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Range Rover Sport
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Range Rover Sport
Overview
Manufacturer
Land Rover
Production
2004–present
Assembly
Solihull plant, United Kingdom
Designer
Gerry McGovern
Body and chassis
Class
Mid-size luxury SUV
The Range Rover Sport is a British luxury mid-size SUV made by Land Rover. The first generation (codename: L320) started production in 2004, and was replaced by the second generation Sport (codename: L494) in 2013.
Contents
[hide]
1 Range Stormer concept
2 First generation (L320; 2004–2013)
2.1 Chassis
2.2 Powertrain
2.3 Suspension
2.3.1 Terrain Response
2.4 Driving technologies
2.5 Safety
2.6 Security
2.7 Facelift (2009)
2.8 Controversy
3 Second generation (L494; 2013-present)
3.1 Design
3.2 SVR (2015)
4 Worldwide sales
5 References
6 External links
Range Stormer concept[edit]
Range Stormer
The Range Rover Sport was prefigured by the Range Stormer concept car, introduced at the 2004 North American International Auto Show. This was a low-slung, short wheelbase 3-door coupè that was unusually "sporty" in the context of Land Rover's history.[1] Designed by Richard Woolley, the marque's first complete concept car sported split-folding gullwing doors, one-piece skeletal seats, a "clamshell" hood, 22 inch alloys, a 289 km/h top speed, 4WD and a 2500 kg weight. The Range Rover Sport was comparably of much more conservative design featuring five doors and a wheelbase hardly shorter than that of the Range Rover Vogue. A replica of the Stormer was built by West Coast Customs of Corona, CA for Sheikh Hamdan bin Mohammed Al Maktoum, Crown Prince of Dubai, on the occasion of opening West Coast Customs Dubai; the car is currently registered under the Dubai Traffic And Road Authority.
The Range Stormer is now on display at the Heritage Motor Centre in Gaydon, Warwickshire, UK.
First generation (L320; 2004–2013)[edit]
First generation (L320)
Overview
Production
2004-2013
Assembly
Solihull, United Kingdom (Solihull plant)
Body and chassis
Class
Mid-size luxury SUV
Layout
Longitudinal front-engine, all-wheel drive
Related
Land Rover Discovery
Powertrain
Engine
Petrol engines:
4.2 L Supercharged Jaguar AJ-V8 V8
4.4 L Jaguar AJ-V8 V8
5.0 L Jaguar AJ-V8 V8 (2009–2013)
5.0 L Jaguar AJ-V8 V8 Supercharged (2009–2013)
Diesel engines:
2.7 L Ford Lion V6 TD V6
3.0 L Ford Lion V6 TDV6(2009–2013)
3.6 L Ford Lion V8 TDV8
Transmission
8-speed automatic
6-speed ZF automatic
6-speed ZF HP28 automatic
Dimensions
Wheelbase
108.1 in (2,745 mm)
Length
2004–2009: 186.5 in (4,737 mm)
Since 2009: 188.3 in (4,783 mm)
Width
2004–2009: 75.9 in (1,928 mm)
Since 2009: 76.1 in (1,933 mm)
Height
71.5 in (1,816 mm)
Chassis[edit]
The chassis has been adapted from the integrated bodyframe, semi-monocoque, independently suspended design which debuted on the Discovery 3 in 2004. This allegedly gives the Range Rover Sport the refinement and structural rigidity advantages of a monocoque chassis with the robustness of a separate chassis design for off-road applications. It also allows for less expensive manufacturing of the vehicles due to a large number of common components. Although sitting on a modified version of the Discovery 3’s chassis, it is smaller than its more utilitarian sibling in every dimension with a wheelbase shorter by 140 mm (5.5 in). Its smaller dimensions and its raked roofline make it impossible to accommodate third-row occupants like the Discovery 3, but as a sports tourer it was never intended to be a seven-seater. Brembo front brakes are standard on all models except the TDV6.
Powertrain[edit]
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Engine
The Range Rover Sport is powered by a supercharged 4.2-litre all-aluminium Jaguar engine AJ-V8 producing 390 hp (290 kW) and 550 N⋅m (410 lb⋅ft). A naturally aspirated 4.4-litre variant produces 300 hp (220 kW) and 425 N⋅m (313 lb⋅ft) and has been adapted by Land Rover with a slightly greater capacity and increased torque. Both petrol engines have been designed with a sump and oil pick-up system to allow for operation at extreme angles. Due to lack of popularity, the naturally aspirated power plant was omitted from the UK market in 2007. The advanced 2.7-litre turbodiesel TDV6 is an adaptation of the PSA/Ford development and produces 190 hp (140 kW) and 440 N⋅m (320 lb⋅ft) in Land Rover guise. It features a compacted graphite iron block and aluminium cylinder head with fast switching piezo crystal injectors. Debuting in both the Sport and Vogue in 2007 was the 3.6-litre twin turbodiesel TDV8. This engine is a further adaptation of the TDV6 but features a 90 degree block (as opposed to a 60 degree layout), twin variable geometry turbochargers and inlet valve deactivation. All engine variants are mated to an adaptive six-speed ZF automatic transmission with CommandShift which reacts and adapts to varying driving styles. CommandShift gives the driver the freedom to sequentially manipulate gear changes.
