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Ellie Woodcomb
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Ellie Woodcomb
Chuck character
Sarah Lancaster as Ellie Bartowski-Woodcomb
First appearance
"Chuck Versus the Intersect"
Last appearance
"Chuck Versus the Goodbye"
Portrayed by
Sarah Lancaster
Information
Nickname(s)
Ellie
Gender
Female
Occupation
Physician
Neurology
Title
Doctor
Family
Chuck Bartowski (brother)
Stephen J. Bartowski (father, deceased)
Mary Elizabeth Bartowski (mother)
Jesse Gunter (maternal grandfather)
Mary Gunter (maternal grandmother)
Sarah Bartowski (sister-in-law)
Two brothers-in-law[1]
Dr. "Woody" Woodcomb (father-in-law)
Dr. "Honey" Woodcomb (mother-in-law)
Spouse(s)
Dr. Devon Woodcomb
Children
Clara Woodcomb
Eleanor Faye Bartowski Woodcomb, MD, PhD,[2] is the older sister of title character Chuck Bartowski on the television series Chuck. She is portrayed by actress Sarah Lancaster.
Contents
1 Biography
2 Series
3 Development
4 Personality
5 References
Biography[edit]
Eleanor Faye Bartowski was born to Stephen and Mary Bartowski in 1978. With the exception of her younger brother, Chuck (Zachary Levi), little was initially known about the Bartowski family beyond that their mother left them when they were younger (Chuck was in the fifth grade) and that their father was "never really there."[3] Her father, Stephen J. Bartowski, first appeared in the episode "Chuck Versus the Dream Job." Ellie attended and graduated from UCLA Medical School, where she met and went to school with her future husband, Devon Woodcomb. Devon was in love with her for three years ("give or take") before the events of "Chuck Versus the Seduction." They began dating when Devon gave her his sweater and said it was meant for her because the color matched her eyes.[4] She also earned a Ph.D., although neither the discipline in which, nor the university where, she studied has been revealed as of the end of season four.
When her brother was expelled by Stanford University in 2003 he came back to Echo Park in Los Angeles to stay with her.[5] For much of their lives growing up, Chuck and Ellie relied on each other, and after Chuck returned home, Ellie became one of his main sources of support as he recovered from Bryce Larkin's betrayal. At the beginning of the series, Ellie is throwing a birthday party for Chuck and has invited a number of her girlfriends for him to meet in hopes of helping him get past Jill. In "Chuck Versus the Subway", late in season 3, she learns that Chuck is a spy. In the season 4 opener "Chuck Versus the Anniversary" it is revealed Ellie and Devon are expecting a baby. Daughter Clara is born in the mid season episode "Chuck Versus the Push Mix".
Series[edit]
Ellie Bartowski-Woodcomb is portrayed by actress Sarah Lancaster. She first appears in the series at the beginning of "Chuck Versus the Intersect," when Chuck tries to escape his birthday party which she arranged to try introducing him to real women.[6] She remains one of the most important anchors between Chuck and his real life throughout the series, and her safety is one of his foremost concerns. When Chuck discovered Casey had bugged the home he shared with Ellie, he was even prepared to threaten Casey if he found out he was spying on her as well.[4] When Chuck's extraction by the government was imminent, he made a point of telling her goodbye, and later asked Sarah to tell her something to make his disappearance "okay."[7]
Most of Ellie's appearances in the series have been as part of the side-plots involving Chuck's real life and coworkers at the Buy More, so she has rarely figured prominently into the main arc. Her most significant role in the main plot of an episode came in "Chuck Versus the Truth," in which Ellie attempted to treat nuclear expert Mason Whitney when he was poisoned by Reardon Payne. When Whitney later died, Payne, disguised as a police officer taking a statement, exposed Ellie to the same toxic truth serum he used on Whitney to find where he hid his nuclear codes. Ellie nearly died as a result of the poisoning until Chuck administered the antidote. Although she was in a coma during this time, Ellie became the first person Chuck told about his secret life.[4] She was also among the hostages in the Buy More when Ned Rhyerson crashed his car into the store while evading the police. For her sake, Chuck convinced Devon not to go through with a plan to overwhelm Ned, and later identified himself as the Intersect to Mauser to prevent him from killing her. The bracelet Chuck gave to Sarah in the same episode was a charm bracelet Chuck and Ellie's father gave to their mother when Ellie was born.[8]
A major recurring thread in the series is the love/hate relationship she has with Chuck's best friend Morgan Grimes. Morgan has been in love with Ellie for a long time (or at the very least has a very strong crush on her), but Ellie is at first shown to barely tolerate him. However, as the series progresses, she and Morgan come to form something resembling a friendship, partly owing to them both missing Chuck as his spy life begins to interfere more frequently with his real life.[3] Morgan also offers her support and comfort during a fight with Devon, where he admits he sees her as a sister (that he wants to have sex with so bad).[9] Morgan's girlfriend Anna immediately takes a dislike to Ellie because of Morgan's long-standing crush.[10]
Throughout the series, Ellie encourages Chuck and pushes him towards leaving the Buy More and doing something more suitable to his education level.[11] After Chuck expressed misgivings about his relationship with Sarah in "Chuck Versus the Suburbs," she encouraged Chuck to break up with her, before Morgan reminded her that Sarah was the best thing that had happened to him in a long time.[12] She was ecstatic when Chuck announced he was moving out and that he and Sarah would be getting a place together, but did not have a chance to react when Chuck later abruptly changed his mind.[13]
Devon proposed to Ellie at the end of "Chuck Versus the Marlin," and she accepted. This began a secondary arc throughout the second season covering the preparations for the wedding. Ellie's regret that her father would not be there led Chuck to decide to track him down and promise that their father would be there.[14] Their father indeed appeared at the end of the second season (see below). Ellie married Devon in the second-season finale.
In the third season, Ellie grows concerned that Chuck and Devon seem to be keeping secrets from her. The secrets really have to do with Devon being in on Chuck's spy life since late in season 2, and Devon always has trouble lying to her, but Ellie remains unaware of what they are keeping from her. She begins to snoop on Chuck—even enlisting Morgan, who shares suspicions about Chuck. Their suspicions are allayed when they catch Chuck sneaking around to make out with Hannah, but Ellie still takes note of Devon and Chuck being "thick as thieves."
Ellie gets her dream opportunity, a neurology fellowship at (UCLA rival) USC. Devon is initially opposed to the idea because he wants to get himself and Ellie away from the danger attendant with Chuck's spy life, but he relents, realizing how important the opportunity is to her. Soon she is granted a sabbatical, allowing her to take a year off so she can both pursue the fellowship and go to Africa with Doctors Without Borders as Devon planned.[15]
In "Chuck Versus the Tooth" Ellie is manipulated by a Ring operative she met in Africa named Justin into believing that Casey is a double-agent and a threat to her father. While posing as a CIA operative, Justin recruits Ellie as an asset after she accidentally discovers a substantial amount of weaponry stashed away in Casey's apartment, and is tricked by Justin into revealing that Stephen left a means for his children to contact him. Their means of communication was through the advertising in newspapers, so they could send secret messages. However, Stephen came to Burbank, instead of revealing his whereabouts that Justin desired. When Ellie asked about what to do about Casey, Justin gave her a music box that could jam his communications. The box is later revealed to have a gun, which Justin urges her to use to shoot Casey, who was planting bugs around her apartment. Ellie couldn't bring herself to do it and instead struck Casey down with a frying pan before running to Justin. Unfortunately, he locked her in his office while lying that the CIA had safeguarded her father.
Ellie learned of her father and brother's involvement in the CIA in "Chuck Versus the Subway," and was instrumental in helping Devon and Morgan rescue the team from Daniel Shaw after witnessing her father's murder. Ellie approved Chuck's decision to finish Shaw and the Ring, but insisted he quit once they were defeated. However, Chuck would be drawn into the spy world once more with an unknown enemy that their father had been fighting.
