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Beach
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For other uses, see Beach (disambiguation).
"Sand beach" redirects here. For other uses, see Sand Beach (disambiguation).
A sand and shingle beach
Golden Beach, an artificial beach in Hong Kong
Mekong beach in Si Phan Don, Laos
A beach is a landform alongside a body of water which consists of loose particles. The particles composing a beach are typically made from rock, such as sand, gravel, shingle, pebbles, or cobblestones. The particles can also be biological in origin, such as mollusc shells or coralline algae.
Some beaches have man-made infrastructure, such as lifeguard posts, changing rooms, and showers. They may also have hospitality venues (such as resorts, camps, hotels, and restaurants) nearby. Wild beaches, also known as undeveloped or undiscovered beaches, are not developed in this manner. Wild beaches can be valued for their untouched beauty and preserved nature.
Beaches typically occur in areas along the coast where wave or current action deposits and reworks sediments.
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 Beaches and recreation
2.1 History
2.1.1 Seaside resorts for the working class
2.1.2 Expansion around the world
2.2 Today
2.3 Artificial beaches
2.4 Restrictions on access
2.4.1 Private beaches
2.4.2 Public beaches
3 Beach formation
4 Beach erosion and accretion
4.1 Natural erosion and accretion
4.1.1 Causes
4.1.2 Effects on flora
4.1.3 Effects on adjacent land
4.2 Manmade erosion and accretion
4.2.1 Destruction of flora
4.2.2 Creation of beach access points
4.2.3 Concentration of runoff
4.2.4 Deprivation of runoff
4.2.5 Inappropriate beach nourishment
5 Beach access design
5.1 Concrete ramp or steps
5.2 Corduroy (beach ladder)
5.3 Fabric ramp
5.4 Foliage ramp
5.5 Gravel ramp
6 Longest beaches
7 Beach wildlife
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
Overview[edit]
The four sections of most beaches.
Swash zone: is alternately covered and exposed by wave run-up.
Beach face: sloping section below berm that is exposed to the swash of the waves.
Wrack line: the highest reach of the daily tide where organic and inorganic debris is deposited by wave action.
Berm: Nearly horizontal portion that stays dry except during extremely high tides and storms. May have sand dunes.
Although the seashore is most commonly associated with the word beach, beaches are also found by lakes and alongside large rivers.
Beach may refer to:
small systems where rock material moves onshore, offshore, or alongshore by the forces of waves and currents; or
geological units of considerable size.
The former are described in detail below; the larger geological units are discussed elsewhere under bars.
There are several conspicuous parts to a beach that relate to the processes that form and shape it. The part mostly above water (depending upon tide), and more or less actively influenced by the waves at some point in the tide, is termed the beach berm. The berm is the deposit of material comprising the active shoreline. The berm has a crest (top) and a face—the latter being the slope leading down towards the water from the crest. At the very bottom of the face, there may be a trough, and further seaward one or more long shore bars: slightly raised, underwater embankments formed where the waves first start to break.
The sand deposit may extend well inland from the berm crest, where there may be evidence of one or more older crests (the storm beach) resulting from very large storm waves and beyond the influence of the normal waves. At some point the influence of the waves (even storm waves) on the material comprising the beach stops, and if the particles are small enough (sand size or smaller), winds shape the feature. Where wind is the force distributing the grains inland, the deposit behind the beach becomes a dune.
These geomorphic features compose what is called the beach profile. The beach profile changes seasonally due to the change in wave energy experienced during summer and winter months. In temperate areas where summer is characterised by calmer seas and longer periods between breaking wave crests, the beach profile is higher in summer. The gentle wave action during this season tends to transport sediment up the beach towards the berm where it is deposited and remains while the water recedes. Onshore winds carry it further inland forming and enhancing dunes.
Conversely, the beach profile is lower in the storm season (winter in temperate areas) due to the increased wave energy, and the shorter periods between breaking wave crests. Higher energy waves breaking in quick succession tend to mobilise sediment from the shallows, keeping it in suspension where it is prone to be carried along the beach by longshore currents, or carried out to sea to form longshore bars, especially if the longshore current meets an outflow from a river or flooding stream. The removal of sediment from the beach berm and dune thus decreases the beach profile.
In tropical areas, the storm season tends to be during the summer months, with calmer weather commonly associated with the winter season.
If storms coincide with unusually high tides, or with a freak wave event such as a tidal surge or tsunami which causes significant coastal flooding, substantial quantities of material may be eroded from the coastal plain or dunes behind the berm by receding water. This flow may alter the shape of the coastline, enlarge the mouths of rivers and create new deltas at the mouths of streams that had not been powerful enough to overcome longshore movement of sediment.
The line between beach and dune is difficult to define in the field. Over any significant period of time, sediment is always being exchanged between them. The drift line (the high point of material deposited by waves) is one potential demarcation. This would be the point at which significant wind movement of sand could occur, since the normal waves do not wet the sand beyond this area. However, the drift line is likely to move inland under assault by storm waves.[1]
Beaches and recreation[edit]
History[edit]
A popular Victorian seaside resort. Llandudno, 1856
Brighton, The Front and the Chain Pier Seen in the Distance, early 19th century
The development of the beach as a popular leisure resort from the mid-19th century was the first manifestation of what is now the global tourist industry. The first seaside resorts were opened in the 18th century for the aristocracy, who began to frequent the seaside as well as the then fashionable spa towns, for recreation and health.[2] One of the earliest such seaside resorts, was Scarborough in Yorkshire during the 1720s; it had been a fashionable spa town since a stream of acidic water was discovered running from one of the cliffs to the south of the town in the 17th century.[2] The first rolling bathing machines were introduced by 1735.
The opening of the resort in Brighton and its reception of royal patronage from King George IV, extended the seaside as a resort for health and pleasure to the much larger London market, and the beach became a centre for upper-class pleasure and frivolity. This trend was praised and artistically elevated by the new romantic ideal of the picturesque landscape; Jane Austen's unfinished novel Sanditon is an example of that. Later, Queen Victoria's long-standing patronage of the Isle of Wight and Ramsgate in Kent ensured that a seaside residence was considered as a highly fashionable possession for those wealthy enough to afford more than one home.
Seaside resorts for the working class[edit]
Blackpool Promenade c. 1898
The extension of this form of leisure to the middle and working class began with the development of the railways in the 1840s, which offered cheap and affordable fares to fast growing resort towns. In particular, the completion of a branch line to the small seaside town Blackpool from Poultron led to a sustained economic and demographic boom. A sudden influx of visitors, arriving by rail, provided the motivation for entrepreneurs to build accommodation and create new attractions, leading to more visitors and a rapid cycle of growth throughout the 1850s and 1860s.[3]
The growth was intensified by the practice among the Lancashire cotton mill owners of closing the factories for a week every year to service and repair machinery. These became known as wakes weeks. Each town's mills would close for a different week, allowing Blackpool to manage a steady and reliable stream of visitors over a prolonged period in the summer. A prominent feature of the resort was the promenade and the pleasure piers, where an eclectic variety of performances vied for the people's attention. In 1863, the North Pier in Blackpool was completed, rapidly becoming a centre of attraction for elite visitors. Central Pier was completed in 1868, with a theatre and a large open-air dance floor.[4]
Many of the popular beach resorts were equipped with bathing machines because even the all-covering beachwear of the period was considered immodest. By the end of the century the English coastline had over 100 large resort towns, some with populations exceeding 50,000.[5]
Expansion around the world[edit]
Seaside facade at Monte Carlo, 1870s
The development of the seaside resort abroad was stimulated by the well developed English love of the beach. The French Riviera alongside the Mediterranean had already become a popular destination for the British upper class by the end of the 18th century. In 1864, the first railway to Nice was completed, making the Riviera accessible to visitors from all over Europe. By 1874, residents of foreign enclaves in Nice, most of whom were British, numbered 25,000. The coastline became renowned for attracting the royalty of Europe, including Queen Victoria and King Edward VII.[6]
Continental European attitudes towards gambling and nakedness tended to be more lax than in Britain, so British and French entrepreneurs were quick to exploit the possibilities. In 1863, the Prince of Monaco, Charles III and François Blanc, a French businessman, arranged for steamships and carriages to take visitors from Nice to Monaco, where large luxury hotels, gardens and casinos were built. The place was renamed Monte Carlo.