Years
Model & transmission
Engine
Power
Torque
Top speed
0-62 mph
Economy
CO2 emissions
Diesel
2004–2009 2.7 L TDV6 CommandShift 2.7 L, V6 190 PS (140 kW) 440 N⋅m (320 lbf⋅ft) 120 mph (190 km/h) 11.9 s 28.2 mpg‑imp (10.0 L/100 km; 23.5 mpg‑US) 265 g/km
2009–2013 3.0 L TDV6 CommandShift 3.0 L, V6 211 PS (155 kW) 520 N⋅m (380 lbf⋅ft) 120 mph (190 km/h) 10.3 s 33.2 mpg‑imp (8.5 L/100 km; 27.6 mpg‑US) 224 g/km
2007–2010 3.6 L TDV8 CommandShift 3.6 L, V8 272 PS (200 kW) 640 N⋅m (470 lbf⋅ft) 130 mph (210 km/h) 8.6 s 25.4 mpg‑imp (11.1 L/100 km; 21.1 mpg‑US) 294 g/km
2011–2013 3.0 L SDV6 CommandShift 3.0 L, V6 256 PS (188 kW) 600 N⋅m (440 lbf⋅ft) 124 mph (200 km/h) 8.9 s 18.1 mpg‑imp (15.6 L/100 km; 15.1 mpg‑US) 230 g/km
Petrol
2004–2009 4.4 L V8 CommandShift 4.4 L, V8 300 PS (220 kW) 425 N⋅m (313 lbf⋅ft) 130 mph (210 km/h) 8.2 s 19.0 mpg‑imp (14.9 L/100 km; 15.8 mpg‑US) 352 g/km
2009–2013 5.0 L V8 CommandShift 5.0 L, V8 375 PS (276 kW) 510 N⋅m (380 lbf⋅ft) 130 mph (210 km/h) 7.6 s 20.3 mpg‑imp (13.9 L/100 km; 16.9 mpg‑US) 327 g/km
2004–2009 4.2 L V8 Supercharged CommandShift 4.2 L, V8 390 PS (290 kW) 550 N⋅m (410 lbf⋅ft) 140 mph (230 km/h) 7.2 s 17.8 mpg‑imp (15.9 L/100 km; 14.8 mpg‑US) 374 g/km
Suspension[edit]
Air suspension, as standard, gives the driver the option of three ride height settings including a standard ride height of 172 mm (6.8 in), an off-road height of 227 mm (8.9 in) and a lowered access mode. There is also an extra height available which is accessed by holding the respective button for when the off-road ride height is not enough. When the vehicle bellies out, its control system will sense weight being lessened on the air springs and the ride height is automatically raised to the suspensions greatest articulation. The cross-link aspect of the suspension system, which debuted on the L322 Range Rover in 2002, results in better off-road performance by electronically operating valves in pneumatic lines which link adjacent air springs. In the event of a wheel on one side being raised when travelling off-road, the pneumatic valves are opened and the adjacent wheel is forced down, simulating the action of a live axle setup.
Terrain Response[edit]
Pre–facelift Range Rover Sport TDV6 (Australia)
Land Rover’s patented Terrain Response system which debuted on the Discovery 3 is fitted as standard on all models. Terrain Response allows the driver to adjust chassis and transmission settings to suit the terrain being traversed. Five settings are available via a rotary knob on the centre console. These include general driving; grass, gravel, snow; mud and ruts; sand; and rock crawl. Suspension ride height, engine management, throttle mapping, transfer case ranges, transmission settings, electronic driving aids (such as electronic traction control (ETC), dynamic stability control (DSC) and hill descent control (HDC)) and electronic e-diffs are all manipulated through the Terrain Response system.[2] All Range Rover Sports are equipped with a standard centre e-diff from Magna Steyr Powertrain which electronically locks and unlocks and apportions torque via means of a multi-plate clutch pack located in the transfer case which also offers ‘shift-on-the-move’ dual-range operation.[3] A rear e-diff is optional on all Range Rover Sport models and is able to lock and unlock instantaneously. An in-dash display is available which, among other things, is linked to Terrain Response and displays important off-road information such as the status of the e-diffs, the angle of the steering and wheel articulation. It is also able to inform the driver of wheels which do not have contact with the ground.
Driving technologies[edit]
Dynamic Response incorporates electro-hydraulic active anti-roll bars which react to cornering forces and activate and deactivate accordingly resulting in sublime on-road handling.[citation needed] Dynamic Response also aids off-road performance by decoupling the anti-sway bars to allow maximum wheel articulation. The system in an evolution of the acclaimed ACE (Active Cornering Enhancement) system available on the Discovery Series II but is described as proactive rather than reactive. Positive Torque, a system standard on all TDV8 and Supercharged models, electronically blips the throttle, resulting in faster downshifts and the availability of vast reserves of torque. The speed sensitive steering system, adopted from Jaguar is standard on all models and there’s the option of active bi-xenon headlamps which act with the angle of the steering to aid vision. Active Cruise Control (ACC) with Forward Alert system incorporates an integrated front bumper radar which detects vehicles travelling ahead and adapts the vehicle’s speed to match. The system scans the road ten times a second, has a 16 degree field of view and Land Rover claims it is able to discriminate between a heavy vehicle and an adjacent lane motorcycle travelling at least 180 metres (590 ft) ahead.[4] Four preset distances are selectable and will ensure the Sport maintains the desired distance from the vehicle it is following.