In "Chuck Versus the Anniversary" Chuck was on his way to tell Ellie that he has to return to being a spy to find their mother, but she presumed that he was telling her that he's returning to the Buy More, now controlled by the U.S. government. In turn, she confides in her brother that she's pregnant. Ellie and Awesome are expecting a daughter. Although Ellie had discovered Chuck's work with the CIA during the previous season's finale, she did not actually see how good at it Chuck actually was—or how much he truly enjoyed the work—until "Chuck Versus the Coup d'Etat." She openly admitted being impressed with Chuck's skills when he and Sarah helped both Ellie and Devon, and Generalissimo Goya, escape a coup d'etat in Costa Gravas.
Ellie was briefly reunited with her mother in "Chuck Versus the First Fight," after Morgan arranged the visit as part of a plea deal in which Mary agreed to help the team locate Chuck following his capture by Volkoff agents. During the meeting, Mary explained to Ellie where she had been the last twenty years and also subtly provided hints relevant to a search Ellie was conducting for anything left behind for her by her father (prompted by Chuck's own inquiries if Stephen had done so). The story Mary told her about road trips in the family's old Mustang led her to the realization that a car she had seen in the classifieds of the newspaper—which she was searching due to her father's habit of leaving her coded messages in such a manner—was indeed left behind by Stephen as she suspected. With Devon's help Ellie recovered the vehicle and a note from her father. Hidden beneath one of the seats was one of his computers. She found it and Devon said he would take it. After Devon has Lester hack it to turn it on, there was a password that only Ellie knows, which was "Knock, Knock" and the answer was "I'm here".
The laptop contained her father's research on the Intersect in the brain from an engineer's perspective. She corrected it with her neuroscience but wasn't able to activate it through a new password which was known only by Chuck. Although Ellie was unaware of the purpose of her father's work, the corrections she made allowed Chuck to reactivate the Intersect.
In the episode "Chuck Versus the Muuurder", Ellie devotes her time to the research on the laptop, after it is given to her by National Clandestine Service Director Jane Bentley. When she is sleeping, the laptop scans her, and verifies her identity before accessing files on "Agent X".
In the series finale, Ellie moves with Devon, their daughter and Mary to Chicago.
Development[edit]
Sarah Lancaster was cast in the role of Ellie Bartowski in March, 2007,[16] joining Zachary Levi, Adam Baldwin and Yvonne Strahovski. On January 16, 2009 it was announced that Scott Bakula would be appearing as Chuck and Ellie's father Stephen in a three-episode story.[17]
Personality[edit]
Ironically, considering that Chuck's secret life has led him to save Ellie's on three occasions, she still plays the role of the over-protective older sister and deep-down still sees him as her baby brother. She frequently offers Chuck encouragement and advice on women in general, and his relationship with Sarah in particular. Although unaware of the truth of that relationship, Ellie is one of the first people to recognize that her interest in Chuck is genuine.[18] She was immediately concerned when Chuck ran into Jill again and was meeting her for dinner to catch up.[19]
She immediately took a liking to Sarah, and is one of the few characters who enjoys Casey's company or refers to him by first name ("He's so sweet!").[10]
After Chuck, the most important person in Ellie's life is her husband, Devon Woodcomb. She's the only character who never refers to him as "Captain Awesome," although she did refer to his parents as the "Very Awesomes" when they were planning a visit.[20] She loves him dearly, but under the effects of truth serum angrily complained about his frequent use of the word "awesome," and what she felt as moments of neglect of her feelings in the relationship.[4] Ellie later accuses him of self-centeredness and disregard what she wanted when he a bought washer and dryer for their anniversary (as opposed to a big-screen TV).[9]
Although usually calm and collected, Ellie becomes a nervous wreck and a perfectionist when she is required to be near Devon's parents, whom she refers to as the "Very Awesomes." In "Chuck Versus the Gravitron," Devon's parents are supposed to come over for Thanksgiving and Ellie's nervousness manifests with her cleaning at a hurried pace, cooking multiple turkeys (which she promptly throws in the trash for flaws only she notices) and uninviting Morgan. Ellie was greatly intimidated during a visit from Devon's parents, and was quickly driven to frustration by Honey Woodcomb's interference with the wedding plans, but hits her breaking point when Woody offers to walk her down the aisle (the only part of the wedding she imagined was her father doing this).[14] She was also deeply disturbed by her perception of Devon's bachelor party, after seeing incriminating photographs taken by Lester of an unconscious Devon with Agent Forrest (dressed as a cop-themed stripper).[21] She was hurt, and believes Chuck and Morgan are covering up willful actions taken by Devon during the party (she later learned the truth). And like Chuck, Ellie also has a trusting nature, which the Ring used to manipulate her into thinking that her handler was CIA and that Casey was a double agent.
It is unknown whether she has the same ability to absorb and retain visual information as her father and brother.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Devon is said in "Chuck Versus the Marlin" to have two younger brothers
Jump up ^ Devon states her full name, including her retained maiden name and two doctoral post-nominals in "Chuck Versus the A-Team"
^ Jump up to: a b "Chuck Versus the Sizzling Shrimp"
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Chuck Versus the Truth"
Jump up ^ "Chuck Versus the Alma Mater"
Jump up ^ "Chuck Versus the Intersect"
Jump up ^ "Chuck Versus the Marlin"
Jump up ^ "Chuck Versus Santa Claus"
^ Jump up to: a b "Chuck Versus the Undercover Lover"
^ Jump up to: a b "Chuck Versus the Nemesis"
Jump up ^ "Chuck Versus the First Date"
Jump up ^ "Chuck Versus the Beefcake"
Jump up ^ "Chuck Versus the Lethal Weapon"
^ Jump up to: a b "Chuck Versus the Sensei"
Jump up ^ "Chuck Versus the American Hero"
Jump up ^ Development Update: Friday, March 16, The Futon Critic
Jump up ^ Cast Update: January 16, Zap2It.com
Jump up ^ "Chuck Versus the Tango"
Jump up ^ "Chuck Versus the Ex"
Jump up ^ "Chuck Versus the Gravitron"
Jump up ^ "Chuck Versus the Broken Heart"
hide
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Chuck
Characters
Primary
Chuck Bartowski
Sarah Walker
John Casey
Morgan Grimes
Devon Woodcomb
Ellie Woodcomb
Spies
Mary Elizabeth Bartowski
Stephen J. Bartowski
Diane Beckman
Langston Graham
Bryce Larkin
Jill Roberts
Daniel Shaw
Alexei Volkoff
Other characters
Organizations
Fulcrum
The Ring
Volkoff Industries
Miscellaneous
Episodes
Season 1
2
3
4
5
Cast list
Theme song
Jeffster!
The Intersect
Buy More
Gadgets
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text:
Penny (United States coin)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Cent
United States
Value
0.01 U.S. Dollars
Mass
2.5 g (0.08 troy oz)
Diameter
19.05 mm (0.75 in)
Thickness
1.52 mm (0.0598 in)
Edge
Plain
Composition
1982–present copper-plated zinc
97.5% Zn, 2.5% Cu
Years of minting
1793–present
Catalog number
–
Obverse
Design
Abraham Lincoln
Designer
Victor D. Brenner
Design date
1909
Reverse
Design
Union Shield
Designer
Lyndall Bass
Design date
2010–present
The United States one-cent coin, often called penny, is a unit of currency equaling one-hundredth of a United States dollar. The cent's symbol is ¢. Its obverse has featured the profile of President Abraham Lincoln since 1909, the centennial of his birth. From 1959 (the sesquicentennial of Lincoln's birth) to 2008, the reverse featured the Lincoln Memorial. Four different reverse designs in 2009 honored Lincoln's 200th birthday and a new, "permanent" reverse – the Union Shield – was introduced in 2010. The coin is 0.75 inches (19.05 mm) in diameter and 0.0598 inches (1.52 mm) in thickness. Its weight has varied, depending upon the composition of metals used in its production (see further below).
The U.S. Mint's official name for the coin is "cent"[1] and the U.S. Treasury's official name is "one cent piece".[2] The colloquial term penny derives from the British coin of the same name, the pre-decimal version of which had a similar place in the British system. In American English, pennies is the plural form. (The plural form pence—standard in British English—is not used in American English, except in reference to British currency.)