Commercial sea bathing spread to the United States and parts of the British Empire by the end of the 19th century. By the late 1890s, Henry Flagler developed the Florida East Coast Railway, which linked the coastal sea resorts developing at St. Augustine, FL and Miami Beach, FL, to winter travelers from the northern United States and Canada on the East Coast Railway. By the early 20th century surfing was developed in Hawaii and Australia, and then moving to southern California by the early 1960s. By the 1970s cheap and affordable air travel was the catalyst for the growth of a truly global tourism market which benefited areas such as the Mediterranean, Australia, South Africa, and the coastal Sun Belt regions of the United States.
Today[edit]
Summer
Joaquín Sorolla (1904)
Children walking on a beach
Beaches can be popular on warm sunny days. In the Victorian era, many popular beach resorts were equipped with bathing machines because even the all-covering beachwear of the period was considered immodest. This social standard still prevails in many Muslim countries. At the other end of the spectrum are topfree beaches and nude beaches where clothing is optional or not allowed. In most countries social norms are significantly different on a beach in hot weather, compared to adjacent areas where similar behavior might not be tolerated and might even be prosecuted.
In more than thirty countries in Europe, South Africa, New Zealand, Canada, Costa Rica, South America and the Caribbean, the best recreational beaches are awarded Blue Flag status, based on such criteria as water quality and safety provision. Subsequent loss of this status can have a severe effect on tourism revenues.
Beaches are often dumping grounds for waste and litter, necessitating the use of beach cleaners and other cleanup projects. More significantly, many beaches are a discharge zone for untreated sewage in most underdeveloped countries; even in developed countries beach closure is an occasional circumstance due to sanitary sewer overflow. In these cases of marine discharge, waterborne disease from fecal pathogens and contamination of certain marine species are a frequent outcome.
Artificial beaches[edit]
Some beaches are artificial; they are either permanent or temporary (For examples see Monaco, Paris, Copenhagen, Rotterdam, Nottingham, Toronto, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Tianjin).
The soothing qualities of a beach and the pleasant environment offered to the beachgoer are replicated in artificial beaches, such as "beach style" pools with zero-depth entry and wave pools that recreate the natural waves pounding upon a beach. In a zero-depth entry pool, the bottom surface slopes gradually from above water down to depth. Another approach involves so-called urban beaches, a form of public park becoming common in large cities. Urban beaches attempt to mimic natural beaches with fountains that imitate surf and mask city noises, and in some cases can be used as a play park.
Beach nourishment involves pumping sand onto beaches to improve their health. Beach nourishment is common for major beach cities around the world; however the beaches that have been nourished can still appear quite natural and often many visitors are unaware of the works undertaken to support the health of the beach. Such beaches are often not recognized by consumers as artificial. A famous example of beach nourishment came with the replenishment of Waikīkī Beach in Honolulu, Hawaii, where sand from Manhattan Beach, California was transported via ship and barge throughout most of the 20th century in order to combat Waikiki's erosion problems. The Surfrider Foundation has debated the merits of artificial reefs with members torn between their desire to support natural coastal environments and opportunities to enhance the quality of surfing waves. Similar debates surround beach nourishment and snow cannon in sensitive environments.
Restrictions on access[edit]
Public access to beaches is restricted in some parts of the world.[7][8] For example, most beaches on the Jersey Shore are restricted to people who can purchase beach tags.[9] Some beaches also restrict dogs for some periods of the year.[10]
Private beaches[edit]
Also, private beaches such as those along the shores, may belong to the neighborhood association nearby. Signs are usually posted the entrance. A permit or special use occasion event may be granted upon executing the proper channels to legally obtain one.
Public beaches[edit]
Public access to beaches is protected by law in the U.S. State of Oregon, thanks to a 1967 state law, the Oregon Beach Bill, which guaranteed public access from the Columbia River to the California state line, "so that the public may have the free and uninterrupted use".[11]
Beach formation[edit]
Quartz sand particles and shell fragments from a beach. The primary component of typical beach sand is quartz, or silica (SiO2).
Sand and shingle is scoured, graded and moved around by the action of waves and currents
See also: Beach evolution
Beaches are the result of wave action by which waves or currents move sand or other loose sediments of which the beach is made as these particles are held in suspension. Alternatively, sand may be moved by saltation (a bouncing movement of large particles).
Beach materials come from erosion of rocks offshore, as well as from headland erosion and slumping producing deposits of scree. Some of the whitest sand in the world, along Florida's Emerald Coast, comes from the erosion of quartz in the Appalachian Mountains.
A coral reef offshore is a significant source of sand particles. Some species of fish that feed on algae attached to coral outcrops and rocks can create substantial quantities of sand particles over their lifetime as they nibble during feeding, digesting the organic matter, and discarding the rock and coral particles which pass through their digestive tracts.
The composition of the beach depends upon the nature and quantity of sediments upstream of the beach, and the speed of flow and turbidity of water and wind.
Sediments are moved by moving water and wind according to their particle size and state of compaction. Particles tend to settle and compact in still water. Once compacted, they are more resistant to erosion. Established vegetation (especially species with complex network root systems) will resist erosion by slowing the fluid flow at the surface layer.
When affected by moving water or wind, particles that are eroded and held in suspension will increase the erosive power of the fluid that holds them by increasing the average density, viscosity and volume of the moving fluid.
The nature of sediments found on a beach tends to indicate the energy of the waves and wind in the locality. Coastlines facing very energetic wind and wave systems will tend to hold only large rocks as smaller particles will be held in suspension in the turbid water column and carried to calmer areas by longshore currents and tides. Coastlines that are protected from waves and winds will tend to allow finer sediments such as clays and mud to precipitate creating mud flats and mangrove forests.
The shape of a beach depends on whether the waves are constructive or destructive, and whether the material is sand or shingle.
Waves are constructive if the period between their wave crests is long enough for the breaking water to recede and the sediment to settle before the succeeding wave arrives and breaks. Fine sediment transported from lower down the beach profile will compact if the receding water percolates or soaks into the beach. Compacted sediment is more resistant to movement by turbulent water from succeeding waves.
Conversely, waves are destructive if the period between the wave crests is short. Sediment that remains in suspension when the following wave crest arrives will not be able to settle and compact and will be more susceptible to erosion by longshore currents and receding tides.
Constructive waves move material up the beach while destructive waves move the material down the beach. During seasons when destructive waves are prevalent, the shallows will carry an increased load of sediment and organic matter in suspension.
On sandy beaches, the turbulent backwash of destructive waves removes material forming a gently sloping beach. On pebble and shingle beaches the swash is dissipated more quickly because the large particle size allows greater percolation, thereby reducing the power of the backwash, and the beach remains steep.