Safety[edit]
The NCWR organisation (New Car Whiplash Ratings) tested the Range Rover Sport in 2010 and awarded it the following scores:[5]
NCWR
Score
Geometric: G
Dynamic: A
Overall: A
G = Good, A = Acceptable, M = Marginal, P = Poor
Security[edit]
The Range Rover Sport was tested by Thatcham's New Vehicle Security Ratings (NVSR) organisation and achieved the following ratings:[6]
NVSR
Rating
Theft of car:
Theft from car:
Facelift (2009)[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
2009 facelift
2009 facelift
Facelift interior
A facelifted model was first shown at the New York Auto Show in April 2009. The 2010 Range Rover Sport featured a more aerodynamic front-end including new headlights, grille and bumper. Also new are revised rear lights and rear bumper. Interior revisions are more significant with a new fascia, steering wheel, door linings, seats, instruments and switchgear. The new model has more leather apparent and nearly 50 percent less dash bound buttons than the previous model. Three new engines made their debut in the 2010 Sport. These include an all-new direct injected, all-aluminium 5.0-litre petrol V8 engine in naturally aspirated and supercharged guises as seen in Jaguar’s latest range of high-performance vehicles. The naturally aspirated model produces 375 hp and 375 ft-lbs torque while the supercharged produces 510 hp and 461 ft-lbs torque. Also new is a heavily revised 3.0-litre version of the current 2.7-litre TDV6 producing 180 kW (240 PS; 240 hp) and 600 N⋅m (440 lbf⋅ft), adapted from Jaguar’s AJ-V6D Gen III. This engine features parallel sequential turbochargers - a single variable geometry turbocharger and a single fixed geometry turbocharger which is only active when required as seen on the Jaguar XF Diesel S. All of the new engines produce increased power and torque over their predecessors while delivering better fuel economy and reduced CO2 emissions. Fitted with a sixth generation twin-vortex supercharger with an improved thermodynamic efficiency of 16 percent, the new 5.0-litre supercharged engine produces 29 percent more power and 12 percent more torque than the current 4.2-litre engine, yet CO2 emissions and fuel consumption are improved by 5.6 percent and 6.2 percent respectively. The new 3.0-litre TDV6 engine produces 29 percent more power and 36 percent more torque than the 2.7-litre engine, yet CO2 emissions and fuel consumption are both improved by 9 percent. The 2010 model year Sport is also fitted with the new ZF HP28 six-speed automatic transmission. Designed to improve performance and efficiency, the new transmission engages the lock-up clutches of each gear earlier after selection. Suspension refinements also occurred with the introduction of the world’s first production damping system using model-based predictive technology that continually optimise the settings of the new DampTronic Valve Technology damper units to optimise vehicle ride and control. Further improvements to the award-winning Terrain Response system have taken place for 2010. Revisions to the rock crawl program reduce roll when traversing boulders delivering a more composed ride over rocky terrain. The addition of a new 'sand launch control' prevents wheels digging in when driving away in soft sand thanks to revisions to the traction control system. The Hill Descent Control system has also been enhanced with the addition of Gradient Release Control, which inhibits the initial rate of acceleration when descending steep inclines.
Controversy[edit]
Main article: Criticism of sport utility vehicles
The Range Rover Sport made Ford's Premier Automotive Group the target of a protest by Greenpeace in 2005.[7] The protesters infiltrated an assembly facility and temporarily delayed production of the vehicle. Greenpeace cited issues with greenhouse gas emissions, and by extension, global warming. The United States Environmental Protection Agency estimates for the non-supercharged car are 14 mpg‑US (17 L/100 km; 17 mpg‑imp) (combined). Although for this test the EPA used their newly calibrated system for 2008 and on. Greenpeace stated they did not take issue with the production of vehicles such as the Land Rover Defender as they are typically used for off-road applications on a much more frequent basis than vehicles such as the Range Rover Sport which they claim "has been tuned primarily for on road performance".[7]
Second generation (L494; 2013-present)[edit]
Second generation (L4945)
Overview
Production
2013-present[8]
Model years
2014-present
Designer
Gerry McGovern
Body and chassis
Platform
D7u[9]
Related
Range Rover (L405)
Powertrain
Engine
Diesel: 3.0 L V6 258 hp (LR-TDV6), 306 hp (LR-SDV6) and 340 hp (LR-SDV6 hybrid)
Petrol: 3.0 L V6 340 hp, 5.0 L V8 510 hp[8] and 550 hp[10]
Dimensions
Wheelbase
115.1 in (2,923.5 mm)[8]
Length
191 in (4,851.4 mm)[8]
Width
81.6 in (2,072.6 mm)[8]
Kerb weight
4,727 lb (2,144.1 kg)[8]
Range Rover Sport SDV6 HSE (Germany)
Interior
The second-generation Range Rover Sport was announced on 27 March 2013 at the New York Auto Show. Several streets were shut down in Manhattan for a launch party at the Auto Show starring James Bond actor Daniel Craig.[11]
Design[edit]
The new Range Rover Sport continues in the design direction that produced the Evoque styling, and the full-size 2013 Range Rover. It is 4 inches (100 mm) longer, being 191 inches (4,851 mm) long; and 400 lb (180 kg) lighter, weighing in at 4,727 lb (2,144 kg). Unlike the previous generation that uses an integrated bodyframe chassis, the L494 Range Rover Sport utilizes an all-aluminium monocoque body, just like the L405 Range Rover.
It introduced Dynamic Response suspension with active anti-roll bars.
SVR (2015)[edit]
Range Rover Sport SVR
Range Rover Sport SVR
On 11 August 2014, the Range Rover SVR (Special Vehicle Racing) was announced by Land Rover at Pebble Beach. The model sports a number of aesthetic alterations and performance improvements.[12]
The design of the model features a fully revised front bumper, with larger ducts and the main grille finished in black. The front quarter ducts are also revised and completed in a black finish. The rear bumper is also completely revised with a new, more pronounced diffuser and twin-circle exhaust tips. The SVR comes with 21-inch alloy wheels, wrapped in 275/45 R21 all-season tyres as standard.
