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Cumberland Gap
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This article is about a mountain pass in the United States. For other uses, see Cumberland Gap (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Cumberland Narrows, a water gap near Cumberland, Maryland.
Cumberland Gap
Cumberland Gap in winter
Elevation
1,631 ft (497 m)[1]
Traversed by
US 25E
Location
Kentucky
Tennessee
Virginia
United States
Range
Cumberland Mountains
Coordinates
36°36′14″N 83°40′23″W / 36.6039715°N 83.67297°W / 36.6039715; -83.67297Coordinates: 36°36′14″N 83°40′23″W / 36.6039715°N 83.67297°W / 36.6039715; -83.67297
Topo map
USGS Middlesboro South
The pass is located in the southeastern United States.
The Cumberland Gap is a narrow pass through the long ridge of the Cumberland Mountains, within the Appalachian Mountains, near the junction of the U.S. states of Kentucky, Virginia, and Tennessee.
Famous in American colonial history for its role as a key passageway through the lower central Appalachians, it was an important part of the Wilderness Road and is now part of the Cumberland Gap National Historical Park.
Long used by Native Americans, the Cumberland Gap was brought to the attention of settlers in 1750 by Thomas Walker, a Virginia physician and explorer. The path was used by a team of frontiersmen led by Daniel Boone, making it accessible to pioneers who used it to journey into the western frontiers of Kentucky and Tennessee.
Contents
[hide]
1 Geography
2 Geology
3 History
3.1 Historic district
4 Biology and ecology
4.1 Plants
4.2 Animals
5 References in popular culture
5.1 Music
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
Geography[edit]
The Cumberland Gap is one of many passes in the Appalachian Mountains but the only one in the continuous Cumberland Mountain ridge line.[2] It lies within Cumberland Gap National Historical Park and is located on the border of present-day Kentucky and Virginia, approximately 0.25 miles (0.40 km) northeast of the tri-state marker with Tennessee.[3]
The area surrounding Cumberland Gap National Historical Park is composed of sedimentary rock, which is formed by the compaction of particles of gravel, sand, silt, mud, and carbonate minerals from the repetitive rise and fall of shallow seas. Rocks in this region range from Cambrian to Pennsylvanian in age. The unique landscape seen today is a result of the uplift of sedimentary rock in conjunction with several million years of weathering and erosion. These features include narrow ridges, steep cliffs, overlooks, and natural gaps like the Cumberland Gap.[2] It is an example of a wind gap since water does not flow through it.[4]
The V-shaped gap serves as a gateway to the west. The base of the gap is about 300 feet (91 m) above the valley floor below even though the north side of the pass was lowered 20 feet (6.1 m) during the construction of Old U.S. Route 25E. To the south the ridge rises 600 feet (180 m) above the pass, while to the north the Pinnacle Overlook towers 900 feet (270 m) above (elevation 2,505 feet (764 m)).[3]
Because it is centrally located in the United States, the region around Cumberland Gap experiences all four seasons. The summers are typically sunny, warm and humid with average high temperatures in the mid to upper 80s F (29-32C). In the winter months, January through March, temperatures range in the 30s to 40s F (0s C) and are generally mild with rain and few periods of snow.[5]
The nearest cities are Middlesboro, Kentucky, and Harrogate, Tennessee.
Geology[edit]
The gap was formed by the development of three major structural features: the Pine Mountain Thrust Sheet, the Middlesboro Syncline, and the Rocky Face Fault. Lateral compressive forces of sedimentary rocks from deep layers of the Earth's crust pushing upward 320 to 200 million years ago created the thrust sheet. Resistance on the fault from the opposing Cumberland Mountain to Pine Mountain caused the U-shaped structure of the Middlesboro Syncline. The once flat-lying sedimentary rocks were now deformed roughly 40 degrees northwest. Further constriction to the northwest of Cumberland Mountain developed into a fault trending north-to-south called the Rocky Face Fault, which eventually cut through Cumberland Mountain. This combination of natural geological processes created ideal conditions for weathering and erosion of the rocks.[2]
However, the discovery of the Middlesboro impact structure has proposed new details in the formation of Cumberland Gap. Less than 300 million years ago a meteorite, "approximately the size of a football field", struck the earth, creating the Middlesboro Crater.[2] One of three astroblemes in the state, it is a 3.7-mile (6.0 km) diameter meteorite impact crater[6] with the city of Middlesboro, Kentucky, built entirely inside it.[7] Detailed mapping by geologists in the 1960s led many to interpret the geological features of the area to be a site of an ancient impact.[2] In 1966 Robert Dietz discovered shatter cones in nearby sandstone, proving recent speculation. Shatter cones, a rock-shattering pattern naturally formed only during impact events, are found in abundance in the area. The presence of shatter cones found also helped confirm the origin of impact. In September 2003 the site was designated a Distinguished Geologic Site by the Kentucky Society of Professional Geologists.[6]
Without the Rocky Face Fault, it would have been difficult for pack-horses to navigate this gap and the gap in Pine Mountain near Pineville, and it would be improbable that wagon roads would have been constructed at an early date. Middlesboro is the only place in the world where coal is mined inside an astrobleme. Special mining techniques must be used in the complicated strata of this crater.[8]
History[edit]
Map showing Cumberland Gap in relation to the Wilderness Road route from Virginia to Kentucky
The passage created by Cumberland Gap was well traveled by Native Americans long before the arrival of European-American settlers. The earliest written account of Cumberland Gap dates to the 1670s, by Abraham Wood of Virginia.[9]
Union soldiers passing through Cumberland Gap, 1863
The gap was named for Prince William, Duke of Cumberland, son of King George II of Great Britain, who had many places named for him in the American colonies after the Battle of Culloden.[10] The explorer Thomas Walker gave the name to the Cumberland River in 1750, and the name soon spread to many other features in the region, such as the Cumberland Gap. In 1769 Joseph Martin built a fort nearby at present-day Rose Hill, Virginia, on behalf of Walker's land claimants. But Martin and his men were chased out of the area by Native Americans, and Martin himself did not return until 1775.[11]
Old US 25E sign
In 1775 Daniel Boone, hired by the Transylvania Company, arrived in the region leading a company of men to widen the path through the gap to make settlement of Kentucky and Tennessee easier. On his arrival Boone discovered that Martin had beaten him to Powell Valley, where Martin and his men were clearing land for their own settlement – the westernmost settlement in English colonial America at the time.[12] By the 1790s the trail that Boone and his men built had been widened to accommodate wagon traffic and sometimes became known as the Wilderness Road.
Daniel Boone Escorting Settlers through the Cumberland Gap (George Caleb Bingham, oil on canvas, 1851–52)
Several American Civil War engagements occurred in and around the Cumberland Gap and are sometimes called Battle of the Cumberland Gap. In June 1862, Union Army General George W. Morgan captured the gap for the Union. In September of that year, Confederate States Army forces under Edmund Kirby Smith occupied the gap during General Braxton Bragg's Kentucky Invasion. The following year, in a bloodless engagement in September 1863, Union Army troops under General Ambrose Burnside forced the surrender of 2,300 Confederates defending the gap, gaining Union control of the gap for the remainder of the war.