Compacted fine sediments will form a smooth beach surface that resists wind and water erosion. During hot calm seasons, a crust may form on the surface of ocean beaches as the heat of the sun evaporates the water leaving the salt which crystallises around the sand particles. This crust forms an additional protective layer that resists wind erosion unless disturbed by animals, or dissolved by the advancing tide.
Cusps and horns form where incoming waves divide, depositing sand as horns and scouring out sand to form cusps. This forms the uneven face on some sand shorelines.
Beach erosion and accretion[edit]
Natural erosion and accretion[edit]
Playing in the surf is a favourite activity for many people
Beach in the Galápagos Islands reserved for marine animals
Causes[edit]
Beaches are changed in shape chiefly by the movement of water and wind. Any weather event that is associated with turbid or fast flowing water, or high winds will erode exposed beaches. Longshore currents will tend to replenish beach sediments and repair storm damage. Tidal waterways generally change the shape of their adjacent beaches by small degrees with every tidal cycle. Over time these changes can become substantial leading to significant changes in the size and location of the beach.
Effects on flora[edit]
Changes in the shape of the beach may undermine the roots of large trees and other flora. Many beach adapted species (such as coconut palms) have a fine root system and large root ball which tends to withstand wave and wind action and tends to stabilize beaches better than other trees with a lesser root ball.
Effects on adjacent land[edit]
Erosion of beaches can expose less resilient soils and rocks to wind and wave action leading to undermining of coastal headlands eventually resulting in catastrophic collapse of large quantities of overburden into the shallows. This material may be distributed along the beach front leading to a change in the habitat as sea grasses and corals in the shallows may be buried or deprived of light and nutrients.
Manmade erosion and accretion[edit]
Coastal areas settled by man inevitably become subject to the effects of man-made structures and processes. Over long periods of time these influences may substantially alter the shape of the coastline, and the character of the beach.
Destruction of flora[edit]
Beach front flora plays a major role in stabilizing the foredunes and preventing beach head erosion and inland movement of dunes. If flora with network root systems (creepers, grasses and palms) are able to become established, they provide an effective coastal defense as they trap sand particles and rainwater and enrich the surface layer of the dunes, allowing other plant species to become established. They also protect the berm from erosion by high winds, freak waves and subsiding flood waters.
Over long periods of time, well stabilized foreshore areas will tend to accrete, while unstabilized foreshores will tend to erode, leading to substantial changes in the shape of the coastline. These changes usually occur over periods of many years. Freak wave events such as tsunami, tidal waves, and storm surges may substantially alter the shape, profile and location of a beach within hours.
Destruction of flora on the berm by the use of herbicides, excessive pedestrian or vehicle traffic, or disruption to fresh water flows may lead to erosion of the berm and dunes. While the destruction of flora may be a gradual process that is imperceptible to regular beach users, it often becomes immediately apparent after storms associated with high winds and freak wave events that can rapidly move large volumes of exposed and unstable sand, depositing them further inland, or carrying them out into the permanent water forming offshore bars, lagoons or increasing the area of the beach exposed at low tide. Large and rapid movements of exposed sand can bury and smother flora in adjacent areas, aggravating the loss of habitat for fauna, and enlarging the area of instability. If there is an adequate supply of sand, and weather conditions do not allow vegetation to recover and stabilize the sediment, wind-blown sand can continue to advance, engulfing and permanently altering downwind landscapes.
Sediment moved by waves or receding flood waters can be deposited in coastal shallows, engulfing reed beds and changing the character of underwater flora and fauna in the coastal shallows.
Hidden beach in southern Croatia
Burning or clearance of vegetation on the land adjacent to the beach head, for farming and residential development, changes the surface wind patterns, and exposes the surface of the beach to wind erosion.
Farming and residential development are also commonly associated with changes in local surface water flows. If these flows are concentrated in storm water drains emptying onto the beach head, they may erode the beach creating a lagoon or delta.
Dense vegetation tends to absorb rainfall reducing the speed of runoff and releasing it over longer periods of time. Destruction by burning or clearance of the natural vegetation tends to increase the speed and erosive power of runoff from rainfall. This runoff will tend to carry more silt and organic matter from the land onto the beach and into the sea. If the flow is constant, runoff from cleared land arriving at the beach head will tend to deposit this material into the sand changing its color, odor and fauna.
Creation of beach access points[edit]
The concentration of pedestrian and vehicular traffic accessing the beach for recreational purposes may cause increased erosion at the access points if measures are not taken to stabilize the beach surface above high-water mark. Recognition of the dangers of loss of beach front flora has caused many local authorities responsible for managing coastal areas to restrict beach access points by physical structures or legal sanctions, and fence off foredunes in an effort to protect the flora. These measures are often associated with the construction of structures at these access points to allow traffic to pass over or through the dunes without causing further damage.
Concentration of runoff[edit]
Beaches provide a filter for runoff from the coastal plain. If the runoff is naturally dispersed along the beach, water borne silt and organic matter will be retained on the land and will feed the flora in the coastal area. Runoff that is dispersed along the beach will tend to percolate through the beach and may emerge from the beach at low tide.
The retention of the fresh water may also help to maintain underground water reserves and will resist salt water incursion. If the surface flow of the runoff is diverted and concentrated by drains that create constant flows over the beach above the sea or river level, the beach will be eroded and ultimately form an inlet unless longshore flows deposit sediments to repair the breach.
Once eroded, an inlet may allow tidal inflows of salt water to pollute areas inland from the beach and may also affect the quality of underground water supplies and the height of the water table.
Deprivation of runoff[edit]
Some flora naturally occurring on the beach head requires fresh water runoff from the land. Diversion of fresh water runoff into drains may deprive these plants of their water supplies and allow sea water incursion, increasing the saltiness of the ground water. Species that are not able to survive in salt water may die and be replaced by mangroves or other species adapted to salty environments.
Inappropriate beach nourishment[edit]
Beach nourishment is the importing and deposition of sand or other sediments in an effort to restore a beach that has been damaged by erosion. Beach nourishment often involves excavation of sediments from riverbeds or sand quarries. This excavated sediment may be substantially different in size and appearance to the naturally occurring beach sand.
In extreme cases, beach nourishment may involve placement of large pebbles or rocks in an effort to permanently restore a shoreline subject to constant erosion and loss of foreshore. This is often required where the flow of new sediment caused by the longshore current has been disrupted by construction of harbors, breakwaters, causeways or boat ramps, creating new current flows that scour the sand from behind these structures, and deprive the beach of restorative sediments. If the causes of the erosion are not addressed, beach nourishment can become a necessary and permanent feature of beach maintenance.
During beach nourishment activities, care must be taken to place new sediments so that the new sediments compact and stabilize before aggressive wave or wind action can erode them. Material that is concentrated too far down the beach may form a temporary groyne that will encourage scouring behind it. Sediments that are too fine or too light may be eroded before they have compacted or been integrated into the established vegetation. Foreign unwashed sediments may introduce flora or fauna that are not usually found in that locality.
Brighton Beach, on the south coast of England, is a shingle beach that has been nourished with very large pebbles in an effort to withstand erosion of the upper area of the beach. These large pebbles made the beach unwelcoming for pedestrians for a period of time until natural processes integrated the naturally occurring shingle into the pebble base.
Beach access design[edit]
A siren created with sand on a beach
Beach access is an important consideration where substantial numbers of pedestrians or vehicles require access to the beach. Allowing random access across delicate foredunes is seldom considered good practice as it is likely to lead to destruction of flora and consequent erosion of the fore dunes.