Performance upgrades for the SVR including the 5.0L supercharged V8 dragged out of the Jaguar F-Type, with a power output of 550 HP and torque output of 502 lb.ft.the transmission has been programmed to shift 50% quicker and to keep the torque converter locked up once its in second gear.The chassis had also been revised for the model. Debut of Adaptive Dynamics with Magnetorheological dampers. New for the SVR is the addition of an Active exhaust system with electronically controlled valves. The improvements make the SVR capable of 0-60 mph in 4.5 seconds and a top speed of 162 mph,[10] one of the quickest of its type.[13]
Worldwide sales[edit]
Year
Sales
2009 33,468
2010 46,096
2011 54,670
2012 56,832
2013 58,234
2014 82,440
2015 87,319
2016 87,758
Total 506,817
[14]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Gritzinger, B (19 January 2004). "And baby makes four: Range Stormer conceives sporty side of Land Rover". AutoWeek (54): 4.
Jump up ^ "4×4 of the Year 2008", 4×4 Australia Magazine, January 2008
Jump up ^ "Disco 3 Centre Differential". Australian Land Rover Owners. Retrieved 27 July 2009.
Jump up ^ Range Rover Promotional DVD
Jump up ^ "Safety New Car Whiplash Ratings Car Search Thatcham MIRRC". Thatcham.org. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
Jump up ^ | New Vehicle Security Ratings | Car Search | Car Results
^ Jump up to: a b "Greenpeace shuts down Range Rover assembly line". Greenpeace UK. 16 May 2004. Retrieved 27 July 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Range Rover Sport: quicker, agile, and 800 pounds lighter". CSMonitor.com. Retrieved 27 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Characterizing the Range Rover and Range Rover Sport using WAVE" (PDF). ricardo.com. January 2014. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "2015 Land Rover Range Rover Sport SVR". Seriouswheels.com. Retrieved 16 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "New Cars, Car Reviews, Car Prices and Auto Shows – MSN Autos". msn.com.
Jump up ^ "Range Rover Sport SVR revealed at Pebble Beach". Autoexpress.co.uk". Retrieved 16 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Lieberman, Jonny. "Cayenne Turbo S vs. GLE63 S Coupe vs. X6 M vs. Range Rover Sport SVR" Motor Trend, 21 December 2015. Archive
Jump up ^ "Tata Motors - Investors - JLR Volumes". tatamotors.com.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Range Rover Sport.
Official website
New Range Rover Sport microsite
Official website
[hide]
v
t
e
Land Rover, vehicle timeline, 1940s–present
Type 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s
5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Off-road vehicle Series I Series II Series III
101 FC Ninety & One Ten Defender
Compact SUV Freelander Freelander 2 Discovery Sport
Range Rover Evoque
Mid-size SUV Discovery I Discovery II Discovery 3 Discovery 4 Discovery 5
Range Rover Velar
Range Rover Sport Range Rover Sport 2
Full-size SUV Range Rover Classic
Range Rover Range Rover Range Rover
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I Am an African
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
"I Am an African" was a speech made by Thabo Mbeki on behalf of the African National Congress in Cape Town on 8 May 1996, on the occasion of the passing of the new Constitution of South Africa. At the time Mbeki was the vice president of South Africa under the presidency of Nelson Mandela. The speech defined the political mood of the moment in post-Apartheid South Africa[citation needed] and enhanced Mbeki's reputation as a political orator, in which respect he has been likened to Martin Luther King Jr..[1]
The speech is as follows:
TM Mbeki: Adoption of RSA Constitution Bill Statement of Deputy President TM Mbeki, on behalf of the ANC, on the occasion of the adoption by the Constitutional Assembly of The Republic of South Africa Constitution Bill 1996, 8 May 1996
Chairperson, Esteemed President of the democratic Republic, Honourable Members of the Constitutional Assembly, Our distinguished domestic and foreign guests, Friends,
On an occasion such as this, we should, perhaps, start from the beginning.
So, let me begin.
I am an African.
I owe my being to the hills and the valleys, the mountains and the glades, the rivers, the deserts, the trees, the flowers, the seas and the ever-changing seasons that define the face of our native land.
My body has frozen in our frosts and in our latter-day snows. It has thawed in the warmth of our sunshine and melted in the heat of the midday sun. The crack and the rumble of the summer thunders, lashed by startling lightning, have been a cause both of trembling and of hope.
The fragrances of nature have been as pleasant to us as the sight of the wild blooms of the citizens of the veld.
The dramatic shapes of the Drakensberg, the soil-coloured waters of the Lekoa, iGqili noThukela, and the sands of the Kgalagadi, have all been panels of the set on the natural stage on which we act out the foolish deeds of the theatre of the day.
At times, and in fear, I have wondered whether I should concede equal citizenship of our country to the leopard and the lion, the elephant and the springbok, the hyena, the black mamba and the pestilential mosquito.
A human presence among all of these, a feature on the face of our native land thus defined, I know that none dare challenge me when I say - I am an African!
I owe my being to the Khoi and the San whose desolate souls haunt the great expanses of the beautiful Cape - they who fell victim to the most merciless genocide our native land has ever seen, they who were the first to lose their lives in the struggle to defend our freedom and independence and they who, as a people, perished in the result.
Today, as a country, we keep an inaudible and audible silence about these ancestors of the generations that live, fearful to admit the horror of a former deed, seeking to obliterate from our memories a cruel occurrence which, in its remembering, should teach us not and never to be inhuman again.
I am formed of the migrants who left Europe to find a new home on our native land. Whatever their own actions, they remain still part of me.
In my veins courses the blood of the Malay slaves who came from the East. Their proud dignity informs my bearing, their culture a part of my essence. The stripes they bore on their bodies from the lash of the slave master are a reminder embossed on my consciousness of what should not be done.
