text:
Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras
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Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras
Participants 2012
Genre
LGBT pride parade and festival
Begins
Second Thursday in February
Ends
First Saturday in March
Frequency
Annually
Location(s)
Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Years active
39
Inaugurated
1979
Most recent
4 March 2017
Participants
9,100 Parade 2012[1]
15,300 Party 2012[1]
Attendance
300,000 Parade 2011[2]
70,000 Fair Day
Website
http://www.mardigras.org.au
The Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras, at one stage temporarily the Sydney Mardi Gras, or locally Mardi Gras, is an annual LGBT pride parade and festival in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia,[3] attended by hundreds of thousands of people from around Australia and overseas. It is one of the largest such festivals in the world,[4] and includes a variety of events such as the Sydney Mardi Gras Parade and Party, Bondi Beach Drag Races, Harbour Party, the academic discussion panel Queer Thinking, Mardi Gras Film Festival, as well as Fair Day, which attracts 70,000 people to Victoria Park, Sydney.
The Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras is one of Australia's biggest tourist drawcards,[5] with the parade and dance party attracting many international and domestic tourists. It is New South Wales' second-largest annual event in terms of economic impact,[6] generating an annual income of about A$30 million for the state.
The event grew from gay rights parades held annually since 1978, when numerous participants had been arrested by New South Wales Police. The Mardi Gras Parade maintains a political flavour, with many marching groups and floats promoting LGBTQI rights issues or themes. Reflecting changes since the first Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras, participants in the Mardi Gras Parade now include groups of uniformed Australian Defence Force personnel, police officers from New South Wales State Police, as well as interstate and federal police officers, firefighters and other emergency services personnel from the Australian LGBTQI communities. Marriage equality was a dominant theme in the 2011 Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras Parade with at least 15 floats lobbying for same-sex marriage.[7]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 1970s
1.2 1980 to 1999
1.3 2000 to 2009
1.4 2010 to 2015
2 Events
2.1 Mardi Gras Parade
2.2 Mardi Gras Party (post Parade)
2.3 Mardi Gras Festival
2.4 Mardi Gras Fair Day
2.5 Mardi Gras Awards
3 Support
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
1970s[edit]
On 24 June 1978 at 10 pm as a night-time celebration following a morning protest march and commemoration of the Stonewall Riots[8] organised by the Gay Solidarity Group more than 500 people gathered on Oxford Street, in a planned street "festival" calling for an end to discrimination against homosexuals in employment and housing, an end to police harassment and the repeal of all anti-homosexual laws.[9] The figure rose to around 2,000 as revellers out for the Saturday night at Oxford Street bars and clubs responded to the call "Out of the bars and into the streets!".[10] Although the organisers had obtained permission, this was revoked, and the parade was broken up by the police. After the parade was dispersing in Kings Cross, 53 of the participants were arrested.[11] Although most charges were eventually dropped, The Sydney Morning Herald published the names of those arrested in full, leading to many people being outed to their friends and places of employment, and many of those arrested lost their jobs as homosexuality was a crime in New South Wales (NSW) until 1984.[12] Only two people who were arrested were fined.[13] The rest were released without bail and the charges dismissed. The police response to a legal, local minority protest transformed it into a nationally significant event which stimulated gay rights and law reform campaigns.[10]
The second Mardi Gras Parade occurred in 1979 despite opposition by gay media, businesses and groups. The 1979 parade, in recognition of the Stonewall Riots and commemorating the riot of the previous year, was attended by 3,000 people. In that same year, the Labor Government of New South Wales, led by Neville Wran, repealed the Summary Offences Act (NSW) under which the arrests in 1978 were made.[13] The second Mardi Gras had the theme of Power in the Darkness.[13] While there was a large police presence, there were no arrests made.