A well designed beach access should:
provide a durable surface able to withstand the traffic flow;
aesthetically complement the surrounding structures and natural landforms;
be located in an area that is convenient for users and consistent with safe traffic flows;
be scaled to match the traffic flow (i.e. wide and strong enough to safely carry the size and quantity of pedestrians and vehicles intended to use it);
be maintained appropriately; and
be signed and lit to discourage beach users from creating their own alternative crossings that may be more destructive to the beachhead.
Concrete ramp or steps[edit]
A concrete ramp should follow the natural profile of the beach to prevent it from changing the normal flow of waves, longshore currents, water and wind. A ramp that is below the beach profile will tend to become buried and cease to provide a good surface for vehicular traffic. A ramp or stair that protrudes above the beach profile will tend to disrupt longshore currents creating deposits in front of the ramp, and scouring behind. Concrete ramps are the most expensive vehicular beach accesses to construct requiring use of a quick drying concrete or a coffer dam to protect them from tidal water during the concrete curing process. Concrete is favored where traffic flows are heavy and access is required by vehicles that are not adapted to soft sand (e.g. road registered passenger vehicles and boat trailers). Concrete stairs are commonly favored on beaches adjacent to population centers where beach users may arrive on the beach in street shoes, or where the foreshore roadway is substantially higher than the beach head and a ramp would be too steep for safe use by pedestrians. A composite stair ramp may incorporate a central or side stair with one or more ramps allowing pedestrians to lead buggies or small boat dollies onto the beach without the aid of a powered vehicle or winch. Concrete ramps and steps should be maintained to prevent buildup of moss or algae that may make their wet surfaces slippery and dangerous to pedestrians and vehicles.
Corduroy (beach ladder)[edit]
A corduroy or beach ladder (or board and chain) is an array of planks (usually hardwood or treated timber) laid close together and perpendicular to the direction of traffic flow, and secured at each end by a chain or cable to form a pathway or ramp over the sand dune. Corduroys are cheap and easy to construct and quick to deploy or relocate. They are commonly used for pedestrian access paths and light duty vehicular access ways. They naturally conform to the shape of the underlying beach or dune profile, and adjust well to moderate erosion, especially longshore drift. However, they can cease to be an effective access surface if they become buried or undermined by erosion by surface runoff coming from the beach head. If the corduroy is not wide enough for vehicles using it, the sediment on either side may be displaced creating a spoon drain that accelerates surface run off and can quickly lead to serious erosion. Significant erosion of the sediment beside and under the corduroy can render it completely ineffective and make it dangerous to pedestrian users who may fall between the planks.
Fabric ramp[edit]
Fabric ramps are commonly employed by the military for temporary purposes where the underlying sediment is stable and hard enough to support the weight of the traffic. A sheet of porous fabric is laid over the sand to stabilize the surface and prevent vehicles from bogging. Fabric Ramps usually cease to be useful after one tidal cycle as they are easily washed away, or buried in sediment.
Foliage ramp[edit]
A foliage ramp is formed by planting resilient species of hardy plants such as grasses over a well formed sediment ramp. The plants may be supported while they become established by placement of layers of mesh, netting, or coarse organic material such as vines or branches. This type of ramp is ideally suited for intermittent use by vehicles with a low wheel loading such as dune buggies or agricultural vehicles with large tyres. A foliage ramp should require minimal maintenance if initially formed to follow the beach profile, and not overused.
Gravel ramp[edit]
A gravel ramp is formed by excavating the underlying loose sediment and filling the excavation with layers of gravel of graduated sizes as defined by John Loudon McAdam. The gravel is compacted to form a solid surface according to the needs of the traffic. Gravel ramps are less expensive to construct than concrete ramps and are able to carry heavy road traffic provided the excavation is deep enough to reach solid subsoil. Gravel ramps are subject to erosion by water. If the edges are retained with boards or walls and the profile matches the surrounding beach profile, a gravel ramp may become more stable as finer sediments are deposited by percolating water.
Longest beaches[edit]
Amongst the world's longest beaches are:
Eighty Mile Beach (220 kilometres [140 mi]) in north-west Australia;
Praia do Cassino (212 kilometres [132 mi]) in Brazil;
Ninety Mile Beach, Victoria (151 kilometres [94 mi]) in Victoria, Australia;
Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh (125 kilometres [78 mi] unbroken);
90 Mile Beach in New Zealand (88 kilometres [55 mi]);
Fraser Island beach (about 65 kilometres [40 mi]) in Queensland, Australia;
Troia-Sines Beach (63 kilometres [39 mi]) in Portugal;
the Jersey Shore, 204 km/127 miles; and
Long Beach, Washington (which is about 40 kilometres [25 mi]).
Padre Island beach (about 182 kilometres [113 mi]) in Gulf of Mexico, Texas.
Playa Novillera beach (about 90 kilometres [56 mi]) in Mexico.
Beach wildlife[edit]
Main article: Seashore wildlife
A Kemp's ridley sea turtle nesting on the berm section of the beach, beyond can be seen plant debris in the wrack line.
A beach is an unstable environment that exposes plants and animals to changeable and potentially harsh conditions. Some animals burrow into the sand and feed on material deposited by the waves. Crabs, insects and shorebirds feed on these beach dwellers. The endangered piping plover and some tern species rely on beaches for nesting. Sea turtles also bury their eggs in ocean beaches. Seagrasses and other beach plants grow on undisturbed areas of the beach and dunes.
Ocean beaches are habitats with organisms adapted to salt spray, tidal overwash, and shifting sands. Some of these organisms are found only on beaches. Examples of these beach organisms in the southeast US include plants like sea oats, sea rocket, beach elder, beach morning glory (Ipomoea pes-caprae), and beach peanut, and animals such as mole crabs (Hippoidea), coquina clams (Donax), ghost crabs, and white beach tiger beetles.[1]
See also[edit]
Environment portal
Beach advisory
Beach cleaner
Beach evolution
Coast
List of beaches
Sand art and play
Shore
Strand plain
Urban beach
Beach polo
Beach ball
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Blair and Dawn Witherington (2007), Florida's Living Beaches, A Guide for the Curious Beachcomber, (Pineapple Press)
^ Jump up to: a b J. Christopher Holloway; Neil Taylor (2006). The business of tourism. Pearson Education. p. 29. ISBN 0-273-70161-4.
Jump up ^ "Blackpool History" (PDF). Blackpool Tourist Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-07-05. Retrieved 2007-03-18.
Jump up ^ Andrews et al. 2002, p. 597.
Jump up ^ John K. Walton. "The seaside resort: a British cultural export". Department of Humanities, University of Central Lancashire.
Jump up ^ Michael Nelson, Queen Victoria and the Discovery of the Riviera, Tauris Parke Paperbacks, 2007.
Jump up ^ "?". City of Evanston. Archived from the original on 2 May 2008. Retrieved 13 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "?". City of Evanston. Archived from the original on 4 August 2008. Retrieved 13 September 2010.
Jump up ^ Amodio, Aimee. What are Beach Tags, visitnjshore.com.
Jump up ^ http://www.cornwalllive.com/here-are-the-beaches-where-dogs-are-banned-or-restricted-in-cornwall/story-30258077-detail/story.html
Jump up ^ "Oregon Beach Bill, Oregon Coast". theoregoncoast.info. Retrieved December 13, 2015.
Further reading[edit]
Bascom, W. 1980. Waves and Beaches. Anchor Press/Doubleday, Garden City, New York. 366 p.