I am the grandchild of the warrior men and women that Hintsa and Sekhukhune led, the patriots that Cetshwayo and Mphephu took to battle, the soldiers Moshoeshoe and Ngungunyane taught never to dishonour the cause of freedom.
My mind and my knowledge of myself is formed by the victories that are the jewels in our African crown, the victories we earned from Isandhlwana to Khartoum, as Ethiopians and as Ashanti of Ghana, as Berbers of the desert.
I am the grandchild who lays fresh flowers on the Boer graves at St Helena, [unclear], and the Vrouemonument, who sees in the mind's eye and suffers the suffering of a simple peasant folk, death, concentration camps, destroyed homesteads, a dream in ruins.
I am the child of Nongqawuse. I am he who made it possible to trade in the world markets in diamonds, in gold, in the same food for which our stomachs yearn.
I come of those who were transported from India and China, whose being resided in the fact, solely, that they were able to provide physical labour, who taught me that we could both be at home and be foreign, who taught me that human existence itself demanded that freedom was a necessary condition for that human existence.
Being part of all of these people, and in the knowledge that none dares contest that assertion, I shall claim that - I am an African.
I have seen our country torn asunder as these, all of whom are my people, engaged one another in a titanic battle, the one to redress a wrong that had been caused by one to another and the other, to defend the indefensible.
I have seen what happens when one person has superiority of force over another, when the stronger appropriate to themselves the prerogative even to annul the injunction that God created all men and women in His image.
I know what it signifies when race and colour are used to determine who is human and who, sub-human.
I have seen the destruction of all sense of self-esteem, the consequent striving to be what one is not, simply to acquire some of the benefits which those who had imposed themselves as masters had ensured that they enjoy.
I have experience of the situation in which race and colour is used to enrich some and impoverish the rest.
I have seen the corruption of minds and souls as a result of the pursuit of an ignoble effort to perpetrate a veritable crime against humanity.
I have seen concrete expression of the denial of the dignity of a human being emanating from the conscious, systemic and systematic oppressive and repressive activities of other human beings.
There the victims parade with no mask to hide the brutish reality - the beggars, the prostitutes, the street children, those who seek solace in substance abuse, those who have to steal to assuage hunger, those who have to lose their sanity because to be sane is to invite pain.
Perhaps the worst among these, who are my people, are those who have learnt to kill for a wage. To these the extent of death is directly proportional to their personal welfare.
And so, like pawns in the service of demented souls, they kill in furtherance of the political violence in KwaZulu-Natal. They murder the innocent in the taxi wars.
They kill slowly or quickly in order to make profits from the illegal trade in narcotics. They are available for hire when husband wants to murder wife and wife, husband.
Among us prowl the products of our immoral and amoral past - killers who have no sense of the worth of human life, rapists who have absolute disdain for the women of our country, animals who would seek to benefit from the vulnerability of the children, the disabled, and the old, the rapacious who brook no obstacle in their quest for self-enrichment.
All this I know and know to be true because I am an African!
Because of that, I am also able to state this fundamental truth that I am born of a people who are heroes and heroines.
I am born of a people who would not tolerate oppression.
I am of a nation that would not allow that fear of death, of torture, of imprisonment, of exile or persecution should result in the perpetuation of injustice.
The great masses who are our mother and father will not permit that the behaviour of the few results in the description of our country and people as barbaric.
Patient because history is on their side, these masses do not despair because today the weather is bad. Nor do they turn triumphalist when, tomorrow, the sun shines.
Whatever the circumstances they have lived through and because of that experience, they are determined to define for themselves who they are and who they should be.
We are assembled here today to mark their victory in acquiring and exercising their right to formulate their own definition of what it means to be African.
The Constitution whose adoption we celebrate constitutes an unequivocal statement that we refuse to accept that our African-ness shall be defined by our race, our colour, our gender or our historical origins.
It is a firm assertion made by ourselves that South Africa belongs to all who live in it, Black and White.
It gives concrete expression to the sentiment we share as Africans, and will defend to the death, that the people shall govern.
It recognises the fact that the dignity of the individual is both an objective which society must pursue, and is a goal which cannot be separated from the material well-being of that individual.
It seeks to create the situation in which all our people shall be free from fear, including the fear of the oppression of one national group by another, the fear of the disempowerment of one social echelon by another, the fear of the use of state power to deny anybody their fundamental human rights and the fear of tyranny.
It aims to open the doors so that those who were disadvantaged can assume their place in society as equals with their fellow human beings without regards to colour, to race, to gender, to age or to geographic dispersal.
It provides the opportunity to enable each one and all to state their views, to promote them, to strive for their implementation in the process of governance without fear that a contrary view will be met with repression.
It creates a law-governed society which shall be inimical to arbitrary rule.
It enables the resolution of conflicts by peaceful means rather than resort to force.
It rejoices in the diversity of our people and creates the space for all of us voluntarily to define ourselves as one people.
As an African, this is an achievement of which I am proud, proud without reservation and proud without any feeling of conceit.
Our sense of elevation at this moment also derives from the fact that this magnificent product is the unique creation of African hands and African minds.
But it also constitutes a tribute to our loss of vanity that we could, despite the temptation to treat ourselves as an exceptional fragment of humanity, draw on the accumulated experience and wisdom of all humankind, to define for ourselves what we want to be.
Together with the best in the world, we too are prone to pettiness, to petulance, selfishness and short-sightedness.
But it seems to have happened that we looked at ourselves and said the time had come that we make a super-human effort to be other than human, to respond to the call to create for ourselves a glorious future, to remind ourselves of the Latin saying: Gloria est consequenda - Glory must be sought after.