[show]Senior elected officers
1978 Garry Bennett (Spokesperson)
1981–82 Brian McGahen (Chairperson)
1982–83 Brian McGahen (Chairperson)
1983–84 Brian McGahen (Director)
1984–85 Bill Whittaker (Chairman)
Damian Furlong (Chairman)
1985–86 Bill Whittaker (Chairman)
1986–87 Bill Whittaker (President, till September 1986)
Murray McLachlan (President, from September 1986)
1987–88 Murray McLachlan (President)
1988–89 Murray McLachlan (President)
1989–90 Cath Phillips (President)
1990–91 Cath Phillips (President, till November 1990)
Colin Fawcett (President, till June 1991)
Richard Cobden (President, from June 1991)
1991–92 Richard Cobden (President)
1992–93 Susan Harben (President)
1993–94 Susan Harben (President)
1994–95 Rob Patmore (President)
Source: A history of the Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras[14]
[show]Poster designers
1978 Chris Jones
1979 Fine Arts Workshop, Sydney University
1980 Prue Borthwick
1981 Sheona White, printed by Lucifoil Posters
1982 Andrew Short
1983 Allan Booth
1984 Allan Booth
1985 Peter Tully (Parade), Allan Booth (Party), Phil Jacobs (Festival)
1986 David McDiarmid
1987 Michael Fenaughty
1988 David McDiarmid
1989 Phillip McGrath
1990 David McDiarmid
1991 Geoffrey Gifford
1992 Phillipa Playford
1993 Kendal Baker
1994 Glenn A Moffat
1995 Pierre et Gilles
1996 Darian Zam (Illustration), Brendan Williamson (Design)
1997 Suzanne Boccalatte (Art Direction and Design)
1998 David Corbet, Andrew Medhurst and Bryce Tuckwell, Design Nation
1999 Wendy Neill and Tanja Dunster, 10 Design
2000 Marita Leuver, Leuver Design
2001 Marita Leuver, Leuver Design
2002 Norman Edwards
2003 trigger design (Greg Anderson)
2004 Brett Bush
2005 Guy Campbell
2006 Guy Campbell
2007 Francisco Fisher
2008 Joel Wassermann, Gwarsh
2009 Lewis Oswald
2010 Lewis Oswald
2011 Ethel Yarwood (design concept), Techa Noble and Benja Harney (artwork) Lewis Oswald (designer)
2012 Lewis Oswald
2013 Lewis Oswald
2014 Lewis Oswald (creative director), Peter Novotny (season creative)
Source: A history of the Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras[14]
1980 to 1999[edit]
In 1980, after the third successful Mardi Gras parade, at community consultations, decisions were made to move the parade to the summer.[9] In 1981, the parade was shifted to February, with the name changed to the "Sydney Gay Mardi Gras".[11] An increasingly large number of people not only participated in the now summertime event, but a crowd of 5,000 came to watch it.[15] 1981's event saw a split develop between lesbian and gays over the inclusion of floats representing businesses. For most of the decade many lesbian excluded themselves from the event.[13] A large post-parade party was held in 1982, which 4,000 people attended. This would continue to become an integral part of the Sydney Gay & Lesbian Mardi Gras. 1983 saw 44 floats participate with 20,000 onlookers.[13] Footage of the 1984 event appeared in the music video for the Cold Chisel song "Saturday Night". In 1987, an estimated 100,000 people came to watch the parade.[16] The mid-1980s saw considerable pressure placed to the Mardi Gras Committee following media controversy regarding AIDS. Despite calls for the parade and the party to be banned, the 1985 parade went ahead with the theme Fighting for Our Lives. In 1988 the parade was renamed the "Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras" at an Extraordinary General Meeting.[9]
1991 saw the eighth annual Sydney Gay and Lesbian Film festival, a Mardi Gras event, included in a national film festival for the first time. In this year the parade had become the largest ever held in Australia.[16] In 1992, the festival lasted for four weeks, making it the largest gay and lesbian festival in the world.[16] By 1993, the Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras Parade had become the largest night time outdoor parade in the world.[16] Mardi Gras' Economic Impact Study found that the total Mardi Gras impact into the Australian economy was around A$38 million.[17] In February 1993 an Umbrella Event of the festival was the play "Nothing Personal" designed by Arthur Dicks. In 1994, Mardi Gras Festival adopted the theme We are Family, a nod to it being International Year of the Family. That year there were 137 floats in the parade with 600,000 spectators.[13] For the first time, the parade was filmed by the ABC TV and shown on Sunday 6 March at 8.30 pm. It won its time slot and earned ABC TV its highest ratings in history.[9] The 1997 parade was covered by Libbi Gorr's current affairs show McFeast on ABC TV.[18] An Aboriginal man dressed as Captain Cook and Aboriginal float led the parade in 1988, 218 years after Cook's landing and claim on the land.[19] The State Library of NSW holds an extensive collection of material related to the Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras including posters, clippings, photographs and the personal papers of people active in the event and festival over many years.[20]
Criticism of the Sydney Mardi Gras was perhaps at its strongest during the early years of the AIDS crisis, and flared again when in 1994 the national broadcaster ABC telecast the parade for the first time.[11]
In 1996 there was criticism over the inclusion of bisexuals and heterosexuals as members of the Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras. It was claimed that the subsequent requirement for those people to correctly answer specific questions, created two classes of membership - namely (1) gays, lesbians and transgender people and (2) bisexuals and heterosexuals.[21]
2000 to 2009[edit]
Participant 2007
The 2001 Parade was broadcast on Network Ten and had a theme of gay and lesbian parenting.[18] The 2002 event saw a loss of A$400,000.[22] In August the organising company was bankrupt.[23] In 2003, the festival organisers responded to claims that the event was becoming too commercialised by implemented a scaled-down, grassroots approach.[24] The 2009 performance figures indicated about 9,500 participants and 134 floats were part of the parade, making it the largest ever.[25] Up to 300,000 spectators from Australia and overseas turned out in 2011 for the celebrations.[2]
Mardi Gras, at different times, has attracted criticism from its own members, LGBTQI communities, and a variety of religious and political groups. Some argue Mardi Gras is inherently subversive to traditional Christian, Islamic and Jewish values.[13] Each year the event is held, Fred Nile, a member of the New South Wales Legislative Council and a former minister of the Uniting Church in Australia, leads a prayer for rain on the event.[26]
In January 2008 Robert Forsyth, the Anglican bishop of South Sydney, condemned Corpus Christi for opening the Mardi Gras because it depicted Judas seducing a gay Jesus as well as Jesus' administration of gay marriage between two apostles. Director Leigh Rowney accepted that it would generate discussion on Homosexuality and Christianity and stated: "I wanted this play in the hands of a Christian person like myself to give it dignity but still open it up to answering questions about Christianity as a faith system." Playwright Terrence McNally, a gay man, received death threats when it was played in the United States.[27]
2010 to 2015[edit]
Australian Defence Force 2013[28]
In early 2011, members of the organisation unanimously voted to include intersex formally into the organisation at the Annual General Meeting and adopt the formal use of the LGBTQI acronym. To allow for greater inclusion of the LGBTQI community it represents (including those identifying as bisexual, transsexual, queer and intersex), on 17 November 2011 the festival and event organisers changed the event name to "Sydney Mardi Gras". On the same date the organisation reverted to its former name, "Sydney Gay & Lesbian Mardi Gras" (from "New Mardi Gras"),[29] as more than 9,100 participants joined in the 2012 Parade, on 134 floats.[1]
In 2011 Mardi Gras came under fire from LGBTQI communities for removing the words "Gay and Lesbian" from the festival's name.[30] The organisation's board confessed that they did not adequately consult the community in such an important decision. The organisation has also been criticised for focusing on the requests of corporate sponsors, and allowing their floats rather than maintaining its original sense of identity.[31] This followed the 2010 season in which the Mardi Gras Parade and Party were held on separate dates for the first time in history.
