text:
The Princess and the Goblin (film)
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The Princess and the Goblin
Film poster
Directed by
József Gémes
Produced by
Robin Lyons
Screenplay by
Robin Lyons
Based on
The Princess and the Goblin
by George MacDonald
Starring
Joss Ackland
Claire Bloom
Roy Kinnear
Sally Ann Marsh
Rik Mayall
Peggy Mount
Peter Murray
Victor Spinetti
Mollie Sugden
Frank Rozelaar Green
William Hootkins
Maxine Howe
Steve Lyons
Robin Lyons
Narrated by
Phyllis Smith
Music by
István Lerch
Edited by
Magda Hap
Distributed by
United States
Hemdale Picture Corporation, Inc.
J&M Entertainment
United Kingdom:
Entertainment Film Distributors[1][2]
Hungary:
Budapest Film[2]
Release date
Hungary:
December 20, 1991 (1991-12-20)
United Kingdom:
December 18, 1992 (1992-12-18)
United States:
June 3, 1994 (1994-06-03)
Running time
82 min.
Country
United States
United Kingdom
Hungary
Language
English
Budget
$10 million[3]
Box office
$2,105,078
The Princess and the Goblin (Hungarian: A hercegnő és a kobold) is a 1991 British-Hungarian-American animated musical fantasy film directed by József Gémes and written by Robin Lyons, an adaptation of George MacDonald's 1872 novel of the same name.
When a peaceful kingdom is menaced by an army of monstrous goblins, a brave and beautiful princess joins forces with a resourceful peasant boy to rescue the noble king and all his people. The lucky pair must battle the evil power of the wicked goblin prince armed only with the gift of song, the miracle of love, and a magical shimmering thread.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Release and reception
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
In a mountainous kingdom, the widowed King leaves to attend affairs of state, leaving his beloved daughter, Princess Irene, alone with her nursemaid, Lootie. When Irene is on an outing with Lootie, she runs away on purpose, and Lootie cannot find her. When sun sets, Irene is lost in a sinister forest, and is attacked when a clawed hands bursts through the earth and attempts to seize her kitten, Turnip. Several deformed animals corner the frightened Princess, until a strange singing sounds through the trees, driving them into a fit, and they flee. The singing is revealed to be a young boy, Curdie, the son of a miner. He discovers Irene is lost, and leads her back to the castle. He informs her that the monsters were goblins and their "pets", and that they are driven away by singing. Curdie says that everyone except the King and his family know of the goblins, and Irene reveals she is a Princess.
The next day, Irene goes exploring in the castle after discovering a magical secret door in her bedroom. She ventures into a tower and meets the spirit of her Great Great Grandmother, also called Irene. Grandmother informs the young princess that she will be there to help her, for Irene will soon be in grave danger. The same day, Curdie and his father are underground in the mines, and Curdie falls through a pothole and into the realm of the goblins. Hidden, he follows the goblins to a vast cavern where the sniveling Goblin King and the malevolent Goblin Queen are holding an audience, announcing their scheme to flood the mines and drown the "Sun People"... humans. Suddenly, Prince Froglip, the feared, yet spoiled and infantile, heir to the goblin throne, announces drowning them is "Not enough!" and states he shall abduct the Princess of the Sun People and marry her, thereby forcing the humans to accept the goblins as their rulers. He claims that this is revenge for the humans exiling the goblins underground centuries beforehand. Before Curdie can run and tell the others, the goblins find him and put him away in a dungeon. Luckily, Irene and Turnip have snuck out of the castle again, following a magic thread given to her by her grandmother, invisible to everyone else. The thread leads Irene to Curdie and working together, Curdie is released from his improvised cell. The two children are chased by the goblins but luckily escape. The miners are warned of the flooding plan in time to begin erecting supports to keep most of the tunnels free of water and the castle is also put on guard. The goblins do attack and Curdie must show all the castle people how to fight - namely, to jump on the goblins' feet and sing. Curdie also realizes if the miners are successful, the water will have nowhere to go but up and will end up flooding the castle. He tries to get everyone to leave and he and the king realize Irene is missing. Curdie finds Irene being held captive by Froglip. All three are knocked down by the arrival of the flood waters and Curdie tries to rescue the princess and not get thrown over the battlement edges by the goblin prince. With some help from Irene, Froglip is flung away and everyone is saved.
Cast[edit]
Joss Ackland - King Papa, Irene's father
Claire Bloom - Great Great Grandmother Irene
Roy Kinnear - Mump. This was Kinnear's final screen role released, following his death on September 20, 1988.
Sally Ann Marsh - Princess Irene, the princess of the castle
Rik Mayall - Prince Froglip, the Goblin Prince
Peggy Mount - Goblin Queen, Froglip's mother. This was Mount's final film role.
Peter Murray - Curdie, a mining warrior boy. (Paul Keating did his singing voice.)
Victor Spinetti - Glump
Mollie Sugden - Lootie, Irene's nanny
William Hootkins - Peter, Curdie's father
Robin Lyons - Goblin King, Froglip's father
Phyllis Smith - Narrator
Production[edit]
The Princess and the Goblin was the first animated feature from Wales, and the 25th full-length cartoon from Hungary.[4] The film was produced by the Welsh television station S4C, and the Cardiff-based Siriol studio,[5] along with Hungary's Pannonia and Japan's NHK. Costing $10 million,[3] the film teamed producer/screenwriter Robin Lyons with director József Gémes (from 1982's Heroic Times).[3] Most of the principal animation was produced at the Siriol facilities.[6]
Release and reception[edit]
Originally released in 1992 and 1993 across Europe, The Princess and the Goblin was picked up for North American release by Hemdale Releasing for a summer release in 1994. The film was a critical and commercial disappointment there, only grossing US$2.1 million from 795 venues, being overshadowed by the release of The Lion King.[7] Ironically, this film's star Rik Mayall had been asked by Tim Rice to audition for The Lion King for the roles of Banzai, Zazu and Timon.
The staff of Halliwell's Film Guide deemed it an "Uninteresting animated feature, with a dull fairy-tale plot dully executed."[1] The New York Times wrote "If 'The Princess and the Goblin' is mildly diverting children's fare, its characters are not sharply focused visually or verbally. In a cinema that teems with terrifying monsters, the goblins appear to be ineffectual and unmenacing even when they are on the warpath."[8]
In a desperate attempt to counter its bad reviews, Hemdale asked several movie critics to view the film with their children, and asked those children for their comments on the film; these were subsequently included in its newspaper promotion. Mentioned in the advertisements were Michael Medved's daughter, Sarah, and Bob Campbell's four-year-old daughter ("It gets 91 stars!"). The idea came from Hemdale executives who thought animated films from the Disney company were preferred over those from other studios.[3]
The Princess and the Goblin received a Seal of Approval from the Dove Foundation, and the Film Advisory Board's Award of Excellence. Moreover, it won the Best Children's Film Award at the Fort Lauderdale International Film Festival.[3]
Hemdale Home Video premiered the movie on VHS some time after its theatrical outing. It was released on DVD in August 15, 2005 by Allumination FilmWorks.
The VHS version features information on a child support hotline in which lost children could call a number displayed on the screen to speak to one of the characters.
See also[edit]
List of animated feature-length films
List of Welsh films
List of American films
The Last Unicorn
The Black Cauldron
The Thief and the Cobbler
Quest for Camelot
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Gritten, David, ed. (2007). "The Princess and the Goblin". Halliwell's Film Guide 2008. Hammersmith, London: HarperCollins Publishers. p. 946. ISBN 0-00-726080-6.
^ Jump up to: a b "Credits list for The Princess and the Goblin". Yahoo! Movies. Retrieved 2010-09-11.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Beck, Jerry (2005). "The Princess and the Goblin". The Animated Movie Guide. Chicago Reader Press. pp. 213–214. ISBN 1-55652-591-5.
Jump up ^ Lendvai, Erzsi. "A magyar animációs film" (in Hungarian). Filmkultura. Retrieved 2010-09-11.
Jump up ^ "The Princess and the Goblin". Toonhound. Retrieved 2008-02-15.
