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History of ballooning
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This 1818 technical illustration shows early balloon designs.
The history of ballooning, both with hot air and gas, spans many centuries. It includes many firsts, including the first human flight, first flight across the English Channel, first flight in North America, and first aircraft related disaster.
Contents
[hide]
1 Premodern and unmanned balloons
2 First hydrogen balloon
3 First unmanned flight
4 First manned flight
5 First manned hydrogen balloon flight
6 Further milestones
7 Ballooning in the British Isles
8 Military use
9 20th century
10 Modern day
10.1 Notable accidents
11 See also
12 Notes
13 References
14 External links
Premodern and unmanned balloons[edit]
A Kongming lantern, the oldest type of hot air balloon.
Unmanned hot air balloons are popular in Chinese history. Zhuge Liang of the Shu Han kingdom, in the Three Kingdoms era (c. AD 220-280) used airborne lanterns for military signaling. These lanterns are known as Kongming lanterns (孔明灯).[1][2]
It has been demonstrated that manned hot air balloons can be built using ancient materials.[3] While there is no direct documentary or archaeological evidence that any manned or unmanned flights prior to those discussed below occurred using these methods, Ege notes an indirect report of evidence that the Chinese "solved the problem of aerial navigation" using balloons, hundreds of years before the 18th century.[4] The Mongolian army studied Kongming lanterns from China and used them in the Battle of Legnica during the Mongol invasion of Poland.[5] This is the first time ballooning was known in the western world.
The first documented balloon flight in Europe was by the Brazilian-Portuguese priest Bartolomeu de Gusmão. On August 8, 1709, in Lisbon, Bartolomeu de Gusmão managed to lift a small balloon made of paper full of hot air about four meters in front of king John V and the Portuguese court.[6][7][8][9][10][11] According to the Portuguese speaking community, this was the "earliest recorded model balloon flight".[12]
First hydrogen balloon[edit]
Passarola, Bartolomeu de Gusmão’s airship
The balloon built by Jacques Charles and the Robert brothers is attacked by terrified villagers in Gonesse.
Following Robert Boyle's Boyle's Law which had been published in 1662, and Henry Cavendish's 1766 work on hydrogen, Joseph Black proposed that if the gaseous element filled a balloon, the inflated object could rise up into the air. Jacques Charles, whose study of gases led to his namesake law of volumes, had studied the works of Cavendish, Black, and Tiberius Cavallo,[13] and also thought that hydrogen could lift a balloon.
Jacques Charles designed the balloon, and the Robert brothers constructed a lightweight, airtight gas bag. Barthélémy Faujas de Saint-Fond[14] organized a crowd-funded subscription to finance the brothers' project. The Roberts dissolved rubber in a solution of turpentine, with which they varnished stitched-together sheets of silk, to make the main envelope. They used alternating strips of red and white silk, but the rubberising varnish yellowed the white silk.[13]
Jacques Charles and the Robert brothers began filling[14] the world's first hydrogen balloon on the 23rd of August 1783, in the Place des Victoires, Paris. The balloon was comparatively small, a 35 cubic metre sphere of rubberised silk (about 13 feet in diameter),[13] and only capable of lifting about 9 kg.[15] It was filled with hydrogen that had been made by pouring nearly a quarter of a tonne of sulphuric acid onto half a tonne of scrap iron.[15] The hydrogen gas was fed into the envelope via lead pipes; as it was not passed through cold water, the gas was hot when produced, and then contracted as it cooled in the balloon, causing great difficulty in filling the balloon completely. Daily progress bulletins were issued on the inflation, attracting a crowd that became so great, that on the 26th the balloon was moved secretly by night to the Champ de Mars (now the site of the Eiffel Tower), a distance of 4 kilometres.[16]. On August 27, 1783, the balloon was released; Benjamin Franklin was among the crowd of onlookers.[15]
The balloon flew northwards for 45 minutes, pursued by chasers on horseback, and landed 21 kilometres away in the village of Gonesse where the reportedly terrified local peasants attacked it with pitchforks[15] and knives[17], and destroyed it.
First unmanned flight[edit]
On 5 June 1783 the Montgolfier brothers first publicly demonstrated an unmanned hot-air balloon 35 feet (11 m) in diameter.[18] On 19 September 1783, their balloon Aerostat Réveillon was flown with the first (non-human) living creatures in a basket attached to the balloon: a sheep called Montauciel ("Climb-to-the-sky"), a duck and a rooster.[19][20] The sheep was believed to have a reasonable approximation of human physiology. The duck was expected to be unharmed by being lifted aloft. It was included as a control for effects created by the aircraft rather than the altitude. The rooster was included as a further control as it was a bird that did not fly at high altitudes. This demonstration was performed before a crowd at the royal palace in Versailles, before King Louis XVI of France and Queen Marie Antoinette.[19] The flight lasted approximately eight minutes, covered two miles (3 km), and obtained an altitude of about 1,500 feet (460 m). The craft landed safely after flying.[19]
First manned flight[edit]
The first manned hot-air balloon, designed by the Montgolfier brothers, takes off from the Bois de Boulogne, Paris, on November 21, 1783
The first clearly recorded instance of a balloon carrying (human) passengers used hot air to generate buoyancy and was built by the brothers Joseph-Michel and Jacques-Etienne Montgolfier in Annonay, France.[13][21] These brothers came from a family of paper manufacturers and had noticed ash rising in paper fires. The Montgolfier brothers gave their first public demonstration of their invention on June 4, 1783. After experimenting with unmanned balloons and flights with animals, the first tethered balloon flight with humans on board took place on October 19, 1783 with the scientist Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier, the manufacture manager, Jean-Baptiste Réveillon and Giroud de Villette, at the Folie Titon in Paris.
