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Cricket World Cup
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This article is about the men's tournament. For the women's tournament, see Women's Cricket World Cup. For the upcoming tournament, see 2019 Cricket World Cup. For the Twenty20 tournament, see ICC World Twenty20.
ICC Cricket World Cup
The World Cup Trophy
Administrator
International Cricket Council (ICC)
Format
One Day International
First tournament
1975 (England)
Last tournament
2015 (Australia, New Zealand)
Next tournament
2019 (England, Wales)
Tournament format
↓various
Number of teams
20 (all tournaments)
14 (until 2015)
10 (current)
Current champion
Australia (5th title)
Most successful
Australia (5 titles)
Most runs
Sachin Tendulkar (2,278)
Most wickets
Glenn McGrath (71)
Tournaments
1975
1979
1983
1987
1992
1996
1999
2003
2007
2011
2015
2019
2023
The ICC Cricket World Cup is the international championship of One Day International (ODI) cricket. The event is organised by the sport's governing body, the International Cricket Council (ICC), every four years, with preliminary qualification rounds leading up to a finals tournament. The tournament is one of the world's most viewed sporting events and is considered the "flagship event of the international cricket calendar" by the ICC.[1]
The first World Cup was organised in England in June 1975, with the first ODI cricket match having been played only four years earlier. However, a separate Women's Cricket World Cup had been held two years before the first men's tournament, and a tournament involving multiple international teams had been held as early as 1912, when a triangular tournament of Test matches was played between Australia, England and South Africa. The first three World Cups were held in England. From the 1987 tournament onwards, hosting has been shared between countries under an unofficial rotation system, with fourteen ICC members having hosted at least one match in the tournament.
The World Cup is open to all members of the International Cricket Council (ICC), although the highest-ranking teams receive automatic qualification. The remaining teams are determined via the World Cricket League and the ICC World Cup Qualifier. A total of twenty teams have competed in the eleven editions of the tournament, with fourteen competing in the latest edition in 2015; the next edition in 2019 will have only ten teams. Australia has won the tournament five times, with the West Indies, India (twice each), Pakistan and Sri Lanka (once each) also having won the tournament. The best performance by a non-full-member team came when Kenya made the semi-finals of the 2003 tournament.
Contents
1 History
1.1 Before the first Cricket World Cup
1.2 Prudential World Cups (1975–1983)
1.3 Different champions (1987–1996)
1.4 Australian treble (1999–2007)
1.5 Hosts triumph (2011–2015)
2 Format
2.1 Qualification
2.2 Tournament
3 Trophy
4 Media coverage
5 Selection of hosts
6 Tournament history
7 Results
7.1 Teams' performances
7.2 Debutant teams
7.3 Overview
8 Awards
8.1 Man of the tournament
8.2 Man of the Match in the Final
9 Tournament records
10 See also
11 References
12 Sources
13 External links
History
Main article: History of the Cricket World Cup
Before the first Cricket World Cup
The first international cricket match was played between Canada and the United States, on 24 and 25 September 1844.[2] However, the first credited Test match was played in 1877 between Australia and England, and the two teams competed regularly for The Ashes in subsequent years. South Africa was admitted to Test status in 1889.[3] Representative cricket teams were selected to tour each other, resulting in bilateral competition. Cricket was also included as an Olympic sport at the 1900 Paris Games, where Great Britain defeated France to win the gold medal.[4] This was the only appearance of cricket at the Summer Olympics.
The first multilateral competition at international level was the 1912 Triangular Tournament, a Test cricket tournament played in England between all three Test-playing nations at the time: England, Australia and South Africa. The event was not a success: the summer was exceptionally wet, making play difficult on damp uncovered pitches, and attendances were poor, attributed to a "surfeit of cricket".[5] Since then, international Test cricket has generally been organised as bilateral series: a multilateral Test tournament was not organised again until the triangular Asian Test Championship in 1999.[6]
The number of nations playing Test cricket increased gradually over time, with the addition of West Indies in 1928, New Zealand in 1930, India in 1932, and Pakistan in 1952. However, international cricket continued to be played as bilateral Test matches over three, four or five days.
In the early 1960s, English county cricket teams began playing a shortened version of cricket which only lasted for one day. Starting in 1962 with a four-team knockout competition known as the Midlands Knock-Out Cup,[7] and continuing with the inaugural Gillette Cup in 1963, one-day cricket grew in popularity in England. A national Sunday League was formed in 1969. The first One-Day International match was played on the fifth day of a rain-aborted Test match between England and Australia at Melbourne in 1971, to fill the time available and as compensation for the frustrated crowd. It was a forty over game with eight balls per over.[8]
In the late 1970s, Kerry Packer established the rival World Series Cricket (WSC) competition. It introduced many of the now commonplace features of One Day International cricket, including coloured uniforms, matches played at night under floodlights with a white ball and dark sight screens, and, for television broadcasts, multiple camera angles, effects microphones to capture sounds from the players on the pitch, and on-screen graphics. The first of the matches with coloured uniforms was the WSC Australians in wattle gold versus WSC West Indians in coral pink, played at VFL Park in Melbourne on 17 January 1979. The success and popularity of the domestic one-day competitions in England and other parts of the world, as well as the early One-Day Internationals, prompted the ICC to consider organising a Cricket World Cup.[9]
Prudential World Cups (1975–1983)
The Prudential Cup trophy
The inaugural Cricket World Cup was hosted in 1975 by England, the only nation able to put forward the resources to stage an event of such magnitude at the time. The 1975 tournament started on 7 June.[10] The first three events were held in England and officially known as the Prudential Cup after the sponsors Prudential plc. The matches consisted of 60 six-ball overs per team, played during the daytime in traditional form, with the players wearing cricket whites and using red cricket balls.[11]
Eight teams participated in the first tournament: Australia, England, India, New Zealand, Pakistan, and the West Indies (the six Test nations at the time), together with Sri Lanka and a composite team from East Africa.[12] One notable omission was South Africa, who were banned from international cricket due to apartheid. The tournament was won by the West Indies, who defeated Australia by 17 runs in the final at Lord's.[12]