Jump up ^ "Review of The Princess and the Goblin". TV Guide. Lions Gate Entertainment. Retrieved 2008-02-15.
Jump up ^ "Box office information for The Princess and the Goblin". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2008-02-15.
Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9d0defd81e3bf930a35755c0a962958260
External links[edit]
The Princess and the Goblin on IMDb
Hercegnő És A Kobold at The Big Cartoon DataBase
The Princess and the Goblin at AllMovie
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Human fertilization
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The acrosome reaction for a sea urchin, a similar process. Note that the picture shows several stages of one and the same spermatozoon - only one penetrates the ovum
Illustration depicting ovulation and fertilization.
Human fertilization is the union of a human egg and sperm, usually occurring in the ampulla of the fallopian tube. The result of this union is the production of a zygote cell, or fertilized egg, initiating prenatal development. Scientists discovered the dynamics of human fertilization in the nineteenth century.[1]
The process of fertilization involves a sperm fusing with an ovum. The most common sequence begins with ejaculation during copulation, follows with ovulation, and finishes with fertilization. Various exceptions to this sequence are possible, including artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization, external ejaculation without copulation, or copulation shortly after ovulation.[2][3][4] Upon encountering the secondary oocyte, the acrosome of the sperm produces enzymes which allow it to burrow through the outer jelly coat of the egg. The sperm plasma then fuses with the egg's plasma membrane, the sperm head disconnects from its flagellum and the egg travels down the Fallopian tube to reach the uterus.
In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a process by which egg cells are fertilized by sperm outside the womb, in vitro.
Contents
[hide]
1 Anatomy
1.1 Corona radiata
1.2 Cone of attraction and perivitelline membrane
1.3 Sperm preparation
1.4 Zona pellucida
1.4.1 Cortical reaction
2 Fusion
2.1 Cell membranes
2.2 Transformations
2.3 Replication
2.4 Mitosis
3 Fertilization age
4 Diseases
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Anatomy[edit]
Corona radiata[edit]
The sperm binds through the corona radiata, a layer of follicle cells on the outside of the secondary oocyte. Fertilization occurs when the nucleus of both a sperm and an egg fuse to form a diploid cell, known as zygote. The successful fusion of gametes forms a new organism.
Cone of attraction and perivitelline membrane[edit]
Where the spermatozoon is about to pierce, the yolk (ooplasm) is drawn out into a conical elevation, termed the cone of attraction or reception cone. Once the spermatozoon has entered, the peripheral portion of the yolk changes into a membrane, the perivitelline membrane, which prevents the passage of additional spermatozoa.[5]
Sperm preparation[edit]
Further information: Acrosome reaction
At the beginning of the process, the sperm undergoes a series of changes, as freshly ejaculated sperm is unable or poorly able to fertilize.[6] The sperm must undergo capacitation in the female's reproductive tract over several hours, which increases its motility and destabilizes its membrane, preparing it for the acrosome reaction, the enzymatic penetration of the egg's tough membrane, the zona pellucida, which surrounds the oocyte.
Zona pellucida[edit]
After binding to the corona radiata the sperm reaches the zona pellucida, which is an extra-cellular matrix of glycoproteins. A special complementary molecule on the surface of the sperm head binds to a ZP3 glycoprotein in the zona pellucida. This binding triggers the acrosome to burst, releasing enzymes that help the sperm get through the zona pellucida.
Some sperm cells consume their acrosome prematurely on the surface of the egg cell, facilitating the penetration by other sperm cells. As a population, sperm cells have on average 50% genome similarity so the premature acrosomal reactions aid fertilization by a member of the same cohort.[7] It may be regarded as a mechanism of kin selection.
Recent studies have shown that the egg is not passive during this process.[8][9]
Cortical reaction[edit]
Once the sperm cells find their way past the zona pellucida, the cortical reaction occurs. Cortical granules inside the secondary oocyte fuse with the plasma membrane of the cell, causing enzymes inside these granules to be expelled by exocytosis to the zona pellucida. This in turn causes the glyco-proteins in the zona pellucida to cross-link with each other — i.e. the enzymes cause the ZP2 to hydrolyse into ZP2f — making the whole matrix hard and impermeable to sperm. This prevents fertilization of an egg by more than one sperm. The cortical reaction and acrosome reaction are both essential to ensure that only one sperm will fertilize an egg.[10]
Fusion[edit]
Fertilization and implantation in humans.
After the sperm enters the cytoplasm of the oocyte (also called ovocyte), the tail and the outer coating of the sperm disintegrate and the cortical reaction takes place, preventing other sperm from fertilizing the same egg. The oocyte now undergoes its second meiotic division producing the haploid ovum and releasing a polar body. The sperm nucleus then fuses with the ovum, enabling fusion of their genetic material.
Cell membranes[edit]
The fusion of cell membranes of the secondary oocyte and sperm takes place.
Transformations[edit]
In preparation for the fusion of their genetic material both the oocyte and the sperm undergo transformations as a reaction to the fusion of cell membranes.
The oocyte completes its second meiotic division. This results in a mature ovum. The nucleus of the oocyte is called a pronucleus in this process, to distinguish it from the nuclei that are the result of fertilization.
The sperm's tail and mitochondria degenerate with the formation of the male pronucleus. This is why all mitochondria in humans are of maternal origin. Still, a considerable amount of RNA from the sperm is delivered to the resulting embryo and likely influences embryo development and the phenotype of the offspring.[11]
Replication[edit]
The pronuclei migrate toward the center of the oocyte, rapidly replicating their DNA as they do so to prepare the zygote for its first mitotic division.[12]
Mitosis[edit]
Usually 23 chromosomes from spermatozoon and 23 chromosomes from egg cell fuse (half of spermatozoons carry X chromosome and the other half Y chromosome[13]). Their membranes dissolve, leaving no barriers between the male and female chromosomes. During this dissolution, a mitotic spindle forms between them. The spindle captures the chromosomes before they disperse in the egg cytoplasm. Upon subsequently undergoing mitosis (which includes pulling of chromatids towards centrioles in anaphase) the cell gathers genetic material from the male and female together. Thus, the first mitosis of the union of sperm and oocyte is the actual fusion of their chromosomes.[12]
Each of the two daughter cells resulting from that mitosis has one replica of each chromatid that was replicated in the previous stage. Thus, they are genetically identical.
Fertilization age[edit]
Fertilization is the event most commonly used to mark the zero point in descriptions of prenatal development of the embryo or fetus. The resultant age is known as fertilization age, fertilizational age, embryonic age, fetal age or (intrauterine) developmental (IUD)[14] age.
Gestational age, in contrast, takes the beginning of the last menstrual period (LMP) as the zero point. By convention, gestational age is calculated by adding 14 days to fertilization age and vice versa.[15] In fact, however, fertilization usually occurs within a day of ovulation, which, in turn, occurs on average 14.6 days after the beginning of the preceding menstruation (LMP).[16] There is also considerable variability in this interval, with a 95% prediction interval of the ovulation of 9 to 20 days after menstruation even for an average woman who has a mean LMP-to-ovulation time of 14.6.[17] In a reference group representing all women, the 95% prediction interval of the LMP-to-ovulation is 8.2 to 20.5 days.[16]
The average time to birth has been estimated to be 268 days (38 weeks and two days) from ovulation, with a standard deviation of 10 days or coefficient of variation of 3.7%.[18]
Fertilization age is sometimes used postnatally (after birth) as well to estimate various risk factors. For example, it is a better predictor than postnatal age for risk of intraventricular hemorrhage in premature babies treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.[19]
Diseases[edit]
