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Game of Thrones (season 8)
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Game of Thrones (season 8)
Promotional poster
Starring
See List of Game of Thrones cast
Country of origin
United States
Release
Original network
HBO
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 7
List of Game of Thrones episodes
The eighth and final season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones was announced by HBO in July 2016. Unlike the first six seasons that each had ten episodes and the seventh that had seven episodes, the eighth season will have only six episodes. Like the previous season, it will largely consist of original content not found currently in George R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series and will instead adapt material Martin has revealed to showrunners about the upcoming novels in the series, The Winds of Winter and A Dream of Spring.
The season will be adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. Filming officially began on October 23, 2017, and concluded in July 2018. The season is scheduled to premiere during the first half of 2019.
Contents
1 Episodes
2 Cast
2.1 Main cast
2.2 Supporting cast
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Crew
3.3 Writing
3.4 Filming
3.5 Episodes
3.6 Music
4 References
5 External links
Episodes[edit]
See also: List of Game of Thrones episodes
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by [1][2]
Written by [3]
Original air date [4]
U.S. viewers
(millions)
68
1 TBA David Nutter Dave Hill 2019 (2019) TBD
69
2 TBA David Nutter Bryan Cogman 2019 (2019) TBD
70
3 TBA Miguel Sapochnik David Benioff & D. B. Weiss 2019 (2019) TBD
71
4 TBA David Nutter David Benioff & D. B. Weiss 2019 (2019) TBD
72
5 TBA Miguel Sapochnik David Benioff & D. B. Weiss 2019 (2019) TBD
73
6 TBA David Benioff & D. B. Weiss David Benioff & D. B. Weiss 2019 (2019) TBD
Cast[edit]
See also: List of Game of Thrones characters
Peter Dinklage (Tyrion Lannister)
Nikolaj Coster-Waldau
(Jaime Lannister)
Lena Headey (Cersei Lannister)
Emilia Clarke (Daenerys Targaryen)
Main cast[edit]
Peter Dinklage as Tyrion Lannister[5]
Nikolaj Coster-Waldau as Jaime Lannister[5]
Lena Headey as Cersei Lannister[5]
Emilia Clarke as Daenerys Targaryen[5]
Kit Harington as Jon Snow[5]
Liam Cunningham as Davos Seaworth[6]
Sophie Turner as Sansa Stark[7]
Maisie Williams as Arya Stark[8]
Nathalie Emmanuel as Missandei[9]
Gwendoline Christie as Brienne of Tarth[9]
John Bradley as Samwell Tarly[10]
Isaac Hempstead Wright as Bran Stark[11]
Hannah Murray as Gilly[12]
Rory McCann as Sandor "The Hound" Clegane[13]
Iain Glen as Jorah Mormont[14]
Conleth Hill as Varys[15]
Carice van Houten as Melisandre[16]
Jerome Flynn as Bronn[17]
Joe Dempsie as Gendry[18]
Supporting cast[edit]
Ben Crompton as Eddison Tollett[19]
Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson as Gregor Clegane[20]
Jacob Anderson as Grey Worm[9]
Daniel Portman as Podrick Payne[21]
Rupert Vansittart as Yohn Royce[9]
Marc Rissmann as Harry Strickland[22]
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
The eighth and final season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones was announced by HBO in July 2016,[23][24] and, like the previous season, it will largely consist of original content not found currently in George R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series and will instead adapt material Martin has revealed to showrunners about the upcoming novels in the series, The Winds of Winter and A Dream of Spring.[25]
Crew[edit]
Series creators and executive producers David Benioff and D. B. Weiss will serve as showrunners for the eighth season. The directors for the eighth season were announced in September 2017. Miguel Sapochnik, who previously directed "The Gift" and "Hardhome" on season 5, as well as "Battle of the Bastards" and "The Winds of Winter" on season 6 will return as director. He will divide up direction of the first five episodes with David Nutter, who had directed two episodes on seasons two, three and five. The final episode of the show will be directed by Benioff and Weiss, who have previously directed one episode each.[1]
At the show's South by Southwest panel on March 12, 2017, Benioff and Weiss announced the writers for the show to be Dave Hill (episode 1) and Bryan Cogman (episode 2). The showrunners will then divide up the screenplay for the remaining four episodes amongst themselves.[26]
Writing[edit]
Writing for the eighth season started with a 140-page outline. Benioff said that the divvying up process and who should write what section became more difficult because "this would be the last time that we would be doing this".[27]
Filming[edit]
In an interview with Entertainment Weekly, HBO programming president Casey Bloys stated that instead of the series finale being a feature film, the final season would be "six one-hour movies" on television. He continued, "The show has proven that TV is every bit as impressive and in many cases more so, than film. What they're doing is monumental."[28] Filming officially began on October 23, 2017,[29] and concluded in July 2018.[30]
Episodes[edit]
Co-creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss have said that the seventh and eighth season would likely consist of fewer episodes, stating that after season six, they were "down to our final 13 episodes after this season. We're heading into the final lap."[31][32] Benioff and Weiss stated that they were unable to produce 10 episodes in the show's usual 12 to 14-month time frame, as Weiss said, "It's crossing out of a television schedule into more of a mid-range movie schedule."[31] HBO confirmed in July 2016, that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes, and would premiere later than usual in mid-2017 because of the later filming schedule.[33] Benioff and Weiss later confirmed that the eighth season will consist of six episodes, and is expected to premiere later than usual for the same reason.[34]
Benioff and Weiss spoke about the end of the show, saying, "From the beginning we've wanted to tell a 70-hour movie. It will turn out to be a 73-hour movie, but it's stayed relatively the same of having the beginning, middle and now we're coming to the end. It would have been really tough if we lost any core cast members along the way, I'm very happy we've kept everyone and we get to finish it the way we want to."[34] The season is scheduled to premiere during the first half of 2019.[35]
Music[edit]
Ramin Djawadi is set to return as the composer of the show for the eighth season.[36]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Hooton, Christopher (September 27, 2017). "Game of Thrones season 8: Directors revealed for all episodes". The Independent. Archived from the original on October 20, 2017. Retrieved October 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ Chitwood, Adam (December 15, 2017). "'Justice League' DP Fabian Wagner on Zack Snyder's Cut, Superman's Black Suit & 'Game of Thrones'". Collider. Archived from the original on December 16, 2017. Retrieved December 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Carson, Biz (March 12, 2017). "The final season of 'Game of Thrones' will only be six episodes". Business Insider. Archived from the original on April 12, 2017. Retrieved April 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Game of Thrones Will Return in 2019". HBO. Archived from the original on January 4, 2018. Retrieved January 4, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Goldberg, Lesley (June 21, 2016). "'Game of Thrones' Stars Score Hefty Pay Raises for Season 8". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on August 22, 2017. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Liam Cunningham (Davos) talks about the filming schedule for Game of Thrones Season 8". Winteriscoming.net. January 10, 2017. Archived from the original on August 28, 2017. Retrieved December 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Thompson, Avery (February 15, 2017). "Sophie Turner Drops Massive Spoiler About Sansa Stark's Fate in Season 8". Hollywood Life. Archived from the original on October 2, 2017. Retrieved December 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Morton, Ashley (August 28, 2017). "Maisie Williams Thinks Arya Went Hunting for Trouble This Season". Making Off Game of Thrones. Archived from the original on September 16, 2017. Retrieved December 18, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Shepherd, Jack (October 24, 2017). "Game of Thrones season 8 filming looks to be underway as cast members spotted in Belfast". The Independent. Archived from the original on October 24, 2017. Retrieved December 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Bradley, John (August 29, 2017). "There's a new tag team in town. 