The 1979 World Cup saw the introduction of the ICC Trophy competition to select non-Test playing teams for the World Cup,[13] with Sri Lanka and Canada qualifying.[14] The West Indies won a second consecutive World Cup tournament, defeating the hosts England by 92 runs in the final. At a meeting which followed the World Cup, the International Cricket Conference agreed to make the competition a quadrennial event.[14]
The 1983 event was hosted by England for a third consecutive time. By this stage, Sri Lanka had become a Test-playing nation, and Zimbabwe qualified through the ICC Trophy. A fielding circle was introduced, 30 yards (27 m) away from the stumps. Four fieldsmen needed to be inside it at all times.[15] The teams faced each other twice, before moving into the knock-outs. India, an outsider, quoted at 66–1 to win by bookmakers before the competition began, were crowned champions after upsetting the West Indies by 43 runs in the final.[9][16]
Different champions (1987–1996)
India and Pakistan jointly hosted the 1987 tournament, the first time that the competition was held outside England. The games were reduced from 60 to 50 overs per innings, the current standard, because of the shorter daylight hours in the Indian subcontinent compared with England's summer.[17] Australia won the championship by defeating England by 7 runs in the final, the closest margin in World Cup final history.[18][19]
The 1992 World Cup, held in Australia and New Zealand, introduced many changes to the game, such as coloured clothing, white balls, day/night matches, and a change to the fielding restriction rules. The South African cricket team participated in the event for the first time, following the fall of the apartheid regime and the end of the international sports boycott.[20] Pakistan overcame a dismal start in the tournament to eventually defeat England by 22 runs in the final and emerge as winners.[21]
The 1996 championship was held in the Indian subcontinent for a second time, with the inclusion of Sri Lanka as host for some of its group stage matches.[22] In the semi-final, Sri Lanka, heading towards a crushing victory over India at Eden Gardens after the hosts lost eight wickets while scoring 120 runs in pursuit of 252, were awarded victory by default after crowd unrest broke out in protest against the Indian performance.[23] Sri Lanka went on to win their maiden championship by defeating Australia by seven wickets in the final at Lahore.[24]
Australian treble (1999–2007)
In 1999 the event was hosted by England, with some matches also being held in Scotland, Ireland, Wales and the Netherlands.[25][26] Twelve teams contested the World Cup. Australia qualified for the semi-finals after reaching their target in their Super 6 match against South Africa off the final over of the match.[27] They then proceeded to the final with a tied match in the semi-final also against South Africa where a mix-up between South African batsmen Lance Klusener and Allan Donald saw Donald drop his bat and stranded mid-pitch to be run out. In the final, Australia dismissed Pakistan for 132 and then reached the target in less than 20 overs and with eight wickets in hand.[28]
A crowd of over 10,000 fans welcome the Australian team on completing the first World Cup hat-trick – Martin Place, Sydney.
South Africa, Zimbabwe and Kenya hosted the 2003 World Cup. The number of teams participating in the event increased from twelve to fourteen. Kenya's victories over Sri Lanka and Zimbabwe, among others – and a forfeit by the New Zealand team, which refused to play in Kenya because of security concerns – enabled Kenya to reach the semi-finals, the best result by an associate.[29] In the final, Australia made 359 runs for the loss of two wickets, the largest ever total in a final, defeating India by 125 runs.[30][31]
In 2007 the tournament was hosted by the West Indies and expanded to sixteen teams.[32] Following Pakistan's upset loss to World Cup debutants Ireland in the group stage, Pakistani coach Bob Woolmer was found dead in his hotel room.[33] Jamaican police had initially launched a murder investigation into Woolmer's death but later confirmed that he died of heart failure.[34] Australia defeated Sri Lanka in the final by 53 runs (D/L) in farcical light conditions, and extended their undefeated run in the World Cup to 29 matches and winning three straight championships.[35]
Hosts triumph (2011–2015)
India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh together hosted the 2011 Cricket World Cup. Pakistan were stripped of their hosting rights following the terrorist attack on the Sri Lankan cricket team in 2009, with the games originally scheduled for Pakistan redistributed to the other host countries.[36] The number of teams participating in the World Cup dropped down to fourteen.[37] Australia lost their final group stage match against Pakistan on 19 March 2011, ending an unbeaten streak of 35 World Cup matches, which had begun on 23 May 1999.[38] India won their second World Cup title by beating Sri Lanka by 6 wickets in the final in Mumbai, and became the first country to win the final on home soil.[37]
Australia and New Zealand jointly hosted the 2015 Cricket World Cup. The number of participants remained at fourteen. Ireland was the most successful Associate nation with a total of three wins in the tournament. New Zealand beat South Africa in a thrilling first semi-final to qualify for their maiden World Cup final. Australia defeated New Zealand by seven wickets in the final at Melbourne to lift the World Cup for the fifth time.[39]
Format
Qualification
This article needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (March 2018)
Main article: Cricket World Cup qualification
The Test-playing nations qualify automatically for the World Cup main event while the other teams have to qualify through a series of preliminary qualifying tournaments. A new qualifying format was introduced for the 2015 Cricket World Cup. The top two teams of the 2011–13 ICC World Cricket League Championship qualify directly. The remaining six teams join the third and fourth-placed teams of 2011 ICC World Cricket League Division Two and the top two teams of the 2013 ICC World Cricket League Division Three in the World Cup Qualifier to decide the remaining two places.[40][41]
Qualifying tournaments were introduced for the second World Cup, where two of the eight places in the finals were awarded to the leading teams in the ICC Trophy.[13] The number of teams selected through the ICC Trophy had varied throughout the years. The World Cricket League (administered by the International Cricket Council) is the qualification system provided to allow the Associate and Affiliate members of the ICC more opportunities to qualify. The name "ICC Trophy" has been changed to "ICC World Cup Qualifier".[42]
Under the current qualifying process, the World Cricket League, all Associate and Affiliate members of the ICC are able to qualify for the World Cup. Associate and Affiliate members must play between two and five stages in the ICC World Cricket League to qualify for the World Cup finals, depending on the Division in which they start the qualifying process.