During the rebranding in 2011, Mardi Gras Chairman Peter Urmson stated:[32]
"I think that whilst we are first and foremost a GLBTQI community organisation, we also are very open to all of our friends that do not necessarily identify within that alphabet soup."
—  Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras Chairman, Peter Urmson, in 2011 during debate on the rebranding of the organisation and the festival's name.
In addition to offending many, including former Mardi Gras president Richard Cobden, who says the group didn't have the authority to make such a change:[33]
"Peter Urmson says 'this is our gift to the city'. It was not his to give… For 20-plus years we have been able to force the mainstream media to call it the 'Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras.' They had to say the words. For a long time they did not want to but we made them. That has been thrown away."
—  Former Mardi Gras president Richard Cobden in 2011.
The name of the festival was subsequently restored as the Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras.
In 2013, the New South Wales Police were accused of police brutality after a video shot by a bystander showing a handcuffed man thrown to the ground by an officer.[34] By 2014, all charges against the bystander were withdrawn by police and the officer concerned was facing disciplinary proceedings.[35]
On a number occasions, there have been controversies with, and bans of, the UFO-related Raelians participation in the parade. A Raelian spokesman said the bans were unfair as the Raelians support non-discrimination and have gay and lesbian members.[36][37][38][39]
In 2012 Mardi Gras organisers faced the issue of having an Australian polygamists' float in the parade, whilst also promoting marriage equality for couples. Particularly, as the 2012 Mardi Gras theme was "universal and infinite love", some polygamists felt discriminated against.[40] The issue was resolved[41] with a polygamy float, based on the theme, "Queer Polyamory".[42] In the 2014 Mardi Gras there was another float, "Polyamory Sydney ‘Birds of a Feather, love together’ – the infinite love Nest".[43]
Some[who?] also believe that the Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras perpetuates gay stereotypes and excludes other members of the LGBTIQ community.[44]
Events[edit]
Mardi Gras Parade[edit]
External media
Images
2016 Parade
Video
2005 Parade
2012 Pool Party
Participants 2012[45]
The Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras festival culminates in the renowned Sydney Mardi Gras Parade, an LGBTQI rights protest and celebration of sexuality. The parade features more than 8,500 entrants in colourful costumes and elaborate floats, who represent a community group, topical theme or political message. Parade entrants include members of Parents, Families and Friends of Lesbians and Gays, the Australian Defence Force, Amnesty International Australia, Australian Marriage Equality, City of Sydney, Fire and Rescue NSW, Taronga Conservation Society and DNA (magazine) among many others.
Each parade starts with approximately 200 Dykes on Bikes riding up Oxford Street. It is often accompanied by fireworks displays, which are launched from the rooftops of buildings along the parade route. Approximately 300,000 spectators watch the Parade as it snakes 1.7 kilometres (1.1 mi) through the Sydney CBD and Darlinghurst.[7][46]
The parade travels along Oxford Street before turning into Flinders Street and finally into the bus lane that runs parallel to Anzac Parade – to the parade end. These roads and others including some around Hyde Park, are closed to traffic for the duration of the parade and for a few hours after as clean-up operations proceed.
Each year, a Chief of Parade (Grand Marshal), is chosen by the organisation New Mardi Gras as someone who represents the values and spirit of Mardi Gras. This honourable title has previously been awarded to:
2004 – Monica Hingston, former nun and cousin of Cardinal George Pell [47]
2007 – Rupert Everett, gay actor
2008 – Margaret Cho, bisexual American comedian
2009 – Matthew Mitcham, Australian Olympic gold-medalist, world record holder and 2008 Australian Sports Performer of the Year
2010 – Amanda Lepore, transgender model/performer
2011, instead of a single Chief of Parade leading the march, eight high-profile heroes were chosen to lead the Parade. These were Lily Tomlin, a gay actress and comedian; Peter Tatchell, a world-renowned gay rights campaigner; Don Baxter, Executive Director of the Australian Federation of AIDS Organisations at that time; Bev Lange, Chief Executive Officer of the Bobby Goldsmith Foundation at the time, a former President of the Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras, and a former co-chair of the Sydney Gay Games; Lex Watson and Sue Wills, Campaign Against Moral Prosecution's (CAMP) first Co-Presidents; and Hannah Williams and Savannah Supski, who had recently protested against the ban against same-sex couples at Hannah's Melbourne school formal.[48] The same year, Ignatius Jones consulted as Artistic Director to oversee the creative production of the Parade.