Various disorders can arise from defects in the fertilization process.
Polyspermy results from multiple sperm fertilizing an egg.
However, some researchers have found[citation needed] that in rare pairs of fraternal twins, their origin might have been from the fertilization of one egg cell from the mother and eight sperm cells from the father. This possibility has been investigated by computer simulations of the fertilization process.
See also[edit]
Spontaneous conception, the unassisted conception of a subsequent child after prior use of assisted reproductive technology
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Garrison, Fielding. An Introduction to the History of Medicine, pages 566-567 (Saunders 1921).
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-12-22. Retrieved 2016-01-24.
Jump up ^ http://www.americanpregnancy.org/preventingpregnancy/pregnancyfaqmyths.html
Jump up ^ Lawyers Guide to Forensic Medicine SBN 978-1-85941-159-9 By Bernard Knight - Page 188 "Pregnancy is well known to occur from such external ejaculation ..."
Jump up ^ "Fertilization of the Ovum". Gray's Anatomy. Retrieved 2010-10-16.
Jump up ^ "Fertilization". Retrieved 28 July 2010.
Jump up ^ Angier, Natalie (2007-06-12). "Sleek, Fast and Focused: The Cells That Make Dad Dad". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Suzanne Wymelenberg, Science and Babies, National Academy Press, page 17
Jump up ^ Richard E. Jones and Kristin H. Lopez, Human Reproductive Biology, Third Edition, Elsevier, 2006, page 238
Jump up ^ "Fertilization: The Cortical Reaction". Boundless. Boundless. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Jodar, M.; Selvaraju, S.; Sendler, E.; Diamond, M. P.; Krawetz, S. A.; for the Reproductive Medicine Networks (2013). "The presence, role and clinical use of spermatozoal RNAs". Human Reproduction Update. 19 (6): 604–624. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmt031. PMC 3796946  . PMID 23856356.
^ Jump up to: a b Marieb, Elaine M. Human Anatomy and Physiology, 5th ed. pp. 1119-1122 (2001). ISBN 0-8053-4989-8
Jump up ^ https://www.genderselectionauthority.com/blog/five-facts-about-xx-or-xy
Jump up ^ Wagner F, Erdösová B, Kylarová D (December 2004). "Degradation phase of apoptosis during the early stages of human metanephros development". Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub. 148 (2): 255–6. doi:10.5507/bp.2004.054. PMID 15744391.
Jump up ^ Robinson, H. P.; Fleming, J. E. E. (1975). "A Critical Evaluation of Sonar "crown-Rump Length" Measurements". BJOG: an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 82 (9): 702–710. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.1975.tb00710.x.
^ Jump up to: a b Geirsson RT (May 1991). "Ultrasound instead of last menstrual period as the basis of gestational age assignment". Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 1 (3): 212–9. doi:10.1046/j.1469-0705.1991.01030212.x. PMID 12797075. [1]
Jump up ^ Derived from a standard deviation in this interval of 2.6, as given in: Fehring RJ, Schneider M, Raviele K (2006). "Variability in the phases of the menstrual cycle". J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 35 (3): 376–84. doi:10.1111/j.1552-6909.2006.00051.x. PMID 16700687.
Jump up ^ Jukic AM, Baird DD, Weinberg CR, McConnaughey DR, Wilcox AJ (2013). "Length of human pregnancy and contributors to its natural variation". Hum. Reprod. 28 (10): 2848–55. doi:10.1093/humrep/det297. PMC 3777570  . PMID 23922246.
Jump up ^ Alan H. Jobe, MD, PhD. Post-fertilizational age and IVH in ECMO patients. RadiologySource Volume 145, Issue 2, Page A2 (August 2004). PII: S0022-3476(04)00583-9. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2004.07.010.
External links[edit]
Fertilization (Conception)
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I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (Australian TV series)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the most recent season, see I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (Australia season 4).
I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!
Genre
Reality television
Created by
Granada Television (now part of ITV Studios)
Based on
I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!
Presented by
Chris Brown
Julia Morris
Country of origin
Australia
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
4
No. of episodes
125 (as of 12 March 2018)
Production
Location(s)
Kruger National Park,
in South Africa
Camera setup
Multiple-camera setup
Production company(s)
ITV Studios Australia
Release
Original network
Network Ten
Picture format
576i (SDTV)
1080i (HDTV)
Audio format
Stereo
Original release
1 February 2015 – present
External links
Website
Production website
I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (occasionally shortened to I'm a Celebrity) is an Australian reality television series on Network Ten which is based on the British television show of the same name.[1] The series sees celebrities living in the jungle with few creature comforts and compete in various challenges to earn meals and other luxuries. The celebrities compete for $100,000 to be donated to their chosen charity. The series is set in Kruger National Park, South Africa,[2][3] and is hosted by Julia Morris and Chris Brown.[4]
On 16 July 2015 the series was renewed for a second season,[5] which premiered on 31 January 2016.[6] The second season was accompanied by the companion series ''I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! Now!''. It aired on Eleven following each episode of the main series, hosted by comedian and former season one contestant Joel Creasey and The Bachelor Australia 3 contestant Heather Maltman.[7] ''I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! Now!'' did not air after the main show in later seasons due to low viewing rates. On 1 August 2016 the series was renewed for a third season with Morris and Brown returning as hosts,[8] which premiered on 29 January 2017. A fourth season commenced on 28 January 2018 and concluded 12 March 2018.
Contents
[hide]
1 Format
1.1 Tucker trials
1.2 Celebrity chest challenges
1.3 Secret mission
1.4 Mystery box
2 Production
2.1 Broadcast
2.2 The fallout zone
2.3 Public voting
3 Series overview
4 Series results
4.1 Season 1 (2015)
4.2 Season 2 (2016)
4.3 Season 3 (2017)
4.4 Season 4 (2018)
4.5 Season 5 (2019)
5 Ratings
6 Awards and nominations
7 Lawsuit
8 See also
9 References
Format[edit]
The premise of the show is that there is a group of well known personalities living together in a specially constructed camp site in a jungle. During their time in the jungle they are isolated from the outside world and are not commonly aware of outside events. The contestants compete for $100,000 to be donated to a charity of their choosing, in addition to being personally reimbursed for their participation.[9] While in the jungle, some of the contestants (generally voted by the viewing public) compete in challenges for food and luxuries for the camp. These challenges often involve local wildlife and are meant to take the contestants out of their comfort zone. Each week one or more of the contestants are evicted from the jungle, based on viewer votes. In addition, if the contestants become overwhelmed by their situation they can leave the series by speaking the phrase "I'm a celebrity get me out of here!". However, it is reported that if contestants do quit they will have their income for participating in the series markedly reduced.[10] Throughout the show, additional contestants (called "intruders") enter the competition; and beginning with season two, some contestants are only included temporarily (i.e. having a guest appearance).[11] In the end, a final viewer vote occurs to determine the winner of the series, who is given the title of "King and/or Queen of the Jungle".
Tucker trials[edit]
The contestants take part in daily trials to earn food. These trials aim to test both physical and mental abilities. The winner is usually determined by the number of stars collected during the trial, with each star representing a meal earned by the winning contestant for their camp mates.
Celebrity chest challenges[edit]
Two or more celebrities are chosen to take part in the celebrity chest challenge to win luxuries for camp. Each challenge involves completing a task to win a chest to take back to camp. However, to win the luxury item in the chest, the campmates must correctly answer a question. If they fail to answer correctly, the luxury item is forfeited and a joke prize is won. The luxury item is "donated" by a celebrity from the outside.
Secret mission[edit]
This is a challenge where some celebrities have to take part without alerting the other celebrities - if they are successful in their 'missions', they are rewarded.
Mystery box[edit]