It is estimated that between 200,000 and 300,000 migrants passed through the gap on their way into Kentucky and the Ohio Valley before 1810. Today 18,000 cars pass beneath the site daily, and 1.2 million people visit the park on the site annually. The park features many hiking trails.[13]
U.S. Route 25E passed overland through the gap before the completion of the Cumberland Gap Tunnel in 1996. The original trail was then restored.[14]
Historic district[edit]
The gap and associated historic resources were listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a historic district on May 28, 1980.[15]
Biology and ecology[edit]
Plants[edit]
Within the Cumberland Gap National Historical Park there are currently 855 known species of vascular plants identified, but that number is expected to increase with reports from National Park Service inventory and monitoring programs. There are 15 various vegetation communities throughout the park, with some of them in special locations, such as mountain bogs, low-elevation wetlands, and rocky bluffs.[16]
Animals[edit]
Of the current 371 species of animals within the park, 33 are mammals, 89 are birds, 29 amphibians, 15 reptiles, 27 fish, and 187 are insects. Visitors to the park can expect to see gray squirrels, white-tailed deer, cottontail rabbits, songbirds, hawks, snakes, turtles, and perhaps black bear or bobcat.[17]
References in popular culture[edit]
Music[edit]
"Cumberland Gap" (first recorded in 1924) is a popular folk song recorded and performed by American folk and bluegrass musicians such as Woody Guthrie and Earl Scruggs, and by British skiffle artists such as Lonnie Donegan and the Vipers Skiffle Group.
The gap has been mentioned in many other songs, including:
"The Ballad of Thunder Road"
"Mighty Joe Moon", by American band Grant Lee Buffalo
"Wagon Wheel", co-written by Bob Dylan and Ketch Secor, performed by the Old Crow Medicine Show and Darius Rucker
"Cumberland Gap", by American band Ragged Mountain String Band
"Cumberland Gap", by Jason Isbell and the 400 Unit
"Cumberland Gap", by David Rawlings on his 2017 album Poor David's Almanack
"One More River To Cross", by Bob Weir on his 2016 album Blue Mountain
See also[edit]
Moccasin Gap
Pound Gap
List of mountain passes in the Appalachian Mountains
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Cumberland Gap". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved July 22, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Crawford, Matthew; Hunsberger, Hanna (2011). "Geology of Cumberland Gap National Historical Park" (PDF). Kentucky Geological Survey. University of Kentucky, Lexington. Retrieved 30 July 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Luckett, William (December 1964). "Cumberland Gap National Historical Park". Tennessee Historical Quarterly. Tennessee Historical Society. 23 (4). Retrieved 29 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Encyclopedic Entry: Gap". National Geographic Education. National Geographic Society. Retrieved July 31, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Profile for Cumberland Gap National Historical Park". weather.com. The Weather Channel. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Kortenkamp, Steve (Summer 2004). "Impact at Cumberland Gap: Where Natural and National History Collide" (PDF). PSI Newsletter. Planetary Science Institute. 5 (2): 1–2.
Jump up ^ "About Us". City of Middlesboro Kentucky. City of Middlesboro, KY. Archived from the original on August 26, 2013. Retrieved July 31, 2014.
Jump up ^ Milam & Kuehn, 36
Jump up ^ Todd M. Ahlman; Gail L. Guymon; Nicholas P. Herrmann (July 2005). Archaeological Overview and Assessment of the Cumberland Gap National Historical Park, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Virginia (PDF). The Archaeological Research Laboratory, University of Tennessee.
Jump up ^ "VA-K1 Cumberland Gap". Historical markers. Archived from the original on 12 November 2013. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
Jump up ^ Shattuck, Tom N. (1999). A Cumberland Gap Area Guidebook. The Wilderness Road Company. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-9677765-3-8.
Jump up ^ Morgan, Robert. Boone: A Biography. Chapel Hill: Algonquin Books. ISBN 978-1-56512-455-4.
Jump up ^ "Cumberland Gap".
Jump up ^ Longfellow, Rickie (17 October 2013). "Back In Time - The Cumberland Gap". Federal Highway Administration. U.S. Department of Transportation. Retrieved 22 July 2014.
Jump up ^ National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form: Cumberland Gap Historic District - Virginia/Kentucky/Tennessee, 1980
Jump up ^ "Plants: Cumberland Gap National Historical Park". National Park Service. National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Animals: Cumberland Gap National Historical Park". National Park Service. National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
Further reading[edit]
Kincaid, Robert L. (January 1941). "Cumberland Gap, Gateway of Empire". Filson Club History Quarterly. 15 (1). Retrieved 2011-11-30.
The short film Cumberland Gap (1986) is available for free download at the Internet Archive
Rickie Longfellow, Back in Time: The Cumberland Gap, United States Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cumberland Gap.
Cumberland Gap National Historical Park at the National Park Service
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Visitor Attractions of the Eastern Kentucky Coalfield
Parks
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Buckhorn Lake
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Bad Branch Falls State Nature Preserve
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Furnace Mountain
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Mayo Mansion
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Nada Tunnel
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Pilot Knob State Nature Preserve
Sheltowee Trace Trail
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text:
List of Wimbledon gentlemen's singles champions
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Wimbledon Gentlemen’s Singles Champions
Location
London
United Kingdom
Venue
AELTC
Governing body
AELTC
Created
1877 (established)
Editions
Tournaments staged: (131 editions)
Open Era: 1968 (50 editions)
Surface
Grass (1877–Present)
Prize money
£2,200,000 (2017)
Trophy
Wimbledon Cup
Website
wimbledon.com
Most titles
Amateur era
7: William Renshaw
(challenge round)
3: Fred Perry
(regular)
Open era
8: Roger Federer
Most consecutive titles
Amateur era
6: William Renshaw
(challenge round)
3: Fred Perry
(regular)
Open era
5: Björn Borg
5: Roger Federer
Current champion
Roger Federer
(Eighth title)
The Championships, Wimbledon is an annual British tennis tournament created in 1877 and played on outdoor grass courts[a][b][1] at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club (AELTC) in the Wimbledon suburb of London, United Kingdom.[2] The Gentlemen's Singles was the first event contested in 1877.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Champions
2.1 Amateur era
2.2 Open era
3 Statistics
3.1 Multiple Champions
3.2 Champions by country
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
The Wimbledon Championships are played in the last week of June and the first week of July, and has been chronologically the third of the four Grand Slam tournaments of the tennis season since 1987.[2] The event was not held from 1915 to 1918 because of World War I and again from 1940 to 1945 because of World War II.[4]
The Gentlemen's Singles' rules have undergone several changes since the first edition. From 1878 until 1921, the event started with a knockout phase, the All Comers' Singles, whose winner then faced the defending champion in a challenge round. The All Comers' winner was automatically awarded the title six times (1879, 1887, 1891, 1895, 1907, 1908) in the absence of the previous year's champion. The challenge round system was abolished with the 1922 edition.[5] Since the first championships, all matches have been played at the best-of-five sets. Between 1877 and 1883, the winner of the next game at five games – all took the set in every match except the All Comers' final, and the challenge round, which were won with six games and a two games advantage. All sets were decided in this advantage format from 1884 to 1970.[5] The lingering death best of 12 points tie-break was introduced in 1971 for the first four sets, played at eight games all until 1978 and at six games all since 1979.[5][6][7]
Since 1949, the Gentlemen's Singles champion has received a miniature replica of the event's trophy, a silver-gilt cup created in 1887 with the engraved inscription: "The All England Lawn Tennis Club Single Handed Champion of the World".[8] New singles champions are traditionally elected honorary members of the AELTC by the club's committee.[c][9] In 2017, the Gentlemen's Singles winner received prize money of £2,220,000.[10]
In the Amateur Era, William Renshaw (1881–1886, 1889) holds the record for the most titles in the Gentlemen's Singles, winning Wimbledon seven times. Renshaw's wins, however, came within the challenge round format, and he won the event only twice after going through a complete draw. Renshaw also holds the record for most consecutive titles with six from (1881 to 1886). The record for most consecutive and most wins post challenge round during the Amateur Era is Fred Perry (1934–1936).[4]
In the Open Era, since the inclusion of professional tennis players in 1968, Roger Federer (2003–2007, 2009, 2012, 2017) holds the record for the most Gentlemen's Singles titles with eight. Björn Borg (1976–1980) and Roger Federer (2003–2007) co-hold the record for most consecutive victories with five.[4]
This event was won without losing a single set in the entire tournament during the Open Era twice, in 1976 by Björn Borg and in 2017 by Roger Federer.