Iordache Cuparencu is believed to be the first man to survive an air accident. A poster from 1808.
The first untethered, free flight with human passengers was on 21 November 1783.[22] King Louis XVI had originally decreed that condemned criminals would be the first pilots, but de Rozier, along with the Marquis François d'Arlandes, successfully petitioned for the honor.[23][24][25] For this occasion the diameter of the balloon rose to almost 50 feet with a smoky fire slung under the neck of the balloon placed in an iron basket, it was controllable and replenishable by the balloonists. In 25 minutes the two men traveled just over five miles. Enough fuel remained on board at the end of the flight to have allowed the balloon to fly four to five times as far, but burning embers from the fire threatened to engulf the balloon and the men decided to land as soon as they were over open countryside.
News of the balloon flights spread quickly. By December 1783 Goethe wrote to a friend on Wilhelm Heinrich Sebastian Bucholz's attempt in Weimar "to master the art of Montgolfier".[18] The pioneering work of the Montgolfier brothers in developing the hot air balloon was recognised by this type of balloon being named Montgolfière after them.
First manned hydrogen balloon flight[edit]
Contemporary illustration of the first flight by Professor Jacques Charles with Nicolas-Louis Robert, December 1, 1783. Viewed from the Place de la Concorde to the Tuileries Palace
Only a few days later, at 13:45 on December 1, 1783, professor Jacques Charles and the Robert brothers (Les Frères Robert) launched a new, manned hydrogen balloon from the Jardin des Tuileries in Paris, amid vast crowds and excitement.[13][15] The balloon was held on ropes and led to its final launch place by four of the leading noblemen in France, the Marechal de Richelieu, Marshal de Biron, the Bailli de Suffren, and the Duke of Chaulnes.[26] Jacques Charles was accompanied by Nicolas-Louis Robert as co-pilot of the 380-cubic-metre, hydrogen-filled balloon.[13][15] The envelope was fitted with a hydrogen release valve, and was covered with a net from which the basket was suspended. Sand ballast was used to control altitude.[13] They ascended to a height of about 1,800 feet (550 m)[15] and landed at sunset in Nesles-la-Vallée after a flight of 2 hours and 5 minutes, covering 36 km.[13][15][17] The chasers on horseback, who were led by the Duc de Chartres, held down the craft while both Charles and Robert alighted.[17]
Charles then decided to ascend again, but alone this time because the balloon had lost some of its hydrogen. This time he ascended rapidly to an altitude of about 3,000 metres[27][17]), where he saw the sun again. He began suffering from aching pain in his ears so he 'valved' to release gas, and descended to land gently about 3 km away at Tour du Lay.[17] Unlike the Robert brothers, Charles never flew again,[17] although a balloon using hydrogen for its lift came to be called a Charlière in his honour.
Charles and Robert carried a barometer and a thermometer to measure the pressure and the temperature of the air, making this not only the first manned hydrogen balloon flight, but also the first balloon flight to provide meteorological measurements of the atmosphere above the Earth's surface.[28]
It is reported that 400,000 spectators witnessed the launch, and that hundreds had paid one crown each to help finance the construction and receive access to a 'special enclosure' for a "close-up view" of the take-off.[17] Among the 'special enclosure' crowd was Benjamin Franklin, the diplomatic representative of the United States of America.[17] Also present was Joseph Montgolfier, whom Charles honoured by asking him to release the small, bright green, pilot balloon to assess the wind and weather conditions.[17]
Further milestones[edit]
Ascent of the Monsieur Bouclé's Montgolfier Balloon in the Gardens of Aranjuez, June 1784
Balloon landing in Mashgh square, Iran (Persia), at the time of Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar, around 1850.
The next great challenge was to fly across the English Channel, a feat accomplished on January 7, 1785 by Jean-Pierre Blanchard.
The first aircraft disaster occurred in May 1785 when the town of Tullamore, County Offaly, Ireland was seriously damaged when the crash of a balloon resulted in a fire that burned down about 100 houses, making the town home to the world's first aviation disaster. To this day, the town shield depicts a phoenix rising from the ashes.
Blanchard went on to make the first manned flight of a balloon in America on January 10, 1793.[20] His hydrogen-filled balloon took off from a prison yard in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The flight reached 5,800 feet (1,770 m) and landed in Gloucester County, New Jersey. President George Washington was among the guests observing the takeoff.
Gas balloons became the most common type from the 1790s until the 1960s.
Balloonists sought a means to control the balloon's direction. The first steerable balloon (also known as a dirigible) was flown by Henri Giffard in 1852. Powered by a steam engine, it was too slow to be effective. Like heavier than air flight, the internal combustion engine made dirigibles—especially blimps—practical, starting in the late 19th century. In 1872 Paul Haenlein flew the first (tethered) internal combustion motor-powered balloon. The first to fly in an untethered airship powered by an internal combustion engine was Alberto Santos Dumont in 1898.