A mystery box sees a box delivered to the campsite, each time containing a different gift for the contestants.
Production[edit]
Broadcast[edit]
The show is broadcast Sunday to Thursday at 7.30 pm, with a weekly eviction show on Sunday (except for the first week, where the celebrities arrive in the 'jungle'). All shows are presented by Julia Morris & Chris Brown from a nearby studio. The program is live to AEDT States (New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and the Australian Capital Territory), in other states the program is delayed to accommodate local time zones.
The fallout zone[edit]
In addition to the television broadcast, for the first season a live feed from the camp site aired for an hour after the AEDT airing of the show on Ten's website and mobile app, titled The Fallout Zone but more commonly referred to as FOZ. The content of feed was available on the website after the fact so viewers in other states could watch the show after their airing of the main show. The feed was hosted by comedian Sam Mac and producer Ciaran "The Butcher" Flannery, also known as "The C-Word". On 8 and 12 March 2015, producer Dominic "The Domin8or" Sullivan filled in during Flannery's absence. The duo interact with viewers through Twitter, using the hashtag #FOZ. Mac and Flannery have no control over the shots used in the stream which has resulted in one episode featuring a 20-minute shot of a waterfall and, on 16 February 2015, a 15-minute conversation featuring a sound technician looking for Bob being picked up. On 5 March 2015 the show famously featured audio problems during which Mac and Flannery's voices fluctuated between chipmunk and Darth Vader filters for the first thirty minutes. The show's theme song is Highway to the Fallout Zone sung by Sam Mac. The show did not return for the second season.
Public voting[edit]
Throughout the show the public votes on who competes in the following tucker trial and who to evict from the campsite. Viewers can either vote via SMS (by texting the name of the celebrity to 1995 1010) or vote via Social Media (namely Facebook or Twitter) by using the celebrity's hashtag (#celeb[name]). Voting via social media is limited to 20 votes per account. For tucker trial voting, viewers vote for celebrity they wish to compete. For eviction voting, viewers vote for a celebrity to stay. Voting closes at approximately 7:30pm AEDT for Sunday's eviction vote and at approximately 8pm AEDT for voting on other days.
Prior to the premiere of the second season, it was announced that the voting process would change slightly compared to the inaugural season. SMS voting wil be used for both trial and eviction voting while Twitter voting will be used exclusively for trial voting. This change was implemented to even the playing field between celebrities with a larger international fan base (who are more likely to receive Twitter votes from said fan base) and celebrities with a smaller fan base who are only known in Australia.[12] However, this decision was later reversed, allowing Twitter and Facebook votes for the finals.[13]
Series overview[edit]
Winners crowned King or Queen of their respective year.
Key:
King of the Jungle
Queen of the Jungle
Season
Presenters
Start date
End date
Days in camp
Campmates
Honour places
Winner
Second place
Third place
1
Chris Brown and Julia Morris 1 February 2015 (2015-02-01) 15 March 2015 (2015-03-15) 45 14 Freddie Flintoff Barry Hall Chrissie Swan
2
31 January 2016 (2016-01-31) 13 March 2016 (2016-03-13) 45 12 Brendan Fevola Paul Harragon Laurina Fleure
3
29 January 2017 (2017-01-29) 13 March 2017 (2017-03-13) 46 14 Casey Donovan Dane Swan Natalie Bassingthwaighte
4
28 January 2018 (2018-01-28) 12 March 2018 (2018-03-12) 45 15 Fiona O'Loughlin Shannon Noll Danny Green
5
2019 2019
Series results[edit]
Key
Winner – King or Queen of the Jungle
Runner-up
Third place
Late arrival
Evicted
Withdrew
Season 1 (2015)[edit]
Main article: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (Australia season 1)
Celebrity
Known for
Day Entered
Day Exited
Result
Freddie Flintoff England and Wales cricketer 17 45 Winner
Barry Hall Former AFL forward 1 45 Runner-up
Chrissie Swan Television & radio broadcaster 1 45 Third Place
Maureen McCormick The Brady Bunch actress 1 42 Evicted 11th
Joel Creasey Comedian 1 41 Evicted 10th
Anna Heinrich The Bachelor Australia star 10 41 Evicted 9th
Julie Goodwin Chef & cookbook author 17 40 Evicted 8th
Merv Hughes Former test match cricketer 1 39 Evicted 7th
Tyson Mayr Model 1 38 Evicted 6th
Andrew Daddo Television & radio presenter 1 31 Evicted 5th
Lauren Brant Hi-5 singer 1 24 Evicted 4th
Laura Dundovic Miss Universe Australia 2008 1 17 Evicted 3rd
Tim Robards The Bachelor Australia star 10 17 Evicted 2nd
Leisel Jones Olympic swimmer 1 10 Evicted 1st
Season 2 (2016)[edit]
Main article: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (Australia season 2)
Celebrity
Known for
Day Entered
Day Exited
Result
Brendan Fevola AFL full-forward 1 45 Winner
Paul Harragon Former NRL prop forward 1 45 Runner-up
Laurina Fleure The Bachelor Australia 2 star 1 45 Third Place
Anthony Callea Singer-songwriter 1 42 Evicted 9th
Shane Warne Retired international cricketer 2 41 Evicted 8th
Havana Brown DJ 1 40 Evicted 7th
Jo Beth Taylor Television presenter 1 39 Evicted 6th
Val Lehman Prisoner actress 1 38 Evicted 5th
Dean Geyer Glee actor 1 31 Evicted 4th
Bonnie Lythgoe So You Think You Can Dance Australia judge 1 24 Evicted 3rd
Akmal Saleh Comedian 1 17 Evicted 2nd
Courtney Hancock Ironwoman 1 10 Evicted 1st
Season 3 (2017)[edit]
Main article: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (Australia season 3)
Celebrity
Known for
Day Entered
Day Exited
Result
Casey Donovan Singer-songwriter (Australian Idol Winner) 1 46 Winner
Dane Swan AFL Legend 1 46 Runner-Up
Natalie Bassingthwaighte Singer & Actress 1 46 Third Place
Nazeem Hussain Comedian 1 45 Evicted 11th
Steve Price Radio Shock Jock 1 42 Evicted 10th
Lisa Curry Olympic Swimmer 1 41 Evicted 9th
Ash Pollard My Kitchen Rules contestant 1 40 Evicted 8th
Carson Kressley TV Personality 25 39 Evicted 7th
Tegan Martin Beauty Queen 1 38 Evicted 6th
Keira Maguire The Bachelor Australia 4 star 19 35 Evicted 5th
Kris Smith TV Personality & Model 2 35 Evicted 4th
Tziporah Malkah Former Model 2 31 Evicted 3rd
Jay Laga'aia Actor & Singer 1 24 Evicted 2nd
Tom Arnold Hollywood Actor 1 17 Evicted 1st
Season 4 (2018)[edit]
Main article: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (Australia season 4)
Celebrity
Known for
Day Entered
Day Exited
Result
Fiona O'Loughlin Comedian 1 45 Winner
Shannon Noll Singer 1 45 Runner-up
Danny Green Boxer 7 45 Third place
Vicky Pattison Reality TV Star (I'm a Celeb UK, Winner) 17 44 Evicted 10th
Simone Holtznagel Model 1 41 Evicted 9th
Peter Rowsthorn Actor & Comedian 1 40 Evicted 8th
Jackie Gillies Psychic & Reality TV Star 1 39 Evicted 7th
Josh Gibson AFL Player 1 38 Evicted 6th
Paul Burrell Former Royal Butler (I'm a Celeb UK, Runner Up) 17 37 Evicted 5th
Lisa Oldfield Reality TV Star 24 34 Evicted 4th
David Oldfield Former Politician 24 30 Evicted 3rd
Kerry Armstrong Actress 1 23 Evicted 2nd
Tiffany Darwish Singer 1 16 Evicted 1st
Anthony Mundine Boxer 2 12 Withdrew
Bernard Tomic Tennis Player 1 3 Withdrew
Season 5 (2019)[edit]
Main article: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (Australia season 5)
Celebrity
Known for
Day Entered
Day Exited
Result
Ratings[edit]
Season
Episodes
Premiere
Finale
Source
Premiere date
Premiere viewers
(Opening Night)
Rank
Premiere viewers
(Welcome to the Jungle)
Rank
Finale date
Finale viewers
(Grand final)
Rank
Finale viewers
(Winner announced)
Rank
1
31 1 February 2015 (2015-02-01) 1.199 4 1.136 5 15 March 2015 (2015-03-15) 0.999 8 1.144 3 [14][15]
2
31 31 January 2016 (2016-01-31) 1.324 3 1.081 5 13 March 2016 (2016-03-13) 0.719 8 0.858 6 [16][17]
3
32 29 January 2017 (2017-01-29) 1.103 7 0.963 8 13 March 2017 0.989 6 1.056 2 [18][19]
4
31 28 January 2018 (2018-01-28) 1.274 4 1.108 5 12 March 2018 0.684 11 0.804 8 [20][21]
5
2019 2019
Awards and nominations[edit]
Year
Award
Category
Recipients and nominees
Result
Refs.
2016 Logie Awards of 2016 Best Reality Program I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! Nominated [22]
2017 Logie Awards of 2017 I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! Nominated [23]
2018 Logie Awards of 2018 I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! N/A
Lawsuit[edit]
In June 2017, Tom Arnold filed a lawsuit against Network Ten and A List Entertainment for defrauding him for being on I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!. Arnold claims that he was promised a payment of $425,000 and a comedy tour in Australia, however he was missing $140,000 in payment and that Network Ten backed out of the comedy tour.[24]