💪 Hope you enjoyed season 7. Thanks for watching and we'll be back. The wait starts now. 😊 #gameofthrones #GOT". Instagram. Archived from the original on March 22, 2018. Retrieved December 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Bradley, Bill (August 30, 2017). "'Game of Thrones' Actor Says Cut Scene Would've Explained Confusing Finale Moment". HuffPost. Archived from the original on December 22, 2017. Retrieved December 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ ChristineDoesCons (May 28, 2018). "Hannah Murray @ COT 2018". YouTube. Retrieved June 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ Bradley, Bill (August 28, 2017). "'Game of Thrones' Actor Rory McCann Says He's Already Training For Cleganebowl". HuffPost. Archived from the original on March 22, 2018. Retrieved December 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Comic Con Stockholm 2017 - Iain Glen Q&A". YouTube. October 5, 2017. Archived from the original on December 19, 2017. Retrieved December 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kinkaid, Ben (January 5, 2018). "What News From Westeros? Everything we know about Game of Thrones Season 8". GQ. Retrieved March 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ Stolworthy, Jacob (January 17, 2018). "Game of Thrones season 8: Melisandre return confirmed as fans theorise on character storyline". The Independent. Retrieved January 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ Nolan, Emma (January 21, 2018). "Game of Thrones season 8 cast: Who will be in the final series?". Daily Express. Retrieved March 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ Deen, Sarah (March 24, 2018). "Game of Thrones star Joe Dempsie is scared he'll get drunk and reveal final season secrets". Metro. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ McCreesh, Louise (November 6, 2017). "The Night's Watch WILL be in Game of Thrones season 8, confirms Lord Commander actor". Digital Spy. Archived from the original on December 6, 2017. Retrieved December 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Medeiros, Madison (August 30, 2017). "Attention Cleganebowl Fans: The Hound & The Mountain Are Already Bashing Each Other IRL". Refinery29. Archived from the original on September 2, 2017. Retrieved December 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Riddell, Rose (May 29, 2018). "Interview: Daniel Portman on 'Game of Thrones' and his upcoming visit to New Zealand". Coup de Main. Retrieved June 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ Stolworthy, Jacob (October 18, 2017). "Game of Thrones season 8 casting announcement debunks fan theory". The Independent. Archived from the original on November 8, 2017. Retrieved November 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Hibberd, James (July 30, 2016). "Game of Thrones: HBO confirms season 8 will be last". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on September 1, 2016. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Birnbaum, Debra (July 30, 2016). "HBO Confirms 'Game of Thrones' Will End With Eighth Season". Variety. Archived from the original on September 2, 2016. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Hibberd, James (May 24, 2016). "George R.R. Martin revealed 3 huge shocks to Game of Thrones producers". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on August 21, 2016. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Miller, Liz Shannon (August 28, 2017). "'Game of Thrones' Season 8: Everything We Know About the Final Season". Indiewire. Archived from the original on October 20, 2017. Retrieved October 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ Morton, Ashley (March 13, 2017). "Everything You Missed From Game of Thrones at SXSW 2017". Making Game of Thrones. Archived from the original on June 6, 2017. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ James Hibberd, James Hibberd (June 2, 2017). "Game of Thrones: HBO clarifies prequels, final seasons plan". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on June 2, 2017. Retrieved June 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ Shepherd, Jack (October 23, 2017). "Game of Thrones season 8 filming looks to be underway as cast members spotted in Belfast". The Independent. Archived from the original on October 24, 2017. Retrieved October 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kelleher, Kevin (July 9, 2018). "'Game of Thrones' Final Season Has Finished Filming. Now a Winter of Waiting Begins". Fortune. Retrieved July 19, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Birnbaum, Debra (April 14, 2016). "'Game of Thrones' Creators Mull Shorter Final Seasons (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Archived from the original on August 21, 2016. Retrieved June 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley (April 14, 2016). "'Game of Thrones' Considering Shorter Final Seasons". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on June 18, 2016. Retrieved June 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ Hibberd, James (July 18, 2016). "Game of Thrones: HBO announces summer return, 7 episodes". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on September 1, 2016. Retrieved July 18, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Hibberd, James (March 12, 2017). "Game of Thrones producers confirm final season only 6 episodes". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on March 12, 2017. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Roots, Kimberly (July 25, 2018). "Game of Thrones: HBO Boss Narrows Down Final Season Premiere Date". TVLine. Retrieved July 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ Bradley, Bill (January 26, 2017). "'Game of Thrones' Composer Says You're Not Hearing What You Think You Are". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on January 26, 2017. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
External links[edit]
Game of Thrones – official US site
Game of Thrones – official UK site
Game of Thrones – The Viewers Guide on HBO.com
Making Game of Thrones on HBO.com
List of Game of Thrones episodes on IMDb
List of Game of Thrones episodes at TV.com
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George R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire
A Game of Thrones (1996)
A Clash of Kings (1998)
A Storm of Swords (2000)
A Feast for Crows (2005)
A Dance with Dragons (2011)
The Winds of Winter (TBA)
Franchise media
Novellas
Tales of Dunk and Egg (1998–2010)
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"Game of Thrones Theme"
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Title sequence
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Thronecast
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Khal Drogo
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Daario Naharis
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Jon Snow
High Sparrow
Arya Stark
Bran Stark
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World
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Significant figures
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Fit approximation
Concepts
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The significant figures of a number are digits that carry meaning contributing to its measurement resolution. This includes all digits except:[1]
All leading zeros;
Trailing zeros when they are merely placeholders to indicate the scale of the number (exact rules are explained at identifying significant figures); and
Spurious digits introduced, for example, by calculations carried out to greater precision than that of the original data, or measurements reported to a greater precision than the equipment supports.