On 3 July 2002, Steve Fossett became the first person to fly around the world alone, nonstop, in any kind of aircraft, by hot air balloon. He launched the balloon Spirit of Freedom from Northam, Western Australia on 19 June 2002 and returned to Australia on 3 July 2002, subsequently landing in Queensland. Duration and distance of this solo balloon flight was 13 days, 8 hours, 33 minutes (14 days 19 hours 50 minutes to landing), 20,626.48 statute miles (33,195.10 km).[29] The trip set a number of records for ballooning: Fastest (200 miles per hour (320 km/h), breaking his own previous record of 166 miles per hour (270 km/h)), Fastest Around the World (13.5 days), Longest Distance Flown Solo in a Balloon (20,482.26 miles (32,963.00 km)), and 24-Hour Balloon Distance (3,186.80 miles (5,128.66 km) on July 1).[30]
Ballooning in the British Isles[edit]
The first manned balloon flight in The British isles was by James Tytler on August 27, 1784. Tytler flew his balloon from Abbeyhill to Restalrig, then suburbs of Edinburgh. He flew for ten minutes at a height of 350 feet.[citation needed]
The first manned balloon flight in England was by Signor Vincent Lunardi who ascended from Moorfields (London) on 15 September 1784.[31]
Jean-Pierre Blanchard and Jeffries flew from Dover to Calais in 1785.
In the same year, a Mr Arnold went up from St Georges Fields (London), but came down in the River Thames, and a Major John Money (1752–1817) took off from Norwich, in an attempt to raise money for the Norfolk and Norwich Hospital. He passed over Lowestoft at 6pm and came down about 18 miles (29 km) into the North Sea and was saved by a revenue cutter about five hours later.[32]
The first ascent in Ireland was from Ranelagh Gardens in Dublin in 1785 by Richard Crosbie.[33]
James Sadler made many flights in England, but on 9 October 1812 he came down in the sea and was rescued near Holyhead. His son, Windham Sadler was killed when he fell from a balloon in 1825. Lieutenant Harris was killed falling from a balloon on 25 May 1824.
A model of the first dirigible, the 1852 steam powered Giffard Airship, on display at the London Science Museum.
Charles Green and others made a number of ascents in London between 1821 and 1852. His first ascent was on July 19, 1821. He claimed that in May 1828 he actually took his horse up with him but this was disputed, and the public had to wait until July 1850 when he lifted off from Vauxhall Gardens with a somewhat diminutive pony as his "steed". Further attempts were made in France until Madame Poitevin took off from Cremorne Gardens in London in August 1852, as "Europa on a Bull" (the bull dressed as rather a nervous "Zeus")[34] but this led to a charge of cruelty to animals, a police case, a diplomatic dilemma and general public outrage after which no animals were used.
In 1836, the “Royal Vauxhall” balloon which was used as a pleasure balloon in Vauxhall Gardens was used by Charles Green with two crew and after 18 hours came down safely at Weilburg in the German Duchy of Nassau, setting a record unbeaten until 1907.
Robert Cocking, an artist, devised a parachute based upon Garnerin’s prototype (in which he had great faith) and ascended in a balloon from Vauxhall (London) on 24 July 1837 to about 1500m. The parachute failed to open properly and Cocking was killed.[35]
Military use[edit]
Main article: History of military ballooning
The Union Army Balloon Intrepid being inflated from the gas generators for the Battle of Fair Oaks
The first military use of aircraft in Europe took place during the French Revolutionary Wars, when the French used a tethered hydrogen balloon to observe the movements of the Austrian army during the Battle of Fleurus (1794).
In 1811 Franz Leppich went to Napoleon and claimed that he could build a hydrogen balloon that would enable the French to attack from the air. Napoleon then ordered that he be removed from French Territory. In 1812 the secret service from Russia got Leppich Passports with the name Schmidt and then he and a secret undercover person went to Moscow to Count Rostopchin. Near Moscow a "Werft" was set up and with about 50 other German-speaking mechanics, and he started to build "air bouts". When the balloon was finally tried out, they worked but were unable to move against the wind .[36][37] Leppich did final work after the burning of Moscow, on this about a year longer near St. Petersburg and then he left for Germany again. There he worked on the subject up to 1817. In 1818 he received a patent in his and his brothers name in Vienna for making nails with a punch.[38][39]
In Tolstoy's novel, War and Peace, Count Pyótr Kiríllovich Bezúkhov (Pierre) makes an excursion to see this balloon though he does not see it. Tolstoy also includes a letter from the sovereign Emperor Alexander I to Count Rostopchin concerning the balloon.[40]
French Emperor Napoleon III employed a corps of observation balloons, led by Eugène Godard, for aerial reconnaissance over battlefields both in Franco-Austrian war of 1859, and in 1870 during the Franco-Prussian War and the Siege of Paris.
Gas balloons in 1919.
Hot air balloons were employed during the American Civil War.[41] The military balloons used by the Union Army Balloon Corps under the command of Prof. Thaddeus S. C. Lowe were limp silk envelopes inflated with coal gas (town gas) or hydrogen.[citation needed]
20th century[edit]
During World War II, a large number of barrage balloons were inflated over the city of London in an effort to obstruct Luftwaffe air attacks during the Battle of Britain. Whatever their effectiveness, they were a cheap defense but did not stop heavy damage inflicted on Londoners during the Blitz, probably because the Heinkel He 111 bombers flew too high. Nonetheless, some 231 V-1 flying bombs were destroyed.[42]
In the early and mid-20th century, hydrogen balloons were used extensively in upper-atmosphere research in such projects as Osoaviakhim-1, the Stratobowl launches, Project Manhigh, and Project Strato-Lab. A series of ascensions set a number of high-altitude records before space flight eclipsed ballooning as an endeavor.[43] When governments lost interest in manned balloons, private citizens continued to strive to set records, especially for long distances, and to achieve "first" marks (such as Double Eagle II (first to cross the Atlantic Ocean) and Breitling Orbiter 3 (first to circumnavigate the world).