Although the coin's abolition has been proposed because it is now worth very little, there are currently no firm plans to eliminate the penny.[3] As of 2015, based on the U.S. Mint Annual Report released for 2014, it costs the U.S. Mint 1.67 cents (down from 2.41 cents in 2011 and 1.83 cents in 2013) to make one cent because of the cost of materials, production, and distribution.[4] This figure includes the Mint's fixed components for distribution and fabrication, as well as Mint overhead allocated to the penny. Fixed costs and overhead would have to be absorbed by other circulating coins without the penny.[5] The loss from producing the one cent coin in the United States for the year of 2013 was $55,000,000. This was a slight decrease from 2012, the year before, which had a production loss of $58,000,000.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 History of composition
2 Designs
3 Lincoln cent
3.1 History
3.1.1 Obverse design
3.1.2 Reverse design
3.1.2.1 Wheat cent (1909–1958)
3.1.2.2 Lincoln Memorial cent (1959–2008)
3.1.2.3 Lincoln Bicentennial cents (2009)
3.1.2.4 Union shield cent (2010–present)
3.1.3 "Capped cents"
3.1.4 Composition
3.2 Matte Proof Lincolns 1909 to 1916
3.3 Mint errors specific to Lincoln cents
4 Toxicity
5 Numismatics and regulations
6 Metal content and manufacturing costs
7 See also
7.1 Other denominations
8 References
9 External links
History of composition[edit]
Years
Material
Weight
(grains)
Weight
(grams)
1793–1795 ~100% copper 208 grains 13.48
1795–1857 ~100% copper 168 grains 10.89
1856–1864 88% copper, 12% nickel (also known as NS-12) 72 grains 4.67
1864–1942 bronze (95% copper, 5% tin and zinc) 48 grains 3.11
1943 zinc-coated steel (also known as 1943 steel cent) 42 grains 2.72
1944–1946 brass (shell case copper) (95% copper, 5% zinc) 48 grains 3.11
1947–1962 bronze (95% copper, 5% tin and zinc) 48 grains 3.11
1962–1981 brass (95% copper, 5% zinc) 48 grains 3.11
1982[7] brass (95% copper, 5% zinc) 48 grains 3.11
copper-plated zinc (97.5% zinc, 2.5% copper) 38.6 grains 2.5
1983-present copper-plated zinc (97.5% zinc, 2.5% copper) 38.6 grains 2.5
In honor of Lincoln's 200th anniversary, special 2009 cents were minted for collectors in the same composition as the 1909 coins.[8]
The isotope composition of early coins spanning the period 1828 to 1843 reflects that of copper from Cornish ores from England, while coins after 1850 that reflects that of Keweenaw Peninsula, Michigan ores, a finding consistent with historical records.[9]
In 1943, at the peak of World War II, zinc-coated steel cents were made for a short time because of war demands for copper. A few copper cents from 1943 were produced from the 1942 planchets remaining in the bins. Similarly, some 1944 steel cents have been confirmed. From 1944 through 1946, salvaged ammunition shells made their way into the minting process, and it was not uncommon to see coins featuring streaks of brass or having a considerably darker finish than other issues.
During the early 1970s, the price of copper rose to the point where the cent contained almost one cent's worth of copper. This led the Mint to test alternative metals, including aluminum and bronze-clad steel. Aluminum was chosen, and over 1.5 million of these pennies were struck and ready for public release before ultimately being rejected. The proposed aluminum pennies were rejected for two reasons: vending machine owners complained the coins would cause mechanical problems; and pediatricians and pediatric radiologists pointed out that the radiodensity of the metal inside the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts was close to that of soft tissue, and the coins would therefore be difficult to detect in X-ray imaging.[10] One aluminum cent was donated to the Smithsonian Institution.
The cent's composition was changed in 1982 because the value of the copper in the coin started to rise above one cent.[11] Some 1982 pennies used the 97.5% zinc composition, while others used the 95% copper composition. With the exception of 2009 bicentennial cents minted specifically for collectors, United States cents minted after 1982 have been zinc with copper-plating. In Fiscal Year 2013, the average one-cent piece minted cost the U.S. Mint 1.83 cents, down from 2.41 cents apiece in FY 2011.[12]
The bronze and copper cents can be distinguished from the newer zinc cents by dropping the coins on a solid surface. The predominantly copper coins produce a higher-pitched ringing sound, while the zinc coins make a lower-pitched "clunk".[13] In addition, a full 50-cent roll of pre-1982/3 coins weighs 5.4 oz compared to a post-1982–83 roll which weighs 4.4 oz.
Mintage figures for the Lincoln cent can be found at Lincoln cent mintage figures.
Designs[edit]
The coin has gone through several designs over its two-hundred-year time frame. Until 1857 it was about the size of the current U.S. dollar coins (Susan B. Anthony through present dollars).
A 1937 Wheat cent
Proof Lincoln cent with cameo effect, obverse
Obverse side of a cent after 17 years of circulation
Detail of reverse showing Lincoln statue inside the memorial
The following types of cents have been produced:
Large cents:
Flowing Hair Chain 1793
Flowing Hair Wreath 1793
Liberty Cap 1793–1796
Draped bust 1796–1807
Classic Head 1808–1814
Coronet 1816–1839
Braided Hair 1839–1857, 1868 (not a regular issue)
Small cents:
Flying Eagle cent (1856–1858)
Indian Head cent (1859–1909)
Lincoln cent (1909–present)
Lincoln Wheat (1909–1958)
Lincoln Memorial (1959–2008)
Lincoln Bicentennial 4 reverse designs (2009)
Lincoln Union Shield[14] (2010–present)
Throughout its history, the Lincoln cent has featured several typefaces for the date, but most of the digits have been old-style numerals, except with the 4 and 8 neither ascending nor descending. The only significant divergence is that the small 3 was non-descending (the same size as a 0, 1, or 2) in the early history, before switching to a descending, large 3 for just one year in 1934 and then permanently (as of 2014[update]) in 1943. Similarly, the digit 5 was small and non-descending up to 1945, then from 1950 and on, it became a large descending 5. From 1959 until 2008, the Lincoln Memorial was shown on the reverse of the United States cent. Because the Lincoln Memorial was shown in sufficient detail to discern the statue of Lincoln on the reverse of cent, Abraham Lincoln was at that time the only person to be depicted on both the obverse and reverse of the same United States coin. In 1999, the New Jersey state quarter was released, which depicts George Washington on both sides, crossing the Delaware River on the reverse side and in profile on the obverse. (The state quarter for South Dakota, released in 2006, also features Washington on both sides: the typical profile on the obverse, and Washington within Mount Rushmore on the reverse.) Some of the 2009 reverse design series no longer showed Abraham Lincoln, and the 2010 Lincoln Union Shield has removed the president from the coin reverse for the foreseeable future.
An additional design detail that is not readily visible to the naked eye is found on the obverse side of the 1918 onward United States cent. The letters "VDB" stamped on the bottom sleeve of Abraham Lincoln represent the initials of Victor David Brenner, the primary designer of the Wheat cent.
Lincoln cent[edit]
Main article: Lincoln cent
The Lincoln cent is the current one-cent coin of the U.S. It was adopted in 1909 (which would have been Lincoln's 100th birthday), replacing the Indian Head cent. Its reverse was changed in 1959 from a wheat-stalks design to a design which includes the Lincoln Memorial (to commemorate Lincoln's sesquicentennial) and was replaced again in 2009 with four new designs to commemorate Lincoln's bicentennial. There are more one-cent coins produced than any other denomination, which makes the Lincoln cent a familiar item. In its lifespan, this coin has weathered both world wars, one of which temporarily changed its composition as part of the war effort. The obverse is the longest design used for any circulating American currency.
History[edit]
Obverse design[edit]
When the Lincoln one-cent coin made its initial appearance in 1909, it marked a radical departure from the accepted styling of United States coinage, as it was the first regular coin to bear a portrait other than the mythical Liberty which appeared on most pre-1909 regular coins. Previously, a strong feeling had prevailed against using portraits on coins in the United States, but public sentiment stemming from the 100th anniversary celebration of Abraham Lincoln's birth proved stronger than the long-standing tradition.