Schwartz, Maurice L. (1982). The Encyclopedia of Beaches and Coastal Environments: Volume 15 of Encyclopedia of earth sciences. Virginia: Hutchinson Ross Pub. Co. p. 940. ISBN 0879332131.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Beaches.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Beaches.
Look up beach in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Coping with beach erosion – UNESCO
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text:
List of National Rugby League records
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Australian Rugby League premiership records have been maintained continuously since the first New South Wales Rugby Football League premiership season of 1908, and comprise records from all of the premiership's interceding administrations, the Australian Rugby League, Super League and National Rugby League. First-grade games played between premiership teams are included, but not pre-season warm-up games or Auckland Nines games.
Contents
[hide]
1 Team records
1.1 Premierships
1.1.1 Most consecutive
1.2 Runners Up
1.2.1 Most consecutive
1.3 Minor Premierships
1.3.1 Most consecutive
1.4 Wooden spoons
1.4.1 Most consecutive
1.5 Team wins, losses and draws
1.5.1 Matches played
1.5.2 Most consecutive wins
1.5.3 Most consecutive losses
1.6 Result records
1.6.1 Greatest win margins
1.6.2 Most points scored in a game
1.7 Fewest points scored in a game
1.7.1 Most Points Scored by One Team in a Game
1.7.2 Highest Scores by a Losing Side
1.7.3 Highest Drawn Games Scores
1.8 Best Start to a season
1.9 Undefeated in a season
1.10 Failed To Win a Match in a season
1.11 Most Tries and Goals by a Team in a Grand Final
1.12 Largest winning margin in a Grand Final
1.13 Fewest Points Scored by a Team in a season
1.14 Most Points Conceded by a Team in a season
1.15 Fewest points conceded by a team in a season
1.16 Keeping opposition scoreless: most games in a season
1.17 Biggest comebacks
2 Individual records
2.1 Most games (NRL's '300 Club')
2.1.1 At one club
2.2 Most tries scored
2.2.1 In a career
2.2.2 In a season
2.2.3 In a game
2.3 Most points scored
2.3.1 In a career
2.3.2 In a season
2.3.3 In a game
2.4 Eldest Players
2.5 Youngest Players
3 See also
4 References
Team records[edit]
Premierships[edit]
For a full list of NSWRL/ARL/SL/NRL premiers, see Australian rugby league premiers.
Titles
Club
Seasons
21
South Sydney Rabbitohs 1908, 1909, 1914, 1918, 1925, 1926, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1931, 1932, 1950, 1951, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1967, 1968, 1970, 1971, 2014
15
St. George Dragons 1941, 1949, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1977, 1979
13
Sydney Roosters 1911, 1912, 1913, 1923, 1935, 1936, 1937, 1940, 1945, 1974, 1975, 2002, 2013
11
Balmain Tigers 1915, 1916, 1917, 1919, 1920, 1924, 1939, 1944, 1946, 1947, 1969
8
Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs 1938, 1942, 1980, 1984, 1985, 1988, 1995, 2004
8
Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles 1972, 1973, 1976, 1978, 1987, 1996, 2008, 2011
6
Brisbane Broncos 1992, 1993, 1997SL, 1998, 2000, 2006
4
Western Suburbs Magpies 1930, 1934, 1948, 1952
4
Parramatta Eels 1981, 1982, 1983, 1986
3
Newtown Jets 1910, 1933, 1943
3
Canberra Raiders 1989, 1990, 1994
3
Melbourne Storm 1999, 2007, 2009, 2012, 2017
2
North Sydney Bears 1921, 1922
2
Newcastle Knights 1997ARL, 2001
2
Penrith Panthers 1991, 2003
1
Wests Tigers 2005
1
St. George Illawarra Dragons 2010
1
North Queensland Cowboys 2015
1
Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks 2016
Most consecutive[edit]
11 - St. George (1956 to 1966)
Runners Up[edit]
Tally
Club
Seasons
15
Sydney Roosters 1908, 1919, 1921, 1928, 1931, 1934, 1938, 1941, 1960, 1972, 1980, 2000, 2003, 2004, 2010
13
South Sydney Rabbitohs 1910, 1916, 1917, 1920, 1923, 1924, 1935, 1937, 1939, 1949, 1952, 1965, 1969
12
St. George Dragons 1927, 1930, 1933, 1942, 1946, 1953, 1971, 1975, 1985, 1992, 1993, 1996
11
Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles 1951, 1957, 1959, 1968, 1970, 1982, 1983, 1995, 1997ARL, 2007, 2013
10
Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs 1940, 1947, 1967, 1974, 1979, 1986, 1994, 1998, 2012, 2014
9
Balmain Tigers 1909, 1936, 1945, 1948, 1956, 1964, 1966, 1988, 1989
8
Western Suburbs Magpies 1918, 1925, 1932, 1950, 1958, 1961, 1962, 1963
7
Newtown Jets 1913, 1914, 1929, 1944, 1954, 1955, 1981
5
Parramatta Eels 1976, 1977, 1984, 2001, 2009
4
Glebe 1911, 1912, 1915, 1922
3
Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks 1973, 1978, 1997SL
3
Melbourne Storm 2006, 2008, 2016
2
Canberra Raiders 1987, 1991
2
New Zealand Warriors 2002, 2011
2
North Queensland Cowboys 2005, 2017
1
University 1926
1
North Sydney Bears 1943
1
Penrith Panthers 1990
1
St. George Illawarra Dragons 1999
1
Brisbane Broncos 2015
Most consecutive[edit]
3 - Western Suburbs Magpies (1961 to 1963)
Minor Premierships[edit]
Tally
Club
Seasons
19
Sydney Roosters 1912, 1913, 1923, 1931, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937, 1940, 1941, 1945, 1974, 1975, 1980, 1981, 2004, 2013, 2014, 2015
17
South Sydney Rabbitohs 1908, 1909, 1914, 1918, 1925, 1926, 1927, 1929, 1932, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1953, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1989
15
St. George Dragons 1928, 1946, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1979, 1985
9
Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles 1971, 1972, 1973, 1976, 1983, 1987, 1995, 1996, 1997ARL
7
Balmain Tigers 1915, 1916, 1917, 1919, 1920, 1924, 1939
7
Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs 1938, 1942, 1947, 1984, 1993, 1994, 2012
6
Newtown Jets 1910, 1933, 1943, 1944, 1954, 1955
5
Western Suburbs Magpies 1930, 1948, 1951, 1961, 1978
5
Parramatta Eels 1977, 1982, 1986, 2001, 2005
4
Brisbane Broncos 1992, 1997SL, 1998, 2000
3
Melbourne Storm 2006, 2007, 2008, 2011, 2016, 2017
2
North Sydney Bears 1921, 1922
2
Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks 1988, 1999
2
Penrith Panthers 1991, 2003
2
St. George Illawarra Dragons 2009, 2010
1
Glebe 1911
1
Canberra Raiders 1990
1
New Zealand Warriors 2002
Most consecutive[edit]
6 - St. George (1962 to 1967)
Wooden spoons[edit]
Main article: Australian rugby league wooden spooners
Tally
Club
Seasons
17
Western Suburbs Magpies 1909, 1910, 1912, 1913, 1916, 1933, 1940, 1942, 1953, 1955, 1971, 1983, 1984, 1987, 1988, 1998, 1999
13