See also[edit]
Television in Australia portal
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "I'm a Celebrity heads to Oz". C21 Media. Retrieved 8 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Gusmaroli, Danielle (8 February 2015). "I'm A Celebrity I'm out Of Here! Olympian Liesel Jones is first star voted out of the south African jungle after opening up about her weight issues". Daily Mail Australia. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Kruger Welcomes I'm A Celebrity". CallSheet. 28 January 2016. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "TV jungle gets real for Channel 10 but are celebs in or out?". news.com.au. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Knox, David (16 July 2015). "Renewed: I'm A Celebrity Get Me Out of Here". TV Tonight. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Knox, David (10 January 2016). "Returning: I'm a Celebrity Get Me Out of Here!". TV Tonight. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Knox, David (19 November 2015). "TEN Upfronts 2016: Survivor, Jessica Marais, Anh Do -and Nigella!". TV Tonight. Retrieved 22 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "'m A Celebrity...Get Me Out Of Here! Is Back In 2017". Ten Play. Channel Ten. August 1, 2016. Retrieved September 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ Reines, Ros (2 February 2015). "I'm SO glad I turned down I'm A Celebrity... even though it paid '$30k per week'". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 21 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Knox, David (4 March 2015). "Contract clause 'penalty' for Celebrities who quit TEN's jungle". TV Tonight. Retrieved 21 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Knox, David (28 December 2015). "Mark Waugh into TEN's jungle?". TV Tonight. Retrieved 7 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Knox, David (28 January 2016). "I'm a Celebrity to switch-up viewer voting this year". TV Tonight. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Knox, David (10 March 2016). "TEN U-turn on voting promise for I'm A Celebrity". TV Tonight. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Knox, David (2 February 2015). "Sunday 1 February 2015". TV Tonight. Retrieved 21 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Knox, David (16 March 2015). "Sunday 15 March 2015". TV Tonight. Retrieved 21 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Knox, David (1 February 2016). "Sunday 31 January 2016". TV Tonight. Retrieved 1 February 2016.
Jump up ^ Knox, David (14 March 2016). "Sunday 13 March 2016". Retrieved 14 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Knox, David (30 January 2017). "Sunday 29 January 2017". TV Tonight. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Knox, David (14 March 2017). "Monday 13 March 2017". TV Tonight. Retrieved 14 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Knox, David (29 January 2018). "Sunday 28 January 2018". TV Tonight. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Knox, David (13 March 2018). "Monday 12 March 2018". TV Tonight. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Knox, David (3 April 2016). "Logie Awards 2016: nominations". TV Tonight. Retrieved 3 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Knox, David (22 April 2017). "Logie Awards 2017: nominees". TV Tonight. Retrieved 22 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Cullins, Ashley (2017-06-15). "Tom Arnold Sues Australian Reality TV Network for Fraud". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2017-06-16.
[show]
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e
I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (Australia)
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3
4
Winners
Freddie Flintoff
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Casey Donovan
Fiona O'Loughlin
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Internet Message Access Protocol
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In computing, the Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) is an Internet standard protocol used by e-mail clients to retrieve e-mail messages from a mail server over a TCP/IP connection.[1] IMAP is defined by RFC 3501.
IMAP was designed with the goal of permitting complete management of an email box by multiple email clients, therefore clients generally leave messages on the server until the user explicitly deletes them. An IMAP server typically listens on port number 143. IMAP over SSL (IMAPS) is assigned the port number 993.
Virtually all modern e-mail clients and servers support IMAP. IMAP and the earlier POP3 (Post Office Protocol) are the two most prevalent standard protocols for email retrieval,[2] with many webmail service providers such as Gmail, Outlook.com and Yahoo! Mail also providing support for either IMAP or POP3.
Contents
[hide]
1 E-mail protocols
2 History
2.1 Original IMAP
2.2 IMAP2
2.3 IMAP3
2.4 IMAP2bis
2.5 IMAP4
3 Advantages over POP
3.1 Connected and disconnected modes of operation
3.2 Multiple clients simultaneously connected to the same mailbox
3.3 Access to MIME message parts and partial fetch
3.4 Message state information
3.5 Multiple mailboxes on the server
3.6 Server-side searches
3.7 Built-in extension mechanism
4 Disadvantages
5 Security
6 Dialog example
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
E-mail protocols[edit]
The Internet Message Access Protocol is an Application Layer Internet protocol that allows an e-mail client to access e-mail on a remote mail server. The current version, IMAP version 4 revision 1 (IMAP4rev1), is defined by RFC 3501. An IMAP server typically listens on well-known port 143. IMAP over SSL (IMAPS) is assigned well-known port number 993.
IMAP supports both on-line and off-line modes of operation. E-mail clients using IMAP generally leave messages on the server until the user explicitly deletes them. This and other characteristics of IMAP operation allow multiple clients to manage the same mailbox. Most e-mail clients support IMAP in addition to Post Office Protocol (POP) to retrieve messages; however, fewer e-mail services support IMAP.[3] IMAP offers access to the mail storage. Clients may store local copies of the messages, but these are considered to be a temporary cache.[4]
Incoming e-mail messages are sent to an e-mail server that stores messages in the recipient's e-mail box. The user retrieves the messages with an e-mail client that uses one of a number of e-mail retrieval protocols. Some clients and servers preferentially use vendor-specific, proprietary protocols, but most support SMTP for sending e-mail and POP and IMAP for retrieving e-mail, allowing interoperability with other servers and clients. For example, Microsoft's Outlook client uses MAPI, a Microsoft proprietary protocol, to communicate with a Microsoft Exchange Server. IBM's Notes client works in a similar fashion when communicating with a Domino server. All of these products also support POP, IMAP, and outgoing SMTP. Support for the Internet standard protocols.[citation needed] allows many e-mail clients such as Pegasus Mail or Mozilla Thunderbird to access these servers, and allows the clients to be used with other servers.
History[edit]
IMAP was designed by Mark Crispin in 1986 as a remote mailbox protocol, in contrast to the widely used POP, a protocol for retrieving the contents of a mailbox.
IMAP was previously known as Internet Mail Access Protocol, Interactive Mail Access Protocol (RFC 1064), and Interim Mail Access Protocol.[5]
Original IMAP[edit]
The original Interim Mail Access Protocol was implemented as a Xerox Lisp machine client and a TOPS-20 server.
No copies of the original interim protocol specification or its software exist.[6] Although some of its commands and responses were similar to IMAP2, the interim protocol lacked command/response tagging and thus its syntax was incompatible with all other versions of IMAP.
IMAP2[edit]
The interim protocol was quickly replaced by the Interactive Mail Access Protocol (IMAP2), defined in RFC 1064 (in 1988) and later updated by RFC 1176 (in 1990). IMAP2 introduced the command/response tagging and was the first publicly distributed version.
IMAP3[edit]
IMAP3 is an extremely rare variant of IMAP.[7] It was published as RFC 1203 in 1991. It was written specifically as a counter proposal to RFC 1176, which itself proposed modifications to IMAP2.[8] IMAP3 was never accepted by the marketplace.[9][10] The IESG reclassified RFC1203 "Interactive Mail Access Protocol - Version 3" as a Historic protocol in 1993. The IMAP Working Group used RFC1176 (IMAP2) rather than RFC1203 (IMAP3) as its starting point.[11][12]
IMAP2bis[edit]
