Annales des Mines history page.
Jump up ^ in a letter published in Chemistry News in February 1863, according to the Notable Names Data Base
Jump up ^ Newlands on classification of elements
Jump up ^ Irving Langmuir, “The Structure of Atoms and the Octet Theory of Valence”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. V, 252, Letters (1919) – online at [1]
Jump up ^ Irving Langmuir, “The Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms and Molecules”, Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 41, No, 6, pg. 868 (June 1919) – beginning and ending of the paper are transcribed online at "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2008-12-10. Retrieved 2008-09-01. ; the middle is missing
Jump up ^ Physical Science, Holt Rinehart & Winston (January 2004), page 302 ISBN 0-03-073168-2
Jump up ^ Mendeleev, Dmitri (1869). "Ueber die Beziehungen der Eigenschaften zu den Atomgewichten der Elemente". Zeitschrift für Chemie. 12: 405–406. Retrieved 29 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "Reed Magazine: The Alumni Association: Around the World in 80 Seconds". reed.edu. Retrieved 6 March 2017.
External links[edit]
Development of the periodic table (part of a collection of pages that explores the periodic table and the elements) by the Royal Society of Chemistry
Dr. Eric Scerri's web page, which has links to interviews, lectures and articles on various aspects of the periodic system, including the history of the periodic table.
The Internet Database of Periodic Tables – a large collection of periodic tables and periodic system formulations.
History of Mendeleev periodic table of elements as a data visualization at CrossValidated Stack Exchange
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