2012 – Shelley Argent, the national spokesperson for Parents and Friends of Lesbians and Gays and 2011 Queensland Senior Australian of the Year[49]
Participants 2016[50]
The Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras Parade is extensively covered by the media. In 2011, it was broadcast on radio by Joy 94.9 FM Melbourne and 2SER 107.3 FM Sydney. The Parade was also shown live on Foxtel's Arena in its entirety. The Arena broadcast was presented by hosts Louie Spence of Pineapple Dance Studios, Charlotte Dawson, Ruby Rose and Matthew Mitcham. The Parade was also broadcast on radio live by various community radio stations, via the CBAA's Community Radio Network satellite. In 2012, Optus, a corporate sponsor, broadcast a delayed and edited highlights of the parade via www.mardigrastv.org.au. In 2014, SBS TV broadcast delayed and edited coverage of the parade highlights, hosted by Tom Ballard, Patrick Abboud and Heather Peace.[51]
Despite its name, Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras is not held on Mardi Gras (Shrove Tuesday) or indeed, on a Tuesday at all.[52] In recent years, the Mardi Gras Parade has been on the first Saturday of March, with a festival of events going for approximately three weeks preceding it.
The parade running order for 4 March 2017.[53]
Mardi Gras Party (post Parade)[edit]
Kylie Minogue 2012[54]
Conchita Wurst 2016[55]
The post parade party is one of the largest ongoing party events in the country.[citation needed] Mardi Gras Party attendances at Sydney's Hordern Pavilion / Royal Hall of Industries peaked in 1998 with 27,000 tickets sold.[56] In the years since 17,000 to 20,000 tickets are consistently sold, an increase over the first Parade Ball held in 1980 at the Paddington Town Hall, a BYO event which attracted 700 guests.[57] Although, by the late first decade of the 21st century, ticket sales has begun to fall, with the 2012 post parade party selling out at 15,300 tickets;[1] and ticket sales a little lower again in 2013.[51]
The 2010 party was not held on the night of the parade and was later described by the organisers as human error during scheduling.
In the last 20 years, several well known local and international artists have performed at the Party and include:[58]
1990 – Sam Backo, Marcia Hines
1991 – Tina Arena
1994 – John Paul Young, Kylie Minogue
1995 – Boy George
1996 – Trudi Valentine, Thelma Houston
1997 – Chaka Khan, Village People
1998 – Jimmy Somerville, Kylie Minogue, Dannii Minogue
1999 – Dannii Minogue, Marcia Hines, Erin Hamilton, Jimmy Barnes
2001 – Vanessa Amorosi, Sheena Easton, Christine Anu
2002 – Human Nature, Bardot, Deborah Cox
2003 – Suzanne Palmer
2005 – Nicki French, Darren Hayes, Tina Arena, Courtney Act
2006 – Baby Marcelo, Jimmy Somerville
2007 – Young Divas, Boy George, Dannii Minogue
2008 – Cyndi Lauper, Olivia Newton-John
2009 – Alison Jiear, Tina Arena, Miami Horror
2010 – George Michael, Kelly Rowland, Adam Lambert, Amanda Lepore
2011 – Wynter Gordon, Calvin Harris, Alexis Jordan, Frankie Knuckles, Larry Tee, Bob Downe
2012 – Kylie Minogue, RuPaul, Sneaky Sound System, Shauna Jensen, Sam Sparro
2013 – Loreen, Delta Goodrem, Heather Small, The Presets, Jake Shears
2014 – Tina Arena, Courtney Act, Samantha Jade, Marcia Hines, Nathan Mahon, Adam George[51]
2015 – Dannii Minogue, Nick Jonas, Jessica Mauboy, Jake Shears, Betty Who, Rufus Wainwright, Courtney Act
2016 – Conchita Wurst, Deborah Cox, Courtney Act
2017 – Client Liaison, The Veronicas, Steve Grand, Nat Conway, Greg Gould
Mardi Gras Festival[edit]
By 1987 the festival included 35 events.[19] The 1998 festival was estimated to contribute $99 million to the Sydney economy.[23]
Multi-disc Mardi Gras compilation albums were released in 1995,[16] 1997, 2002 and 2003.
The festival's live entertainment includes cabaret, comedy, music and theatre. The Mardi Gras Film Festival showcases international and local gay and lesbian films. There are many literature and arts events, forum and conferences to attend between the many social activities. Individual and team sports have always been a big part of the festival.