Although manned high-altitude balloon ascensions are still undertaken, they are more likely to be the work of adventurers than researchers.[44]
Modern day[edit]
A pair of Hopper balloons.
Modern hot air balloons, with a more sophisticated onboard heat source than the Montgolfier brothers' basket of hot coals, were pioneered by Ed Yost beginning in the 1950s which resulted in his first successful flight on October 22, 1960.[45] The first modern day hot air balloon to be built in the United Kingdom (UK) was the Bristol Belle in 1967. Today, hot air balloons are used primarily for recreation, and there are some 7,500 hot air balloons operating in the United States.[46]
The first tethered balloon in modern times was made in France at Chantilly Castle in 1994 by Aérophile SA.[citation needed]
Notable accidents[edit]
November 1975 Pilot Terry McCormack and passenger Tony Hayes were killed near Wagga Wagga, NSW as the balloon 'The New Endeavour' was struck by a whirlwind causing the envelope to collapse.[47]
See also: 1989 Alice Springs hot air balloon crash, 2012 Carterton hot air balloon crash, 2012 Ljubljana Marshes hot air balloon crash, 2013 Luxor hot air balloon crash, and List of ballooning accidents
On 13 August 1989, two hot air balloons collided near Alice Springs, Northern Territory in Australia. One balloon crashed to the ground killing 13 people.[48]
On 12 September 1995, three gas balloons participating in the Gordon Bennett Cup entered Belarusian air space. Despite the fact that competition organizers had informed the Belarusian Government about the race in May and that flight plans had been filed, a Mil Mi-24B attack helicopter of the Belarusian Air Force shot down one balloon,[49][50] killing two American citizens, Alan Fraenckel and John Stuart-Jervis.[51][52] Another of the balloons was forced to land while the third landed safely over two hours after the initial downing. The crews of the two balloons were fined for entering Belarus without a visa and released. Belarus has neither apologized nor offered compensation for the deaths.[53]
On 11 August 2007, a hot air balloon burned & crashed in British Columbia when a fuel line became dislodged from a propane tank, killing two passengers; the Transportation Safety Board of Canada subsequently ruled that fuel tanks should have automatic shutoff valves.[54]
On 1 January 2011, a hot air balloon crashed in Westfield, Somerset, United Kingdom, killing both people on board.[55]
On 7 January 2012, a scenic hot air balloon flight from Carterton, New Zealand, touched a power line, caught fire, and crashed just north of the town, killing all eleven people on board.[56]
On 23 August 2012 in Slovenia, a hot air balloon crash-landed due to a thunderstorm, killing 6 and injuring the other 26 people on board.[57]
On 26 February 2013 the deadliest ballooning accident in history occurred when a hot air balloon exploded and crashed near Luxor, Egypt. The crash killed 19 of the 21 people on board.[58]
On 30 July 2016, a hot air balloon carrying 16 people caught fire and crashed near Lockhart, Texas. There were no survivors.
See also[edit]
Airship
Aviation
Balloon (aircraft)
Balloon satellite
Barrage balloon
Bristol International Balloon Fiesta
Cinebulle
Cluster ballooning
Espionage balloon
Early flying machines
Gas balloon
High-altitude balloon
Hopper balloon
Hot air balloon festivals
Hot air ballooning
Lighter than air
List of balloon uses
Montgolfier brothers
Non-rigid airship (Blimp)
Observation balloon
Research balloon
Skyhook balloon
Solar balloon
Thermal airship (Hot air airship)
Zeppelin
Notes[edit]
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Jump up ^ CARVALHO, História dos Balões, Lisboa, Relógio d'Agua, 1991
Jump up ^ CRUZ FILHO, F. Murillo, Bartolomeu Lourenço de Gusmão: Sua Obra e o Significado Fáustico de Sua Vida, Rio de Janeiro, Biblioteca Reprográfica Xerox, 1985
Jump up ^ SILVA, Inocencio da, ARANHA, Brito, Diccionario Bibliographico Portuguez, Lisboa, Imprensa Nacional, T. I, pp. 332–334
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Jump up ^ "CIA Notable flights and performances: Part 01, 0000-1785". Svenska Ballong Federationen. Retrieved 2010-04-11. Date 1709-08-08 Pilot: Bartholomeu Lourenço de Gusmão, Earliest recorded model balloon flight.
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Jump up ^ MacMahon, Bryan (2010). "Ascend or Die: Richard Crosbie - pioneer of balloon flight". The History Press, Ireland, 256 pp., ISBN 9781845889852, cited in James Scannell (2011), "First Flight by an Irishman". Ireland's Genealogical Gazette, ISSN 1649-7937, Volume 6, number 3, page 4, available at "Ireland's Genealogical Gazette" (PDF). (accessed 5 August 2012)
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Jump up ^ In: Cobbett's weekly political register. Volume 22, R. Bagshaw, 1812, P. 659–660 (online)
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Jump up ^ War and Peace. Leo Tolstoy. 2007 Alfred A Knopf. New York. pgs 751 & 1240
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Jump up ^ G. Pfotzer, "History of the Use of Balloons in Scientific Experiments", Space Science Reviews, Volume 13, Issue 2, pp. 199-242 (1972).