Today it feels good to be an African.
It feels good that I can stand here as a South African and as a foot soldier of a titanic African army, the African National Congress, to say to all the parties represented here, to the millions who made an input into the processes we are concluding, to our outstanding compatriots who have presided over the birth of our founding document, to the negotiators who pitted their wits one against the other, to the unseen stars who shone unseen as the management and administration of the Constitutional Assembly, the advisers, the experts and the publicists, to the mass communication media, to our friends across the globe - congratulations and well done!
I am an African.
I am born of the peoples of the continent of Africa.
The pain of the violent conflict that the peoples of Liberia, and of Somalia, of the Sudan, of Burundi and Algeria is a pain I also bear.
The dismal shame of poverty, suffering and human degradation of my continent is a blight that we share.
The blight on our happiness that derives from this and from our drift to the periphery of the ordering of human affairs leaves us in a persistent shadow of despair.
This is a savage road to which nobody should be condemned. The evolution of humanity says that Africa reaffirms that she is continuing her rise from the ashes.
Whatever the setbacks of the moment, nothing can stop us now! Whatever the difficulties, Africa shall be at peace!
Thank you very much.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ David Beresford, "The flawed visionary of New Africa" (a profile of Thabo Mbeki), The Guardian Jan. 9, 1999.
External links[edit]
Text of the speech at wikisource
[hide]
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List of Presidents of India
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Rashtrapati Bhavan
official residence of the
President of India
The President of India is the head of state of India and the commander-in-chief of the Indian Armed Forces. He is known as the first citizen of India.[1][2] Although vested with these powers by the Constitution of India, the position is largely a ceremonial one and executive powers are de facto exercised by the Prime Minister.[3] The President is elected by the Electoral College composed of elected members of the parliament houses, the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha, and also members of the Vidhan Sabha, the state legislative assemblies.[2]They may remain in office for a tenure of five years, as stated by article 56, part V, of the Constitution of India. In the case where a President's term of office is terminated early or during the absence of the President, the Vice President assumes office. By article 70 of part V, the parliament may decide how to discharge the functions of the President where this is not possible, or in any other unexpected contingency.[2]
Representation of Presidents by party of candidacy
Independent (29.6%)
Indian National Congress (41.2%)
Bharatiya Janata Party (5.8%)
Janata Party (5.8%)
Acting (17.6%)
There have been 14 Presidents of India since the post was established when India was declared as a republic with the adoption of the Indian constitution in 1950.[4] Apart from these fourteen, three Acting Presidents have also been in office for short periods of time. Varahagiri Venkata Giri became the Acting President in 1969 after Zakir Husain, died in office. Giri was elected President a few months later. He remains the only person to have held office both as a President and Acting President.[5] Rajendra Prasad, the first President of India, is the only person to have held office for two terms.[6]
Presidents by state of birth[7]
Seven Presidents have been members of a political party before being elected. Six of these were active party members of the Indian National Congress. The Janata Party has had one member, Neelam Sanjiva Reddy, who later became President. Two Presidents, Zakir Husain and Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed, have died in office. Their Vice-Presidents served as Acting Presidents until a new President was elected. Following Zakir Husain's death, two acting Presidents held office until the new President, V. V. Giri, was elected. When Giri resigned to take part in the presidential elections, he was succeeded by Mohammad Hidayatullah as acting President.[8] The 12th President, Pratibha Patil, is the first woman to serve as President of India, elected in 2007.[9]
Ram Nath Kovind was elected on 25 July 2017 as the President of India.[10]
Contents
[hide]
1 Presidents
2 See also
3 References
3.1 General
3.2 Specific
4 External links
Presidents[edit]
This list is numbered based on Presidents elected after winning an Indian Presidential election. The terms of Varahagiri Venkata Giri, Mohammad Hidayatullah, and Basappa Danappa Jatti, who served as Acting President, are therefore not numbered. The President of India does not represent any political party. The colours used in the table indicate the following:
Colour key
Acting President of India
President was an Independent candidate
President was an candidate of Indian National Congress (INC)
President was an candidate of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)
President was an candidate of the Janata Party (JP)
№
Name
(birth–death)
Photograph
Elected
Took office
Left office
Term
(in months)
Vice President
Candidate of[11]
Notes
1
Rajendra Prasad
(1884–1963) 1952
1957 26 January 1950 12 May 1962 120 Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Indian National Congress Prasad, from Bihar, was the first President of independent India and also the longest-serving President, as the only president to serve two terms in office.[6][12][13] He was also a freedom fighter during the Indian independence movement.[14]
2
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
(1888–1975) 1962 13 May 1962 13 May 1967 60 Zakir Husain Independent Radhakrishnan was a prominent philosopher and writer and also held the position of vice-chancellor of the Andhra University and Banaras Hindu University.[15]. He received the Bharat Ratna award in 1954 before becoming the President.[16] He was the first President from South India.[17]
3
Zakir Husain
(1897–1969)
–
1967 13 May 1967 3 May 1969 24 Varahagiri Venkata Giri Independent Husain was vice-chancellor of the Aligarh Muslim University and a recipient of Padma Vibhushan and Bharat Ratna.[18] He died in office, the first to do so. He was also the shortest-serving President. He was also the first Muslim President.[19]
–
Varahagiri Venkata Giri*
(1894–1980)
–