Mardi Gras Fair Day[edit]
Fair Day 2007 "Sea of Hearts" by the Sydney Gay and Lesbian Rights Lobby[59]
In 1979 an 'Alternative Lifestyle Fair' as part of a week of activities around International Gay Solidarity Day. During the early 1980s the Sydney Gay and Lesbian Business Association held an annual Fair Day, which was brought into the Sydney Gay Mardi Gras program in 1985. From 1985 to 1988 the Business Association continued to run the Fair, which was subsequently run by the Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras from 1989. The event is the kick off event for the official Mardi Gras season in Victoria Park, Sydney for Sydney's wider LGBTQI communities and their friends and family. Up to 70,000 people routinely turn out to sit on the grass, browse the stalls and catch up with old friends or make some new ones. Fair Day 2011 saw record numbers of attendees. Entertainment came from the Foxtel Main Stage and included a set from Zoe Badwi and Garçon Garçon, and one of the biggest ever "Mr and Mrs Fair Day" competitions.[60] Approximately 250 volunteers assisted with 220 stalls made up of many LGBTQI community groups.[60]
In 2017, Mardi Gras Fair Day will be held at Camperdown Memorial Rest Park on Sunday 19 February.[61]
Mardi Gras Awards[edit]
[show]Hall of Fame winners
26 April 1992 Lance Gowland, Bruce Belcher, Ron Muncaster,Kimberly
O'Sullivan, Peter Tully, David Wilkins, and Brian McGahen
28 March 1993 Colin Fawcett, Leggs Galore, Robyn Laverack, and Cath Phillips
17 April 1994 Barry Cecchini, Peter Macdonnell, and Bruce Pollack
1 May 1995 Ron Austin, Murray McLachlan, and Bill Whittaker
28 April 1997 Kathy Pavlich and Susan Harben
14 April 2000 Bill Morley, David McDiarmid and John Marsden
Source: A history of the Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras[14]
The Mardi Gras Awards are presented to organisations and individuals who made an outstanding contribution to Mardi Gras and the gay and lesbian community.[14]
Support[edit]
In 2017 Qantas displayed its Mardi Gras sponsorship on an Airbus A330-300, dubbed the Gay330 or PrideRoo.[62]
Political support has come from a number of local and federal politicians such as Senators Natasha Stott Despoja and Penny Wong, Members of the House of Representatives Anthony Albanese and Tanya Plibersek, Premier Barry O'Farrell[63] as well as the present Lord Mayor of Sydney, Clover Moore.[64]
Prime Minister, Malcolm Turnbull attended the 2016 Mardi Gras. There was a movement by some Mardi Gras members to disinvite him in 2017 due to "lack of action on marriage equality".[65] however the Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras board subsequently rejected the move.[66]
Hundreds of thousands of Australians and international guests come out in support of the Parade, with many lining up for a viewing spot from early in the afternoon. By the 7.45 pm Parade kick-off, crowds are usually ten-people deep.[67] Though it has rained on several Mardi Gras parades (notably with heavy downpours prior to, and drizzle during, the parade in 1995, and heavy rainfall during the parade in 2004), this has never stopped the parade.
The Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras is regarded internationally as one of the world's biggest and best LGBTQI marches and festivals, and has been described as an "absolute once-in-a-lifetime must for every travelling gay man".[68] Mardi Gras is featured in the programmes of tour operators which target the gay market.[23]
In the 2000s the Mardi Gras organisation struck financial trouble, and collapsed. This was attributed at the time to poor financial management and a downturn in international tourism following the attack on the World Trade Center in New York, while another explanation was given as Australia's ongoing public liability crisis, which has seen massive insurance premiums impose a significant burden on community and public events, if not preventing them. As a consequence of the impending collapse of the organisation, there was a groundswell of concern and support within Sydney's LGBTQI communities for the continuation of the work and events of Mardi Gras. A series of crisis meetings culminated in the creation of a reformed organisation "New Mardi Gras" being formed to continue the Parade, the Festival & the Party.[69]
In 2008, it was announced that the Government of New South Wales would provide funding for Mardi Gras as it had become part of the state's Master Events Calendar.[70] Limited funds have also been sourced from the Sleaze Ball party held in Sydney towards the end of the year. Mardi Gras still receives significant public support and the event now receives some limited government funding.
In 2013, a temporary rainbow crossing was created by City of Sydney Council as part of the 35th anniversary celebrations.[71] The rainbow crossing proved popular with tourists and when it was removed a protest campaign, DIY rainbow crossing, emerged and was picked up by the local and international media.[72]
See also[edit]
LGBT portal
Transgender portal
New South Wales portal
Sydney portal
LGBT rights in Australia
List of LGBT events
Mardi Gras Film Festival
Tourism in Sydney
Culture of Sydney
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ "Raelians plan 'debaptism ceremony' after Mardi Gras ban". Gay News Network. 2 March 2012. Retrieved 17 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Second ban prompts group to speak out against Mardi Gras". Gay News Network. 5 February 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2014.
Jump up ^ Akersten, Matt (4 February 2012). "Polyamorists defend parade spot". Same Same. Archived from the original on 8 March 2014. Retrieved 8 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Noonan, Andie (12 February 2012). "Poly conflict resolved". Star Observer. Retrieved 8 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Every float, every group– Mardi Gras Parade2012 revealed". Same Same. 24 February 2012. Archived from the original on 15 December 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Mardi Gras Parade 2014 – All the floats you'll see". Same Same. 27 February 2014. Archived from the original on 7 March 2014. Retrieved 8 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Mardi Gras Not a Perfect Rainbow". BULL Magazine. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04.