A variety of privately minted tokens bearing Lincoln's image circulated as one-cent pieces during Lincoln's presidency; legitimate coinage had become scarce during the Civil War. These early tokens undoubtedly influenced the denomination, appearance, size, and composition of Lincoln cents.
Theodore Roosevelt, the 26th U.S. President, thought American coins were so common and uninspiring that he attempted to get the motto "In God We Trust" removed as offending religion. Roosevelt had the opportunity to pose for a young Lithuanian-born Jew, Victor David Brenner, who, since arriving nineteen years earlier in the United States had become one of the nation's premier medalists. Roosevelt had learned of Brenner's talents in a settlement house on New York City's Lower East Side and was immediately impressed with a bas-relief that Brenner had made of Lincoln, based on a Mathew Brady photograph. Roosevelt, who considered Lincoln the savior of the Union and the greatest Republican President, and who also considered himself Lincoln's political heir, ordered the new Lincoln cent to be based on Brenner's work and to be released just in time to commemorate Lincoln's 100th birthday in 1909. The likeness of President Lincoln on the obverse of the coin is an adaptation of a plaque Brenner created several years earlier which had come to the attention of President Roosevelt in New York.[15]
In addition to the prescribed elements on U.S. coins—LIBERTY and the date—the motto In God We Trust appeared for the first time on a coin of this denomination. The United States Congress passed the Act of March 3, 1865, authorizing the use of this motto on U.S. coins,[16] during Lincoln's tenure in office.
Even though no legislation was required for the new design, approval of the Secretary of the Treasury was necessary to make the change. Franklin MacVeagh gave his approval on July 14, 1909, and not quite three weeks later, on August 2, the new coin was released to the public.
In 1918, after the controversy over Brenner's name and initials on the reverse had died down, his initials were placed on the obverse with no further controversy. They are to be found in minute form on the rim of the bust, just under the shoulder of Lincoln.
In 1969, the design was revised to make Lincoln look more like Brenner's original sculptures.
U.S. coin collection featuring Lincoln cents from 1941 to 1974. Nearly complete set in a folder by Whitman Publishing, LLC. Also features two error coins and a description page.
Reverse design[edit]
Reverses of the
Lincoln cent
Wheat (1909–1958)
Lincoln Memorial (1959–2008)
Birth and early childhood in Kentucky (Lincoln Bicentennial, 2009)
Formative Years in Indiana (Lincoln Bicentennial, 2009)
Professional life in Illinois (Lincoln Bicentennial, 2009)
Presidency in DC (Lincoln Bicentennial, 2009)
Union shield (2010–present)
Wheat cent (1909–1958)[edit]
A study of three potential reverses resulted in the approval of a very simple design bearing two wheatheads in memorial style. Between these, in the center of the coin, are the denomination and UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, while curving around the upper border is the national motto, E Pluribus Unum, Latin for "From Many, One."
The original model bore Brenner's name on the reverse, curving along the rim below UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. Before the coins were issued, however, the initials "VDB" were substituted because officials at the United States Mint felt the name was too prominent. After the coin was released, many protested that even the initials were conspicuous and detracted from the design. Because the coin was in great demand, and because to make a change would have required halting production, the decision was made to eliminate the initials entirely.
Thus in 1909 the U.S. had six different cents: the 1909 and 1909-S Indian Head cents, and four Lincoln coins: 1909 VDB, 1909-S VDB, 1909 and 1909-S. In all cases the Philadelphia mintages far exceeded the San Francisco issues. While the smallest mintage is the '09-S Indian, the '09-S VDB is the key Lincoln date, and hence is most valuable. Its mintage of 484,000 is only 1.7% of the plain V.D.B.
Lincoln Memorial cent (1959–2008)[edit]
On February 12, 1959, a revised reverse design was introduced as part of the 150th anniversary of Lincoln's birth. No formal competition was held. Frank Gasparro, then Assistant Engraver at the Philadelphia Mint, prepared the winning entry, selected from a group of 23 models that the engraving staff at the Mint had been asked to present for consideration. Again, only the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury was necessary to make the change because the design had been in use for more than the required 25 years. The imposing marble Lincoln Memorial provides the central motif, with the legends E Pluribus Unum and UNITED STATES OF AMERICA completing the design, together with the denomination. The initials "FG" appear on the right, near the shrubbery.
Lincoln Bicentennial cents (2009)[edit]
The Presidential $1 Coin Act of 2005 required that the cent's reverse be redesigned in 2009. This resulted in the mintage of four different coins showing scenes from Abraham Lincoln's life in honor of the bicentennial of his birth.
These four designs, unveiled September 22, 2008 at a ceremony held at the Lincoln Memorial on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., are:
Birth and early childhood in Kentucky: this design features a log cabin and Lincoln's birth year 1809. It was designed by Richard Masters and sculpted by Jim Licaretz. This cent was released into circulation on Lincoln's 200th birthday, February 12, 2009, at a special ceremony at LaRue County High School in Hodgenville, Kentucky, Lincoln's birthplace.[17] The mintage was extremely low compared to prior years (see Lincoln cent mintage figures). It has been nicknamed the "Log Cabin Penny".
Formative years in Indiana: this design features a young Lincoln reading while taking a break from rail splitting. It was designed and sculpted by Charles Vickers. Nicknamed the "Indiana Penny", it was released on May 14, 2009.[18]
Professional life in Illinois: this design features a young professional Lincoln standing before the Springfield Illinois State Capitol. It was designed by Joel Iskowitz and sculpted by Don Everhart. Nicknamed the "Illinois Penny", it was released on August 13, 2009.[18]
Presidency in Washington, D.C.: this design features the half-completed Capitol dome. It was designed by Susan Gamble and sculpted by Joseph Menna. This fourth cent was released to the public on November 12, 2009.[18] U.S. Mint released collector's sets containing this design in copper prior to the public launch of this design in zinc.
Special 2009 cents struck for sale in sets to collectors had the metallic copper content of cents minted in 1909 (95% copper, 5% tin and zinc). Those struck for circulation retained the normal composition of a zinc core coated with copper.
Union shield cent (2010–present)[edit]
The 2005 act that authorized the redesign for the Bicentennial stated that another redesigned reverse for the Lincoln cent will be minted which "shall bear an image emblematic of President Lincoln's preservation of the United States of America as a single and united country".[19] Eighteen designs were proposed for the reverse of the 2010 cent.[20] On April 16, 2009 the Commission of Fine Arts (CFA) met and selected a design that showed 13 wheat sheaves bound together with a ring symbolizing American unity as one nation.[21] Later this design was withdrawn because it was similar to coinage issued in Germany in the 1920s.[22] The Citizens Coinage Advisory Committee later met and chose a design showing a Union shield with ONE CENT superimposed in a scroll; E Pluribus Unum was also depicted in the upper portion of the shield.[22][23] In June 2009 the CFA met again and chose a design featuring a modern rendition of the American flag.[24] As a part of the release ceremony for the last of the 2009 cents on November 12, the design for the 2010 cent was announced.[25] The design chosen was the one that was chosen earlier by the CCAC.[25] According to the Mint, the 13 stripes on the shield "represent the states joined in one compact union to support the Federal government, represented by the horizontal bar above."[26] The Mint also noted that a shield was commonly used in paintings in the Capitol hallways painted by Constantino Brumidi, an artist in the Capitol active during the Lincoln Presidency.[26] The obverse of the cent was also changed to a modern rendition of Brenner's design.[27][25] The new Union Shield design replaces the Lincoln memorial in use since 1959.[25] The coin was designed by artist Lyndall Bass and sculpted by U.S. Mint sculptor-engraver Joseph Menna.[28] In January 2010, the coins were released early in Puerto Rico;[29] this was caused by a shortage of 2009-dated pennies on the island.[27] The new design was released at a ceremony at the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library in Springfield, Illinois on February 11, 2010.[30]
"Capped cents"[edit]
To commemorate the Fire at the SS Morro Castle, local coin dealer Louis Werner made copper caps depicting the Morro Castle surrounded by the legend "The Morro Castle Fire" These would then be encased over one side of a Lincoln cent. According to "Mrs. Astor's Horse" by Stanley Walker:
Concessionaires inside the hall carried on a lively business. A man at a stamping machine put copper caps on pennies with the head of Lincoln on one side and the inscription ff Morro Castle Fire, September, 1934, Asbury Park" on the other. Postcard sellers in the hall disposed of 150,000 pictures of the burning ship during the first few days after the disaster. As soon as they came off the press, heart-rending poems and ballads about the fire were hawked about.[31]
Later, to commemorate the trial of Bruno Richard Hauptmann, Werner made another design depicting the Hunterdon County Courthouse, where the trial was held, and surrounded by the legend "HAUPTMANN TRIAL, Flemington, NJ."[32] Another part of the text in "Mrs. Astor's Horse" states:
A man with a metal press did a fair sort of business. He set up for business on the porch of the hotel. He had constructed a die depicting the Hunterdon County courthouse, surrounded by the legend, Hauptmann Trial, Flemington, N.J. On the stand beside the press lay several hundred bright new pennies and several fine strips of copper. By running the copper strips through the press, together with the pennies, he turned out Lincoln heads backed by the courthouse and the legend. The pieces sold for five cents each, three for a dime.[31]
Also, from 1935 to 1938, during the Christmas season, Werner made a design depicting Santa Claus. By donating 10 cents, shoppers in Manhattan would receive these. Additionally, if they donated an extra 5 cents, their cent would come in a greeting card holder.[33] Other capped cents by Werner include commemoratives for Admiral Richard E. Byrd's expedition to the South Pole and Joe Louis. There was also a design featuring the Lord's prayer.