Significance arithmetic are approximate rules for roughly maintaining significance throughout a computation. The more sophisticated scientific rules are known as propagation of uncertainty.
Numbers are often rounded to avoid reporting insignificant figures. For example, it would create false precision to express a measurement as 12.34500 kg (which has seven significant figures) if the scales only measured to the nearest gram and gave a reading of 12.345 kg (which has five significant figures). Numbers can also be rounded merely for simplicity rather than to indicate a given precision of measurement, for example, to make them faster to pronounce in news broadcasts.
Contents
[hide]
1 Identifying significant figures
1.1 Concise rules
1.2 Significant figures rules explained
1.3 Scientific notation
2 Rounding and decimal places
3 Arithmetic
4 Estimating tenths
5 Estimation
6 Relationship to accuracy and precision in measurement
7 In computing
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Identifying significant figures[edit]
Concise rules[edit]
All non-zero digits are significant: 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9.
Zeros between non-zero digits are significant: 102,2005,50009.
Leading zeros are never significant: 0.02,1.0887,51.05.
In a number with a decimal point, trailing zeros (those to the right of the last non-zero digit) are significant.2.02000,5.400,57.5400
In a number without a decimal point, trailing zeros may or may not be significant. More information through additional graphical symbols or explicit information on errors is needed to clarify the significance of trailing zeros.
Significant figures rules explained[edit]
Specifically, the rules for identifying significant figures when writing or interpreting numbers are as follows:[2]
All non-zero digits are considered significant. For example, 91 has two significant figures (9 and 1), while 123.45 has five significant figures (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5).
Zeros appearing anywhere between two non-zero digits are significant. Example: 101.1203 has seven significant figures: 1, 0, 1, 1, 2, 0 and 3...
Leading zeros are not significant. For example, 0.00052 has two significant figures: 5 and 2.
Trailing zeros in a number containing a decimal point are significant. For example, 12.2300 has six significant figures: 1, 2, 2, 3, 0 and 0. The number 0.000122300 still has only six significant figures (the zeros before the 1 are not significant). In addition, 120.00 has five significant figures since it has three trailing zeros. This convention clarifies the precision of such numbers; for example, if a measurement precise to four decimal places (0.0001) is given as 12.23 then it might be understood that only two decimal places of precision are available. Stating the result as 12.2300 makes clear that it is precise to four decimal places (in this case, six significant figures).
The significance of trailing zeros in a number not containing a decimal point can be ambiguous. For example, it may not always be clear if a number like 1300 is precise to the nearest unit (and just happens coincidentally to be an exact multiple of a hundred) or if it is only shown to the nearest hundred due to rounding or uncertainty. Many conventions exist to address this issue:
An overline, sometimes also called an overbar, or less accurately, a vinculum, may be placed over the last significant figure; any trailing zeros following this are insignificant. For example, 1300 has three significant figures (and hence indicates that the number is precise to the nearest ten).
Less often, using a closely related convention, the last significant figure of a number may be underlined; for example, "2000" has two significant figures.
A decimal point may be placed after the number; for example "100." indicates specifically that three significant figures are meant.[3]
In the combination of a number and a unit of measurement, the ambiguity can be avoided by choosing a suitable unit prefix. For example, the number of significant figures in a mass specified as 1300 g is ambiguous, while in a mass of 13 hg or 1.3 kg it is not.
However, these conventions are not universally used, and it is often necessary to determine from context whether such trailing zeros are intended to be significant. If all else fails, the level of rounding can be specified explicitly. The abbreviation s.f. is sometimes used, for example "20 000 to 2 s.f." or "20 000 (2 sf)". Alternatively, the uncertainty can be stated separately and explicitly with a plus-minus sign, as in 20 000 ± 1%, so that significant-figures rules do not apply. This also allows specifying a precision in-between powers of ten (or whatever the base power of the numbering system is).
Scientific notation[edit]
In most cases, the same rules apply to numbers expressed in scientific notation. However, in the normalized form of that notation, placeholder leading and trailing digits do not occur, so all digits are significant. For example, 6996120000000000000♠0.00012 (two significant figures) becomes 6996120000000000000♠1.2×10−4, and 6997122299999999999♠0.00122300 (six significant figures) becomes 6997122300000000000♠1.22300×10−3. In particular, the potential ambiguity about the significance of trailing zeros is eliminated. For example, 7003130000000000000♠1300 to four significant figures is written as 7003130000000000000♠1.300×103, while 7003130000000000000♠1300 to two significant figures is written as 7003130000000000000♠1.3×103.
The part of the representation that contains the significant figures (as opposed to the base or the exponent) is known as the significand or mantissa.