Jump up ^ E.g., "DIY balloon sent up 30km", Boing Boing, October 26, 2007. Accessed 2009.10.08.
Jump up ^ Hevesi, Dennis (June 4, 2007). "New York Times: Ed Yost, 87, Father of Modern Hot-Air Ballooning, Dies". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-06-04.
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References[edit]
Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd.
External links[edit]
NOTABLE PERFORMANCES and ACHIEVEMENTS
History of Ballooning (Student Essay) - Student Essay on History of Ballooning
Video of The Double Eagle Balloon after crossing the Atlantic Ocean
British film Conquest of the Air starring Laurence Olivier as Vincent Lunardi
[show]
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e
Accidents and incidents involving hot air balloons
Accidents
Alice Springs, Australia (1989)
Carterton, New Zealand (2012)
Ljubljana, Slovenia (2012)
Luxor, Egypt (2013)
Lockhart, Texas, USA (2016)
Luxor, Egypt (2018)
Related lists
List of ballooning accidents
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History of aviation
Chronological
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Pioneer era
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text:
Livin' on a Prayer
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the Family Guy episode, see Livin' on a Prayer (Family Guy).
"Livin' on a Prayer"
Single by Bon Jovi
from the album Slippery When Wet
B-side
"Wild in the Streets"
Released
October 31, 1986 (1986-10-31)
Format
7"
12"
CD
Genre
Hard rock
glam metal
Length
4:11 (album version)
4:23 (Rock Band 2 edit)
5:07 (DualDisc remix)
Label
Mercury
Songwriter(s)
Jon Bon Jovi
Richie Sambora
Desmond Child
Producer(s)
Bruce Fairbairn
Bon Jovi singles chronology
"You Give Love a Bad Name"
(1986) "Livin' on a Prayer"
(1986) "Wanted Dead or Alive"
(1987)
"You Give Love a Bad Name"
(1986) "Livin' on a Prayer"
(1986) "Wanted Dead or Alive"
(1987)
Music video
"Livin' on a Prayer" on YouTube
"Livin' on a Prayer" is Bon Jovi's second chart-topping single from their album Slippery When Wet (1986). Written by Jon Bon Jovi, Richie Sambora, and Desmond Child, the single, released in late 1986, was well received at both rock and pop radio and its music video was given heavy rotation at MTV, giving the band their first No. 1 on the Billboard Mainstream Rock chart and their second consecutive No. 1 Billboard Hot 100 hit.[1]
The song has become the band's signature song, topping fan-voted lists and re-charting around the world decades after its release. The original 45-RPM single release sold 800,000 copies in the United States,[citation needed] and in 2013 was certified Triple Platinum for over 3 million digital downloads. The official music video has over 350 million views on YouTube.
Contents
[hide]
1 Song history
2 Commercial success
3 Lyrical interpretation
4 Music video
5 Alternate versions
6 Use in media
7 Credits and personnel
8 Charts and certifications
8.1 Weekly charts
8.2 Year-end charts
8.3 Sales and certifications
9 References
10 External links
Song history[edit]
Jon Bon Jovi did not like the original recording of this song, which can be found as a hidden track on 100,000,000 Bon Jovi Fans Can't Be Wrong. Lead guitarist Richie Sambora, however, convinced him the song was good, and they reworked it with a new bass guitar line (recorded by Hugh McDonald[2][3][4]), different drum fills and the use of a talk box to include it on their upcoming album Slippery When Wet. The song spent two weeks at number one on the Mainstream Rock Tracks, from January 31 to February 14, 1987, and four weeks at number one on the Billboard Hot 100, from February 14 to March 14. It also hit number four on the UK singles chart.
The album version of the song, timed around 4:10, fades out at the end. However, the music video game Guitar Hero World Tour features the song's original studio ending, where the band revisit the intro riff and end with a talk box solo; this version ends at 4:53. The original ending is also playable on the similar video game Rock Band 2, though edited in this case (thereby eliminating the talk box solo at the end). The version included on the 2005 DualDisc edition of Slippery When Wet has an extended version of the original ending, with a different talk box solo playing over the riff (possibly taken from an outtake of the song); this version, which fades out at the end like the standard version of the song, ends at 5:06.
After the September 11, 2001 attacks – in which New Jersey was the second-hardest hit state after New York City, suffering hundreds of casualties among both WTC workers and first responders – the band performed an acoustic version of this song for New York. Bon Jovi performed a similar version as part of the special America: A Tribute to Heroes.
Commercial success[edit]
In 2006, online voters rated "Livin' on a Prayer" No. 1 on VH1's list of The 100 Greatest Songs of the '80s. More recently, in New Zealand, "Livin' on a Prayer" was No. 1 on the C4 music channel's show U Choose 40, on the 80's Icons list. It was also No. 1 on the "Sing-a-long Classics List". After Bon Jovi performed in New Zealand on January 28, 2008 while on their Lost Highway Tour, the song re-entered the official New Zealand RIANZ singles chart at number 24, over twenty years after the initial release.[5]
Australian music TV channel MAX placed this song at No. 18 on their 2008 countdown "Rock Songs: Top 100". In 2009, the song returned to the charts in the UK, notably hitting the number-one spot on the UK Rock Chart.