With the advent of MIME, IMAP2 was extended to support MIME body structures and add mailbox management functionality (create, delete, rename, message upload) that was absent from IMAP2. This experimental revision was called IMAP2bis; its specification was never published in non-draft form. An internet draft of IMAP2bis was published by the IETF IMAP Working Group in October 1993. This draft was based upon the following earlier specifications: unpublished IMAP2bis.TXT document, RFC1176, and RFC1064 (IMAP2).[13] The IMAP2bis.TXT draft documented the state of extensions to IMAP2 as of December 1992.[14] Early versions of Pine were widely distributed with IMAP2bis support[7] (Pine 4.00 and later supports IMAP4rev1).
IMAP4[edit]
An IMAP Working Group formed in the IETF in the early 1990s took over responsibility for the IMAP2bis design. The IMAP WG decided to rename IMAP2bis to IMAP4 to avoid confusion.
Advantages over POP[edit]
Connected and disconnected modes of operation[edit]
When using POP, clients typically connect to the e-mail server briefly, only as long as it takes to download new messages. When using IMAP4, clients often stay connected as long as the user interface is active and download message content on demand. For users with many or large messages, this IMAP4 usage pattern can result in faster response times.
Multiple clients simultaneously connected to the same mailbox[edit]
The POP protocol requires the currently connected client to be the only client connected to the mailbox. In contrast, the IMAP protocol specifically allows simultaneous access by multiple clients and provides mechanisms for clients to detect changes made to the mailbox by other, concurrently connected, clients. See for example RFC3501 section 5.2 which specifically cites "simultaneous access to the same mailbox by multiple agents" as an example.
Access to MIME message parts and partial fetch[edit]
Usually all Internet e-mail is transmitted in MIME format, allowing messages to have a tree structure where the leaf nodes are any of a variety of single part content types and the non-leaf nodes are any of a variety of multipart types. The IMAP4 protocol allows clients to retrieve any of the individual MIME parts separately and also to retrieve portions of either individual parts or the entire message. These mechanisms allow clients to retrieve the text portion of a message without retrieving attached files or to stream content as it is being fetched.
Message state information[edit]
Through the use of flags defined in the IMAP4 protocol, clients can keep track of message state: for example, whether or not the message has been read, replied to, or deleted. These flags are stored on the server, so different clients accessing the same mailbox at different times can detect state changes made by other clients. POP provides no mechanism for clients to store such state information on the server so if a single user accesses a mailbox with two different POP clients (at different times), state information—such as whether a message has been accessed—cannot be synchronized between the clients. The IMAP4 protocol supports both predefined system flags and client-defined keywords. System flags indicate state information such as whether a message has been read. Keywords, which are not supported by all IMAP servers, allow messages to be given one or more tags whose meaning is up to the client. IMAP keywords should not be confused with proprietary labels of web-based e-mail services which are sometimes translated into IMAP folders by the corresponding proprietary servers.
Multiple mailboxes on the server[edit]
IMAP4 clients can create, rename, and/or delete mailboxes (usually presented to the user as folders) on the server, and copy messages between mailboxes. Multiple mailbox support also allows servers to provide access to shared and public folders. The IMAP4 Access Control List (ACL) Extension (RFC 4314) may be used to regulate access rights.
Server-side searches[edit]
IMAP4 provides a mechanism for a client to ask the server to search for messages meeting a variety of criteria. This mechanism avoids requiring clients to download every message in the mailbox in order to perform these searches.
Built-in extension mechanism[edit]
Reflecting the experience of earlier Internet protocols, IMAP4 defines an explicit mechanism by which it may be extended. Many IMAP4 extensions to the base protocol have been proposed and are in common use. IMAP2bis did not have an extension mechanism, and POP now has one defined by RFC 2449.
Disadvantages[edit]
While IMAP remedies many of the shortcomings of POP, this inherently introduces additional complexity. Much of this complexity (e.g., multiple clients accessing the same mailbox at the same time) is compensated for by server-side workarounds such as Maildir or database backends.
The IMAP specification has been criticised for being insufficiently strict and allowing behaviours that effectively negate its usefulness. For instance, the specification states that each message stored on the server has a "unique id" to allow the clients to identify messages they have already seen between sessions. However, the specification also allows these UIDs to be invalidated with no restrictions, practically defeating their purpose.[15]
Unless the mail storage and searching algorithms on the server are carefully implemented, a client can potentially consume large amounts of server resources when searching massive mailboxes.
IMAP4 clients need to maintain a TCP/IP connection to the IMAP server in order to be notified of the arrival of new mail. Notification of mail arrival is done through in-band signaling, which contributes to the complexity of client-side IMAP protocol handling somewhat.[16] A private proposal, push IMAP, would extend IMAP to implement push e-mail by sending the entire message instead of just a notification. However, push IMAP has not been generally accepted and current IETF work has addressed the problem in other ways (see the Lemonade Profile for more information).
Unlike some proprietary protocols which combine sending and retrieval operations, sending a message and saving a copy in a server-side folder with a base-level IMAP client requires transmitting the message content twice, once to SMTP for delivery and a second time to IMAP to store in a sent mail folder. This is remedied by a set of extensions defined by the IETF LEMONADE Working Group for mobile devices: URLAUTH (RFC 4467) and CATENATE (RFC 4469) in IMAP and BURL (RFC 4468) in SMTP-SUBMISSION. POP servers don't support server-side folders so clients have no choice but to store sent items on the client. Many IMAP clients can be configured to store sent mail in a client-side folder, or to BCC oneself and then filter the incoming mail instead of saving a copy in a folder directly. In addition to the LEMONADE "trio", Courier Mail Server offers a non-standard method of sending using IMAP by copying an outgoing message to a dedicated outbox folder.[17]
Security[edit]
STARTTLS can be used to provide secure communications between the MUA communicating with the MSA or MTA implementing the SMTP Protocol.
Dialog example[edit]
This is an example IMAP connection as taken from RFC 3501 section 8:
C: <open connection> S: * OK IMAP4rev1 Service Ready C: a001 login mrc secret S: a001 OK LOGIN completed C: a002 select inbox S: * 18 EXISTS S: * FLAGS (\Answered \Flagged \Deleted \Seen \Draft) S: * 2 RECENT S: * OK [UNSEEN 17] Message 17 is the first unseen message S: * OK [UIDVALIDITY 3857529045] UIDs valid S: a002 OK [READ-WRITE] SELECT completed C: a003 fetch 12 full S: * 12 FETCH (FLAGS (\Seen) INTERNALDATE "17-Jul-1996 02:44:25 -0700" RFC822.SIZE 4286 ENVELOPE ("Wed, 17 Jul 1996 02:23:25 -0700 (PDT)" "IMAP4rev1 WG mtg summary and minutes" (("Terry Gray" NIL "gray" "cac.washington.edu")) (("Terry Gray" NIL "gray" "cac.washington.edu")) (("Terry Gray" NIL "gray" "cac.washington.edu")) ((NIL NIL "imap" "cac.washington.edu")) ((NIL NIL "minutes" "CNRI.Reston.VA.US") ("John Klensin" NIL "KLENSIN" "MIT.EDU")) NIL NIL "<B27397-0100000@cac.washington.edu>") BODY ("TEXT" "PLAIN" ("CHARSET" "US-ASCII") NIL NIL "7BIT" 3028 92)) S: a003 OK FETCH completed C: a004 fetch 12 body[header] S: * 12 FETCH (BODY[HEADER] {342} S: Date: Wed, 17 Jul 1996 02:23:25 -0700 (PDT) S: From: Terry Gray <gray@cac.washington.edu> S: Subject: IMAP4rev1 WG mtg summary and minutes S: To: imap@cac.washington.edu S: cc: minutes@CNRI.Reston.VA.US, John Klensin <KLENSIN@MIT.EDU> S: Message-Id: <B27397-0100000@cac.washington.edu> S: MIME-Version: 1.0 S: Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; CHARSET=US-ASCII S: S: ) S: a004 OK FETCH completed C a005 store 12 +flags \deleted S: * 12 FETCH (FLAGS (\Seen \Deleted)) S: a005 OK +FLAGS completed C: a006 logout S: * BYE IMAP4rev1 server terminating connection S: a006 OK LOGOUT completed