Parramatta Eels 1947, 1952, 1954, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1970, 1972, 2012, 2013
10
University 1921, 1923, 1927, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937
9
North Sydney Bears 1915, 1917, 1919, 1932, 1941, 1948, 1950, 1951, 1979
8
Newtown Jets 1924, 1925, 1928, 1939, 1968, 1976, 1977, 1978
8
South Sydney Rabbitohs 1945, 1946, 1962, 1975, 1990, 2003, 2004, 2006
5
Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs 1943, 1944, 1964, 2002, 2008
5
Sydney Roosters 1949, 1963, 1965, 1966, 2009
4
Balmain Tigers 1911, 1974, 1981, 1994
4
Penrith Panthers 1973, 1980, 2001, 2007
4
Newcastle Knights 2005, 2015, 2016, 2017
3
Annandale 1914, 1918, 1920
3
St. George Dragons 1922, 1926, 1938
3
Illawarra Steelers 1985, 1986, 1989
3
Gold Coast Seagulls 1991, 1992, 1993
3
North Queensland Cowboys 1995, 1997SL, 2000
3
Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks 1967, 1969, 2014
2
South Queensland Crushers 1996, 1997ARL
1
Cumberland 1908
1
Canberra Raiders 1982
1
Melbourne Storm 2010
1
Gold Coast Titans 2011
Most consecutive[edit]
6 - Parramatta (1956 to 1961)
Team wins, losses and draws[edit]
Matches played[edit]
Rank
Team
1st Match
Matches
Won
Drawn
Lost
PF
PA
% Won
1 Melbourne Storm 14 March 1998 473 296 6 171 11,232 8,251 63.21
2 Brisbane Broncos 6 March 1988 705 435 14 257 16,258 12,160 62.62
3 St. George Dragons 23 April 1921 1,545 910 56 579 27,452 21,729 60.71
4 Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles 12 April 1947 1,513 876 36 601 29,426 23,934 59.08
5 Glebe 20 April 1908 297 163 6 128 3,966 3,365 55.89
6 Sydney Roosters 20 April 1908 2,126 1,121 69 936 37,426 33,315 54.35
7 Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs 25 April 1935 1,749 910 53 786 30,347 29,773 53.54
8 Balmain Tigers 20 April 1908 1,705 871 68 766 26,688 25,609 53.08
9 South Sydney Rabbitohs 20 April 1908 2,054 1,063 46 945 34,892 34,947 52.87
10 St. George Illawarra Dragons 6 March 1999 435 225 6 204 9,428 8,387 52.41
11 Canberra Raiders 27 February 1982 843 425 9 409 18,137 17,220 50.94
12 Newcastle Knights 5 March 1988 683 340 15 328 14,156 14,033 50.87
13 Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks 2 April 1967 1,170 554 23 593 20,922 21,384 48.33
14 New Zealand Warriors 10 March 1995 514 238 7 269 10,868 10,395 46.98
15 Newtown Jets 20 April 1908 1,305 583 59 663 18,836 20,231 46.93
16 Parramatta Eels 12 April 1947 1,560 707 40 813 26,801 28,556 46.60
17 Newcastle (1908–1909) 20 April 1908 20 9 0 11 295 229 45.00
18 Western Suburbs Magpies 20 April 1908 1,691 734 49 908 25,244 28,961 44.86
19 Wests Tigers 6 February 2000 397 174 3 220 8,346 9,400 44.20
20 Gold Coast Titans 18 March 2007 220 97 0 123 4,110 5,023 44.09
21 Penrith Panthers 2 April 1967 1,152 482 28 642 20,716 23,317 43.05
22 North Sydney Bears 20 April 1908 1,665 678 71 916 25,133 27,837 42.85
23 North Queensland Cowboys 11 March 1995 517 213 6 298 10,573 12,257 41.77
24 Illawarra Steelers 28 February 1982 396 153 13 230 6,614 7,313 40.28
25 Western Reds 12 March 1995 61 24 1 36 995 1,425 40.16
26 Northern Eagles 6 February 2000 76 30 1 45 1,582 2,118 40.13
27 Hunter Mariners 2 March 1997 18 7 0 11 350 363 38.89
28 Adelaide Rams 1 March 1997 42 13 1 28 696 1,017 32.15
29 Gold Coast Chargers 5 March 1988 246 53 9 184 3,285 5,854 23.37
30 South Queensland Crushers 11 March 1995 65 13 1 51 844 1,628 20.77
31 University 8 May 1920 242 47 5 190 2,392 5,308 20.45
32 Annandale 30 April 1910 153 25 6 122 1,065 2,583 18.30
33 Cumberland 9 May 1908 8 1 0 7 38 191 12.50
Source: Rugby League Tables & Statistics. Last updated: 18 January 2016.
Most consecutive wins[edit]
Rank
Wins
Team
Period
1 19 matches Eastern Suburbs from Manly-Warringah, 13 April 1975 to Newtown, 23 August 1975
2 17 matches Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs from St. George Illawarra, 31 March 2002 to North Queensland, 3 August 2002
=3 16 matches South Sydney from Newtown, 30 May 1908 to Glebe, 17 July 1909
=3 16 matches Eastern Suburbs from North Sydney, 15 June 1912 to Glebe, 28 June 1913
=5 15 matches South Sydney from Balmain, 2 May 1925 to North Sydney, 8 May 1926
=5 15 matches Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles from South Sydney, 12 March 1995 to Parramatta, 9 July 1995
=5 15 matches Melbourne Storm from Penrith Panthers, 4 August 2012 to New Zealand Warriors, 25 April 2013
=5 15 matches Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks from Melbourne Storm, 28 March 2016 to Newcastle Knights, 24 July 2016
Source: Rugby League Tables & Statistics. Last updated: 1 August 2016.
Most consecutive losses[edit]
Rank
Losses
Team
Period
1 42 matches University from Balmain, 28 April 1934 to Eastern Suburbs, 22 August 1936
2 25 matches Eastern Suburbs from North Sydney, 25 July 1965 to Canterbury-Bankstown, 9 April 1967
=3 22 matches South Sydney from St. George, 23 June 1945 to St. George, 12 April 1947
=3 22 matches Western Suburbs Magpies from Eastern Suburbs Roosters, 25 April 1984 to St. George Dragons, 14 April 1985
5 20 matches Newtown Jets from Penrith Panthers, 27 March 1977 to Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles, 14 August 1977
6 19 matches Newcastle Knights from Brisbane Broncos, 16 April 2016 to New Zealand Warriors, 5 March 2017
Source: Rugby League Tables & Statistics. Last updated: 11 March 2017.
Result records[edit]
Greatest win margins[edit]
Rank
Margin
Winning Team
Defeated Team
Score
Venue
Date
1 85 St. George Canterbury-Bankstown 91–6 Earl Park 11 May 1935
2 80 Eastern Suburbs Canterbury-Bankstown 87–7 Sydney Sports Ground 18 May 1935
3 70 Parramatta Eels Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks 74–4 Parramatta Stadium 23 August 2003
4 68 Canberra Raiders Parramatta Eels 68–0 Bruce Stadium 22 August 1993
5 67 South Sydney Western Suburbs 67–0 Royal Agricultural Society Grounds 21 July 1910
Source: Rugby League Tables & Statistics. Last updated: 28 May 2007.
Most points scored in a game[edit]
Rank
Points
Winning Team
Defeated Team
Score
Venue
Date
1 102 Newcastle Knights Canberra Raiders 70–32 Canberra Stadium 18 March 2006
2 97 St. George Canterbury-Bankstown 91–6 Earl Park 11 May 1935
3 96 Penrith Panthers Northern Eagles 68–28 Brookvale Oval 8 September 2002
=4 94 Eastern Suburbs Canterbury-Bankstown 87–7 Sydney Sports Ground 18 May 1935
=4 94 Sydney Roosters North Queensland Cowboys 64–30 Sydney Football Stadium 9 June 2007
Source: Rugby League Tables & Statistics. Last updated: 28 May 2007.