Roger Federer is the only player in history, in both the Amateur and Open Era, to reach the Wimbledon Gentlemen's Singles Final eleven times. He has won on eight occasions and lost on three.
Champions[edit]
Regular competition
All Comers' winner, Challenge round winner ‡
Defending champion, Challenge round winner †
All Comers' winner, no Challenge round ◊
Amateur era[edit]
William Renshaw won the championship seven times
Reginald Doherty won Wimbledon four times and his brother Laurence won five times
Fred Perry won three consecutive championships and was the last British player to win the men's Wimbledon championship (1936) until Andy Murray's win in 2013
Year[d]
Country
Champion
Country
Runner-up
Score in the final[4]
1877 BRI[e] Gore, SpencerSpencer Gore BRI Marshall, WilliamWilliam Marshall 6–1, 6–2, 6–4
1878 BRI Hadow, FrankFrank Hadow ‡ BRI Gore, SpencerSpencer Gore 7–5, 6–1, 9–7
1879 BRI Hartley, JohnJohn Hartley ◊ BRI St. Leger Goold, VereVere St. Leger Goold 6–2, 6–4, 6–2
1880 BRI Hartley, JohnJohn Hartley † BRI Lawford, HerbertHerbert Lawford 6–3, 6–2, 2–6, 6–3
1881 BRI Renshaw, WilliamWilliam Renshaw ‡ BRI Hartley, JohnJohn Hartley 6–0, 6–1, 6–1
1882 BRI Renshaw, WilliamWilliam Renshaw † BRI Renshaw, ErnestErnest Renshaw 6–1, 2–6, 4–6, 6–2, 6–2
1883 BRI Renshaw, WilliamWilliam Renshaw † BRI Renshaw, ErnestErnest Renshaw 2–6, 6–3, 6–3, 4–6, 6–3
1884 BRI Renshaw, WilliamWilliam Renshaw † BRI Lawford, HerbertHerbert Lawford 6–0, 6–4, 9–7
1885 BRI Renshaw, WilliamWilliam Renshaw † BRI Lawford, HerbertHerbert Lawford 7–5, 6–2, 4–6, 7–5
1886 BRI Renshaw, WilliamWilliam Renshaw † BRI Lawford, HerbertHerbert Lawford 6–0, 5–7, 6–3, 6–4
1887 BRI Lawford, HerbertHerbert Lawford ◊ BRI Renshaw, ErnestErnest Renshaw 1–6, 6–3, 3–6, 6–4, 6–4
1888 BRI Renshaw, ErnestErnest Renshaw ‡ BRI Lawford, HerbertHerbert Lawford 6–3, 7–5, 6–0
1889 BRI Renshaw, WilliamWilliam Renshaw ‡ BRI Renshaw, ErnestErnest Renshaw 6–4, 6–1, 3–6, 6–0
1890 BRI Hamilton, WilloughbyWilloughby Hamilton ‡ BRI Renshaw, WilliamWilliam Renshaw 6–8, 6–2, 3–6, 6–1, 6–1
1891 BRI Baddeley, WilfredWilfred Baddeley ◊ BRI Pim, JoshuaJoshua Pim 6–4, 1–6, 7–5, 6–0
1892 BRI Baddeley, WilfredWilfred Baddeley † BRI Pim, JoshuaJoshua Pim 4–6, 6–3, 6–3, 6–2
1893 BRI Pim, JoshuaJoshua Pim ‡ BRI Baddeley, WilfredWilfred Baddeley 3–6, 6–1, 6–3, 6–2
1894 BRI Pim, JoshuaJoshua Pim † BRI Baddeley, WilfredWilfred Baddeley 10–8, 6–2, 8–6
1895 BRI Baddeley, WilfredWilfred Baddeley ◊ BRI Eaves, WilberforceWilberforce Eaves 4–6, 2–6, 8–6, 6–2, 6–3
1896 BRI Mahony, HaroldHarold Mahony ‡ BRI Baddeley, WilfredWilfred Baddeley 6–2, 6–8, 5–7, 8–6, 6–3
1897 BRI Doherty, ReginaldReginald Doherty ‡ BRI Mahony, HaroldHarold Mahony 6–4, 6–4, 6–3
1898 BRI Doherty, ReginaldReginald Doherty † BRI Doherty, LaurenceLaurence Doherty 6–3, 6–3, 2–6, 5–7, 6–1
1899 BRI Doherty, ReginaldReginald Doherty † BRI Gore, ArthurArthur Gore 1–6, 4–6, 6–3, 6–3, 6–3
1900 BRI Doherty, ReginaldReginald Doherty † BRI Smith, SydneySydney Smith 6–8, 6–3, 6–1, 6–2
1901 BRI Gore, ArthurArthur Gore ‡ BRI Doherty, ReginaldReginald Doherty 4–6, 7–5, 6–4, 6–4
1902 BRI Doherty, LaurenceLaurence Doherty ‡ BRI Gore, ArthurArthur Gore 6–4, 6–3, 3–6, 6–0
1903 BRI Doherty, LaurenceLaurence Doherty † BRI Riseley, FrankFrank Riseley 7–5, 6–3, 6–0
1904 BRI Doherty, LaurenceLaurence Doherty † BRI Riseley, FrankFrank Riseley 6–1, 7–5, 8–6
1905 BRI Doherty, LaurenceLaurence Doherty † AUS Brookes, NormanNorman Brookes 8–6, 6–2, 6–4
1906 BRI Doherty, LaurenceLaurence Doherty † BRI Riseley, FrankFrank Riseley 6–4, 4–6, 6–2, 6–3
1907 AUS Brookes, NormanNorman Brookes ◊ BRI Gore, ArthurArthur Gore 6–4, 6–2, 6–2
1908 BRI Gore, ArthurArthur Gore ◊ BRI Barrett, Herbert RoperHerbert Roper Barrett 6–3, 6–2, 4–6, 3–6, 6–4
1909 BRI Gore, ArthurArthur Gore † BRI Ritchie, MajorMajor Ritchie 6–8, 1–6, 6–2, 6–2, 6–2
1910 NZL Wilding, AnthonyAnthony Wilding ‡ BRI Gore, ArthurArthur Gore 6–4, 7–5, 4–6, 6–2
1911 NZL Wilding, AnthonyAnthony Wilding † BRI Barrett, Herbert RoperHerbert Roper Barrett 6–4, 4–6, 2–6, 6–2, retired[f]
1912 NZL Wilding, AnthonyAnthony Wilding † BRI Gore, ArthurArthur Gore 6–4, 6–4, 4–6, 6–4