Process summary in chronological order (2011-2014):
2011 ICC World Cricket League Division Two: 6 Teams – Top 2 were promoted to the 2011–13 ICC World Cricket League Championship. The third and fourth-placed teams qualified for the 2014 Cricket World Cup Qualifier. The fifth and sixth-placed teams were relegated to the Division Three for 2013.
2011–13 ICC World Cricket League Championship: 8 Teams – Top 2 automatically qualified for the 2015 Cricket World Cup. The remaining six teams qualified for the 2014 Cricket World Cup Qualifier.
2013 ICC World Cricket League Division Three: 6 Teams – Top 2 were qualified for the 2014 Cricket World Cup Qualifier. The fifth and sixth-placed teams were relegated to the Division Four for 2014.
2014 Cricket World Cup Qualifier: 10 Teams – Top 2 qualified for the 2015 Cricket World Cup and the 2015–17 ICC World Cricket League Championship. The third and fourth-placed teams qualified for the 2015–17 ICC World Cricket League Championship. The fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth-placed teams remained in the Division Two for 2015. The ninth and tenth-placed teams were relegated to the Division Three for 2014
Tournament
The captains of the 2007 Cricket World Cup.
The format of the Cricket World Cup has changed greatly over the course of its history. Each of the first four tournaments was played by eight teams, divided into two groups of four.[43] The competition consisted of two stages, a group stage and a knock-out stage. The four teams in each group played each other in the round-robin group stage, with the top two teams in each group progressing to the semi-finals. The winners of the semi-finals played against each other in the final. With South Africa returning in the fifth tournament in 1992 as a result of the end of the apartheid boycott, nine teams played each other once in the group phase, and the top four teams progressed to the semi-finals.[44] The tournament was further expanded in 1996, with two groups of six teams.[45] The top four teams from each group progressed to quarter-finals and semi-finals.
A distinct format was used for the 1999 and 2003 World Cups. The teams were split into two pools, with the top three teams in each pool advancing to the Super 6.[46] The Super 6 teams played the three other teams that advanced from the other group. As they advanced, the teams carried their points forward from previous matches against other teams advancing alongside them, giving them an incentive to perform well in the group stages.[46] The top four teams from the Super 6 stage progressed to the semi-finals, with the winners playing in the final.
The format used in the 2007 World Cup involved 16 teams allocated into four groups of four.[47] Within each group, the teams played each other in a round-robin format. Teams earned points for wins and half-points for ties. The top two teams from each group moved forward to the Super 8 round. The Super 8 teams played the other six teams that progressed from the different groups. Teams earned points in the same way as the group stage, but carried their points forward from previous matches against the other teams who qualified from the same group to the Super 8 stage.[48] The top four teams from the Super 8 round advanced to the semi-finals, and the winners of the semi-finals played in the final.
The format used in the 2011 and 2015[49] World Cups featured two groups of seven teams, each playing in a round-robin format. The top four teams from each group proceeded to the knock out stage consisting of quarter-finals, semi-finals and ultimately the final.[50]
It is proposed that in 2019 World Cup, the number of teams participating will go down to 10 and all the teams will play against each other once in round robin format, before entering the semifinals. This would be similar to the one used in 1992 World Cup.
Trophy
Main article: Cricket World Cup Trophy
The ICC Cricket World Cup Trophy is presented to the winners of the World Cup. The current trophy was created for the 1999 championships, and was the first permanent prize in the tournament's history. Prior to this, different trophies were made for each World Cup.[51] The trophy was designed and produced in London by a team of craftsmen from Garrard & Co over a period of two months.
The current trophy is made from silver and gilt, and features a golden globe held up by three silver columns. The columns, shaped as stumps and bails, represent the three fundamental aspects of cricket: batting, bowling and fielding, while the globe characterises a cricket ball.[52] The seam is tilted to symbolize the axial tilt of the Earth. It stands 60 centimetres high and weighs approximately 11 kilograms. The names of the previous winners are engraved on the base of the trophy, with space for a total of twenty inscriptions. The ICC keeps the original trophy. A replica differing only in the inscriptions is permanently awarded to the winning team.[53]
Media coverage
Mello, the mascot of the 2007 World Cup
The tournament is one of the world's most-viewed sporting events.[54] The 2011 Cricket World Cup final was televised in over 200 countries to over 2.2 billion television viewers.[55][56][57] Television rights, mainly for the 2011 and 2015 World Cup, were sold for over US$1.1 billion,[58] and sponsorship rights were sold for a further US$500 million.[59] The 2003 Cricket World Cup matches were attended by 626,845 people,[60] while the 2007 Cricket World Cup sold more than 672,000 tickets. The 2015 World Cup Sold over 1.1 million tickets which was a Record .[61][62]
Successive World Cup tournaments have generated increasing media attention as One-Day International cricket has become more established. The 2003 World Cup in South Africa was the first to sport a mascot, Dazzler the zebra.[63] An orange mongoose known as Mello was the mascot for the 2007 Cricket World Cup.[64] Stumpy, a blue elephant was the mascot for the 2011 World Cup.[65]
On 13 February, the opening of the 2015 tournament was celebrated with a Google Doodle.[66]
Selection of hosts
Civic Centre, South Africa honours the 2003 World Cup.
Main article: Cricket World Cup hosts
The International Cricket Council's executive committee votes for the hosts of the tournament after examining the bids made by the nations keen to hold a Cricket World Cup.[67]
England hosted the first three competitions. The ICC decided that England should host the first tournament because it was ready to devote the resources required to organising the inaugural event.[10] India volunteered to host the third Cricket World Cup, but most ICC members preferred England as the longer period of daylight in England in June meant that a match could be completed in one day.[68] The 1987 Cricket World Cup was held in India and Pakistan, the first hosted outside England.[69]
Many of the tournaments have been jointly hosted by nations from the same geographical region, such as South Asia in 1987, 1996 and 2011, Australasia in 1992 and 2015, Southern Africa in 2003 and West Indies in 2007.