Rounding and decimal places[edit]
The basic concept of significant figures is often used in connection with rounding. Rounding to significant figures is a more general-purpose technique than rounding to n decimal places, since it handles numbers of different scales in a uniform way. For example, the population of a city might only be known to the nearest thousand and be stated as 52,000, while the population of a country might only be known to the nearest million and be stated as 52,000,000. The former might be in error by hundreds, and the latter might be in error by hundreds of thousands, but both have two significant figures (5 and 2). This reflects the fact that the significance of the error (its likely size relative to the size of the quantity being measured) is the same in both cases.
To round to n significant figures:[4][5]
Identify the significant figures before rounding. These are the n consecutive digits beginning with the first non-zero digit.
If the digit immediately to the right of the last significant figure is greater than 5 or is a 5 followed by other non-zero digits, add 1 to the last significant figure. For example, 1.2459 as the result of a calculation or measurement that only allows for 3 significant figures should be written 1.25.
If the digit immediately to the right of the last significant figure is a 5 not followed by any other digits or followed only by zeros, rounding requires a tie-breaking rule. For example, to round 1.25 to 2 significant figures:
Round half up (also known as "5/4") rounds up to 1.3. This is the default rounding method implied in many disciplines if not specified.
Round half to even, which rounds to the nearest even number, rounds down to 1.2 in this case. The same strategy applied to 1.35 would instead round up to 1.4.
Replace non-significant figures in front of the decimal point by zeros.
Drop all the digits after the decimal point to the right of the significant figures (do not replace them with zeros).
In financial calculations, a number is often rounded to a given number of places (for example, to two places after the decimal separator for many world currencies). Rounding to a fixed number of decimal places in this way is an orthographic convention that does not maintain significance, and may either lose information or create false precision.
In UK personal tax returns payments received are always rounded down to the nearest pound, whilst tax paid is rounded up although tax deducted at source is calculated to the nearest penny. This creates an interesting situation where anyone with tax accurately deducted at source has a significant likelihood of a small rebate if they complete a tax return.
As an illustration, the decimal quantity 12.345 can be expressed with various numbers of significant digits or decimal places. If insufficient precision is available then the number is rounded in some manner to fit the available precision. The following table shows the results for various total precisions and decimal places.

Precision
Rounded to
significant figures
Rounded to
decimal places
6 12.3450 12.345000
5 12.345 12.34500
4 12.35 12.3450
3 12.3 12.345
2 12 12.35
1 10 12.3
0 N/A 12
Another example for 0.012345:

Precision
Rounded to
significant figures
Rounded to
decimal places
7 0.01234500 0.0123450
6 0.0123450 0.012345
5 0.012345 0.01235
4 0.01235 0.0123
3 0.0123 0.012
2 0.012 0.01
1 0.01 0.0
0 N/A 0
The representation of a positive number x to a precision of p significant digits has a numerical value that is given by the formula:[citation needed]
round(10−n·x)·10n, where n = floor(log10 x) + 1 − p.
For negative numbers, the formula can be used on the absolute value; for zero, no transformation is necessary. Note that the result may need to be written with one of the above conventions explained in the section "Identifying significant figures" to indicate the actual number of significant digits if the result includes for example trailing significant zeros.
Arithmetic[edit]
Main article: Significance arithmetic
As there are rules for determining the number of significant figures in directly measured quantities, there are rules for determining the number of significant figures in quantities calculated from these measured quantities.
Only measured quantities figure into the determination of the number of significant figures in calculated quantities. Exact mathematical quantities like the π in the formula for the area of a circle with radius r, πr2 has no effect on the number of significant figures in the final calculated area. Similarly the ½ in the formula for the kinetic energy of a mass m with velocity v, ½mv2, has no bearing on the number of significant figures in the final calculated kinetic energy. The constants π and ½ are considered to have an infinite number of significant figures.
For quantities created from measured quantities by multiplication and division, the calculated result should have as many significant figures as the measured number with the least number of significant figures. For example,
1.234 × 2.0 = 2.468… ≈ 2.5,
with only two significant figures. The first factor has four significant figures and the second has two significant figures. The factor with the least number of significant figures is the second one with only two, so the final calculated result should also have a total of two significant figures.
For quantities created from measured quantities by addition and subtraction, the last significant decimal place (hundreds, tens, ones, tenths, and so forth) in the calculated result should be the same as the leftmost or largest decimal place of the last significant figure out of all the measured quantities in the terms of the sum. For example,
100.0 + 1.234 = 101.234… ≈ 101.2
with the last significant figure in the tenths place. The first term has its last significant figure in the tenths place and the second term has its last significant figure in the thousandths place. The leftmost of the decimal places of the last significant figure out of all the terms of the sum is the tenths place from the first term, so the calculated result should also have its last significant figure in the tenths place.
The rules for calculating significant figures for multiplication and division are opposite to the rules for addition and subtraction. For multiplication and division, only the total number of significant figures in each of the factors matter; the decimal place of the last significant figure in each factor is irrelevant. For addition and subtraction, only the decimal place of the last significant figure in each of the terms matters; the total number of significant figures in each term is irrelevant.
In a base 10 logarithm of a normalized number, the result should be rounded to the number of significant figures in the normalized number. For example, log10(3.000×104) = log10(104) + log10(3.000) ≈ 4 + 0.47712125472, should be rounded to 4.4771.
When taking antilogarithms, the resulting number should have as many significant figures as the mantissa in the logarithm.
When performing a calculation, do not follow these guidelines for intermediate results; keep as many digits as is practical (at least 1 more than implied by the precision of the final result) until the end of calculation to avoid cumulative rounding errors.[6]
Estimating tenths[edit]
When using a ruler, initially use the smallest mark as the first estimated digit. For example, if a ruler's smallest mark is cm, and 4.5 cm is read, it is 4.5 (±0.1 cm) or 4.4 – 4.6 cm.