See also[edit]
List of mail servers
Comparison of e-mail clients
Comparison of mail servers
IMAP IDLE
Post Office Protocol (POP)
Push-IMAP
Simple Mail Access Protocol
Webmail
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Dean, Tamara (2010). Network+ Guide to Networks. Delmar. p. 519. ISBN 1423902459.
Jump up ^ Komarinski, Mark (2000). Red Hat Linux System Administration Handbook. Prentice Hall. p. 179. ISBN 1423902459.
Jump up ^ Mullet, Diana (2000). Managing IMAP. O'Reilly. p. 25. ISBN 0-596-00012-X.
Jump up ^ See e.g. Timo Sirainen, Dave Cridland. "IMAP Client Coding HOWTO".
Jump up ^ Service Name and Transport Protocol Port Number Registry. Iana.org (2013-07-12). Retrieved on 2013-07-17.
Jump up ^ Crispin, Mark (13 February 2012). "Re: [imap5] Designing a new replacement protocol for IMAP". imap5 (Mailing list). Usenet: alpine.OSX.2.00.1202131243200.38441@hsinghsing.panda.com. Retrieved 26 November 2014. Knowledge of the original IMAP (before IMAP2) exists primarily in my mind as all the original IMAP specifications and implementations were replaced with IMAP2.
^ Jump up to: a b "RFC 2061 - IMAP4 COMPATIBILITY WITH IMAP2BIS". IETF. 1996. Retrieved 2010-08-21.
Jump up ^ "INTERACTIVE MAIL ACCESS PROTOCOL - VERSION 3". IETF. 1991. Retrieved 2010-08-21.
Jump up ^ "IMAP2, IMAP2bis, IMAP3, IMAP4, IMAP4rev1 (LAN Mail Protocols)". Retrieved 2010-08-21.
Jump up ^ "IMAP Overview, History, Versions and Standards". Retrieved 2010-08-21.
Jump up ^ "Protocol Action: Interactive Mail Access Protocol - Version 3 to Historic (IETF mail archive)". 1993. Retrieved 2010-08-21.
Jump up ^ "Innosoft and POP/IMAP protocols? (mail archive)". 1993. Retrieved 2010-08-21.
Jump up ^ "INTERACTIVE MAIL ACCESS PROTOCOL - VERSION 2bis (Internet Draft)". IETF. 1993. Retrieved 2010-08-21.
Jump up ^ "IMAP2BIS -- EXTENSIONS TO THE IMAP2 PROTOCOL (DRAFT)". 1992. Retrieved 2010-08-21.
Jump up ^ "IMAP implementation in Sup, an e-mail client written in Ruby". rubyforge.com. Archived from the original on 2007-12-12. Retrieved 2011-02-22.
Jump up ^ "IMAP IDLE: The best approach for 'push' e-mail". Isode.com. Retrieved 2009-07-30.
Jump up ^ "Courier-IMAP: Sending mail via an IMAP connection". Double Precision, Inc. Retrieved 2013-09-24.
Further reading[edit]
Heinlein, P; Hartleben, P (2008). The Book of IMAP: Building a Mail Server with Courier and Cyrus. No Starch Press. ISBN 1-59327-177-8.
Hughes, L (1998). Internet e-mail Protocols, Standards and Implementation. Artech House Publishers. ISBN 0-89006-939-5.
Johnson, K (2000). Internet E-mail Protocols: A Developer's Guide. Addison-Wesley Professional. ISBN 0-201-43288-9.
Loshin, P (1999). "Essential E-mail Standards: RFCs and Protocols Made Practical". Programming Internet Mail. O'Reilly. ISBN 1-56592-479-7.
External links[edit]
Look up IMAP in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
"IMAP Protocol Mailing List".
RFC 3501 - specification of IMAP version 4 revision 1
RFC 2683 - IMAP Implementation Suggestions RFC
RFC 2177 - IMAP4 IDLE command
IMAP extensions for mobility-class applications presented and exemplified in a doctoral thesis
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Mail user agent