In 2010 the song was chosen in an online vote on the Grammy.com website over the group's more recent hits "Always" and "It's My Life" to be played live by the band on the 52nd Grammy Awards telecast.[6][7]
In the Billboard Hot 100 Anniversary 50, "Livin' on a Prayer" was named as 46 in the All time rock songs.[8] After the song was released for download, the song has sold 3.4 million digital copies in the US as of November 2014.[9]
The song, including its original ending, is also playable on the music video games Guitar Hero World Tour and Rock Band 2. The song was re-worked and made available to download on November 9, 2010 for use in the Rock Band 3 music gaming platform to take advantage of PRO mode which allows use of a real guitar / bass guitar, and standard MIDI-compatible electronic drum kits / keyboards in addition to up to three-part harmony or backup vocals.[10][11]
In November 2013, the song made its return to the Billboard Hot 100 at number 25, due to a viral video.
Lyrical interpretation[edit]
The song is about a fictional working class couple, Tommy and Gina, who struggle to make ends meet and maintain their relationship. Tommy "used to work on the docks" because "union's been on strike, he's down on his luck". Gina works at a diner, "workin' for her man". Jon Bon Jovi explained that he "wrote that song during the Reagan era (1980–1988) and the trickle-down economics are really inspirational to writing songs".[12] Tommy and Gina are also referred to in Bon Jovi's 2000 single "It's My Life".
Music video[edit]
The music video was filmed on September 17, 1986, at the Grand Olympic Auditorium in Los Angeles, California and was directed by Wayne Isham.[13] It all starts with a silhouette of the band walking down the hall and it features shots of the band rehearsing, then playing in front of a crowd. The first half of the video, featuring the rehearsal footage, is in black and white, and the second half of the video, performing to the arena audience, is in color.
In the beginning of the video, Jon Bon Jovi has a harness attached by professional stunt coordinators and stunt spotters, and later in the music video he soars over the crowd via overhead wires.
Alternate versions[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Bon Jovi have themselves reworked the song several times, including an acoustic live version that served as a precursor to the MTV Unplugged series and a re-recorded version of the song, "Prayer '94," which appeared on U.S. versions of their Cross Road hits collection.
Use in media[edit]
In May 2013, a segment on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno aired, featuring a man and a woman at a gas station being offered a free tank of gas in exchange for singing a song. The husband, Will Sims II, chose "Livin' on a Prayer." The video of the segment went viral.[14] Sims later went on to compete on Survivor: Worlds Apart.[15]
It is featured in Guitar Hero World Tour and Rock Band 2
Credits and personnel[edit]
Bon Jovi
Jon Bon Jovi – lead vocals
Richie Sambora – guitar, backing vocals, talkbox
Alec John Such – bass (credited), backing vocals
Tico Torres – drums, finger cymbals
David Bryan – keyboards, backing vocals
Additional musicians
Hugh McDonald – bass guitar (wrote and recorded the bass parts, uncredited) [16][17][18]
Charts and certifications[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1986–87)
Peak
position
Australia (Kent Music Report)[19]
3
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[20]
3
Belgium (VRT Top 30 Flanders)[21]
4
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[22]
1
Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[23]
10
Germany (Official German Charts)[24]
20
Ireland (IRMA)[25]
4
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[26]
2
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[27]
4
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[28]
1
Norway (VG-lista)[29]
1
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[30]
4
South Africa (Springbok Radio)[31]
5
Spain (AFYVE)[32]
6
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[33]
2
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[34]
12
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[35]
4
UK Rock and Metal (Official Charts Company)[36]
1
US Billboard Hot 100[37]
1
US Album Rock Tracks (Billboard)[38]
1
US Cash Box[39]
1
Chart (2013)
Peak
position
US Hot Rock Songs (Billboard)[40]
8
Chart (2017)
Peak
position
Poland (Polish Airplay Top 100)[41]
56
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1986)
Position
UK Singles (Gallup)[42]
36
Chart (1987)
Position
Australia (Kent Music Report)[43]
17
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[44]
29
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[45]
28
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[46]
17
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[47]
32
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[48]
40
US Billboard Hot 100[49]
10
US Album Rock Tracks (Billboard)[50]
15
US Cash Box[51]
5
Sales and certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Canada (Music Canada)[52]
Gold 50,000^
Japan (RIAJ)[53]
Gold 100,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)[54]
Platinum 600,000
United States (RIAA)[55]
3× Platinum 3,400,000[9]
^shipments figures based on certification alone
sales+streaming figures based on certification alone
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "AllMusic (Bon Jovi charts & awards) Billboard singles".
Jump up ^ Brodén, Victor. "On Bass: The Song Guys". Premier Guitar. Retrieved 10 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Setaro, Shawn. "Inside The Business Of Bon Jovi With Bryan Reesman". Forbes. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
Jump up ^ McDonald, Hugh. "Hugh McDonald Official Website – Discography". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on 2 March 2012. Retrieved 11 March 2017. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ RIANZ Archived 2011-03-16 at WebCite
Jump up ^ "More GRAMMY Performers, Presenters Announced".
Jump up ^ "Beyonce Swift Boated".
Jump up ^ It's Only Rock & Roll: Top Billboard Hot 100 Rock Songs
^ Jump up to: a b Appel, Rich (November 26, 2014). "Revisionist History, Part 5: Bon Jovi's 'Prayer' Answered, 'Caroline' Is Sweeter Than 'Sugar'". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved November 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kohler, Chris (2010-11-09). "Bon Jovi Rock Band Tracks Upgraded with Pro Keys, Guitars". Wired. Retrieved 2012-11-09.