It is possible that the overall length of a ruler may not be accurate to the degree of the smallest mark and the marks may be imperfectly spaced within each unit. However assuming a normal good quality ruler, it should be possible to estimate tenths between the nearest two marks to achieve an extra decimal place of accuracy. Failing to do this adds the error in reading the ruler to any error in the calibration of the ruler.[7][8]
Estimation[edit]
Main article: Estimation
When estimating the proportion of individuals carrying some particular characteristic in a population, from a random sample of that population, the number of significant figures should not exceed the maximum precision allowed by that sample size. The correct number of significant figures is given by the order of magnitude of sample size. This can be found by taking the base 10 logarithm of sample size and rounding to the nearest integer.
For example, in a poll of 120 randomly chosen viewers of a regularly visited web page we find that 10 people disagree with a proposition on that web page. The order of magnitude of our sample size is Log10(120) = 2.0791812460... which rounds to 2. Our estimated proportion of people who disagree with the proposition is therefore 0.083, or 8.3%, with 2 significant figures. This is because in different samples of 120 people from this population, our estimate would vary in units of 1/120, and any additional figures would misrepresent the size of our sample by giving spurious precision. To interpret our estimate of the number of viewers who disagree with the proposition we should then calculate some measure of our confidence in this estimate.
Relationship to accuracy and precision in measurement[edit]
Main article: Accuracy and precision
Traditionally, in various technical fields, "accuracy" refers to the closeness of a given measurement to its true value; "precision" refers to the stability of that measurement when repeated many times. Hoping to reflect the way the term "accuracy" is actually used in the scientific community, there is a more recent standard, ISO 5725, which keeps the same definition of precision but defines the term "trueness" as the closeness of a given measurement to its true value and uses the term "accuracy" as the combination of trueness and precision. (See the Accuracy and precision article for a fuller discussion.) In either case, the number of significant figures roughly corresponds to precision, not to either use of the word accuracy or to the newer concept of trueness.
In computing[edit]
Main article: Floating point
Computer representations of floating point numbers typically use a form of rounding to significant figures, but with binary numbers. The number of correct significant figures is closely related to the notion of relative error (which has the advantage of being a more accurate measure of precision, and is independent of the radix of the number system used).
See also[edit]
Accuracy and precision
Benford's Law (First Digit Law)
Engineering notation
Error bar
False precision
IEEE754 (IEEE floating point standard)
Interval arithmetic
Kahan summation algorithm
Precision (computer science)
Round-off error
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Chemistry in the Community; Kendall-Hunt:Dubuque, IA 1988
Jump up ^ Giving a precise definition for the number of correct significant digits is surprisingly subtle, see Higham, Nicholas (2002). Accuracy and Stability of Numerical Algorithms (PDF) (2nd ed.). SIAM. pp. 3–5.
Jump up ^ Myers, R. Thomas; Oldham, Keith B.; Tocci, Salvatore (2000). Chemistry. Austin, Texas: Holt Rinehart Winston. p. 59. ISBN 0-03-052002-9.
Jump up ^ Engelbrecht, Nancy; et al. (1990). "Rounding Decimal Numbers to a Designated Precision" (PDF). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
Jump up ^ Numerical Mathematics and Computing, by Cheney and Kincaid.
Jump up ^ de Oliveira Sannibale, Virgínio (2001). "Measurements and Significant Figures (Draft)" (PDF). Freshman Physics Laboratory. California Institute of Technology, Physics Mathematics And Astronomy Division. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 18, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Measurements". slc.umd.umich.edu. University of Michigan. Retrieved 3 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Experimental Electrical Testing. Newark, NJ: Weston Electrical Instruments Co. 1914. p. 9. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
External links[edit]
Significant Figures Video by Khan academy
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Significant_figures&oldid=801187792"
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Susan Kohner
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Susan Kohner
from trailer for Imitation of Life (1959)
Born
Susanna Kohner
(1936-11-11) November 11, 1936 (age 81)
Los Angeles, California, United States
Other names
Susan Weitz
Occupation
Actress
Years active
1955–1964
Spouse(s)
John Weitz (1964–2002) (his death)
Children
2
Susanna "Susan" Kohner (born November 11, 1936) is an American actress who worked in film and television. She is best known for her role as Sarah Jane in Imitation of Life (1959), for which she was nominated for an Oscar[1] and won a Golden Globe award. She played a light-complexioned woman who "passed" for white as a young adult.[2]
After Kohner married menswear designer and writer John Weitz in 1964, she retired from acting to devote time to her family. Her two sons, Chris Weitz and Paul Weitz, have both become film directors, screenwriters, and occasional actors.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Personal life
4 Theater
5 Filmography
6 Awards and nominations
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Early life[edit]
Kohner was born in Los Angeles, California, the daughter of Lupita Tovar, a Mexican-born actress who had a career in Hollywood, and Paul Kohner, a film producer who was born in Bohemia, Austria-Hungary.[4] Her mother was Roman Catholic, and her father was Czech Jewish.[5]
Career[edit]
Most of Kohner's film roles came during the late 1950s and early 1960s, including co-starring with Sal Mineo in both Dino (1957) and The Gene Krupa Story (1959).
In her most notable role, Kohner played Sarah Jane in Imitation of Life, portraying an African-American woman who "passes" as white. The 1959 film was a remake of a 1934 version of a book of the same name. The expensive, glossy Ross Hunter production, directed by Douglas Sirk and starring Lana Turner, was a box office smash. In addition, Kohner was nominated for a Best Supporting Actress Academy Award for her role in the film, and won a Golden Globe as Best Supporting Actress and one as Best New Actress.
Following her role in Imitation of Life, Kohner appeared in All the Fine Young Cannibals opposite Natalie Wood and Robert Wagner. She later had guest roles on various television series, including Hong Kong, Going My Way, and Temple Houston. She made her last film appearance in 1962, co-starring with Montgomery Clift in Freud: The Secret Passion. She retired from acting in 1964.
Personal life[edit]
In 1964, Kohner married John Weitz, a German-born novelist and fashion designer.[6] She retired from acting to devote time to her family. They had two sons together, Chris and Paul Weitz, who both became film directors and producers in Hollywood, producing films such as American Pie (1999) and About a Boy (2002). Chris Weitz is also known for directing New Moon (2009), part of The Twilight Saga.