Fewest points scored in a game[edit]
Rank
Points
Winning Team
Defeated Team
Score
Venue
Date
1 0 Newtown Jets drew with Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs – 0–0 Henson Park 28 May 1982
2 1 Newtown St. George 1–0 Sydney Cricket Ground 12 May 1973
=3 2 Newtown Eastern Suburbs 2–0 Sydney Cricket Ground 16 May 1914
=3 2 Balmain North Sydney 2–0 North Sydney Oval 25 April 1931
=3 2 South Sydney Parramatta 2–0 Sydney Sports Ground 18 July 1965
Source: Rugby League Tables & Statistics. Last updated: 8 February 2007.
Most Points Scored by One Team in a Game[edit]
Rank
Points
Winning Team
Defeated Team
Score
Venue
Date
1 91 St. George Canterbury-Bankstown 91–6 Earl Park 11 May 1935
2 87 Eastern Suburbs Canterbury-Bankstown 87–7 Sydney Sports Ground 18 May 1935
=3 74 Parramatta Eels Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks 74–4 Parramatta Stadium 23 August 2003
=3 74 Canberra Raiders Penrith Panthers 74–12 Canberra Stadium 10 August 2008
5 72 Penrith Panthers Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles 72–12 Penrith Stadium 7 August 2004
Highest Scores by a Losing Side[edit]
Points
Winning Team
Defeated Team
Score
Venue
Date
36 Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs Hunter Mariners 48–36 Belmore Sports Ground 12 May 1997
36 Wests Tigers Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs 37–36 Telstra Stadium 27 March 2005
36 Gold Coast Titans Newcastle Knights 38–36 Energy Australia Stadium 9 May 2010
36 Gold Coast Titans Melbourne Storm 38–36 Suncorp Stadium 13 May 2017
34 St George Illawarra Dragons Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles 36–34 OKI Jubilee Stadium 29 August 2004
34 Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs Canberra Raiders 41–34 GIO Stadium 24 May 2015
34 Parramatta Eels Brisbane Broncos 52–34 Suncorp Stadium 24 August 2017
Highest Drawn Games Scores[edit]
Score
Teams
Venue
Date
34–34 Parramatta vs. North Sydney Parramatta Oval 25 June 1949
34–34 Illawarra Steelers vs. Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles WIN Stadium 4 May 1997
34–34 South Sydney Rabbitohs vs. Brisbane Broncos Aussie Stadium 28 August 2004
32–32 Penrith Panthers vs. New Zealand Warriors CUA Stadium 1 August 2009
31–31 Sydney Roosters vs. New Zealand Warriors Sydney Football Stadium 5 August 2007
Source: Rugby League Tables & Statistics. Last updated: 8 February 2007.
Best Start to a season[edit]
Wins
Team
Season
15 Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles 1995 ARL season
12 South Sydney 1925 NSWRFL season
11 Western Suburbs 1934 NSWRFL season
11 Balmain 1966 NSWRFL season
10 St. George 1959 NSWRFL season
10 Sydney City Roosters 1996 ARL season
Undefeated in a season[edit]
Year
Team
1915 Balmain
1921 North Sydney
1925 South Sydney
1936 Eastern Suburbs
1937 Eastern Suburbs
1959 St. George
Failed To Win a Match in a season[edit]
Year
Team
1918 Annandale
1920 Annandale
1921 University
1935 University
1937 University
1946 South Sydney
1966 Eastern Suburbs
===Most Points Scored by a Team in a season===984 points by the Parramatta Eels in 2001.
Most Tries and Goals by a Team in a Grand Final[edit]
8 tries, 7 goals by the Eastern Suburbs Roosters in 1975.
Largest winning margin in a Grand Final[edit]
40 points to nil by the Manly Warringah Sea Eagles over the Melbourne Storm in 2008.
Fewest Points Scored by a Team in a season[edit]
38 points by Cumberland in 1908.
Most Points Conceded by a Team in a season[edit]
944 points by the Western Suburbs Magpies in 1999.
Fewest points conceded by a team in a season[edit]
41 points by South Sydney in 1909.
Keeping opposition scoreless: most games in a season[edit]
6 matches by the Sydney Roosters in 2013.
Biggest comebacks[edit]
26 Points: North Queensland Cowboys came from 26–0 down at halftime to win 36–28 against the Penrith Panthers on 29 May 1998 at Penrith Stadium
26 Points: Penrith Panthers came from 32–6 down after 53 minutes to draw 32–32 against the New Zealand Warriors on 1 August 2009 at CUA Stadium
24 Points: Wests Tigers came from 24–0 down after 26 minutes to win 36–32 against the Newcastle Knights on 11 August 2001 at Campbelltown Stadium
24 Points: St. George Illawarra Dragons came from 34–10 down after 57 minutes to win 36–34 against the Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles on 29 August 2004 at Oki Jubilee Stadium
24 Points: South Sydney Rabbitohs came from 28–4 down after 52 minutes to win 29–28 against the North Queensland Cowboys on 28 June 2008 at Dairy Farmers Stadium
24 Points: Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks came from 24–0 down after 31 minutes to win 30–28 against the Sydney Roosters on 5 July 2014 at Allianz Stadium
24 Points: North Queensland Cowboys came from 30-6 down after 58 minutes to win 36-30 against the Parramatta Eels on 8 June 2015 at Pirtek Stadium
23 Points: Penrith Panthers came from 31–8 down after 53 minutes to win 32–31 against the Wests Tigers on 4 June 2000 at Penrith Stadium.
22 Points: Melbourne Storm came from 22-0 down after 20 minutes to win 36-32 against the Cronulla Sharks on 16 March 2003 at Southern Cross Group Stadium.
22 Points: Parramatta Eels came from 22–0 down at halftime to win 34–28 against the Penrith Panthers on 17 July 2010 at CUA Stadium.
22 Points: Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks came from 22-0 down after 43 minutes to win 24-22 against the Brisbane Broncos on 28 June 2014 at Suncorp Stadium.
22 Points: Canberra Raiders came from 22-0 down after 28 minutes to win 30-22 against the Wests Tigers on 19 April 2015 at Leichhardt Oval.
22 Points: Canberra Raiders came from 22-0 down after 39 minutes to win 29-25 against the Newcastle Knights on 3 July 2016 at GIO Stadium Canberra.
22 Points: Penrith Panthers came from 28-6 down after 46 minutes to win 36-28 against the New Zealand Warriors on 13 May 2017 at Pepper Stadium.
Individual records[edit]
Note: Figures in boldface are currently playing in the NRL.