1913 NZL Wilding, AnthonyAnthony Wilding † USA McLoughlin, MauriceMaurice McLoughlin 8–6, 6–3, 10–8
1914 AUS Brookes, NormanNorman Brookes ‡ NZL Wilding, AnthonyAnthony Wilding 6–4, 6–4, 7–5
1915 No competition (due to World War I)
1916
1917
1918
1919 AUS Patterson, GeraldGerald Patterson ‡ AUS Brookes, NormanNorman Brookes 6–3, 7–5, 6–2
1920 USA Tilden, BillBill Tilden ‡ AUS Patterson, GeraldGerald Patterson 2–6, 6–3, 6–2, 6–4
1921 USA Tilden, BillBill Tilden † SAF Norton, BrianBrian Norton 4–6, 2–6, 6–1, 6–0, 7–5
1922 AUS Patterson, GeraldGerald Patterson BRI Lycett, RandolphRandolph Lycett 6–3, 6–4, 6–2
1923 USA Johnston, BillBill Johnston USA Hunter, FrancisFrancis Hunter 6–0, 6–3, 6–1
1924 FRA Borotra, JeanJean Borotra FRA Lacoste, RenéRené Lacoste 6–1, 3–6, 6–1, 3–6, 6–4
1925 FRA Lacoste, RenéRené Lacoste FRA Borotra, JeanJean Borotra 6–3, 6–3, 4–6, 8–6
1926 FRA Borotra, JeanJean Borotra USA Kinsey, HowardHoward Kinsey 8–6, 6–1, 6–3
1927 FRA Cochet, HenriHenri Cochet FRA Borotra, JeanJean Borotra 4–6, 4–6, 6–3, 6–4, 7–5
1928 FRA Lacoste, RenéRené Lacoste FRA Cochet, HenriHenri Cochet 6–1, 4–6, 6–4, 6–2
1929 FRA Cochet, HenriHenri Cochet FRA Borotra, JeanJean Borotra 6–4, 6–3, 6–4
1930 USA Tilden, BillBill Tilden USA Allison, WilmerWilmer Allison 6–3, 9–7, 6–4
1931 USA Wood, SidneySidney Wood USA Shields, FrankFrank Shields walkover[h]
1932 USA Vines, EllsworthEllsworth Vines GBR Austin, BunnyBunny Austin 6–4, 6–2, 6–0
1933 AUS Crawford, JackJack Crawford USA Vines, EllsworthEllsworth Vines 4–6, 11–9, 6–2, 2–6, 6–4
1934 GBR Perry, FredFred Perry AUS Crawford, JackJack Crawford 6–3, 6–0, 7–5
1935 GBR Perry, FredFred Perry GER Cramm, Gottfried vonGottfried von Cramm 6–2, 6–4, 6–4
1936 GBR Perry, FredFred Perry GER Cramm, Gottfried vonGottfried von Cramm 6–1, 6–1, 6–0
1937 USA Budge, DonDon Budge GER Cramm, Gottfried vonGottfried von Cramm 6–3, 6–4, 6–2
1938 USA Budge, DonDon Budge GBR Austin, BunnyBunny Austin 6–1, 6–0, 6–3
1939 USA Riggs, BobbyBobby Riggs USA Cooke, ElwoodElwood Cooke 2–6, 8–6, 3–6, 6–3, 6–2
1940 No competition (due to World War II)
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946 FRA Petra, YvonYvon Petra AUS Brown, GeoffGeoff Brown 6–2, 6–4, 7–9, 5–7, 6–4
1947 USA Kramer, JackJack Kramer USA Brown, TomTom Brown 6–1, 6–3, 6–2
1948 USA Falkenburg, BobBob Falkenburg AUS Bromwich, JohnJohn Bromwich 7–5, 0–6, 6–2, 3–6, 7–5
1949 USA Schroeder, TedTed Schroeder TCH Drobný, JaroslavJaroslav Drobný 3–6, 6–0, 6–3, 4–6, 6–4
1950 USA Patty, BudgeBudge Patty AUS Sedgman, FrankFrank Sedgman 6–1, 8–10, 6–2, 6–3
1951 USA Savitt, DickDick Savitt AUS McGregor, KenKen McGregor 6–4, 6–4, 6–4
1952 AUS Sedgman, FrankFrank Sedgman EGY Drobný, JaroslavJaroslav Drobný 4–6, 6–2, 6–3, 6–2
1953 USA Seixas, VicVic Seixas DEN Nielsen, KurtKurt Nielsen 9–7, 6–3, 6–4
1954 EGY Drobný, JaroslavJaroslav Drobný AUS Rosewall, KenKen Rosewall 13–11, 4–6, 6–2, 9–7
1955 USA Trabert, TonyTony Trabert DEN Nielsen, KurtKurt Nielsen 6–3, 7–5, 6–1
1956 AUS Hoad, LewLew Hoad AUS Rosewall, KenKen Rosewall 6–2, 4–6, 7–5, 6–4
1957 AUS Hoad, LewLew Hoad AUS Cooper, AshleyAshley Cooper 6–2, 6–1, 6–2
1958 AUS Cooper, AshleyAshley Cooper AUS Fraser, NealeNeale Fraser 3–6, 6–3, 6–4, 13–11
1959 USA[j] Olmedo, AlexAlex Olmedo AUS Laver, RodRod Laver 6–4, 6–3, 6–4
1960 AUS Fraser, NealeNeale Fraser AUS Laver, RodRod Laver 6–4, 3–6, 9–7, 7–5
1961 AUS Laver, RodRod Laver USA McKinley, ChuckChuck McKinley 6–3, 6–1, 6–4
1962 AUS Laver, RodRod Laver AUS Mulligan, MartinMartin Mulligan 6–2, 6–2, 6–1
1963 USA McKinley, ChuckChuck McKinley AUS Stolle, FredFred Stolle 9–7, 6–1, 6–4
1964 AUS Emerson, RoyRoy Emerson AUS Stolle, FredFred Stolle 6–4, 12–10, 4–6, 6–3
1965 AUS Emerson, RoyRoy Emerson AUS Stolle, FredFred Stolle 6–2, 6–4, 6–4
1966 ESP Santana, ManuelManuel Santana USA Ralston, DennisDennis Ralston 6–4, 11–9, 6–4
1967 AUS Newcombe, JohnJohn Newcombe FRG Bungert, WilhelmWilhelm Bungert 6–3, 6–1, 6–1
Open era[edit]
Björn Borg won five of the six finals he reached.
American Pete Sampras won seven titles from 1993 to 1995 and 1997 to 2000.
Roger Federer won a record eight of the eleven finals he has reached.