– 3 May 1969 20 July 1969 3 – – He was elected Vice President of India in 1967. Following the death of President Zakir Husain, Giri was appointed as Acting President.[20] He resigned after a few months to take part in the presidential elections.[8]
–
Mohammad Hidayatullah*
(1905–1992)
–
– 20 July 1969 24 August 1969 1 – – Hidayatullah served as the Chief Justice of India and was also a recipient of the Order of the British Empire.[21] He served as Acting President until the election of Giri as the President of India.[22]
4
Varahagiri Venkata Giri
(1894–1980)
–
1969 24 August 1969 24 August 1974 60 Gopal Swarup Pathak Independent Giri was the first person to have served as both an acting president and president of India. He was a recipient of the Bharat Ratna, and served as Indian Minister of Labour and High Commissioner to Ceylon (Sri Lanka).[23]
5
Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed
(1905–1977) 1974 24 August 1974 11 February 1977 36 Gopal Swarup Pathak (1974)
Basappa Danappa Jatti (1974–1977)
Indian National Congress Ahmed served as a Minister before being elected as president. He died in 1977 before his term of office ended, and was the second Indian president to die in office.[24] He was also president during Emergency.[25]
–
Basappa Danappa Jatti*
(1912–2002)
–
– 11 February 1977 25 July 1977 6 – – Jatti was the vice president of India during Ahmed's term of office, and was sworn in as Acting President upon Ahmed's death. He earlier served as the Chief Minister for the State of Mysore State.[24][26]
6
Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
(1913–1996) 1977 25 July 1977 25 July 1982 60 Basappa Danappa Jatti (1977–1979)
Mohammad Hidayatullah (1979–1982)
Janata Party Reddy was the first Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh. Reddy was the only Member of Parliament from the Janata Party to get elected from Andhra Pradesh.[27] He was unanimously elected Speaker of the Lok Sabha on 26 March 1977 and relinquished this office on 13 July 1977 to become the 6th President of India.[22]
7
Zail Singh
(1916–1994) 1982 25 July 1982 25 July 1987 60 Mohammad Hidayatullah (1982–1984)
Ramaswamy Venkataraman (1984–1987)
Indian National Congress In March 1972, Singh assumed the position of Chief Minister of Punjab, and in 1980, he became Union Home Minister. He was also secretary general to Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) from 1983 to 1986[28]
8
Ramaswamy Venkataraman
(1910–2009) 1987 25 July 1987 25 July 1992 60 Shankar Dayal Sharma Indian National Congress In 1942, Venkataraman was jailed by the British for his involvement in the Indian independence movement.[29] After his release, he was elected to independent India’s Provisional Parliament as a member of the Congress Party in 1950 and eventually joined the central government, where he first served as Minister of Finance and Industry and later as Minister of Defence.[30]
9
Shankar Dayal Sharma
(1918–1999) 1992 25 July 1992 25 July 1997 60 Kocheril Raman Narayanan Indian National Congress Sharma was Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh, and the Indian Minister for Communications. He also served as the governor of Andhra Pradesh, Punjab and Maharashtra.[31]
10
Kocheril Raman Narayanan
(1920–2005) 1997 25 July 1997 25 July 2002 60 Krishan Kant Independent Narayanan served as India's ambassador to Thailand, Turkey, China and United States of America. He received doctorates in Science and Law and was also a chancellor in several universities.[32] He was also the vice-chancellor of Jawaharlal Nehru University.[33] He was the first Dalit President.[34]
11
Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam
(1931–2015) 2002 25 July 2002 25 July 2007 60 Krishan Kant (2002)
Bhairon Singh Shekhawat (2002–2007)
Independent Kalam was an educator and engineer who played a leading role in the development of India's ballistic missile and nuclear weapons programs.[35] He also received the Bharat Ratna. Kalam died following a heart attack while delivering a speech in Shillong.[36][37][38]
12
Pratibha Patil
(1934–) 2007 25 July 2007 25 July 2012 60 Mohammad Hamid Ansari Indian National Congress Patil was the first woman to become the President of India. She was also the first female governor of Rajasthan.[39][40]
13
Pranab Mukherjee
(1935–) 2012 25 July 2012 25 July 2017 60 Mohammad Hamid Ansari Indian National Congress Mukherjee held various posts in the cabinet ministry for the Government of India such as Finance Minister, Foreign Minister, Defence Minister and Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission.[41]
14
Ram Nath Kovind
(1945–) 2017 25 July 2017 Incumbent
–
Venkaiah Naidu Bharatiya Janata Party Kovind was governor of Bihar from 2015 to 2017 and a Member of Parliament from 1994 to 2006. He is the second Dalit president after K. R. Narayanan. He originally belongs to BJP (Bharatiya Janata Party) and is an active member of RSS (Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh) since his youth.[42]
Other Symbols
-Died in office
-Did not complete assigned term
*-Acting President
Timeline
See also[edit]
President of India
Vice-President of India
List of Vice-Presidents of India
List of Prime Ministers of India
References[edit]
General[edit]
"Former Presidents". President’s Secretariat. Retrieved 29 November 2008.
"List of Presidents/Vice Presidents". Election Commission of India. Retrieved 29 November 2008.
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External links[edit]
Official website of the President of India
Rediff.com – Presidents of India
The Hindu – A presidential poll in the coalition age
Zee News: Former Presidents
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Presidents of India (List)
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text:
Grand Banks of Newfoundland
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Map showing the Grand Banks
The Grand Banks of Newfoundland are a group of underwater plateaus south-east of Newfoundland on the North American continental shelf. These areas are relatively shallow, ranging from 50 to 300 feet (15 to 91 m) in depth. The cold Labrador Current mixes with the warm waters of the Gulf Stream here.
The mixing of these waters and the shape of the ocean bottom lifts nutrients to the surface. These conditions helped to create one of the richest fishing grounds in the world. Fish species include Atlantic cod, swordfish, haddock and capelin; shellfish include scallop and lobster. The area also supports large colonies of seabirds such as northern gannets, shearwaters and sea ducks and various sea mammals such as seals, dolphins and whales.