Most games (NRL's '300 Club')[edit]
Games
Player
Clubs
Years
371
Cameron Smith Melbourne 2002–
355
Darren Lockyer Brisbane 1995–2011
350
Terry Lamb Western Suburbs, Canterbury-Bankstown 1980–1996
349
Steve Menzies Manly-Warringah, Northern Eagles 1993–2008
347
Corey Parker Brisbane 2001–2016
336
Brad Fittler Penrith, Sydney Roosters 1989–2004
332
Cliff Lyons North Sydney, Manly-Warringah 1985–1999
337
Cooper Cronk Melbourne, Sydney Roosters 2004–
330
Nathan Hindmarsh Parramatta 1998–2012
328
Andrew Ettingshausen Cronulla-Sutherland 1983–2000
325
Geoff Gerard Parramatta, Manly-Warringah, Penrith 1974–1989
324
Chris Heighington Wests Tigers, Cronulla-Sutherland, Newcastle 2003–
318
Jason Croker Canberra 1991–2006
317
Hazem El Masri Canterbury-Bankstown 1996–2009
315
Paul Langmack Canterbury-Bankstown, Western Suburbs, Sydney Roosters 1983–1999
315
Luke Priddis Canberra, Brisbane, Penrith, St. George Illawarra 1997–2010
313
Steve Price Canterbury-Bankstown, New Zealand Warriors 1994–2009
313
Brent Kite St. George Illawarra, Manly-Warringah, Penrith 2002–2015
313
Ryan Hoffman Melbourne, New Zealand Warriors 2003–10, 2012–
312
Ruben Wiki Canberra, New Zealand Warriors 1993–2008
311
Luke Lewis Penrith, Cronulla-Sutherland 2001–
310
Paul Gallen Cronulla-Sutherland 2001–
309
Petero Civoniceva Brisbane, Penrith 1998–2012
307
Brett Kimmorley Newcastle, Hunter, Melbourne, Northern Eagles, Cronulla-Sutherland, Canterbury-Bankstown 1995–2010
307
Johnathan Thurston Canterbury-Bankstown, North Queensland 2002–
306
Billy Slater Melbourne 2003–
303
Anthony Watmough Northern Eagles, Manly-Warringah, Parramatta 2002–2015
302
Anthony Minichiello Sydney Roosters 2000–2014
301
Luke Ricketson Sydney Roosters 1991–2005
300
Scott Prince North Queensland, Brisbane, Wests Tigers, Gold Coast Titans 1998–2013
300
John Morris Newcastle, Parramatta, Wests Tigers, Cronulla-Sutherland 2001–2014
Source:http://www.nrl.com/cameron-smiths-300th-game-a-rugby-league-icon/tabid/10874/newsid/88068/default.aspx The NRL'S 300 club. As of 28 April 2018.
At one club[edit]
Games
Player
Clubs
Years
369
Cameron Smith Melbourne 2002–
355
Darren Lockyer Brisbane 1995–2011
347
Corey Parker Brisbane 2001–2016
330
Nathan Hindmarsh Parramatta 1998–2012
328
Andrew Ettingshausen Cronulla-Sutherland 1983–2000
323
Cooper Cronk Melbourne 2004–2017[1]
318
Jason Croker Canberra 1991–2006
317
Hazem El Masri Canterbury-Bankstown 1996–2009
310
Paul Gallen Cronulla-Sutherland 2001–
309
Cliff Lyons Manly-Warringah 1986–1999
306
Billy Slater Melbourne 2003–
302
Anthony Minichiello Sydney Roosters 2000–2014
301
Luke Ricketson Sydney Roosters 1991–2005
Source: Eels NRL Player Stats. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
Most tries scored[edit]
In a career[edit]
For larger list see List of players with 100 NRL tries.
Rank
Tries
Player
Clubs
1 212 Ken Irvine North Sydney, Manly-Warringah
2 187 Billy Slater Melbourne
3 180 Steve Menzies Manly-Warringah, Northern Eagles
4 165 Andrew Ettingshausen Cronulla-Sutherland
5 164 Terry Lamb Western Suburbs, Canterbury-Bankstown
6 163 Brett Stewart Manly-Warringah
=7 159 Matt Sing Penrith, Sydney Roosters, North Queensland
=7 159 Hazem El Masri Canterbury-Bankstown
9 154 Nathan Merritt South Sydney, Cronulla-Sutherland
=10 152 Harold Horder South Sydney, North Sydney
=10 152 Manu Vatuvei New Zealand Warriors
Source: NRL Stats. Last updated: 25 April 2018.
In a season[edit]
Tries
Player
Club
Season
38 Dave Brown[2] Eastern Suburbs 1935 NSWRFL season
34 Ray Preston Newtown 1954 NSWRFL season
29 Les Brennan South Sydney 1954 NSWRFL season
28 Bobby Lulham Balmain 1947 NSWRFL season
28 Johnny Graves South Sydney 1951 NSWRFL season
In a game[edit]
8 - Frank Burge, Glebe vs. University, Round 7, 1920
Most points scored[edit]
In a career[edit]
For larger list see List of players with 1,000 NRL points.
Rank
Points
Player
Clubs
Period
1 2,418 Hazem El Masri Canterbury-Bankstown 316 games (1996–2009)
2 2,279 Cameron Smith Melbourne 366 games (2002–)
3 2,176 Andrew Johns Newcastle 249 games (1993–2007)
4 2,107 Jason Taylor Western Suburbs, North Sydney, Northern Eagles, Parramatta 276 games (1990–2001)
5 2,096 Johnathan Thurston Canterbury-Bankstown, North Queensland 307 games (2002–)
6 2,034 Daryl Halligan North Sydney, Canterbury-Bankstown 230 games (1991–2000)
7 1,971 Mick Cronin Parramatta 216 games (1977–1986)
8 1,917 Graham Eadie Manly-Warringah 233 games (1971–1983)
9 1,841 Eric Simms South Sydney 206 games (1965–1975)
10 1,793 Luke Burt Parramatta 264 games (1999–2012)
Source: Rugby League Tables & Statistics. Last updated: 28 April 2018.
In a season[edit]
Points
Player
Club
Year
342 (16t, 139g) Hazem El Masri Canterbury-Bankstown 2004 NRL season
308 (15t, 124g) Brett Hodgson Wests Tigers 2005 NRL season
296 (17t, 114g) Hazem El Masri Canterbury-Bankstown 2006 NRL season
296 (18t, 112g) Jarrod Croker Canberra 2016 NRL season
294 (9t, 129g) Hazem El Masri Canterbury-Bankstown 2003 NRL season
In a game[edit]
45 - Dave Brown,[2] Eastern Suburbs vs. Canterbury-Bankstown, Round 6, 1935
Eldest Players[edit]
Age
Player
Club
Year
40 years and 5 days Billy Wilson North Sydney 1967 NSWRFL season
39 years and 311 days Ted Courtney Western Suburbs 1924 NSWRFL season
38 years and 149 days Roy Kirkaldy Canterbury-Bankstown 1948 NSWRFL season
38 years and 28 days Henry Porter Canterbury-Bankstown 1948 NSWRFL season
38 years and 25 days Sandy Pearce Eastern Suburbs 1921 NSWRFL season
Youngest Players[edit]
Age
Player
Club
Year
16 years and 85 days Ray Stehr Eastern Suburbs 1929 NSWRFL season
16 years and 220 days Jack Arnold Western Suburbs 1936 NSWRFL season
16 years and 238 days Jordan Rankin Gold Coast Titans 2008 NRL season
16 years and 258 days Frank Burge Glebe 1911 NSWRFL season
16 years and 303 days Adam Ritson Cronulla-Sutherland 1993 NSWRL season
See also[edit]
State of Origin results and statistics
List of records in the National Youth Competition (rugby league)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Cooper Cronk leaving Melbourne Storm for Sydney at season's end". ABC News. 2017-04-04. Retrieved 2017-10-05.
^ Jump up to: a b Walsh, Dan (22 May 2014). "Top 10 headgear-wearing stars". nrl.com. National Rugby League. Retrieved 3 September 2014.
The 2006 Official Rugby League Annual, compiled by David Middleton
National Rugby League official site
Rugby League Tables
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