Jump up ^ Snider, Mike (2010-06-10). "Rock Band 3: What's New, What's Notable". USA Today. Retrieved 2012-11-08.
Jump up ^ "Bon Jovi Calls George Bush as 'lunatcic'!".
Jump up ^ "mvdbase.com – Wayne Isham technician videography".
Jump up ^ "Gas Pump Couple Join Leno On ‘Tonight’ For An Encore [Video]". Inquisitr. The Inquisitr. May 12, 2013. Retrieved August 20, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Hickory native Will Simms competes on SURVIVOR". The Observer News Enterprise. Observer News Online. Retrieved August 20, 2015.
Jump up ^ Brodén, Victor. "On Bass: The Song Guys". Premier Guitar. Retrieved 10 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Setaro, Shawn. "Inside The Business Of Bon Jovi With Bryan Reesman". Forbes. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
Jump up ^ McDonald, Hugh. "Hugh McDonald Official Website – Discography". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on 2 March 2012. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (Illustrated ed.). Sydney: Australian Chart Book. p. 41. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Bon Jovi – Livin' On A Prayer" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50.
Jump up ^ "Radio2 top 30: 7 february 1987" (in Dutch). Top 30. Retrieved 5 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "Top Singles – Volume 45, No. 23, March 14, 1987". RPM. Retrieved 7 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Pennanen, Timo (2006). Sisältää hitin – levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 (in Finnish) (1st ed.). Helsinki: Tammi. ISBN 978-951-1-21053-5.
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Bon Jovi – Livin' On A Prayer". GfK Entertainment Charts.
Jump up ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Livin' On A Prayer". Irish Singles Chart.
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – Bon Jovi search results" (in Dutch) Dutch Top 40. Retrieved 5 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Bon Jovi – Livin' On A Prayer" (in Dutch). Single Top 100.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Bon Jovi – Livin' On A Prayer". Top 40 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Bon Jovi – Livin' On A Prayer". VG-lista.
Jump up ^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "South African Rock Lists Website SA Charts 1969–1989 Acts (B)". Rock.co.za. Retrieved 5 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Salaverri, Fernando (September 2005). Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002 (1st ed.). Spain: Fundación Autor-SGAE. ISBN 84-8048-639-2.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Bon Jovi – Livin' On A Prayer". Singles Top 100.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Bon Jovi – Livin' On A Prayer". Swiss Singles Chart.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "Official Rock & Metal Singles Chart Top 40". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 5 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "Bon Jovi – Chart history" Billboard Hot 100 for Bon Jovi.
Jump up ^ "Bon Jovi – Chart history". Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks for Bon Jovi. Retrieved 7 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "CASH BOX Top 100 Singles – Week ending FEBRUARY 14, 1987". Cash Box magazine. Retrieved 5 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "Bon Jovi – Chart history" Billboard Hot Rock Songs for Bon Jovi. Retrieved 9 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Listy bestsellerów, wyróżnienia :: Związek Producentów Audio-Video". Polish Airplay Top 100. Retrieved May 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Singles". Music Week. London, England: Spotlight Publications: 24. 24 January 1987.
Jump up ^ "Forum – ARIA Charts: Special Occasion Charts – Top 100 End of Year AMR Charts – 1980s". Australian-charts.com. Hung Medien. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 5 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "Jaaroverzichten 1987 (Flanders)" (in Dutch). Ultratop. Hung Medien. Retrieved 5 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Singles of '87". RPM. Retrieved 7 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "Top Selling Singles of 1987". Retrieved 5 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "Top 100-Jaaroverzicht van 1987" (in Dutch). Retrieved 5 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "Jaaroverzichten – Single 1987" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Hung Medien. Retrieved 5 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "Top Pop Singles of '87". Billboard.biz. Retrieved 7 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "Top Rock Tracks". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. 99 (52): 16. December 26, 1987. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved December 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The CASH BOX Year-End Charts: 1987". Cash Box magazine. Retrieved 5 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "Canadian single certifications – Bon Jovi – Livin' on a Prayer". Music Canada.