Jump up ^ "Equality the message of 2012 Mardi Gras". 5 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Lema Samandar (5 March 2011). "Sydney Mardi Gras focuses on gay marriage". www.smh.com.au. Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
Jump up ^ Barney Zwartz (4 March 2004). "Cardinal Pell's cousin to lead Mardi Gras". www.theage.com.au. The Age Company. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Cook, Henriette (10 November 2010). "Girls interrupted: same-sex couple banned from ball". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
Jump up ^ "Shelley Argent OAM for Sydney Mardi Gras Chief of Parade" (Press release). Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras. 2012. Retrieved 6 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Sydney Gay & Lesbian Mardi Gras Parade". 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Akersten, Matt (3 March 2014). "Aussie stars shone at kaleidoscopic Mardi Gras 2014". Same Same. Retrieved 7 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Mardi Gras 2009 Parade". New Mardi Gras. mardigras.org.au. Archived from the original on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "All 183 floats marching at the 2017 Mardi Gras parade!". Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras. Archived from the original on 2017-03-06. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "Showgirl returns". 13 February 2012.
Jump up ^ "The "Queen of Austria" will perform at the Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras' official party". 14 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Pinkboard Mardi Gras History 90s Archived 2008-05-16 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Pinkboard Mardi Gras History 80s". Archived from the original on 2008-05-16.
Jump up ^ "Pinkboard History of Post Parade Parties". Party details, including poster artwork for each party. Archived from the original on 2012-08-31.
Jump up ^ "Push for equal rights". 20 April 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "Fair Day". Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras. 16 November 2010.
Jump up ^ "MARDI GRAS FAIR DAY 2017!". Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras. Retrieved 2016-02-16.
Jump up ^ "Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras honoured by Qantas 'Rainbow Roo'". 14 Feb 2017.
Jump up ^ "Liberals pledge support to grow Mardi Gras". New Mardi Gras.
Jump up ^ "Gay and Lesbian Issues". Clover Moore Political Website. Archived from the original on September 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ Bouris, Catherine (13 November 2016). "Members vote not invite PM Malcolm Turnbull to Mardi Gras". Star Observer. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Brook, Benedict (13 November 2016). "Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras re-invites Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull to 2017 parade despite lack of marriage equality". News Ltd. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Massive crowds line Oxford St for Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras". AAP. 28 February 2010.
Jump up ^ Markwell, Kevin (2002). "Mardi Gras Tourism and the Construction of Sydney as an International Gay and Lesbian City". GLQ: A Journal of Gay and Lesbian Studies.
Jump up ^ Star Observer Staff Writers (20 April 2008). "The Man Who Saved Mardi Gras". Star Observer. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Tim D. (1 October 2008). "Mardi Gras Gets Government Funding". Same Same. Retrieved 12 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Moore, Clover. "Item 3.1. Rainbow Crossing Oxford Street" (PDF). Minute by the Lord Mayor, 25 February 2013. City of Sydney. Retrieved 19 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "DIY Sydney rainbow crossings go global, 15 April 2013". World News Australia. SBS. Retrieved 19 April 2013.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sydney Mardi Gras.
Official website
Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras 1978-2018 interactive Timeline on Google Arts & Culture
Australian Lesbian and Gay Archives holds extensive collections relating to the Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras, including records, photographs, publications, posters, artwork, T-shirts, badges etc.
Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras festival coverage on SBS
Garry Wotherspoon (2008). "Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras". Dictionary of Sydney. Dictionary of Sydney Trust. Retrieved 5 October 2015. [CC-By-SA]
Coordinates: 33°52′50″S 151°13′02″E / 33.88068°S 151.21719°E / -33.88068; 151.21719
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McCulloch v. Maryland
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 28 August 2018.
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United States Supreme Court case
McCulloch v. Maryland
Supreme Court of the United States
Argued February 21 – March 3, 1819
Decided March 6, 1819
Full case name
James McCulloch v. The State of Maryland, John James
Citations
17 U.S. 316 (more)
4 Wheat. 316; 4 L. Ed. 579; 1819 U.S. LEXIS 320; 4 A.F.T.R. (P-H) 4491; 42 Cont. Cas. Fed. (CCH) ¶ 77,296
Prior history
Judgment for John James, Baltimore County Court; affirmed, Maryland Court of Appeals
Subsequent history
None
Holding
Although the Constitution does not specifically give Congress the power to establish a bank, it delegates the ability to tax and spend. Since a bank is a proper and suitable instrument to assist the operations of the government in the collection and disbursement of the revenue, and federal laws have supremacy over state laws, Maryland had no power to interfere with the bank's operation by taxing it. Maryland Court of Appeals reversed.
Court membership
Chief Justice
John Marshall
Associate Justices
Bushrod Washington · William Johnson
Henry B. Livingston · Thomas Todd
Gabriel Duvall · Joseph Story
Case opinions
Majority
Marshall, joined by unanimous
Laws applied
U.S. Const. art. I, § 8, cl. 1, 18
The text of the McCulloch v. Maryland decision, handed down March 6, 1819, as recorded in the minutes of the Supreme Court of the United States, in which the Court determined the separate states could not tax the federal government.
McCulloch v. Maryland, 17 U.S. (4 Wheat.) 316 (1819),[1] was a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States. The state of Maryland had attempted to impede operation of a branch of the Second Bank of the United States by imposing a tax on all notes of banks not chartered in Maryland. Though the law, by its language, was generally applicable to all banks not chartered in Maryland, the Second Bank of the United States was the only out-of-state bank then existing in Maryland, and the law was thus recognized in the court's opinion as having specifically targeted the Bank of the United States. The Court invoked the Necessary and Proper Clause of the Constitution, which allows the federal government to pass laws not expressly provided for in the Constitution's list of express powers if the laws are in useful to further the express powers of Congress under the Constitution.