In addition to the effects on nutrients, the mixing of the cold and warm currents often causes fog in the area. It is also noted for its proximity to the sinking of the RMS Titanic and thus the launching point of Titanic shipwreck expeditions.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Research
3 Culture
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
The Grand Banks were extensively glaciated during the last glacial maximum. By approximately 13,000 years ago, the majority of the ice had melted, leaving the Grand Banks exposed as several islands extending for hundreds of kilometers. It is believed that rising sea levels submerged these around 8,000 years ago.[1]
Historic map including the Grand Banks.
While there is no archaeological evidence for a European presence near the Grand Banks between the short-lived Greenland Norse settlement at L'Anse aux Meadows in CE 1000 and John Cabot's transatlantic crossing in 1497, there is some evidence that voyagers from Portugal,[2] the Basque Region[3] and England (especially those from Bristol)[4] and others[5] preceded Cabot.[6] In the 15th century some texts refer to a land called Bacalao, the land of the codfish, which is possibly Newfoundland. Within a few years of Cabot's voyage the existence of fishing grounds on the Grand Banks became generally known in Europe. Ships from France and Portugal were first to fish there, followed by those from Spain while ships from England were scarce in the early years.[7] This soon changed especially after Bernard Drake's devastating raid in 1585 which virtually wiped out the Spanish and Portuguese fishing industry in this area.[8] These fish stocks thus became important for the early economies of eastern Canada and New England.
On 18 November 1929, a major earthquake (known as the 1929 Grand Banks earthquake) on the southwestern part of the Grand Banks bordering the Laurentian Channel caused an underwater landslide which resulted in extensive damage to transatlantic cables and generated a rare Atlantic tsunami that struck the south coast of Newfoundland and eastern Cape Breton Island, claiming 28 lives in the Burin Peninsula.
Technological advances in fishing such as large factory ships and sonar, as well as geopolitical disputes over territorial sea and exclusive economic zone (EEZ) boundaries, have led to overfishing and a serious decline in the fish stocks of the Grand Banks from around 1990.
Canada's EEZ currently occupies the majority of the Grand Banks except for the lucrative "nose" (eastern extremity, near the Flemish Cap) and "tail" (southern extremity) of the fishing bank. The 1783 Treaty of Paris gave the United States shared rights to fish in these waters, but that section of the Treaty is no longer in force. The French territory Saint Pierre and Miquelon Exclusive Economic Zone occupies a pin-shaped section at the west edge of the Grand Banks, with the 22 km radius head of the pin surrounding the islands and the needle heading south for 348 km.
Research[edit]
Canada is currently performing the hydrographic and geological surveys necessary for claiming the entire continental shelf off eastern Canada, under the auspices of the latest United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Once this aspect of UNCLOS is ratified, Canada will presumably control these remaining parts of Grand Banks which are outside of its EEZ jurisdiction.
Petroleum reserves have also been discovered and a number of oil fields are under development in this region, most notably the Hibernia, Terra Nova, and White Rose projects; the harsh environment on the Grand Banks also led to the Ocean Ranger disaster.
Culture[edit]
Semi-fictional depictions of fishermen working on the Grand Banks can be found in Rudyard Kipling's novel Captains Courageous (1897) and in Sebastian Junger's non-fiction book The Perfect Storm (1997). The Grand Banks are also portrayed in the 1990 film The Hunt for Red October.
See also[edit]
Banks dory
Collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery
Continental shelf
Oil spill
Turbot War
West Greenland Current
References[edit]
Jump up ^ John Shaw. "Palaeogeography of Atlantic Canadian Continental Shelves from the Last Glacial Maximum to the Present, with an Emphasis on Flemish Cap". J. Northw. Atl. Fish. Sci. pp. 119–126.
Jump up ^ SILVA, A. J. M. (2015), The fable of the cod and the promised sea. About portuguese traditions of bacalhau, in BARATA, F. T- and ROCHA, J. M. (eds.), Heritages and Memories from the Sea, Proceedings of the 1st International Conference of the UNESCO Chair in Intangible Heritage and Traditional Know-How: Linking Heritage, 14–16 January 2015. University of Evora, Évora, pp. 130-143. PDF version
Jump up ^ Kurlansky, Mark (1997). "The Race to Codlandia". Cod: A Biography of the Fish that Changed the World. USA: Penguin Books. pp. 16–26. ISBN 978-0-14-027501-8.
Jump up ^ "European Exploration: From Earliest Times to 1497". Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage Web Site Project. Retrieved 2012-01-05.
Jump up ^ Seaver, Kirsten (2004). Maps, Myths, and Men: The Story of the Vinland Map. Stanford University Press. pp. 75–86. ISBN 978-0-8047-4962-6.
Jump up ^ Kurlansky, Mark (1997). "The Race to Codlandia". Cod: A Biography of the Fish that Changed the World. USA: Penguin Books. pp. 18–31. ISBN 978-0-14-027501-8.
Jump up ^ "The International Fishery of the 16th Century". Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage Web Site Project. Retrieved 2012-01-05.
Jump up ^ Prowse, D. W (2007). A History of Newfoundland from the English, Colonial and Foreign Record. Heritage Books. pp. 79–81. ISBN 9780788423109.
External links[edit]
The Grand Banks and the Flemish Cap
Government response to the standing committee on fisheries and oceans' tenth report
Watch Cries from the Deep—a Jacques Cousteau documentary on the Grand Banks
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Coordinates: 45°14′13″N 50°59′21.2″W / 45.23694°N 50.989222°W / 45.23694; -50.989222
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