On April 23, 2010, a new print of Imitation of Life (1959) was screened at the TCM Film Festival in Los Angeles, California, to which Kohner and co-star Juanita Moore were invited. After the screening, the two women appeared on stage for a question-and-answer session hosted by TCM's Robert Osborne. Kohner and Moore received standing ovations.
Theater[edit]
1958: Love Me Little by John G. Fuller at Helen Hayes Theatre. Role: Emily Whittaker.[7] Broadway debut.[8]
1962: Pullman Car Hiawatha by Thornton Wilder at Circle in the Square Theatre. Role: Harriet Milbury.[9]
1963: Saint Joan by George Bernard Shaw at Vancouver Theater Festival. With Mike Nichols.[10]
Filmography[edit]
Film
Year
Film
Role
Notes
1955 To Hell and Back Maria
1956 The Last Wagon Jolie
1957 Trooper Hook Consuela
Dino Shirley Alternative title: Killer Dino
1959 Imitation of Life Sarah Jane, age 18 Also: Performer: "Empty Arms"
The Big Fisherman Princess Fara
The Gene Krupa Story Ethel Maguire Alternative title: Drum Crazy
1960 All the Fine Young Cannibals Catherine McDowall
1961 By Love Possessed Helen Detweiler
1962 Freud: The Secret Passion Martha Freud Alternative title: Freud
Television
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1956 The Alcoa Hour Joanna 1 episode
Four Star Playhouse Anita 1 episode
Cavalcade of American 1 episode: "A Bed of Roses"
Climax! 2 episodes: "Child of the Wind/Throw Away the Cane," segment "Child of the Wind"; "Ten Minutes to Curfew"
1956–1957 Schlitz Playhouse of Stars Angela O'Neill; Lynn Howell 2 episodes: "Date for Tomorrow" as Angela O'Neill; "Dual Control" as Lynn Howell
1957 Matinee Theatre Joanna Marshall 2 episodes: " - "Letter to a Stranger"; "Laugh a Little Tear"
Wagon Train Mokai 1 episode: "The Charles Avery Story"
Suspicion Gina 1 episode: "The Flight"
1958 Alfred Hitchcock Presents Therese 1 episode: "The Return of the Hero"
1960 Playhouse 90 Rachel Heller 1 episode: "In the Presence of Mine Enemies"
1961 The DuPont Show with June Allyson Clare Anderson 1 episode: "The Guilty Heart"
Hong Kong Elena 1 episode: "The Innocent Exile"
1961–1963 Route 66 Katy Webster; Midge Pierrepont 2 episodes: "The Quick and the Dead" as Katy Webster; "But What Do You Do in March" as Midge Pierrepont
1962 Checkmate Vicki Angelo 1 episode: "Down the Gardenia Path"
The Dick Powell Show Miriam Marks 1 episode: "Tomorrow, the Man"
1963 The Doctors and the Nurses Terry Collins 1 episode: "Root of Violence"
Going My Way Elaine Brady 1 episode: "One Small Unhappy Family"
Temple Houston Ellena Romolo 1 episode: "Toll the Bell Slowly"
1964 Rawhide Abbie Bartlett 1 episode: "Incident at Ten Trees"
Channing Rena 1 episode: "A Bang and a Whimper"
Awards and nominations[edit]
Year
Award
Result
Category
Film
1959 Academy Award Nominated Best Supporting Actress Imitation of Life
1959 Golden Globe Award Won Most Promising Newcomer - Female -
1959 Best Supporting Actress Imitation of Life
1962 Nominated Best Supporting Actress Freud: The Secret Passion
1958 Laurel Awards Nominated Top New Female Personality -
1959 2nd Place Top Female New Personality -
See also[edit]
John Weitz
Chris Weitz
Paul Weitz
Lupita Tovar
Paul Kohner
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Schumach, Murray (23 February 1960). "Academy Names Oscar Finalists". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Horyn, Cathy (20 February 2000). "Legacy; Growing up Weitz". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Kelley, Tina (4 October 2002). "John Weitz, 79, Fashion Designer Turned Historian, Dies". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Yarrow, Andrew (19 March 1988). "Paul Kohner, Hollywood Agent And Film Producer, Is Dead at 85". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Pfefferman, Naomi (13 March 2003). "About Two Boys: Late fashion designer John Weitz inspires his Academy Award-nominated sons, Paul and Chris". Jewish Journal. Retrieved 23 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Susan Kohner mentioned in the record of John H Weitz and Susan Kohner". FamilySearch. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Atkinson, Brooks (15 April 1958). "Theatre: On Wickedness". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Zolotow, Sam (10 December 1957). "Sponsor Collars 'Man in Dog Suit'". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Wilson, Earl (6 January 1963). "Earl Wilson Reports: Susan Kohner Favors Elders". Daytona Beach Morning Journal. Retrieved 25 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "Vancouver Festival Books Nichols and Susan KohnerVancouve". The New York Times. 10 April 1963. Retrieved 25 September 2015.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Susan Kohner.