Year[d]
Country
Champion
Country
Runner-up
Score in the final[4]
1968 AUS Laver, RodRod Laver AUS Roche, TonyTony Roche 6–3, 6–4, 6–2
1969 AUS Laver, RodRod Laver AUS Newcombe, JohnJohn Newcombe 6–4, 5–7, 6–4, 6–4
1970 AUS Newcombe, JohnJohn Newcombe AUS Rosewall, KenKen Rosewall 5–7, 6–3, 6–2, 3–6, 6–1
1971 AUS Newcombe, JohnJohn Newcombe USA Smith, StanStan Smith 6–3, 5–7, 2–6, 6–4, 6–4
1972 USA Smith, StanStan Smith ROM Năstase, IlieIlie Năstase 4–6, 6–3, 6–3, 4–6, 7–5
1973 TCH Kodeš, JanJan Kodeš URS Metreveli, AlexAlex Metreveli 6–1, 9–8(7–5), 6–3
1974 USA Connors, JimmyJimmy Connors AUS Rosewall, KenKen Rosewall 6–1, 6–1, 6–4
1975 USA Ashe, ArthurArthur Ashe USA Connors, JimmyJimmy Connors 6–1, 6–1, 5–7, 6–4
1976 SWE Borg, BjörnBjörn Borg ROM Năstase, IlieIlie Năstase 6–4, 6–2, 9–7
1977 SWE Borg, BjörnBjörn Borg USA Connors, JimmyJimmy Connors 3–6, 6–2, 6–1, 5–7, 6–4
1978 SWE Borg, BjörnBjörn Borg USA Connors, JimmyJimmy Connors 6–2, 6–2, 6–3
1979 SWE Borg, BjörnBjörn Borg USA Tanner, RoscoeRoscoe Tanner 6–7(4–7), 6–1, 3–6, 6–3, 6–4
1980 SWE Borg, BjörnBjörn Borg USA McEnroe, JohnJohn McEnroe 1–6, 7–5, 6–3, 6–7(16–18), 8–6
1981 USA McEnroe, JohnJohn McEnroe SWE Borg, BjörnBjörn Borg 4–6, 7–6(7–1), 7–6(7–4), 6–4
1982 USA Connors, JimmyJimmy Connors USA McEnroe, JohnJohn McEnroe 3–6, 6–3, 6–7(2–7), 7–6(7–5), 6–4
1983 USA McEnroe, JohnJohn McEnroe NZL Lewis, ChrisChris Lewis 6–2, 6–2, 6–2
1984 USA McEnroe, JohnJohn McEnroe USA Connors, JimmyJimmy Connors 6–1, 6–1, 6–2
1985 FRG Becker, BorisBoris Becker USA[n] Curren, KevinKevin Curren 6–3, 6–7(4–7), 7–6(7–3), 6–4
1986 FRG Becker, BorisBoris Becker TCH Lendl, IvanIvan Lendl 6–4, 6–3, 7–5
1987 AUS Cash, PatPat Cash TCH Lendl, IvanIvan Lendl 7–6(7–5), 6–2, 7–5
1988 SWE Edberg, StefanStefan Edberg FRG Becker, BorisBoris Becker 4–6, 7–6(7–2), 6–4, 6–2
1989 FRG Becker, BorisBoris Becker SWE Edberg, StefanStefan Edberg 6–0, 7–6(7–1), 6–4
1990 SWE Edberg, StefanStefan Edberg FRG Becker, BorisBoris Becker 6–2, 6–2, 3–6, 3–6, 6–4
1991 GER Stich, MichaelMichael Stich GER Becker, BorisBoris Becker 6–4, 7–6(7–4), 6–4
1992 USA Agassi, AndreAndre Agassi CRO Ivanišević, GoranGoran Ivanišević 6–7(8–10), 6–4, 6–4, 1–6, 6–4
1993 USA Sampras, PetePete Sampras USA Courier, JimJim Courier 7–6(7–3), 7–6(8–6), 3–6, 6–3
1994 USA Sampras, PetePete Sampras CRO Ivanišević, GoranGoran Ivanišević 7–6(7–2), 7–6(7–5), 6–0
1995 USA Sampras, PetePete Sampras GER Becker, BorisBoris Becker 6–7(5–7), 6–2, 6–4, 6–2
1996 NED Krajicek, RichardRichard Krajicek USA Washington, MaliVaiMaliVai Washington 6–3, 6–4, 6–3
1997 USA Sampras, PetePete Sampras FRA Pioline, CédricCédric Pioline 6–4, 6–2, 6–4
1998 USA Sampras, PetePete Sampras CRO Ivanišević, GoranGoran Ivanišević 6–7(2–7), 7–6(11–9), 6–4, 3–6, 6–2
1999 USA Sampras, PetePete Sampras USA Agassi, AndreAndre Agassi 6–3, 6–4, 7–5
2000 USA Sampras, PetePete Sampras AUS Rafter, PatrickPatrick Rafter 6–7(10–12), 7–6(7–5), 6–4, 6–2
2001 CRO Ivanišević, GoranGoran Ivanišević AUS Rafter, PatrickPatrick Rafter 6–3, 3–6, 6–3, 2–6, 9–7
2002 AUS Hewitt, LleytonLleyton Hewitt ARG Nalbandian, DavidDavid Nalbandian 6–1, 6–3, 6–2
2003 SUI Federer, RogerRoger Federer AUS Philippoussis, MarkMark Philippoussis 7–6(7–5), 6–2, 7–6(7–3)
2004 SUI Federer, RogerRoger Federer USA Roddick, AndyAndy Roddick 4–6, 7–5, 7–6(7–3), 6–4
2005 SUI Federer, RogerRoger Federer USA Roddick, AndyAndy Roddick 6–2, 7–6(7–2), 6–4
2006 SUI Federer, RogerRoger Federer ESP Nadal, RafaelRafael Nadal 6–0, 7–6(7–5), 6–7(2–7), 6–3
2007 SUI Federer, RogerRoger Federer ESP Nadal, RafaelRafael Nadal 7–6(9–7), 4–6, 7–6(7–3), 2–6, 6–2
2008 ESP Nadal, RafaelRafael Nadal SUI Federer, RogerRoger Federer 6–4, 6–4, 6–7(5–7), 6–7(8–10), 9–7
2009 SUI Federer, RogerRoger Federer USA Roddick, AndyAndy Roddick 5–7, 7–6(8–6), 7–6(7–5), 3–6, 16–14
2010 ESP Nadal, RafaelRafael Nadal CZE Berdych, TomášTomáš Berdych 6–3, 7–5, 6–4
2011 SRB Djokovic, NovakNovak Djokovic ESP Nadal, RafaelRafael Nadal 6–4, 6–1, 1–6, 6–3
2012 SUI Federer, RogerRoger Federer GBR Murray, AndyAndy Murray 4–6, 7–5, 6–3, 6–4
2013 GBR Murray, AndyAndy Murray SRB Djokovic, NovakNovak Djokovic 6–4, 7–5, 6–4
2014 SRB Djokovic, NovakNovak Djokovic SUI Federer, RogerRoger Federer 6–7(7–9), 6–4, 7–6(7–4), 5–7, 6–4
2015 SRB Djokovic, NovakNovak Djokovic SUI Federer, RogerRoger Federer 7–6(7–1), 6–7(10–12), 6–4, 6–3
2016 GBR Murray, AndyAndy Murray CAN Raonic, MilosMilos Raonic 6–4, 7–6(7–3), 7–6(7–2)
2017 SUI Federer, RogerRoger Federer CRO Čilić, MarinMarin Čilić 6–3, 6–1, 6–4
Statistics[edit]
Multiple Champions[edit]
List of champions, as of 2008, in the Wimbledon Lawn Tennis Museum
Title defended in the challenge round
Player
Open Era
Amateur Era
All-time
Years
Federer, RogerRoger Federer (SUI) 8 0 8 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012, 2017
Renshaw, WilliamWilliam Renshaw (BRI) 0 7 7 1881, 1882, 1883, 1884, 1885, 1886, 1889
Sampras, PetePete Sampras (USA) 7 0 7 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000
Doherty, LaurenceLaurence Doherty (BRI) 0 5 5 1902, 1903, 1904, 1905, 1906
Borg, BjörnBjörn Borg (SWE) 5 0 5 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980
Doherty, ReginaldReginald Doherty (BRI) 0 4 4 1897, 1898, 1899, 1900
Wilding, AnthonyAnthony Wilding (NZL) 0 4 4 1910, 1911, 1912, 1913
Laver, RodRod Laver (AUS) 2 2 4 1961, 1962, 1968, 1969
Baddeley, WilfredWilfred Baddeley (BRI) 0 3 3 1891, 1892, 1895
Gore, ArthurArthur Gore (BRI) 0 3 3 1901, 1908, 1909
Tilden, BillBill Tilden (USA) 0 3 3 1920, 1921, 1930
Perry, FredFred Perry (GBR) 0 3 3 1934, 1935, 1936
Newcombe, JohnJohn Newcombe (AUS) 2 1 3 1967, 1970, 1971
McEnroe, JohnJohn McEnroe (USA) 3 0 3 1981, 1983, 1984
Becker, BorisBoris Becker (GER) 3 0 3 1985, 1986, 1989
Djokovic, NovakNovak Djokovic (SRB) 3 0 3 2011, 2014, 2015
Hartley, JohnJohn Hartley (BRI) 0 2 2 1879, 1880
Pim, JoshuaJoshua Pim (BRI) 0 2 2 1893, 1894
Brookes, NormanNorman Brookes (AUS) 0 2 2 1907, 1914
Patterson, GeraldGerald Patterson (AUS) 0 2 2 1919, 1922
Borotra, JeanJean Borotra (FRA) 0 2 2 1924, 1926