Composition[edit]
Bronze, 1909–1942. Initially the alloy of the Lincoln cent followed that established for this denomination with the Indian Head design in 1864, 95% copper and 2.5% tin and 2.5% zinc.
Wartime zinc-plated steel, 1943. The composition of the Lincoln cent was changed in 1943.
Further information: 1943 steel cent
Production of the war-time cent was provided for in an Act of Congress approved on December 18, 1942, which also set as the expiration date of the authority December 31, 1946. Low-grade carbon steel formed the base of these coins, to which a zinc coating 0.0005-inch (0.013 mm) thick was deposited on each side electrolytically as a rust preventive. This coating was applied to the steel before the blanks were made, leaving the rims of these coins extremely susceptible to rust. The same size was maintained, but the weight was reduced from the standard 48 grains (3.1 g) to 42 grains (2.7 g), by using a lighter alloy. Production commenced on February 27, 1943, and by December 31 of that year, the three Mint facilities had produced 1,093,838,670 of the one-cent coins. The copper released for the war effort was enough to meet the combined needs of two cruisers, two destroyers, 1,243 Flying Fortresses, 120 field guns and 120 howitzers, or enough for 1,250,000 shells for large field guns.[34][35]
Wartime brass, 1944–1946. Numerous complaints about the gray color of the 1943 cents, especially that they could be mistaken for dimes, led to a change in composition of the wartime cent. On January 1, 1944, the Mint was able to adopt a modified alloy, the supply being derived from expended shell casings which, when melted, furnished a composition similar to the original, but with a much smaller trace of tin.[citation needed] The original weight of 48 grains (3.1 g) was also restored.
Bronze, 1947–1962. Shell casings were no longer used after 1946 and the original copper-tin-zinc "bronze" composition was again used.
Brass, 1962–1982. The composition of the coin was changed again slightly in 1962. Mint officials felt that deletion of the tin content would have no adverse effect on the wearing qualities of the coin, whereas the manufacturing advantages to be gained with the alloy stabilized at 95% copper and 5% zinc would be of much benefit. Congressional authority for this modification is contained in an Act of Congress approved on September 5, 1962.
Experimental aluminum cents, 1974. During the early 1970s, the price of copper rose to a point where the cent almost contained one cent's worth of copper. This led the Mint to test alternate metals, including aluminum and bronze-clad steel. Aluminum was chosen, and in 1973, a total of 1,579,324 such coins were struck (dated 1974) and ready for public release. A few were distributed to members of the U.S. Congress, but aluminum was ultimately rejected for a variety of reasons. About a dozen aluminum cents are believed to still be in the hands of collectors, although they are now considered illegal to own.[36] One aluminum cent was donated to the Smithsonian Institution. Another is in the hands of the family of a deceased U.S. Capitol police officer, known as the Toven Specimen, and was certified as authentic in 2005.[37]
Copper-plated zinc, 1982–present. In mid-1982, the coin's composition was changed again, this time to copper-plated zinc. The last mostly-copper cents (95% copper metal composition) were produced by the Denver Mint on October 22, 1982. The copper-plated zinc cent coins are still being produced today. They are composed of an inner core alloy of 99.2% zinc and 0.8% copper with an outer plating of pure copper, for an overall composition of 97.5% zinc and 2.5% copper, and are minted on blanks produced for the Mint by an outside manufacturer (Jarden Zinc Products). Except for the new lighter total coin weight of 2.5 grams each, these newer coins are identical in diameter and thickness, and nearly in appearance, to the mostly copper (95%) cents issued before mid-1982, which weighed 3.11 grams each. A few pennies were struck by error in brass dated 1983 and are extremely rare.[38]
Matte Proof Lincolns 1909 to 1916[edit]
When the Lincoln Cent was introduced in 1909, it was discovered that the coining dies and their curved fields were unable to be polished to proof coining condition by existing Mint equipment. To produce Proof coinage for collectors, the U.S. Mint adopted the French technique of the Matte Proof, which was thought to highlight the design, while leaving the details of the coin as the designer intended. This was done by a sandblasting of the dies prior to use. When struck by the high pressure hydraulic press of the Philadelphia Mint Medal Room, the result was a semi-rough surface, a gentle luster and strongly defined wide square rims. These coins were produced in very small numbers, and the dies quickly developed small marks, known as diagnostics. These marks are used today by Third Party Graders and Collectors to authenticate the coin. Sold for mere pennies over face during the years of production, they were not popular with collectors. When new, the coins were wrapped in a tarnish-proof tissue, which over time proved to be anything but. Since many of these coins sat for decades unsold, vivid colors and toning developed. It is not unusual to see vivid blues, greens, lavender, coppery orange, deep reds and purple hues on these coins. Eagerly collected by numismatists today, they are among the most valuable Lincoln cents. Unencapsulated coins are easily identified by wide, square outer rims, quite unlike the rounded edges of business strikes.
Mint errors specific to Lincoln cents[edit]
Through mint errors, a number of rare and valuable Lincoln Cents have been produced. Some random errors, such as an off-center strike, slightly increase the value of the coin, and are sought after by niche collectors. However some errors were systemic, and produced a number of coins with exactly the same problem in the same year. These have become recognized varieties that are often extremely valuable and sought after by mainstream collectors.
1909 VDB "US Lincoln Penny" – on the planet Mars – part of a calibration target on the Curiosity Rover (September 10, 2012) (3-D version) (also, image on October 2, 2013 – after 411 days on Mars)
The first Doubled Die error occurred during the production of the 1909 VDB. Not identified until the 1970s, it shows the RTY in Liberty and the 190 of the date slightly doubled. This coin is extremely rare in high grades.
In 1922, no one-cent coins were produced by the Philadelphia Mint. However, three of the four pairs of Denver Mint worn and overly polished dies then produced the Weak D and No D varieties, making them appear as if they had been produced in Philadelphia. These varieties are known as the 1922 plain cents or 1922 no "D" cents. Collectors must be wary of removed mint marks.
There are a few 1943 cents that were produced in bronze, as opposed to the steel/zinc composition used that year. There are 10 to 12 known to exist.[39] Likewise, a few 1944 cents were produced in steel/zinc.
In 1955, a hubbing error caused some cents to get struck with an obverse die which showed doubling in all of the obverse devices, producing a prominent doubling of the date, and to a less noticeable degree, the rest of the obverse. This is known as the 1955 doubled die cent. A similar die error occurred in 1969 on dies used at the San Francisco Mint. While the 1955 doubled die cent is well-known and widely collected, the 1969-S doubled die is far rarer, with an uncirculated specimen selling for as much as $126,500 in a 2008 Heritage auction.[40] The same mechanism produced 1972, 1983, 1984, and 1995 Doubled die cents. Doubled Dies are known for practically every date in the Lincoln cent series, but most are minor, and less impressive compared to the 1955 and the other Doubled Die varieties mentioned here.