Susan Kohner on IMDb
Susan Kohner at the Internet Broadway Database
Susan Kohner at Internet Off-Broadway Database
Susan Kohner at AllMovie
[show]
v
t
e
Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture
Katina Paxinou (1943)
Agnes Moorehead (1944)
Angela Lansbury (1945)
Anne Baxter (1946)
Celeste Holm (1947)
Ellen Corby (1948)
Mercedes McCambridge (1949)
Josephine Hull (1950)
Kim Hunter (1951)
Katy Jurado (1952)
Grace Kelly (1953)
Jan Sterling (1954)
Marisa Pavan (1955)
Eileen Heckart (1956)
Elsa Lanchester (1957)
Hermione Gingold (1958)
Susan Kohner (1959)
Janet Leigh (1960)
Rita Moreno (1961)
Angela Lansbury (1962)
Margaret Rutherford (1963)
Agnes Moorehead (1964)
Ruth Gordon (1965)
Jocelyne LaGarde (1966)
Carol Channing (1967)
Ruth Gordon (1968)
Goldie Hawn (1969)
Karen Black/Maureen Stapleton (1970)
Ann-Margret (1971)
Shelley Winters (1972)
Linda Blair (1973)
Karen Black (1974)
Brenda Vaccaro (1975)
Katharine Ross (1976)
Vanessa Redgrave (1977)
Dyan Cannon (1978)
Meryl Streep (1979)
Mary Steenburgen (1980)
Joan Hackett (1981)
Jessica Lange (1982)
Cher (1983)
Peggy Ashcroft (1984)
Meg Tilly (1985)
Maggie Smith (1986)
Olympia Dukakis (1987)
Sigourney Weaver (1988)
Julia Roberts (1989)
Whoopi Goldberg (1990)
Mercedes Ruehl (1991)
Joan Plowright (1992)
Winona Ryder (1993)
Dianne Wiest (1994)
Mira Sorvino (1995)
Lauren Bacall (1996)
Kim Basinger (1997)
Lynn Redgrave (1998)
Angelina Jolie (1999)
Kate Hudson (2000)
Jennifer Connelly (2001)
Meryl Streep (2002)
Renée Zellweger (2003)
Natalie Portman (2004)
Rachel Weisz (2005)
Jennifer Hudson (2006)
Cate Blanchett (2007)
Kate Winslet (2008)
Mo'Nique (2009)
Melissa Leo (2010)
Octavia Spencer (2011)
Anne Hathaway (2012)
Jennifer Lawrence (2013)
Patricia Arquette (2014)
Kate Winslet (2015)
Viola Davis (2016)
Allison Janney (2017)
[show]
v
t
e
Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year – Actress
Lois Maxwell (1948)
Mercedes McCambridge (1950)
Pier Angeli (1952)
Colette Marchand (1953)
Pat Crowley, Bella Darvi, Barbara Rush (1954)
Karen Sharpe, Kim Novak, Shirley MacLaine (1955)
Anita Ekberg, Victoria Shaw, Dana Wynter (1956)
Carroll Baker, Jayne Mansfield, Natalie Wood (1957)
Carolyn Jones, Diane Varsi, Sandra Dee (1958)
Linda Cristal, Susan Kohner, Tina Louise (1959)
Janet Munro, Tuesday Weld, Angie Dickinson, Stella Stevens (1960)
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9½ Weeks
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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9½ Weeks
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Adrian Lyne
Produced by
Mark Damon
Sidney Kimmel
Zalman King
Antony Rufus-Isaacs
Screenplay by
Sarah Kernochan
Zalman King
Patricia Louisanna Knop
Based on
9½ Weeks
by Ingeborg Day
Starring
Kim Basinger
Mickey Rourke
Music by
Jack Nitzsche
Cinematography
Peter Biziou
Edited by
Caroline Biggerstaff
Ed Hansen
Tom Rolf
Mark Winitsky
Production
company
Galactic Films
Jonesfilm
Producers Sales Organization
Triple Ajaxxx
Distributed by
MGM/UA Entertainment Company
Release date
February 21, 1986 (1986-02-21)
Running time
117 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Spanish
Budget
$17 million
Box office
$100 million[2]
9½ Weeks (originally titled Nine ½ Weeks) is a 1986 American erotic romantic drama film directed by Adrian Lyne with a screenplay by Sarah Kernochan, Zalman King, and Patricia Louisanna Knop. The film is based on the 1978 memoir of the same name by Austrian-American author Ingeborg Day. It stars Kim Basinger as Elizabeth McGraw and Mickey Rourke as John Gray. McGraw is a New York City art gallery employee who has a brief yet intense affair with a mysterious Wall Street broker. The film was completed in 1984, but not released until February 1986.
Considered too explicit by its American distributor, and cut for U.S. release, the film was a box office bomb in the U.S, grossing only $6.7 million at the box office[3] on a $17 million budget. It also received mixed reviews at the time of its release. However it became a huge success internationally in its unedited version, particularly in Australia, Canada, France, Germany, and the United Kingdom, making $100 million worldwide.[2] It has also acquired a large fanbase on video and DVD and has developed a cult following.[4]
The film spawned a direct-to-video sequel, Another 9½ Weeks (1997) and a direct-to-video prequel The First 9½ Weeks (1998).
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Release
3.1 Critical reception
3.2 Accolades
4 Music
5 Home media
6 Derivative works
6.1 Sequel and prequel
6.2 Parody
7 Cultural impact
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Plot[edit]
The title of the film refers to the duration of a relationship between Wall Street arbitrageur John Gray and divorced SoHo art gallery employee Elizabeth McGraw in her early 30s. John initiates and controls the various experimental sexual practices of this volatile relationship to push Elizabeth's boundaries. In doing so, Elizabeth experiences a gradual downward spiral toward emotional breakdown.
Elizabeth first sees John in New York City where she grocery shops and again at a street market where she decides against buying an expensive scarf. John wins her heart when he eventually produces that scarf. They start dating, and Elizabeth is increasingly subjected to John's behavioral peculiarities; he blindfolds Elizabeth, who is at first reluctant to comply with his sexual demands, but eventually surrenders to them. He gives her an expensive gold watch, and instructs her to use it to think about him at noon. She takes this imperative even further by masturbating at her workplace at the designated time. However, he confuses Elizabeth with his reluctance to meet her friends.
Elizabeth's confusion about John increases when he leaves her alone at his apartment. She examines his closet until she discovers a photograph of him with another woman. John asks her if she went through his things, declaring that he will punish her. Their ensuing altercation escalates into sexual assault until she blissfully concedes to his struggle to overpower her. Their sexual intensity grows as they start having sex in public places.
Elizabeth's heightened need for psychosexual stimulation drives her to stalk John to his office and to obey his injunction to crossdress for a rendezvous. On leaving the establishment, two men hurl a homophobic slur when they mistake John and Elizabeth for a gay couple. A fight ensues. Elizabeth picks up a knife from one of the attackers and stabs one of them in the buttocks and both attackers flee. After the fight, Elizabeth reveals a wet tank-top and has sex onsite with John with intensely visceral passion. Following this encounter, John's sexual games acquire sadomasochistic elements.