Tournament history
Main article: List of ICC Cricket World Cup finals
Year
Official Host(s)
Final venue
Result
Winner
Margin
Runner-up
1975
Details England London West Indies
291/8 (60 overs) West Indies won by 17 runs
Scorecard Australia
274 all out (58.4 overs)
1979
Details England London West Indies
286/9 (60 overs) West Indies won by 92 runs
Scorecard England
194 all out (51 overs)
1983
Details England [a] London India
183 all out (54.4 overs) India won by 43 runs
Scorecard West Indies
140 all out (52 overs)
1987
Details India
Pakistan Kolkata Australia
253/5 (50 overs) Australia won by 7 runs
Scorecard England
246/8 (50 overs)
1992
Details Australia
New Zealand Melbourne Pakistan
249/6 (50 overs) Pakistan won by 22 runs
Scorecard England
227 all out (49.2 overs)
1996
Details Pakistan
India
Sri Lanka Lahore Sri Lanka
245/3 (46.2 overs) Sri Lanka won by 7 wickets
Scorecard Australia
241/7 (50 overs)
1999
Details England
Wales [b] London Australia
133/2 (20.1 overs) Australia won by 8 wickets
Scorecard Pakistan
132 all out (39 overs)
2003
Details South Africa [c] Johannesburg Australia
359/2 (50 overs) Australia won by 125 runs
Scorecard India
234 all out (39.2 overs)
2007
Details West Indies [d] Bridgetown Australia
281/4 (38 overs) Australia won by 53 runs (D/L)
Scorecard Sri Lanka
215/8 (36 overs)
2011
Details India
Sri Lanka
Bangladesh Mumbai India
277/4 (48.2 overs) India won by 6 wickets
Scorecard Sri Lanka
274/6 (50 overs)
2015
Details Australia
New Zealand Melbourne Australia
186/3 (33.1 overs) Australia won by 7 wickets
Scorecard New Zealand
183 all out (45 overs)
2019
Details England
Wales London
2023
Details India Mumbai
Notes
Jump up ^ England was the sole designated host, but matches were also played in Wales.
Jump up ^ The England and Wales Cricket Board was the sole designated host, but matches were also played in Ireland, the Netherlands, and Scotland.
Jump up ^ Cricket South Africa was the sole designated host, but matches were also played in Kenya and Zimbabwe.
Jump up ^ Eight member countries of the West Indies Cricket Board hosted matches – Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, and Trinidad and Tobago.
Results
Twenty nations have qualified for the Cricket World Cup at least once. Seven teams have competed in every tournament, five of which have won the title.[9] The West Indies won the first two tournaments, Australia has won five, India has won two, while Pakistan and Sri Lanka have each won once. The West Indies (1975 and 1979) and Australia (1999, 2003 and 2007) are the only teams to have won consecutive titles.[9] Australia has played in seven of the eleven finals (1975, 1987, 1996, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2015). England has yet to win the World Cup, but has been runners-up three times (1979, 1987, 1992). The best result by a non-Test playing nation is the semi-final appearance by Kenya in the 2003 tournament; while the best result by a non-Test playing team on their debut is the Super 8 (second round) by Ireland in 2007.[9]
Sri Lanka as a co-host of the 1996 Cricket World Cup was the first host to win the tournament though the final was held in Pakistan.[9] India won in 2011 as host and was the first team to win in a final played in their own country.[70] Australia repeated the feat in 2015.[39] England is the only other host to have made the final, in 1979. Other countries which have achieved or equalled their best World Cup results while co-hosting the tournament are New Zealand as finalists in 2015; Zimbabwe who reached the Super Six in 2003; and Kenya as semi-finalists in 2003.[9] In 1987, co-hosts India and Pakistan both reached the semi-finals, but were eliminated by Australia and England respectively.[9] Australia in 1992, England in 1999, South Africa in 2003, and Bangladesh in 2011 have been the host teams that were eliminated in the first round.
Teams' performances
An overview of the teams' performances in every World Cup:
Team \ Host
1975
(8)
1979
(8)
1983
(8)
1987
(8)
1992
(9)
1996
(12)
1999
(12)
2003
(14)
2007
(16)
2011
(14)
2015
(14)
2019
(10)
2023
(10)

Afghanistan GP Q
Australia RU GP GP W GP RU W W W QF W Q
Bangladesh GP GP S8 GP QF Q
Bermuda GP
Canada GP GP GP GP
East Africa† GP
England SF RU SF RU RU QF GP GP S8 QF GP Q
India GP GP W SF GP SF S6 RU GP W SF Q Q
Ireland S8 GP GP
Kenya GP GP SF GP GP
Namibia GP
Netherlands GP GP GP GP
New Zealand SF SF GP GP SF QF SF S6 SF SF RU Q
Pakistan GP SF SF SF W QF RU GP GP SF QF Q
Scotland GP GP GP
South Africa SF QF SF GP SF QF SF Q
Sri Lanka GP GP GP GP GP W GP SF RU RU QF Q
United Arab Emirates GP GP
West Indies W W RU GP GP SF GP GP S8 QF QF Q
Zimbabwe GP GP GP GP S6 S6 GP GP GP
†No longer exists.
Before the 1992 World Cup, South Africa was banned due to apartheid.
The number of wins followed by Run-rate is the criteria for determining the rankings till the 1987 World Cup.
The number of points followed by, head to head performance and then net run-rate is the criteria for determining the rankings for the World Cups from 1992 onwards.
Legend
W – Winner
RU – Runner up
SF – Semi-finals
S6 – Super Six (1999–2003)
S8 – Super Eight (2007)
QF – Quarter-finals (1996, 2011–2015)
GP – Group stage / First round
Debutant teams
Year
Teams
1975 Australia, East Africa†, England, India, New Zealand, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, West Indies
1979 Canada
1983 Zimbabwe
1987 none
1992 South Africa
1996 Kenya, Netherlands, United Arab Emirates
1999 Bangladesh, Scotland
2003 Namibia
2007 Bermuda, Ireland
2011 none
2015 Afghanistan
2019 none
2023 TBD
†No longer exists.
Overview
The table below provides an overview of the performances of teams over past World Cups, as of the end of group stage of the 2015 tournament. Teams are sorted by best performance, then by appearances, total number of wins, total number of games, and alphabetical order respectively.
Appearances
Statistics
Team
Total
First
Latest
Best result
Mat.