Lacoste, RenéRené Lacoste (FRA) 0 2 2 1925, 1928
Cochet, HenriHenri Cochet (FRA) 0 2 2 1927, 1929
Budge, DonDon Budge (USA) 0 2 2 1937, 1938
Hoad, LewLew Hoad (AUS) 0 2 2 1956, 1957
Emerson, RoyRoy Emerson (AUS) 0 2 2 1964, 1965
Connors, JimmyJimmy Connors (USA) 2 0 2 1974, 1982
Edberg, StefanStefan Edberg (SWE) 2 0 2 1988, 1990
Nadal, RafaelRafael Nadal (ESP) 2 0 2 2008, 2010
Murray, AndyAndy Murray (GBR) 2 0 2 2013, 2016
Champions by country[edit]
The Gentlemen's Singles trophy (left), and the Ladies' Singles plate (right)
Country
Amateur Era
Open Era
All-time
First title
Last title
United Kingdom (UK)[e][k] 35 2 37 1877 2016
United States (USA) 18 15 33 1920 2000
Australia (AUS) 15 6 21 1907 2002
Switzerland (SUI) 0 8 8 2003 2017
France (FRA) 7 0 7 1924 1946
Sweden (SWE) 0 7 7 1976 1990
Germany (GER)[l] 0 4 4 1985 1991
New Zealand (NZL) 4 0 4 1910 1913
Serbia (SRB) 0 3 3 2011 2015
Spain (ESP) 1 2 3 1966 2010
Croatia (CRO) 0 1 1 2001 2001
Czechoslovakia (TCH) ¤[m] 0 1 1 1973 1973
Egypt (EGY) 1 0 1 1954 1954
Netherlands (NED) 0 1 1 1996 1996
Former country ¤
See also[edit]
Tennis portal
Wimbledon Open other competitions
List of Wimbledon ladies' singles champions
List of Wimbledon gentlemen's doubles champions
List of Wimbledon ladies' doubles champions
List of Wimbledon mixed doubles champions
Grand Slam men's singles
List of Australian Open men's singles champions
List of French Open men's singles champions
List of US Open men's singles champions
List of Grand Slam men's singles champions
Wembley Championships
Notes[edit]
a Since 2009, Centre Court features a retractable roof, allowing indoor and night-time play.[11]
b Wimbledon entered the Open Era with the 1968 edition, allowing professional players to compete alongside amateurs.[3]
c John McEnroe is the only player to have been denied membership in 1981, because of his on-court behaviour during the championships.[12][13]
d Each year is linked to an article about that particular event's draw.
e "British Isles" (BRI) is used for players from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801–1922), distinct from "Great Britain" (GBR) used for players from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (1922–present).[4][14]
f Anthony Wilding won the challenge round after Herbert Roper Barrett retired because of fatigue.[15]
g The tournament was not held from 1915 to 1918 because of World War I.[4]
h Sidney Wood won the final by walkover after Frank Shields withdrew because of an ankle injury.[16]
i The tournament was not held from 1940 to 1945 because of World War II.[4]
j Although he was still a Peruvian citizen, Alex Olmedo was recorded by the AELTC as an American competitor for the 1959 Wimbledon Championships.[4][17]
k Thirty-two wins by players from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801–1922), plus five wins by players from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (1922–present).[4][14]
l Three wins by players from West Germany (FRG, 1949–1990), plus one win by a player from Germany (GER, 1990–present).
m Czechoslovakia (TCH, 1918–1992) split into the Czech Republic (CZE, 1993–present) and Slovakia (SVK, 1993–present).
n Kevin Curren became a naturalized American citizen in April 1985.
References[edit]
General
"Gentlemen's Singles Finals 1877-2017". wimbledon.com. Wimbledon Championships. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
"Grand Slam Tournaments – Wimbledon" (PDF). usta.com. United States Tennis Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-05-20. Retrieved 2009-07-01.
"Wimbledon-List of Wimbledon men's singles champions". ESPN.com. Reuters. 2009-07-05. Retrieved 2009-07-05.
Specific
Jump up ^ "FAQ – Grass Courts" (PDF). wimbledon.org. IBM, All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-24. Retrieved 2009-06-24.
^ Jump up to: a b "Tournament profile – Wimbledon". atpworldtour.com. ATP Tour, Inc. Retrieved 2009-07-05.
^ Jump up to: a b "About Wimbledon – History: History". wimbledon.com. IBM, All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club. Retrieved 2015-08-31.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j "Gentlemen's Singles Finals 1877-2017". wimbledon.com. Wimbledon Championships. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Barrett, John (1986). 100 Wimbledon Championships: A Celebration. Collins Willow. ISBN 978-0-00-218220-1.
Jump up ^ Roberts, John (1998-08-05). "Tennis: Fast, fan friendly – but full of faults". The Independent. Retrieved 2009-06-24.
Jump up ^ "Breaking with tradition". The Age. The Age Company Ltd. 2004-01-25. Retrieved 2009-07-27.
Jump up ^ "About Wimbledon – Trophies". wimbledon.com. Wimbledon Championships. Retrieved 8 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "About Wimbledon – About the AELTC". wimbledon.com. Wimbledon Championships. Retrieved 8 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "About Wimbledon – Prize Money and Finance". wimbledon.com. Wimbledon Championships. Retrieved 8 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Harman, Neil (2009-04-22). "No more soaked strawberries – Centre Court, Wimbledon, gets a roof". The Times. Times Newspapers Ltd. Retrieved 2009-07-19.
Jump up ^ "Jolly snub for McEnroe; he's refused All-England". St. Petersburg Times. United Press International. 1981-07-10. Retrieved 2009-07-27.
Jump up ^ Zenilman, Avi (2009-06-24). "Back Issues: McEnroe vs. Thatcher". The New Yorker. Condé Nast Publications. Retrieved 2009-07-27.
^ Jump up to: a b "History – Rolls of Honour: Country abbreviations". wimbledon.org. Wimbledon Championships. Retrieved 2015-08-31.
Jump up ^ Myers, Arthur Wallis (1916). Captain Anthony Wilding. Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 978-0-548-88688-5.
Jump up ^ Henderson, Jon (2009-01-15). "Sidney Wood – First and only player to win Wimbledon on a walkover". The Guardian. Guardian Media Group. Retrieved 2009-07-15.
Jump up ^ "Art Ashe, Graebner in Wimbledon Semis". The Spokesman-Review. 1968-07-03. Retrieved 2009-07-30.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wimbledon Championships.