The case established two important principles in constitutional law. Firstly, the Constitution grants to Congress implied powers to implement the Constitution's express powers to create a functional national government. Secondly, state action may not impede valid constitutional exercises of power by the federal government.
Contents
1 Background
2 Decision
3 Significance
4 Criticism
5 Later history
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
Background[edit]
On April 10, 1816, the Congress of the United States passed "An Act to Incorporate the Subscribers to the Bank of the United States" to provide for the incorporation of the Second Bank of the United States. The Bank first went into full operation in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In 1817, the Bank opened a branch in Baltimore, Maryland, and transacted and carried on business as a branch of the Bank of the United States by issuing bank notes, discounting promissory notes, and performing other operations usual and customary for banks to do and perform. Both sides of the litigation admitted that the president, directors, and company of the Bank had no authority to establish the Baltimore branch or office of discount and deposit, other than the fact that Maryland had adopted the Constitution of the United States.
On February 11, 1818, the General Assembly of Maryland passed "an act to impose a tax on all banks, or branches thereof, in the State of Maryland]], not chartered by the legislature:"
Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Maryland that if any bank has established or shall, without authority from the State first had and obtained establish any branch, office of discount and deposit, or office of pay and receipt in any part of this State, it shall not be lawful for the said branch, office of discount and deposit, or office of pay and receipt to issue notes, in any manner, of any other denomination than five, ten, twenty, fifty, one hundred, five hundred and one thousand dollars, and no note shall be issued except upon stamped paper of the following denominations; that is to say, every five dollar note shall be upon a stamp of ten cents; every ten dollar note, upon a stamp of twenty cents; every twenty dollar note, upon a stamp of thirty cents; every fifty dollar note, upon a stamp of fifty cents; every one hundred dollar note, upon a stamp of one dollar; every five hundred dollar note, upon a stamp of ten dollars; and every thousand dollar note, upon a stamp of twenty dollars; which paper shall be furnished by the Treasurer of the Western Shore, under the direction of the Governor and Council, to be paid for upon delivery; provided always that any institution of the above description may relieve itself from the operation of the provisions aforesaid by paying annually, in advance, to the Treasurer of the Western Shore, for the use of State, the sum of $15,000.
And be it enacted that the President, cashier, each of the directors and officers of every institution established or to be established as aforesaid, offending against the provisions aforesaid shall forfeit a sum of $500 for each and every offence, and every person having any agency in circulating any note aforesaid, not stamped as aforesaid directed, shall forfeit a sum not exceeding $100, every penalty aforesaid to be recovered by indictment or action of debt in the county court of the county where the offence shall be committed, one-half to the informer and the other half to the use of the State...
James William McCulloch, the head of the Baltimore Branch of the Second Bank of the United States, refused to pay the tax. The Bank was represented by Daniel Webster. The lawsuit was filed by John James, an informer who sought to collect half of the fine, as provided for by the statute. The case was appealed to the Maryland Court of Appeals, where the state of Maryland argued that "the Constitution is silent on the subject of banks." It was Maryland's contention that because the Constitution failed to state specifically that the federal government was authorized to charter a bank, that made Bank of the United States unconstitutional.
The court upheld Maryland. The case was then appealed to the Supreme Court.
Decision[edit]
The Court determined that Congress had the power to create the Bank. Chief Justice Marshall supported his conclusion with four main arguments:[2]
Firstly, he argued that historical practice established Congress's power to create the bank. Marshall invoked the first Bank of the United States history as authority for the constitutionality of the second bank.[2] The first Congress had enacted the bank after great debate, and it was approved by an executive "with as much persevering talent as any measure has ever experienced, and being supported by arguments which convinced minds as pure and as intelligent as this country can boast."[3]
Secondly, Marshall refuted the argument that states retain ultimate sovereignty because they ratified the constitution: "The powers of the general government, it has been said, are delegated by the states, who alone are truly sovereign; and must be exercised in subordination to the states, who alone possess supreme dominion."[4] Marshall contended that it was the people who ratified the Constitution and thus the people, not the states, who are sovereign.[2]
Thirdly, Marshall addressed the scope of congressional powers under Article I. The Court broadly described Congress's authority before it addressed the Necessary and Proper Clause.[2] Marshall admitted that the Constitution does not enumerate a power to create a central Bank but said that is not dispositive as to Congress's power to establish such an institution:[2] "In considering this question, then, we must never forget, that it is a constitution we are expounding."[5]
Fourthly, Marshall supported his opinion textually by invoking the Necessary and Proper Clause, which permits Congress to seek an objective while it exercised its enumerated powers as long as that objective is not forbidden by the Constitution. In liberally interpreting the Necessary and Proper Clause, the Court rejected Maryland's narrow interpretation of the clause that the word "necessary" in the clause meant that Congress could pass only laws that were absolutely essential in the execution of its enumerated powers. The Court rejected that argument, on the grounds that many of the enumerated powers of Congress under the Constitution would be useless if only laws deemed essential to a power's execution could be passed. Marshall also noted that the Necessary and Proper Clause is listed within the powers of Congress, not its limitations.