Won
Lost
Tie
NR
Win%*
Australia 11 1975 2015 Champions (1987, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2015) 84 62 20 1 1 75.30
India 11 1975 2015 Champions (1983, 2011) 75 46 27 1 1 62.83
West Indies 11 1975 2015 Champions (1975, 1979) 71 41 29 0 1 58.57
Pakistan 11 1975 2015 Champions (1992) 71 40 29 0 2 57.97
Sri Lanka 11 1975 2015 Champions (1996) 73 35 35 1 2 50.00
England 11 1975 2015 Runners-up (1979, 1987, 1992) 72 41 29 1 1 58.45
New Zealand 11 1975 2015 Runners-up (2015) 79 48 30 0 1 61.53
South Africa 7 1992 2015 Semi-finals (1992, 1999, 2007, 2015) 55 35 18 2 0 65.45
Kenya 5 1996 2011 Semi-finals (2003) 29 6 22 0 1 21.42
Zimbabwe 9 1983 2015 Super 6 (1999, 2003) 57 11 42 1 3 21.29
Bangladesh 5 1999 2015 Quarter-finals (2015), Super 8 (2007) 32 11 20 0 1 35.48
Ireland 3 2007 2015 Super 8 (2007) 21 7 13 1 0 35.71
Canada 4 1979 2011 Group Stage (1979, 2003, 2007, 2011) 18 2 16 0 0 11.11
Netherlands 4 1996 2011 Group Stage (1996, 2003, 2007, 2011) 20 2 18 0 0 10.00
Scotland 3 1999 2015 Group Stage (1999, 2007, 2015) 14 0 14 0 0 0.00
United Arab Emirates 2 1996 2015 Group Stage (1996, 2015) 11 1 10 0 0 9.09
Afghanistan 1 2015 2015 Group Stage (2015) 6 1 5 0 0 16.66
Bermuda 1 2007 2007 Group Stage (2007) 3 0 3 0 0 0.00
East Africa† 1 1975 1975 Group Stage (1975) 3 0 3 0 0 0.00
Namibia 1 2003 2003 Group Stage (2003) 6 0 6 0 0 0.00
Last Updated: 29 March 2015
Source: Cricinfo[71]
The Win percentage excludes no results and counts ties as half a win.
†No longer exists.
Awards
Man of the tournament
Main article: Cricket World Cup awards
Since 1992, one player has been declared as "Man of the Tournament" at the end of the World Cup finals:[72]
Year
Player
Performance details
1992 Martin Crowe 456 runs
1996 Sanath Jayasuriya 221 runs and 7 wickets
1999 Lance Klusener 281 runs and 17 wickets
2003 Sachin Tendulkar 673 runs and 2 wickets
2007 Glenn McGrath 26 wickets
2011 Yuvraj Singh 362 runs and 15 wickets
2015 Mitchell Starc 22 wickets
Man of the Match in the Final
There were no Man of the Tournament awards before 1992 but Man of the Match awards have always been given for individual matches. Winning the Man of the Match in the final is logically noteworthy, as this indicates the player deemed to have played the biggest part in the World Cup final. To date the award has always gone to a member of the winning side. The Man of the Match award in the final of the competition has been awarded to:[72]
Year
Player
Performance details
1975 Clive Lloyd 102
1979 Viv Richards 138*
1983 Mohinder Amarnath 3/12 and 26
1987 David Boon 75
1992 Wasim Akram 33 and 3/49
1996 Aravinda de Silva 107* and 3/42
1999 Shane Warne 4/33
2003 Ricky Ponting 140*
2007 Adam Gilchrist 149
2011 Mahendra Singh Dhoni 91*
2015 James Faulkner 3/36
Tournament records
Main article: List of Cricket World Cup records
Sachin Tendulkar, the leading run-scorer in World Cup history.
World Cup records[73]
Batting
Most runs Sachin Tendulkar 2,278 (1992–2011)
Highest average (min. 20 inns.) [74] AB de Villiers 63.52 (2007–2015)
Highest score Martin Guptill v West Indies 237* (2015)
Highest partnership Chris Gayle & Marlon Samuels
(2nd wicket) v Zimbabwe 372 (2015)
Most runs in a tournament Sachin Tendulkar 673 (2003)
Most hundreds Sachin Tendulkar 6 (1992–2011)
Bowling
Most wickets Glenn McGrath 71 (1996–2007)
Lowest average (min. 1000 balls bowled) Glenn McGrath 18.19 (1996–2007)
Best strike rate (min. 1000 balls bowled) Lasith Malinga 23.8 (2007–2015)
Best economy rate (min. 1000 balls bowled) Andy Roberts 3.24 (1975–1983)
Best bowling figures Glenn McGrath v Namibia 7/15 (2003)
Most wickets in a tournament Glenn McGrath 26 (2007)
Fielding
Most dismissals (wicket-keeper) Kumar Sangakkara 54 (2003–2015)
Most catches (fielder) Ricky Ponting 28 (1996–2011)
Team
Highest score Australia v Afghanistan 417/6 (2015)
Lowest score Canada v Sri Lanka 36 (2003)
Highest win % [75] Australia 74% (Played 84, Won 62)
Most consecutive wins [76] Australia 27 (20 Jun 1999–19 Mar 2011, one N/R excluded)
Most consecutive tournament wins Australia 3 (1999–2007)
See also
Cricket portal
ICC Under-19 Cricket World Cup
ICC World Twenty20
ICC Champions Trophy
Women's Cricket World Cup
References
Jump up ^ ICC Cricket World Cup: About Archived 1 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine. – International Cricket Council. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
Jump up ^ Martin Williamson. "The oldest international contest of them all". ESPN.
Jump up ^ "1st Test Scorecard". ESPNcricinfo. 15 March 1877. Retrieved 28 January 2007.
Jump up ^ "Olympic Games, 1900, Final". ESPNcricinfo. 19 August 1900. Retrieved 9 September 2006.
Jump up ^ "The original damp squib". ESPNcricinfo. 23 April 2005. Archived from the original on 16 October 2007. Retrieved 29 August 2006.