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mw-redirect
Mail submission agent

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mw-redirect
Mail Transfer Agent

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external text
http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2061

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external text
http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1203

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external mw-magiclink-rfc
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//tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2177

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Microsoft Internet Mail and News

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Windows Mail

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List of email clients

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mw-redirect
Uniform resource name

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external text
http://d-nb.info/gnd/4614711-1

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

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values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

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values:
/wiki/Internet_Message_Access_Protocol
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

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/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
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Language settings
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values: بروتوكول الوصول إلى رسائل الإنترنت – Arabic

values: Internet Message Access Protocol – Asturian

values: İnternet-məlumatlara erişmə protokolu – Azerbaijani

values:
https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAP
IMAP – Bulgarian
bg
bg
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAP
IMAP – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

values: Internet Message Access Protocol – Czech

values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAP
IMAP – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

values: Internet Message Access Protocol – German

values:
https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAP
IMAP – Estonian
et
et
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAP
IMAP – Greek
el
el
interlanguage-link-target

values: Protocolo de acceso a mensajes de Internet – Spanish

values: Internet Message Access Protocol – Esperanto

values: Internet Message Access Protocol – Basque

values: قرارداد پیام‌گزینی – Persian

values: Internet Message Access Protocol – French

values:
https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAP
IMAP – Galician
gl
gl
interlanguage-link-target

values: 인터넷 메시지 접속 프로토콜 – Korean

values:
https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAP
IMAP – Armenian
hy
hy
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAP
IMAP – Croatian
hr
hr
interlanguage-link-target

values: Internet Message Access Protocol – Indonesian

values: Internet Message Access Protocol – Italian

values: Internet Message Access Protocol – Hebrew

values:
https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAP
IMAP – Latvian
lv
lv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAP
IMAP – Lithuanian
lt
lt
interlanguage-link-target

values: Internet Message Access Protocol – Limburgish

values:
https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAP
IMAP – Hungarian
hu
hu
interlanguage-link-target

values: Internet Message Access Protocol – Macedonian

values:
https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAP
IMAP – Malagasy
mg
mg
interlanguage-link-target

values: ഇന്റർനെറ്റ് മെസ്സേജ് ആക്സസ്സ് പ്രോട്ടോക്കോൾ – Malayalam

values: Protokol Capaian Perutusan Internet – Malay

values: Internet Message Access Protocol – Dutch

values: Internet Message Access Protocol – Japanese

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAP
IMAP – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAP
IMAP – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
interlanguage-link-target

values: Internet Message Access Protocol – Polish

values: Internet Message Access Protocol – Portuguese

values:
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAP
IMAP – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAP
IMAP – Russian
ru
ru
interlanguage-link-target

values: Internet Message Access Protocol – Scots

values: Internet Message Access Protocol – Simple English

values: Internet Message Access Protocol – Slovak

values:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAP
IMAP – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAP
IMAP – Serbian
sr
sr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAP
IMAP – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAP
IMAP – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values: Internet Message Access Protocol – Swedish

values: இணையச் செய்தி அணுகு நெறிமுறை – Tamil

values: ไอแมป – Thai

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAP
IMAP – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAP
IMAP – Ukrainian
uk
uk
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAP
IMAP – Vietnamese
vi
vi
interlanguage-link-target

values: Internet Message Access Protocol – Yoruba

values:
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAP
IMAP – Chinese
zh
zh
interlanguage-link-target

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