The Championships, Wimbledon official website
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Grand Slam tournament champions
Australian Open
Men's singles
Women's singles
Men's doubles
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Mixed doubles
Singles finalists (open era)
French Open
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Men's singles
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[show]
v
t
e
Pre Open Era Wimbledon gentlemen's singles champions
(1877) Spencer Gore
(1878) Frank Hadow
(1879) John Hartley
(1880) John Hartley
(1881) William Renshaw
(1882) William Renshaw
(1883) William Renshaw
(1884) William Renshaw
(1885) William Renshaw
(1886) William Renshaw
(1887) Herbert Lawford
(1888) Ernest Renshaw
(1889) William Renshaw
(1890) Willoughby Hamilton
(1891) Wilfred Baddeley
(1892) Wilfred Baddeley
(1893) Joshua Pim
(1894) Joshua Pim
(1895) Wilfred Baddeley
(1896) Harold Mahony
(1897) Reginald Doherty
(1898) Reginald Doherty
(1899) Reginald Doherty
(1900) Reginald Doherty
(1901) Arthur Gore
(1902) Laurence Doherty
(1903) Laurence Doherty
(1904) Laurence Doherty
(1905) Laurence Doherty
(1906) Laurence Doherty
(1907) Norman Brookes
(1908) Arthur Gore
(1909) Arthur Gore
(1910) Anthony Wilding
(1911) Anthony Wilding
(1912) Anthony Wilding
(1913) Anthony Wilding
(1914) Norman Brookes
(1915–18) No competition (due to World War I)
(1919) Gerald Patterson
(1920) Bill Tilden
(1921) Bill Tilden
(1922) Gerald Patterson
(1923) Bill Johnston
(1924) Jean Borotra
(1925) René Lacoste
(1926) Jean Borotra
(1927) Henri Cochet
(1928) René Lacoste
(1929) Henri Cochet
(1930) Bill Tilden
(1931) Sidney Wood
(1932) Ellsworth Vines
(1933) Jack Crawford
(1934) Fred Perry
(1935) Fred Perry
(1936) Fred Perry
(1937) Don Budge
(1938) Don Budge
(1939) Bobby Riggs
(1940–45) No competition (due to World War II)
(1946) Yvon Petra
(1947) Jack Kramer
(1948) Bob Falkenburg
(1949) Ted Schroeder
(1950) Budge Patty
(1951) Dick Savitt
(1952) Frank Sedgman
(1953) Vic Seixas
(1954) Jaroslav Drobný
(1955) Tony Trabert
(1956) Lew Hoad
(1957) Lew Hoad
(1958) Ashley Cooper
(1959) Alex Olmedo
(1960) Neale Fraser
(1961) Rod Laver
(1962) Rod Laver
(1963) Chuck McKinley
(1964) Roy Emerson
(1965) Roy Emerson
(1966) Manuel Santana
(1967) John Newcombe
[show]
v
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Wimbledon (Open Era) gentlemen's singles champions
(1968) Rod Laver
(1969) Rod Laver
(1970) John Newcombe
(1971) John Newcombe
(1972) Stan Smith
(1973) Jan Kodeš
(1974) Jimmy Connors
(1975) Arthur Ashe
(1976) Björn Borg
(1977) Björn Borg
(1978) Björn Borg
(1979) Björn Borg
(1980) Björn Borg
(1981) John McEnroe
(1982) Jimmy Connors
(1983) John McEnroe
(1984) John McEnroe
(1985) Boris Becker
(1986) Boris Becker
(1987) Pat Cash
(1988) Stefan Edberg
(1989) Boris Becker
(1990) Stefan Edberg
(1991) Michael Stich
(1992) Andre Agassi
(1993) Pete Sampras
(1994) Pete Sampras
(1995) Pete Sampras
(1996) Richard Krajicek
(1997) Pete Sampras
(1998) Pete Sampras
(1999) Pete Sampras
(2000) Pete Sampras
(2001) Goran Ivanišević
(2002) Lleyton Hewitt
(2003) Roger Federer
(2004) Roger Federer
(2005) Roger Federer
(2006) Roger Federer
(2007) Roger Federer
(2008) Rafael Nadal
(2009) Roger Federer
(2010) Rafael Nadal
(2011) Novak Djokovic
(2012) Roger Federer
(2013) Andy Murray
(2014) Novak Djokovic
(2015) Novak Djokovic
(2016) Andy Murray
(2017) Roger Federer
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Wimbledon_gentlemen%27s_singles_champions&oldid=842821722"
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Day of Mourning (Australia)
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Proclamation of the Day of Mourning.
The Day of Mourning was a protest held by Aboriginal Australians on 26 January 1938, the 150th anniversary of British colonisation of Australia. It was declared to be a protest of 150 years of callous treatment and the seizure of land, and purposefully coincided with the Australia Day celebrations held by the European population on the same day. The protest became a tradition, and annual Days of Mourning have been held to this day.[citation needed]
Contents
1 Organisation
2 Official celebrations
3 Subsequent Days of Mourning
4 See also
5 References
Organisation[edit]
The Day of Mourning protest was organised by the Aborigines Progressive Association (APA), based in New South Wales and led by its founders Jack Patten and William Ferguson. The protest leaders also had support from the Australian Aborigines League (AAL), based in Victoria and led by William Cooper.[1] In 1888, the centenary of British colonisation, Aboriginal leaders had simply boycotted the Australia Day celebrations. However, this had been ignored by the media. These groups had also sent petitions to the Government of Australia and the Government of the United Kingdom, in the early 1930s, for the recognition of Aboriginal civil rights (including Aboriginal representation in the Parliament of Australia), but they had been ignored or dismissed without serious attention, and each had refused to pass the petitions on to King George V. As a result, a more proactive event was planned for the sesquicentenary, which the media and governments could not ignore. This was despite recent experience of the New South Wales Police engaging in general intimidation of public meetings of such political organisations.
Despite having rejected the APA's petition, Prime Minister Joseph Lyons did agree to meet with the Day of Mourning leaders on 25 January, without any other government officials or media present. However, some media reports at the time attributed this more to Lyons' desire to meet Pastor Doug Nicholls, who was an Australian rules football player for Fitzroy Football Club at the time, than to any desire to constructively negotiate.[1]
The day began with a march through the streets of Sydney, which was attended by both Aboriginal people and non-Indigenous supporters. The march began at the Sydney Town Hall, and concluded at the major event on the day, the Day of Mourning Congress, a political meeting for Aboriginal people only. It attracted many major Aboriginal leaders, including Pearl Gibbs and Margaret Tucker. The protesters had originally intended to hold the Congress in the Sydney Town Hall, but they were refused access, and instead held it at the nearby Australian Hall in Elizabeth Street. They were not allowed in through the front door and were told they could only enter through the rear door. The Congress was open to all Aboriginal people, and about 100 people attended, making it one of the first mass civil rights gatherings. The APA and AAL distributed a manifesto at the meeting, Aborigines Claim Citizens' Rights, produced by Patten and APA secretary William Ferguson. The manifesto opened with a declaration that "This festival of 150 years' so-called 'progress' in Australia commemorates also 150 years of misery and degradation imposed on the original native inhabitants by white invaders of this country."
At the Congress, the following resolution was passed unanimously:
WE, representing THE ABORIGINES OF AUSTRALIA, assembled in Conference at the Australian Hall, Sydney, on the 26th day of January, 1938, this being the 150th anniversary of the whitemen's seizure of our country, HEREBY MAKE PROTEST against the callous treatment of our people by the whitemen in the past 150 years, AND WE APPEAL to the Australian Nation to make new laws for the education and care of Aborigines, and for a new policy which will raise our people to FULL CITIZEN STATUS and EQUALITY WITHIN THE COMMUNITY.
Official celebrations[edit]
In order to celebrate Australia Day the Government of New South Wales had planned to reenact the arrival of the First Fleet in Port Jackson. However, all the Aboriginal political organisations in Sydney refused to participate. In response, the Government removed a group of Aboriginal men from a reserve in the west of the state, and brought them to Sydney. The men were kept overnight in the stables at the police barracks in Redfern. On Australia Day, they were taken to a beach at Farm Cove, where they were told to run up the beach, to convey the impression that they were fleeing in fear from the British.
The reenactments attracted heavy criticism from the Day of Mourning protesters, who were not allowed to visit the men from the reserve when they were staying at Redfern. However, the Sydney media focused more on the fact that convicts had been excised from the reenactment.
Subsequent Days of Mourning[edit]
Day of Mourning protests have been held on Australia Day ever since 1938. However, in recent years, other counter-protests held on 26 January, such as Invasion Day and Survival Day, have been more prominent in Australia.