The Court held that the word "necessary" in the Necessary and Proper Clause does not refer therefore to the only way of doing something but applies to various procedures for implementing all constitutionally-established powers: "Let the end be legitimate, let it be within the scope of the constitution, and all means which are appropriate, which are plainly adapted to that end, which are not prohibited, but consist with the letter and spirit of the constitution, are constitutional."
That principle had been established many years earlier by Alexander Hamilton:[6]
[A] criterion of what is constitutional, and of what is not so... is the end, to which the measure relates as a mean. If the end be clearly comprehended within any of the specified powers, and if the measure have an obvious relation to that end, and is not forbidden by any particular provision of the Constitution, it may safely be deemed to come within the compass of the national authority. There is also this further criterion which may materially assist the decision: Does the proposed measure abridge a pre-existing right of any State, or of any individual? If it does not, there is a strong presumption in favour of its constitutionality....
Chief Marshall also determined that Maryland could not tax the bank without violating the Constitution. The Court voided the tax on the grounds that it was unconstitutional. The opinion stated that Congress has implied powers, which must be related to the text of the Constitution but do not need to be enumerated within the text.
Significance[edit]
The case was a seminal moment in federalism: the formation of a balance between federal powers and state powers. Marshall also explained in the case that the Necessary and Proper Clause does not require all federal laws to be necessary and proper and that federal laws that are enacted directly pursuant to one of the express, enumerated powers granted by the Constitution does not need to comply with the Necessary and Proper Clause, which "purport[s] to enlarge, not to diminish the powers vested in the government. It purports to be an additional power, not a restriction on those already granted."
Criticism[edit]
Though Marshall rejected the Tenth Amendment's provision of states rights arguing that it did not include the word "expressly," unlike the Articles of Confederation, which the Constitution replaced,[7] controversy over the authority of the amendment being violated by the decision has existed. Compact theory also argues that the federal government is a creation of the states and that the states maintain superiority. Unlike Marshall, his successor, Roger B. Taney, established dual federalism by which separate-but-equal branches of government are believed to be a better option.[8]
Later history[edit]
McCulloch v. Maryland was cited in the first substantial constitutional case presented before the High Court of Australia in D'Emden v Pedder (1904), which dealt with similar issues in the Australian Federation. While recognizing American law as not binding on them, the Australian Court nevertheless determined that the McCulloch decision provided the best guideline for the relationship between the Commonwealth federal government, and the Australian States, owing in large part to strong similarities between the American and Australian constitutions.
See also[edit]
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 17
List of landmark court decisions in the United States
Case of Sutton's Hospital (1612) 77 Eng Rep 960
Gibbons vs. Ogden
Alien and Sedition Act
References[edit]
Jump up ^ McCulloch v. Maryland, 17 U.S. (4 Wheat.) 316 (1819).
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Chemerinsky, Erwin (2006). Constitutional Law Principles and Policies (3rd ed.). New York: Aspen Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7355-5787-1.
Jump up ^ 17 U.S. at 401.
Jump up ^ 17 U.S. at 402.
Jump up ^ 17 U.S. at 408.
Jump up ^ Kurland, Philip B.; Lerner, Ralph, eds. (1987). "Article 1, Section 8, Clause 18". The Founders' Constitution. ISBN 978-0-226-46387-2. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bill of Rights Institute: Landmark Supreme Court Cases – McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)". Bill of Rights Institute.
Jump up ^ Justin D. Lowry (February 24, 2009). "10th Amendment: History and Purpose". Tenth Amendment Center.
Further reading[edit]
Ellis, Richard (2007). Aggressive Nationalism: McCulloch v. Maryland and the Foundation of Federal Authority in the Young Republic. New York: Oxford University Press. DOI:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195323566.001.0001 online
Killenbeck, Mark (2006). McCulloch V. Maryland: Securing a Nation. University Press of Kansas.
McAward, Jennifer Mason (November 2012). "McCulloch and the Thirteenth Amendment". Columbia Law Review. Columbia Law School. 112 (7): 1769–1809. JSTOR 41708164. Archived from the original on 2015-11-17. Pdf.
Ellis, Jean Edward (1996). John Marshall: Definer Of A Nation. New York: Henry Holt & Company.
Ellis, Jean Edward (1989). The Constitution American Foreign Policy. St. Paul, MN: West Publishing Company.
O'Connor, Karen; Sabato, Larry J. (2006). American Government: Continuity and Change. New York: Pearson.
Tushnet, Mark (2008). I dissent: Great Opposing Opinions in Landmark Supreme Court Cases. Boston: Beacon Press. pp. 17–30. ISBN 9780807000366.
External links[edit]
Works related to McCulloch v. Maryland at Wikisource
Text of McCulloch v. Maryland, 17 U.S. (4 Wheat.) 316 (1819) is available from: Cornell CourtListener Findlaw Google Scholar Justia OpenJurist
Minutes from the Court's Discussion of the Case
"McCulloch v. Maryland - Case Brief". Lawnix.com. Archived from the original on January 22, 2009.
The short film McCulloch v. Maryland (1977) is available for free download at the Internet Archive
"Supreme Court Landmark Case McCulloch v. Maryland" from C-SPAN's Landmark Cases: Historic Supreme Court Decisions
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