Rather than satisfying or empowering Elizabeth, such experiences intensify her emotional vulnerability. While meeting at a hotel room, John blindfolds her. A prostitute starts caressing Elizabeth as John observes them. The prostitute removes Elizabeth's blindfold and starts working on John. Elizabeth violently intervenes, and flees the hotel, with John pursuing her. They run until they find themselves in an adult entertainment venue. Moments later, John and Elizabeth gravitate towards each other, finding themselves interlocked in each other's seemingly inescapable embrace.
The following morning, John senses that he will never see her again. He attempts to share with her details about his life. Elizabeth tells him that it is too late as she leaves the apartment. John begins his mental countdown to 50, hoping she will come back by the time he is finished.
Cast[edit]
Mickey Rourke and Kim Basinger.
Kim Basinger as Elizabeth McGraw
Mickey Rourke as John Gray
Margaret Whitton as Molly
David Margulies as Harvey
Christine Baranski as Thea
Karen Young as Sue
William DeAcutis as Ted
Dwight Weist as Farnsworth
Roderick Cook as Sinclair
Victor Truro as Gallery Client
Release[edit]
Critical reception[edit]
9½ Weeks has a 64% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 22 reviews.[5]
The film was championed by some critics. Roger Ebert praised the film, giving it three and a half stars out of four, stating: "A lot of the success of 9½ Weeks is because Rourke and Basinger make the characters and their relationship convincing." He further elaborated by saying that their relationship was believable, and unlike many other characters in other erotic films at that time, the characters in this movie are much more real and human.[6]
Over time, some critics have warmed to the film and audiences gave it somewhat of a legacy thanks to its success in the rental market. It performed very well in Europe, particularly in Italy, France and also in Latin America. Its success in France was so strong that it played for five years at a Paris cinema, earning approximately $100 million.[7] In São Paulo, Brazil, it played for 30 months in the cult movie house Cine Belas Artes from 1986 to 1989.[8]
Accolades[edit]
The film was nominated for three categories at the 1986 Golden Raspberry Awards, Worst Actress (Kim Basinger, who lost to Madonna for Shanghai Surprise), Worst Original Song ("I Do What I Do" by Jonathan Elias, John Taylor, Michael Des Barres, which lost to "Love or Money" from Under the Cherry Moon), and Worst Screenplay (Patricia Louisiana Knop, Zalman King, Sarah Kernochan, which lost to Howard the Duck). The film gained a huge following on home video, and regardless of its reception, both Basinger and Rourke became huge stars.
The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:
2002: AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions – Nominated[9]
Music[edit]
The main single released from the 9½ Weeks: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was "I Do What I Do", performed by Duran Duran bass guitarist John Taylor, giving his first solo singing performance during a hiatus in Duran Duran's career. The song reached #23 on the Billboard Hot 100 and #42 on the UK Singles Chart. Music for the score was composed by Taylor and Jonathan Elias. Original music for the movie was also written by Jack Nitzsche, but his compositions are not included on the soundtrack.
The soundtrack also included tracks from Luba, Bryan Ferry, Dalbello, Corey Hart, Joe Cocker, Devo, Eurythmics and Stewart Copeland. Winston Grennan's reggae "Savior" as well as Jean Michel Jarre's "Arpegiator", played during the sex scene on the stairs in the rain, were not included on the record.
Home media[edit]
In 1998, Warner Bros. released an "uncut, uncensored version" on DVD that was 117 minutes.[10] The film was released on the Blu-ray format in the United States on March 6, 2012.
Derivative works[edit]
Sequel and prequel[edit]
In 1997, a sequel was released via direct-to-video called Another 9½ Weeks, starring Rourke and Angie Everhart and directed by Anne Goursaud.
In 1998, a second straight-to-video film was released, this one a prequel called The First 9½ Weeks that starred Paul Mercurio and Clara Bellar.
Parody[edit]
A parody of the original film, 9½ Ninjas!, was released in 1991.[11]
Cultural impact[edit]
The film was the inspiration behind K-pop singer Sunmi’s 2018 release "Heroine".[12]
See also[edit]
Film portal
Sex in film
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "NINE 1/2 WEEKS (18)". British Board of Film Classification. February 17, 1986. Retrieved February 2, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Martin, Douglas (February 8, 2012). "Zalman King, Creator of Soft-Core Films, Dies at 70". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ "9 1/2 Weeks (1986)". Box Office Mojo. Internet Movie Database. Retrieved February 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ Rabin, Nathan (2002-04-04). "Another 9½ Weeks". The A.V. Club. Retrieved 2009-01-12.
Jump up ^ 9½ Weeks at Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2009-05-10.
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger (1986-02-21). "9½ Weeks". Rogerebert.suntimes.com. Retrieved 2010-07-11.
Jump up ^ "9 1/2 Weeks: the original Fifty Shades of Grey". thetelegraph.uk. February 13, 2015. Retrieved November 5, 2015.
Jump up ^ "'Medos Privados em Lugares Públicos' completa três anos em cartaz". abril.com.br.
Jump up ^ "AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions Nominees" (PDF). Retrieved 2016-08-19.
Jump up ^ "9 1/2 Weeks". Movie-Censorship.com. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "9 ½ Ninjas!". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ "Sunmi explains she was inspired to write 'Heroine' after watching a movie". Allkpop.
Briggs, Joe Bob (2005). Profoundly Erotic: Sexy Movies that Changed History. New York: Rizzoli. ISBN 0-7893-1314-6.
External links[edit]
9½ Weeks on IMDb
9½ Weeks at AllMovie
9½ Weeks at Rotten Tomatoes
9½ Weeks at Box Office Mojo
hide
v
t
e
Films directed by Adrian Lyne
The Table (1973)
Mr Smith (1976)
Foxes (1980)
Flashdance (1983)
9½ Weeks (1986)
Fatal Attraction (1987)
Jacob's Ladder (1990)
Indecent Proposal (1993)
Lolita (1997)
Unfaithful (2002)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=9½_Weeks&oldid=844661344"
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