Jump up ^ "The run-out that sparked a riot". ESPNcricinfo. 30 October 2010. Archived from the original on 22 October 2014. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "The low-key birth of one-day cricket". ESPNcricinfo. 9 April 2011. Archived from the original on 19 September 2013. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
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^ Jump up to: a b "The History of World Cup's". cricworld.com. Retrieved 19 September 2006.
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Jump up ^ "Statistics / Statsguru / One-Day Internationals / Team records". Cricinfo. Archived from the original on 11 September 2015. Retrieved 30 March 2015.
Sources
Browning, Mark (1999). A complete history of World Cup Cricket. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-7318-0833-9.
External links
Official ICC Cricket World Cup website
Official ICC website
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The Phantom of the Opera
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the novel. For the musical and other uses, see The Phantom of the Opera (disambiguation).
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The Phantom of the Opera
Author
Gaston Leroux
Original title
Le Fantôme de l'Opéra
Country
France
Language
French
Subject
Romance, Mystery, Horror
Genre
Gothic novel
Publisher
Pierre Laie.
Publication date
23 September 1909 to 8 January 1910
Published in English
1911
Media type
Print (Serial)
Pages
~190
OCLC
15698188
The Phantom of the Opera (French: Le Fantôme de l'Opéra) is a novel by French writer Gaston Leroux. It was first published as a serialization in Le Gaulois from 23 September 1909, to 8 January 1910. It was published in volume form in late March 1910 by Pierre Lafitte.[1] The novel is partly inspired by historical events at the Paris Opera during the nineteenth century and an apocryphal tale concerning the use of a former ballet pupil's skeleton in Carl Maria von Weber's 1841 production of Der Freischütz.[2] It has been successfully adapted into various stage and film adaptations, most notable of which are the 1925 film depiction featuring Lon Chaney, and Andrew Lloyd Webber's 1986 musical.
Contents
1 History behind the novel
2 Plot summary
3 Characters
4 Themes
4.1 Music
4.2 Mystery
4.3 Gothic horror
4.4 Romance
5 Critical reception
6 Adaptations
7 References
8 External links
History behind the novel[edit]
Leroux first decided he would become a lawyer, but after he spent his inheritance gambling he became a reporter for L’Echo de Paris. At the paper he was asked to write about and critique dramas, as well as being a courtroom reporter. With his job, he was able to travel frequently, but he returned to Paris where he became a writer. Because of his fascination with both Edgar Allan Poe and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, he wrote a detective mystery entitled The Mystery of the Yellow Room in 1907, and four years later he published Le Fantôme de l’Opéra.[3] The novel was first published within newspapers before finally being published as a novel in 1911.[4]
The setting of The Phantom of the Opera came from an actual Paris opera house that Leroux had heard the rumors about from the time the opera house was finished. The details about the Palais Garnier, and rumors surrounding it, are closely linked in Leroux's writing. The underground water tank that he wrote about is accurate to this opera house, and it is still used for training firefighters. The mysteries that Leroux uses in his novel about the Phantom are still mysteries.[5]
The Phantom of the Opera's origins came from Leroux's curiosity with the Phantom being real. In the prologue he tells the readers about the Phantom and the research that he did to prove the truth of the ghost. His findings connected the corpse from the opera house to the Persian phantom himself.[6] The claims from the prologue of his novel were ones that Leroux held onto even up until his death in 1927.[5]
Plot summary[edit]
In Paris in the 1880s, the Palais Garnier opera house is believed to be haunted by an entity known as the Phantom of the Opera, or simply the Opera Ghost. A stagehand named Joseph Buquet is found hanged and the rope around his neck goes missing. At a gala performance for the retirement of the opera house's two managers, a young little-known Swedish soprano, Christine Daaé, is called upon to sing in the place of the Opera's leading soprano, Carlotta, who is ill, and her performance is an astonishing success. The Vicomte Raoul de Chagny, who was present at the performance, recognizes her as his childhood playmate and recalls his love for her. He attempts to visit her backstage, where he hears a man complimenting her from inside her dressing room. He investigates the room once Christine leaves, only to find it empty.
At Perros-Guirec, Christine meets with Raoul, who confronts her about the voice he heard in her room. Christine tells him she has been tutored by the Angel of Music, whom her father used to tell them about. When Raoul suggests that she might be the victim of a prank, she storms off. Christine visits her father's grave one night, where a mysterious figure appears and plays the violin for her. Raoul attempts to confront it but is attacked and knocked out in the process.
Back at the Palais Garnier, the new managers receive a letter from the Phantom demanding that they allow Christine to perform the lead role of Marguerite in Faust, and that box 5 be left empty for his use, lest they perform in a house with a curse on it. The managers ignore his demands as a prank, resulting in disastrous consequences: Carlotta ends up croaking like a toad, and the chandelier suddenly drops into the audience, killing a spectator. The Phantom, having abducted Christine from her dressing room, reveals himself as a deformed man called Erik. Erik intends to keep her in his lair with him for a few days, but she causes him to change his plans when she unmasks him and, to the horror of both, beholds his noseless, lipless, sunken-eyed face, which resembles a skull dried up by the centuries, covered in yellowed dead flesh.
Fearing that she will leave him, he decides to keep her with him forever, but when Christine requests release after two weeks, he agrees on the condition that she wear his ring and be faithful to him. On the roof of the opera house, Christine tells Raoul about her abduction and makes Raoul promise to take her away to a place where Erik can never find her, even if she resists. Raoul tells Christine he will act on his promise the next day, to which she agrees. However, Christine sympathizes with Erik and decides to sing for him one last time as a means of saying goodbye. Unbeknownst to Christine and Raoul, Erik has been watching them and overheard their whole conversation.
The following night, the enraged and jealous Erik abducts Christine during a production of Faust and tries to force her to marry him. Raoul is led by a mysterious opera regular known as "The Persian" into Erik's secret lair deep in the bowels of the opera house, but they end up trapped in a mirrored room by Erik, who threatens that unless Christine agrees to marry him, he will kill them and everyone in the Opera House by using explosives. Christine agrees to marry Erik. Erik initially tries to drown Raoul and the Persian, using the water which would have been used to douse the explosives, but Christine begs and offers to be his "living bride", promising him not to kill herself after becoming his bride, as she had both contemplated and attempted earlier in the book. Erik eventually releases Raoul and the Persian from his torture chamber.