Jump up ^ "Single Certification List – August 2010" (in Japanese). Recording Industry Association of Japan. Retrieved 5 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "British single certifications – Bon Jovi – Livin' on a Prayer". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved April 15, 2016. Enter Livin' on a Prayer in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – Bon Jovi – Livin' on a Prayer". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
Preceded by
"My Baby" by The Pretenders Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks number-one single
January 31, 1987 – February 13, 1987 (2 weeks) Succeeded by
"Midnight Blue" by Lou Gramm
Preceded by
"Open Your Heart" by Madonna Billboard Hot 100 number-one single
February 14, 1987 – March 7, 1987 (4 weeks) Succeeded by
"Jacob's Ladder" by Huey Lewis and the News
Preceded by
"Desolation Row" by My Chemical Romance
"Destabilise" by Enter Shikari
"Christmas Time (Don't Let the Bells End)" by The Darkness UK Rock Chart number-one single
February 22, 2009 – March 22, 2009
November 6, 2010 – November 13, 2010
January 2, 2011 – January 9, 2011 Succeeded by
"I'd Come For You" by Nickelback
"Na Na Na (Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na)" by My Chemical Romance
"Feeling Good" by Muse
[show]
v
t
e
Bon Jovi
Jon Bon Jovi
Tico Torres
David Bryan
Hugh McDonald
Phil X
Richie Sambora
Alec John Such
Dave Sabo
Studio albums
Bon Jovi
7800° Fahrenheit
Slippery When Wet
New Jersey
Keep the Faith
These Days
Crush
Bounce
Have a Nice Day
Lost Highway
The Circle
What About Now
This House Is Not for Sale
Compilation albums
Cross Road
This Left Feels Right
Greatest Hits
Burning Bridges
Live albums
One Wild Night Live 1985–2001
Inside Out
This House Is Not for Sale – Live from the London Palladium
Box sets
100,000,000 Bon Jovi Fans Can't Be Wrong
Solo albums
Blaze of Glory (Jon Bon Jovi)
Stranger in This Town (Sambora)
On a Full Moon (Bryan)
Destination Anywhere (Jon Bon Jovi)
Undiscovered Soul (Sambora)
Lunar Eclipse (Bryan)
The Power Station Years: The Unreleased Recordings (Jon Bon Jovi)
Aftermath of the Lowdown (Sambora)
Video albums
Breakout: Video Singles
Slippery When Wet: The Videos
New Jersey: The Videos
Access All Areas: A Rock & Roll Odyssey
Keep the Faith: An Evening with Bon Jovi
Keep the Faith: The Videos
Cross Road
Live from London
The Crush Tour
This Left Feels Right Live
Lost Highway: The Concert
When We Were Beautiful
Live at Madison Square Garden
Greatest Hits: The Ultimate Video Collection
Concert tours
Runaway Tour
7800 Fahrenheit Tour
Slippery When Wet Tour
Jersey Syndicate Tour
Keep the Faith Tour
I'll Sleep When I'm Dead Tour
These Days Tour
Crush Tour
One Wild Night Tour
Bounce Tour
Have a Nice Day Tour
Lost Highway Tour
The Circle Tour
Bon Jovi Live
Because We Can
Bon Jovi Live!
This House Is Not for Sale Tour
Related articles
Discography
Songs recorded
Awards
Tony Bongiovi
Bruce Fairbairn
Desmond Child
Bob Rock
Peter Collins
Aldo Nova
Luke Ebbin
Billy Falcon
Andreas Carlsson
Patrick Leonard
John Shanks
Rick Parashar
Dann Huff
Bobby Bandiera
Jeff Kazee
Lorenza Ponce
Matt O'Ree
Everett Bradley
Book
Category
[show]
v
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e
Bon Jovi singles discography
Bon Jovi
"Runaway"
"She Don't Know Me"
"Burning for Love" (Japan only)
"Breakout" (promo single)
7800° Fahrenheit
"Only Lonely"
"In and Out of Love"
"The Hardest Part Is the Night"
"Silent Night"
"The Price of Love" (Japan only)
Slippery When Wet
"You Give Love a Bad Name"
"Livin' on a Prayer"
"Wanted Dead or Alive"
"Never Say Goodbye"
New Jersey
"Bad Medicine"
"Born to Be My Baby"
"I'll Be There for You"
"Lay Your Hands on Me"
"Living in Sin"
Keep the Faith
"Keep the Faith"
"Bed of Roses"
"In These Arms"
"I'll Sleep When I'm Dead"
"I Believe"
"Dry County"
Cross Road
"Always"
"Someday I'll Be Saturday Night"
These Days
"This Ain't a Love Song"
"Something for the Pain"
"Lie to Me"
"These Days"
"Hey God"
Crush
"It's My Life"
"Say It Isn't So"
"Thank You For Loving Me"
"Save the World" (promo single)
One Wild Night Live 1985–2001
"One Wild Night (2001)"
"Wanted Dead or Alive (Live)"
Bounce
"Everyday"
"Misunderstood"
"All About Lovin' You"
"Bounce" (promo single)
"The Distance" (Japan only)
This Left Feels Right
"It's My Life (2003)"
"Wanted Dead or Alive (2003)" (promo single)
100,000,000 Bon Jovi Fans Can't Be Wrong
"The Radio Saved My Life Tonight" (Japan only)
Have a Nice Day
"Have a Nice Day"
"Who Says You Can't Go Home" (with Jennifer Nettles)
"Welcome to Wherever You Are"
"I Want to Be Loved" (promo single)
Lost Highway
"(You Want To) Make a Memory"
"Lost Highway"
"Till We Ain't Strangers Anymore" (with LeAnn Rimes)
"Summertime" (Canada only)
"Whole Lot of Leavin'"
The Circle
"We Weren't Born to Follow"
"Superman Tonight"
"When We Were Beautiful"
"Work for the Working Man" (promo single)
Greatest Hits
"What Do You Got?"
"No Apologies"
"This Is Our House" (promo single)
What About Now
"Because We Can"
"What About Now"
Burning Bridges
"We Don't Run"
"Saturday Night Gave Me Sunday Morning"
This House Is Not for Sale
"This House Is Not for Sale"
"Knockout"
"Labor of Love"
"Born Again Tomorrow"
"Roller Coaster"
Other singles
"Edge of a Broken Heart" (Disorderlies soundtrack)
"Good Guys Don't Always Wear White" ("The Cowboy Way" soundtrack)
"Wedding Day" (promo single)
"Please Come Home for Christmas"
"Real Life" (EDtv soundtrack)
Book:Bon Jovi
Category:Bon Jovi
Portal:Rock music
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Livin%27_on_a_Prayer&oldid=803932053"
Categories:
1986 songs
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