In 1998, a reenactment of the original Day of Mourning was held to commemorate the sixtieth anniversary of the protest. About four hundred protesters marched in silence along the original route of the march. Descendants of the original protesters read their speeches, and the ten main grievances in the Congress' manifesto were re-affirmed. The reenactment was accompanied by a campaign to protect the Australian Hall, the location of the 1938 Congress. The Government of New South Wales had placed a conservation order on it, but exceptions to the order allowed everything but the façade to be demolished. The building is now permanently protected.
See also[edit]
National Sorry Day
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 11 September 2016. Retrieved 24 March 2016. - 1938 Day of Mourning - Aboriginal Civil Rights Protest
^ "Mr Lyons Only White Man At Blacks' Deputation". The Koori History Website. Retrieved 30 September 2005.
Burgmann, Verity (2003). Power, Profit and Protest. Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-74114-016-1.
"Australia Day - History". Australia Day Council New South Wales. Archived from the original on 28 August 2005. Retrieved 30 September 2005.
"Proclamation of the Day of Mourning". The Koori History Website. Retrieved 30 September 2005.
"Australian Hall". Dictionary of Sydney. 2008. Retrieved 2 October 2015. [permanent dead link] [CC-By-SA]
"Koori History: 1938 Day of Mourning". Retrieved 24 March 2016.
"Australian Hall". Dictionary of Sydney. 2008. Retrieved 2 October 2015. [CC-By-SA]
Zoe Pollock (2008). "Aborigines Progressive Association". Dictionary of Sydney. Dictionary of Sydney Trust. Retrieved 16 October 2015. [CC-By-SA]
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New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see Department of Health and Mental Hygiene.
Department of Health and Mental Hygiene

125 Worth Street in 2013
Department overview
Jurisdiction
New York City
Headquarters
42-09 28th St, Long Island City, NY
Department executive
Mary Bassett, Commissioner of Health and Mental Hygiene
Child department
New York City Board of Health
Key document
New York City Charter
Website
www.nyc.gov/health
2 Gotham Center in Long Island City, home to the DOHMH
The New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH) is the department of the government of New York City[1] responsible for public health along with issuing birth certificates, dog licenses, and conducting restaurant inspection and enforcement. The New York City Board of Health is part of the department.[2][3] Its regulations are compiled in title 24 of the New York City Rules (the New York City Health Code). The current commissioner is Dr. Mary Bassett, MD, MPH.
Contents
1 History
2 Controversy
3 Organization
3.1 Board of Health
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
The department was initially set up as the New York City Board of Health, which held its first meeting in 1805 to combat an outbreak of yellow fever. In 1866, the New York State legislature enacted a bill establishing the Metropolitan Board of Health, consisting of the four Police Commissioners, four Health Commissioners appointed by the Governor, and the Health Officer for the Port of New York. In 1870 the legislature replaced the Board of Health with the Department of Health, with additional responsibilities including street cleaning and sanitary permits.[4]
As of December 1894, Charles G. Wilson was serving as President of the Board of Health.[5]
As a result of its consolidation with the Department of Mental Health, Mental Retardation and Alcoholism Services, it was renamed the Department of Health and Mental Hygiene on July 29, 2002.[6]
Controversy[edit]
In October, 2017, public health and animal rights activists in New York City launched a campaign to compel Health Commissioner Mary Bassett to enforce seven public health codes violated during Kaporos, a ritual animal sacrifice that takes place before Yom Kippur, the Jewish Day of Atonement.[7] From October 2017 to May 2018, the activists disrupted four of her public speaking engagements and staged four protests in the lobby of the NYC Department of Health (DOH).[8] The activists allege that Commssioner Bassett is turning a blind eye to the health code violations because the ultra-Orthodox Jews who practice the ritual represent a powerful voting bloc. During Kaporos, an estimated 60,000 six-week old chickens are intensively confined in crates without food or water for up to several days before being slaughtered and discarded. Many die of starvation, thirst and exposure before the ritual takes place. A toxicology reported submitted to the court as part of an ongoing lawsuit against the DOH states that the ritual poses a risk to public health in the neighborhoods where it takes place.[9] While Commissioner Bassett has not publicly acknowledged the toxicology report or the activists’ claims about the health code violations, she has issued a public statement asserting that “there remains no evidence that the use of chickens for Kaporos poses a significant risk to human health.”[10]
Organization[edit]
New York City Board of Health
Commissioner of Health
General Counsel
Chief Medical Examiner
Executive Deputy Commissioner and Chief Operating Officer
Deputy Commissioner for Mental Hygiene
Alcohol and Drug Treatment
Child and Adolescent Services
Mental Health
Developmental Disabilities
Systems Strengthening and Access
Deputy Commissioner for Disease Control
Communicable Diseases
HIV/AIDS Prevention and Control
Immunization
Public Health Laboratory
STI Prevention and Control
Tuberculosis Control
Deputy Commissioner for Environmental Health
Environmental Disease Prevention
Environmental Emergency Preparedness and Response
Environmental Sciences and Engineering
Environmental Surveillance and Policy
Food Safety and Community Sanitation
Poison Control Center
Veterinary and Pest Control
Deputy Commissioner for Epidemiology
Epidemiology Services
Vital Statistics
Public Health Training
World Trade Center Health Registry
Deputy Commissioner for Health Care Access and Improvement
Correctional Health Services
Primary Care Access and Planning
Primary Care Information Project
Information Technology Initiatives
Deputy Commissioner for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention
Chronic Disease Prevention and Tobacco Control
District Public Health Offices
Maternal, Infant and Reproductive Health
School Health
Deputy Commissioner for Administration
Deputy Commissioner for Finance
Deputy Commissioner and Chief Information Officer
Deputy Commissioner for Emergency Preparedness and Response
Board of Health[edit]
The New York City Board of Health is part of the Department of Health and Mental Hygiene and consists of the commissioner of the department, the chairperson of the department's Mental Hygiene Advisory Board, and nine other members appointed by the mayor.[3]
See also[edit]
New York City Office of Administrative Trials and Hearings (OATH), for hearings conducted on certain summonses issued by the Department
New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation
New York State Department of Health
New York State Department of Mental Hygiene
Metropolitan Board of Health
Sugary Drinks Portion Cap Rule
References[edit]
Jump up ^ New York City Charter § 551(a); "There shall be a department of health and mental hygiene, the head of which shall be the commissioner of health and mental hygiene [...]"
Jump up ^ New York City Charter § 553
^ Jump up to: a b New York Statewide Coalition of Hispanic Chambers of Commerce v New York City Dept. of Health & Mental Hygiene , 23 NY3d 681 (2014).
Jump up ^ "New York City Department of Health Centennial" (PDF). nyc.gov. New York City Department of Health. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Charles G. Wilson Seriously Ill". The New York Times. New York City, United States. December 19, 1894. Retrieved March 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Cooper, Michael (July 30, 2002). "Metro Briefing — Streets And Agencies Renamed". New York Times. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "NYC Health Commissioner Mary Bassett Misleads Public About Legality of Kaporos Chicken Massacre". theirturn.net. 27 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Schapiro, Noah Goldberg, Rich. "Protesters slam Health Department, implore city to ban Jewish chicken slaughter ritual - NY Daily News". nydailynews.com.
Jump up ^ "The Yom Kippur Massacre of 2016 (VIDEO)". theirturn.net. 31 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Activists Protest NYC Health Commissioner Mary Bassett Over Illegal Animal Massacre". theirturn.net. 13 February 2018.
External links[edit]
New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene
Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (New York City Health Code) in the Rules of the City of New York
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