When Erik is alone with Christine, he lifts his mask to kiss her on her forehead and is given a kiss back. Erik reveals that he has never received a kiss, not even from his own mother, nor has been allowed to give one and is overcome with emotion. He and Christine then cry together and their tears "mingle". Erik later says that he has never felt so close to another human being. He allows the Persian and Raoul to escape, though not before making Christine promise that she will visit him on his death day, and return the gold ring he gave her. He also makes the Persian promise that afterward he will go to the newspaper and report his death, as he will die soon and will die "of love". Indeed, sometime later Christine returns to Erik's lair, buries him somewhere he will never be found (by Erik's request) and returns the gold ring. Afterward, a local newspaper runs the simple note: "Erik is dead". Christine and Raoul (who finds out that Erik has killed his older brother) elope together, never to return.
Passages narrated directly by the Persian and the final chapter piece together Erik's life: the son of a construction business owner deformed from birth, he ran away from his native Normandy to work in fairs and in caravans, schooling himself in the arts of the circus across Europe and Asia, and eventually building trick palaces in Persia and Turkey. Eventually, he returned to France and, wearing a mask, started his own construction business. After being subcontracted to work on the foundations of the Palais Garnier, Erik had discreetly built himself a lair to disappear in, complete with hidden passages and other tricks that allowed him to spy on the managers.
Characters[edit]
Erik: The Phantom of the Opera, a deformed former conjuror also referred to as the Angel of Music and the Opera Ghost. He tutors and eventually becomes obsessed with Christine Daaé.
Christine Daaé: A young Swedish soprano at the Paris Opera House with whom the Phantom falls in love.
Vicomte Raoul de Chagny: Christine's childhood friend and love interest.
The Persian: A mysterious man from Erik's past.
Comte Phillipe de Chagny: Raoul's older brother.
Armand Moncharmin and Firmin Richard: The new managers of the opera house.
Madame Giry: The opera's box keeper (Mother of Meg)
Meg Giry: Often referred to as "Little Meg", Madame Giry's only daughter, a ballet girl.
Debienne and Poligny: The previous managers of the opera house
Carlotta: A spoiled prima donna; the lead soprano of the Paris Opera House.
Madame Valérius: Christine's elderly guardian.
Themes[edit]
Music[edit]
Leroux uses the operatic setting in The Phantom of the Opera to use music as a device for foreshadowing.[7] Ribière makes note that Leroux was once a theatre critic and his brother was a musician, so he was knowledgeable about music and how to use it as a framing device. She uses the example of how Leroux introduces the song Danse Macabre which means "dance of death" in the gala scene which foreshadows the graveyard scene that comes later where the Phantom plays the fiddle for Christine and attacks Raoul when he tries to intervene.
Drumright points out that music is evident throughout the novel in that it is the basis for Christine and Erik's relationship. Christine sees Erik as her Angel of Music that her father promised would come to her one day. The Phantom sees Christine as his musical protege, and he uses his passion for music to teach her everything he knows.[4]
Mystery[edit]
Stylistically, the novel is framed as a mystery novel as it is narrated through a detective pulling his information from various forms of research.[8] The mystery being uncovered is the Phantom who lurks through the opera house, seemingly appearing in places out of nowhere as if by magic.[9]
Gothic horror[edit]
In his article, Fitzpatrick compares the Phantom to other monsters featured in Gothic horror novels such as Frankenstein's monster, Dr. Jekyll, Dorian Gray, and Count Dracula. The Phantom has a torture chamber where he kidnaps and kills people, and the walls of the chapel in the graveyard are lined with human bones.[9] Indeed, Drumright notes that The Phantom of the Opera checks off every trope necessary to have a Gothic novel according to the Encyclopedia of Literature's description which says, “Such novels were expected to be dark and tempestuous and full of ghosts, madness, outrage, superstition, and revenge.”[10] Although the Phantom is really just a disfigured man, he has ghost-like qualities in that no one can ever find him or his lair and he is seen as a monster. People are frightened by him because of his deformities and the acts of violence he commits.[4]
Romance[edit]
The novel features a love triangle between the Phantom, Christine, and Raoul. Raoul is seen as Christine's childhood love whom she is familiar with and has affection for. He is rich and therefore offers her security as well as a wholesome, Christian marriage. The Phantom, on the other hand, is not familiar. He is dark, ugly, and dangerous and therefore represents the forbidden love. However, Christine is drawn to him because she sees him as her Angel of Music, and she pities his existence of loneliness and darkness.[4]
Critical reception[edit]
By the time Leroux published The Phantom of the Opera, he had already gained credibility as a crime mystery author in both French and English speaking countries. He had written six novels prior, two of which had garnered substantial popularity within their first year of publication called The Mystery of the Yellow Room and The Perfume of the Lady in Black.[7] Although previous commentators have asserted that The Phantom of the Opera did not attain as much success as these previous novels, being particularly unpopular in France where it was first published,[11] recent research into the novel's early reception and sales has indicated the contrary.[12] One book review from the New York Times expressed a disappointment in the way the phantom was portrayed, saying that the feeling of suspense and horror is lost once it is found out that the phantom is just a man and not a real ghost.[13] The majority of the notability that the novel acquired early on was due to its publication in a series of installments in French, American, and English newspapers. This serialized version of the story became important when it was read and sought out by Universal Pictures to be adapted into a movie in 1925.[11]