In 1990, 3,055 proof cents were struck at the San Francisco Mint without the "S" mint mark, making them appear as if they had been struck at the Philadelphia Mint. However, as no proof cents were struck in Philadelphia that year, they are easily distinguishable as errors, and highly valuable.
The reverse of some Lincoln cents minted in 1992 at the Philadelphia and Denver mints and some of those minted in 1998 and 1999 at the San Francisco mint feature a smaller-than-normal gap between the first two letters of AMERICA. These coins, known as the Close AM variety are valued at $20,000 and $5,000 for the 1992 specimens in gem uncirculated condition and $3,000 and $1,000 for the San Francisco specimens in gem proof condition.
The reverse of some Lincoln cents minted in 1998, 1999, and 2000 in Philadelphia feature a larger-than-normal gap between the first two letters of AMERICA. These coins, known as the Wide AM variety are valued at $10, $500, and $5, respectively, in gem uncirculated condition. These reverse die errors are technically "mule" errors, as the reverse error dies were the same as normal proof coins of the same date.
Toxicity[edit]
Zinc, a major component of mid-1982-and-later U.S. cents, is toxic in large quantities. Swallowing such a coin, which is 97.5% zinc, can cause damage to the stomach lining because of the high solubility of the zinc ion in the acidic stomach.[41] Coins are the most commonly ingested foreign body in children but generally are allowed to pass spontaneously unless the patient is symptomatic.[42] Zinc toxicity, mostly in the form of the ingestion of U.S. pennies minted after 1982, is commonly fatal in dogs where it causes a severe hemolytic anemia.[43] It is also highly toxic in pet parrots and can often be fatal.[44]
Numismatics and regulations[edit]
Main article: Penny debate in the United States
It has been suggested that the cent should be eliminated as a unit of currency for several reasons including that many Americans do not actually spend them, but rather only receive them in change at stores and proceed to return them to a bank for higher denomination currencies, or cash them in at coin counting kiosks. Most modern vending machines do not accept pennies, further diminishing their utility, and the production cost (figured in U.S. Dollars) now exceeds the face value of the coin, caused by increasing inflation.[45] In 2001 and 2006, for example, United States Representative Jim Kolbe (R) of Arizona introduced bills which would have stopped production of pennies (in 2001, the Legal Tender Modernization Act, and in 2006, the Currency Overhaul for an Industrious Nation [COIN] Act).[46]
In anticipation of the business of melting down U.S. pennies and U.S. nickels for profit, the U.S. Mint, which is a part of the US Department of the Treasury, implemented new regulations[47] on December 14, 2006, which criminalize the melting of pennies and nickels and place limits on export of the coins. Violators can be punished with a fine of up to $10,000 USD and/or imprisoned for a maximum of five years.[48]
Metal content and manufacturing costs[edit]
The U.S. Mint reported that in fiscal year 2010 the unit cost of producing and shipping one-cent coins was 1.79 cents, which is more than the face value of the coin.[49] After reaching a peak cost of 2.41 cents in 2011 due to the significant rise in global metal demand and prices, recently the cost has declined to 1.83 cents for 2013.[6] In the 2014 fiscal year, the cost to produce a penny declined even further to 1.70 cents.[50]
When copper reached a record high in February 2011,[51] the melt value of a 95% copper penny was more than three times its face value. As of January 21, 2014, a pre-1982 penny contained 2.20325 cents' worth of copper and zinc, making it an attractive target for melting by people wanting to sell the metals for profit. In comparison, post-1982 copper-plated zinc cents have a metallurgical value of only 0.55152 cents.[52]
The Secretary of the Treasury has authority to alter the percentage of copper and zinc in the one-cent coin if needed due to cost fluctuations.[49]
See also[edit]
Numismatics portal
1943 steel cent
1955 doubled-die cent
1974 aluminum cent
Large cent (United States coin)
Legal Tender Modernization Act
Mill (currency)
Take a penny, leave a penny
Penny (Canadian coin)
United States Mint coin production
Other denominations[edit]
United States coinage
Nickel
Dime
Quarter
Half dollar
Dollar
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The United States Mint Coin Specifications". Washington, D.C.: United States Mint. Retrieved 2009-11-09. Denomination:Cent; Nickel; Dime; Quarter Dollar.... (categories across the top of the specifications chart)
Jump up ^ "Denominations". Washington, D.C.: United States Department of the Treasury. Retrieved 2015-03-03. The proper term is "one cent piece," but in common usage this coins is often referred to as a penny or cent.
Jump up ^ http://time.com/money/4300975/get-rid-of-penny-jacob-lew/
Jump up ^ "US Mint Cost To Make Penny".
Jump up ^ Staff (April 17, 2012). "Statement of Rodney J. Bosco Navigant Consulting, Inc. on "The Future of Money: Coin Production"" Before the House Financial Services Subcommittee on Domestic Policy & Technology United States House of Representatives – April 17, 2012" (PDF). U.S. Congress. Retrieved September 10, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "US Mint Cost To Make Penny and Nickel Declines in FY 2013". January 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Coin Specifications". Retrieved 2016-12-22.
Jump up ^ "U.S. Mint Online Product Catalog". Catalog.usmint.gov. Retrieved 2011-07-20.
Jump up ^ Mathur, R (2009). "The history of the United States cent revealed through copper isotope fractionation". Journal of archaeological science. 36 (2): 430–433. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2008.09.029.
Jump up ^ John P. Dorst MD, Thomas E. Reichelderfer MD, and Roger C. Sanders MA, BM, BCh, MRCP, FRCRP. Radiodensity of the Proposed New Penny, Pediatrics Vol. 69 No. February 2, 1982, pp. 224–225. Retrieved 2008-04-17.
Jump up ^ "1982 Lincoln Memorial Cents". Coins.thefuntimesguide.com. Retrieved 2011-07-20.
Jump up ^ UNITED STATES MINT – 2013 ANNUAL REPORT p.11
Jump up ^ "Is my Penny a Copper, or a Zinc Cent?". Retrieved 2008-06-16.
Jump up ^ "The United States Mint Coins and Medals Program". USMint.gov. Retrieved 2010-12-27.
Jump up ^ Margolick, David (2007-02-11). "Penny Foolish". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
Jump up ^ "History of 'In God We Trust'". treasury.gov. Retrieved 2016-04-29.
Jump up ^ Kocher, Greg (February 13, 2009). "Lincoln's birthplace is launch site for new penny". Lexington Herald-Leader.
^ Jump up to: a b c O'Keefe, Ed (February 17, 2009). "Heads Abe, Tails New On Pennies Marking Lincoln Bicentennial". The Washington Post. p. A11.
Jump up ^ Pub.L. 109–145, 119 Stat. 2674, enacted December 22, 2005 – Presidential $1 Coin Act of 2005, Title VI, §303. "The design on the reverse of the 1-cent coins issued after December 31, 2009, shall bear an image emblematic of President Lincoln's preservation of United States of America as a single and united country." Retrieved 2009-11-30.
Jump up ^ Staff (2009-06-09). "2010 Lincoln Cent Design Proposals". 2010 Lincoln Cents. Retrieved 2009-11-30. There were initially 18 design proposals for the 2010 Lincoln Cent reverse.
Jump up ^ McAllister, Bill (2009-05-04). "Wheat Design may appear on the 2010 cent". Coin World. 50 (2560): 1.
^ Jump up to: a b McAllister, Bill (2009-05-18). "Mint withdraws 2010 'Wheat' cent design". Coin World. 50 (2562): 1.
Jump up ^ McAllister, Bill (2009-05-18). "Mint withdraws 2010 'Wheat' cent design". Coin World. 50 (2562): 1.
Jump up ^ McAllister, Bill (2009-05-18). "Commission votes for U.S. flag on 2010 1¢". Coin World. 50 (2565): 1.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Gilkes, Paul (2009-11-30). "Cent to bear Union Shield design in 2010". Coin World. 50 (2590): 1, 68.