Based on the critical reviews of two modern day readers of the book, Sean Fitzpatrick and Cathleen Myers, the novel is praiseworthy for its drama, but overall it does not rise to the standards of great literature. Fitzpatrick claims that "The Phantom of the Opera is not a great book, but it is a great read."[9] He digresses that even though the book is not good enough to be in the canon of great literature, there are many aspects of it that make it fun to read such as the drama of the "whodunnit" plot, the investigative styling of the book which pretends to pull from real life newspaper articles and interviews relating to the Paris Opera House, and the character Erik (the phantom) who fills the roles of the "mad genius", disfigured monster, and one of three in a love triangle all at once. Fitzpatrick argues that all of these elements make the book good for light reading.[9] Myers agrees that the novel makes for a good "airplane read", but says that it fails in terms of being a good mystery novel. She claims that one of the book's downfalls is that one of the important characters - the mysterious Persian - is introduced too late in the storyline. Another glaring omission that she sees in the book is that the Phantom is left unexplained. Myers also criticizes Christine's love for Raoul whom she claims is an idiot, saying he "makes Jonathon Harker and Lord Godalming in Dracula look like rocket scientists."[8]
Adaptations[edit]
Further information: Adaptations of The Phantom of the Opera
There have been many literary and other dramatic works based on Leroux's novel, ranging from stage musicals to films to children's books. Some well known stage and screen adaptations of the novel are the 1925 film and the Andrew Lloyd Webber musical. In Webber's musical, he was focused on writing more of a romance piece and found the book and the musical took off from there. Leroux's novel was more than just a mystery and had romance and other genres, that would appeal to more audiences.[4] Webber used accounts from within the novel in the musical as well such as the real-life event of the chandelier falling.[14] This musical even after being produced in the mid-80s, has still remained popular with people today. The musical has received more than fifty awards and is seen by many as being the most popular musical on Broadway.[4]
Leroux's novel was created into two silent films during the history and adaptations of the novel. The first production of the novel into a silent film was produced by German adaptation called, Das Gespenst im Opernhaus. This film though has no living proof left and is lost due to no pictures being taken or an actual copy of the film is preserved. The last living knowledge of the film is that it was made in 1916 and was directed by Ernest Matray.[3]
The next adaptation or silent film was made in 1925 by Universal Studios. This version starred Lon Chaney Sr. as the phantom. Due to tensions on the set, there was a switch in directors and Edward Sedgwick finished the film while changing the direction the movie was going to take. His take on the novel and making it a dark romantic movie with comedy wasn’t popular by audiences.[3] Finally, the film was adapted one last time by Maurice Pivar and Louis Weber where they took out most of Sedgwick's adaptation and stuck to the original film. This time, the movie was a success with audiences in 1925.[3]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Shah, Raj (2016). "The Publication and Initial French Reception of Gaston Leroux's Le Fantôme de l'Opéra". French Studies Bulletin. 37 (138): 13–16. doi:10.1093/frebul/ktw004.
Jump up ^ Shah, Raj (2014). "No Ordinary Skeleton: Unmasking the Secret Source of Le Fantôme de l'Opéra". Forum for Modern Language Studies. 50 (1): 16–29 (17, 25n11). doi:10.1093/fmls/cqt048.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "A History of Classic Monsters: The Phantom of the Opera | Librarypoint". www.librarypoint.org. Retrieved 2018-04-26.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Drumright, Patricia (April 16, 2018). "The Phantom of the Opera: Spectacular Musical or Archetypal Story?".
^ Jump up to: a b Everett, Lucinda (2010-02-17). "Where the Phantom was born: the Palais Garnier". ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 2018-04-27.
Jump up ^ "The Phantom of the Opera, by Gaston Leroux : Prologue". ebooks.adelaide.edu.au. Retrieved 2018-04-27.
^ Jump up to: a b Ribière, Mireille. "The Phantom of the Opera by Gaston Leroux, annotated edition". Mireille Ribière Writings, Photographs. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Myers, Cathleen. "The Phantom's Evolution". PEERS Dance. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Fitzpatrick, Sean. "The Phantom of the Opera by Gaston Leroux: Triumphant Tragedy". Crisis Magazine. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
Jump up ^ Merriam-Webster's encyclopedia of literature. Merriam-Webster, Inc. Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster. 1995. ISBN 0877790426. OCLC 31434511.
^ Jump up to: a b Haining, Peter. "The Man Who Created the Phantom". The Phantom of the Opera. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
Jump up ^ Shah, Raj (2016-03-01). "THE PUBLICATION AND INITIAL FRENCH RECEPTION OF GASTON LEROUX'S LE FANTÔME DE L'OPÉRA". French Studies Bulletin. 37 (138): 13–16. doi:10.1093/frebul/ktw004. ISSN 0262-2750.
Jump up ^ "An Opera-House Phantom". The New York Times Book Review. 19 February 1911.
Jump up ^ "The Phantom of the Opera: myth versus reality". www.cmuse.org. Retrieved 2018-04-27.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
The Phantom of the Opera
Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Phantom of the Opera.
Official Twitter account for the novel at Twitter
The Phantom of the Opera at Project Gutenberg
The Phantom of the Opera public domain audiobook at LibriVox
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The Phantom of the Opera by Gaston Leroux
Books
The Phantom of the Opera (1909–1910)
Phantom (1990)
The Canary Trainer (1993)
The Phantom of Manhattan (1999)
Stage adaptations
Phantom of the Opera (1976)
The Phantom of the Opera (1986)
Phantom (1991)
Love Never Dies (2010)
Film and television
Das Phantom der Oper (1916)
The Phantom of the Opera (1925)
Song at Midnight (1937)
Phantom of the Opera (1943)
The Phantom of the Opera (1962)
The Phantom of Hollywood (1974)
Phantom of the Paradise (1974)
Opera (1987)
The Phantom of the Opera (1989)
Phantom of the Mall: Eric's Revenge (1989)
The Phantom of the Opera (1990)
The Phantom Lover (1995)
The Phantom of the Opera (1998)
Phantom of the Megaplex (2000)
The Phantom of the Opera (2004)
The Phantom of the Opera at the Royal Albert Hall (2011)
Characters
Erik
Christine Daaé
Viscount Raoul de Chagny
The Persian
Carlotta
Madame Giry
Meg Giry
Joseph Buquet
Songs
"The Phantom of the Opera"
"The Music of the Night"
"All I Ask of You"
"Learn to Be Lonely"
"'Til I Hear You Sing"
Other
Don Juan Triumphant
Punjab lasso
Adaptations
Return of the Phantom
Palais Garnier
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
BNF: cb125746591 (data)
GND: 4513825-4
LCCN: n86101414
SUDOC: 03506658X
VIAF: 185531503
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