^ Jump up to: a b "United States Mint Releases Fourth 2009 Lincoln Bicentennial One-Cent Coin" (Press release). United States Mint. 2009-11-12. Retrieved 2009-11-30.
^ Jump up to: a b Gilkes, Paul (2010-02-15). "Mint Returns to 1909 Galvano for Portrait". Coin World. 51 (2601): 1, 24.
Jump up ^ "United States Mint Launches 2010 Lincoln One-Cent Coin" (Press release). United States Mint. 2010-02-11. Retrieved 2010-02-11. The reverse of the 2010 and beyond Lincoln cent was designed by United States Mint Artistic Infusion Program Associate Designer Lyndall Bass and executed by United States Mint Sculptor-Engraver Joseph Menna.
Jump up ^ Gilkes, Paul (2010-02-08). "First Circulation Reports of 2010 Cents From Puerto Rico". Coin World. 51 (2600): 5.
Jump up ^ Ruston, Bruce (2010-02-11). "New Lincoln penny design unveiled in Springfield". State Journal-Register. Retrieved 2010-02-11. The newest—and for now permanent—version of the Lincoln penny was unveiled this morning at the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Museum... (Archived by WebCite at https://www.webcitation.org/5nTIEPHcG)
^ Jump up to: a b "Full text of "Mrs Astor S Horse"". Archive.org. Retrieved 20 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Jaeger, Katherine, A Guide Book of United States Tokens and Medals, Whitman Publishing, 2008. ISBN 978-0794820602
Jump up ^ https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/107231433/
Jump up ^ "History of the Lincoln Cent". U.S. Department of the Treasury. 2011-01-04. Retrieved 2011-06-27.
Jump up ^ Herbert, Alan (September 2007). Deisher, Beth, ed. "1943 Cent in Steel – One Year Type Looked to Help With the War Effort". COINS Magazine: 14.
Jump up ^ Gibbs, William T. (September 26, 1994). Beth Deisher, ed. "1974 bronze-clad steel cents subject to federal confiscation" (PDF). Coin World: 1. Archived from the original on 2006-07-19. Retrieved 2011-06-27.
Jump up ^ Gilkes, Paul (October 17, 2005). Beth Deisher, ed. "Aluminum 1¢ 'changes' grade" (PDF). Coin World: 2. Archived from the original on 2006-07-19. Retrieved 2011-06-27.
Jump up ^ "The 1983 Copper Cent". www.pcgs.com. Retrieved 2014-01-03.
Jump up ^ "1943 Copper Cent". Coinfacts.com. Retrieved 2010-12-27.
Jump up ^ "1969-S 1C Doubled Die MS64 Red PCGS Lincoln Cents". Coins.ha.com. Retrieved 2010-12-27.
Jump up ^ Dawn N. Bothwell, M.D., and Eric A. Mair, M.D., FAAP. Chronic Ingestion of a Zinc-Based Penny, Pediatrics Vol. 111, No. March 3, 2003, pp. 689–691. Retrieved 2008-04-17.
Jump up ^ Mark L. Waltzman, M.D .[1] Current Opinion in Pediatrics Vol. 45, No. 1 Jan.–Feb., 2006, pp.71–3. Retrieved 2010-2-23.
Jump up ^ Stowe CM, Nelson R, Werdin R, et al.: Zinc phosphide poisoning in dogs. JAVMA 173:270, 1978
Jump up ^ See, for example, this list of common parrot illnesses and their causes
Jump up ^ Hagenbaugh, Barbara (2006-05-09). "Coins cost more to make than face value". USA Today. Retrieved 2006-10-04.
Jump up ^ Zappone, Christian (2006-07-18). "Kill-the-penny bill introduced". CNN Money. Retrieved 2006-10-04.
Jump up ^ "United States Mint Moves to Limit Exportation & Melting of Coins". Usmint.gov. Retrieved 2011-07-20.
Jump up ^ "CFR 2010 title31 vol1 part82" (PDF). U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved 2013-01-05.
^ Jump up to: a b United States Mint (2010-12-04). "U.S. Mint 2010 Annual Report" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-01-16.
Jump up ^ http://www.usmint.gov/about_the_mint/PDFs/2014-rd-biennial-report.pdf
Jump up ^ "METALS-Copper falls on euro zone disappointment, China worry". Reuters. Retrieved 2012-11-18.
Jump up ^ "Current Melt Value Of Coins – How Much Is Your Coin Worth?". Coinflation.com. Retrieved 2014-01-21.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States cents.
"Penny Foolish", by David Margolick, The New York Times, February 11, 2007 – a brief popular history of the penny.
Man tries to get rid of million pennies, USA Today, 7/1/2004
Examination of claim that "A U.S. penny costs more than a cent to manufacture" on Snopes.
Top 10 Things You Didn't Know About the Penny – slideshow by Time Magazine
U.S. Lincoln Penny on the Planet Mars – Curiosity Rover (September 10, 2012).
PennyFreeBiz Grass Roots effort by retailers and merchants to stop using the penny. (June 2007).
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What's Eating Gilbert Grape
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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What's Eating Gilbert Grape
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Lasse Hallström
Produced by
Bertil Ohlsson
David Matalon
Meir Teper
Screenplay by
Peter Hedges
Based on
What's Eating Gilbert Grape
by Peter Hedges
Starring
Johnny Depp
Juliette Lewis
Leonardo DiCaprio
Mary Steenburgen
John C. Reilly
Music by
Alan Parker
Björn Isfält
Cinematography
Sven Nykvist
Edited by
Andrew Mondshein
Production
company
Matalon Teper Ohlsson
Distributed by
Paramount Pictures
Release date
December 17, 1993 (1993-12-17)
Running time
118 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$11 million[1]
Box office
$10 million[2]
What's Eating Gilbert Grape is a 1993 American drama film directed by Lasse Hallström and starring Johnny Depp, Juliette Lewis, Darlene Cates, and Leonardo DiCaprio. The film follows 24-year-old Gilbert (Depp), a grocery store clerk caring for his morbidly obese mother (Cates) and his mentally impaired younger brother (DiCaprio) in a sleepy Midwestern town. Peter Hedges wrote the screenplay, adapted from his 1991 novel of the same name. The film was well-received; DiCaprio received his first Academy Award nomination for his role.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Release
5 Critical reception
5.1 Accolades
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
In the small town of Endora, Iowa, Gilbert Grape (Johnny Depp) is busy caring for Arnie (Leonardo DiCaprio), his mentally challenged brother, as they wait for the many tourists' trailers to pass through town during an annual Airstreamer's Club gathering at a nearby recreational area. His mother, Bonnie (Darlene Cates), gave up on life after her husband hanged himself in the basement seven years[3] earlier. She spends almost all of her time on the couch watching TV and eating. With Bonnie unable to care for her children on her own due to her morbid obesity, Gilbert has taken responsibility for repairing the old house and looking after Arnie, who has a habit of climbing the town water tower, while his sisters Amy (Laura Harrington) and Ellen (Mary Kate Schellhardt) do the rest. The relationship between the brothers is of both care and protection, as Gilbert continually enforces the "nobody touches Arnie" policy. A new FoodLand supermarket has opened, threatening the small Lamson's Grocery where Gilbert works. In addition, Gilbert is having an affair with a married woman, Betty Carver (Mary Steenburgen).
The family is looking forward to Arnie's 18th birthday. A young woman named Becky (Juliette Lewis) and her grandmother are stuck in town when the International Harvester Travelall pulling their trailer breaks down. Gilbert's unusual life circumstances threaten to get in the way of their budding romance. In order to spend time with Becky to watch the sunset, Gilbert leaves Arnie alone in the bath. He returns home late and finds that Arnie is still in the bath the following morning, shivering in the (now cold) water; his guilt is compounded by his family's anger. His affair with Betty ends when she leaves town in search of a new life following her husband's death—he drowned in the family's wading pool after suffering a heart attack. Becky becomes close to both Gilbert and Arnie. While they are distracted during one of their talks, Arnie returns to the water tower that he is always trying to climb. Arnie is arrested after being rescued from the top of the tower, causing his mother—who has not left the house in seven years—to become the object of pointing, laughing, and gawking from the townspeople as she goes to the police station, forcing Arnie's release.
Soon after, Arnie tries to run away yet again from his bath and in his frustration, Gilbert finally snaps, hitting Arnie several times. Guilty and appalled at himself, Gilbert runs out and drives away in his truck without another word. Arnie also runs out and goes to Becky's, who takes care of him for the evening until he is picked up by his sisters. After some soul searching aided by Becky, Gilbert returns home during the birthday party to make amends to his family for running out and to be forgiven by Arnie which, with only the slightest hesitation, he is. He apologizes to his mother for his behavior and promises that he is not ashamed of her and that he will not let her be hurt any more. She admits to Gilbert her knowledge of what a burden she has become to the family, and he forgives her. He introduces her to Becky—something he had been reluctant to do earlier.
Following Arnie's 18th birthday party, Bonnie climbs the stairs to her bedroom for the first time since her husband's suicide. Arnie later tries to wake her but discovers that she has died. The children, not willing to let their mother become the joke of the town by having her corpse lifted from the house by crane, empty their family home of possessions and set it on fire. A year later, Gilbert describes what happened to his family after his mother's death, as Gilbert and his brother Arnie wait by the side of a road for Becky, who arrives with her grandmother, and picks them up.
Cast[edit]
Johnny Depp as Gilbert Grape
Juliette Lewis as Becky
Leonardo DiCaprio as Arnie Grape
Mary Steenburgen as Betty Carver
Darlene Cates as Bonnie Grape
Laura Harrington as Amy Grape
Mary Kate Schellhardt as Ellen Grape
Kevin Tighe as Ken Carver
John C. Reilly as Tucker Van Dyke
Crispin Glover as Bobby McBurney
Penelope Branning as Becky's Grandma
Libby Villari as the Waitress
Adrienne King as Group (voice)
Production[edit]
What's Eating Gilbert Grape was shot in Texas, in various towns and cities; Austin and Pflugerville were primary locations, as well as Manor, where the water tower featured in the film was located.[4]
Film Review quoted actor Leonardo DiCaprio:
I had to really research and get into the mind of somebody with a disability like that. So I spent a few days at a home for mentally retarded teens. We just talked and I watched their mannerisms. People have these expectations that mentally retarded children are really crazy, but it's not so. It's refreshing to see them because everything's so new to them.[5]
Release[edit]
The film had a limited release on December 17, 1993 and wide release on March 4, 1994.[6] The wide release garnered $2,104,938 on its first weekend. Total domestic gross for the film was $10,032,765.[7]
Critical reception[edit]
The film received positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film was given an 89% "Certified Fresh" rating.[8] The New York Times film critic Janet Maslin praised DiCaprio's performance, writing "the film's real show-stopping turn comes from Mr. DiCaprio, who makes Arnie's many tics so startling and vivid that at first he is difficult to watch… The performance has a sharp, desperate intensity from beginning to end."[9] Roger Ebert of Chicago Sun-Times described it as "… one of the most enchanting films of the year" and said that DiCaprio deserved to win the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for which he was nominated.[10] Todd McCarthy of Variety found the film a "bemused view on life" and remarked that "Depp manages to command center screen with a greatly affable, appealing characterization."[11] The Washington Post's Desson Howe thought the film was an earnest but highly predictable effort.[12] Film Review praised Leonardo DiCaprio as the mentally handicapped brother, calling it "a performance of astonishing innocence and spontaneity", bringing "a touching credibility to a very difficult part".[5]
The film was nominated for the prestigious Grand Prix of the Belgian Syndicate of Cinema Critics.
Accolades[edit]
Awards
Award
Category
Recipients and nominees
Result
66th Academy Awards Best Supporting Actor Leonardo DiCaprio Nominated
51st Golden Globe Awards Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture Leonardo DiCaprio Nominated
65th National Board of Review Awards Best Supporting Actor Award Leonardo DiCaprio Won
Chicago Film Critics Association Awards 1993 Best Emerging Actor Leonardo DiCaprio Won
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "What's Eating Gilbert Grape - Box Office Data". The Numbers. Retrieved 2011-07-28.
Jump up ^ "What's Eating Gilbert Grape (1993)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2011-07-23.
Jump up ^ What's Eating Gilbert Grape (film). 1993. p. 1 hour 11 minutes.
Jump up ^ Clinchy, Don (December 13, 2011). "Lone Star Cinema: What's Eating Gilbert Grape". Slackerwood. Retrieved January 11, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Cameron-Wilson, James; Speed, F. Maurice (1994). Film Review 1994-5. Great Britain: Virgin Books. p. 148. ISBN 0-86369-842-5.
Jump up ^ "What's Eating Gilbert Grape (1993) - Weekend Box Office Results". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2008-12-30.
Jump up ^ "What's Eating Gilbert Grape (1993)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2008-12-30.
Jump up ^ "What's Eating Gilbert Grape Movie Reviews, Pictures - Rotten Tomatoes". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2008-12-30.
Jump up ^ Maslin, Janet (1993-12-17). "Movie Review: What's Eating Gilbert Grape". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-12-30.
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger (1994-03-04). "What's Eating Gilbert Grape". rogerebert.com. Retrieved 2008-12-30.
Jump up ^ McCarthy, Todd (1993-12-06). "What's Eating Gilbert Grape Review". Variety. Retrieved 2008-12-30.
Jump up ^ Howe, Desson (1994-03-04). "What's Eating Gilbert Grape". Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-12-30.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: What's Eating Gilbert Grape?
What's Eating Gilbert Grape on IMDb
What's Eating Gilbert Grape at AllMovie
show
v
t
e
Films directed by Lasse Hallström
A Guy and a Gal (1975)
ABBA: The Movie (1977)
Father to Be (1979)
Tuppen (1981)
Happy We (1983)
My Life as a Dog (1985)
The Children of Noisy Village (1986)
More About the Children of Noisy Village (1987)
Once Around (1991)
What's Eating Gilbert Grape (1993)
Something to Talk About (1995)
The Cider House Rules (1999)
Chocolat (2000)
The Shipping News (2001)
An Unfinished Life (2005)
Casanova (2005)
The Hoax (2007)
Hachi: A Dog's Tale (2009)
Dear John (2010)
Salmon Fishing in the Yemen (2011)
The Hypnotist (2012)
Safe Haven (2013)
The Hundred-Foot Journey (2014)
A Dog's Purpose (2017)
The Nutcracker and the Four Realms (2018)
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Peter Hedges
Films directed
Pieces of April (2003)
Dan in Real Life (2007)
The Odd Life of Timothy Green (2012)
Ben Is Back (2018)
Written only
What's Eating Gilbert Grape (1993)
A Map of the World (1999)
About a Boy (2002)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=What%27s_Eating_Gilbert_Grape&oldid=850162450"
Categories:
1993 films
English-language films
1990s drama films
American coming-of-age films
American drama films
Films set in Iowa
Films shot in Texas
Films about dysfunctional families
Films about mental disability
Films based on American novels
Films based on romance novels
Films directed by Lasse Hallström
Films scored by Björn Isfält
Films set in country houses
Paramount Pictures films
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values: ما الذي يضايق غيلبرت غريب – Arabic

values: হোয়াট’স ইটিং গিলবার্ট গ্রেপ – Bangla

values: Защо тъгува Гилбърт Грейп – Bulgarian

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values: A qui estima, en Gilbert Grape? – Catalan

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values: Gilbert Grape – Irgendwo in Iowa – German

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values: What's Eating Gilbert Grape – Indonesian

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values: מה עובר על גילברט – Hebrew

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values: Гилберт Грейпти мүңкүрөткөн эмне? – Kyrgyz

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values: Hva er i veien med Gilbert Grape? – Norwegian

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values: What's Eating Gilbert Grape – Portuguese

values: Что гложет Гилберта Грэйпа – Russian

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values: Шта изједа Гилберта Грејпа – Serbian

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values: Що гнітить Гілберта Грейпа – Ukrainian

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